Library of Congress Classification
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Introduction
INTRODUCTION ’ P”(Bha.t.tikāvya) is one of the boldest “B experiments in classical literature. In the formal genre of “great poem” (mahākāvya) it incorprates two of the most powerful Sanskrit traditions, the “Ramáyana” and Pánini’s grammar, and several other minor themes. In this one rich mix of science and art, Bhatti created both a po- etic retelling of the adventures of Rama and a compendium of examples of grammar, metrics, the Prakrit language and rhetoric. As literature, his composition stands comparison with the best of Sanskrit poetry, in particular cantos , and . “Bhatti’s Poem” provides a comprehensive exem- plification of Sanskrit grammar in use and a good introduc- tion to the science (śāstra) of poetics or rhetoric (alamk. āra, lit. ornament). It also gives a taster of the Prakrit language (a major component in every Sanskrit drama) in an easily ac- cessible form. Finally it tells the compelling story of Prince Rama in simple elegant Sanskrit: this is the “Ramáyana” faithfully retold. e learned Indian curriculum in late classical times had at its heart a system of grammatical study and linguistic analysis. e core text for this study was the notoriously difficult “Eight Books” (A.s.tādhyāyī) of Pánini, the sine qua non of learning composed in the fourth century , and arguably the most remarkable and indeed foundational text in the history of linguistics. Not only is the “Eight Books” a description of a language unmatched in totality for any language until the nineteenth century, but it is also pre- sented in the most compact form possible through the use xix of an elaborate and sophisticated metalanguage, again un- known anywhere else in linguistics before modern times. -
Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics &A
Online Appendix for Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue (2014) Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics & Change Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue The following document lists the languages of the world and their as- signment to the macro-areas described in the main body of the paper as well as the WALS macro-area for languages featured in the WALS 2005 edi- tion. 7160 languages are included, which represent all languages for which we had coordinates available1. Every language is given with its ISO-639-3 code (if it has one) for proper identification. The mapping between WALS languages and ISO-codes was done by using the mapping downloadable from the 2011 online WALS edition2 (because a number of errors in the mapping were corrected for the 2011 edition). 38 WALS languages are not given an ISO-code in the 2011 mapping, 36 of these have been assigned their appropri- ate iso-code based on the sources the WALS lists for the respective language. This was not possible for Tasmanian (WALS-code: tsm) because the WALS mixes data from very different Tasmanian languages and for Kualan (WALS- code: kua) because no source is given. 17 WALS-languages were assigned ISO-codes which have subsequently been retired { these have been assigned their appropriate updated ISO-code. In many cases, a WALS-language is mapped to several ISO-codes. As this has no bearing for the assignment to macro-areas, multiple mappings have been retained. 1There are another couple of hundred languages which are attested but for which our database currently lacks coordinates. -
The Nimadi-Speaking People of Madhya Pradesh a Sociolinguistic Profile
DigitalResources Electronic Survey Report 2012-002 ® The Nimadi-speaking people of Madhya Pradesh A sociolinguistic profile Kishore Kumar Vunnamatla Mathews John Nelson Samuvel The Nimadi-speaking people of Madhya Pradesh A sociolinguistic profile Kishore Kumar Vunnamatla Mathews John Nelson Samuvel SIL International ® 2012 SIL Electronic Survey Report 2012-002, January 2012 © 2012 Kishore Kumar Vunnamatla, Mathews John, Nelson Samuvel, and SIL International ® All rights reserved Contents ABSTRACT PREFACE 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Geography 1.2 People 1.3 Language 1.4 Purpose and goals 2 DIALECT AREAS 2.1 Lexical similarity 2.1.1 Procedures 2.1.2 Site selection 2.1.3 Results and analysis 2.1.4 Conclusions 2.2 Dialect intelligibility 2.2.1 Procedures 2.2.2 Site Selection 2.2.3 Results And Analysis 2.2.4 Conclusions 3 BILINGUALISM 3.1 Sentence Repetition Testing 3.1.1 Procedures 3.1.2 Demographic details of the area 3.1.3 Results and Analysis 3.2 Questionnaires and observation 4 LANGUAGE USE, ATTITUDES, AND VITALITY 4.1 Procedures 4.2 Results 4.2.1 Language use 4.2.2 Language attitudes 4.2.3 Language vitality 5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 5.1 Dialect area study 5.2 Bilingualism study 5.3 Language use, attitudes, and vitality 6 RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 For a Nimadi language development programme 6.2 For a Nimadi literacy programme APPENDICES Appendix A: Lexical Similarity Lexical Similarity Counting Procedures Wordlist Information and Informant Biodata International Phonetic Alphabet Wordlist Data Appendix B: Recorded Text Testing Introduction Snake Story Leopard -
Kharosthi Manuscripts: a Window on Gandharan Buddhism*
KHAROSTHI MANUSCRIPTS: A WINDOW ON GANDHARAN BUDDHISM* Andrew GLASS INTRODUCTION In the present article I offer a sketch of Gandharan Buddhism in the centuries around the turn of the common era by looking at various kinds of evidence which speak to us across the centuries. In doing so I hope to shed a little light on an important stage in the transmission of Buddhism as it spread from India, through Gandhara and Central Asia to China, Korea, and ultimately Japan. In particular, I will focus on the several collections of Kharo~thi manuscripts most of which are quite new to scholarship, the vast majority of these having been discovered only in the past ten years. I will also take a detailed look at the contents of one of these manuscripts in order to illustrate connections with other text collections in Pali and Chinese. Gandharan Buddhism is itself a large topic, which cannot be adequately described within the scope of the present article. I will therefore confine my observations to the period in which the Kharo~thi script was used as a literary medium, that is, from the time of Asoka in the middle of the third century B.C. until about the third century A.D., which I refer to as the Kharo~thi Period. In addition to looking at the new manuscript materials, other forms of evidence such as inscriptions, art and architecture will be touched upon, as they provide many complementary insights into the Buddhist culture of Gandhara. The travel accounts of the Chinese pilgrims * This article is based on a paper presented at Nagoya University on April 22nd 2004. -
A Sociolinguistic Study of Bareli/Pauri and Related Languages
DigitalResources Electronic Survey Report 2018-011 A Sociolinguistic Study of Bareli/Pauri and Related Languages Vinod Wilson Varkey and Kishore Kumar Vunnamatla A Sociolinguistic Study of Bareli/Pauri and Related Languages Vinod Wilson Varkey and Kishore Kumar Vunnamatla SIL International® 2018 SIL Electronic Survey Report 2018-011, August 2018 © 2018 SIL International® All rights reserved Data and materials collected by researchers in an era before documentation of permission was standardized may be included in this publication. SIL makes diligent efforts to identify and acknowledge sources and to obtain appropriate permissions wherever possible, acting in good faith and on the best information available at the time of publication. Abstract This report describes a sociolinguistic study of the languages spoken by the Barela/Paura, Bhilala and Bhil people, living in the border districts of southwest Madhya Pradesh and northwest Maharashtra. The main focus is placed on the Barelas/Pauras. The project began in July 1998 with two weeks of background research and reviewing previous survey reports. The fieldwork was carried out in the period from September to December 1998 at over 20 locations. The report first describes the geography of the area in which the survey was conducted and the people groups who speak the Bareli/Pauri language. The similarity between dialects of the language was assessed through a lexical similarity comparison. Intelligibility testing was likewise conducted. Conclusions about the linguistic similarity of dialects are given in section 2 of the report. Bilingualism in Hindi, Nimadi and Ahirani were assessed and conclusions are drawn in section 3. Questionnaires were conducted to assess language vitality. -
2001 Presented Below Is an Alphabetical Abstract of Languages A
Hindi Version Home | Login | Tender | Sitemap | Contact Us Search this Quick ABOUT US Site Links Hindi Version Home | Login | Tender | Sitemap | Contact Us Search this Quick ABOUT US Site Links Census 2001 STATEMENT 1 ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF LANGUAGES AND MOTHER TONGUES - 2001 Presented below is an alphabetical abstract of languages and the mother tongues with speakers' strength of 10,000 and above at the all India level, grouped under each language. There are a total of 122 languages and 234 mother tongues. The 22 languages PART A - Languages specified in the Eighth Schedule (Scheduled Languages) Name of language and Number of persons who returned the Name of language and Number of persons who returned the mother tongue(s) language (and the mother tongues mother tongue(s) language (and the mother tongues grouped under each grouped under each) as their mother grouped under each grouped under each) as their mother language tongue language tongue 1 2 1 2 1 ASSAMESE 13,168,484 13 Dhundhari 1,871,130 1 Assamese 12,778,735 14 Garhwali 2,267,314 Others 389,749 15 Gojri 762,332 16 Harauti 2,462,867 2 BENGALI 83,369,769 17 Haryanvi 7,997,192 1 Bengali 82,462,437 18 Hindi 257,919,635 2 Chakma 176,458 19 Jaunsari 114,733 3 Haijong/Hajong 63,188 20 Kangri 1,122,843 4 Rajbangsi 82,570 21 Khairari 11,937 Others 585,116 22 Khari Boli 47,730 23 Khortha/ Khotta 4,725,927 3 BODO 1,350,478 24 Kulvi 170,770 1 Bodo/Boro 1,330,775 25 Kumauni 2,003,783 Others 19,703 26 Kurmali Thar 425,920 27 Labani 22,162 4 DOGRI 2,282,589 28 Lamani/ Lambadi 2,707,562 -
The Kharoṣṭhī Documents from Niya and Their Contribution to Gāndhārī Studies
The Kharoṣṭhī Documents from Niya and Their Contribution to Gāndhārī Studies Stefan Baums University of Munich [email protected] Niya Document 511 recto 1. viśu͚dha‐cakṣ̄u bhavati tathāgatānaṃ bhavatu prabhasvara hiterṣina viśu͚dha‐gātra sukhumāla jināna pūjā suchavi paramārtha‐darśana 4 ciraṃ ca āyu labhati anālpakaṃ 5. pratyeka‐budha ca karoṃti yo s̄ātravivegam āśṛta ganuktamasya 1 ekābhirāma giri‐kaṃtarālaya 2. na tasya gaṃḍa piṭakā svakartha‐yukta śamathe bhavaṃti gune rata śilipataṃ tatra vicārcikaṃ teṣaṃ pi pūjā bhavatu [v]ā svayaṃbhu[na] 4 1 suci sugaṃdha labhati sa āśraya 6. koḍinya‐gotra prathamana karoṃti yo s̄ātraśrāvaka {?} ganuktamasya 2 teṣaṃ ca yo āsi subha͚dra pac̄ima 3. viśāla‐netra bhavati etasmi abhyaṃdare ye prabhasvara atīta suvarna‐gātra abhirūpa jinorasa te pi bhavaṃtu darśani pujita 4 2 samaṃ ca pādo utarā7. imasmi dāna gana‐rāya prasaṃṭ́hita u͚tama karoṃti yo s̄ātra sthaira c̄a madhya navaka ganuktamasya 3 c̄a bhikṣ̄u m It might be going to far to say that Torwali is the direct lineal descendant of the Niya Prakrit, but there is no doubt that out of all the modern languages it shows the closest resemblance to it. [...] that area around Peshawar, where [...] there is most reason to believe was the original home of Niya Prakrit. That conclusion, which was reached for other reasons, is thus confirmed by the distribution of the modern dialects. (Burrow 1936) Under this name I propose to include those inscriptions of Aśoka which are recorded at Shahbazgaṛhi and Mansehra in the Kharoṣṭhī script, the vehicle for the remains of much of this dialect. To be included also are the following sources: the Buddhist literary text, the Dharmapada found in Khotan, written likewise in Kharoṣṭhī [...]; the Kharoṣṭhī documents on wood, leather, and silk from Caḍ́ota (the Niya site) on the border of the ancient kingdom of Khotan, which represented the official language of the capital Krorayina [...]. -
5892 Cisco Category: Standards Track August 2010 ISSN: 2070-1721
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) P. Faltstrom, Ed. Request for Comments: 5892 Cisco Category: Standards Track August 2010 ISSN: 2070-1721 The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA) Abstract This document specifies rules for deciding whether a code point, considered in isolation or in context, is a candidate for inclusion in an Internationalized Domain Name (IDN). It is part of the specification of Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications 2008 (IDNA2008). Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5892. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. -
Bha††Oji D¥K∑Ita on Spho†A* (Published In: Journal of Indian Philosophy 33(1), 2005, 3-41)
JB: Bhattoji on sphota 1 Johannes Bronkhorst Section de langues et civilisations orientales Université de Lausanne BFSH 2 CH-1015 Lausanne [email protected] Bha††oji D¥k∑ita on spho†a* (published in: Journal of Indian Philosophy 33(1), 2005, 3-41) The philosophy of grammar has only four major representatives in the history of Indian thought. One of these is Bhart®hari, who lived in the fifth century C.E. The other three lived more than a thousand years later, in Benares, and may have known each other. The first of these three, Bha††oji D¥k∑ita, was the paternal uncle of the second, Kauˆ∂a Bha††a. The third one, Någeßa Bha††a, was a pupil of Bha††oji's grandson. This shows that Bha††oji revived the philosophy of Sanskrit grammar after an interval of more than one thousand years. The spho†a does not exclusively belong to the domain of the philosophy of grammar. It is true that a number of grammarians had ideas about this issue, but they were not the only, nor indeed the first ones to do so. The earliest notion of a word and of a sentence as entities that are different from the sounds that express them, may well be found in the early scholastic speculations of the Buddhist Sarvåstivådins, who were not grammarians. Not all of the later thinkers who expressed themselves on the spho†a were grammarians either. Some well-known examples are the following: The Yoga Bhå∑ya, without using the term spho†a, propounds that the word is unitary and without parts.1 The M¥måµsaka Kumårila Bha††a criticized the concept (in his Ílokavårttika, chapter on Spho†avåda) but not without adopting an important part of it (viz., the indivisible speech sounds); the Vedåntin Ía∫kara did the same (on BrahmasËtra 1.3.28). -
Consonant Mutation and Reduplication in Blin Singulars and Plurals
Consonant Mutation and Reduplication in Blin Singulars and Plurals Paul D. Fallon Howard University 1. Introduction Blin1, a Central Cushitic (Agaw) language of Eritrea, displays a complex series of consonant mutations between plural and singular forms, with several unusual properties. This paper describes several such properties, focusing on consonant mutation (or apophony), especially in relation to reduplication, using Correspondence Theory (McCarthy and Prince 1995) within the overall framework of Optimality Theory, drawing on data based on both published sources (e.g. Lamberti and Tonelli 1997) and the author's fieldwork in Eritrea. This paper describes the rare interaction between mutation and reduplication, and provides additional support for Mc Laughlin's (2000) analysis of mutation as the result of featural affixation (Akinlabi 1996, Zoll 1998) to the root node of a consonant. However, unlike Mc Laughlin's analysis, where mutation was stem-initial, in Blin such mutation is stem-final. One of the more unusual properties of Blin is that for phonological purposes, it is often easier to take the plural as the underlying form, since singulars and singulatives are morphologically marked. For example, /kr/ 'stones' has a singular /kr-a/. One common mutation is the lenition of velar stops: /lk/ 'fires', /lx-a/ (sg.). The loss of continuancy also results in the loss of ejection (/ak'/ → /ax-a/ 'cave (pl./sg.)', but not labialization /kin/ → /xin-a/ 'woman (pl./sg.)', /sak’/ → /sax-a/ 'fat (n.)(pl./sg.)'. In addition, velar lenition may occur word-medially, e.g. [bkl] → [bxl-a] 'mule (pl./sg.)'. More than one mutation process may also occur within the word: /dk’l/ → /dxar-a/ 'donkey (pl./sg.)'. -
Map by Steve Huffman; Data from World Language Mapping System
Svalbard Greenland Jan Mayen Norwegian Norwegian Icelandic Iceland Finland Norway Swedish Sweden Swedish Faroese FaroeseFaroese Faroese Faroese Norwegian Russia Swedish Swedish Swedish Estonia Scottish Gaelic Russian Scottish Gaelic Scottish Gaelic Latvia Latvian Scots Denmark Scottish Gaelic Danish Scottish Gaelic Scottish Gaelic Danish Danish Lithuania Lithuanian Standard German Swedish Irish Gaelic Northern Frisian English Danish Isle of Man Northern FrisianNorthern Frisian Irish Gaelic English United Kingdom Kashubian Irish Gaelic English Belarusan Irish Gaelic Belarus Welsh English Western FrisianGronings Ireland DrentsEastern Frisian Dutch Sallands Irish Gaelic VeluwsTwents Poland Polish Irish Gaelic Welsh Achterhoeks Irish Gaelic Zeeuws Dutch Upper Sorbian Russian Zeeuws Netherlands Vlaams Upper Sorbian Vlaams Dutch Germany Standard German Vlaams Limburgish Limburgish PicardBelgium Standard German Standard German WalloonFrench Standard German Picard Picard Polish FrenchLuxembourgeois Russian French Czech Republic Czech Ukrainian Polish French Luxembourgeois Polish Polish Luxembourgeois Polish Ukrainian French Rusyn Ukraine Swiss German Czech Slovakia Slovak Ukrainian Slovak Rusyn Breton Croatian Romanian Carpathian Romani Kazakhstan Balkan Romani Ukrainian Croatian Moldova Standard German Hungary Switzerland Standard German Romanian Austria Greek Swiss GermanWalser CroatianStandard German Mongolia RomanschWalser Standard German Bulgarian Russian France French Slovene Bulgarian Russian French LombardRomansch Ladin Slovene Standard -
Hebrew Names and Name Authority in Library Catalogs by Daniel D
Hebrew Names and Name Authority in Library Catalogs by Daniel D. Stuhlman BHL, BA, MS LS, MHL In support of the Doctor of Hebrew Literature degree Jewish University of America Skokie, IL 2004 Page 1 Abstract Hebrew Names and Name Authority in Library Catalogs By Daniel D. Stuhlman, BA, BHL, MS LS, MHL Because of the differences in alphabets, entering Hebrew names and words in English works has always been a challenge. The Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) is the source for many names both in American, Jewish and European society. This work examines given names, starting with theophoric names in the Bible, then continues with other names from the Bible and contemporary sources. The list of theophoric names is comprehensive. The other names are chosen from library catalogs and the personal records of the author. Hebrew names present challenges because of the variety of pronunciations. The same name is transliterated differently for a writer in Yiddish and Hebrew, but Yiddish names are not covered in this document. Family names are included only as they relate to the study of given names. One chapter deals with why Jacob and Joseph start with “J.” Transliteration tables from many sources are included for comparison purposes. Because parents may give any name they desire, there can be no absolute rules for using Hebrew names in English (or Latin character) library catalogs. When the cataloger can not find the Latin letter version of a name that the author prefers, the cataloger uses the rules for systematic Romanization. Through the use of rules and the understanding of the history of orthography, a library research can find the materials needed.