A Sociolinguistic Study of Bareli/Pauri and Related Languages

DigitalResources Electronic Survey Report 2018-011

Vinod Wilson Varkey and Kishore Kumar Vunnamatla A Sociolinguistic Study of Bareli/Pauri and Related Languages

Vinod Wilson Varkey and Kishore Kumar Vunnamatla

SIL International® 2018

Data and materials collected by researchers in an era before documentation of permission was standardized may be included in this publication. SIL makes diligent efforts to identify and acknowledge sources and to obtain appropriate permissions wherever possible, acting in good faith and on the best information available at the time of publication.

Abstract

This report describes a sociolinguistic study of the languages spoken by the Barela/Paura, Bhilala and Bhil people, living in the border districts of southwest Madhya Pradesh and northwest Maharashtra. The main focus is placed on the Barelas/Pauras. The project began in July 1998 with two weeks of background research and reviewing previous survey reports. The fieldwork was carried out in the period from September to December 1998 at over 20 locations. The report first describes the geography of the area in which the survey was conducted and the people groups who speak the Bareli/Pauri language. The similarity between dialects of the language was assessed through a lexical similarity comparison. Intelligibility testing was likewise conducted. Conclusions about the linguistic similarity of dialects are given in section 2 of the report. Bilingualism in Hindi, Nimadi and Ahirani were assessed and conclusions are drawn in section 3. Questionnaires were conducted to assess language vitality. These are reported in section 4. The findings of the survey are summarised in section 5 of the report, which then concludes with recommendations about language development among the Barela/Paura people.

(This survey report written some time ago deserves to be made available even at this late date. Conditions were such that it was not published when originally written. The reader is cautioned that more recent research may be available. Historical data are quite valuable as a basis for longitudinal analysis and help us understand both the trajectory and pace of change as compared with more recent studies.—Editor)

Contents

Tables Maps Abbreviations 1 Introduction 1.1 Geography 1.2 People and language 1.2.1 Barelas/Pauras 1.2.2 Bhilalas 1.2.3 Bhils 1.3 Literacy and language development 1.4 Previous survey 1.5 Purpose and goals 2 Dialect areas 2.1 Lexical similarity comparison 2.1.1 Procedures 2.1.2 Site selection 2.2 Intelligibility testing 2.2.1 Procedures 2.2.2 Site selection 2.2.3 Results and analysis 2.1.3 Results and analysis 2.3 Perceptions of linguistic similarity and purity 2.3.1 Procedures 2.3.2 Results 3 Bilingualism 3.1 Bilingualism in Hindi 3.1.1 Procedures 3.1.2 Bilingualism in Hindi among Rathwi-speaking Barelas of Upla village 3.1.3 Bilingualism in Hindi among Palya speakers of Choutharya village 3.2 Bilingualism in Nimadi 3.2.1 Bilingualism in Nimadi among Rathwi speakers of Budi village 3.2.2 Bilingualism in Nimadi among Palya speakers of Choutharya village 3.3 Bilingualism in Ahirani 3.3.1 Bilingualism in Ahirani among Barli speakers of Umrani village 3.3.2 Bilingualism in Ahirani among Rathwi speakers of Dhaudivhir village 3.4 Bilingualism in Marathi 4 Language use, attitudes and vitality 4.1 Procedures 4.2 LUAV questions and the rationale behind them 4.2.1 Language use questions 4.2.2 Language attitudes and vitality questions 4.3 Questionnaire results among Rathwi-speaking people 4.3.1 Results among the Rathwa Barelas of Borali 4.3.2 Results among the Rathwa Pauras of Dhaudivhir 4.4 Questionnaire results among Barli-speaking people 4.4.1 Results among the Barlas of Vadfallia and Umrani 4.5 Questionnaire results among Palya-speaking people 4.5.1 Results among the Palyas of Choutharya

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5 Summary of findings 5.1 Dialect area study 5.1.1 Lexical similarity 5.1.2 Dialect intelligibility 5.1.3 Integration of lexical similarity and dialect intelligibility results 5.2 Bilingualism study 5.2.1 Bilingualism in Hindi 5.2.2 Bilingualism in Nimadi 5.2.3 Bilingualism in Ahirani 5.2.4 Bilingualism in Marathi 5.3 Language use, attitudes and vitality 5.3.1 Among Rathwa Barelas/Pauras 5.3.2 Among Barlas 5.3.3 Among Palyas 6 Recommendations 6.1 For language development 6.2 For literacy 6.3 For further survey Appendix A: Maps Appendix B: International Phonetic Alphabet Appendix C: Wordlists Appendix D: Recorded Text Testing Appendix E: Sentence Repetition Testing Appendix F: Questionnaires References

Tables

Table 1. Tahsils covered in this survey Table 2 Summary of people groups covered in this survey Table 3. List of tahsils where Barelas/Pauras are concentrated Table 4. Summary of various subgroups of Barelas/Pauras and Bhilalas Table 5. List of tahsils where Bhilalas are found Table 6. Tribal literacy percentages in the survey area Table 7. Previous sociolinguistic surveys relevant to the present survey area Table 8. Speech variety, location and origin of wordlists utilised in this project Table 9 Lexical similarity percentages of all speech varieties compared Table 10. Primary clusters with ranges of shared lexical similarity Table 11. Wordlists in secondary clusters with ranges of shared lexical similarity Table 12. Lexical similarity matrix of all Bhilali wordlists Table 13. Lexical similarity matrix of wordlists from Jhabua district and adjacent areas Table 14. Name, location and origin of stories utilised in this project Table 15. Recorded text test (RTT) stories played, and results Table 16. Relationship between test averages and standard deviation Table 17. SRT scores and equivalent RPE levels Table 18. Population figures of Upla village Table 19. Demographic profile of Upla village Table 20. Hindi SRT results among Rathwi speakers of Upla village Table 21. Population figures of Choutharya village Table 22. Demographic profile of Choutharya village Table 23. Hindi SRT results among Palya speakers of Choutharya village Table 24. Groupwise results of Nimadi bilingualism RTT among Rathwi speakers of Budi village Table 25. Groupwise results of Nimadi bilingualism RTT among Palya speakers of Choutharya village Table 26. Male and female, educated and uneducated Table 27. Questionnaire sites and the dialects represented Table 28. Demographic summary of questionnaire subjects at Borali Table 29. Domains of language use for Borali subjects Table 30. Languages used for intergroup communication by Borali subjects Table 31. Demographic summary of questionnaire subjects at Dhaudivhir Table 32. Domains of language use for Dhaudivhir subjects Table 33. Demographic summary of questionnaire subjects at Vadfallia and Umrani Table 34. Domains of language use for Vadfallia and Umrani subjects Table 35. Languages used for intergroup communication by Vadfallia and Umrani subjects Table 36. Demographic summary of questionnaire subjects at Choutharya Table 37. Domains of language use for Choutharya Palya subjects Table 38. Languages used for intergroup communication by Choutharya subjects

Maps (see Appendix A)

Map 1. Bareli survey area Map 2. Districts and district headquarters Map 3. Distribution of people groups Map 4. Wordlist sites Map 5. Recorded text testing (RTT) sites Map 6. Questionnaire and sentence repetition test (SRT) sites

Abbreviations

GJ Gujarat MP Madhya Pradesh MS Maharashtra OBC Other Backward Caste SC Scheduled Caste ST Scheduled Tribe

1 Introduction

1.1 Geography

This sociolinguistic study focuses on the languages spoken by some of the tribal groups, including the Barela, Bhilala and Bhil, living in the border districts of southwest Madhya Pradesh and northwest Maharashtra. This area is part of a larger region called “Bhilanchal” or “Bhil country”, in western India. In Maharashtra, the region the researchers surveyed is normally called Khandesh and consists of Dhule, Nandurbar1, north Nasik and Jalgaon districts. In Madhya Pradesh, the area researched is generally called “Nimad” and consists of Khargone, Barwani2 , Khandwa districts and the southern part of Dhar district. Our study also extends to the southern regions of the Jhabua and Dewas districts of Madhya Pradesh. The people groups and language groups in a total of nine districts studied in the course of the survey are shown on maps 1 and 2. The tahsils included in the scope of this survey are listed in table 1. This includes all the tahsils of Barwani and Khargone district, where most of the work was concentrated. Some of the bigger tahsils are subdivided into more than one development block and the names of these are shown in parentheses. In the case of other tahsils, the block name is the same as the tahsil name. The survey area is bounded by Gujarat (Baroda and Bharuch districts) on the west, by the Tapti River (also called “the Tapi”) on the south and by the Malva Plateau on the north (Indore and Dewas districts of Madhya Pradesh). The eastern boundary coincides with the eastern end of Nimad (Khandwa district of Madhya Pradesh). A good part of the survey area is hilly and forested. The entire Satpura Mountain Range falls in this region. The Narmada River flows through the northern part of the region where there are more plains. Other small rivers that water the region are the Umri and Aner in Maharashtra (tributaries of the Tapti) and the Goyi, Veda and Chhotatava in Madhya Pradesh (tributaries of the Narmada). These natural barriers have contributed to the development of cultural and linguistic distinctions. For example, there is a difference in the language spoken by the tribal people living in the Satpuras and those living in the plains.

Table 1. Tahsils covered in this survey

State District Blocks/tahsils (blocks if more than one) Madhya Pradesh Khargone Jhirniya, Bhagawanpura, Khargone (Khargone, Gogaon), Bhikangaon, Segaon, Kasaravad, Maheswar, Badwah Barwani Sendhwa, Pansemal, Rajpur, Tikri, Barwani (Barwani, Pati), Nivali Khandwa Burhanpur, Khandwa (Khandwa, Punasa, Chegavmakhan), Pandhana Dewas Bagli, Kannod Jhabua Bhabhra, Jobat (Jobat, Udaigadh), Alirajpur (Alirajpur, Kattiwada, Sondwa) Dhar Gandhavani, Dhar (Dhar, Tirla, Nalcha), Bagh, Kukshi (Kukshi, Dahi, Nisarpur), Manawar (Manawar, Bakaner, Dharampuri) Maharashtra Dhule Shirpur Nandurbar Akrani Mahal (also called Dhadgaon), Taloda, Shahada Jalgaon Chopda, Yawal, Raver

The soil is black with a clay texture in Dhar, Khargone, Barwani and a part of Jhabua district. In Alirajpur and Jobat tahsils of Jhabua district, red and brown soils are found. Soil erosion is acute and the land can hardly sustain intensive cultivation. Soil conservation and afforestation programs are required.

1 Nandurbar was part of Dhule district until it was divided in 1998. 2 Barwani was part of Khargone district until it was divided in 1998.

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The land is suitable for cultivation of cash crops such as groundnuts and cotton (Dube amd Bahadur 1967:97–108). The medical and transport facilities in the area are less developed in comparison to other parts of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. Ancient forts such as those in Sendhwa and Burhanpur, suggest that in the ancient past, the people in the area may have enjoyed power, prosperity and freedom.

1.2 People and language

The Barela, Bhilala and Bhil are the people groups covered in this survey. These three are distinct tribal groups appearing in the Scheduled Tribe (ST) listing and they are mutually exogamous. The Bhilalas consider themselves higher than the Bhils and Barelas. The Bhils are considered the lowest in the social hierarchy. However, there are some common features as well and they are sometimes grouped together in government records under the name “Bhil”. All the speech varieties surveyed in this project are in the Indo-Aryan language family. Table 2 gives an overall picture of the people and languages of the area. The term “Bhilali” may be used in a wider sense to include all the speech varieties spoken by all the Barelas, Bhilalas and Bhils of the area under study, though there are specific terms, namely “Bareli”, “Bhilali” and “Bhili”, to denote the varieties spoken by the three groups respectively.

Table 2. Summary of people groups covered in this survey

People Location [main Populationa Language Alternate Names of name districts in brackets] nameb language name subgroups Barela/ Madhya Pradesh 500,000 to Barel/Bareli Bhilali (used only Rathwa, Barla, (Barelas) 600,000 est. (MP) by the Barelas) Palya (common [Khargone, Barwani, to Barela and Khandwa] Paura) Paura Maharashtra (Pauras) 200,000 to Pauri (Mah.) [Dhule, Nandurbar 250,000 est. Jalgaon] Bhilala Madhya Pradesh 1,000,000 to Bhilali Bhili (in certain Rathia/Urppa, [Khargone, Barwani, 1,300,000 areas) Darbar/Dapla, south Jhabua, south est. Parya, Baria, Dhar] Palvi Maharashtra (small no.) Bhil Madhya Pradesh (MP) 150,000 to Bhili Bhilali, Bhil [south Jhabua, south 200,000 est. Bhilali (both Dhar] outsider terms) a Population statistics are taken from 1961, 1971, 1991 censuses, previous survey reports, and researchers’ estimates. b Generally, an “i” ending denotes the language name, which is the case in many Indo-Aryan languages (e.g.; Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati). An “a” ending will often denote the name of the people, though this is less prevalent.

Other languages of the area are Nimadi and Ahirani. Nimadi is spoken in the Nimad area of Madhya Pradesh and Ahirani (which is also called “Khandeshi”) is spoken in the Khandesh region of Maharashtra. The boundaries of Nimad and Khandesh are indicated in section 1.1. The state language of Madhya Pradesh is Hindi, whereas that of Maharashtra is Marathi.

1.2.1 Barelas/Pauras

This people group was given the greatest research focus in this survey. The Barelas are listed as a Scheduled Tribe in the state of Madhya Pradesh, as are the Bhils, Bhilalas and Patelias. It was discovered that the Paura tribe living in Maharashtra and the Barelas in Madhya Pradesh are the same group,

3 known by different names in the two states. Those living in the Madhya Pradesh-Maharashtra border areas are aware of this and use the names interchangeably, but others are not aware of this. In Maharashtra, the Pauras are grouped together with other Bhil-related tribal groups and are listed under the main entry of Bhil. The Barelas in Madhya Pradesh generally call their language Barel/Bareli, yet sometimes they call their language Bhilali due to similarity with the speech of the Bhilalas, and in an effort to identify with the upper caste Bhilalas. In Maharashtra, members of the same group call themselves Paura and refer to their language as Pauri.

Origin of the race, name and migration

History is almost silent on how this race originated, where they came from and when they came. But it is believed that these people migrated a long time ago from the western side of India. Dr M. L. Varma in Barela Jeevan Shaili (1988:6–9), records a legend prevalent among them regarding the emergence of this race. Many years ago there was a great famine which caused the destruction of all the living beings on the earth. At that time the god Narada became very sad seeing no people on the earth. Playing his lyre, he went to the mountain of Kailash, where lord Shiva (god of destruction) was dancing with his goddess wife Parvathi. He explained to lord Shiva that because of his “Pralaya tandavam” (dance of destruction), all the living beings on the earth had been destroyed. The lord Shiva took some ash, created a crow and sent it to find if there were any men on the earth. The crow flew around in three directions, north, south and east, but did not find anyone. Finally, as it flew along the west coast, it found two human beings. It approached them and found that they were brother and sister. On receiving the crow’s report, lord Shiva made them strangers to one another and separated them. They lived in different places for twelve years. Then lord Shiva brought them together and they were attracted to one another and got married. They made their home in Pavgadh of Gujarat and had their descendants. After a long time, their descendants came to the region of Baria and settled there and the people who came from the Baria region to the Sondwa region of Madhya Pradesh started to be called as “Bariyas”. In the course of time, for various reasons such as drought, floods, invasions and contagious diseases, they migrated from one region to another. They started to be called “Barelas” by others. The word Barela is derived from two words ba ‘from out’, and rela ‘crowd’, which combined, barela, means ‘A crowd from outside’. The researchers feel that this legend gives a reasonable indication of migration patterns, since it ties in with what people in different parts of the area said informally. The word Paura simply means adivasi or ‘tribal’. The Pauras acknowledge that the majority of their population lives in Madhya Pradesh and that some of them migrated to Maharashtra from that state several generations ago.

Location

The Barelas/Pauras inhabit mainly the southern part of the Barwani and Khargone districts of Madhya Pradesh and the northern tahsils of the Nandurbar, Dhule and Jalgaon districts of Maharashtra. They are also found in the southern Dewas, western Khandwa and southern Dhar districts of Madhya Pradesh. A detailed list of tahsils/blocks where the Barelas/Pauras are found is given in table 3. Table 3. List of tahsils where the Barelas/Pauras are concentrated

State District Tahsils (Blocks) Madhya Pradesh Khargone Jhirniya, Khargone, Bhagawanpura, Bhikangaon, Segaon and a small number in other tahsils Barwani Sendhwa, Pansemal, Rajpur, Pati, Barwani, Nivali and a small number in other tahsils Dewas Bagli, Kannod Khandwa Khandwa, Pandhana, Burhanpur

Dhar Gandhvani, Kukshi (Dahi) Jhabua unknown Maharashtra Nandurbar Dhadgaon, Shahada, Taloda Dhule Shirpur Jalgaon Chopda, Yawal, Raver

Population

The census figures of the Barela population are not available separately since they are grouped with the Bhilalas and Bhils. According to census figures, Bareli speakers numbered 173,479 in 1961; 230,034 in 1971; and 467,328 in 1991. According to the researchers’ estimation, the 1991 population figure of Barela was about 500,000 to 600,000. This estimation is based on the following: 1. Earlier census figures for the number of speakers. 2. 1991 census figures for tribal populations of relevant areas. 3. The proportions of Bhils, Bhilalas and Barelas in the overall tribal population. Similarly, census figures for Pauri speakers were 38,593 in 1961; 176,018 in 1971; and 123,078 in 1991. The researchers consider that there has been no decrease in the actual number of Pauras, but rather merely a decrease in the number, from 1971 to 1991, who said that Pauri is their mother tongue. Therefore, the researchers’ estimation of the 1991 Paura population figure would be about 200,000 to 250,000. The total population of the Barelas/Pauras in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra can be thus estimated as 700,000 to 850,000.

Cultural aspects

The Barelas/Pauras are traditionally animistic. Some sections are hinduised, and there is a small percentage of Christians among the community. Many of the people offer sacrifices to gods and goddesses, sometimes out of faith and devotion and sometimes in fear. They cultivate millet, wheat, cotton etc., but all depends on the rains. They do not marry a person if he or she is of the same clan or if he or she is outside the tribe. The Barelas are non-vegetarians but do not eat beef or pork (Singh 1994).

General clan names

The Barelas/Pauras have a close family network in which their relations are very strong. Davar, Sulya, Sastya, Kharsia, Nigval, Kanasia, Uchchalya, Dodia, Anhave, Bonder, Takor, Solanki, Vaskale, Sengar, Nargavehudave, Bhagvayiye, Bararke, Iddaye, Bhadudiya, Pokiya and Avase are some of the clan names. Of these, Davar and Solanki are more common (Varma 1988:53).

Education

Literacy is generally low among the Barelas/Pauras. Nevertheless, because of better opportunities for education, it is assumed that the literacy rate among them is generally higher than that of the Bhils overall. See table 6 in section 1.3 for the literacy figures of the state population of the survey area.

Subgroups

The Barelas/Pauras have different subgroups among them based on language differences. The speech varieties among them have already been identified as Rathwi, Barli and Palya and the respective subgroups as Rathwas, Barlas and Palyas. There is no hierarchical difference between the subgroups of Barelas/Pauras and hence they intermarry. Table 4 gives an overall picture of the subgroups of the Barelas/Pauras and Bhilalas. Refer also to map 3.

Table 4. Summary of various subgroups of the Barelas/Pauras and Bhilalas

People Names of Location- Districts [main Populationa Language Alternate Name Subgroups tahsils/ blocks in parenthases] nameb language names Barela/ Rathwa Barwani (Sendhwa, Barwani, 500,000 to 600,000 Rathwi Rathwi Paura Rajpur), Khargone est. Bareli, (Bhagawanpura, Jhirniya, Rathwi Bhikangaon), Dhule (Shirpur) Pauri, Rathi, Rathia, Bhilali, Bareli, Pauri Barla Nandurbar (Dhadgaon, 150,000 to 200,000 Barli Bareli, Pauri, Shahada), Barwani est. Bareli Pauri, (Pansemal) Barewali Palya Barwani (Rajpur, Barwani) 10,000 to 25,000 est. Palya Pali, Palodi, Bareli, Palya Bareli Bhilala Rathia/Urppa South Khargone, south 600,000 to 800,000 Bhilali Rathwi, Barwani, south Dhar and est. Rathia, south Jhabua Rathia Bhilali Darbar/Dapla North Barwani, north 300,000 to 500,000 Nimadi Limbadi, Khargone, south Dhar est. Dapla Bhasha Parya Barwani (Rajpur), Khargone 25,000 to 50,000 Parya Bhilali Nimadi, (Segaon) Bhilali a Population statistics are taken from 1961, 1971, 1991 censuses, previous survey reports, and researchers’ estimates. b Generally, an “i” ending denotes the language name, which is the case in many Indo-Aryan languages (e.g.; Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati). An “a” ending will often denote the name of the people, though this is less prevalent.

Rathwas

The Rathwas who speak Rathwi form the main subgroup of Barelas/Pauras, with a majority population estimated to be about 500,000 to 600,000. The language name “Rathwi” means ‘the language of the hill people’ or just adivasi language. Sometimes they also call their language “Bhilali” in order to identify themselves with the Bhilalas, who are higher than they are in the social hierarchy, and sometimes they call their language “Bareli” to reflect their own tribe name, “Barela”. They are concentrated in Barwani, Sendhwa and Rajpur tahsils of Barwani district, and Bhagawanpura, Jhirniya and Bhikangaon tahsils of Khargone district (in Madhya Pradesh). Significant numbers of Rathwas are also seen in Burhanpur tahsil of Khandwa district, Bagli tahsil of Dewas district and Dahi block of Dhar district (also in Madhya Pradesh), as well as in Chopda, Raver and Yawal tahsils of Jalgaon district and Shirpur tahsil of Dhule district (in Maharashtra). The people in Maharashtra call their language “Pauri/Rathwi Pauri” (Watters 2013:7–8).

Barlas

The Barlas who speak Barli form the second largest subgroup of the Barelas/Pauras. Their population estimate is about 150,000 to 200,000. The name “Barla/Barli” is often confused with the tribe name “Barela/Bareli” that is common for all three subgroups. “Barewali” is another alternative name used in the Dhadgaon area. The people in Maharashtra commonly call their language “Pauri/Bareli Pauri” to reflect their tribe name “Paura” (Watters (2013:7–8). They are concentrated in Dhadgaon and Shahada tahsils of Nandurbar district (in Maharashtra) and the Pansemal tahsil of Barwani district (in Madhya

Pradesh). A significant number of Barlas are also found in Taloda tahsil of Nandurbar district and Shirpur tahsil of Dhule district (in Maharashtra), as well as Nivali and Pati blocks of Barwani district (in Madhya Pradesh).

Palyas

The Palyas who speak Palya form the third subgroup of the Barelas/Pauras. Their estimated population range is between 10,000 and 25,000. They are found mainly in Rajpur and Barwani tahsils of Barwani district (in Madhya Pradesh). Palya settlements can also be seen in Jhirniya tahsil of Khargone district (also in Madhya Pradesh) and Shirpur tahsil of Dhule district, Yawal and Raver tahsils of Jalgaon district (in Maharashtra). Unlike the Rathwas, they are scattered throughout the region. The villages where only Palyas live are very few in number. They are often seen living together in villages along with the Rathwas or other tribes of the region. The alternative names for the Palya dialect are “Pali” and “Palodi”. Many people stated that the Palya dialect is closer to Gujarati than to Rathwi or Barli. It would be interesting to see if there are any settlements of Palyas in Gujarat and towards the west of Nimad in Madhya Pradesh, since they are believed to have migrated from Gujarat in the distant past.

1.2.2 Bhilalas

The Bhilalas are listed as a Scheduled Tribe along with the Barelas, Bhils and Patelias in Madhya Pradesh where they are found most. Bhilala is also listed as a Scheduled Tribe in the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Karnataka, grouped with many other tribes under the broad category of Bhils. The list of tribes in this category is identical in all four of these states; evidently the list is copied from state to state so as to make the listing as inclusive as possible. However, according to the researchers' investigation, there appears to be no significant presence of Bhilalas in any of these four states.

Location

The main concentration of Bhilalas in Madhya Pradesh is in Khargone and Barwani districts (formerly known as West Nimad) with large numbers also in southern Dhar and southern Jhabua districts. They are also found in western Khandwa and southern Dewas districts. A list of tahsils where Bhilalas are found is given in table 5.

Table 5. List of tahsils where Bhilalas are found

District Tahsils Khargone All tahsils Barwani All tahsils Dhar Kukshi, Manawar, Dhar, Gandhwani, Bagh Jhabua Alirajpur, Bhabhra, Jobat Khandwa Khandwa, Pandhana, Burhanpur Dewas Bagli

Singh (1994) describes the Bhilala as a significant tribe in Maharashtra. According to the 1991 census, there are 1,624 Bhilali speakers in Maharashtra. However, there is no mention of the name Bhilala in Watters (2013), a survey in which the focus was on Bhil-related groups. In this present survey, the researchers travelled through the border areas of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra with the goal of locating Bhilala settlements, but they could find only very few of them. Even the few Bhilalas we found were replacing the surname Bhilala with Paura, the significant tribe in the area. Many people report the Rathawas of Gujarat and the Bhilalas of Madhya Pradesh to be the same group. This may be the case anthropologically for all or a section of the Bhilalas. According to one Rathawa social worker on the Gujarat side, the clan names are the same and many older people of his

7 community call themselves Bhilala instead of Rathawa. This appears to be the case with Bhilalas living in areas adjacent to the Rathawas along the border area of Gujarat. However, since it was shown in Maggard et al. (1998:18–36) that the large number of Bhilalas living in the rest of Madhya Pradesh are linguistically distinct from the Rathawas of Gujarat, they were not included in the specific scope of this survey.

Origin of the race and name

The Bhilalas are distinct from the Barelas, even though both are mixed races of Bhils and higher caste Hindus. Etymologically the word is derived from two words, bhil and ala which combined, means ‘excellent Bhil’. Bhilalas are said to have emerged from intermarriage between Bhils and the Rajput Pawars who had migrated to the area. Nothing much is known about how the Barelas and Bhilalas emerged as two different groups. It is assumed that the Barelas emerged as a result of intermarriage of Bhils with one particular high caste group, whereas the Bhilalas emerged as a result of intermarriage with a different high caste group. Some Bhilalas call their language Bhilali and state that it is different from Bhili and Nimadi. Other Bhilalas claim that they speak Nimadi, the regional language of the area, as their mother tongue.

Population

The census figures for the Bhilala populations are not available separately since they are grouped with the Barelas and Bhils. According to census figures, Bhilali speakers numbered 349,312 in 1961; 246,724 in 1971 and 468,519 in 1991. The reason for the decrease in number in 1971 was apparently due to some sections of the Bhilalas shifting to Nimadi, at least by profession if not in reality. According to the researchers’ estimation, the 1991 population figure of Bhilalas would be about 1,000,000 to 1,300,000.

Cultural aspects

The Bhilalas are traditionally animistic. However, they are the most hinduised of the tribes in the area, though there is a degree of variation of Hinduisation among the different subgroups. They are non- vegetarians, but do not eat beef or pork (Singh 1994). They occupy the highest position in the social hierarchy among the tribes of this zone. Though separate literacy figures are not available for the Bhilalas, it can be said that the group is more educated and influenced by the outside world than the Bhils and Barelas. See Table 6 in section 1.3 for the literacy figures of the state population of the survey area. The Bhilalas exhibit clan exogamy, like all other tribes in the area. They own more land and are better cultivators. The researchers found that there is a hierarchical difference among the different subgroups which is explained in the following subsections.

Subgroups

There are many reported subgroups under the Bhilalas. They include the Rathia/Urppa, Darbar/Dapla and Parya (in the Nimad area) and the Baria, Palvi and Rathia (in Jhabua district). See table 4, in which an overview of the subgroups of Bhilalas and Barelas/Pauras is given. In the Nimad area, some of the groups do not intermarry. (As mentioned earlier for the Barelas/Pauras, subgroup differentiation is purely on a linguistic basis. As far as the Bhilalas are concerned, the subgroup differentiation is based on differences in culture, language and level of development as well.)

Rathia/Urppa Bhilalas

The subgroup of Bhilalas who are mostly living in backward areas and who still speak their original language, Bhilali, is called “Rathia Bhilalas”. This name is attributed to them by other Bhilalas, who

8 speak and behave differently from them because of the fact that they speak like the Rathwa Barelas. The Barela community of the Nimad area calls them “Urppa Bhilalas”. Both these names are outsider names, whereas as the insider name is just “Bhilala”. An alternative name for their language is “Rathi/Rathia”. The Rathia/Urppa Bhilalas inhabit the southern part of Khargone, Barwani, Dhar and Jhabua districts. They may be found in small numbers in southern parts of Dewas and Khandwa districts as well. Their 1991 estimated population is about 600,000 to 800,000. They occupy the lowest position in the social hierarchy among the Bhilalas of the region.

Darbar/Dapla Bhilalas

The Darbar Bhilalas, like the Dapla Bhilalas, are said to be found mainly in the northern tahsils of Barwani and Khargone districts and in southern Dhar district. They are also found in southern Dewas and northern Khandwa districts. Whether they are two groups or one and the same group called by different names is not clear. The name Dapla is more prevalent in northern Barwani district, whereas the name Darbar is more prevalent in northern Khargone district. Dapla is more of an outsider name, whereas Darbar is more of an insider name. The term Darbar is used by insiders to elevate themselves above other Bhilalas in the region. Both Daplas and Darbars claim that they speak Nimadi, the regional language of Nimad, as their mother tongue, rather than Bhilali. Some even deny the existence of the Bhilali language. Since the researchers' focus was on linguistic aspects rather than anthropological, we treat them as one group for the researchers' discussion as both are said to be speaking the same language (Nimadi), which is different from Bhilali. The total population of Darbars/Daplas is estimated by the researchers to be around 300,000 to 500,000. They occupy the highest position in the social hierarchy among the subgroups of Bhilalas and in general among the tribal peoples as a whole in the area. It can be observed that the literacy levels of Darbars/Daplas are higher than those of other Bhilala subgroups. They seem to make maximum use of the reservation facility for the tribals. They are much more hinduised than the Rathia/Urppa Bhilalas.

Parya Bhilalas

This is a third distinct group of Bhilalas whose language is reported to be midway between the Bhilali of Rathia Bhilalas and the Nimadi of Darbar/Dapla Bhilalas. They are found mainly in Rajpur tahsil of Barwani district and Segaon tahsil of Khargone district. The name Parya is more of an outsider name, whereas the insider name is just Bhilala. The estimated population of Parya Bhilalas is about 25,000 to 50,000. Parya Bhilalas are said to be culturally distinct from Rathia/Urppa Bhilalas and Darbar/Dapla Bhilalas. As in the case of their language, their process of acculturation is also midway between that of the Rathias/Urppas and the Darbars/Daplas. Hence they occupy the middle position in the social hierarchy among the Bhilalas of the Nimad region. Some of them claim that they speak a form of Nimadi in order to show that they are superior to the Rathia Bhilalas. In the past there were no intermarriages of Paryas with Rathias or Darbars, but now barriers seems to be vanishing because they are capable of conversing in Bhilali as well as Nimadi.

1.2.3 Bhils

The scope of the survey was extended to the Bhil area of southern Jhabua and southern Dhar districts, since it was found during a previous survey (Maggard et al. 1998) that the language spoken by the Bhils in this area is closer to the Bhilali of the same area than to the Bhili (Bhagoria) spoken in the northern tahsils of Jhabua and Dhar districts. The Bhils are culturally distinct from the Bhilalas and Barelas, and occupy the lowest position in the social hierarchy among the tribes of this zone. Their population in 1991 was estimated by the researchers to be around 150,000 to 200,000.

1.3 Literacy and language development

The number of literates among the tribal groups is still low in spite of efforts on the part of the government. According to Dr D. L. Varma (1988), the Madhya Pradesh government has the goal of starting a primary school in every village which has a population of at least 350. The government has also introduced a special job guarantee program. This program guarantees that any tribal person who completes the 10th standard can start a small school in his hamlet (mohalla) or in any other mohalla to teach other fellow tribals with government funding. The district-wise general literacy percentages for tribals of this area, according to the 1991 census, are given in table 6.

Table 6. Tribal literacy percentages in the survey area

State District Total Male Female State Literacy State Literacy State Literacy Madhya Pradesh Khargonea 10.6% 15.8% 5.3% Khandwa 12.5% 19.8% 4.8% Dewas 11.6% 18.4% 4.5% Dhar 12.5% 19.2% 5.7% Jhabua 8.2% 12.8% 3.5% Maharashtra Dhuleb 18.7%c 26.7% 10.6% Jalgaon 27.3% 36.8% 16% a Also includes literacy percentages of Barwani district. Census figures are not available separately since it was recently formed as new district. b Also includes literacy percentages of Nandurbar district. Census figures are not available separately since it was recently formed as new district. c The literacy rates of Shirpur, Shahada, and Akrani tahsils, where there is a tribal concentration, when combined are even lower at 13.5%.

The levels of literacy are likely lower than those shown in table 6. On school records, there are people who have studied up to 7th standard, whereas in actuality they have hardly attended school and are still functionally illiterate. This was the case in most of the villages the researchers visited. Though some children are going to school, there are quick dropouts. This could be because of their inability to understand the Hindi/Marathi medium teaching and also because of irregular attendance of the teachers. Though the government provides many schemes for the tribals, not a great deal is spent on education. There were efforts in the past towards development of mother tongue literature by mother tongue speakers as well as outsiders. The Tribal Research Institute in Pune has published primary education materials in Pauri of Maharashtra. Father John Deepak Sulya, a mother tongue speaker from the Barela community of Khargone district, Madhya Pradesh, produced a self-study book in English entitled Bhilali Self Instructor. Hindi Bhili Varthalap Nirdesika is a book published in the Bhili of Dhar district by the Tribal Research and Development Institute, Bhopal. Apart from these, Catholics have published many religious materials in Bareli/Pauri.

1.4 Previous survey

Some sociolinguistic surveys have been carried out previously in this area and data from these projects was utilised in this survey. The surveys and the information about them are listed in table 7.

Table 7. Previous sociolinguistic surveys relevant to the present survey area

Name of survey Primary location People groups Author/Compiler of Year(s) of covered report fieldwork Dhule District Northern Dhule district, Paura, Vasava, Steve Watters 1987–88 Maharashtra Bhilori Garasia Southern Rajasthan, northern Adivasi Garasia, Bruce Cain 1987–88 Gujarat (several districts) Rajput Garasia, Bhil Ahirani Dhule district, Maharashtra Ahirs Frank Blair 1987 Dungra Bhili Baroda district (Gujarat), Dungra Bhil, Sunil Mathew 1995 Jhabua district (Madhya Bhilala, Bhilori Pradesh) The Bhil Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bhil, Bhilala, Loren Maggard, 1997–98 country of Rajasthan and Maharashtra Rathawa, Barela, Vinod Wilson India Paura, Patelia Varkey, Kishore Kumar Vunnamatla

1.5 Purpose and goals

The original purpose of this survey was to research the Bhilali-speaking people groups and relevant subgroups with the aim of determining which speech varieties need literature development, translation and literacy work, and further, to determine which speech variety in each of them might serve as a central or standard variety. However due to lack of time, the researchers decided to focus their efforts primarily on the Barela community. The original goals were narrowed down accordingly. In order to see that the purpose was achieved, the following goals and research tools were fixed to guide the course of the research. 1. To determine the locations where different Bhilali-speaking subgroups live and the nature of interaction between them. Tool: interviews with selected people 2. To identify the different speech varieties among the Bhils and Bhilala subgroups (Rathia/Urppa, Darbar/Dapla, Parya, etc.) and to study their relationships with one another and with the speech varieties already identified among the Barelas/Pauras (namely, Rathwi, Barli and Palya). Tools: wordlists, recorded text tests, informal playing of texts 3. To study how different subgroups use different languages (mother tongue [L1], regional languages [L2], state languages [L3]) in situations encountered in daily life. (L2 is Nimadi for those living in Madhya Pradesh and Ahirani for those living in Maharashtra. L3 is Hindi in Madhya Pradesh and Marathi in Maharashtra.) Tools: questionnaires, observation 4. To investigate Bareli-speaking people's attitudes towards their own speech variety, towards other speech varieties and towards their respective regional languages (Nimadi and Ahirani) and the state languages (Hindi and Marathi). Tool: questionnaires 5. To study the vitality of the Bareli-related speech varieties. Tool: questionnaires 6. To assess the levels of bilingualism of Bareli-speaking people in Hindi, Marathi, Nimadi and Ahirani in the relevant areas. Tools: questionnaires; Hindi sentence repetition test; Marathi, Nimadi and Ahirani Recorded Text Tests; informal playing of Ahirani text.

2 Dialect areas

One of the primary goals of this survey was to find out the degree of relationship that exists between the different speech varieties under consideration. To accomplish this objective, various tools were utilised, one of which was dialect comprehension testing using recorded text testing (RTT). Another method of assessing relationships among various speech varieties was using lexical similarity comparisons from wordlists. Informal playing of stories from various locations and people’s responses to those stories also contributed to gaining a fuller understanding of linguistic variation. Finally, formal questionnaires and people’s opinions helped in drawing conclusions about dialect groupings. Lexical similarity and comprehension testing are discussed in detail in this chapter.

2.1 Lexical similarity comparison

A common method of measuring the relationship among speech varieties is to compare the degree of similarity in their vocabularies. This is referred to as lexical similarity. Speech communities that have more terms in common (thus a higher percentage of lexical similarity) are more likely to understand one another than speech communities that have fewer terms in common. Since only elicited words and simple verb constructions are analysed by this method, lexical similarity comparison alone cannot indicate how well certain speech communities understand one other. It can, however, assist in obtaining a broad perspective of the relationships among speech varieties and give support for results using more sophisticated testing methods, such as comprehension studies.

2.1.1 Procedures

The tool used in determining lexical similarity in this project was a 210-item wordlist, ten consisting of items of basic vocabulary, which has been standardised and contextualised for use in surveys of this type in South Asia. These wordlists were transcribed using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), shown in Appendix B. Each wordlist was compared with every other wordlist, item by item, to determine whether the words were phonetically similar. Those words that were judged similar were grouped together. Once the entire wordlist had been evaluated, the total number of word pair similarities was tallied. This amount was then divided by the total number of items compared and multiplied by 100, giving what is called the lexical similarity percentage. This process of evaluation was carried out according to standards set out in Blair (1990:30–33) and facilitated through the use of a computer program called “WordSurv” (Wimbish 1989). This program is designed to quickly perform the counting of word pair similarities and to calculate the lexical similarity percentage between each pair of wordlist sites. For a more full description of counting procedures used in determining lexical similarity, refer to Appendix C.1.

2.1.2 Site selection

Thirty-three wordlists were compared in this lexical similarity study. Eleven of the wordlists were collected during this survey, representing the main people groups living in the region covered in this survey. Since many wordlists representing most of the tribes under consideration had already been collected in earlier surveys, the focus in this survey was placed on collecting more wordlists to cover adequately the widest possible geographic spread and previously unsurveyed subgroups of the tribes. Five more wordlists were collected from various Bhilala communities in three districts of Madhya Pradesh to represent different subgroups, including Rathia and Parya, and to get a better picture of the Bhilala speech varieties in the southern half of Jhabua and Dhar districts. Two more wordlists were collected from the Rathwi Bareli community of Madhya Pradesh. Two wordlists were elicited from the Palya subgroup of the Barela/Paura community, one in Madhya Pradesh and one in Maharashtra. Two Nimadi wordlists were obtained, both from Madhya Pradesh. One was collected from the same place

12 where a Nimadi recorded text test was developed for bilingualism testing. Another was collected to ascertain the claim of Darbar Bhilalas that their mother tongue is Nimadi and not Bhilali. Finally, three standard wordlists in Hindi, Gujarati and Marathi, the official languages of the states covered in this survey (Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra), were also added to the lexical similarity comparison. It was possible to collect many of the wordlists in this survey from places in the interior. To provide maximum reliability, it is best to check wordlists with a second mother tongue speaker at the same site, as discussed in Appendix C.1. However, none of the wordlists in this survey could be checked in this manner. Table 8 gives the speech variety, location and origin of the wordlists utilised in this project. (Map 4 shows the locations of the wordlist sites.) The table is ordered according to the speech variety and the state in which the wordlist site is located. Further information about each wordlist and its language assistant, as well as phonetic transcriptions of the wordlists are given in Appendix C.

Table 8. Speech variety, location and origin of wordlists utilised in this project

Language / Village Tahsil / Taluk District State Survey in which Speech wordlist was variety obtained Rathwi Pauri Amalwadi Chopda Jalgaon Maharashtra Dhule district Rathwi Pauria Segwi Niwali Barwani Madhya Pradesh Dhule district Rathwi Bareli Tharadpura Bhagawanpura Khargone Madhya Pradesh Bhil country Rathwi Bareli Udainagar Bagli Dewas Madhya Pradesh Bhil country Rathwi Bareli Chiklia Barwani Barwani Madhya Pradesh Bhil country Rathwi Bareli Chenpur Jhirniya Khargone Madhya Pradesh This project Rathwi Bareli Dongargaon Pandhana Khandwa Madhya Pradesh This project Bhilali Bodugam Alirajpur Jhabua Madhya Pradesh Bhil country Bhili Punyawat Alirajpur Jhabua Madhya Pradesh Bhil country Bhili Anjhera Gandhavani Dhar Madhya Pradesh Bhil country Bhilali Anjhera Gandhavani Dhar Madhya Pradesh Bhil country Bhilali Mandwi Jhirniya Khargone Madhya Pradesh Bhil country Bhilali Navalpura Sendhwa Barwani Madhya Pradesh This project Bhilali Agar Bagh Dhar Madhya Pradesh This project Bhilali Udaigadh Jobat Jhabua Madhya Pradesh This project Bhilali Kattivada Alirajpur Jhabua Madhya Pradesh This project Parya Bhilali Bhorwada Rajpur Barwani Madhya Pradesh This project Bhili Piplia Jhabua Jhabua Madhya Pradesh Bhil country Bhili Kharod Dahod Dahod Gujarat Garasia Bhilali Aspai Alirajpur Jhabua Madhya Pradesh Dungra Bhil Rathawi Mankodi Kawant Baroda Gujarat Bhil country Palya Choutharya Rajpur Barwani Madhya Pradesh This project Palya Natvada Shirpur Dhule Maharashtra This project Bareli Pauri Shahana Shahada Nandurbar Maharashtra Dhule district Bareli Pauri Mandvi Dhadgaon Nandurbar Maharashtra Dhule district Bareli Pauri Khadki Pansemal Barwani Madhya Pradesh Bhil country Nimadi Khargone (city) Khargone Khargone Madhya Pradesh Bhil country Nimadi Awlia Khandwa Khandwa Madhya Pradesh This project Nimadi Ashapur Maheshwar Khargone Madhya Pradesh This project Ahirani Wadibhokkar Dhule Dhule Maharashtra Ahirani Hindi —— —— —— —— Standard wordlist Gujarati —— —— —— —— Standard wordlist Marathi —— —— —— —— Standard wordlist a The Rathwa Paura tribe is typically found in Maharashtra. Since this community was contacted on a previous survey, it is not known whether people in Segwi indeed refer to themselves as “Pauras”, or perhaps simply by the term “Rathwa”. The Barela Pauri in Khadki, Madhya Pradesh, did refer to themselves as “Pauras”.

The matrix in table 9 represents the results of the comparisons, expressed as percentages of lexical similarity. Taking into account the number of different data collectors (in some cases, using different phonetic alphabets) and the length of time spanned (eleven years), the matrix should be considered as only giving an approximate idea of the relationships among the speech varieties compared.

Table 9. Lexical similarity percentages of all speech varieties compared (a) Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 93 (b) Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 82 83 (c) Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 81 82 90 (d) Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 83 84 88 85 (e) Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia RATHWI CLUSTER 83 84 86 86 87 (f) Rathwi Bareli-Chenpur 82 83 86 81 86 87 (g) Rathwi Bareli-Dongargaon

82 80 81 81 86 83 82 (h) Bhilali-Bodugam 77 79 75 75 76 71 75 75 (i) Bhili-Punyawat 69 71 73 80 71 74 72 71 73 (j) Bhili-Anjhera 68 71 75 77 73 75 73 73 73 81 (k) Bhilali-Anjhera 73 76 78 80 78 78 80 79 78 85 87 (l) Bhilali-Mandwi 77 77 76 81 79 82 82 78 77 79 80 88 (m) Bhilali-Navalpura 75 77 77 79 78 80 79 78 79 82 81 89 88 (n) Bhilali-Agar BHILALI & BHILI CLUSTER 75 76 77 81 78 79 78 75 81 80 78 84 89 86 (o) Bhilali-Udaigadh 74 73 72 74 73 70 70 70 75 66 65 69 72 72 78 (p) Bhilali-Kattivada 66 67 67 71 66 68 66 69 67 78 78 79 76 75 76 61 (q) Parya Bhilali-Bhorwada 60 61 61 63 63 61 59 63 63 57 57 61 61 60 67 72 60 (r) Bhili-Piplia 61 60 59 61 63 58 60 61 59 58 59 62 63 64 66 70 61 78 (s) Bhili-Kharod 66 62 60 60 62 61 64 61 60 57 58 60 61 60 63 71 52 62 69 (t) Bhilali-Aspai 62 61 56 57 58 58 60 57 58 56 54 57 59 58 63 70 50 61 72 80 (u) Rathawi-Mankodi

71 70 68 68 70 68 68 65 66 60 64 66 68 65 71 76 57 68 73 82 75 (v) Palya-Choutharya PALYA CLUSTER 73 70 68 67 67 67 71 67 66 60 63 68 70 67 70 71 59 66 71 78 73 92 (w) Palya-Natvada

79 76 69 69 70 69 67 69 68 60 61 64 64 64 63 63 61 55 56 60 58 66 65 (x) Bareli Pauri-Shahana 76 75 67 67 71 68 65 71 66 58 58 60 60 61 59 62 57 56 56 63 58 65 62 88 (y) Bareli Pauri-Mandvi BARLI CLUSTER 75 70 70 68 69 69 67 67 63 59 58 61 64 60 63 63 59 53 53 62 59 66 64 83 81 (z) Bareli Pauri-Khadki

60 59 60 63 60 58 58 60 60 65 67 68 64 65 65 57 78 59 62 54 52 58 59 57 54 56 (A) Nimadi-Khargone 51 53 55 57 57 52 55 53 55 60 64 63 61 61 62 52 69 54 60 49 50 54 52 50 48 51 80 (B) Nimadi-Awlia REGIONAL LANGUAGES 54 55 57 60 55 54 52 55 57 64 65 63 59 61 60 53 74 54 58 49 48 54 52 55 51 53 82 84 (C) Nimadi-Ashapur 55 53 50 54 52 52 51 50 53 55 53 53 52 54 54 52 57 45 49 47 48 50 50 54 49 48 56 54 53 (D) Ahirani-Wadibhokkar

50 50 53 54 52 50 49 51 54 56 55 55 51 54 54 49 62 51 55 44 47 47 47 48 47 50 74 79 78 54 E Hindi 58 58 54 55 58 55 56 56 57 52 55 58 56 58 56 62 60 64 76 66 68 63 61 55 56 55 66 63 64 55 66 F Gujarati STATE LANGUAGES 51 50 49 51 50 48 47 48 52 50 51 51 49 51 51 51 53 46 52 48 49 50 49 53 50 49 57 57 58 82 61 60 G Marathi

2.1.3 Results and analysis

According to Blair (1990:24), typically for two speech varieties that have less than 60% lexical similarity (using the counting procedures described in Appendix C.1), it can be concluded that the speech varieties represent different languages. For speech varieties that have greater than 60% lexical similarity, intelligibility testing should be done to determine their relationship. The lexical similarity chart in table 9 shows that there are many percentages around this 60% threshold, signifying few clear-cut language boundaries. Indeed, there is much shading and blending from one speech variety to another. In addition, wordlists that are closer geographically show stronger relationships than wordlists from locations that are more distant from one another. It is felt that these lexical similarity percentages are somewhat lower than they might actually be for a couple of reasons: (1) No wordlist elicited during this project was checked with a second mother tongue speaker. Checking generally raises lexical similarity percentages as synonyms and variant words are clarified. (2) Many of the wordlists came from different sources, sometimes using different phonetic alphabets, and thus could not have had the same measure of consistency as if the same researchers had been eliciting them. In the following analysis and discussion, no strict threshold percentage has been used in deciding whether wordlists should be grouped as a cluster, as percentages both within the cluster and with other wordlist clusters have been taken into account. A code letter in parentheses precedes each speech variety and location name to aid in locating the appropriate wordlist. Table 10 gives a summary of the wordlists in each of the four primary clusters and their ranges of shared lexical similarity. Apart from these, secondary clusters are proposed in different combinations to show the interrelationship of some wordlists in one basic cluster with those of other clusters and with regional and state languages. Table 11 gives a summary of the wordlists in each of the secondary clusters and their ranges of shared lexical similarity.

Table 10. Primary clusters with ranges of shared lexical similarity

Wordlists Range of included in lexical Speech varieties included in primary cluster cluster similarity (by code letter) percentages a-g 81 – 93 RATHWI CLUSTER (both Rathwi Pauri wordlists and all five Rathwi Bareli wordlists) v, w 92 PALYA CLUSTER (both Palya wordlists) x, y, z 81 – 88 BARLI CLUSTER (all three Bareli Pauri wordlists) h-u 50 – 89 BHILALI and BHILI CLUSTER (all eight Bhilali wordlists, the Rathawi wordlist, the Parya Bhilali wordlist and all four Bhili wordlists)

Table 11. Wordlists in secondary clusters with ranges of shared lexical similarity

Wordlists Range of included in lexical Speech varieties included in secondary cluster cluster similarity (by code letter) percentages a, b 93 Both Rathwi Pauri wordlists c - g 81 – 90 All five Rathwi Bareli wordlists a - h 81 – 93 Bhilali-Bodugam with all seven Rathwi wordlists k - n 80 – 89 All four Bhilali wordlists from Nimad j - n 79 – 89 Bhili-Anjhera with all four Bhilali wordlists from Nimad k – n, q 75 – 89 Parya Bhilali with all four Bhilali wordlists from Nimad

h, k - q, t 52 – 89 All nine Bhilali wordlists including Parya Bhilali q, A,B,C 69 – 78 Parya Bhilali with all three Nimadi wordlists t, u 80 Rathawi-Mankodi, Bhilali-Aspai r, s 78 Bhili-Kharod, Bhili-Piplia s, F 76 Bhili-Kharod, Gujarati t, v, w 78 – 92 Bhilali-Aspai with both Palya wordlists A, B, C 80 – 84 All three Nimadi wordlists A, B, C, E 74 – 84 Hindi with all three Nimadi wordlists D, G 82 Ahirani, Marathi

Rathwi cluster

Starting at the top of the lexical similarity matrix in table 9, one can see that the Rathwi Pauri wordlists from Amalwadi and Segwi (codes a and b) have the highest lexical similarity of any wordlist pair in the matrix (93%) and form a cluster. The next tight cluster is that of the Rathwi Bareli wordlists from Tharadpura, Udainagar, Chiklia, Chenpur and Dongargaon (codes c through g) with in-group percentages ranging between 81 and 90%. The Rathwi Pauri and the Rathwi Bareli varieties together form a cluster with 81 to 93% lexical similarity. The Bhilali wordlist from Bodugam (h) in the southern Jhabua district fits better with the Rathwi cluster (80 to 86% similar) than with the rest of the Bhilali wordlists (61 to 79% similar). This relationship is also supported by results of intelligibility testing in a previous survey (Maggard et al. 1998). Bodugam is geographically nearer to Nimad, where Rathwi is spoken the most, than to other Bhilali sites from Jhabua district.

Barli cluster

The three Bareli Pauri varieties (x, y, z) share lexical similarity percentages of 81 to 88%. These varieties are spoken by the Barla subgroup of the Barelas and Pauras. With the Rathwi wordlists, they show only 65 to 79% similarity in words. With the Rathwi Pauri varieties, the similarity is a bit higher (70 to 79%) than to the Rathwi Bareli varieties (65 to 71%). With the Palya varieties, the similarity percentages are also lower (62 to 66%).

Palya cluster

The Palya speech of Choutharya (v) exhibits a lexical similarity of 92% to that of Natvada (v). It is quite interesting to see this similarity since the two locations are in two different states. The Palya varieties show a higher similarity to Rathwi varieties (67 to 73%) than to the Barli varieties (62 to 66%). Many Palyas reported that their speech is similar to Gujarati. It is true that Palya shows a higher similarity to Gujarati (61 to 63%) than to Hindi (47%) or Marathi (49 to 50%). It is also clear that Palya speech has a higher lexical similarity to Gujarati than do Rathwi (50 to 58%) and Barli (55 to 56%). Nevertheless, the similarity to Gujarati in itself is not very high. Palya also exhibits higher lexical similarity (71 to 75%) to Bhili-Kharod and Rathwi-Mankodi of Gujarat than other varieties do. It is also worth noting that Palya varieties show higher lexical similarity to three Bhilali varieties (Aspai, Kattiwada and Udaigadh) of southern Jhabua near the Gujarat border (70 to 82%) than to the Bhilali of Nimad (63 to 70%). Nevertheless, in itself the similarity to Gujarati is not very high.

Bhilali and Bhili cluster

In summary, it can be seen in table 9 that many speech varieties with the same name cluster together more closely than with varieties with different names. This is true of the Rathwi Pauri varieties, the

Rathwi Bareli varieties, the Bareli Pauri varieties, and the Palya varieties. However, the Bhilali wordlists do not all cluster together as clearly. The case with the Bhili wordlists is similar. There are two types of Bhilali wordlists. The first one, with the name Parya Bhilali, is the speech variety spoken by the Parya subgroup of the Bhilalas. The others, with the name Bhilali, are inclusive of all other subgroups such as Rathia who reported their language name as Bhilali. As already mentioned in section 1.2.2.2, the Darbar/Dapla Bhilalas reported their language name to be Nimadi. Lexical similarity percentages are also in line with this. Hence the wordlist collected from a Darbar Bhilala from Ashapur is grouped together with the other Nimadi varieties.

Table 12. Lexical similarity matrix of all Bhilali wordlists (k) Bhilali-Anjhera 87 (l) Bhilali-Mandwi 80 88 (m) Bhilali-Navalpura 81 89 88 (n) Bhilali-Agar 73 79 78 78 (h) Bhilali-Bodugam 78 84 89 86 75 (o) Bhilali-Udaigarh 65 69 72 72 70 78 (p) Bhilali-Kattivada 78 79 76 75 69 76 61 (q) Parya Bhilali-Bhorwada 58 60 61 60 61 63 71 52 (t) Bhilali-Aspai

The Bhilali wordlists shown in table 12 reveals that there is no single Bhilali variety which shows high lexical similarities to all other varieties. Bhilali varieties do not cluster at higher in-group percentages as others do. The Bhilali wordlist from Aspai (t) is quite dissimilar to all other Bhilali wordlists (52 to 63%) except for a moderate 71% to the Bhilali of Kattivada (p), which is also on the Gujarat-Madhya Pradesh border. Its closer relationship with the Rathawi wordlist from Mankodi of Gujarat (80%), and the possibility that the Bhilali spoken in the border areas of Gujarat could be a very similar dialect of the Rathawi language spoken in Gujarat, was already discussed by Maggard et al. (1998). Bhilali of Aspai is different enough from the rest of the Bhilali speech varieties sampled in Madhya Pradesh for intelligibility probably to be unlikely. The reported statement that Parya Bhilali speech is midway between the Bhilali of Rathia Bhilalas of Nimad and the Nimadi language is in line with the lexical similarity findings. The range of similarity of Parya Bhilali of Bhorwada (q) with Bhilali varieties of the Nimad area (75 to 79%) is almost the same as that to Nimadi (69 to 78%). If Parya Bhilali and Bhilali from Aspai are excluded from the Bhilali cluster, the lowest lexical similarity percentage of all Bhilali wordlists compared rises to 65%. Bhilali of Kattivada (Palya) is another speech variety that stands apart from the rest of the Bhilali varieties. It is located in the extreme western end of the Bhilali-speaking area on the Gujarat-Madhya Pradesh border. Its shared similarity with other Bhilali varieties of southern Jhabua is not so high (70 to 78%). The range of similarity to Rathwi varieties is only slightly lower (70 to 74%). It has a moderate 70 to 72% lexical similarity with other speech varieties in the area, namely Bhili from Piplia of north Jhabua, Bhili from Kharod of Gujarat and Rathawi from Mankodi of Gujarat. In spite of divergence among the Bhilali wordlists, the four Bhilali wordlists of Nimad (k-n) form a relatively close cluster (80 to 89%). Most of them are the Rathia variety. The reported relationship of Rathia Bhilali with the Rathwi dialect of Bareli is supported by lexical similarities of 68 to 82% between the Bhilali wordlists of Nimad and the Rathwi Bareli/Rathwi Pauri dialects. The linguistic situation of south Jhabua district is somewhat complex since Bhili varieties also come into the picture. The lexical similarity of those speech varieties from Jhabua district, along with the ones from adjacent Gujarat and Bhili from Anjhera of Dhar district, is shown in table 13. Even after excluding the Bhilali-Aspai wordlist, the lexical similarities among the Bhilali varieties of Jhabua district are only in the range of 70 to 77%.

Table 13. Lexical similarity matrix of wordlists from Jhabua district and adjacent areas

(s) Bhili-Kharod 78 (r) Bhili-Piplia 61 63 (h) Bhilali-Bodugam 59 63 75 (i) Bhili-Punyawat 58 57 71 73 (j) Bhili-Anjhera 66 67 75 81 80 (o) Bhilali-Udaigadh 70 72 70 75 66 78 (p) Bhilali-Kattivada 69 62 61 60 57 63 71 (t) Bhilali-Aspai 72 61 57 58 56 63 70 80 (u) Rathawi-Mankodi

All the Bhili wordlists included in the matrix were compared by Maggard et al. (1998). They had grouped Bhili of Piplia (north Jhabua) and Kharod (Gujarat) as similar dialects representing Bhagoria Bhili, with a significant difference from the Bhil varieties spoken in Punyawat (south Jhabua) and Anjhera (south Dhar) in the Bhilala-dominated area, based on lexical similarities as well as comprehension testing. The similarity between Bhili wordlists of Punyawat and Anjhera is only 73%. Bhili-Punyawat shares almost similar%ages with the Rathwi Bareli/Rathwi Pauri varieties (71 to 79%) as with the Bhilali wordlists (67 to 81%), while Bhili-Anjhera shows somewhat greater affinity to Bhilali wordlists of Nimad (79 to 85%) than to the Rathwi Bareli/Rathwi Pauri varieties (69 to 80%).

2.2 Intelligibility testing

Since only elicited words are being analysed (and in this survey, just 210), lexical similarity yields only tentative results as to the relationship between various speech varieties. Lexical similarity comparisons cannot predict how well people in different areas understand the speech of one another. An intelligibility study is needed to obtain this type of information, which allows a look into the approximate comprehension of natural speech – not only isolated words and simple verb constructions, but also sentences and discourse. The definition of a language and a dialect is not always clear. The two terms have been used in many different ways. Common usage often applies the term “language” to the large, prestigious languages which have an established written literature. The term “dialect” is then used for all other speech varieties. Some linguists use language to refer to speech varieties that share similar vocabularies, phonological and/or grammatical systems. The sense in which the two terms are used can often vary. The researchers believe that an important factor in determining the distinction between a language and a dialect is how well speech communities can understand one another. Low intelligibility 3 between two speech varieties, even if one has been classified as a dialect of the other, impedes the ability of one group to understand the other (Grimes 1996:vi). Thus comprehension testing, which gives insight into the approximate understanding of natural speech, was an important component of this research. Intelligibility of Bareli speech varieties at selected locations was studied with the help of recorded text tests (RTT).

3 “Intelligibility” is a term that has often been used to refer to the level of understanding that exists between speech varieties. O’Leary (1994) argues, and the researchers share her view, that results of recorded text testing should be discussed as comprehension scores on texts from different dialects, not as intelligibility scores nor as measures of inherent intelligibility. Thus the term intelligibility has been used sparingly in this report, with the term “comprehension” used more frequently.

2.2.1 Procedures

Recorded text testing (RTT) is one tool to help assess the degree to which speakers of related linguistic varieties understand one another. A two to five minute natural, personal-experience narrative is recorded on cassette from a mother tongue speaker of the speech variety in question. It then is evaluated with a group of mother tongue speakers from the same region by a procedure called Hometown Testing (HTT). This ensures that the story is representative of the speech variety in that area and is suitable to be used for testing at other sites. Mother tongue speakers from other locations and differing speech varieties then listen to the recorded stories and are asked questions, interspersed in the story, to test their comprehension. Subjects are permitted to take tests of stories from other locations only if they perform well on a hometown test. This ensures that the test-taking procedure is understood. Ten is considered the minimum number of people to be given this test. The subjects’ responses to the story questions are noted down and scored. A person’s score is considered a reflection of his comprehension of the text, and the average score of all subjects at a test point is indicative of the community’s intelligibility of the speech variety of the story’s origin. The average score of test points is also determined by a calculation of the variation between individual subjects’ scores, or standard deviation, which helps in interpreting how representative the scores are. After each story, subjects are asked questions such as how different they felt the speech was and how much they could understand. These subjective post-RTT responses give an additional perspective for interpreting the objective test data. If a subject’s answers to these questions are comparable with his or her score, it gives more certainty to the results. If, however, the post-RTT responses and test score show some dissimilarity, then this discrepancy can be investigated. For a full description of recorded text testing, refer to Appendix D.1 and to Casad (1974). Demo- graphic profiles of the subjects at each test site, test scores and post-HTT/RTT responses are presented in Appendices D.2 and D.3. The keys and codes for understanding the data are given Appendix D.4.

2.2.2 Site selection

In order to tie in with previous work and to cover geographical areas and people groups not yet surveyed, stories from past surveys were utilised in addition to stories obtained during this project. These stories are listed in table 14. The Awlia Nimadi story was developed and tested to assess the bilingual ability of Barelas in the Nimadi language. Similarly, the Ahirani illness story was tested to investigate bilingualism in Ahirani. These results will be discussed in chapter 3.

Table 14. Name, location and origin of stories utilised in this project

Name of Language / Location of Tahsil District State Survey in which story speech origin story was variety obtained Thorn Rathwi Chilia Barwani Barwani Madhya The Bhil country Bareli Pradesh Bear Rathwi Pauri Amalwadi Chopda Jalgaon Maharashtra Dhule district Rabbit Palya Choutharya Rajpur Barwani Madhya This survey Pradesh Snake Barli Mandvi Dhadgaon Nandurbar Maharashtra Dhule district Fish Bhilali Bondarania Jhirniya Khargone Madhya The Bhil country Pradesh Leopard Nimadi Awlia Khandwa Khandwa Madhya This survey Pradesh Illness Ahirani Borkund Dhule Dhule Maharashtra Ahirani

Testing was done among a total of four speech communities. This section will explain the rationale for choosing those sites and the stories used for testing. The order of the discussion roughly follows the order in which testing was done. The headings give the village name first and then the speech community among whom testing was done, while the district and state of the test site are given in parentheses. Refer to map 5 for the location of the test sites and stories. Detailed population statistics for villages where some kind of testing was done are given in Appendix G.

Budi Rathwi Bareli (Barwani district, Madhya Pradesh)

A Rathwi Bareli story was collected from Chiklia village in Barwani tahsil in the Bhil country survey (Maggard et al. 1998). This would have been an ideal location representing the Rathwa Bareli dialect spoken in Madhya Pradesh. However, the researchers could not do cross testing of other dialects here because of the unfavourable circumstances. Hence Budi village, another location from the same tahsil, was selected to represent the speech variety of the Rathwa Barelas of Madhya Pradesh. It is only one kilometre from Pati, which is the block headquarters. Before the researchers selected this site for testing, the Chiklia Rathwi Bareli story was informally played to some key contacts in the village, which strengthened the view that the speech variety spoken in both these villages could be considered the same. Moreover, people reported that there was no difference in the speech spoken in the two villages, though the villages are roughly 30 kilometres apart.

Dhaudivhir Rathwi Pauri (Dhule district, Maharashtra)

Unlike the Barli and Palya dialects, the Rathwi Pauri dialect is spread over a much wider region with a much higher population. Even though the Rathwi Pauri and Rathwi Bareli wordlists in general show high lexical similarities to one another, the varieties in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra showed some difference. Hence it was decided to have one Rathwi Pauri test site on the Maharashtra side in addition to Budi (representing Rathwi Bareli) in Madhya Pradesh. A Rathwi Pauri story was collected from Amalwadi village in Chopda tahsil, Jalgaon district in a previous survey (Watters 2013). This is just on the border of Shirpur tahsil of Dhule district. But the researchers could not do cross testing of other dialects here because of the unfavourable circumstances. Hence Dhaudivhir village, another location in Shirpur tahsil which is only 15 kilometres from Amalwadi, was selected to represent the speech variety spoken by the Rathwa Barelas/Pauras of Maharashtra. Before deciding on the site for testing, the Amalwadi Rathwi Pauri story was informally played to some key contacts in the village, which strengthened the view that the speech variety spoken in both these villages can be considered the same.

Umrani Bareli Pauri (Nandurbar district, Maharashtra)

A Bareli Pauri (Barli dialect) story was collected from Mandvi village in Dhadgaon tahsil in a previous survey (Watters 2013). The researchers were unable to establish suitable contacts in this particular village to do cross testing of other dialects. Hence it was decided to select another location representing the same speech variety from the same tahsil and block. Umrani village is only ten kilometres from Mandvi and key contacts in the village claimed that there was no difference in the language spoken in the two villages. Informal playing of the original story also revealed that the speech variety spoken in both these villages can be considered the same. Thus Umrani village was selected to represent the Barli dialect spoken in Maharashtra as well as bordering parts of Madhya Pradesh.

Choutharya Palya (Barwani district, Madhya Pradesh)

Choutharya is one of the few villages where a majority of the population are Palya speakers. It is said that Palyas in many other villages migrated to the respective villages from Choutharya. It is almost 12 kilometres from Rajpur, the nearest town and tahsil headquarters. Palya was already reported as one distinct dialect of Bareli and lexical similarity percentages showed a significant difference from the

Rathwi and Barli varieties and from Bhili-Bhilali. Thus Choutharya was selected as the site to represent the Palya speech variety.

2.2.3 Results and analysis

The results of recorded text testing are presented in table 15. The columns of the table list each story used for testing and the rows list each community among whom testing was done. The headings for the stories and communities are listed by location4 followed by speech variety or people group, and in the case of the stories, the story name. The results of each hometown test are shown with a double border. Refer to map 4 for the locations where stories were obtained and testing was done.

Table 15. Recorded text test (RTT) stories played and results

Rathwi: Rathwi: Barli: Palya: Bhilali: Chiklia Amalwadi Mandvi Choutharya Jhirniya COMMUNITIES TESTED Rathwi Rathwi Pauri Bareli Pauri Palya Bhilali Bareli Bear story Snake story Rabbit story Fish story Thorn story

Budi avg 97 61 95 Rathwa Barela sd 3 12 7 Subjects no. 10 10 10

Dhaudivhir avg 98 96 Rathwa Paura sd 2 5 Subjects no. 10 10

Umrani avg 69 98 51 Barela Paura sd 16 4 15 Subjects no. 11 11 11

Choutharya avg 72 86 99 Palya sd 20 20 2 Subjects no. 13 11 13

In interpreting RTT results, three pieces of information are necessary. The first is average percentage (shown as avg in the chart), which is the mean or average of all the participants’ individual scores for a particular story at a particular test site. The second is a measure of how much individuals’ scores vary from the community average, the standard deviation (shown as sd in the chart). The third important piece of information is the size of the sample, that is, the number of people who were tested (shown as no. in the chart). To be truly representative of the community being studied, a sample should include people from significant demographic categories, such as both men and women, young and old, and educated and uneducated. The relationship between test averages and standard deviation has been summarised by Blair (1990:25) and can be seen in table 16.

4 This is often the village where the story was obtained and tested, but in one case the nearest town, Jhirniya is given as the site location, because test development and/or test administration was done in more than one village surrounding the town.

Table 16. Relationship between test averages and standard deviation

HIGH LOW Situation 1 Situation 2 HIGH Many people understand the Most people understand the story. Average story well, but some have Score difficulty. Situation 3 Situation 4 LOW Many people cannot under- Few people are able to understand stand the story, but a few are the story. able to answer correctly.

Since results of field-administered methods such as recorded text testing (RTT) cannot be completely isolated from potential biases, O’Leary (1994) recommends that results from RTTs not be interpreted in terms of fixed numerical thresholds, but rather be evaluated in the light of other indicators of intelligibility such as lexical similarity, dialect opinions, and reported patterns of contact and communication. In general, however, RTT mean scores of around 80% or higher with accompanying low standard deviations (usually 10 and below; high standard deviations are about 15 and above) are usually taken to indicate that representatives of the test point dialect display adequate understanding of the variety represented by the recording. Conversely, RTT means below 60% are interpreted as indicating inadequate comprehension. Sections 2.2.3.1 through 2.2.3.4 highlight the results of comprehension testing, discussed in terms of the understanding of each story. In all cases, the hometown tests were valid, with high average scores (96 to 99%) and low standard deviations (2 to 5). Post-HTT questionnaire responses also indicated that the subjects felt the HTT speech varieties were the same as their own, with the exception of the Amalwadi Rathwi Pauri Bear story,5 used as the HTT for Dhaudivhir Rathwa Paura subjects.

Bhilali story

In a previous survey (Maggard et al, 1998), it was found that the Rathia Bhilalas of Jhirniya and Anjhera possess adequate understanding of Rathwi Bareli. The present survey has shown that this is also true conversely. Rathwa Barela subjects in Budi scored quite high (95%) for the Bhilali story with a low standard deviation of 7.

Palya story

Rathwa Barela subjects in Budi averaged a low 61% with a somewhat high standard deviation of 12 for the Palya story. Most of the ten subjects identified the speech variety, but maintained that they understood only half of the story and that the speech is very different from their mother tongue. The average score of Bareli Pauri speakers in Umrani was even lower at 51% with a standard deviation of 15. Most of them could not identify the story’s origin and commented that they understood half or less, and that the speech was very different from their mother tongue. It is abundantly clear that Rathwi and Barli (Bareli Pauri) speakers do not possess adequate understanding of Palya speech as represented in the test text.

5 Though the average score was 96 percent with a low standard deviation of 5 in Dhaudivhir, many subjects commented that the speech was not pure since it was mixed with Bareli Pauri speech.

Barli story

The story representing the Barli dialect was cross-tested only among Palya speakers of Choutharya since previous testing among Rathwa Barelas found that their comprehension was inadequate (Maggard et al. 1998). Though the average score of the Palya-speaking subjects was 86%, the standard deviation was quite high at 20. There were many subjects who scored over 90% (mostly educated and two other females who have daughter in-laws from the Barli speaking region), whereas the lowest score was 40%. Only half of the subjects could identify the speech variety. While half of the subjects said they understood the story fully and that the speech was only a little different from their own, the other half maintained that they understood half or less and that the speech was very different. Three of the respondents even commented that the difference from their mother tongue was more than that of the Chiklia Rathwi Bareli story, which had an average score of only 72%. Hence it is likely that not all Palyas possess adequate comprehension of the Barli (Bareli Pauri) dialect.

Rathwi Bareli story

This story from Chiklia was tested at all four sites selected for dialect intelligibility testing in this survey. Rathwa Barela subjects in Budi, for whom this story also served as the HTT, scored 97% with a low standard deviation of 3. All the subjects in Budi identified the speech as their Rathwi language. All except one said that was it from their area and that the speech was no different from theirs. The Rathwa Paura subjects in Dhaudivhir scored 98% with a low standard deviation of 2 on the Rathwi Bareli story. Except for one person, everybody said that it was pure Rathwi speech with no difference from their own speech. Out of ten subjects, eight said the storyteller could be from their village itself. The same story was previously tested at many places as far away as Bodugam (Jhabua district), Jeerabad (Dhar district) and Chenpur (Khargone district) among Bhilalas, Bhils and Rathwa Barelas respectively, and it was well understood in all those sites (Maggard et al. 1998). This time the story was also well understood among two other Rathwi communities. Thus it may be concluded that the Rathwi variety represented by the Chiklia story is well understood by Rathwa Barelas in Khargone, Khandwa, Barwani, Dhule and Jalgaon districts, by Rathia Bhilalas of the Nimad region and Sondwa block of south Jhabua district, and by Bhils of south Dhar district. The story was tested among Barla and Palya communities as well. The eleven Barla (Barela Paura) subjects from Umrani scored an average of 69% with a high standard deviation of 16. The ones who scored moderately high were mostly educated men who had better chances for acquiring other dialects. Only half of the subjects could identify the speech. Seven out of 11 said that the speech was significantly different from their own and that they understood little or half. The scores combined with the subjects’ perceptions support the conclusion that the understanding of the Rathwi Bareli dialect is not adequate among Barli speakers. The performance of the Palya subjects was not much better. They scored an average of 72% with a standard deviation of 20. Here also educated men had moderately high scores. One person whose wife was a Rathwa scored 100% on the test. Almost all the subjects identified the speech variety as Rathwi and some even knew the village name. (Choutharya village is only 12 kilometres from Chiklia.) Nine subjects said that the speech in the story was a little different from their own, whereas the remaining four commented that it was very different from theirs. While eight of them claimed to have understood the story completely, the remaining five responded that they understood only around half. Three who said they understood fully stated that their speech was very different from that in the story. Three others who claimed that they understood completely had actually scored much lower than the average score. It can be concluded that, although some subjects expressed high perceived comprehension, the Palya people's actual comprehension of the Rathwi Bareli speech variety is less than adequate.

2.3 Perceptions of linguistic similarity and purity

2.3.1 Procedures

Apart from doing full recorded text testing at the sites already discussed, the researchers also played stories developed for recorded text testing informally and elicited some responses about the language of the text from some key persons at many other locations too. These give an idea of the perceived differences and similarities of the speech from various locations in comparison with the mother tongue of the language assistants. The informal post-text questions asked were: 1. In what language is the story told? 2. To which people group does the storyteller belong? 3. Where is he from? 4. How much of the story did you understand? 5. How different is the speech of the story from yours? 6. Are you able to speak like this?

2.3.2 Results

The Chiklia Rathwi Bareli story and the Jhirniya Bhilali story were the prominent stories that were played informally the most. The results are in agreement with the responses to the post-RTT questions for these two stories in the Bhil country survey (Maggard et al. 1998) and in the present one. Most people were able to distinguish between the speech of the two stories as different and identify them as Rathwi Bareli and Rathia Bhilali respectively. The following inferences are made from this data. 1. The Chiklia Rathwi Bareli story was identified as their own language with no difference by many Rathwa Barela communities as far as Udainagar in Dewas district and Dongargaon in Khandwa district (informal playing of stories), by the Rathwa Paura community of Dhule district in Maharashtra (post- RTT responses in the present survey) and by the Bhilala community of Sondwa in Jhabua district (post- RTT responses in the Bhil country survey). However, in many other Rathia Bhilala communities, though people claimed full understanding of the speech, they identified it as the speech of Rathwa Barelas with little difference from their own Rathia Bhilali. Though they reported that the speech was good, some were doubtful about the purity of the language. 2. The Jhirniya Bhilali story was identified by Bhilalas as their own Bhilali language in many places such as Agar and Bakaner in Dhar district, Navalpura in Barwani district, and Palsner in Dhule district in Maharashtra (informal playing of stories), and by some in Chickli in Dhar district (post-RTT responses in the Bhil country survey). The language assistants from Agar and Bakaner reported that there was no difference from the way they speak. But those from Chickli and nearby Navalpura reported that there was a little difference and they were not able to speak like this. The majority of Rathwa Barelas of Budi in Barwani district (post-RTT responses in the present survey) and those of nearby Chenpur (post-text responses in the Bhil country survey) in Jhirniya tahsil itself were able to make out that the language was not their own, but that of the Bhilalas. Though they commented that the speech was good, the majority of them said it was not pure and was a little different from their Rathwi speech.

3 Bilingualism

Bilingualism refers to the knowledge and skills acquired by individuals which enable them to use a language other than their mother tongue. Blair (1990:51–52) notes that bilingual ability is not normally uniformly distributed within a community, as it is dependent on many different social characteristics. However, there can be exceptional cases where a community restricted to a small geographical area and small number (population) has acquired fairly uniform bilingual ability.

Motivation and opportunity are two of the most important factors which produce bilingualism. Different individuals and sections of a community are proficient to varying degrees, depending on their motivation and on the nature and extent of their contact with the second language. Insights into a community’s motivation to learn a second language can often be gained by identifying the domains in which the second language is used and the underlying attitudes promoting them to do so. Language use and attitude studies can reveal such insights. The motivation may be economic, religious, self- preservation or it may be altruistic. The community will become as bilingual as it deems necessary in order to satisfy its self-interest. But people cannot become bilingual unless they have contact with the second language in some context. This contact is related to certain demographic factors such as education, occupation, age, sex and degree of travel. In reality, these are not totally independent variables, but we will examine them individually the sake of clarity in this discussion. There are two components for any bilingualism study. The first is to identify the independent variables, those social characteristics which correlate with bilingualism, and their distribution throughout the community. This is found out through a demographic study based either on a government census or on a private census conducted at the time of a survey. The second step is assessing the dependent variables, the level of bilingualism which occurs in conjunction with the various characteristics, using different tools such as recorded text testing (RTT), sentence repetition testing (SRT), participant observation, and self-evaluation questionnaires. Information about villages where bilingualism was assessed in this study was available to the researchers from three sources:

a. Census of India (1991) b. Voters List, Election Commission of India (1995) c. Village information questionnaire responses from key people in the selected villages.

Demographic details of the villages where bilingualism was investigated are given in Appendix G. Since this survey area extended into two regions where two different regional languages are spoken and into two states where two different state languages are spoken, we were interested in bilingualism in four different languages. The state language of Madhya Pradesh is Hindi, which is also the national language. Marathi is spoken in the state of Maharashtra. Nimadi is spoken in the Nimad region of Madhya Pradesh and Ahirani/Khadeshi is spoken in the Khandesh region of Maharashtra. Bilingualism in Marathi among the Pauras of Maharashtra was researched in a previous survey (Watters 2013). We gave greater priority to Hindi and Nimadi testing than to Ahirani testing because the vast majority of the Bareli-speaking people live in Madhya Pradesh. For evaluating bilingualism in Hindi, we used a Hindi sentence repetition test (SRT), which had already been developed (Varenkamp 1991). For assessing bilingualism in Nimadi, we developed a Nimadi RTT, which was tested among two communities. For looking into Ahirani bilingualism, we used an Ahirani RTT from a previous survey (Blair 1987); the test was administered in one location, while only post-text responses were obtained in another. For assessing motivation for bilingualism, responses to the relevant questions from the language use and attitudes questionnaire were analysed; those findings are discussed in chapter 4.

3.1 Bilingualism in Hindi

Hindi is the national language of India and a lingua franca throughout north India. It is also the official language of some states in north India. People like Hindi because of its sweetness and prestige. They generally say, “If you know Hindi, you can go anywhere in India.” There is a great amount of literature available in Hindi. The media is also dominated by the use of Hindi in India. Hindi can be heard almost round the clock over radio broadcasting and television channels. Hindi has a great influence in India, except in some of the southernmost parts. Hindi is the state language and medium for instruction in schools in Madhya Pradesh, where most of the research in this survey was carried out. Since Hindi has a great influence as a language of

governance and education, it was important to assess the Hindi bilingual proficiency of the Bareli- speaking people in order to effectively plan a language program. The main tool used to gauge Hindi bilingualism was the sentence repetition test (SRT).

3.1.1 Procedures

One method for testing bilingual proficiency is sentence repetition testing (SRT). This method is more refined in discriminating levels of bilingual proficiency than a pilot recorded text test (RTT). The SRT is a screening tool for developing a community-wide bilingual profile, not a diagnostic tool to assess an individual’s strengths and weaknesses in a second language. It was developed to be able to assess a community’s bilingual proficiency relatively quickly. It takes time and effort to construct an SRT, but once it is developed and test administrators are properly trained, it is relatively quick and easy to administer. The SRT was developed based on the theory that a person can only repeat what his control of the syntax, morphology and vocabulary of a language enables him to understand. The maximum number of units (be it numbers or words) an adult can remember is seven, plus or minus two. When this concept is applied to a sentence, the number of words can be far more than seven because of the phenomenon of chunking, the non-conscious loading of meaning. Thus a unit could be a phrase consisting of several words. A sentence as long as five times seven words can be remembered and repeated because of this phenomenon of chunking meaning along syntactic lines (Radloff 1991:8–9). This is the heart of the sentence repetition test for second-language proficiency: as people become more familiar with a second language and more confident in manipulating its syntax, they are more and more able to pack the chunks full of information; and the more they control the morphology, the better able they are to organize within the chunks of syntax; and the more vocabulary they know, the better able they are to hold on to the meaning until they can repeat the sentence. (Radloff 1991:9) A sentence repetition test consists of a set of fifteen carefully selected sentences in the test language recorded on an audiocassette. Each sentence is played once to each subject and the subject is given the opportunity to repeat the entire sentence exactly the same way. Each sentence is scored according to a four-point scale (0-3) for a maximum of 45 points for 15 sentences. Each subject is evaluated on his ability to mimic or repeat each sentence accurately. Any deviation from the recorded sentences is counted as an error. A subject’s ability to accurately repeat the sentences of increasing difficulty is directly correlated with the ability to speak and understand the language. The tool is designed in such a way that the length of the sentence increases with every sentence. There is a limit to what a person unfamiliar with the syntax of the test language can mimic. The Hindi SRT consists of fifteen sentences recorded in Hindi with three practice sentences at the beginning. The test was taken individually with each subject listening through headphones. The use of headphones had a two-fold purpose. Headphones help to screen out distracting noise, enabling the listener to hear the sentences more clearly. Secondly, if others are present watching the test situation who will later take the test, they will not have heard the sentences. This gives each listener an equal try on the sentences. The test starts with short, simple sentences in Hindi, and the sentences progressively get longer and more complex in grammar. The scoring of the SRT is very important regardless of who is administering the test. It is important because every test administrator should be consistent in the scoring. Therefore, the responses of the subjects were recorded and scores were checked later after completion of the field-testing. The Hindi SRT was not constructed in this survey, but had been previously developed (Varenkamp 1991). The fifteen Hindi sentences used for this SRT are found in Appendix E.1. The method for administering and scoring the SRT is indicated in Appendix E.2. The individual scores are given in Appendix E.3. The SRT results are expressed as a point total out of maximum 45 points. They are also calibrated against another instrument called the “Reported Proficiency Evaluation” (RPE). The RPE levels range from 0+ (very minimal proficiency) to 4+ (approaching the proficiency level of a native speaker). Table 17 shows the RPE levels equivalent to Hindi SRT score ranges (Varenkamp 1991:9).

Table 17. SRT scores and equivalent RPE levels

Hindi SRT score (out RPE level Proficiency description of maximum 45 points) 44 – 45 4+ Near native speaker 38 – 43 4 Excellent proficiency 32 – 37 3+ Very good, general proficiency 26 – 31 3 Good, general proficiency 20 – 25 2+ Good, basic proficiency 14 – 19 2 Adequate, basic proficiency 08 – 13 1+ Limited, basic proficiency 04 – 07 1 Minimal, limited proficiency 00 – 03 0+ Very minimal proficiency

Variables and sampling for SRT

The variables deemed most likely to influence bilingualism in this study were age, sex and education. The researchers determined to investigate the variances between subjects who had never been through any formal education (0 = uneducated), the people who finished their primary education (1-5 = primary) and those who entered the higher education (6 and above = higher). People up to the age of 35 (18 to 35) were considered as young and those above were considered as old. These age brackets and educational levels were selected to be in line with the census data. A minimum sample of at least five people was needed for each category of demographic factors that was determined by the researchers. Care was taken when administering the SRT to attempt to have at least five subjects tested within each cell of the matrix. In some instances this was not possible, however. In some of the communities there were no women in certain age brackets who had attended primary or higher education. In such cases, these cells were omitted and shown with the symbol *, or if only one or two subjects happened to be tested in these cells, their scores were recorded but the average would not be statistically valid. In some cases, female and uneducated subjects were unwilling to take test because of their inability in Hindi. In the village situation, the researchers also had difficulty obtaining participation by young women. In this survey, the Hindi SRT was administered among two Barela communities in the villages of Upla (representing Rathwi speakers) and Choutharya (representing Palya speakers) in Barwani district of Madhya Pradesh. See map 6 for the actual locations.

3.1.2 Bilingualism in Hindi among Rathwi-speaking Barelas of Upla village

Demographic details of the village

Upla is a large village situated about 15 kilometres south of Rajpur on the Rajpur-Niwali road. It falls under Rajpur tahsil in Barwani district of Madhya Pradesh. The vast majority of the villagers belong to the Rathwi-speaking Barela tribe. Even the people belonging to other communities speak Rathwi in the village. Upla is well-connected to the state highway of Madhya Pradesh. There is frequent transportation by jeep, mini bus service and a few daily state transport services through Upla. There is a school up to 8th standard and a primary health centre in the village. There are some outsiders staying in the village working as teachers in the school. Even they speak Rathwi to the villagers. Rajpur is the nearby town to go to for higher studies. According to the 1991 census, the population of Upla was 2102. About 90% of the population were members of Scheduled Tribes, and most of them were of the Rathwi-speaking Barela community. The literacy rate of Upla was 9%; the male literacy rate was 11% while the female literacy rate was only 5%.

In table 18, the 1991 Census information for Upla is tabulated along with the adult population information from the Voters List of 1995.

Table 18. Population figures of Upla village

Total State Above 6 years Literates (above 6 18 years and Population Population old years old) above Male 1080 971 803 91 613 (11%) Female 1022 922 757 37 604 (5%) Total 2102 1893 1460 128 1217 (90%) (74%) (9%)

Since the target subjects for SRT are adults (18 years and above), the researchers considered the Voters List as an appropriate source of information about the adult population. According to the Voters List, the total number of adults was 1,217, among which there were 613 males and 604 females. Table 19 gives the demographic profile of Upla according to age, education and sex.

Table 19. Demographic profile of Upla village

Uneducated Primary (1-5) Higher (6 & above) Total Young Old (over Young Old Young Old (18-35) 35) (18-35) (over 35) (18-35) (over 35) Male 301 245 43 6 18 - 613 (49%) (40%) (7%) (1%) (3%) Female 320 254 18 6 6 - 604 (53%) (42%) (3%) (1%) (1%) Total 1120 73 24 1217 (92%) (6%) (2%)

SRT results among Rathwi speakers of Upla village

A total of 28 subjects were tested on the Hindi SRT in Upla. It should be noted that the overall literacy rate of Upla village was 9%, among which the literacy rate of the adults (18 years and above) would be even lower since schools were relatively new to the area and a good number of literates reported in the census were below the age of 18. Though it was reported that there were a few old people who had received primary education, none of them were found at the time of testing. Only seven female subjects were tested in this village. Though the researchers approached many women, they were often unwilling to take the test because they were not confident of their ability in Hindi. There were seven uneducated women (four young and three old) who explained when interviewed that they could not repeat the sentences like the other subjects did. They questioned the reason for being asked to take the test since they were neither going to do any job requiring Hindi nor going out of the village to use Hindi. The SRT results among Upla subjects are summarised in table 20. Avg is the average of the individual scores for that category, Lvl is RPE level that is equivalent to the score, Sd is standard deviation and No. is the number of subjects tested.

Table 20. Hindi SRT results among Rathwi speakers of Upla village

Uneducated Primary Higher Total Young Old Young Old Young Old Male Avg 9 11 13 29 * 16 Lvl 1+ 1+ 1+ 3 2 Sd 5 5 5 8 10 No. 5 5 5 6 21 Female Avg 2 11 * 22 * 16 Lvl 0+ 1+ 2+ 2 Sd - 1 7 9 No. 1 2 4 7 Total Avg 9 12 26 16 Lvl 1+ 1+ 3 2 Sd 5 4 8 10 No. 11 7 10 28

The overall average SRT score for subjects in Upla village is 16, which is equal to level 2 (adequate, basic proficiency) on the RPE scale, with a standard deviation of 10. It is clear from the results that education is playing a major role in the people’s bilingual ability in Hindi. There can be seen a notable increase in Hindi SRT scores as educational levels increase. Those people who are uneducated and those with primary education had low average scores equivalent only to RPE level 1+ (limited, basic proficiency), whereas those with higher education had a moderate average score equivalent to RPE level 3 (good, general proficiency). However, those who have secured Hindi skills at level 3 on the RPE scale represent only 2% of the total population. There is no difference between the overall average scores of males and females. The standard deviations are low for the different demographic categories. This demonstrates that the bilingual ability is almost uniform among subjects within the different subgroups. It is likely that an RPE level of 3+ or above is needed to be able to effectively use anything beyond the most basic materials in the second language being tested. The Hindi SRT results in Upla village showed that Rathwi speakers without any significant education, representing 98% of the population, scored only at RPE level 1+. Hence even the most optimistic view would not suggest that people with this little bilingual proficiency would be able to use much in the way of oral or written materials available in Hindi.

3.1.3 Bilingualism in Hindi among Palya speakers of Choutharya village

Demographic details of the village

Choutharya is also a village falling under Rajpur tahsil in Barwani district of Madhya Pradesh. Choutharya is about twelve kilometres away from Rajpur, and almost all of the people here are Palya- speaking Barelas. Unlike Upla, Choutharya is remote in the sense of its access by transportation. The village is four kilometres away from the metal road that connects to the nearby town of Rajpur. Only bullock carts and occasionally jeeps have access to the village. There is a primary school in the village. There is a middle school in Limbay, three kilometres away. There is also one in Danod four kilometres away, which is on the Rajpur-Niwali main road. The nearest high school is in Rajpur. According to the 1991 Census, the population of Choutharya was 1,119. 93% of the total population were members of Scheduled Tribes, and all of them belong to the Palya-speaking Barela community. The literacy rate of Choutharya was 7%; the male literacy rate was 11% while the female literacy rate was only 3%. In table 21, the 1991 Census information for Choutharya is tabulated along with the adult population from the Voters List of 1995.

Table 21. Population figures of Choutharya village

Total State Over 6 years Literates (above 6 18 years and Population Population old years old) above Male 565 527 416 46 302 (11%) Female 554 515 385 11 290 (3%) Total 1119 1042 801 57 592 & % (93%) (77%) (7%)

According to the 1995 Voters List, the total number of adults was 592, among which there were 302 males and 290 females. Table 22 gives the demographic profile of Choutharya according to age, education and sex.

Table 22. Demographic Profile of Choutharya village

Uneducated Primary (1-5) Higher (6 & above) Total Young Old (over Young Old (over Young (18- Old (18-35) 35) (18-35) 35) 35) (over 35) Male 142 133 15 3 9 - 302 (47% (44%) (5%) (1%) (3%) Female 183 101 5 - 1 - 290 (63%) (35%) (1.7%) (0.3%) Total 559 23 10 592 (94%) (4%) (2%)

SRT results among Palya speakers of Choutharya village

A total of 31 subjects were tested on the Hindi SRT in Choutharya. As in Upla, in Choutharya also schools were relatively new and hence the literacy rate of adults (18 years and above) was likely to be lower than the overall literacy rate of 7%. Uneducated and even primary educated females in Choutharya were hesitant to take the test. One female quit the test before finishing and five others were not convinced to take the test even after attempted persuasion by the language helper. The reason again seemed to be that they were not confident of their ability to repeat the sentences. The Hindi SRT results of Palya speakers in Choutharya are summarised and presented in table 23.

Table 23. Hindi SRT results among Palya speakers of Choutharya village

Uneducated Primary Higher Total Young Old Young Old Young Old Male Avg 9 11 19 19 27 * 16 Lvl 1+ 1+ 2 2 3 2 Sd 5 7 11 - 4 10 N 5 6 6 1 5 23 Female Avg 2 7 * * 41 * 10 Lvl 0+ 1 4 1+ Sd 2 5 - 13 N 2 5 1 8 Total Avg 8 19 29 15 Lvl 1+ 2 3 2 Sd 6 10 7 11 N 18 7 6 31

The overall average SRT score in Choutharya was 15, which is equal to level 2 (adequate, basic proficiency) on the RPE scale, with a standard deviation of 11. As in Upla, education again was the main factor that appeared to be influencing the Hindi bilingual ability of Palyas in Choutharya. There is a progressive increase in the average scores between the three education levels. Those who studied to 6th standard or above scored an average of 29 (RPE level 3, or good, general proficiency), which is the highest among all others but represents only 2% of the village population. In comparison, subjects in the uneducated category, which represents 94% of the village, scored an average of 8 (RPE level 1+, or limited, basic proficiency). The standard deviations are low for the different demographic categories except a moderate 13 (average =10) for females as whole. This demonstrates that the bilingual ability was almost uniform among subjects within the different subgroups. The overall score for women was skewed upward somewhat because of the exceptional performance of an educated young woman (41 points, or RPE level 4, excellent proficiency). She was the daughter of the sarpanch who was starting a school in one of the hamlets under the job guarantee program of the government. She happened to be the only educated lady presently living in the village. Overall, it is clear that the Palya speakers of Choutharya do not appear to possess adequate bilingualism in Hindi to effectively use oral or written materials in that language.

3.2 Bilingualism in Nimadi

Nimadi is spoken in the Nimad region of Madhya Pradesh, which includes south Dhar, Khargone, Barwani and Khandwa districts. Rajputs and Banyas (general category); Theli, Thamoli, Katchi, Patidars (OBC); Belai, Mochi, Chamar, Mehta (SC); and Darbar/Dapla Bhilalas (ST) are some of the different groups speaking Nimadi as the mother tongue. The total population of Nimadi speakers is 1,420,051 according to the 1991 census. Some literature has been published in Nimadi by various mother tongue speakers. There is a steady increase of Nimadi speakers in successive censuses, which suggests that the language is vital and shows no signs of dying out in the foreseeable future. The tool used for this bilingualism study of Nimadi was a pilot recorded text test (RTT). A story was collected for this purpose from a mother tongue speaker of Nimadi, who hails from Chegavmakhan block of Khandwa district. This is not far from the border of Khargone district and is near the geographical centre of Nimad. The procedure for developing and administering an RTT is described in Appendix D.1. The average score of the Nimadi text when hometown tested was 99% with a standard deviation of 2 (sample size = 11). The post-HTT responses revealed that the story was a good representation of the Nimadi speech of the area. Detailed scores are given in Appendices D.2 and D.4. The Nimadi story was tested in two Barela communities, among the Rathwi speakers of Budi village and the Palya speakers of

Choutharya village in Madhya Pradesh. It should be noted that a narrative RTT usually measures bilingual ability up to a maximum level of 2 or 2+ on the Foreign Service Institute (FSI) scale.

3.2.1 Bilingualism in Nimadi among Rathwi speakers of Budi village

The Nimadi RTT was administered along with the dialect intelligibility testing in Budi. Budi is only one kilometre from Pati, which is the block headquarters, where Nimadi is spoken by merchants. The average score on the Nimadi RTT in Budi was a low 49% with a standard deviation of 12 (sample size = 10), indicating poor comprehension of Nimadi. Separate scores for male/female and educated/uneducated subjects are given in table 24.

Table 24. Groupwise results of Nimadi bilingualism RTT among Rathwi speakers of Budi village

Male Female Educated Uneducated Average score 54 40 57 46 Standard deviation 8 13 15 11 Number of subjects 6 4 2 8

The sample sizes of the subgroups are quite small, but it can be observed that males are slightly more bilingual in Nimadi than females, though comprehension is still very low. Similarly, the average score of the educated is slightly higher than that of the uneducated; however, there were only two subjects in the subgroup of educated subjects. Most of the subjects opined that the language of the Nimadi story was very different from their own language and that they understood only a little or half of it. Bilingual ability is not just comprehension, but also the ability to actively speak and use the second language. RTT tests only comprehension. However, comprehension can be considered to be an ability that requires lesser skills than other components of bilingualism. Hence if comprehension itself is very low, other bilingual skills in Nimadi will likely be even lower. It can be concluded that the Rathwi speakers of Budi do not appear have sufficient bilingual ability in Nimadi to effectively use oral or written materials in that language. Budi represents the vast majority of Rathwi-speaking villages. Hence it can be inferred that the vast majority of Rathwi speakers would not be able to use materials in Nimadi.

3.2.2 Bilingualism in Nimadi among Palya speakers of Choutharya village

Choutharya is one of the few villages where the majority of the population consists of Palya speakers. It is said that Palyas in many other villages migrated to their respective villages from Choutharya. It is about 12 kilometres from Rajpur, the nearest town and tahsil headquarters. Here also the Nimadi RTT was administered along with the intelligibility testing. The average score on the Nimadi RTT in Choutharya was 63% with a very high standard deviation of 25 (sample size = 10), indicating an overall poor comprehension of Nimadi, but a wide variation in individual scores. Separate scores for males and females and for educated and uneducated subjects are given in table 25.

Table 25. Groupwise results of Nimadi bilingualism RTT among Palya speakers of Choutharya village

Male Female Educated Uneducated Average score 63 63 77 48 Standard deviation 26 28 16 24 Number of subjects 8 2 5 5

As in Budi village, the sample sizes of the subgroups are quite small, but it can be observed that the educated are more bilingual than the uneducated. The average scores of males and females were the same, but there were only two female subjects, and one of them seemed to be exceptionally bilingual in Nimadi because of a combination of favourable circumstances for exposure to Nimadi. (She is the wife of the village sarpanch and stayed amidst Nimadi speakers for ten years.) Even she acknowledged that the test language was very different from Palya speech, in fact more different than Rathwi and Bareli. She said she could not speak Nimadi even though she understood the story. She claimed that she had frequent contact with Nimadi speakers from the nearby villages. Two other females had passed the HTT, but quit the Nimadi test as they felt the story to be different from their own speech. Many other women did not pass the HTT, and some others contacted by the researchers were reluctant to take the test. Had we been able to administer the test to more women, the average score for the village as a whole would probably have been lower. The researchers could hardly find any educated women in the whole village. (Even though the census reported a handful of literate women, most of them had married and moved to other villages.) Similarly, there were very few middle-aged or old males who were educated. All the educated test subjects were young males. Education appears to be one factor affecting bilingualism in Nimadi. However, the high standard deviations indicate that some other factor or factors (such as frequency of travel or occupation) must also be involved. It may be the case that education is not a direct factor (since Nimadi is not taught in the schools), but perhaps contact with Nimadi-speaking children gained as a result of school attendance is a more direct factor. Other types of exposure to Nimadi probably also affect Nimadi bilingualism. The only subgroup which seems to have even a marginal bilingual ability in Nimadi is the educated young males, which is only 5% of the total population. The vast majority of the population of Choutharya, which consists of uneducated females and uneducated males, possesses low bilingual ability in Nimadi. It can be concluded that the Palya speakers of Choutharya do not have adequate bilingual ability in Nimadi to use materials in that language. Many subjects in their post-RTT responses said that the speech on the test tape was Nimadi spoken by Dapla Bhilalas from nearby villages. Indrapur, which is only two kilometres away from Choutharya, is a Nimadi-speaking village. There are other villages around where Nimadi is spoken, where Choutharya subjects have contacts. Hence we presume that the overall score on the Nimadi RTT, though low, is probably somewhat increased because of this geographical setting. Most other Palya villages have less contact with Nimadi speakers. Hence we do not hesitate to say that the Palya speakers in general probably do not possess sufficient bilingualism in Nimadi to use materials in that language.

3.3 Bilingualism in Ahirani

Ahirani is spoken in the Khandesh region of Maharashtra, which includes Dhule, Nandurbar, north Nasik and Jalgaon districts. It is spoken by different people groups as their mother tongue. Mahar, Bhoi, Sonar and Thelari are some of the groups speaking Ahirani, according to Singh and Manoharan (1993). Some literature has been published in Ahirani. The total population of Ahirani speakers is 973,709 according to the 1991 Census. This is just over double the 1961 population of 428,056. This might be an indication that the language has strong vitality. The tool used for this bilingualism study of Ahirani was a pilot recorded text test (RTT). A story which was developed in a previous survey (Blair 1987) was tested among two Paura communities, Umrani village of Dhadgaon tahsil in Nandurbar district, and Dhaudivhir village of Shirpur tahsil in Dhule district. This story came from Dhule district, which is almost the geographic centre of the Khandesh region.

3.3.1 Bilingualism in Ahirani among Barli speakers of Umrani village

The Ahirani RTT was administered along with the dialect intelligibility testing in Umrani. Umrani is only two kilometres from Dhadgaon, which is the tahsil headquarters, where Ahirani is spoken by merchants. The site was chosen to represent the Barli (Bareli Pauri) speakers of Maharashtra.

The overall average score on the Ahirani RTT in Umrani was a low 44% with a standard deviation of 21 (sample size = 11). Separate scores for males and females and for educated and uneducated subjects are given in table 26.

Table 26. Male and female, educated and uneducated

Male Female Educated Uneducated Average score 54 32 64 33 Standard deviation 17 19 11 16 Number of subjects 6 5 4 7

3.3.2 Bilingualism in Ahirani among Rathwi speakers of Dhaudivhir village

The Barli speakers of Umrani scored quite low on the Ahirani bilingualism RTT, and it was thought that the situation of the Rathwi speakers of Dhaudivhir would not be much different. Hence we decided in this location to play the story and elicit post-text responses only. The post-text responses were in line with our expectation. Only five of the ten subjects could identify the speech variety correctly. All of them said that their language is very different from that in the story. Half of the subjects even said that there was nothing in common at all with their language. Except for one person, all of them said that they understood little or none of the story. Dhaudivhir represents the majority of Rathwi-speaking villages in the Maharashtra region. There are not many Rathwi-speaking villages situated closer to Ahirani-speaking villages than Dhaudivhir. Hence it may be concluded that, in general, Rathwi speakers of Maharashtra would be unlikely to possess adequate bilingualism in Ahirani to use materials in that language.

3.4 Bilingualism in Marathi

Bilingualism testing using a Marathi RTT was done among Pauras in northern Dhule district during a previous survey (Watters 2013). Subjects scored an average of 70% with a standard deviation of 21 (sample size = 19). The separate score for educated subjects was an average of 82% with a standard deviation of 8 (sample size = 11). The score for uneducated subjects was much lower at an average of 54% with a standard deviation of 22 (sample size = 8). The average score for uneducated Paura subjects was even lower than that of the Vasaves and Bhiloris, the other Bhil-related tribes in the region who were tested. Among the Pauras of northern Dhule district, it was found that the use of Marathi is confined to those situations where there is contact with non-Bhils such as shopkeepers, bus conductors, forest officials, etc. It was further found that there was a direct correlation between the test score and the frequency of travel. It appears that education, travel and other contacts with Marathi speakers are limited enough that, in general, most Pauras have not had the opportunity to learn Marathi beyond a minimal, basic level. The researchers feel that this situation has not changed much since 1988. The literacy rates are still the lowest in Dhadgaon tahsil of Nandurbar district and Shirpur tahsil of Dhule district, where a majority of Pauras live. It may thus be assumed that the Pauras of Maharashtra do not possess adequate bilingual ability in Marathi to use written and oral Marathi materials.

4 Language use, attitudes and vitality

A study of language use patterns attempts to describe which speech varieties members of a community use in different social situations. These situations, called “domains”, re contexts in which the use of one language variety is considered more appropriate than another (Fasold 1984:183). A language use study can help reveal the current status and strength of a language. A study of language attitudes attempts to describe people’s attitudes towards different speech varieties that are known to them and the choices

people make with regard to language use. Language vitality refers to the prospects for a language to continue to be spoken by mother tongue speakers and passed on to succeeding generations in the foreseeable future.

4.1 Procedures

The primary method of studying language use, attitudes and vitality (LUAV) among the speakers of Bareli speech varieties was the use of formal questionnaires. Informal interviews and observation by the researchers were also used. Three types of formal questionnaires were developed during the early stages of the survey. One was a post-RTT questionnaire, which was orally administered to all RTT subjects in four test locations. Results of this questionnaire have already been discussed in chapter 3. The other two questionnaires were a village information questionnaire and a LUAV questionnaire administered in four selected locations. All the questions were asked in the local dialect with the assistance of a language helper. The LUAV questions and the rationale behind them are explained in section 4.2. The questionnaire itself is given in Appendix E.1. According to Khubchandani (1983:40), there is a three-fold distinction that needs to be kept in mind while investigating language use and attitudes. He reserves the term “language use” to refer to what people may be observed actually doing with language. “Language image” refers to what people think they do with the speech varieties they control or think they control. Thirdly, “language posture” is what people claim they do with the speech varieties they control or think they control. The responses to a formal questionnaire normally reveal the language posture only. Language image is very difficult to research. Subjects can conceal their actual perceptions if they want to. Hence it was important to correlate the questionnaire responses with what the researchers actually observed during the course of the survey. The sites where questionnaires were administered, the dialects they represented and the number of people tested at each location are tabulated in table 27. (Refer to map 6 for the research locations.) In each location, a minimum of ten subjects was interviewed.

Table 27. Questionnaire sites and the dialects represented

Village District and State Dialect People Number of subjects Borali Barwani, Rathwi Rathwa 16 Madhya Pradesh (Rathwi Bareli) (Rathwa Barela) Dhaudivhir Dhule, Rathwi Rathwa (Rathwa 11 Maharashtra (Rathwi Pauri) Paura) Umrani and Nandurbar, Barli Barla 29 Vadfallia Maharashtra (Bareli Pauri) (Barela Paura) Choutharya Barwani, Palya Palya 15 Madhya Pradesh

4.2 LUAV questions and the rationale behind them

There were 44 questions in all on the LUAV questionnaire, 27 in the language use section and 17 in the language attitudes and vitality section.

4.2.1 Language use questions

The language use questions were aimed at discovering domains of language use, use of the mother tongue for literature development and radio broadcasts, use of tribal languages in the area, and use of regional and state languages in the area.

Domains of language use

Questions U1.1 to U1.5 were framed to find out which language is used by subjects in selected domains.

U1.1 What language do you use at home with family members? U1.2 What language do you use out in the village with villagers? U1.3 What language do you use in the market with merchants? U1.4 What language do you use with government officials? U1.5 What language do you use for private prayer in temple/mosque/church?

Use of the mother tongue for literature development and radio broadcast

Questions U2.3, U2.4 and U2.6 were administered to gather information about the use of the mother tongue (L1) for literature development and radio broadcasts.

U2.3 Are there any L1 people who write stories, poems, etc.? Who? Where? U2.4 (If literate) Have you ever seen and/or read any books in your language? U2.6 Have you ever listened to any radio programmes in L1?

Use of tribal languages in the area

Questions U3.1 to U3.7 were aimed at discovering the languages used when subjects speak with people from other groups.

U3.1 What language do you use when you speak with a Bhilala person? U3.2 What language do you use when you speak with a Rathwa Barela/Paura person? U3.3 What language do you use when you speak with a Barla Barela/Paura person? U3.4 What language do you use when you speak with a Palya Barela/Paura person? U3.5 What language do you use when you speak with a Bhil person? U3.6 What language do you use when you speak with a Harijan (SC) person? U3.7 What language do you use when you speak with a Rathod (OBC) person?

Use of regional and state languages in the area

Questions U4, U5.1 to U5.4 and U6.1 to U6.4 were asked to investigate subjects’ reported bilingualism in the regional (L2) and state (L3) languages in their area.

U4 What language do you use when you speak with a stranger? U5.1 Are you able to speak L3 – Hindi (MP)/Marathi (MS)? If yes . . . U5.2 How often do you speak L3? Daily/weekly/monthly? U5.3 Do you ever speak in L3 to your own people who speak L1? If yes . . . U5.4 In what situations? U6.1 Are you able to speak L2 – Nimadi (MP)/Ahirani (MS)? If yes . . . U6.2 How often do you speak L2? Daily/weekly/monthly? U6.3 Do you ever speak in L2 to your own people who speak L1? If yes . . . U6.4 In what situations?

4.2.2 Language attitudes and vitality questions

The language attitudes questions were aimed at getting a picture of subjects’ attitudes to their mother tongue (their own variety and other varieties), to mother tongue literature development and literacy work, and to the regional and state languages of their area. Questions related to language vitality were included to assess the likelihood that the Bareli/Pauri speech varieties would continue to be spoken in the foreseeable future.

Attitudes to varieties of the mother tongue

Questions U2.1 and U2.2 were asked in order to see if there were any perceived differences in the way the mother tongue (L1) was spoken by the younger and older generations and by men and women.

U2.1 Do young people in your village speak your mother tongue (L1) as well as the old people do? U2.2 Do men in your village speak your mother tongue (L1) as purely as the women do?

Question A1 was asked with the aim of finding out subjects’ attitudes about the purest variety of their mother tongue (L1).

A1 Where do you think the most pure L1 is spoken?

Questions A9.1, A9.2 and A7.2 were designed to help reveal whether there might be any prestige attached to a particular dialect, especially by the speakers of other dialects.

A9.1 Of the 3 dialects - Palya, Rathwi and Barli, which one do you like best?

A9.2 Of the 3 dialects - Palya, Rathwi and Barli, which one do you like second best? A7.2 (To Palya/Barla) Is the Rathwi dialect as good as your Palya/Barla dialect?

Attitudes to mother tongue literature development and literacy work

Questions A2 and A3.1 to A3.3 were administered to provide information about subjects’ potential interest in mother tongue (L1) literature development and literacy work.

A2 If there were books in L1 and you knew how to read, would you read them? A3.1 If there were an L1 literacy school, would you send your children? A3.2 (If illiterate) If there were an L1 adult literacy school, would you attend it? A3.3 (If literate) If there were an L1 adult literacy school, would you help to arrange or teach it?

Because the Rathwi dialect seemed to be the major dialect of Bareli/Pauri (and thus more likely to be the first dialect in which language development was initiated), Question A7.1 was asked to Barlas and Palyas to assess their potential acceptance of Rathwi literature if it were published.

A7.1 (To Palya/Barla) If there were books in Rathwi and you knew how to read, would you use them?

Attitudes to regional and state languages

Questions A4.1 and A4.2 were used to assess the marriage patterns of Bareli/Pauri speakers. An expressed openness to marriage with non-Bareli/Pauri speakers may indicate attitudes of acceptance towards other languages, and may also have implications for potential language shift. (L3 indicates the state language – Hindi in Madhya Pradesh and Marathi in Maharashtra. L2 indicates the regional language – Nimadi in Madhya Pradesh and Ahirani in Maharashtra.)

A4.1 Would you allow your son/daughter to marry someone who speaks only L3? A4.2 Would you allow your son/daughter to marry someone who speaks only L2?

Questions A5.1, A5.2, A6.1 and A6.2 were aimed at discovering subjects’ directly stated language preferences for themselves and for their children. (L1 refers to the mother tongue, L2 to the relevant regional language, and L3 to the relevant state language.) Parents’ expressed preferences for their children also have implications for mother tongue language vitality.

A5.1 Of the three languages - L1, L2, L3 – which one do you like the best? A5.2 Of the three languages - L1, L2, L3 – which one do you like the second best? A6.1 Of the three languages - L1, L2, L3 – which one do you want your children to be taught first? A6.2 Of the three languages - L1, L2, L3 – which one do you want your children to be taught second?

Attitudes towards language maintenance or shift

Questions A8.1 and A8.2 were asked in order to gain a more direct impression of the vitality of the mother tongue (L1). Question A8.1 was aimed at discovering subjects’ perceptions about the maintenance of the mother tongue. Question A8.2 was designed to reveal subjects’ attitudes to possible language shift.

A8.1 After many years, when your children have their children, will they still speak L1? A8.2 If they do not continue to speak L1, is that good or bad?

4.3 Questionnaire results among Rathwi-speaking people

4.3.1 Results among the Rathwa Barelas of Borali

The demographic summary for Borali subjects is given in table 28.

Table 28. Demographic summary of questionnaire subjects at Borali

Uneducated Educated Total Young Old Young Old Men 2 2 3 3 10 Women 1 3 2 - 13 6 Total 3 5 5 3 16

Language use

Domains of language use

Table 29. Domains of language use for Borali subjects

Domains of language use reported by Rathwi- Rathwi Hindi Both Rathwi speaking subjects in Borali & Hindi What language do you use at home with 16 0 0 family members? (100%) What language do you use out in the village 13 0 3 with villagers? (81%) (19%) What language do you use in the market with 8 5 3 merchants? (50%) (31%) (19%) What language do you use with government 8 7 1 officials? (50%) (44%) (6%) What language do you use for private prayer? 13 2 1 (81%) (17%) (6%)

In the traditional domain of the home, subjects reported that they use no other language except their mother tongue, Rathwi. For private prayer and village discussions, most of them use their mother tongue only; some use Hindi also. Even in the domains of market and interactions with government officials, more than half of the respondents said they use Rathwi or Rathwi plus Hindi. The remainder use only Hindi with government officials and in the market.

Use of the mother tongue for literature development and radio broadcasts

None of the 16 subjects knew of any books available in their mother tongue, but three people said that an audio cassette was available in Rathwi. One person said there was a radio programme with songs in their language in connection with the rainy season.

Use of tribal languages in the area

The responses to questions regarding use of tribal languages in the area are tabulated in table 30.

Table 30. Languages used for intergroup communication by Borali subjects

Rathwi Rathwi & Palya Palya & Hindi Nimadi & Hindi Rathwi Hindi Bhilalas 14 87.5%) 2 (12.5%) 0 0 0 0 Barlas 15 (94%) 1 (6%) 0 0 0 0 Palyas 14 (88%) 0 1 (6%) 1 (6%) 0 0 Harijansa 14 (100%) 0 0 0 0 0 Rathods 9 (82%) 1 (9%) 0 0 0 1 (9%) a The researchers could not ask some questions to some subjects

It is quite clear that almost all of the subjects speak in Rathwi when interacting with Bhilalas, Barlas, Palyas, Harijans and Rathods. Subjects reported that the Harijans’ language is similar to Rathwi and that even the Rathods living in their village speak to them in Rathwi. Some responded that they use Hindi with educated people and Rathwi with uneducated people. Very few said that they can speak in the languages of the other groups.

Use of regional and state languages in the area

What language do you use when you meet with a stranger?

Rathwi Hindi Rathwi/Hindi 8 (62%) 4 (31%) 1 (7%)

Most of the subjects said they only used their mother tongue. Five would speak in Hindi or Rathwi and Hindi. Two others said they used Hindi only if the stranger could not understand Rathwi. One respondent said he would try speaking in the language of the stranger. Are you able to speak in Hindi?

Yes No 9 (56%) 7 (44%)

Self-reported ability to speak Hindi was claimed by just over half of the subjects. If yes, how often do you speak it?

Daily Weekly Occasionally 2 (22%) 2 (22%) 5 (56%)

Out of the nine who said they could speak Hindi, about half reported that they use it only occasionally, while the others said they use it weekly or daily. Do you ever speak Hindi to your own people?

Yes No 3 (33%) 6 (67%)

Most subjects did not report using Hindi with their own people. In what situation? The three subjects who said they used Hindi when speaking to their own Rathwa Barela people said that they do so occasionally with educated people in the presence of outsiders. (The researchers feel that one woman's response in this regard was biased by the language helper's influence in speaking highly of the use of Hindi.) Are you able to speak in Nimadi?

Yes No Very little 2 (12.5%) 12 (75%) 2 (12.5%)

The majority of subjects said that they could not speak the regional language, Nimadi, or that they could only speak a little. If yes, how often do you speak it? Even the two subjects who said they spoke Nimadi confessed that they used it only occasionally when they went to Rajpur, the tahsil headquarters, or in other situations that required it. They did not report using Nimadi with their own people.

Language attitudes and vitality

Attitudes towards varieties of the mother tongue

Do young people in your village speak your mother tongue (L1) as well as old people do?

Yes Mixed language 15 (94%) 1 (6%)

Do men in your village speak your mother tongue (L1) as purely as the women do?

Yes No 16 (100%) 0

Except for one person who said that educated young people speak mixed language, all the respondents said that young people spoke their mother tongue as well as old people did, and that men spoke it as purely as the women did. One man even claimed that he still spoke pure Rathwi even though he knew many languages. Where do you think the most pure Rathwi is spoken? Most of the subjects considered that their mother tongue was spoken equally well throughout the language area, though some acknowledged that it varied from village to village. A majority of the subjects reported that the most pure language was spoken in their village and surrounding villages such as Revja and Puljuvari. Of the three dialects - Palya, Rathwi and Barli - which one do you like the best? Which one do you like the second best?

Rathwi Barli Palya Palya & Barli Best 16 (100%) 0 0 0 Second best 0 7 6 1 (50%) (43%) (7%)

All 16 respondents gave Rathwi as their first preference. Out of the 14 who gave a second preference, seven people said Barli while six others said Palya. For one person, Palya and Barli were on the same level.

Attitudes towards mother tongue literature development and literacy work

If there were books in your language and you knew how to read, would you read them?

Yes No 15 (94%) 1 (6%)

Nearly all the subjects said they would want to read books in their mother tongue, while only one subject, an educated man who saw much advantage in Hindi and English, had little interest in the development of literature in Rathwi. Another old man who said he would like to read added that the reality was that he was still illiterate. If someone started to teach how to read and write in your mother tongue, would you send your children to that school?

Yes No 15 (94%) 1 (6%)

All but one person reported that if there was a literacy school, they would send their children. Interestingly, one teacher who responded to the questionnaire said he was using Rathwi in school in order to explain things so that they would be understood. The one subject who answered negatively to this question believed that English medium was the best. (To illiterates) If somebody started adult literacy classes in your language, would you attend them?

Yes No 7 (78%) 2 (22%)

Of the nine respondents, most said they would attend adult literacy classes in their language. Two others who were preoccupied with their work would decline to come. (To literates) If somebody started adult literacy classes in your language, would you help to arrange/teach them? All five respondents said they would help, with one adding the condition to use it as a tool to teach Hindi.

Attitudes towards regional and state languages

Would you allow your son or daughter to marry someone who spoke only Hindi? Except for one person, all the other 13 persons who answered this question said they would have some difficulty with allowing this. However, the problem was not language difference, but caste difference. For most of them, if the caste were the same, they would not mind allowing marriage even if the person spoke another language. Still, this implied that most respondents did not think of people from the same caste as being able to speak only Hindi. Would you allow your son or daughter to marry someone who spoke only Nimadi? All 14 respondents expressed reservations in this regard. Even the one who agreed without condition to giving his son/daughter to someone who spoke in Hindi said “no” to this question because Nimadi is spoken by Bhilalas, with whom marriages are traditionally forbidden. Of the three languages - Rathwi, Nimadi and Hindi - which one do you like the best? Which one do you like the second best?

Rathwi Hindi Nimadi Don’t know Best 12 4 0 0 (75%) (25%) Second best 4 7 1 4 (25%) (44%) (6%) (25%)

The first preference for the majority was Rathwi, their mother tongue. Out of these, seven people said their second preference was Hindi and one said Nimadi. The remaining four were not able to give their second preference since they did not know any other language. For the four others who said their first preference was Hindi, their second preference was Rathwi. Of the three languages - Rathwi, Nimadi and Hindi - which one do you want your children to be taught first? Which one do you want your children to be taught second?

Rathwi Hindi Nimadi Don’t know First 16 0 0 0 (100%) Second 15 1 0 0 (94%) (6%)

The first preference went to their mother tongue, with all subjects preferring that their children first be taught Rathwi. One of them added the condition, “as a tool to learn Hindi.” None mentioned Nimadi as a first or even second preference. Hindi was the second preference for all the subjects who responded to this question.

Attitudes to language maintenance or shift

After many years, when your children grow up and have their own children, do you think the children will speak Rathwi?

Yes No 14 (87.5%) 2 (12.5%)

Most of the subjects (14 out of 16) said their children’s children would continue to speak Rathwi, though two of them expressed the doubt that the educated may shift to Hindi. The other two were almost certain that language shift to Hindi would happen, with one saying, “Change in dress has already happened, language shift to Hindi will take place.” However, many were outspoken in expressing their faith in the maintenance of their own language with responses such as, “Generations will change, but how can a language change?”; “Even if they became post-graduates, they would still speak Rathwi”; and “Our language will never die.” If they do not continue to speak Rathwi, is that good or bad?

Good Bad 1 (9%) 10 (91%)

Ten of the eleven respondents to this question said that it would be bad if a language shift took place, while one said it was good to know how to read and write in Hindi. Another interesting comment was that “Language shift is good since it will bring them economic benefits, but it will not happen.” This may indicate that some kind of motivation exists among them for acquiring Hindi, but the practical reality is that not much opportunity exists to bring about that dream. Lack of prestige of their own language may be another reason.

4.3.2 Results among the Rathwa Pauras of Dhaudivhir

The demographic summary for Dhaudivhir subjects is given in table 31.

Table 31. Demographic summary of questionnaire subjects at Dhaudivhir

Uneducated Educated Total Young Old Young Old Men 2 2 3 1 8 Women 0 1 2 - 3 Total 2 3 5 1 1a a Since there are no old educated women in the village, they are not included in the sample. One of the subjects did not answer the attitude questions.

Language use

Domains of language use

Domains of language use reported by Rathwi-speaking subjects in Dhaudivhir are summarised in table 32.

Table 32. Domains of language use of Dhaudivhir subjects

Rathwi Marathi Rathwi & Hindi Hindi & Ahirani Marathi Marathi What language do you use at 11 0 0 0 0 0 home with family members? (100%) What language do you use out 11 0 0 0 0 0 in the village with villagers? (100%) What language do you use in 5 1 1 1 1 2 the market with merchants? (45%) (9%) (9%) (9%) (9%) (18%) What language do you use 5 6 0 0 0 0 with government officials? (45%) (55%) What language do you use for 8 1 1 1 0 0 private prayer? (73%) (9%) (9%) (9%)

In the traditional domains of the home and village, subjects reported that no other language except their mother tongue, Rathwi, was spoken. For private prayer, most of them used their mother tongue only. Even in the domains of market and interactions with government officials, half of them used Rathwi. The remaining half used Marathi with government officials and Marathi, Hindi and Ahirani with merchants in the market.

Use of the mother tongue for literature development and radio broadcast

Most subjects did not know of any books available in their language, but three people said that there was one person in the village who composed songs and stories in their mother tongue. One subject said that audiocassettes were available in their language, and two said there was a radio broadcast in their language from a Dhule station twice weekly.

Use of tribal languages in the area

What language do you use when you speak with a Barela Paura/Barla person? What language do you use when you speak with a Palya Barela/Palya person? All 11 respondents said that they used their mother tongue, Rathwi, when they spoke with Barlas and Palyas.

Use of regional and state languages in the area

What language do you use when you meet with a stranger?

Rathwi Marathi & Hindi Rathwi & Marathi Rathwi, Marathi & Hindi 6 (55%) 3 (27%) 1 (9%) 1 (9%)

About half of the subjects said they would only use their mother tongue. Three others would use Marathi or Hindi. One would speak in Marathi if the other person could not understand the mother tongue. One person would use Rathwi, Marathi and Hindi respectively with speakers of those languages. Are you able to speak in Marathi?

Yes No 5 (45%) 6 (55%)

Self-reported ability to speak Marathi was claimed by just under half of the subjects. If yes, how often do you speak it?

Daily Occasionally 1 (20%) 4 (80%)

One young subject spoke Marathi daily in school, but the other four respondents used it only when they met with those speaking Marathi outside their village, which was not frequent. Do you ever speak Marathi to your own people? None of the subjects reported using Marathi when speaking to their own people. Are you able to speak in Ahirani?

Yes No 3 (27%) 8 (73%)

Only about one-fourth of the subjects said they could speak Ahirani. If yes, how often do you speak it?

Daily Weekly Occasionally 1 (33%) 1 (33%) 1 (33%)

Among the three subjects who said they could speak Ahirani, frequency of usage was widely spread. The two subjects who reported daily/weekly usage commented that they used Ahirani when they met with Bhils. Do you ever speak Ahirani to your own people?

Yes No 0 3

None of the subjects who spoke Ahirani reported using it with their own people.

Language attitudes and vitality

Attitudes towards varieties of the mother tongue

Do young people in your village speak your mother tongue (L1) as well as old people do?

Yes No 9 (90%) 1 (10%)

Do men in your village speak your mother tongue (L1) as purely as the women do?

Yes No 6 (67%) 3 (33%)

Nearly all of the respondents said that young people spoke their mother tongue as well as old people did, except one who said that some young people mixed their speech with Ahirani. Most respondents also said that men's speech was as pure as the women's, though three said it was not as pure or it was a little different. Where do you think the most pure Rathwi is spoken? Most of the respondents claimed that pure Rathwi was spoken in their village and the adjacent villages such as Jamniapada, Anjanpada, Bhiladpada, etc. Of the three dialects - Palya, Rathwi and Barli, which one do you like the best? Which one do you like the second best?

All ten respondents gave Rathwi as their first preference and Barli as their second preference. Nobody mentioned Palya as a first or second preference.

Attitudes towards mother tongue literature and literacy work

If there were books in your language and you knew how to read them, would you read them? All ten subjects said they would want to read books in their own language, even though one young man asked in response, “What is there to read in Rathwi?” and another lady added that the reality was that she was still illiterate. If someone started to teach how to read and write in your mother tongue, would you send your children to that school?

Yes No 7 (87.5%) 1 (12.5%)

Most of the respondents said that they would send their children to such a school. (To illiterates) If somebody started adult literacy classes in your language, would you attend them?

Yes No 5 (83%) 1 (17%)

Of the six respondents, five people said they would attend such classes. The one who said he would not commented, “I am 60 years old. What is the advantage of going to school?” (To literates) If somebody started adult literacy classes in your language, would you help to arrange/teach them?

Yes No 4 (100%) 0

All four respondents said they would help with such classes.

Attitudes towards regional and state languages

Would you allow your son or daughter to marry someone who spoke only Hindi or Marathi?

Yes No 7 (87.5%) 1 (12.5%)

Would you allow your son or daughter to marry someone who spoke only Ahirani?

Yes No 7 (87.5%) 1 (12.5%)

Both questions regarding marriage patterns met with identical answers. All but one subject said they would not allow their children to marry those who spoke only Hindi or Marathi. One subject would agree if the person were of the same community. Of the three languages - Rathwi, Ahirani and Marathi - which one do you like the best? Which one do you like the second best?

Rathwi Marathi Ahirani Hindi Don't know Best 9 (90%) 1 (10%) 0 0 0 Second best 1 (10%) 1 (10%) 2 (20%) 4 (40%) 2 (20%)

The first preference for almost all subjects was their mother tongue. For the one subject who had completed ten years of school, it was Marathi. The second preference was Hindi for four subjects. Two of them gave Ahirani as their second preference. Two others were not able to answer, as they did not know any other language. It can be noted that very few people gave Marathi, the state language, as first or second preference. Of the three languages - Rathwi, Ahirani and Marathi - which one do you want your children to be taught first? Which one do you want your children to be taught second?

Rathwi Marathi Ahirani Hindi First 10 (100%) 0 0 0 Second 0 6 (60%) 0 4 (40%)

The first preference went to their mother tongue, with all ten respondents preferring that their children first be taught Rathwi. None mentioned Ahirani as a first or even second preference. Six of them gave Marathi as their second preference while four people preferred Hindi over Marathi as the second preference. These answers reveal that many people feel Hindi to be preferable to Marathi. It may be noted that Dhaudivhir is not more than ten kilometres from the Madhya Pradesh border, where Hindi is the state language.

Attitudes towards language maintenance or shift

After many years, when your children grow up and have their own children, do you think the children will speak Rathwi? Yes No Don’t know 9 (90%) 0 1 (10%)

Most of the subjects said their children’s children would continue to speak Rathwi. One person said even if there were Marathi influence, they would still speak Rathwi. Another person said if the elders in the village decide to shift to another language, then he would follow. The general attitude may be summed up in another person's response, “Even if we leave the village and live in the city, we will still speak our language.” If they do not continue to speak Rathwi, is that good or bad? All seven subjects who gave a response said it would not be good.

4.4 Questionnaire results among Barli-speaking people

4.4.1 Results among the Barlas of Vadfallia and Umrani

Vadfallia and Umrani are two neighbouring villages near Dhadgaon town. Vadfallia is only one kilometre away whereas Umrani is three kilometres away. The LUAV questionnaire was administered to 29 people in all, 17 from Vadfallia and 12 from Umrani. Since there is no significant difference in the pattern of responses, the results are discussed together, considering them as one site. The composition of the sample is given in table 33.

Table 33. Demographic summary of questionnaire subjects at Vadfallia and Umrani

Uneducated Educated Total Young Old Young Old Men 4 6 4 5 19 Women 5 3 2 - 10 Total 9 9 6 5 29

Language use

Domains of language use

Domains of language use reported by Barli-speaking subjects in Vadfallia and Umrani are summarised in table 34. (Note: B = Barli, M = Marathi, A = Ahirani, H = Hindi, G = Gujarati.)

Table 34. Domains of language use for Vadfallia and Umrani subjects

B M B,M M,A H,M B,H,M A,H,M M,H,G What language do you use at home 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 with family (100%) members? What language do you use in the 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 village with (100%) villagers? What language do you use in the 19 3 1 1 2 1 2 0 market with (66%) (10%) (3%) (3%) (7%) (3%) (7%) merchants? What language do you use with 18 7 1 3 0 0 0 0 government (62%) (24%) (3.5%) (10.5%) officials? What language do 26 1 1 1 you use for private 0 0 0 0 (89.5%) (3.5%) (3.5%) (3.5%) prayer?

In the traditional domains of home and village, no other language except their mother tongue, Barli, was reported to be spoken. For private prayer, most people reported that they used their mother tongue only. Even in the domains of market and interactions with government officials, two-thirds of the subjects reported using Barli. The remaining one-third, mostly educated subjects, used more Marathi and Hindi.

Use of the mother tongue for literature development and radio broadcasts

Most of the subjects did not have any idea about books available in their language, but three people said that there were people in the village who composed songs and stories in their mother tongue. Two people reported that there was a monthly published in their language in Dhadgaon. None of the subjects were aware of any radio broadcasts in their language.

Use of tribal languages in the area

The responses to questions regarding use of tribal languages in the area are tabulated in table 35. (Note: BR = Barli-Rathwi mix, BP = Barli-Palya mix, BBh = Barli-Bhili mix, BHa = Barli-Harijans’ language mix, Ha = Harijans’ language, BHi = Barli-Hindi mix, HM = Hindi and Marathi.)

Table 35. Languages used for intergroup communication by Vadfallia and Umrani subjects

Barli BR BP BBh BHa Bhili Ha BHi Hindi HM Never met Rathwa 25 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pauras (86%) (3.5%) (3.5%) (3.5%) (3.5%) Palya 22 3 1 1 1 1 Barelas/ 0 0 0 0 0 (76%) (10%) (3.5%) (3.5%) (3.5%) (3.5%) Palyas Bhils 15 4 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (52%) (14%) (34%) Harijans 23 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (79.5%) (7%) (10%) (3.5%)

In short, it can be seen that the villagers predominantly used their own mother tongue when speaking with Rathwa Pauras or Palya Barelas/Palyas or even Harijans. But with Bhils, the response was somewhat divided, with a majority using their language, but a notable one-third speaking in Bhili. This may be due to the fact that there are no Rathwa or Palya settlements in the vicinity, and perhaps some people have acquired Bhili because of their interaction with Bhils in the area. Very few people use Hindi or Marathi for inter-tribe communication.

Use of regional and state languages in the area

What language do you use when you meet with a stranger?

Barli Barli & Hindi Marathi Hindi & Marathi Marathi, Ahirani, Hindi Hindi & English 15 (52%) 1 (3.5%) 2 (7%) 5 (17%) 5 (17%) 1 (3.5%)

About half of the subjects said they used only their mother tongue, one even saying that he would speak only in Barli to anybody on the earth. Twelve would try to manage with whatever Marathi or Hindi they knew. One would try Barli first, then speak in Hindi if the other person could not understand the mother tongue, and one would try using any of four different languages. Are you able to speak in Marathi?

Yes No Little 13 (45%) 12 (41%) 4 (14%)

Self-reported ability to speak Marathi was claimed by 13 out of the 29 subjects, while four said they could speak a little. If yes, how often do you speak it?

Daily Weekly 5 (38%) 8 (62%)

Five of them said they used Marathi daily in college, market or office. Eight people used it only once a week.

Do you ever speak Marathi to your own people?

Yes No 4 (14%) 25 (86%)

A large majority said they did not use Marathi with their own people. In what situation? The four subjects who said they used Marathi when speaking to their own people said that they did so with educated people or just for fun. Are you able to speak in Ahirani?

Yes No Little 3 (10%) 20 (69%) 6 (21%)

If yes, how often do you speak it?

Daily Weekly Occasionally 4 (50%) 3 (37.5%) 1 (12.5%)

Of the eight respondents to this question, half said they use Ahirani daily. About one-third said they try using it weekly in Dhadgaon market. Do you ever speak Ahirani to your own people? None of the subjects reported ever using Ahirani when speaking to their own people.

Language attitudes and vitality

Attitudes towards varieties of the mother tongue

Do young people in your village speak your mother tongue (L1) as well as old people do?

Yes No Little different 17 (59%) 11 (38%) 1 (3%)

Do men in your village speak your mother tongue (L1) as purely as the women do?

Yes No Little different 23 (79%) 5 (18%) 1 (3%)

There was a slight difference in the speech of younger and older people as perceived by one-third of the respondents. About one-sixth of the respondents said that there was a little difference in the purity of the language spoken by men and women. In other words, most respondents believed that there was little or no difference in the way Barli was spoken by young, old, men and women. Where do you think most pure Barli is spoken? Most of the respondents claimed that pure Barli was spoken in their village and the adjacent villages such as Rosmal, Bhogwada, Dhanaja, etc. Is the Rathwi variety as good as your Barli language?

Yes No 1 (5%) 18 (95%)

All respondents to this question, barring one, replied in the negative. One person was not able to answer since she had never heard Rathwi.

Of the three dialects - Palya, Rathwi and Barli - which one do you like the best? Which one do you like the second best?

Barli Rathwi Palya Palya & Rathwi Don't know Best 27 (100%) 0 0 0 0 Second best 0 4 (15%) 14 (52%) 1 (4%) 8 (29%)

All 27 respondents preferred their own variety, Barli. The second preference went to Palya with 14 people opting for it. Only four said Rathwi was their second preference. One said Rathwi and Palya were the same as far as he was concerned. About one-third of the respondents could not answer because they did not know any other dialect aside from Barli.

Attitudes towards mother tongue literature development and literacy work

If there were books in your language and you knew how to read them, would you read them? All 29 subjects they would want to read them, even though one old woman wondered, “When will I be able to read and write?” If books were available in Rathwi and you knew how to read them, would you use them?

Yes No 18 (82%) 4 (18%)

Eighteen people said they would. Four people replied in the negative, with one of them citing difference in language as the reason. Two others said they might read them, adding that they would not understand much. One person was not able to answer since she had never heard Rathwi. Generally speaking, the attitude was not negative towards Rathwi literature development. But they definitely considered their mother tongue, Barli, to be above Rathwi. If someone started to teach how to read and write in your mother tongue, would you send your children to that school?

Yes No 25 (89%) 3 (11%)

A large majority of the respondents said they would send their children. (One had a problem understanding the question.) Only three commented they would not, with one saying that it is difficult to read and write in Barli. (To illiterates) If somebody started adult literacy classes in your language, would you attend them?

Yes No 17 (94%) 1 (6%)

Of the 18 respondents, 17 people said they would attend such classes. One said he would not, asking, “Why should I attend when I already know Barli?” (To literates) If somebody started adult literacy classes in your language, would you help to arrange/teach them?

Yes No 10 (91%) 1 (9%)

Of the 11 respondents, ten said they would help with such classes, while only one declined to be involved.

Attitudes towards regional and state languages

Would you allow your son or daughter to marry someone who spoke only Marathi?

Yes No Conditional yes 4 (15%) 16 (62%) 6 (23%)

Nearly two-thirds of the respondents would refuse to allow their children to marry those who spoke only Marathi. Four people said they would not have much of a problem. The remaining six would agree on the condition that he/she must be within the same tribe. Would you allow your son or daughter to marry someone who spoke only Ahirani?

Yes No 1 (4%) 25 (96%)

Except for one person, all the respondents replied in the negative to this question: Of the three languages - Barli, Ahirani and Marathi - which one do you like the best? Which one do you like the second best?

Barli Marathi Ahirani Best 26 (89%) 3 (11%) 0 Second best 3 (11%) 26 (89%) 0

The first preference for most subjects was their mother tongue. For two subjects who had completed 12 years of school and for another man, it was Marathi. The second preference was clearly Marathi for 26 subjects. None mentioned Ahirani as a first or even second preference. Of the three languages - Barli, Ahirani and Marathi - which one do you want your children to be taught first? Which one do you want your children to be taught second?

Barli Marathi Ahirani First 16 (55%) 13 (45%) 0 Second 13 (45%) 16 (55%) 0

Preferences for Barli and Marathi were almost evenly divided; slightly more people indicated a first preference for Barli (16, vs. 13 for Marathi). None mentioned Ahirani as a first or even second preference.

Attitudes towards language maintenance or shift

After so many years, when your children grow up and have their own children, do you think the children would speak Barli?

Yes No 19 (66%) 10 (34%)

Two-thirds of the subjects said that Barli would still be spoken, with one asking, “How can one forget his/her own language?” The remaining one-third said there was a possibility of the language being displaced by Marathi, causing a language shift. If they do not continue to speak Barli, is that good or bad?

Good Bad 11 (44%) 14 (56%)

Of the 25 respondents, just over half said that if language shift took place, that would be a bad thing. The remaining respondents maintained that it would be good.

4.5 Questionnaire results among Palya-speaking people

4.5.1 Results among the Palyas of Choutharya

The demographic summary for Choutharya subjects is given in table 36.

Table 36. Demographic summary of questionnaire subjects at Choutharya

Uneducated Educated Total Young Old Young Old Men 3 2 4 - 10 Women 2 3 1 - 6 Total 5 5 5 - 15

Language use

Domains of language use

Domains of language use reported by Palya-speaking subjects in Choutharya are summarised in table 37.

Table 37. Domains of language use for Choutharya Palya subjects

Palya Hindi Nimadi Hindi & Nimadi What language do you use at home 15 (100%) 0 0 0 with family members? What language do you use out in the 15 (100%) 0 0 0 village with villagers? What language do you use in the 8 4 2 1 market with merchants? (53%) (27%) (13%) (7%) What language do you use with 7 6 2

government officials? (47%) (40%) (13%) What language do you use for private 14 1 0 0 prayer? (93%) (7%)

In the traditional domains of home and village, subjects reported that they used no other language except their mother tongue, Palya. For private prayer, most of them used their mother tongue only. Even in the domains of market and interactions with government officials, about half of them used Rathwi. The remaining half, mostly educated, used Hindi and/or Nimadi.

Use of the mother tongue for literature development and radio broadcasts

These questions were omitted after initial test administration to some subjects since it became clear that Palya was not used for literature development or radio broadcasts at that time. This was mainly due to the fact that the Palyas were relatively much smaller in number when compared to other groups in the area.

Use of tribal languages in the area

The responses to questions regarding use of tribal languages in the area are tabulated in table 38.

Table 38. Languages used for intergroup communication by Choutharya subjects

Palya Nimadi Palya- Rathwi Palya- Bhili Other combi- Never met

Nimadi mix mix nations one Bhilalas 7 (47%) 2 (13%) 2 (13%) 0 0 4 (27%) 0 Rathwa 10 (67%) 0 0 5 (33%) 0 0 Barelas Barela 9 (60%) 0 0 0 0 0 6 (40%) Pauras Bhils 9 (64%) 1 (7%) 0 0 1 (7%) 0 3 (22%) Harijans 12 (100%) 0 0 0 0 0 0

Except regarding Bhilalas and Rathwa Barelas, almost all subjects reported that they had no contact with other groups or that they would use their mother tongue, Palya, for intergroup communication. It was interesting to hear that Harijans speak in Rathwi even with Palyas. For communicating with Bhilalas and Rathwa Barelas, subjects gave mixed responses. With Rathwa Barelas, two-thirds spoke in Palya and one-third in Rathwi, but with Bhilalas, about one-half used Palya. The rest used Nimadi, a mix of Palya and Nimadi, or some other combination of languages depending on the Bhilala subgroup. Two of them spoke in Palya with Urppa Bhilalas and in Nimadi with Dapla Bhilalas. One said he spoke in Rathwi with Urppas and in Nimadi with Daplas. Another said he used a Palya-Bhilali mix with Urppas and a Palya- Nimadi mix with Daplas. It is worth noting that none of the subjects reported using Hindi for intergroup communication.

Use of regional and state languages in the area

What language do you use when you meet a stranger?

Palya Hindi Palya/Hindi 10 (67%) 4 (27%) 1 (7%)

Two-thirds of the subjects said they used only their mother tongue when they met a stranger. Four spoke in Hindi. One person said he used Hindi if the stranger could not understand Palya. Are you able to speak in Hindi?

Yes No 11 (73%) 4 (27%)

Self-reported ability to speak Hindi was claimed by about three-fourths of the subjects. If yes, how often do you speak it?

Daily Weekly Monthly Occasionally 1 (17%) 2 (33%) 2 (33%) 1 (17%)

Out of the six subjects who said they could speak Hindi, frequency of usage was variable. One reported using Hindi daily, two weekly, two monthly and the remaining one only occasionally. Do you ever speak Hindi to your own people? In what situation? Three respondents said they used Hindi when speaking to their own people, but only occasionally, with educated people in the presence of outsiders (e.g., at the market).

Are you able to speak in Nimadi?

Yes No Little 8 (53%) 4 (27%) 3 (20%)

If yes, how often do you speak it?

Daily Weekly 2 (18%) 9 (82%)

The weekly market is the main place where subjects reported using Nimadi with members of other communities. Another major opportunity to speak Nimadi was when subjects went to nearby Dapla Bhilala villages such as Indarpur, Limbay, Retai, etc., where Nimadi is spoken. Do you ever speak Nimadi to your own people? In what situation? Only two subjects said that they sometimes used Nimadi with their own people and then only in the company of Bhilalas who spoke Nimadi. Of these responses, we can say that even though many subjects reported using Nimadi as a link language with Dapla Bhilalas, Nimadi was not displacing their traditional heart language.

Language attitudes and vitality

Attitudes towards varieties of the mother tongue

Do young people in your village speak your mother tongue (L1) as well as old people do?

Yes No Little different 11 (73%) 0 4 (27%)

Do men in your village speak your mother tongue (L1) as purely as the women do?

Yes No Little different 8 (53%) 1 (7%) 6 (40%)

Three-fourths of the subjects did not perceive any difference between the speech of younger and older people. Only about half expressed this view regarding the speech of men and women. Most of the other subjects said that there were only small differences. Where do you think the most pure Palya is spoken? Almost all the subjects said their own village had the purest form of Palya. One subject said that in their village and nearby villages, pure Palya was spoken. One female was not able to comment since she had not gone anywhere else. Is the Rathwi variety as good as your Palya language?

Yes No 1 (25%) 3 (75%)

This question was added to the questionnaire after data collection had begun, so there were only four respondents. Three said that Rathwi was not as good as Palya; one commented that since he could not understand the language, it was not good.

Of the three dialects - Palya, Rathwi and Barli - which one do you like the best? Which one do you like second best?

Palya Rathwi Barli All Don’t know No answer Best 9 0 0 1 0 0 (90%) (10%) Second best 0 7 0 0 2 1 (70%) (20%) (10%)

Nine of the ten respondents to this question indicated their first preference was for Palya, while one remained neutral. Rathwi was clearly their second preference. Not a single subject expressed any preference for Barli. Perhaps subjects mentioned Rathwi because it is a nearby language; however, this does not necessarily mean that they can understand Rathwi.

Attitudes towards mother tongue literature development and literacy work

If there were books in L1 and you knew how to read them, would you read them?

Yes No 11 (73%) 4 (27%)

About three-fourths of the respondents indicated an interest in literature in their mother tongue, Palya. If books were available in Rathwi and you knew how to read them, would you use them?

Yes No 3 (75%) 1 (25%)

This question was added to the questionnaire after data collection had begun, so there were only four respondents. Even though three said they would use materials in Rathwi, they admitted that they might not understand them fully. If someone started to teach how to read and write in your mother tongue, would you send your children to that school? All the subjects said they would send their children to such a school. (To illiterates) If somebody started adult literacy classes in your language, would you attend them?

Yes No 7 (47%) 3 (20%)

Except for three females, all other uneducated subjects said they would attend such classes. (To literates) If somebody started adult literacy classes in your language, would you help to arrange/teach them? All five of the literate subjects said they were ready to give help with adult literacy classes.

Attitudes towards regional and state languages

Would you allow your son/daughter to marry someone who spoke only Hindi?

Conditional yes No Maybe in future 7 (47%) 7 (47%) 1 (6%)

Would you allow your son/daughter to marry someone who spoke only Nimadi?

Conditional yes No Maybe in future 8 (54%) 6 (40%) 1 (6%)

Even though about half of the subjects said yes to both questions regarding marriage with those who spoke only Hindi or Nimadi, they insisted that the person should be from the same caste, otherwise they would not consider this. Of the three languages – Palya, Nimadi and Hindi – which one do you like the best? Which one do you like second best?

Palya Hindi Nimadi All three Don’t know Best 10 3 0 1 1 (67%) (20%) (7%) (7%) Second best 2 6 5 1 1 (14%) (40%) (33%) (7%) (7%)

Of the three languages – Palya, Nimadi and Hindi – which one do you want your children to be taught first? Which one do you want your children to be taught second?

Palya Hindi Nimadi Don’t know First 12 2 0 1 (80%) (14%) (7%) Second 2 7 5 1 (14%) (47%) (33%) (7%)

Palya is clearly the first preference for the majority of subjects. Nimadi and Hindi are almost equally preferred as the second choice.

Attitudes towards language maintenance or shift

After many years, when your children grow up and have their own children, do you think the children will speak Palya?

Yes No 14 (93%) 1 (7%)

If they do not continue to speak Palya, is that good or bad?

Good Bad 9 (60%) 6 (40%)

Nearly all the subjects (14 out of 15) were sure that their grandchildren would also use their language. Perhaps because they did not feel that their speech form had prestige, 60% of the subjects thought it would be good if a language shift took place. This may also indicate that some kind of motivation exists among them towards acquiring Hindi, although the practical reality is that not much opportunity exists to bring about that dream.

5 Summary of findings

5.1 Dialect area study

Two of the goals of this survey were concerned specifically with dialect area issues. These goals were: (1) to locate the geographical area where the Bhilali-speaking people (Barelas/Pauras, Bhilalas and Bhils) are living; (2) to identify the different subgroups of Barelas/Pauras, Bhilalas and Bhils, and to study the relationship that exists between all these subgroups. Sections 5.1.1 and 5.1.2 give the summary of findings for the dialect area study, specifically the areas of lexical similarity and dialect intelligibility.

5.1.1 Lexical similarity

There are three distinct dialects spoken by the Barela/Paura people of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, namely Rathwi, Barli and Palya. Wordlist comparison showed a high degree of lexical similarity within these three dialect areas. Lexical similarity percentages between the dialects were relatively lower. Between the Barli and Palya varieties, the lexical similarity is the lowest, but with Rathwi varieties, both Barli and Palya varieties showed a relatively higher range of lexical similarity. This might suggest that linguistically, the Rathwi variety may have more reach than the other two dialects, though dialect intelligibility testing was needed to ascertain this. The lexical similarity results also support the general notion that Palya speech is somewhat similar to Gujarati. Palya speech showed relatively higher lexical similarity with Gujarati than Rathwi and Barli. As for the Barelas, Bhilalas too have at least three language varieties, namely Nimadi, Parya Bhilali and Rathia Bhilali. Lexical similarity comparison showed that the claim of Darbar Bhilalas that they speak Nimadi and not Bhilali is largely true. The reported statement that Parya Bhilali speech is midway between the Bhilali of Rathia Bhilalas of Nimad and the Nimadi language is also in line with the lexical similarity findings. In spite of greater divergence among the Bhilali wordlists, the four Bhilali wordlists of Nimad form a somewhat relatively close cluster. Most of them are from the Rathia variety. The reported relationship of Rathia Bhilali with the Rathwi dialect of Bareli/Pauri is supported by the relatively high lexical similarity percentage between Bhilali wordlists of Nimad and the Rathwi varieties of Bareli/Pauri. There is a notable difference between the speech of the Rathia Bhilalas of Nimad and the Bhilalas of south Jhabua district. Yet the Bhilali wordlist from Sondhwa block of southern Jhabua district, which is closer to Nimad than that of other Bhilalas from south Jhabua district, fits better with the Rathwi cluster than with the rest of Bhilali wordlists. Comparisons of the speech of the Bhili varieties spoken in Bhilala-dominated areas of south Dhar and south Jhabua districts reveal that they are more closely related, lexically, to Bhilali of Nimad or to Rathwi Bareli than to the Bhagoria Bhili spoken in the Bhil-dominated northern parts of the districts. Yet the lexical similarity between the Bhili wordlist from south Dhar and the one from south Jhabua is not so high.

5.1.2 Dialect intelligibility

In a previous survey (Maggard et al 1998), it was found that the Rathia Bhilalas of Jhirniya and Anjhera possess adequate understanding of Rathwi Bareli. The present survey has shown that it is also true the other way round. It has become clear from intelligibility testing that Rathwi and Barli (Bareli Pauri) speakers do not possess adequate understanding of Palya speech. It is also likely that not all Palyas possess adequate comprehension of the Barli (Bareli Pauri) dialect. In addition, Barli comprehension was previously tested among Rathwa Barelas and found to be inadequate (Maggard et al. 1998). The Palya people's tested comprehension of the Rathwi Bareli speech variety is less than adequate, but the post-RTT responses revealed that some subjects had a higher perceived comprehension than was

shown in their test scores. The RTT scores combined with subjects’ perceptions support the conclusion that Barla (Barela Paura) people's understanding of the Rathwi Bareli dialect is not adequate. Combining these results with those of a previous survey (Maggard et al. 1998), it can be concluded that the Rathwi (Rathwi Bareli) variety represented by the Chiklia story was well understood by Rathwa Barelas in Khargone, Khandwa, Barwani, Dhule and Jalgaon districts, by Rathia Bhilalas of the Nimad region and Sondwa block of south Jhabua district, and by Bhils of south Dhar district.

5.1.3 Integration of lexical similarity and dialect intelligibility results

From an integration of lexical similarity and dialect intelligibility testing results, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. The three varieties spoken by the Barelas/Pauras, namely Rathwi, Barli and Palya, are not sufficiently lexically similar or intelligible to one another to be considered a single “linguistic unit” for the purposes of language development. Instead, they need to be considered as three distinct dialects of the Bareli/Pauri language. 2. It appears that variation in the language spoken by the Rathwa Barelas/Pauras of Khargone, Khandwa, Barwani, Dhule and Jalgaon districts is minimal and is not significant enough to warrant initiation of more than one language development programme within this dialect group. It further appears that variation in the language spoken by the Rathwa Barelas/Pauras and that spoken by the Bhilalas of Sondhwa block of Jhabua district and the Rathia Bhilalas of Nimad is not significant enough to warrant initiation of more than one language programme for these subgroups. 3. It appears that variation in the language spoken by the Barla Barelas/Pauras of Nandurbar and Dhule districts of Maharashtra and Pansemal tahsil of Barwani district of Madhya Pradesh is not significant enough to warrant initiation of more than one language development programme within this dialect group. 4. It appears that variation in the language spoken by the Palyas of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra is not significant enough to warrant initiation of more than one language development programme within this dialect group. 5. It appears that variation among the Rathia Bhilali varieties spoken by the Bhilalas of the Nimad region is minimal and is not significant enough to require initiation of more than one language programme for this subgroup. However, Parya Bhilali of Nimad seems to be distinct from Rathia Bhilali, according to the lexical similarity comparison. Also, Bhilali varieties of Jhabua district do not cluster together well. Further intelligibility testing among the Parya Bhilalas of Nimad and Bhilali varieties of Jhabua would help to clarify the situation.

5.2 Bilingualism study

From the discussions in chapter 3, a general conclusion may drawn that the levels of community bilingualism of the Barelas/Pauras in the regional languages (Nimadi in Madhya Pradesh and Ahirani in Maharashtra) and in the state languages (Hindi in Madhya Pradesh and Marathi in Maharashtra) are not high enough for most of them to be able to effectively use materials published in those languages. Only a very small percentage of these people have achieved higher levels of bilingualism.

5.2.1 Bilingualism in Hindi

The results of the Hindi SRT done among the Rathwa Barelas show an average RPE level 2 bilingual proficiency. The average score for uneducated subjects and those with primary education, representing 98% of the test village, was only RPE level 1+. Only those who had higher education obtained an RPE level 3, and they represent only 2% of the village where testing was done. It is quite likely that the situation is not any different in the vast majority of the Rathwa Barela villages. Hence it is unlikely for the Rathwa Barelas in general to be able to effectively use Hindi materials. The results of the Hindi SRT done among the Palyas showed an average RPE level 2 bilingual proficiency. The average score for uneducated subjects was only RPE level 1+, and they represent 94%

of the village where testing was done. Only those who had higher education obtained an RPE level 3, and they represent only 2% of the villagers. It is quite likely that the situation is not any different in the vast majority of the Palya villages. Hence it is unlikely for the Palyas in general to be able to effectively use Hindi materials.

5.2.2 Bilingualism in Nimadi

The results of the Nimadi RTT among the Rathwa Barelas yielded an average score of 49%. The average score among the Palyas was 63%. Both these scores are much below the level (80%) which is considered to indicate adequate comprehension. Moreover, in both cases, the separate scores for uneducated people, who represent vast majority of the population (90%), are lower than the overall average scores. Hence it can be concluded that neither the Rathwa Barelas nor the Palyas possess adequate bilingualism in Nimadi to use materials in Nimadi.

5.2.3 Bilingualism in Ahirani

The results of the Ahirani RTT among the Barla Pauras of Maharashtra yielded a very low average score of 44%. Moreover, separate scores for females and for uneducated people, who represent the vast majority of the population (90%), are lower than the overall average score. Hence it is clear that the Barlas would not have adequate bilingualism in Ahirani to use materials in that language. The post-text responses to the Ahirani story among the Rathwa Pauras of Maharashtra reveal perceptions that their language is very different from Ahirani and that they understood little or none of the story. From these perceptions, it may be concluded that Rathwi Pauri speakers would not appear to possess adequate bilingualism in Ahirani to use materials in that language.

5.2.4 Bilingualism in Marathi

From the assessment of the literacy situation in the area where Pauras are found, combined with the results of bilingualism testing done in a previous survey (Watters 2013), it may be assumed that the Pauras of Maharashtra do not possess adequate bilingual ability in Marathi to use oral and written Marathi materials.

5.3 Language use, attitudes and vitality

5.3.1 Among Rathwa Barelas/Pauras

Language use

Overall, Rathwi is the language of choice for the Rathwas. In almost all domains, Rathwi is the reported language of use even with strangers/foreigners. For intergroup communication, Rathwi is also strongly used. Hindi (in Madhya Pradesh) or Marathi (in Maharashtra) is used only by a small section of Rathwas, mostly educated, in the domains of the market and interactions with government officials or strangers. In Madhya Pradesh, Nimadi is very rarely used by a few Rathwa Barelas. Likewise in Maharashtra, Ahirani is used by some Rathwa Pauras.

Language attitudes and vitality

Most Rathwa subjects reported that there is no difference in the way Rathwi is spoken by old and young and by men and women, though a few Rathwa Pauras reported that young people and men tend to mix languages and hence their Rathwi speech is not pure. Most of the respondents reported that the purest Rathwi is spoken in their own village and the adjacent villages. All the respondents claimed that Rathwi is the best when compared to Barli and Palya. Barli was the second preference for a majority of them.

Almost all said they would want to read books in their mother tongue if made available, but some pointed out that the reality is that there are none available and most people are illiterate. Almost all would send their children to a mother tongue literacy school if there were one in the village. Most illiterate subjects expressed a willingness to attend a mother tongue adult literacy class if there were one in the village, whereas most literate subjects expressed willingness to help arrange/teach an adult literacy class. For most of the Rathwas, language is not a big issue in marriage patterns, but the caste or community are very important. Their attitude may be summed up in one response: “I would give my son/daughter in marriage to a person who speaks only Hindi or Nimadi, even if he/she is staying in a foreign country, but he/she must be from the Barela tribe.” For the majority of people, the language they like best is their mother tongue. For the rest it is Hindi. Likewise the majority, even of the Rathwa Pauras of Maharashtra, indicated their second preference was for Hindi. This is apparently because of the perception that Marathi is more difficult for them than Hindi. Also, most Rathwa Pauras of Maharashtra live along the border of Madhya Pradesh, where the state language is Hindi. All the Rathwa subjects wanted their children to be taught first in their mother tongue. All the Rathwa Barelas indicated their second preference was for the state language, Hindi. For a majority of Rathwa Pauras, the second preference was Marathi, but the rest preferred Hindi over Marathi, even though Hindi was not included in the question as an option to choose from. According to most of the subjects, they will continue to speak Rathwi even after many generations. A few thought language shift was inevitable. All the Rathwa Pauras said such a shift was not good for the community. In contrast, most Rathwa Barelas who believed that such shift would never happen said that such a shift would be good for the community. This indicates that some kind of motivation exists among them for acquiring Hindi, although the practical reality is that not much opportunity exists to bring about that dream. Lack of prestige of their own language may be another reason for this view.

5.3.2 Among Barlas

Language use

Overall, Barli is the language of choice for the Barlas. In almost all domains, Rathwi is the reported language of use. Even in the domains of the market and interactions with the government officials, two- thirds of the subjects reported using Barli. For intergroup communication as well, Barli is strongly used, though Bhili is also used by a section of the people to communicate with Bhils. Marathi and Hindi are used only by a small section of the Barlas, mostly educated subjects, in the domains of the market, college and interactions with government officials or strangers. Ahirani is very rarely used by a few Barlas for such purposes.

Language attitudes and vitality

Most Barla subjects reported that there is no difference in the way Barli is spoken by old and young and by men and women. However, a few Barlas reported that young people and men tend to mix languages and hence their Barli speech is not pure. Most of the respondents reported that the purest Barli is spoken in their own village and the adjacent villages. All said they would want to read books in their mother tongue if made available. A majority said they might use literature in Rathwi if made available, but many expressed negative attitudes as well, citing reasons such as difference in the language and lack of understanding. Also, most of them stated that Rathwi was not as good as Barli. All the respondents claimed that Barli was the best when compared to Rathwi and Palya. Palya was the second preference for a majority of them. Rathwi came only in third place. Almost all Barla subjects said they would send their children to a mother tongue literacy school if there were one in the village. Most illiterate subjects expressed a willingness to attend a mother tongue

adult literacy class if there were one in the village, whereas most literate subjects expressed a willingness to help arrange/teach an adult literacy class. Most Barla subjects said they would not allow their children to marry people who spoke only Ahirani or Marathi. However, language itself was not the main issue. Rather, the caste or community was the determining factor. For most Barla subjects, the language they like best is their mother tongue. Their second choice is Marathi. A majority of Barla subjects wanted their children to be taught first in their mother tongue, then in Marathi. According to two-third of the subjects, they will continue to speak Barli even after many generations. The remaining one-third commented that there is a possibility of the language being influenced by Marathi, eventually leading to a language shift. A majority of them stated that if language shift indeed takes place, that would be bad.

5.3.3 Among Palyas

Language use

Overall, Palya is the language of choice for the Palyas. In almost all domains, Palya is the reported language of use. Even in the domains of the market and interactions with the government officials, half of them reportedly use Palya. For intergroup communication, Barli is the main language used, although one-third of the Palya subjects said they use Rathwi while speaking to Rathwas. Bhilali or Rathwi or Nimadi is used by a section of the people to communicate with Bhilalas, though the majority use Palya. Hindi is used only by a small section of Palyas, mostly educated subjects, in the domains of the market and interactions with government officials or strangers. Nimadi is used by a section of Palyas when they go to the market or meet with Dapla Bhilalas.

Language attitudes and vitality

Most Palya subjects reported that there is no difference in the way Palya is spoken by old and young and by men and women. However, a few Palyas reported that young people and men tend to mix languages and hence their speech is not pure. Almost all subjects reported that the purest Palya is spoken in their own village, Choutharya. Two-thirds of the respondents said they would want to read books in their mother tongue if made available. A section of the Palyas said they might use literature in Rathwi, if made available, though they admit that they might not fully understand it. At the same time, they stated that Rathwi was not as good as Barli. Almost all of them claimed that Palya was the best when compared to Barli and Rathwi. Rathwi was clearly the second preference for them. All the Barla subjects said they would send their children to a mother tongue literacy school if there were one in the village. Most illiterate subjects expressed a willingness to attend a mother tongue adult literacy class if there were one in the village, whereas all literate subjects expressed a willingness to help arrange/teach an adult literacy class. For the majority of the Palya subjects, language is not a big issue for marriage, but the caste or community is very important. They would allow their children to marry those who speak only Hindi or Nimadi only if they belonged to the Barela tribe. For two-thirds of the subjects, the language they like best is their mother tongue. Their second preference was almost evenly divided between Hindi and Nimadi. Most Palya subjects wanted their children to be taught first in their mother tongue. Their second preference went to Hindi and Nimadi almost evenly. Almost all the subjects claimed that they would continue to speak Palya even after many generations. However, most of the Palya subjects who believed that language shift would never happen said such a shift would be good for the community. This indicates that some kind of motivation exists among them for acquiring Hindi, although the practical reality is that not much opportunity exists to bring about that dream. Lack of prestige of their own language may be another reason for this view.

6 Recommendations

6.1 For language development

The bilingualism levels of the Barela/Paura people (Rathwas, Barlas and Palyas) in the regional languages, (Nimadi and Ahirani) and in the state languages (Hindi and Marathi) of their areas are generally low, except for a tiny minority who have higher levels of education. The functional literacy rates are below ten percent and the vast majority of uneducated people are not able to adequately handle the relevant state language or regional language. The mother tongue is used strongly in all domains except education. The Rathwas, Barlas and Palyas appear to have strong positive attitudes towards their own mother tongue and indications suggest that they will continue to speak their language for generations to come. They also have favourable attitudes towards the state languages, although it does not appear that these languages are likely to replace their mother tongue in the foreseeable future. They will most likely be very receptive towards language development in their mother tongue. Based on these factors, it is strongly recommended that language development be initiated in their mother tongue. From dialect area study as well as the general attitudes expressed regarding the different dialects of Bareli/Pauri (Rathwi, Barli and Palya), it has become clear that one language programme would probably not be sufficient for all the three dialect groups. Hence it is recommended that language development programmes be started in the mother tongues of the three Bareli/Pauri dialect groups – Rathwi, Barli and Palya. Rathwi is spoken by at least 1,100,000 – by the Rathwa Barelas of Madhya Pradesh, Rathwa Pauras of Maharashtra and Rathia Bhilalas of the Nimad region of Madhya Pradesh. Hence a language development programme in Rathwi Bareli would meet the needs of a large tribal population. Since there are favourable attitudes among some of the Barlas and Palyas towards the Rathwi speech variety, some sections of them may be willing to try to use Rathwi materials; however, comprehension may not be adequate. Based on the materials developed through a Rathwi language programme, dialect adaptations might be done from Rathwi into the Barli (Bareli Pauri) and Palya speech varieties, if this is feasible. If this is not feasible, separate language development programmes are a must for Barli and Palya as well. There is some understanding about what could be a central or standard variety for the Rathwi varieties. The area in Barwani district, Madhya Pradesh, as represented by the Chiklia Rathwi Bareli story, is a type of homeland – both geographical and cultural – for many Rathwas living in neighbouring districts and in Maharashtra. Hence it would be a suitable place to base the Rathwi language development programme. Dhadgaon tahsil of Nandurbar district, Maharashtra is the central location for Barli (Bareli Pauri) speakers. The story tested as a representation of the Barli dialect also came from this tahsil. Hence it would be wise to base the Barli language development programme in Dhadgaon tahsil. The Palya story came from Choutharya village of Rajpur tahsil in Barwani district, Madhya Pradesh. In most other villages where Palyas are found, they are not a majority. Palyas in many villages have migrated from Choutharya. Hence it is the ideal place to base the Palya language development programme. It appears likely that the Rathia Bhilalas of the Nimad region and the Bhilalas of Sondwa block in Jhabua district, Madhya Pradesh would be able to use materials developed in Rathwi. However, it is probable that there would be a significant number of Bhilalas in Jhabua district who cannot be catered for with Rathwi materials. It is also thought that most of the Bhils of south Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh, would be able to use materials developed in Rathwi. But again, it is probable that there would be a significant number of Bhils in south Jhabua district who could not be catered for with Rathwi materials. Therefore, it is recommended that as Rathwi materials are developed, they should be tested among the Rathia Bhilalas and Bhils for both comprehension and acceptance.

6.2 For literacy

It is a sad reality that the literacy rate among Barelas/Pauras, Rathia Bhilalas and Bhils is still very low in spite of the continued efforts by the state and central governments. Most villages have primary

schools, but one major reason for the failure of these education programmes is that the language of education is Hindi or Marathi, which is felt to be a foreign tongue to the majority of tribal people. The school dropout rate is high since the students must try to study in a language which is not their mother tongue and which they have little opportunity to learn before beginning school. The teachers, who were mostly outsiders, initially found it difficult to convey the subjects, since most of them did not understand the language of their students. Now the situation has started to change since mother tongue people also are appointed as teachers. Though it is reported that some mother tongue literacy materials (bridge materials) have been developed in some dialects of the area, they are not effectively used at present. Bilingualism testing has shown clearly that most of the Barelas/Pauras do not possess sufficient bilingual ability for them to use Hindi or Marathi materials. Hence it is strongly recommended that quality mother tongue literacy materials in all the three dialects of Bareli/Pauri (namely Rathwi, Barli and Palya) be developed and vernacular literacy schools be effectively implemented to give primary education. There are some published materials available in some of the dialects using modified Devanagari script. It is recommended that a vernacular literacy program be carried out, also using modified Devanagari script, to enable the Rathwi, Barli and Palya speakers to make use of the literature developed in those dialects. Because of the value placed on Hindi and Marathi, using the mother tongue as a “bridge” to transition into Hindi and/or Marathi could certainly benefit a literacy programme. Diglot materials using Rathwi, Barli and Palya along with Hindi or Marathi may be effective in such a programme. Since Bareli/Pauri is not generally perceived as a language for use in the educational domain, vernacular literacy promotion will play an important part in the literacy programme.

6.3 For further survey

It can be said that the Bareli/Pauri dialects (namely Rathwi, Barli and Palya) have been surveyed sufficiently to provide the information necessary for the initiation of language development work. However, to get a clearer picture of the speech varieties of the Bhilalas, more Bhilali wordlists need to be collected from south Jhabua district, south Dhar district and border areas of Gujarat where the Rathawi language is spoken, taking into consideration the reported subgroup differentiation (such as Baria, Palvi, Rathia, etc.). More wordlists also need to be collected from Bhili-speaking communities of the south Jhabua and south Dhar area to get a better understanding about the relationship of Bhilali and Bhili varieties in the area. As warranted by the lexical similarity findings, dialect intelligibility testing should be carried out. It appears that Rathia Bhilali speakers of the Nimad region could be served through a Rathwi language development programme. However, Parya Bhilali of Nimad seems to be distinct from Rathia Bhilali according to lexical similarity comparisons. Also, Bhilali varieties of Jhabua district do not cluster together well. Further intelligibility testing among Parya Bhilali varieties of Nimad and Bhilali varieties of Jhabua would help to clarify the situation. The question of Nimadi bilingualism is also relevant for Parya Bhilalas and Rathia Bhilalas of Nimad. A Nimadi RTT administered among them could help clarify the situation of Nimadi bilingualism among them. The language use, attitudes and vitality (LUAV) study in this survey focused only on Barela/Paura subgroups. Hence it would be good to administer LUAV questionnaires to subjects from different Bhilala subgroups (particularly Rathia Bhilalas) in different districts, especially regarding attitudes towards Rathwi. This would reveal more about the potential acceptance of Rathwi materials by Rathia Bhilalas in particular and Bhilalas in general. (The Bhilalas consider themselves higher than the Barelas/Pauras and hence there is some doubt about their acceptance of Rathwi materials.)

Appendix A: Maps

Map created by Shinu PR, and includes data from worldgeodatasets.com. Used with permission.

65 66

Map created by Shinu PR, and includes data from worldgeodatasets.com. Used with permission.

Appendix B: International Phonetic Alphabet

B.1 Consonants

Bilabial Labio- Dental Alveolar Post Alveo- Retro- Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn- Glottal dental alveolar palatal flex geal Plosive p b t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k g q ɢ ʔ Nasal m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ Affricate pɸ bβ t ̪s d̪z ts dz tʃ dʒ tɕ dʑ Lateral l ɭ ʎ ʟ Lateral ɬ ɮ fric. Flap ɾ ɽ Trill ʙ r ʀ Approxi- w ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ mant

B.2 Consonant diacritics

Aspirated h tʃh Labialised w bw Ejective ' p' Voiced ̬ k̬ Velar/ ̴ l̴ Palatalised j nj Unreleased ̚ ʈ̚ Voiceless ̥ d̥ Pharyngealised

B.3 Vowels6

Front Central Back Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u Near-close ɪ ʏ ʊ Close-mid e ø ɤ o Mid ə ɵ Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ʌ ɔ Near-open æ ɐ Open a ɶ ɑ ɒ

6 Wordlists and recorded text tests were transcribed using different phonetic systems, particularly in regard to vowels. For the purposes of the data in this report and its appendices, the symbols /ə/, /ɐ/, /ʌ/, and /ɑ/ are interchangeable and no phonemic distinction is assumed.

71 72

B.4 Vowel diacritics

Nasalisation ̃ ẽ Long ː iː Centralised ̈ ö

Appendix C: Wordlists and Language Assistant Biodata

C.1 Lexical similarity counting procedures7

A standardised list of 210 vocabulary items was collected from speakers at key locations for each of the language varieties studied in this survey. In standard procedure, the 210 words are elicited from a person who has grown up in the target locality. Ideally, the list is then collected a second time from another speaker at the same site. Any differences in responses are examined in order to identify (1) inaccurate responses due to misunderstanding of the elicitation cue, (2) loan words offered in response to the language of elicitation when indigenous terms are actually still in use, and (3) terms which are at different places along the generic-specific lexical scale. Normally, a single term is recorded for each item of the wordlist. However, more than one term is recorded for a single item when more than one specific term occupies the semantic area of a more generic item on the wordlist. The wordlists are compared to determine the extent to which the vocabulary of each pair of speech forms is similar. No attempt is made to identify genuine cognates based on a network of sound correspondences. Rather, two items are judged to be phonetically similar if at least half of the segments compared are the same (category 1), and of the remaining segments at least half are rather similar (category 2). For example, if two items of eight segments in length are compared, these words are judged to be similar if at least four segments are virtually the same and at least two more are rather similar. The criteria applied are as follows:

Category 1

a. Contoid (consonant-like) segments which match exactly b. Vocoid (vowel-like) segments which match exactly or differ by only one articulatory feature c. Phonetically similar segments (of the sort which frequently are found as allophones) which are seen to correspond in at least three pairs of words

Category 2

d. All other phonetically similar non-vocalic pairs of segments which are not supported by at least three pairs of words e. Vowels which differ by two or more articulatory features

Category 3

f. Pairs of segments which are not phonetically similar g. A segment which is matched by no segment in the corresponding item and position

Blair (1990:32) writes, “In contextualizing these rules to specific surveys in South Asia, the following differences between two items are ignored: (a) interconsonantal [ə], (b) word initial, word final, or intervocalic [h, ɦ], (c) any deletion which is shown to be the result of a regularly occurring process in a specific environment.” The following table summarises lower threshold limits for considering words as phonetically similar with a specified length (number of segments or phones):

7 This description of lexical similarity counting procedures is partially adapted from that found in Appendix A of O’Leary (1992).

73 74

Word Category Category Category Length One Two Three 2 2 0 0 3 2 1 0 4 2 1 1 5 3 1 1 6 3 2 1 7 4 2 1 8 4 2 2 9 5 2 2 10 5 3 2 11 6 3 2 12 6 3 3

After pairs of items on two wordlists had been determined to be phonetically similar or dissimilar according to the criteria stated above, the percentage of items judged similar was calculated. This procedure was repeated for all linguistic varieties under consideration in the survey. The pair by pair counting procedure was greatly facilitated by use of the Wordsurv computer program. It should be noted that the wordlist data as well as transcribed texts included in subsequent appendices are field transcriptions and have not undergone thorough phonological and grammatical analysis.

C.2 Wordlist information and language assistant biodata

75 Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar Rathwi Bareli-Chenpur

Symbol in Wordsurv database: D Symbol in Wordsurv database: q Symbol in Wordsurv database: b Language Name: Rathwi Pauri Language Name: Rathwi Bareli Language: Rathwi Bareli Source: Watter's Dhule district report Location: Udainagar, Bagli tahsil, Dewas district, Location: Chenpur, Jhirnya tahsil, Location: Amalwadi, Chopda tahsil, Jalgaon Madhya Pradesh Khargone District, Madhya Pradesh district, Maharashtra Date: 11 April 1998 Date: 7 December 1998 Date: 1987-88 Name: SB Name: HR, SS Sex: Female Sex: Male, Male Rathwi Pauri-Segwi Age: 25 Age: 39, 55 Education: nil Education: B.com., 5th standard Symbol in Wordsurv database: E Birthplace: not asked Birthplace: Chenpur, Chiklia Language Name: Rathwi Pauri Brought up: not asked Brought up: Chenpur, Chiklia Location: Segwi, Sendhwa tahsil, Current residence: not asked Current residence: Chenpur, Chenpur Barwani district, Madhya Pradesh Mother tongue: Bareli Mother tongue: Rathwi, Rathwi Date: 1987-88 Language in home: Bareli Language in home: Rathwi, Rathwi Source: Watter's Dhule district report Father’s MT: Bareli Father’s MT: Rathwi, Rathwi Mother’s MT: Bareli Mother’s MT: Rathwi, Rathwi Spouse’s MT: Bareli Spouse’s MT: Rathwi, Rathwi Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura Remarks: Language assistant is a Barela, but grew up among Bhilalas, and speaks their language Rathwi Bareli-Dongargaon Symbol in Wordsurv database: n Language Name: Rathwi Bareli Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia Location: Tharadpura village, Bhagvanpura Symbol in Wordsurv database: T tahsil, Khargone district, Madhya Pradesh Symbol in Wordsurv database: e Language: Rathwi Bareli Date: 7 April 1998 Language: Rathwi Bareli (also called Bhilali) Location: Dongargaon village, Khandwa tahsil Name: D Location: Chiklia village, Barwani tahsil, Khandwa district, Madhya Pradesh. Sex: Male Khargone district, Madhya Pradesh Date: 7 November 1998 Age: 30 Date: 8 November 1997 Name: D Education: 4th standard Name: GM Sex: F Birthplace: Tharadpura Sex: Male Age: 35 Brought up: Tharadpura Age: 50 Education: Nil Current residence: Tharadpura Education: 10th standard Birthplace: Dabla Mother tongue: Bareli Birthplace: Chiklia Brought up: Dongargaon Language in home: Bareli Brought up: Chiklia Current residence: Dongargaon Father’s MT: Bareli Current residence: Chiklia Mother tongue: Rathwi Mother’s MT: Bareli Mother tongue: Bareli Language in home: Rathwi Spouse’s MT: Bareli Language in home: Bareli Father’s MT: Rathwi Father’s MT: Bareli Mother’s MT: Rathwi Mother’s MT: Bareli Spouse’s MT: Barli Spouse’s MT: Bareli

76 Bhilali-Bodugam Bhili-Anjhera Bhilali-Mandwi

Symbol in Wordsurv database: s Symbol in Wordsurv database: m Symbol in Wordsurv database: o Location: Bodugam village, Alirajpur tahsil, Language Name: Bhili Language Name: Bhilali Jhabua district, Madhya Pradesh Location: Anjhera village (2 km from Jeerabad), Location: Mandwi village, Jhirniya tahsil, Language Name: Bhilali Gandhwani tahsil, Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh Khargone district, Madhya Pradesh. Date: 11 May 1998 Date: 5 April 1998 Date: 8 April 1998 Name: MS Name: T, N, G Name: H, B, B Sex: Male Sex: Male, Male, Male Sex: Male, Male, Male Age: 60 Age: 25, 30, 35 Age: 65, 47, 25 Education: nil Education: not known Education: nil, nil, nil Birthplace: Bodugam Birthplace: Anjhera Birthplace: Bhadvali Brought up: Bodugam Brought up: Anjhera Brought up: Bhadvali Current residence: Bodugam Current residence: Anjhera Current residence: Mandwi Mother tongue: Bhilali Mother tongue: Bhili Mother tongue: Bhilali Language in home: Bhilali Language in home: Bhili Language in home: Bhilali Father’s MT: Bhilali Father’s MT: Bhili Father’s MT: Bhilali Mother’s MT: Bhilali Mother’s MT: Bhili Mother’s MT: Bhilali Spouse’s MT: Bhilali Spouse’s MT: Bhili Spouse’s MT: Bhilali

Bhili-Punyawat Bhilali-Anjhera Rathia Bhilali-Navalpura

Symbol in Wordsurv database: j Symbol in Wordsurv database: l Symbol in Wordsurv database: S Language: Bhili Language Name: Bhilali Language: Rathia Bhilali Location: Punyawat village, Alirajpur tahsil, Location: Anjhera village (2 km from Jeerabad), Location: Navalpura, Sendhwa tahsil, Jhabua district, Madhya Pradesh Gandhwani tahsil, Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh Barwani District, Madhya Pradesh Date: 26 March 1998 Date: 5 April 1998 Date: 1 November 1998 Name: K Name: J Name: MA Sex: Male Sex: Male Sex: Male Age: 35 Age: 20 Age: 47 Education: M.Th. Education: 10th standard Education: 5th standard Birthplace: Punyawat Birthplace: Anjhera Birthplace: Navalpura Brought up: Punyawat Grown up: Anjhera Brought up: Navalpura Current residence: Punyawat; also Udaipur, Current residence: Anjhera Current residence: Navalpura Rajasthan (teaching for half the year) Mother tongue: Bhilali Mother tongue: Bhilali Mother tongue: Bhili Language in home: Bhilali Language in home: Bhilali Language in home: Hindi Father’s MT: Bhilali Father’s MT: Bhilali Father’s MT: Bhili Mother’s MT: Bhilali Mother’s MT: Bhilali Mother’s MT: Bhili Spouse’s MT: Bhilali Spouse’s MT: Bhilali Spouse’s MT: Bhili (Wagdi)

77 Bhilali-Agar Bhilali-Kattivada Bhili-Piplia

Symbol in Wordsurv database: X Symbol in Wordsurv database: V Symbol in Wordsurv database: g Language: Bhilali Language: Bhilali Language: Bhili Location: Agar, Bagh tahsil, Location: Kattivada, Alirajpur tahsil, Location: Piplia village, Jhabua tahsil, Dhar District, Madhya Pradesh Jhabua District, Madhya Pradesh Jhabua district, Madhya Pradesh Date: 18 November 1998 Date: 19 November 1998 Date: 14 November 1997 Name: VM, NB Name: D Name: T Sex: Male, Male Sex: Male Sex: Male Age: 30, 45 Age: 27 Age: 32 Education: M.A., 1st standard Education: 8th standard Education: 8th standard Birthplace: Agar, Agar Birthplace: Dhyana, Kattivada block Birthplace: Piplia Brought up: Agar, Agar Brought up: Dhyana, Kattivada block Brought up: Piplia Current residence: Bagh (Agar), Agar Current residence: Kattivada Current residence: Piplia Mother tongue: Bhilali, Bhilali Mother tongue: Bhilali Mother tongue: Bhili Language in home: Bhilali with Hindi mix, Bhilali Language in home: Bhilali Language in home: Bhili Father’s MT: Bhilali, Bhilali Father’s MT: Bhilali Father’s MT: Bhili Mother’s MT: Bhilali, Bhilali Mother’s MT: Bhilali Mother’s MT: Bhili Spouse’s MT: Bhilali, Bhilali Spouse’s MT: Bhilali Spouse’s MT: Bhili

Bhilali-Udaigadh Parya Bhilali-Bhorwada Bhili-Kharod

Symbol in Wordsurv database: W Symbol in Wordsurv database: R Symbol in Wordsurv database: 7 Language: Bhilali Language: Parya Bhilali Language Name: Bhili Location: Udaigadh, Jobat tahsil, Location: Bhorwada, Rajpur tahsil, Location: Kharod, Dahod tahsil, Jhabua District, Madhya Pradesh Barwani District, Madhya Pradesh Panchmahals district, Gujarat Date: 20 November 1998 Date: 2 November 1998 Language assistant: W. Name: NS, B, V Name: PB Sex: Female Sex: Male, Male Sex: Male Age: 25 Age: 38, 35 Age: 40 Date: 4 Mar 1987 Education: B.Sc., 5th standard Education: 8th standard Collected by: Amiyanand Nag Birthplace: Ali/Kukshi tahsil/Dhar dist., and Birthplace: Bhorwada Source: Cain's Garasia survey report Udaigadh Brought up: Bhorwada Brought up: Ali, Udaigadh Current residence: Bhorwada/ Sendhwa Bhilali-Aspai Current residence: Udaigadh, Udaigadh Mother tongue: Parya Bhilali Mother tongue: Bhilali, Bhilali Language in home: Parya Bhilali Symbol in Wordsurv database: a Language in home: Bhilali, Bhilali Father’s MT: Parya Bhilali Language: Bhilali Father’s MT: Bhilali, Bhilali Mother’s MT: Parya Bhilali Location: Aspai village, Alirajpur tahsil, Mother’s MT: Bhilali, Bhilali Spouse’s MT: Parya Bhilali Jhabua district, Madhya Pradesh Spouse’s MT: Bhilali, Bhilali Date: collected between 1 April and 15 May 1995

Source: Sunil K. Mathew's Dungra Bhil report Language in home: Palya Location: Mandvi, Dhadgaon tahsil, Remarks: Subject biodata and wordlist comments Father’s MT: Palya Dhule district, Maharashtra are not given in report Mother’s MT: Palya Date: 1987-88 Spouse’s MT: Rathwi (from Hadakhed, Shirpur) Source: Watter's Dhule district report Rathawi Mankodi Palya-Natvada Bareli Pauri-Khadki Symbol in Wordsurv database: h Language: Rathawi Symbol in Wordsurv database: Q Symbol in Wordsurv database: k Location: Mankodi, Kawant tahsil, Language: Palya Language: Bareli Pauri Baroda district, Gujarat Location: Natvada, Shirpur tahsil, Location: Khadki village, Pansemal tahsil, Date: 6 February 1998 Dhule District, ,Maharashtra Khargone district, Madhya Pradesh Name: not obtained Date: 30 September 1998 Date: 4 April 1998 Sex: Male Name: AAP, NRP, J Name: SP, MC Age: 20 Sex: Male, Male, Male Sex: Male, Female Education: 10th standard, ITI Age: 30, 45, 35 Age: 25, 24 Birthplace, brought up, Current residence: Education: 9th standard, Uneducated, Uneducated Education: 12th, 10th Mankodi Birthplace: Natvada, Jopali(Sendhwa tahsil), Birthplace: Khadki Mother tongue: Rathawi Vagadi Brought up: Khadki Language in home: Rathawi Brought up: Natvada, Natvada, Natvada Current residence: Khadki Father's, Mother's, and Spouse’s MT: Rathawi. Current residence: Natvada, Natvada, Natvada Mother tongue: Bareli Pauri Mother tongue: Palya, Pauria, Barela Language in home: Bareli Pauri The language assistant was asked to speak the Language in home: Palya, Pauria, Barela Father’s MT: Bareli Pauri same way he used to in childhood, but the Father’s MT: Palya, Pauria, Barela Mother’s MT: Bareli Pauri wordlist may contain some Gujarati words Mother’s MT: Rathwi Pauri, Palya, Palya Spouse’s MT: Bareli Pauri instead of true Rathawi words. Spouse’s MT: Rathwi Pauri, Rathwi Pauri, Palya Nimadi-Khargone Palya-Choutharya Bareli Pauri-Shahana Symbol in Wordsurv database: v Symbol in Wordsurv database: P Symbol in Wordsurv database: C Language: Nimadi Language: Palya Language Name: Bareli Pauri Location: Khargone town, Khargone District, Location: Choutharya village, Rajpur tahsil, Location: Shahana, Shahada tahsil, Madhya Pradesh Barwani district, Madhya Pradesh. Dhule district,Maharashtra Date: 1998 Date: 4 October 1998 Date: 1987-88 Name: BGS, VS Name: ST Source: Watter's Dhule district report Sex: Male, Male Sex: Male Age: 62, 22 Age: 25 Bareli Pauri-Mandvi Education: M.A., B.Sc., Education: 5th standard Birthplace: near Khargone Birthplace: Choutharya Brought up: Khargone Brought up: Choutharya Symbol in Wordsurv database: A Language Name: Bareli Pauri Current residence: Khargone Current residence: Chowtharya Mother tongue: Nimadi Mother tongue: Palya

79 Language in home: Nimadi Mother tongue: Nimadi/Hindi Marathi Father’s MT: not known Language in home: Nimadi Mother’s MT: not known Father’s MT: Nimadi Symbol in Wordsurv database:M Spouse’s MT: not known Mother’s MT: Nimadi Language Name: Marathi Spouse’s MT: Nimadi/Hindi Source: from Dhule survey course in 1987 Nimadi-Awlia (Unsure) Ahirani-Wadibhokkar Symbol in Wordsurv database: N Language: Nimadi Symbol in Wordsurv database: d Location: Awlia village, Khandwa tahsil, Language: Ahirani Khandwa district, Madhya Pradesh. Location: Wadibhokkar, Dhule tahsil, Date: 22 September 1998 Dhule District, Maharashtra Name: VKB Date: October 1987 Sex: Male Name: SMP Age: 65 Sex: Male Education: M.A.,B.Ed. Age: 35 Birthplace: Awlia Collected by: F. Blair, P. Kedar's Brought up: Khandwa Source: Ahirani survey report Current residence: Khandwa Mother tongue: Nimadi Hindi Language in home: Nimadi with wife, Hindi with children Symbol in Wordsurv database: H Father’s MT: Nimadi Language Name: Hindi Mother’s MT: Nimadi Various sources: general knowledge, dictionary Spouse’s MT: Nimadi and JF, M, 50, from Abu Road, Sirohi, Rajasthan, March 1987. Checked with Hindi Nimadi-Ashapur instructors in Mussoorie, October 1990.

Symbol in Wordsurv database: O Gujarati Language: Nimadi Location: Ashapur village, Maheshwar tahsil, Symbol in Wordsurv database: G Khargone district, Madhya Pradesh. Language Name: Gujarati Date: 21 September 1998 Location: Palanpur, Banaskantha district, Gujarat Name: KSR Collected by: BC Sex: Male Language assistant: JD Age: 50 Date: 29 Feb 1987 Education: M.A.,LLB Rechecked by: BV Birthplace: Ashapur Language assistant: IC Brought up: Ashapur Date: 26 Oc1990 Current residence: Maheshwar

80 C.3 Phonetic transcription of wordlists 2. head 3. hair Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 5,6 munɖkʌ Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 4 d̪z̪ɦʌʈa 1. body Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 5,6 munɖkʌ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 3 kes ̪ː ɦ Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 4 ɖil̪ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 6 munkɔ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 4 dʒ ɔʈɑ ɦ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 2 d̪hʌɖ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 6 mukɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 4 dʒ oʈɑ ɦ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 4 ɖil Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 5 mʊɳɖ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 4 dʒ oʈu ɦ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 4 ɖil Rathwi-Chenpur 6 muɳkɔ Rathwi-Chenpur 4 dʒ ɔʈɑ ɦ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 4 ɖil Rathwi-Dongargaon 6 mʊɳko Rathwi-Dongargaon 4 dʒ ɔʈɑ h Rathwi-Chenpur 4 ɖil Bhilali-Bodugam 1 mɑt̪ ɑ Bhilali-Bodugam 4 dʒohʈɑ Rathwi-Dongargaon 4 ɖil Bhili-Punyawat 5 muɳɖu Bhili-Punyawat 11 kɑnjɑ Bhilali-Bodugam 4 ɖil Bhili-Anjhera 6 munko Bhili-Anjhera 10 bɑbɾu Bhili-Punyawat 1 d̪ehi Bhilali-Anjhera 6 munko Bhilali-Anjhera 10 bɑbrɑ Bhili-Anjhera 4 ɖil Bhilali-Mandwi 6 mʊnkɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 10 bɑbrɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 3 seɾi Bhilali-Navalpura 6 munko 11 kɑnjɑ h Bhilali-Mandwi 3 sɛɾi Bhilali-Agar 6 munka Bhilali-Navalpura 3 k es h Bhilali-Navalpura 4 ɖil Bhilali-Udaigadh 6 munka Bhilali-Agar 3 k es Bhilali-Agar 1 d̪ehi Bhilali-Kattivada 5 munɖɑ 11 kɑnjɑ h Bhilali-Udaigadh 4 ɖil Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 mɑt̪ o Bhilali-Udaigadh 11 kɑnjɑ h Bhilali-Kattivada 1 d̪ehi Bhili-Piplia 1 mɑt̪ o Bhilali-Kattivada 11 kɑnjɑ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 sʌɾir Bhili-Kharod 1 m at ̪h u Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 bɑl Bhili-Piplia 4 ɖil Bhilali-Aspai 5 munɖʊ Bhili-Piplia 1 lɛʈiɑ Bhili-Kharod 1 d̪ɛh Rathawi-Mankodi 5 muɳɖu Bhili-Kharod 2 wal 4 dil Palya-Choutharya 5 muɳɖu 1 lɛta h Bhilali-Aspai 4 ɖil Palya-Natvada 1 mɑt̪ ɑ Bhilali-Aspai 9 nimɑvɑ Rathawi-Mankodi 4 ɖil 6 mʊnkɑ Rathawi-Mankodi 9 nɪmɑɖɑ Palya-Choutharya 4 ɖil Bareli Pauri-Shahana 5,6 munɖkʌ Palya-Choutharya 9 nimbɑlɑ Palya-Natvada 4 ɖil Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 5 munɖ Palya-Natvada 9 nimbɑlɑ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 4 ɖil̪ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 5 muɳɖ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 4 d̪z̪uʈa h Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 4 ɖil̪ Nimadi-Khargone 1 mɑt̪ ɑ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 4 dzuʈa h Bareli Pauri-Khadki 4 ɖil Nimadi-Awlia 1 mɑt̪ o Bareli Pauri-Khadki 4 dʒuʈɑ h Nimadi-Khargone 9 bɑd̪ɑn Nimadi-Ashapur 1 mɑt̪ ɑ Nimadi-Khargone 2 bɑl Nimadi-Awlia 3 sʌɾiɾ Ahirani-Dhule 4 ɖokʌ Nimadi-Awlia 2 bɑl Nimadi-Ashapur 3 sʌɾiɾ Hindi 3 sɪɾ Nimadi-Ashapur 2 bɑl h Ahirani-Dhule 5 aŋ Gujarati 1 mɑt̪ ũ Ahirani-Dhule 2 bɑl Hindi 3 ʃəɾiɾ Marathi 4 ɖoke Hindi 2 bɑl Gujarati 3 ʃəɾiɾ Gujarati 2 βɑɭ Marathi 3 ʃəɾiɾ Marathi 3 kes 5 ʌŋg

81 4. face 5. eye 6. ear Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 4 mwi Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 3 ɖuwa Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 kaɳʈu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 4 mukh Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 2 ɖuɭu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 kan̪ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 4 mui Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 2 ɖuɭɔ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 kɑnʈɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 4 mui Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 2 ɖuɭu Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 kɑnʈɔ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 4 mʊkh Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 2 ɖuɭu Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 kɑn Rathwi-Chenpur 4 mui Rathwi-Chenpur 2 ɖuɭu Rathwi-Chenpur 1 kɑnʈo Rathwi-Dongargaon 4 mʊkh Rathwi-Dongargaon 2 ɖuɭu Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 kɑn Bhilali-Bodugam 4 mʊj Bhilali-Bodugam 2 ɖuɭo Bhilali-Bodugam 1 kɑnʈʊ Bhili-Punyawat 2 tʃehʌrɔ Bhili-Punyawat 2 ɖuɭɔ Bhili-Punyawat 1 kɑnʈo Bhili-Anjhera 1 munɖũ Bhili-Anjhera 2 ɖoɭɔ Bhili-Anjhera 1 kɑnʈɔ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 muɳɖɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 2 ɖoɭɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 kɑnʈɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 mũhɖɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 2 ɖuɭɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 kɑnʈu Bhilali-Navalpura 1 muɳɖo Bhilali-Navalpura 2 ɖuɭu Bhilali-Navalpura 1 kɑn Bhilali-Agar 1 muɳɖɑ Bhilali-Agar 2 ɖuɭɑ Bhilali-Agar 1 kaɳʈu Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 munɖɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 2 ɖoɭɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 kɑnʈu Bhilali-Kattivada 4 muh Bhilali-Kattivada 2 ɖoɭɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 kɑnɖɔ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 tʃehʌɾa Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 ɖoɭo Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 kɑnʈu Bhili-Piplia 4 mɔh Bhili-Piplia 1 ɑkhjo Bhili-Piplia 4 kɑiɖɑ Bhili-Kharod 1 moɖu Bhili-Kharod 1 ãnk Bhili-Kharod 1 kan Bhilali-Aspai 1 moɖu Bhilali-Aspai 3 ɖuvə Bhilali-Aspai 1 kɑn Rathawi-Mankodi 8 gɑljɑ Rathawi-Mankodi 2 ɖoɭɑ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 kɑn Palya-Choutharya 1 moɖu Palya-Choutharya 2 ɖoɭɔ Palya-Choutharya 1 kɑnʈo Palya-Natvada 1 moɖʊ Palya-Natvada 2 ɖoɭo Palya-Natvada 1 kɑnʈo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 4 mwi Bareli Pauri-Shahana 3 ɖuwa Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 kan̪ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 4 mui Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 2 ɖula Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 kan̪ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 4 mui Bareli Pauri-Khadki 3 ɖuʋ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 kɑn Nimadi-Khargone 1 munɖɔ Nimadi-Khargone 2 ɖɔɭɔ Nimadi-Khargone 1 kɑnʈhɑ Nimadi-Awlia 1 munɖho Nimadi-Awlia 2 ɖɔɭɔ Nimadi-Awlia 1 kɑn Nimadi-Ashapur 1 munɖɑ Nimadi-Ashapur 2 ɖoɭɑ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 kɑn Ahirani-Dhule 3 t ̪oɳɖ Ahirani-Dhule 5 d̪ojʌ Ahirani-Dhule 1 kan̪ Hindi 2 tʃɛhəɾɑ Hindi 1 ɑ̃kh Hindi 1 kɑn 4 mʊkh Gujarati 1 ɔŋkh Gujarati 1 kɑn 4 mũh Marathi 2 ɖoɭɑ Marathi 1 kɑn Gujarati 1 moɖɦũ 2 tʃɛɾo 4 mõh Marathi 2 tʃɛhəɾɑ 3 t ̪õɳɖ

82 7. nose 8. mouth 9. tooth Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 n̪ɑkh Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 2 mui Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 d̪at ̪ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 nɑk Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 2 mui Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 d ̪a t ̪h Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 nɑkh Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 2 mui Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 d̪ɑt ̪ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 nɑk Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 2 mui Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 d̪ɑt ̪ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 nɑk Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 2 mʊjə Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 d̪ɑt ̪ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 nɑkh Rathwi-Chenpur 2 mui Rathwi-Chenpur 1 d̪ɑt ̪ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 nɑk Rathwi-ðongargaon 2 mũh Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 d̪ɑt ̪ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 nɑkh Bhilali-Bodugam 2 mʊj Bhilali-Bodugam 1 d̪ɑt ̪ Bhili-Punyawat 1 nɑk Bhili-Punyawat 2 mũi Bhili-Punyawat 1 d̪ɑt ̪ Bhili-Anjhera 1 nɑk Bhili-Anjhera 1 munɖũ Bhili-Anjhera 1 d̪ɑt ̪ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 nɑk Bhilali-Anjhera 1 muɳɖɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 d̪ɑt ̪ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 nɑkh Bhilali-Mandwi 1 mũhɖɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 d̪ɑt ̪ Bhilali-Navalpura 1 nɑk Bhilali-Navalpura 1 muɳɖo Bhilali-Navalpura 1 d̪ɑt ̪ Bhilali-Agar 1 nɑk Bhilali-Agar 1 muɳɖɑ Bhilali-Agar 1 d̪ɑt ̪ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 nɑk Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 munɖɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 d̪ɑt ̪ Bhilali-Kattivada 1,4 nʌkhoɾu Bhilali-Kattivada 2 mɔh Bhilali-Kattivada 1 d̪ɑt ̪ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 nɑk Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 muɳɖɑ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 d̪ɑt ̪ Bhili-Piplia 1,4 nɑkhɔɾu Bhili-Piplia 2 mɔh Bhili-Piplia 1 d̪ɑ̃t ̪ Bhili-Kharod 1 nɑk Bhili-Kharod 1 moɖu Bhili-Kharod 1 d̪ãt ̪ Bhilali-Aspai 1,4 nəkhoru Bhilali-Aspai 1 moɖʊ Bhilali-Aspai 1 d̪ɑ̃t ̪ Rathawi-Mankodi 1,4 nɑkoɾu Rathawi-Mankodi 1 moɖu Rathawi-Mankodi 1 d̪ɑt ̪ Palya-Choutharya 1,4 nʌkhoɾu Palya-Choutharya 1 moɖu Palya-Choutharya 1 d̪ɑt ̪ Palya-Natvada 1,4 nʌkhoɾʊ Palya-Natvada 1 moɖʊ Palya-Natvada 1 d̪ɑt ̪ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 nɑk Bareli Pauri-Shahana 2 mui Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 d̪at ̪ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 nɑk Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 2 mui Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 d ̪a t ̪h Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 nɑk Bareli Pauri-Khadki 2 mui Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 d̪ɑt ̪ Nimadi-Khargone 1 nɑk Nimadi-Khargone 1 munɖɔ Nimadi-Khargone 1 d̪ɑ̃t ̪ Nimadi-Awlia 1 nɑk Nimadi-Awlia 1 munɖho Nimadi-Awlia 1 d̪ɑt ̪ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 nɑk Nimadi-Ashapur 1 munɖɔ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 d̪ɑt̪ Ahirani-Dhule 1 n̪ɑk Ahirani-Dhule 3 t ̪oɳɖ Ahirani-Dhule 1 d̪ɑt ̪ Hindi 1 nɑk Hindi 2 mũh Hindi 1 d̪ɑ̃t ̪ Gujarati 1 nɑk Gujarati 2 mõh Gujarati 1 d̪ɑnt ̪ Marathi 1 nɑk Marathi 3 t ̪õɳɖ Marathi 1 d̪ɑt ̪ə 4 mukh

83 10. tongue 11. breast 12. belly Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 dʒip Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 4 d̪ɦai Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 peʈ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 dʒip Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 4 d̪ɦai Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 peʈ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 dʒip Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 0 NO ENTRY Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 peʈ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 dʒip Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 0 NO ENTRY Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 pɛʈ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 dʒip Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 0 NO ENTRY Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 peʈ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 dʒib Rathwi-Chenpur 0 NO ENTRY Rathwi-Chenpur 1 peʈh Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 dʒib Rathwi-Dongargaon 0 NO ENTRY Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 pɛʈh Bhilali-Bodugam 1 dʒib Bhilali-Bodugam 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Bodugam 1 peʈ Bhili-Punyawat 1 dʒib Bhili-Punyawat 0 NO ENTRY Bhili-Punyawat 1 pɛʈ Bhili-Anjhera 1 dʒib Bhili-Anjhera 0 NO ENTRY Bhili-Anjhera 1 pɛʈ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 dʒib Bhilali-Anjhera 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Anjhera 1 peʈ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 dʒib Bhilali-Mandwi 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Mandwi 1 peʈ Bhilali-Navalpura 1 dʒib Bhilali-Navalpura 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Navalpura 1 peʈ Bhilali-Agar 1 dʒib Bhilali-Agar 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Agar 1 peʈ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 dʒib Bhilali-Udaigadh 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 peʈ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 dʒib Bhilali-Kattivada 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Kattivada 1 peʈ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 dʒib Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 0 NO ENTRY Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 peʈ Bhili-Piplia 1 dʒib Bhili-Piplia 0 NO ENTRY Bhili-Piplia 1 pɛʈ Bhili-Kharod 1 dzibh Bhili-Kharod 0 NO ENTRY Bhili-Kharod 1 peth Bhilali-Aspai 1 dʒibɦ Bhilali-Aspai 1 sɑ t ̪i 2 odzru Rathawi-Mankodi 1 dʒib Rathawi-Mankodi 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Aspai 1 peʈ Palya-Choutharya 1 dʒib Palya-Choutharya 0 NO ENTRY Rathawi-Mankodi 1 peʈ Palya-Natvada 1 dʒib Palya-Natvada 0 NO ENTRY Palya-Choutharya 1 peʈ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 dʒib Bareli Pauri-Shahana 4 dæhai Palya-Natvada 1 peʈ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 d̪z̪ib Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 4 d̪ai Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 peʈ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 dʒib Bareli Pauri-Khadki 0 NO ENTRY Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 pɛʈ Nimadi-Khargone 1 dʒibɑɳ Nimadi-Khargone 0 NO ENTRY Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 peʈ Nimadi-Awlia 1 dʒib Nimadi-Awlia 0 NO ENTRY Nimadi-Khargone 1 pɛʈ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 dʒibɑn Nimadi-Ashapur 0 NO ENTRY Nimadi-Awlia 1 pɛʈ Ahirani-Dhule 1 dʒibɦ Ahirani-Dhule 2 t ̪hʌna Nimadi-Ashapur 1 peʈ Hindi 1 dʒibɦ Hindi 1 tʃɑt ̪i Ahirani-Dhule 1 poʈ Gujarati 1 dʒibɦ 2 st̪ʌn Hindi 1 pɛʈ Marathi 1 dʒibɦ Gujarati 1 tʃɑt ̪i Gujarati 1 pɛʈh Marathi 2 st̪ʌn Marathi 1 poʈ 1 poʈ

84 13. arm 14. elbow 15. palm Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 h a t ̪h Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 kohoɳi Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 hɛtewi Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 h a t ̪h Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 kuhuɳi Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 hɛteɭi Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 7 pɑkəɽo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 kɔhəɳi Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 het̪əɭi Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 8 bʌhʈɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 kɔhɳi Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 het̪əɭi Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 hɑt̪ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 kʊhəɳi Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 h e t ̪eɭi Rathwi-Chenpur 1 hɑt̪ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 kuhɳɪ 1 hʌʈeli Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 hɑt̪ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 kʊhɳi Rathwi-Chenpur 1 hʌt ̪eɭi Bhilali-Bodugam 1 hɑt̪ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 kʊhɳi Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 hʌt ̪eɭi Bhili-Punyawat 8 bʌxʈũ Bhili-Punyawat 1 kuhɳɪ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 hʌt̪heɭi Bhili-Anjhera 8 bɑsʈũ Bhili-Anjhera 1 kuɳi Bhili-Punyawat 1 hɑt̪hɑɭũ Bhilali-Anjhera 8 bɑʃʈɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 kʊkɳi Bhili-Anjhera 1 het̪əɭɔ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 hɑt̪ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 kɔhɳi Bhilali-Anjhera 1 het̪hʌɭo Bhilali-Navalpura 1 purɑ hɑt ̪ Bhilali-Navalpura 1 kɔhɳi Bhilali-Mandwi 1 hɛt̪ɑɭɑ Bhilali-Agar 1 hɑt̪ Bhilali-Agar 1 kʌhɳi Bhilali-Navalpura 1 hɛt̪hʌɭo Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 hɑt̪ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 koɳi Bhilali-Agar 1 hɛt̪hʌɭa Bhilali-Kattivada 1 hɑt̪ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 kɔhɳi Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 het̪əɭɑ 8 bʌhʈu Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 kɔiɳi Bhilali-Kattivada 1 hʌt̪heɭi Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 hɑt̪ Bhili-Piplia 1 kʊhɳi Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 hɑt̪heɭi Bhili-Piplia 1 hɑt̪ Bhili-Kharod 1 kuhuni Bhili-Piplia 1 hɑt̪heɭi Bhili-Kharod 1 hat̪ Bhilali-Aspai 1 koɳɪ Bhili-Kharod 1 hat̪heɭi Bhilali-Aspai 1 hɑt̪ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 koɳi Bhilali-Aspai 1 hət̪hevɪ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 hɑt̪ Palya-Choutharya 1 koɳi Rathawi-Mankodi 1 hʌt ̪eɭi Palya-Choutharya 1 hɑt̪ Palya-Natvada 1 koɳi Palya-Choutharya 1 hʌt̪heɭi Palya-Natvada 1 hɑt̪ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 khum Palya-Natvada 1 hɑt̪hʌɭi Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 at̪ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 khumi Bareli Pauri-Shahana 5 t̪hout̪i Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 at̪ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 khum Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 5 t̪hʌl t ̪i Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 hɑt̪h Nimadi-Khargone 1 kɔiɳi Bareli Pauri-Khadki 5 t̪hɑut̪hi Nimadi-Khargone 1 hɑt̪h Nimadi-Awlia 1 kɔhinɪ Nimadi-Khargone 1 hɑt̪əɭɑi Nimadi-Awlia 1 hɑt̪h Nimadi-Ashapur 1 koɳi Nimadi-Awlia 1 hʌt ̪eli 2 bɑ̃h Ahirani-Dhule 2 kopʊrʌ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 hʌt ̪eɭi Nimadi-Ashapur 2 bɑ̃j Hindi 1 kohəni Ahirani-Dhule 0 NO ENTRY Ahirani-Dhule 1 hɑt̪ Gujarati 1 kõɳi Hindi 1 hʌt̪heli Hindi 1 hɑt̪h Marathi 2 kopʌɾ Gujarati 1 hʌt̪heli 2 bɑ̃h Marathi 2 t̪ʌɭʌhɑt̪ Gujarati 1 hɑt̪h Marathi 1 hɑt̪h 2 bɑ̃h

85 16. finger 17. fingernail 18. leg Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 aŋgul Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1,2 n̪okhʌɖo Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 3 pai Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 aŋgul Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 nʌkh Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 3 pai Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 ɑŋgɭi Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1,2 nɑkhəɽi Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 3 pɑj Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 ɑŋgəɭi Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1,2 nʌkhɖɑ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 pɑj Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 ɑŋgʊɭ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1,2 nɔkhəɽɔ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 3 pɑj Rathwi-Chenpur 1 ɑngʊɭ Rathwi-Chenpur 1,2 nɔkhɔɖɔ Rathwi-Chenpur 3 pɑj Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 ɑŋgʊɭ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1,2 nʌkhɖɪjɑ Rathwi-Dongargaon 3 pɑj Bhilali-Bodugam 1 ɑngʌɭi Bhilali-Bodugam 1,2 nʌukhʌɖəjɑ Bhilali-Bodugam 3 pɑ̃j Bhili-Punyawat 1 ɑŋgɑɽɪ Bhili-Punyawat 1 nɔkh Bhili-Punyawat 3 pɑ̃j Bhili-Anjhera 1 ɑŋgɭi Bhili-Anjhera 1 nʌkh Bhili-Anjhera 5 ʈɑŋgɔ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 ɑngʌɭi Bhilali-Anjhera 1,2 nʌkhʌɖjo Bhilali-Anjhera 3 pɑ̃j Bhilali-Mandwi 1 ɑngʌɭi Bhilali-Mandwi 1 nʌkh Bhilali-Mandwi 3 pɑ̃j Bhilali-Navalpura 1 ʊngʌɭi Bhilali-Navalpura 1,2 nʌkhɖɪjɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 3 pɑ̃j Bhilali-Agar 1 ɑngʊɭ Bhilali-Agar 1 nʌkh Bhilali-Agar 3 pɑ̃j Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 ɑngʌɭi Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 nʌkh Bhilali-Udaigadh 3 pɑj Bhilali-Kattivada 1 ɑŋgəɭjɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 nʌkh Bhilali-Kattivada 1 pɔg Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 ɑngʌɭi Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 nʌkh Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 pɑ̃j Bhili-Piplia 1 ɑŋgɭi Bhili-Piplia 1 nɔkh Bhili-Piplia 1 pog Bhili-Kharod 1 ãgli Bhili-Kharod 1 nakh Bhili-Kharod 1 pag Bhilali-Aspai 1 ɑŋəvɪ Bhilali-Aspai 1 nəkh Bhilali-Aspai 1 pɔg Rathawi-Mankodi 1 ɑngʌɭi Rathawi-Mankodi 1 nʌkh Rathawi-Mankodi 1 pog Palya-Choutharya 1 ʌŋgɭi Palya-Choutharya 1,2 nʌkhɖiju Palya-Choutharya 1 pɔg Palya-Natvada 1 ɑngʌɭi Palya-Natvada 1,2 nʌkhʌɖju Palya-Natvada 6 nʌlbo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 2 aŋʈhi Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 n̪okh 1 pog Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 aŋgul Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 nʌkh Bareli Pauri-Shahana 3 pai Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 ɑŋgu Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 nəkh Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 3 pai Nimadi-Khargone 1 ɑŋgɭjɑ Nimadi-Khargone 1 nɑkh Bareli Pauri-Khadki 3 pɑj Nimadi-Awlia 1 ʌngəlʌi Nimadi-Awlia 1 nʌkh Nimadi-Khargone 3 pɑ̃j Nimadi-Ashapur 1 ʌŋəɭi Nimadi-Ashapur 1,3 nʌkhun Nimadi-Awlia 5 ʈɑ̃ŋ Ahirani-Dhule 3 boʈ Ahirani-Dhule 1 nʌkh Nimadi-Ashapur 5 ʈɑ̃ŋ Hindi 1 ʌ̃gʊli Hindi 1 nʌkh Ahirani-Dhule 5 t̪ʌŋgʌɖi Gujarati 1 ɑŋgɭi 1,3 nʌkhun Hindi 2 pəiɾ Marathi 1 ɑŋgoɖi Gujarati 1 nəkh 5 ʈɑ̃g 3 boʈ Marathi 1 nʌkh Gujarati 1 pʌg Marathi 3 pai

86 19. skin 20. bone 21. heart Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 t ̪s ̪ambʌɖo Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 haɖko Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 0 NO ENTRY Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 t ̪s ̪ambʌɖʌ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 haɖka Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 3 dziu Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 tʃɑmbɖɔ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 hɑɖəko Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 3 dʒiv Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 tʃɑmbɖɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 hʌɖko Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 dʒiv Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 tʃɑməɽo Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 hɑɽəko Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 3 hɪʋ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 tʃɑməɖo Rathwi-Chenpur 1 hʌɖəkɔ Rathwi-Chenpur 3 dʒiv Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 tʃɑməɖɑ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 hʌʈəko Rathwi-Dongargaon 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Bodugam 1 tʃɑmʌɖo Bhilali-Bodugam 1 hɑɖəko Bhilali-Bodugam 3 dʒiv Bhili-Punyawat 1 tʃɑmɖu Bhili-Punyawat 1 hɑʈkũ Bhili-Punyawat 2 d̪ɪl Bhili-Anjhera 1 tʃɑmbɖɔ Bhili-Anjhera 1 hʌʈkũ Bhili-Anjhera 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Anjhera 1 tʃɑməɖo Bhilali-Anjhera 1 hʌɖkɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 6 bɦopsɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 tʃɑmʌɖo Bhilali-Mandwi 1 hʌɖko Bhilali-Mandwi 3 dʒiv Bhilali-Navalpura 1 tʃɑmʌɖo Bhilali-Navalpura 1 hʌɖko Bhilali-Navalpura 3 dʒiv Bhilali-Agar 1 tʃɑmʌɖi Bhilali-Agar 1 hʌɖki Bhilali-Agar 3 dʒiv Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 tʃɑmɖɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 hʌʈkɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 3 dʒiv Bhilali-Kattivada 1 tʃɑmbəɖu Bhilali-Kattivada 1 hɑʈkɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 3 dʒiv Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 tʃɑməɖi Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 hʌɖki Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 dʒiv Bhili-Piplia 1 sɑməɖɑ Bhili-Piplia 1 hɑʈkõ Bhili-Piplia 3 dʒiv Bhili-Kharod 1 tsamɖi Bhili-Kharod 1 haɖki Bhili-Kharod 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Aspai 1 tʃɑməɖʊ Bhilali-Aspai 1 hɑhʈu Bhilali-Aspai 8 mən Rathawi-Mankodi 1 tʃɑmʌɖi Rathawi-Mankodi 1 hʌɖki Rathawi-Mankodi 0 NO ENTRY Palya-Choutharya 1 tʃɑmʌɖu Palya-Choutharya 1 hʌkʈu Palya-Choutharya 3 dʒiv Palya-Natvada 1 tʃɑmʌɖu Palya-Natvada 1 hʌɖkɑ Palya-Natvada 3 dʒiv Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 t ̪s ̪ambaɖo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 aʈkʌ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 0 NO ENTRY Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 t ̪s ̪ambʌɖi Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 3 aɖe Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 0 NO ENTRY Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 tʃɑməɖo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 3 hɑɖ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 0 NO ENTRY Nimadi-Khargone 1 tʃɑmbɖɔ Nimadi-Khargone 1 hɑɖkɑ Nimadi-Khargone 0 NO ENTRY Nimadi-Awlia 1 tʃɑməɖo Nimadi-Awlia 3 hʌɖɖi Nimadi-Awlia 2 d̪il Nimadi-Ashapur 1 tʃɑmɖɑ Nimadi-Ashapur 3 hʌɖɖi Nimadi-Ashapur 2 d̪il Ahirani-Dhule 1 tʃɑmbʌɖʌ Ahirani-Dhule 1 hɑɖuk Ahirani-Dhule 8 mʌn̪ Hindi 1 tʃəməɖɑ Hindi 3 həɖɖi Hindi 1 hɾid̪əi Gujarati 1 tʃɑməɖi Gujarati 1 hɑɖəkũ 2 d̪il Marathi 1 tʃɑmbʌɖi Marathi 1 hɑɖuk Gujarati 1 ɾəd̪ɑi 3 hɑɖ 2 d̪il Marathi 1 ɾud̪ʌi

87 22. blood 23. urine 24. feces Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 l ̪ui Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 m u t ̪h Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 4 ɦagdʒo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 l ̪ui Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 m u t ̪h Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 4 hadʒʌ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 lʊhĩ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 0 NO ENTRY Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 0 NO ENTRY Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 luhi Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 0 NO ENTRY Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 0 NO ENTRY Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 lʊhĩ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 0 NO ENTRY Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 0 NO ENTRY Rathwi-Chenpur 4 nʊhi Rathwi-Chenpur 0 NO ENTRY Rathwi-Chenpur 0 NO ENTRY Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 lui Rathwi-Dongargaon 0 NO ENTRY Rathwi-Dongargaon 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Bodugam 1 lũhi Bhilali-Bodugam 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Bodugam 0 NO ENTRY Bhili-Punyawat 1 luhi Bhili-Punyawat 0 NO ENTRY Bhili-Punyawat 0 NO ENTRY Bhili-Anjhera 4 noi Bhili-Anjhera 0 NO ENTRY Bhili-Anjhera 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Anjhera 4 noi Bhilali-Anjhera 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Anjhera 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Mandwi 1 lui Bhilali-Mandwi 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Mandwi 0 NO ENTRY 2 khun Bhilali-Navalpura 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Navalpura 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Navalpura 4 noi Bhilali-Agar 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Agar 0 NO ENTRY 2 khun Bhilali-Udaigadh 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Udaigadh 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Agar 4 nʊhi Bhilali-Kattivada 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Kattivada 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 loi Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 0 NO ENTRY Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Kattivada 1 lohi Bhili-Piplia 0 NO ENTRY Bhili-Piplia 0 NO ENTRY Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 lõi Bhili-Kharod 0 NO ENTRY Bhili-Kharod 0 NO ENTRY Bhili-Piplia 1 loi Bhilali-Aspai 1 mut̪əɾvɑ Bhilali-Aspai 4 hɑgvɑ Bhili-Kharod 1 lui Rathawi-Mankodi 1 mut ̪ri Rathawi-Mankodi 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Aspai 1 loi Palya-Choutharya 0 NO ENTRY Palya-Choutharya 0 NO ENTRY Rathawi-Mankodi 1 loi Palya-Natvada 0 NO ENTRY Palya-Natvada 0 NO ENTRY Palya-Choutharya 1 loi Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 mut̪ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 4 agio Palya-Natvada 1 loi Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 mut̪ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 4 ogiʌ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 l ̪ui Bareli Pauri-Khadki 0 NO ENTRY Bareli Pauri-Khadki 0 NO ENTRY Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 lui Nimadi-Khargone 0 NO ENTRY Nimadi-Khargone 0 NO ENTRY Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 lui Nimadi-Awlia 0 NO ENTRY Nimadi-Awlia 0 NO ENTRY Nimadi-Khargone 2 khun Nimadi-Ashapur 0 NO ENTRY Nimadi-Ashapur 0 NO ENTRY Nimadi-Awlia 2 khun Ahirani-Dhule 4 lʌgui Ahirani-Dhule 2 gu Nimadi-Ashapur 2 khun Hindi 1 mut̪ɾə Hindi 1 ʈʌʈʈi Ahirani-Dhule 3 rʌŋgʌt̪ 3 pɛʃəb 2 gʊh Hindi 2 khun Gujarati 1 mot̪əɾ 3 mʌl 3 ɾʌkt̪ə 1 mut̪ɾə Gujarati 1 ʈʌʈʈi 5 ləhu 3 pɛʃəb 2 gu Gujarati 1 lohi Marathi 1 mut̪ɾə Marathi 2 gu 1 loi 4 lʌgβi 3 mʌl Marathi 3 ɾʌkt̪ʌ

88 25. village 26. house 27. roof Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 gaõ Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 gɦaɾ Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 7 pʌɖawo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 gaũ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 gɦaɾ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 7 pʌɖaɭʌ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 gɑ̃ʋ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 gɦɔɾ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 7 pɔɖɑʋo Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 gɑ̃v Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 gɦʌɾ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 7 pɔɖɑɭ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 gɑ̃ʋ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 gɦɔɾ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 13 tʃhɑʋəɳi Rathwi-Chenpur 1 gɑ̃v Rathwi-Chenpur 1 gɦʌr Rathwi-Chenpur 7 pɔɖaɭ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 gɑ̃v Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 gɦʌɾ Rathwi-Dongargaon 7 pʌɖɑɭ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 gɑ̃m Bhilali-Bodugam 1 gɦɔhr Bhilali-Bodugam 10 noɭjɑ Bhili-Punyawat 1 gɑ̃ʋ 1 gɦɔr 15 kɔvlu Bhili-Anjhera 1 gɑ̃v Bhili-Punyawat 1 gɦɔɾ Bhili-Punyawat 1 tʃhɔt̪ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 gɑ̃ʋ Bhili-Anjhera 1 gɦʌɾ Bhili-Anjhera 7 pʌɖɑl Bhilali-Mandwi 1 gɑ̃m Bhilali-Anjhera 1 gɦʌr Bhilali-Anjhera 7 pʌɖɑv Bhilali-Navalpura 1 gɑ̃v Bhilali-Mandwi 1 gɦʌɾ Bhilali-Mandwi 7 pʌɖɑɭ Bhilali-Agar 1 gɑ̃v Bhilali-Navalpura 1 gɦʌɾ Bhilali-Navalpura 14 ɖɑkh Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 gɑ̃v Bhilali-Agar 1 gɦʌr 7 pʌɖɑɭ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 gɑm Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 gɦʌɾ Bhilali-Agar 7 pʌɖɑɭ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 gɑ̃v Bhilali-Kattivada 1 gɦɔɾ Bhilali-Udaigadh 7 pʌɖɑɭ Bhili-Piplia 1 gɑm Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 gɦʌr Bhilali-Kattivada 7 pʌɖɑɭ Bhili-Kharod 1 gam Bhili-Piplia 1 gɦeɾ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 tʃhʌt̪ Bhilali-Aspai 1 gɑm Bhili-Kharod 1 ghar Bhili-Piplia 9 t ̪hɑpəɖɑ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 gɑm Bhilali-Aspai 1,4 koəɾ Bhili-Kharod 4 hʌɖe Palya-Choutharya 1 gɑm Rathawi-Mankodi 1,4 khor Bhilali-Aspai 7 pəɖɑv Palya-Natvada 1 gɑ̃v Palya-Choutharya 1 gɦɔɾ Rathawi-Mankodi 7 pʌɖɑv Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 gau Palya-Natvada 1 gɦor Palya-Choutharya 7 pʌɖɑl Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 gaũ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 gɦaɾ Palya-Natvada 7 pʌɖɑɭ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 gɑ̃ʋ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 gaɾ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 0 NO ENTRY Nimadi-Khargone 1 gɑ̃vɖɔ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 gɦəɾ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 0 NO ENTRY Nimadi-Awlia 1 gɑ̃v Nimadi-Khargone 1 gɦɑr Bareli Pauri-Khadki 7 pɔɖɑʋo Nimadi-Ashapur 1 gɑ̃v Nimadi-Awlia 1 gɦʌɾ Nimadi-Khargone 1 tʃhɑt̪ Ahirani-Dhule 2 khɛɖʌ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 gɦʌɾ Nimadi-Awlia 1 tʃhʌt̪ Hindi 1 gɑũ Ahirani-Dhule 1 gɦʌɾ Nimadi-Ashapur 5 upəɾi Gujarati 1 gɑm Hindi 1 gɦʌɾ Ahirani-Dhule 2 ʌr Marathi 1 gɑũ 3 məkɑn 1,9 tʃhʌp Gujarati 1 gɦʌɾ Hindi 1 tʃhət̪ Marathi 1 gɦʌɾ Gujarati 9 tʃɑpəɾũ 3 məkɑn Marathi 9 tʃʌpʌɾ

89 28. door 29. firewood 30. broom Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 5 d̪z̪ɦoplu Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 3 l̪akad̪o Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 3 bɦahaɾi Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 5 d̪z̪ɦoplu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 3 l ̪akʌɖa Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 3 bɦahaɾi Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 5 dʒɦoplu Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 3 lɑkəɖo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 3 bɑhəɾi Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 5 dʒɑplu Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 lɑkəɖɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 bʌhɾi Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 3 bɑiɳɔ̃ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 3 lɑkəɽɔ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 3 bɑhəɾi Rathwi-Chenpur 5 dʒɦʌpəlu Rathwi-Chenpur 3 lɑkəɖɔ Rathwi-Chenpur 3 bʌhʌɾi Rathwi-Dongargaon 5 dʒɦʌplu Rathwi-Dongargaon 3 lɑkəɖɔ Rathwi-Dongargaon 3 bʌhɾi Bhilali-Bodugam 3 bɑjɭɳo Bhilali-Bodugam 3 lɑkʌɖo Bhilali-Bodugam 3 bɑhʌɾi 5 dʒoplʊ Bhili-Punyawat 3 lɑkəɖu Bhili-Punyawat 3 bəhɑɾi Bhili-Punyawat 2 d̪ɔɾvɑdʒo Bhili-Anjhera 3 lɑkəɖũ Bhili-Anjhera 3 bɑhəɾi Bhili-Anjhera 3 bɑɾɳũ Bhilali-Anjhera 3 lɑkʌɖɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 bɦɑɾi Bhilali-Anjhera 3 bɑjɳo Bhilali-Mandwi 3 lɑkʌɖɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 3 bɑhɾi 3 bɑrɳo Bhilali-Navalpura 3 lɑkʌɖɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 3 bɑhɾi Bhilali-Mandwi 3 bɑrno Bhilali-Agar 3 lɑkʌɖi Bhilali-Agar 3 bɑhɾi Bhilali-Navalpura 3 bɑjɪɳo Bhilali-Udaigadh 3 lʌkəɖi Bhilali-Udaigadh 3 bɦʌhəɾi Bhilali-Agar 3 bɑjɪɳo Bhilali-Kattivada 3 lɑkəɖɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 3 bɑhəɖi Bhilali-Udaigadh 3 bɑiɳɑ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 lɑkʌɖɑ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 bajɾi Bhilali-Kattivada 4 d̪ʌɾbɑiɳu Bhili-Piplia 3 lɑkəɖɑ Bhili-Piplia 3 bɑheɖu Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 bɑjɪɳu Bhili-Kharod 3 lakhɖa Bhili-Kharod 3 bahaɖi Bhili-Piplia 11 kɑʈlo Bhilali-Aspai 3 lɑkəɖɑ Bhilali-Aspai 1 bɑɖi Bhili-Kharod 1 kʌmar Rathawi-Mankodi 3 lɑkʌɖu Rathawi-Mankodi 3 bɑhʌɖi Bhilali-Aspai 5 sɑpəlʊ Palya-Choutharya 3 lɑkəɖu Palya-Choutharya 1 bɑɖi Rathawi-Mankodi 5 d̪ɦɑpʌlu Palya-Natvada 3 lɑkʌɖʊ Palya-Natvada 1 bɑɖi Palya-Choutharya 5 tʃhɑplu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 3 l ̪akaɖa Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 baɾi Palya-Natvada 5 d̪ʒɑpʌlʊ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 3 lakaɖa Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 baɾi Bareli Pauri-Shahana 5 d̪z̪upu Bareli Pauri-Khadki 3 lɑkəɖo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 bɑɾi Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 5 d̪z̪upu Nimadi-Khargone 3 lɑkəɖɑ Nimadi-Khargone 1 bɑjɾɔ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 5 dʒupu Nimadi-Awlia 3 lʌkkhʌɖ Nimadi-Awlia 1 bɦɑiɾi Nimadi-Khargone 3 bɑɾɳu Nimadi-Ashapur 3 lʌkəɖi Nimadi-Ashapur 1 bʌiɾi Nimadi-Awlia 2 d̪ʌɾwɑdʒɑ Ahirani-Dhule 3 lɑkuɖ Ahirani-Dhule 6 dʒɦɑɖne Nimadi-Ashapur 2 d̪ʌɾvɑdʒɔ Hindi 3 ləkəɖi Hindi 6 dʒɦɑɖu Ahirani-Dhule 3,4 d̪aɾʌɳʌ Gujarati 3 lɑkəɖũ Gujarati 2 sɑvɑɾəɳi Hindi 2 d̪əɾvɑzɑ Marathi 3 lɑkuɖʌ 6 dʒɑɾɖũ Gujarati 2 d̪əɾvɑdʒo Marathi 6 dzɦɑɖu 3 bɑ̃ɾɳũ Marathi 2 d̪ʌɾwɑdʒɑ 6 d̪ɑɾ

90 31. mortar 32. pestle 33. hammer Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 2 khanɖʌɳiu Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 2 l ̪ud̪ u Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 2 hat̪hoɖi Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 2 khanɖʌɳiu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 14 ɖoguɖu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 2 hat ̪oɖi Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 7 ukhɔʋ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 10 muʃɔɭ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 2 hɑt̪eʋəɭi Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 7 ukhɭju Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 10 muʃʌɭ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 2 hʌt ̪heʋɖu Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 2 khɑɳɖəɳjo Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 10 muʃəɭu Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 2 hɑt̪eʋəɽi 7 ʊkhoɭ 10 muʃoɭ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 gɦɔɳ Rathwi-Chenpur 7 ukhʌɭ Rathwi-Chenpur 10 muʃʌɭ Rathwi-Dongargaon 2 hɑt̪eʋɖu Rathwi-Dongargaon 7 ʊkhoɭ Rathwi-Dongargaon 10 muʃʌɭ Bhilali-Bodugam 2 hɑt ̪hɛuɖʊ Bhilali-Bodugam 2 khɑnʌɳjo Bhilali-Bodugam 2 lud̪ʊ Bhili-Punyawat 2 het̪hoɖi Bhili-Punyawat 7 ukhɭijo Bhili-Punyawat 14 d̪ɔgɖɔ Bhili-Anjhera 2 ɑt ̪hɔɖu Bhili-Anjhera 7 ɔkhʌɭ Bhili-Anjhera 10 muʃlɔ Bhilali-Anjhera 2 hʌt ̪oɖu Bhilali-Anjhera 7 ukhəl Bhilali-Anjhera 10 mʊsʌɭ Bhilali-Mandwi 2 hɑt̪hoɖi Bhilali-Mandwi 7 ɔkhʌɭ Bhilali-Mandwi 10 mʊsʌɭ Bhilali-Navalpura 2 hɑt̪heɖu Bhilali-Navalpura 7 okhɭɪjɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 10 mosɭɪjɑ Bhilali-Agar 2 ʈɑki hʌt ̪heuɖiu Bhilali-Agar 7 ɔkhʌɭɪjɑ Bhilali-Agar 10 mʊsʌɭ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 gɦʌɳijɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 7 ukhʌɭi Bhilali-Udaigadh 10 muʃəɭi Bhilali-Kattivada 2 hʌt ̪hoɖi Bhilali-Kattivada 2 kʌɳiɳjo Bhilali-Kattivada 10 mʊhʌɭo Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 hɑt ̪hɛuɖo Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 7 ʊkhɭɪja Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 10 mʊsʌɭ Bhili-Piplia 1 gɦuɳ Bhili-Piplia 1 bɑʈo Bhili-Piplia 4 bɑto Bhili-Kharod 2 hat ̪oɖi Bhili-Kharod 2 khanaɳi Bhili-Kharod 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Aspai 2 hɑt̪hoɖɪ Bhilali-Aspai 2 khɑiɳjo Bhilali-Aspai 10 muhũ Rathawi-Mankodi 2 hʌt ̪hoɖi Rathawi-Mankodi 2 khɑnjo Rathawi-Mankodi 10 mʊhɭu Palya-Choutharya 2 hʌt̪houɖɑ Palya-Choutharya 2 kʌɳiɳjo Palya-Choutharya 2 lod̪əjɑ Palya-Natvada 2 hɑt ̪hʌuɖo Palya-Natvada 2 khʌnjɑ 10 muhəɭu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 2 hat ̪oɖi 7 ukhʌɭ Palya-Natvada 10 musʌɭɑ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 2 at ̪uɖu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 7 ukhõ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 10 muhʌwʌ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 2 hɑt̪həɖi Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 2 khanɖʌɳi Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 12 gunɖu Nimadi-Khargone 2 hɑt ̪hɔɖi Bareli Pauri-Khadki 7 ukhɔl Bareli Pauri-Khadki 10 muhɔʋ Nimadi-Awlia 2 hɑt ̪hɔɖi Nimadi-Khargone 7 ukhɑɭ Nimadi-Khargone 10 musɑɭ Nimadi-Ashapur 2 hɑt ̪hɔɖi Nimadi-Awlia 7 ʊkkhʌɭ Nimadi-Awlia 10 mʊsʌɭ Ahirani-Dhule 2 hɑt ̪oɖɑ Nimadi-Ashapur 7 ʊkkhʌɭ Nimadi-Ashapur 10 muʃʌɭ Hindi 1 gɦən Ahirani-Dhule 7 ukhai Ahirani-Dhule 10 musʌi 2 hət ̪hoɖi Hindi 7 khəɾəl Hindi 2 lõɖɦɑ Gujarati 2 hət ̪hoɖi 7 okhəli 10 musəl Marathi 2 hɑt ̪oɖɑ Gujarati 2 khəiɳi Gujarati 4 pət̪ʌɾ 6 pət̪ʌɾo 9 khul Marathi 7 ukhʌɭi Marathi 10 musʌɭɑ

91 34. knife 35. axe 36. rope Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 2 t ̪s ̪oku Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 2 kuraɖ Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 5 s̪umʈo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 2 t ̪s ̪oku Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 2 kuraɖ 7 ɾas̪ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 2 tʃhokku Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 2 kuɾɑɖɔ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 3 usoɖu Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 2 tʃɔkku Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 2 kuɾɑɖɔ 7 ɾas̪ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 2 tʃoku Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 2 kʊɾɑɾ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 7 ɾɑːs Rathwi-Chenpur 2 tʃɔkku Rathwi-Chenpur 2 kuɾɑɖ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 d̪oiɖo Rathwi-Dongargaon 2 tʃʌkku Rathwi-Dongargaon 2 kuɾɑɖ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 d̪ʊjɽo Bhilali-Bodugam 2 tʃɑkkʊ Bhilali-Bodugam 2 kʊɾɑɖʊ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 d̪uɖo Bhili-Punyawat 1 tʃuɾɪ Bhili-Punyawat 2 kurɑɖi Rathwi-Dongargaon 7 ɾɑs Bhili-Anjhera 2 tʃʌkku Bhili-Anjhera 2 kuɾɑɖ Bhilali-Bodugam 7 ɾɑs Bhilali-Anjhera 2 tʃʌkku Bhilali-Anjhera 2 kʊɾɑɖ Bhili-Punyawat 7 ɾɑxi Bhilali-Mandwi 2 tʃʌkku Bhilali-Mandwi 2 kʊɾɑɖ Bhili-Anjhera 1 d̪oiɖũ Bhilali-Navalpura 2 tʃəkku Bhilali-Navalpura 2 kʊɾɑɖ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 d̪oiɖɑ̃ Bhilali-Agar 2 tʃʌkku Bhilali-Agar 2 kʊɾɑɖ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 d̪ojɖo Bhilali-Udaigadh 2 tʃʌkku Bhilali-Udaigadh 2 kuɾɑɖi Bhilali-Navalpura 1 d̪ʊjɖɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 2 tʃɑkku Bhilali-Kattivada 2 kuɾɑɖɑ Bhilali-Agar 7 ɾɑs Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 tʃʌkku Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 kʊɾɑɖi Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 d̪oɾi Bhili-Piplia 2 sʌkku Bhili-Piplia 1,2 kohʌɖi Bhilali-Kattivada 7 ɾɑh Bhili-Kharod 2 tsaku Bhili-Kharod 1 kohni Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 d̪ɔjɖu Bhilali-Aspai 2 tʃəkhʊ Bhilali-Aspai 2 kʊɾɑɖɪ Bhili-Piplia 1 d̪oiɖo Rathawi-Mankodi 3 d̪ɑt̪hoɖi Rathawi-Mankodi 1 khoɖi Bhili-Kharod 1 d̪ori Palya-Choutharya 2 tʃʌkku Palya-Choutharya 2 kuɾɑɖu Bhilali-Aspai 1 d̪oɖʊ Palya-Natvada 2 tʃʌkkʊ Palya-Natvada 2 kʊɾɑɖo Rathawi-Mankodi 1 d̪oɖu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 2 t ̪s ̪oku Bareli Pauri-Shahana 2 kuraɖ Palya-Choutharya 1 d̪oɖu Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 s̪uɾi Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 2 kuraɖ Palya-Natvada 7 ɾɑh Bareli Pauri-Khadki 2 tʃɔkku Bareli Pauri-Khadki 2 kuɾɑɖ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 5 humʈa Nimadi-Khargone 2 tʃɑkku Nimadi-Khargone 2 kuɾɑɖi 8 d̪awõ Nimadi-Awlia 2 tʃʌkku Nimadi-Awlia 2 kuɾɑɖi Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 3 usoɖu Nimadi-Ashapur 2 tʃʌkku Nimadi-Ashapur 2 kuɾɑɖi Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 d̪uɖo Ahirani-Dhule 1 suɾi Ahirani-Dhule 2 kuɾɑɖʌ Nimadi-Khargone 1 d̪oiɖɔ Hindi 1 tʃʊɾi Hindi 2 kʊlhɑɖi Nimadi-Awlia 1 d̪ɔɾi 2 tʃɑku Gujarati 1 koɾi Nimadi-Ashapur 1 d̪oiɖɑ Gujarati 1 tʃʊɾi 2 kuhɑɖi Ahirani-Dhule 1 d̪or 2 tʃəku Marathi 2 kuɾɑɖʌ Hindi 7 ɾəssi 4 tʃəɾo Gujarati 1 ɖoɾu Marathi 1 suɾi 1 d̪oɾi Marathi 1 d̪oɾ 1 d̪oɾi

92 37. thread 38. needle 39. cloth Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 d̪uɾu Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 s̪wi Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 9 tʃin̪d̪ʌro Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 d̪uɾu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 s̪wi Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 9 tʃin̪d̪ra Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 d̪uɾu Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 suʋi Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 9 tʃhɪnd̪əɾo Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 d̪oɾo Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 sui Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 9 tʃɪnd̪əɾɑ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 d̪uɾu Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 suʋi Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 9 tʃhɪn̪d̪ɾo Rathwi-Chenpur 1 d̪uɾu Rathwi-Chenpur 1 suʋi Rathwi-Chenpur 9 tʃhind̪əɾɔ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 d̪uɾu Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 suʋi Rathwi-Dongargaon 9 tʃɪnd̪əɾɑ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 d̪uɾʊ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 sui Bhilali-Bodugam 9 tʃhɪnd̪ɾo Bhili-Punyawat 1 d̪uɾɔ Bhili-Punyawat 1 hui Bhili-Punyawat 14 put ̪həliju Bhili-Anjhera 1 d̪oɾɑ Bhili-Anjhera 1 sũi Bhili-Anjhera 14 pɔt̪əlijɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 d̪oɾɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 sũi Bhilali-Anjhera 3,9 tʃhet̪ɾɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 d̪oɾɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 sui Bhilali-Mandwi 14 pʊt ̪ljɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 1 ɖor Bhilali-Navalpura 1 sʊj Bhilali-Navalpura 14 pʊt ̪lɪjɑ Bhilali-Agar 1 d̪ʊɾɑ Bhilali-Agar 1 sʊi Bhilali-Agar 1 kɑpʌɖo Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 d̪uɾu Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 sui 14 pʊt ̪lɪjɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 d̪oɾɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 hui Bhilali-Udaigadh 14 pɔt̪əlijɑ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 d̪oɾu Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 sʊ̃j Bhilali-Kattivada 4 sɑkəlɑ Bhili-Piplia 1 d̪oɾo Bhili-Piplia 1 hui Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3,9 tʃhet̪ɾɑ Bhili-Kharod 1 d̪oɾɑ Bhili-Kharod 1 hui Bhili-Piplia 3 sit̪ɾu Bhilali-Aspai 1 d̪oɾo Bhilali-Aspai 1 hõi Bhili-Kharod 1 kapɖa Rathawi-Mankodi 1 d̪oɾo Rathawi-Mankodi 1 hoj Bhilali-Aspai 6 lugəɖʊ Palya-Choutharya 1 d̪oɾo Palya-Choutharya 1 hoi Rathawi-Mankodi 6 lʊgɖu Palya-Natvada 1 ɖoɾo Palya-Natvada 1 hɔj Palya-Choutharya 6 lugəɖu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 d̪oɾɑ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 hwi Palya-Natvada 6 lʊgəɖʊ 1 d̪oɾu Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 hwi Bareli Pauri-Shahana 6 l ̻ugʌɖa Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 d̪oɾɑ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 hui Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 6 lugʌɖʌ 1 d̪oɾu Nimadi-Khargone 1 sui Bareli Pauri-Khadki 6 lugəɖo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 d̪uɾu Nimadi-Awlia 1 sui Nimadi-Khargone 1 kɑpəɖo Nimadi-Khargone 1 d̪ɔɾɔ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 sui Nimadi-Awlia 2 onnu Nimadi-Awlia 1 d̪ɔɾɔ Ahirani-Dhule 1 sui Nimadi-Ashapur 1 kɑpəɖo Nimadi-Ashapur 1 d̪oɾɑ Hindi 1 sʊi Ahirani-Dhule 1 kɑpʌɖʌ Ahirani-Dhule 1 ɖorʌ Gujarati 1 soi Hindi 1 kəpəɖɑ Hindi 1 ɖoɾɑ Marathi 1 sui Gujarati 1 kɑpɑɖ 2 sut̪ 1 kopəɖũ 3 d̪ɦɑgɑ Marathi 1 kɑpʌɖʌ Gujarati 1 ɖoɾo Marathi 1 d̪oɾɑ 2 sut̪

93 40. ring 41. sun 42. moon Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 4 mun̪d̪i Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 2 d̪ahaɖu Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 tʃan̪d̪ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 4 mun̪d̪i Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 2 d̪ahaɖu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 t ̪s ̪an̪d̪ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 4 mun̪d̪i Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 2 d̪ʌhʌɖo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 tʃɑnd̪ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 4 mund̪i Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 2 d̪ʌhəɖɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 tʃɑnd̪ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 4 mʊn̪d̪i Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 2 d̪ɑhəɽu Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 tʃɑnd̪ Rathwi-Chenpur 4 mund̪i Rathwi-Chenpur 2 d̪ʌhʌɖu Rathwi-Chenpur 1 tʃɑnd̪ Rathwi-Dongargaon 4 mund̪i Rathwi-Dongargaon 2 d̪ʌhəɖɔ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 tʃɑnd̪ Bhilali-Bodugam 4 mund̪i Bhilali-Bodugam 2 d̪ɑhʌɖu Bhilali-Bodugam 1 tʃɑnd̪ Bhili-Punyawat 4 mund̪ɦi Bhili-Punyawat 2 d̪ɦʌhɑɖɔ Bhili-Punyawat 1 tʃɑnd̪ Bhili-Anjhera 4 mund̪ĩ Bhili-Anjhera 2 d̪ʌhʌɖo Bhili-Anjhera 1 tʃɑnd̪ Bhilali-Anjhera 4 mund̪i Bhilali-Anjhera 2 d̪ɛhʌɖu Bhilali-Anjhera 1 tʃɑ̃d̪ Bhilali-Mandwi 4 mund̪i Bhilali-Mandwi 2 d̪ɑhʌɖo Bhilali-Mandwi 1 tʃɑnd̪ Bhilali-Navalpura 4 mund̪i Bhilali-Navalpura 2 d̪ɑhɖu Bhilali-Navalpura 1 tʃɑnd̪ Bhilali-Agar 4 mund̪i Bhilali-Agar 2 d̪ɑhʌɖo Bhilali-Agar 1 tʃɑnd̪ Bhilali-Udaigadh 4 mund̪i Bhilali-Udaigadh 2 d̪ʌhʌɖu Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 tʃɑnd̪ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 viʈi Bhilali-Kattivada 2 d̪ʌhəɖɔ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 tʃɑnd̪ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 4 mund̪i Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 d̪in Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 tʃɑnd̪ Bhili-Piplia 1 viʈʈi Bhili-Piplia 1 d̪ʌn Bhili-Piplia 1 sɑnd̪ Bhili-Kharod 1 witi Bhili-Kharod 1 d̪ʌn Bhili-Kharod 1 sand̪ Bhilali-Aspai 1 vĩʈɪ Bhilali-Aspai 2 d̪ɑɖo Bhilali-Aspai 1 tʃɑ̃d̪ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 viʈi Rathawi-Mankodi 2 d̪ɑɖo Rathawi-Mankodi 1 tʃɑnd̪o Palya-Choutharya 1 viʈʈi Palya-Choutharya 2 d̪ʌhɖu Palya-Choutharya 1 tʃɑnd̪ Palya-Natvada 1 viʈi Palya-Natvada 2 d̪ɑhəɖʊ Palya-Natvada 1 tʃɑnd̪ bɑbo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 4 mun̪d̪i Bareli Pauri-Shahana 5 d̪ih Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 t ̪s ̪an̪d̪ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 4 mun̪d̪i Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 5 dih Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 t ̪s ̪an̪ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 4 mun̪d̪i Bareli Pauri-Khadki 5 d̪ih Bareli Pauri-Khadki 9 nəʋ bɑbu Nimadi-Khargone 4 mund̪i Nimadi-Khargone 1 d̪in Nimadi-Khargone 1 tʃɑnd̪ Nimadi-Awlia 2 tʃhʌllɔ Nimadi-Awlia 1 d̪in Nimadi-Awlia 1 tʃɑnd̪ Nimadi-Ashapur 4 mund̪i Nimadi-Ashapur 1 d̪in Nimadi-Ashapur 1 tʃɑnd̪ Ahirani-Dhule 4 mun̪d̪i Ahirani-Dhule 3 suɾijʌ Ahirani-Dhule 1 tʃan̪d̪owʌ Hindi 3 ʌ̃guʈhi Hindi 3 suɾədʒ Hindi 1 tʃɑ̃d̪ 4 mʊ̃d̪əɾi Gujarati 3 suɾədʒ 1 tʃənd̪ɾəmɑ Gujarati 1 wĩʈi 3 suɾjə Gujarati 1 tʃɑnd̪o Marathi 3 ʌŋgʌʈhi Marathi 3 suɾijʌ 1 tʃənd̪ɾə 4 mund̪i Marathi 1 tʃʌnd̪ɾʌ

94 43. sky 44. star 45. rain Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 s̪ʌrʌk Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 t ̪aɾu Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 5 pɑɳi Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 s̪oɾʌg Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 t ̪aɾa Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 5 pɑɳi Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 səɾək Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 t̪ɑɾo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 10 dʒetheʋəɭi Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 sɔɾʌk Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 t̪ɑɾɑ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 10 dʒɦʌɖ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 7 ɔsmɑn Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 t̪ɑɾɑ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 5 pɑɳi poɖe Rathwi-Chenpur 1 sʌɾʌg Rathwi-Chenpur 1 t̪ɑɾu Rathwi-Chenpur 5 paɳi pɔɖne badʒɾɔju Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 sʌɾʌg Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 t̪ɑɾɑ Rathwi-Dongargaon 5 pɑɳi poɖe Bhilali-Bodugam 1 sɔɾɔg Bhilali-Bodugam 1 t̪ɑɾɑ Bhilali-Bodugam 5 pɑɳi pɔɖi Bhili-Punyawat 1 xɔɾig Bhili-Punyawat 1 t̪ɑɾo Bhili-Punyawat 2 vʌɾhɑt̪ Bhili-Anjhera 1 sʌɾig Bhili-Anjhera 1 t̪ɑɾo Bhili-Anjhera 2 vɔɾsɑt̪ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 sʌɾʌg Bhilali-Anjhera 1 t̪ɑɾɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 9 tʃɔmɑsu Bhilali-Mandwi 1 sʌɾʌg Bhilali-Mandwi 1 t̪ɑɾɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 9 tʃɔmɑsɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 1 sʌɾʌg Bhilali-Navalpura 1 t̪ɑɾɑ [could mean rainy season] Bhilali-Agar 1 sʌɾɪg Bhilali-Agar 1 t̪ɑɾɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 2 vɔɾsɑt̪ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 sʌɾig Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 t̪ɑɾɑ Bhilali-Agar 2 vʌrsɑt̪ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 hʌɾʌg Bhilali-Kattivada 1 t̪ɑɾɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 5 pɑɳi giɾnɑ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 sʌɾʌg Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 t̪ɑɾɑ 2 vəɾsɑd̪ Bhili-Piplia 1 hʌɾʌg Bhili-Piplia 1 t̪ɑɾɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 2 vəhɾɑt̪ Bhili-Kharod 1 hʌrʌg Bhili-Kharod 1 t ̪ariã Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 5 pɑɳi pʌɖiɾijo Bhilali-Aspai 1 həɾəg Bhilali-Aspai 1 t̪ɑrɑ Bhili-Piplia 5 pɑɳi Rathawi-Mankodi 1 hʌɾʌg Rathawi-Mankodi 1 t̪ɑɾɑ Bhili-Kharod 2 wʌrsad̪ Palya-Choutharya 1 hʌɾʌg Palya-Choutharya 1 t̪ɑɾo Bhilali-Aspai 2 vəhərɑt̪ Palya-Natvada 1 hʌɾʌg Palya-Natvada 1 t̪ɑɾɑ Rathawi-Mankodi 2 vʌhʌɾɑd̪ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 4 wadhwo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 t ̪aɾa Palya-Choutharya 5 pɑɳi pʌɖiɾijo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 5 d̪z̪ug Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 t ̪aɾa Palya-Natvada 1 dʒɪʈoɖɪ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 həɾəg Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 t̪ɑɾo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 5 paɳi Nimadi-Khargone 3 ɑkɑʃ Nimadi-Khargone 1 t̪ɑɾɔ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 2 wohʌɾat̪ Nimadi-Awlia 3 ɑkɑs Nimadi-Awlia 1 t̪ɑɾɔ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 2 vʌɾhɑt̪ 7 ɑsmɑn Nimadi-Ashapur 1 t̪ɑɾɔ Nimadi-Khargone 9 tʃɔmɑsɔ Nimadi-Ashapur 0 NO ENTRY Ahirani-Dhule 2 tʃan̪d̪ʌni Nimadi-Awlia 3 bɑɾiʃ Ahirani-Dhule 0 NO ENTRY Hindi 1 t̪ɑɾɑ Nimadi-Ashapur 3 bɑɾiʃ Hindi 3 ɑkɑʃ Gujarati 1 t̪ɑɾɑ Ahirani-Dhule 5 pani 7 asman 1 t̪ɑɾo Hindi 3 bəɾəʂ Gujarati 3 ɑkɑʂ Marathi 1 t̪ɑɾɑ 2 wəɾʂɑ Marathi 3 ɑkɑʃʌ Gujarati 2 vəɾsɑd̪ Marathi 4 pɑusʌ

95 46. water 47. river 48. cloud Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 paɳi Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 n̪on̪d̪i Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 2 wad̪ʌwo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 paɳi Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 nʌn̪d̪ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 2 wad̪ʌɭʌ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 pɑɳi Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 7 khud̪əɾɔ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 2 vɑdʒəɭo Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 pɑɳɪ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 nɔnd̪i Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 2 vɑd̪ɭɔ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 pɑɳi Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 nɔnd̪ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 2 vɑd̪əɭɔ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 pɑɳi Rathwi-Chenpur 1 nɔnd̪ Rathwi-Chenpur 2 vɑd̪əɭɔ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 pɑɳi Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 nɔnd̪i Rathwi-Dongargaon 2 vɑd̪əɭɑ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 pɑɳi 7 kud̪ɾɑ Bhilali-Bodugam 2 vɑd̪ɔɭu Bhili-Punyawat 1 pɑɳi Bhilali-Bodugam 1 nõd̪ Bhili-Punyawat 2 vɑd̪əɭũ Bhili-Anjhera 1 pɑɳi Bhili-Punyawat 1 nɔd̪i Bhili-Anjhera 2 vɑd̪əɭũ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 pɑɳi Bhili-Anjhera 1 nɑnd̪ Bhilali-Anjhera 2 vɑd̪ʌɭɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 pɑɳi Bhilali-Anjhera 1 nʌ̃d̪i Bhilali-Mandwi 2 vɑd̪ʌɭɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 1 pɑɳi Bhilali-Mandwi 1 nʌ̃d̪i Bhilali-Navalpura 2 vadʒʌɭɑ Bhilali-Agar 1 pɑɳi Bhilali-Navalpura 1 nʌd̪i Bhilali-Agar 2 vɑd̪ʌɭɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 pɑɳi Bhilali-Agar 1 nʌ̃d̪i Bhilali-Udaigadh 2 vɑd̪əɭɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 pɑɳi Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 nʌnd̪i Bhilali-Kattivada 2 vɑd̪əɭu Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 pɑɳi 7 kɔd̪ɾɑ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 vɑd̪ʌɭɑ Bhili-Piplia 1 pɑɳi Bhilali-Kattivada 7 kot̪əɖu Bhili-Piplia 2 vɑd̪ʌɭo Bhili-Kharod 1 paɳi Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 nʌd̪i Bhili-Kharod 2 wad̪ɭa Bhilali-Aspai 1 pɑɳɪ Bhili-Piplia 1 nɑnd̪i Bhilali-Aspai 2 vɑd̪əvʊ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 pɑɳi Bhili-Kharod 1 nad̪i Rathawi-Mankodi 2 vɑd̪ɛlu Palya-Choutharya 1 pɑɳi Bhilali-Aspai 1 nəd̪ɪ Palya-Choutharya 2 vɑd̪əɭu Palya-Natvada 1 pɑɳɪ Rathawi-Mankodi 7 kot̪heɖu Palya-Natvada 2 vɑd̪ʌɭʊ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 paɳi Palya-Choutharya 7 kot̪əɖu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 2 wad̪hwo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 paɳi Palya-Natvada 7 kot ̪hʌɖʊ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 2 wad̪ʌlo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 pɑɳi Bareli Pauri-Shahana 7 khudʌɾu Bareli Pauri-Khadki 2 vɑd̪ʊvo Nimadi-Khargone 1 pɑɳi Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 n̪on̪d̪i Nimadi-Khargone 2 vɑd̪ɭɑ Nimadi-Awlia 1 pɑɳi Bareli Pauri-Khadki 7 kʊd̪əɾu Nimadi-Awlia 2 vɑd̪əɭɔ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 pɑɳi Nimadi-Khargone 1 nɑd̪i Nimadi-Ashapur 2 vɑd̪əɭɔ Ahirani-Dhule 1 pɑn̪i Nimadi-Awlia 1 nʌd̪d̪i Ahirani-Dhule 3 d̪ɦʌg Hindi 1 pɑni Nimadi-Ashapur 1 nʌd̪i Hindi 2 bɑd̪əl 2 dʒəl Ahirani-Dhule 1 nʌd̪i Gujarati 2 vɑd̪əɭ Gujarati 1 pɑɳi Hindi 1 nəd̪i Marathi 3 d̪ɦʌg Marathi 1 pɑɳi Gujarati 1 nəd̪i Marathi 1 nʌd̪i

96 49. lightning 50. rainbow 51. wind Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 βid̪z̪ʌwe Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 4 baɳ Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 4 wahawu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 βidzʌɭi Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 4 baɳ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 4 wahʌɭʌ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 vidʒɪɭi Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 4 bɑɳ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 4 vɑhɑɭɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 lehəɳ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 4 bɑm Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 4 vʌhəɭɔ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 ʋɪʒəɭi Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 4 bɑ̃ɳ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 4 ʋɑhəɭo Rathwi-Chenpur 1 vidʒəɭi Rathwi-Chenpur 4 bɑɳ Rathwi-Chenpur 4 ʋʌhəɭɔ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 vidʒəɭi Rathwi-Dongargaon 4 bɑɳ Rathwi-Dongargaon 4 vʌhəɭɔ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 vɪdʒʌɭi Bhilali-Bodugam 4 bɑɳ Bhilali-Bodugam 4 vɑhɭi Bhili-Punyawat 1 vidʒiɭi Bhili-Punyawat 4 bɑɳ Bhili-Punyawat 4 vɑhɭi Bhili-Anjhera 1 ɪdʒəɭi Bhili-Anjhera 4 bɑɳ Bhili-Anjhera 4 vʌhɑɭ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 ɪdʒɪɭi Bhilali-Anjhera 4 bɑɳ Bhilali-Anjhera 4 vʌhɑɭ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 vɪdʒʌɭi Bhilali-Mandwi 4 bɑm Bhilali-Mandwi 4 vɑhɭ Bhilali-Navalpura 1 vɪdʒʌɭɪ Bhilali-Navalpura 4 bɑm Bhilali-Navalpura 4 vɑhɭo Bhilali-Agar 1 vɪdʒʌɭi Bhilali-Agar 4 bɑɳ Bhilali-Agar 4 vɑhʌɭ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 vidʒəɭi Bhilali-Udaigadh 4 bɑɳ Bhilali-Udaigadh 4 vʌhəɭi Bhilali-Kattivada 1 vidʒəɭi Bhilali-Kattivada 4 bɑɳ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 vɑi Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 bɪdʒʌɭi Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 4 bɑɳ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 4 vahɭə Bhili-Piplia 1 vidʒili Bhili-Piplia 4 bɑɳ Bhili-Piplia 1 vɑiɾi Bhili-Kharod 1 widzɭi Bhili-Kharod 4 waɳ Bhili-Kharod 1 wajro Bhilali-Aspai 1 vɪdʒəvɪ Bhilali-Aspai 4 bɑ̃ɳ Bhilali-Aspai 4 vɑhvũ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 vɪdʒʌɭi Rathawi-Mankodi 4 bɑɳ Rathawi-Mankodi 4 vɑhʌɭo Palya-Choutharya 1 vidʒəɭi Palya-Choutharya 4 bɑm Palya-Choutharya 4 vɑhəɭu Palya-Natvada 1 vɪdʒʌɭɪ Palya-Natvada 4 bɑm Palya-Natvada 4 vɑhʌɭʊ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 βidʒ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 4 baɳ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 4 wahʌwɦu Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 βidz Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 4 baɳ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 4 wahalu Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 vidʒ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 4 bɑɳ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 4 vɑhəvu Nimadi-Khargone 1 bidʒɑɭɑi Nimadi-Khargone 4 bɑɳ Nimadi-Khargone 2 hɑvɑ Nimadi-Awlia 1 bidʒəɭʌi Nimadi-Awlia 8 d̪ɦʌnuʃ Nimadi-Awlia 2 hʌʋɑ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 bɪdʒəli Nimadi-Ashapur 4 bɑɳ Nimadi-Ashapur 2 hʌʋɑ Ahirani-Dhule 0 NO ENTRY 4 waɳ Ahirani-Dhule 1 wɑɾɑ Hindi 1 bɪdʒəli Ahirani-Dhule 8 d̪ɦʌnurʌ Hindi 2 həvɑ Gujarati 1 widʒɑɭi Hindi 8 ɪnd̪ɾɑ d̪ɦənuʂ Gujarati 1 wɑiɾo Marathi 1 βidz Gujarati 7 meigɦd̪ɦɑnuʃɑ 2 hɑvɑɾ Marathi 8 ɪnd̪ɾʌd̪ɦʌnuʂʌ 3 pəvən Marathi 1 wɑɾɑ

97 52. stone 53. path 54. sand Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 7 d̪ogʌɖu Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 wɑʈ Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 2 ret ̪o Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 7 ɖogudu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 pai-waʈ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 2,4 reɭʈʌ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 7 d̪ɔgəɖu Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 vɑʈ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 2 ɾet̪ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 7 d̪ɔgəɖɑ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 vɑʈ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 2,4 ɾet̪ɭɔ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 7 d̪ɔgəɽu Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 vɑʈ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 2,4 ɾeɭʈo Rathwi-Chenpur 7 d̪ɔgəɖu Rathwi-Chenpur 1 vɑʈ Rathwi-Chenpur 4 velʈo Rathwi-Dongargaon 7 d̪ʌgəuɖu Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 vɑʈh Rathwi-Dongargaon 2 ɾeʋʈi Bhilali-Bodugam 7 d̪ogɖʊ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 vɑʈ Bhilali-Bodugam 4 velʈo Bhili-Punyawat 7 d̪ɔgəɖo Bhili-Punyawat 1 vɑʈh Bhili-Punyawat 2 ɾet̪ Bhili-Anjhera 7 d̪ʌgɖɔ Bhili-Anjhera 1 vɑʈ Bhili-Anjhera 2,4 ɾet̪ɭũ Bhilali-Anjhera 7 d̪ʌgʌɖu Bhilali-Anjhera 1 vɑʈ 2 ɾeʋʈi Bhilali-Mandwi 7 d̪ʌgʌɖo Bhilali-Mandwi 1 vɑʈ Bhilali-Anjhera 2,4 ɾet̪ɭõ Bhilali-Navalpura 7 d̪ɛgɦʌɖɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 1 vɑʈh Bhilali-Mandwi 2 ɾet̪ Bhilali-Agar 7 d̪ɛgʌɖa 8 ɾoh[big] Bhilali-Navalpura 2,4 ɾet̪ɭo Bhilali-Udaigadh 7 d̪ʌgəɖɑ Bhilali-Agar 1 vɑʈh Bhilali-Agar 2,4 ɾet̪ɭo Bhilali-Kattivada 10 sɑpʌɾ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 vɑʈ Bhilali-Udaigadh 2 ɾet̪ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 7 d̪ɛgʌɖa Bhilali-Kattivada 1 vɑʈ Bhilali-Kattivada 2 ɾet ̪u Bhili-Piplia 1 bɦɑʈo Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 vɑʈh Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2,4 ɾet̪ɭu Bhili-Kharod 1 bhato Bhili-Piplia 1 vɑʈ Bhili-Piplia 2 ɾet̪ 2 pʌt ̪ar Bhili-Kharod 1 wat Bhili-Kharod 2 ret ̪i Bhilali-Aspai 7 d̪əgəɖo Bhilali-Aspai 1 vɑʈh Bhilali-Aspai 2 reʈɾ Rathawi-Mankodi 10 sʌpuɖu Rathawi-Mankodi 8 ɾɔho Rathawi-Mankodi 2 ɾet ̪hi Palya-Choutharya 7 d̪ʌgəɖo Palya-Choutharya 1 vɑʈh Palya-Choutharya 2 ɾet̪ Palya-Natvada 7 d̪ʌgʌɖo Palya-Natvada 8 ɾoho Palya-Natvada 2,4 ɾeɭt̪ʊ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 7 d̪ʌguɖu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 wɑʈ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 2 ɾeoʈi Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 7 d̪ʌgʌɖu Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 wɑʈ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 4 welt̪i Bareli Pauri-Khadki 7 d̪ɔgəɖu Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 vɑʈ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 2 ɾeʋʈi Nimadi-Khargone 7 d̪ɑgɖɑ Nimadi-Khargone 3 ɾɑst̪ɔ Nimadi-Khargone 2 ɾet̪ Nimadi-Awlia 7 d̪ʌgəɖo Nimadi-Awlia 3 ɾɑst̪ɔ Nimadi-Awlia 2 ɾet̪ Nimadi-Ashapur 7 d̪ʌggʌɖ Nimadi-Ashapur 3 ɾɑst̪ɔ Nimadi-Ashapur 2 ɾet̪ Ahirani-Dhule 7 d̪ʌgʌɖ Ahirani-Dhule 2 paisʌgʌrʌ Ahirani-Dhule 0 NO ENTRY Hindi 2 pət ̪t ̪həɾ Hindi 3 ɾɑst̪ɑ Hindi 2 ɾɛt ̪i Gujarati 2 pət ̪t ̪həɾ Gujarati 1 wɑʈ 3 bɑlu Marathi 7 d̪ʌgʌɖ 3 ɾəst ̪o Gujarati 2 ɾɛt ̪i 4 keɖi Marathi 2 ɾet ̪i Marathi 1 pɑiwɑʈ 3 wɑɭu 3 ɾʌst̪ɑ

98 55. fire 56. smoke 57. ash Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 4 akʈho Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 2 d̪uwaɖu Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 rukhudu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 4 akʈhi Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 2 d̪uwaɖu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 rukhʌdu Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 4 ɑkʈhi Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 2 d̪ɦuvɑɖu Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 ɾukhuɖu Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 4 ɑkʈhɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 2 d̪ɦuvɑɖu Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 ɾukhəɖɔ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 4 ɑkʈhɔ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 2 dɦʊʋɑɽu Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 ɾʊkhəɽu Rathwi-Chenpur 4 akʈhi Rathwi-Chenpur 2 d̪ɦuvɑɖu Rathwi-Chenpur 1 ɾukhuɖu Rathwi-Dongargaon 4 ɑkʈhɔ Rathwi-Dongargaon 2 d̪ɦuvɑɖu Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 ɾukhuɖu Bhilali-Bodugam 4 ɑgʈi Bhilali-Bodugam 2 d̪ʊvɑɖʊ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 ɾʊkhəɖɑ Bhili-Punyawat 4 ɑkʈhi Bhili-Punyawat 2 d̪ɦuʋɑɖo Bhili-Punyawat 1 ɾɔkhəɖɔ Bhili-Anjhera 4 ɑkʈhi Bhili-Anjhera 9 kuɭɭɔ Bhili-Anjhera 1 ɾɑkɖɔ Bhilali-Anjhera 4 ɑkʈi Bhilali-Anjhera 9 kʊɭɭu Bhilali-Anjhera 1 ɾokhʊɖʊ Bhilali-Mandwi 4 ɑgʈi Bhilali-Mandwi 9 kʊɭɭɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 ɾɔkhʌɖɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 4 akʈhi Bhilali-Navalpura 9 kohɭə Bhilali-Navalpura 1 ɾokhɖu Bhilali-Agar 4 ɑkʈi Bhilali-Agar 9 kʊɭɭɑ Bhilali-Agar 1 ɾɛkhʌɖɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 4 ɑkhʈi Bhilali-Udaigadh 9 kʊɭɭu Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 ɾʌkhuɖu Bhilali-Kattivada 4 ɑkhʈi Bhilali-Kattivada 2 d̪ɦuʋɑɖo Bhilali-Kattivada 1 ɾʌkhɔɖɑ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 4 akʈhi Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 d̪ʊkːʌɭ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 ɾokhʊɖʊ Bhili-Piplia 1 vʌhəd̪i Bhili-Piplia 2 d̪uvɑɖo Bhili-Piplia 1 ɾʌkhɔɖo Bhili-Kharod 3 ɑg Bhili-Kharod 4 gʌɭun Bhili-Kharod 1 rʌkhoɖo Bhilali-Aspai 4 ɑkʈhʊ 1 d̪huõ Bhilali-Aspai 1 ɾəkhʊɖo Rathawi-Mankodi 1 vʌd̪ɪr Bhilali-Aspai 2 t ̪hʊmɑɖo Rathawi-Mankodi 1 ɾʌkhoɖo Palya-Choutharya 4 ɑkhʈu Rathawi-Mankodi 8 t̪ɔkiɾu Palya-Choutharya 1 ɾʌkhɔɖo Palya-Natvada 4 ɑgʈʊ Palya-Choutharya 3 d̪hukeɾo Palya-Natvada 1 ɾɔkhoɖo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 4 agʈho Palya-Natvada 3 d̪ʊkʌɾo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 rukhudu Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 4 aʈhi Bareli Pauri-Shahana 2 d̪huwaɳo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 rukhʌdu Bareli Pauri-Khadki 4 ɑkʈhɔ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 2 d̪huwaɳo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 ɾukʊɖu Nimadi-Khargone 3 ɑg Bareli Pauri-Khadki 2 d̪uvɑɖu Nimadi-Khargone 1 ɾɑkhɔɖi Nimadi-Awlia 3 ɑg Nimadi-Khargone 1 d̪ɦuɑ Nimadi-Awlia 1 ɾɑkh Nimadi-Ashapur 3 ɑg Nimadi-Awlia 1 d̪ɦʊõ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 ɾʌkhɔɖi Ahirani-Dhule 2 ubijʌ Nimadi-Ashapur 2 d̪ɦuvɑɖɑ Ahirani-Dhule 1 ɾɑkh Hindi 3 ɑg Ahirani-Dhule 3 d̪ɦukʌje Hindi 1 ɾɑkh Gujarati 3 ɑg Hindi 1 d̪ɦuɑ̃ Gujarati 1 ɾɑkh 6 əgni Gujarati 2 d̪ɦumɑɖo 1 ɾəkhjɑ Marathi 3 ɑg Marathi 1 d̪ɦuɾ Marathi 1 ɾɑkhʌ 5 wist ̪o 6 ɑgni

99 58. mud 59. dust 60. gold Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 4 gʌru Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 4 ɾodzuɖu Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 sonːʌ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 2 kit ̪sʌ ̪ r Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 4 ɾodzʌɖu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 s̪onʌ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 kɑd̪eʋəɭu Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 4 ɾɔdʒəɖo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 sonɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 kɑd̪eʋəɖu Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 9 tʃɔiɖu Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 sonɑi Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 kɑd̪əʋ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 9 tʃɔiɽu Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 sono Rathwi-Chenpur 1 kɑd̪eʋɖu Rathwi-Chenpur 1 d̪huɭu Rathwi-Chenpur 1 sonu Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 kɑd̪eʋəɖu Rathwi-Dongargaon 9 tʃɔiɖu Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 sonɑ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 khɑd̪ɛuɖʊ Bhilali-Bodugam 9 tʃɔiɖʊ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 sonɑ Bhili-Punyawat 2 kitʃɔɖ Bhili-Punyawat 9 tʃoiɖɔ Bhili-Punyawat 1 sonɑ Bhili-Anjhera 1 kɑd̪ɑʋɖɔ Bhili-Anjhera 9 tʃeiɖɔ Bhili-Anjhera 1 sonu Bhilali-Anjhera 1 kɑd̪ʌʋɖo Bhilali-Anjhera 1 d̪ɦuɭo Bhilali-Anjhera 1 sono Bhilali-Mandwi 1 kɑd̪ʌuɖɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 d̪ɦuɭo Bhilali-Mandwi 1 sonɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 1 kɑd̪ɛuɖo Bhilali-Navalpura 1 d̪ɦoɭo[on ground] Bhilali-Navalpura 1 sonɔ Bhilali-Agar 1 kɑd̪euɖɑ 9 tʃɔiɖʊ Bhilali-Agar 1 sonɔ Bhilali-Udaigadh 2 kitʃəɖu Bhilali-Agar 1 d̪ɦuɭɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 sunɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 kɑd̪eɖo Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 d̪ɦuɭɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 sonɑ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 kɑd̪ɛuɖo Bhilali-Kattivada 1 d̪ɦuɭo Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 sonɑ Bhili-Piplia 6 kʌseɾ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 d̪huɭu Bhili-Piplia 1 hunnu Bhili-Kharod 1 kad̪o Bhili-Piplia 1 d̪ɦuɭɑ Bhili-Kharod 1 honu Bhilali-Aspai 1 kɑd̪əv Bhili-Kharod 1 d̪hul Bhilali-Aspai 1 hɔ̃ɳʊ Rathawi-Mankodi 7 goltʃu Bhilali-Aspai 4 ɾədʒoɖʊ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 hõɳu Palya-Choutharya 2 kotʃəɖo Rathawi-Mankodi 10 khɑd̪u Palya-Choutharya 1 honu Palya-Natvada 2 kotʃʌɖo Palya-Choutharya 3 sʌɾoɖo Palya-Natvada 1 honʊ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 4 gʌru Palya-Natvada 3 sʌɾoɖo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 hunʌ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 4 gʌru Bareli Pauri-Shahana 4 ɾodzeɖu Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 hunʌ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 4 gɑɾo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 4 ɾodzuɖu Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 huno Nimadi-Khargone 2 kitʃɑɖ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 4 ɾɔdʒəɖu Nimadi-Khargone 1 sonɑ Nimadi-Awlia 2 kitʃhʌɖ Nimadi-Khargone 1 d̪ɦuɭɑ Nimadi-Awlia 1 sonno Nimadi-Ashapur 2 kitʃʌɖ Nimadi-Awlia 1 d̪ɦuɭ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 sonnu Ahirani-Dhule 4 gaɾʌ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 d̪ɦuɭɑ Ahirani-Dhule 1 soɳa Hindi 2 kitʃəɖ Ahirani-Dhule 2 phʌpuʈɑ Hindi 1 sonɑ Gujarati 1 kɑd̪ Hindi 1 d̪ɦul Gujarati 1 sonũ 1 kɑd̪əv Gujarati 1 d̪ɦʌɭ Marathi 1 sone 2 kitʃɑɖ Marathi 1 d̪ɦuɭ Marathi 3 tʃikhʌɭ 2 phopʌʈɑ

100 61. tree 62. leaf 63. root Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 dzaɖ Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 4 pɑnʈo Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 moː Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 dzɦaɖ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 4 pɑnʈʌ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 muɭe Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 dʒɦəhɑɖ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 4 pɑnʈɑ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 3 t ̪hoɖ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 dʒɦɑɖkɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 4 pɑnʈɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 muɭ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 dʒɦɑɽ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 4 pɑnʈɔ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 mʊɭ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 dʒɑɖ Rathwi-Chenpur 4 pɑnʈɑ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 muɭ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 dʒɦɑɖ Rathwi-Dongargaon 4 pɑnʈɔ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 muɭ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 dʒɦɑɖ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 pɑlɑ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 muɭ Bhili-Punyawat 1 dʒɦɑɖkũ Bhili-Punyawat 4 pɑnʈũ Bhili-Punyawat 1 muɭu Bhili-Anjhera 1 dʒɦʌhɑdkũ Bhili-Anjhera 1 polɑ Bhili-Anjhera 2 dʒʌɖ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 dʒɦɑɽko Bhilali-Anjhera 1 pɑlɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 2 dʒɛɖsʌlɑ̃ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 dʒɦɑɽko Bhilali-Mandwi 1 pɑlu Bhilali-Mandwi 2 dʒʌɖsɛlɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 1 dʒɦɑɖko Bhilali-Navalpura 4 pɑnʈo Bhilali-Navalpura 1 muɭ Bhilali-Agar 1 dʒɦɑɽko Bhilali-Agar 1 pɑlɑ Bhilali-Agar 2 dʒɛɖsʌlɑ dʒɛɖ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 dʒɦɑɖkɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 4 pɑnʈɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 muɭ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 dʒɑɖ Bhilali-Kattivada 5 pɑiɖɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 mul Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 dʒɦɑɖko Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 pɑlo Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 dʒɛɖsʌlo Bhili-Piplia 1 zɑɽə Bhili-Piplia 5 pɑiɖɑ Bhili-Piplia 2 dʒeɖ Bhili-Kharod 1 dʒad Bhili-Kharod 1 pana Bhili-Kharod 1 muɭ Bhilali-Aspai 1 sɑɖ Bhilali-Aspai 5 pɑəɖə Bhilali-Aspai 1 mʊjə Rathawi-Mankodi 1 tʃhɑɖ Rathawi-Mankodi 3 pɑnʌɖu Rathawi-Mankodi 1 muljɑ Palya-Choutharya 1 dʒɦɑɖ Palya-Choutharya 4 pɑnʈɑ Palya-Choutharya 1 muɭjɑ Palya-Natvada 1 dʒɦɑɖko Palya-Natvada 1 pɑlo Palya-Natvada 1 muɭjɑ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 dzɦaɖ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 pana Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1,5 mu-aɳɖu Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 dzaɖ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 pana Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 mulːʌ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 dʒɦɑɖ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 4 pɑnʈɔ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1,5 muvɑɳɖo Nimadi-Khargone 1 dʒɦɑɖ Nimadi-Khargone 2 pɑt ̪t ̪ɔ Nimadi-Khargone 2 dʒʌɖ Nimadi-Awlia 1 dʒɦɑɖ Nimadi-Awlia 2 pət ̪t ̪i Nimadi-Awlia 2 dʒʌɖ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 dʒɦʌdkɔ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 pɑlɑ Nimadi-Ashapur 2 dʒɦʌɖslɑ Ahirani-Dhule 1 dzɦɑr 2 pət ̪t ̪i Ahirani-Dhule 1 mui Hindi 4 pɛɖ Ahirani-Dhule 1 pɑn Hindi 2 dʒʌɖ 5 vɾɪkʂə Hindi 2 pət ̪t ̪i Gujarati 1 muɭ Gujarati 1 dʒɑɖ Gujarati 3 pɑnd̪əɖũ Marathi 1 muɭ Marathi 1 dzɦɑɖʌ Marathi 1 pɑn

101 64. thorn 65. flower 66. fruit Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 kaʈu Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 phul̪ Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 ɸʌl Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 kata Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 ɸul Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 ɸʌɭ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 kɑʈɑ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 ɸul Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 phɔl Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 kɑʈu Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 phul Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 phɔl Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 kɑʈu Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 ɸul Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 ɸoɭ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 kɑʈu Rathwi-Chenpur 1 phul Rathwi-Chenpur 1 phʌl Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 kɑʈu Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 ɸul Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 phɔl Bhilali-Bodugam 1 kɑʈɑ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 phul Bhilali-Bodugam 1 phʌɭ Bhili-Punyawat 1 kɑʈɔ Bhili-Punyawat 1 phuləɖũ Bhili-Punyawat 1 phɔɭ Bhili-Anjhera 1 kɑʈɔ Bhili-Anjhera 1 phulɖũ Bhili-Anjhera 1 phʌɭ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 kɑʈɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 phulɖɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 phʌɭ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 kɑʈɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 phul Bhilali-Mandwi 1 phʌl Bhilali-Navalpura 1 kɑʈɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 1 phul Bhilali-Navalpura 1 phʌɭ Bhilali-Agar 1 kɑʈu Bhilali-Agar 1 phul Bhilali-Agar 1 phɔɭə Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 kɑʈɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 phul Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 phɔɭ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 kɑʈɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 phul Bhilali-Kattivada 1 phʌl Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 kɑʈu Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 phul Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 phʌɭ Bhili-Piplia 1 kɑʈo Bhili-Piplia 1 ɸul Bhili-Piplia 1 ɸɔɭ Bhili-Kharod 1 kãta Bhili-Kharod 1 phul Bhili-Kharod 1 phʌl Bhilali-Aspai 1 kɑʈə Bhilali-Aspai 1 phʊlɑ Bhilali-Aspai 1 ɸɑl Rathawi-Mankodi 1 koʈo Rathawi-Mankodi 1 phulə Rathawi-Mankodi 1 ɸʌl Palya-Choutharya 1 kɑʈo Palya-Choutharya 1 ɸul Palya-Choutharya 1 phɔɭ Palya-Natvada 1 kɑʈo Palya-Natvada 1 phul Palya-Natvada 1 phʌɭ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 kaʈu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 ɸul Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 ɸoʌ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 kata Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 ɸul Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 phʌl Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 kɑʈu Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 ɸul Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 phɑʋ Nimadi-Khargone 1 kɑʈɔ Nimadi-Khargone 1 ɸul Nimadi-Khargone 1 phɑɭ Nimadi-Awlia 1 kɑ̃ʈo Nimadi-Awlia 1 ɸul Nimadi-Awlia 1 ɸɔɭ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 kɑʈɔ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 phul Nimadi-Ashapur 1 phʌɭ Ahirani-Dhule 1 kɑʈɑ Ahirani-Dhule 1 ɸul Ahirani-Dhule 1 ɸʌje Hindi 1 kɑ̃ʈɑ Hindi 1 phul Hindi 1 phʌl Gujarati 1 kɑ̃ʈo Gujarati 1 ɸul Gujarati 1 ɸʌɭ Marathi 1 kɑ̃ʈɑ Marathi 1 ɸul Marathi 1 ɸʌɭ 1 ɸʌɭẽ

102 67. mango 68. banana 69. wheat Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 3 lambʌ Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 kewa Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 gɦʌhũ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 3 lambʌ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 keɭʌ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 gɦauhũ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 3 ɑmbo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 keɭɔ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 gʌhũ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 ɑmbɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 keɭɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 gɔhu Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 3 ɑmbɔ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 keɭɔ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 gɔhɔ̃ Rathwi-Chenpur 3 ɑmbɔ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 keɭɑ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 gʌhũ Rathwi-Dongargaon 3 ɑmbo Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 keɭɔ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 gʌhũ Bhilali-Bodugam 3 ɑmbo Bhilali-Bodugam 1 keɭo Bhilali-Bodugam 1 gɔhũ Bhili-Punyawat 3 ɑmbũ Bhili-Punyawat 1 keɭũ Bhili-Punyawat 1 gɔhũ Bhili-Anjhera 3 ɑmbɔ Bhili-Anjhera 1 keɭ Bhili-Anjhera 1 gʌhũ Bhilali-Anjhera 3 ɑmbo Bhilali-Anjhera 1 keɭ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 gʌvũ Bhilali-Mandwi 3 ɑmbɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 keɭɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 gɑ̃u Bhilali-Navalpura 3 ɑmbo Bhilali-Navalpura 1 keɭə Bhilali-Navalpura 1 gʌhũ Bhilali-Agar 1 kʌiɾi (mango tree) Bhilali-Agar 1 keɭə Bhilali-Agar 1 gʌhũ Bhilali-Udaigadh 3 ɑmbɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 keɭjɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 gʌhũ Bhilali-Kattivada 3 ɑmbɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 keɭɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 gʌhũ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 kʌiɾi Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 keɭə Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 gʌvũ Bhili-Piplia 1 keɾi Bhili-Piplia 1 keɭɑ Bhili-Piplia 1 gʌu Bhili-Kharod 1 keri Bhili-Kharod 1 kɛɭu Bhili-Kharod 1 ghʌũ Bhilali-Aspai 3 ɑmbɑ Bhilali-Aspai 1 kevɑ Bhilali-Aspai 2 gə̃m Rathawi-Mankodi 3 ɑmbu Rathawi-Mankodi 1 keɭu Rathawi-Mankodi 1 gɑ̃o Palya-Choutharya 3 ɑmbu Palya-Choutharya 1 keɭu Palya-Choutharya 2 gʌm Palya-Natvada 3 ɑmbo Palya-Natvada 1 keɭʊ Palya-Natvada 2 gʌm Bareli Pauri-Shahana 3 lambo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 kewo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 gõwe Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 3 lambʌ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 kɛlːʌ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 gʌũ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 3 ɑmbo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 kevo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 gɔ̃v Nimadi-Khargone 3 ɑmbɑ Nimadi-Khargone 1 kelɑ Nimadi-Khargone 1 gehũ Nimadi-Awlia 3 ɑmbo Nimadi-Awlia 1 keɭɔ Nimadi-Awlia 1 gʌhũ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 kʌiɾi Nimadi-Ashapur 1 keɭɑ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 gʌũ Ahirani-Dhule 3 ɑmbɑ Ahirani-Dhule 1 keje Ahirani-Dhule 1 gʌu Hindi 2 ɑm Hindi 1 kelɑ Hindi 1 gɛhũ Gujarati 1 kɛɾi Gujarati 1 keɭu Gujarati 1 gɦəũ Marathi 3 ɑmbɑ Marathi 1 keɭe Marathi 1 gɦʌhu

70. millet DISQUALIFIED

103 71. rice 72. potato 73. eggplant Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 t ̪s ̪ukha Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 ala Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 ɾiŋʌɳʌ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 7 kud̪u.ri Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 alːa Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 ɾiŋʌɳʌ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 tʃukhɑ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 ɑlo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 ɾɪŋgəɳɑ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 tʃokhɑ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 ɑlu Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 ɾingəɳɑ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 tʃʊkhɑ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 ɑlu Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 ɾɪŋgəɳɑ̃ Rathwi-Chenpur 4 sɑl Rathwi-Chenpur 1 ɑlu Rathwi-Chenpur 1 ɾingəɳɑ Rathwi-Dongargaon 7 kʊd̪ɾɪ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 ɑlu Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 ɾiŋgɳɑ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 tʃʊkkɑ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 ɑlu Bhilali-Bodugam 1 rɪngʌɳɑ 7 kʊd̪ɾɪ Bhili-Punyawat 1 ɑlu Bhili-Punyawat 1 ɾingəɳɑ Bhili-Punyawat 1 tʃukhɑ Bhili-Anjhera 1 ɑllu Bhili-Anjhera 4 bɦʌʈʈɑ Bhili-Anjhera 1 tʃokɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 ɑllu Bhilali-Anjhera 4 bɦʌʈʈɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 tʃokkɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 ɑlʊ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 rɪngʌɳɑ 4 sɑɭ Bhilali-Navalpura 1 ɑlʊ 4 bɦʌʈʈɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 tʃokkɑ Bhilali-Agar 1 ɑlu Bhilali-Navalpura 1 rɪngʌɳɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 1 tʃukhɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 ɑlu Bhilali-Agar 1 rɪngʌɳɑ Bhilali-Agar 1 tʃukɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 2 bəʈɑkɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 ɾɪŋgəɳɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 tʃhɔkhɑ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 ʌllu Bhilali-Kattivada 1 ɾɪŋgəɳɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 tʃʊkhɑ Bhili-Piplia 1 ɑlu Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 4 bɦʌʈʈɑ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 4 sɑɭ Bhili-Kharod 2 bʌtaka Bhili-Piplia 1 ɾiŋgɳɑ Bhili-Piplia 1 sokɑ Bhilali-Aspai 2 bɑʈəkɑ Bhili-Kharod 1 riŋɳa Bhili-Kharod 1 tsoka Rathawi-Mankodi 2 bʌʈʌkho Bhilali-Aspai 1 ɾɪŋgɑɳɑ Bhilali-Aspai 1 tʃokhɑ Palya-Choutharya 1 ʌllu Rathawi-Mankodi 1 rɪngʌɳe Rathawi-Mankodi 1 tʃokkɑ Palya-Natvada 1 ɑlu Palya-Choutharya 1 ɾɪŋgəɳɑ Palya-Choutharya 1 tʃʊkhɑ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 2 bʌʈʌʈa 4 bɦʌʈʈɑ Palya-Natvada 1 tʃokkɑ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 2 bʌʈʌʈa Palya-Natvada 1 ɾingʌɳu 7 kud̪ɾi Bareli Pauri-Khadki 2 bɔʈɑʈo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 ɾiŋʌɳʌ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 5 muria Nimadi-Khargone 1 ɑlu Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 ɾeŋgʌɳa Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 5 muria Nimadi-Awlia 1 ɑlu Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 ɾiŋgəɳo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 5 muɾijɑ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 ɑlu Nimadi-Khargone 4 bɦɑʈʈe Nimadi-Khargone 1 tʃokɑ Ahirani-Dhule 2 bʌʈɑʈɑ Nimadi-Awlia 1 ɾiŋəɳɑ Nimadi-Awlia 1 tʃokhɑ Hindi 1 ɑlu 4 bɦʌʈʈɑ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 tʃokɑ Gujarati 2 bəʈɑkɑ Nimadi-Ashapur 4 bɦʌʈʈɑ Ahirani-Dhule 3 t̪ɑn̪d̪uwiɭ Marathi 2 bʌʈɑʈɑ Ahirani-Dhule 3 waŋgʌɭ Hindi 2 tʃɑvəl Hindi 2 bẽigən Gujarati 1 tʃokɑ Gujarati 1 ɾiŋgəɳə Marathi 3 t̪ɑnd̪uɭ Marathi 3 wɑŋge

104 74. groundnut 75. chili 76. turmeric Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 5 bɦundʒa Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 3 miri Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 2 houd̪i Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 5 phumdʒja Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 3 miri Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 2 huɭiɖ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 5 bɦundʒɑ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 3 miɾi Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 2 həlɪd̪ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 5 bɦumdʒjɑ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 miɾi Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 2 bɔɭd̪i Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 5 bɦʊmdʒjɑ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 3 miɾi Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 2 hɔɭɛd̪ Rathwi-Chenpur 5 bɦundʒjɑ Rathwi-Chenpur 3 miɾi Rathwi-Chenpur 2 hɔɭid̪ Rathwi-Dongargaon 5 bɦundʒjɑ Rathwi-Dongargaon 3 miɾi Rathwi-Dongargaon 2 hɔɭɪd̪ Bhilali-Bodugam 5 bɦundʒjɑ Bhilali-Bodugam 3 mɪɾɪ Bhilali-Bodugam 2 hɔɭɪd̪ Bhili-Punyawat 5 bɦumgjɑ Bhili-Punyawat 1 mɪɾtʃi Bhili-Punyawat 2 hɔɭd̪i Bhili-Anjhera 5,6 bɦuŋgjɑ Bhili-Anjhera 3 miɾi Bhili-Anjhera 2 hʌlit̪ Bhilali-Anjhera 5,6 bɦʊngjɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 3 mɪɾɪ Bhilali-Anjhera 2 hʌɭɪd̪ Bhilali-Mandwi 5 bɦũdʒiɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 3 mɪɾɪ Bhilali-Mandwi 2 hʌlɪd̪ Bhilali-Navalpura 5 bɦʊndʒjɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 3 mɪɾɪ Bhilali-Navalpura 2 hʌɭd̪i Bhilali-Agar 5 bɦʊmdʒjɑ Bhilali-Agar 3 mɪɾɪ Bhilali-Agar 2 hʌɭɪd̪ Bhilali-Udaigadh 5 bɦumdʒjɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 3 miɾi Bhilali-Udaigadh 2 hʌɭɪd̪ Bhilali-Kattivada 5 bɦumdʒjɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 3 miɾjɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 2 hʌɭed̪ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 bɦʊjmʊkh Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 mɪɾɪ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 hʌlɪd̪ Bhili-Piplia 1 muɸɭɑ̃ Bhili-Piplia 2 mʌɾʌs Bhili-Piplia 2 hʌɭʌd̪ Bhili-Kharod 1 mʌgphʌɭi Bhili-Kharod 2 mʌrʌs Bhili-Kharod 2 hʌɭath Bhilali-Aspai 5 phəmdʒɪjɑ Bhilali-Aspai 1 mərtʃɑ Bhilali-Aspai 1 həɾd̪ijɑv Rathawi-Mankodi 8 mʌndʒɭɑ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 mʌrtʃu Rathawi-Mankodi 4 hʌld̪er Palya-Choutharya 5 bɦʌmdʒju Palya-Choutharya 1 mʌɾtʃu Palya-Choutharya 4 hʌɾd̪eɭ Palya-Natvada 5 bɦʊmdʒɪjɑ Palya-Natvada 1 mʌrtʃɑ Palya-Natvada 4 hʌrd̪eɭ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 3 heŋga Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 miɾt ̪s ̪a Bareli Pauri-Shahana 2,3 oɭid̪ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 6 mũngia Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 miɾt ̪s ̪a Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 2,3 oɭid̪ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 3 hengo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 miɾtʃi Bareli Pauri-Khadki 3 ɔvid̪ Nimadi-Khargone 2 huimuŋg Nimadi-Khargone 3 miɾi Nimadi-Khargone 2 hɑɭd̪i Nimadi-Awlia 3 seŋəɭʌi Nimadi-Awlia 3 mɪɾɪ Nimadi-Awlia 2 hʌɭʌd̪ Nimadi-Ashapur 3 sengəɭi Nimadi-Ashapur 1 miɾtʃi Nimadi-Ashapur 2 hʌɭʌd̪ Ahirani-Dhule 2 buimʌŋgʌ Ahirani-Dhule 1 mɪɾtʃi Ahirani-Dhule 2 hʌjed̪ Hindi 1 mũgɸʌli Hindi 1 mɪɾtʃi Hindi 2 hʌld̪i Gujarati 1 məgɸʌɭi Gujarati 1 məɾtʃũ Gujarati 2 həɭɖə Marathi 2 bhui mugɑtʃjɑ Marathi 1 mɪɾtʃi Marathi 2 hʌɭʌd̪ 3 ʃeŋgɑ

105 77. garlic 78. onion 79. cauliflower Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 losom Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 d̪oŋʌwi Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 gupi Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 los̪um Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 2 kan̪d̪a Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 gupi Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 lɔsɑm 1 d̪oŋgʌɭi Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 gopi phul Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 lɑsɑm Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 d̪ɔŋgəɭi Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 gopi phul Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 losɔm Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 2 kɑnd̪ɑ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 ɸul gobi Rathwi-Chenpur 1 lʌsʌm Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 d̪oŋgəɭi Rathwi-Chenpur 1 gobi Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 lʌsɔɳ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 d̪ɔngəɭi Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 gobi phul Bhilali-Bodugam 1 lɔsom Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 d̪ɔŋgəɭi Bhilali-Bodugam 1 phulvɑɭɪ gupɪ Bhili-Punyawat 1 lɔhuɳ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 d̪ongɭi Bhili-Punyawat 1 gobi Bhili-Anjhera 1 lʌʃuɳ Bhili-Punyawat 2 kɑnd̪ɑ Bhili-Anjhera 1 gopi phul Bhilali-Anjhera 1 lʌsɳɪjɑ Bhili-Anjhera 2 kɑnd̪ɔ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 gobi phul Bhilali-Mandwi 1 lɛsuɳ Bhilali-Anjhera 2 kɑnt ̪ɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 gobinphʊl Bhilali-Navalpura 1 lɔsoɳ Bhilali-Mandwi 2 kɑnt ̪ɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 1 gobi phul Bhilali-Agar 1 lɛsʊɳ Bhilali-Navalpura 2 kɑnd̪ɑ Bhilali-Agar 1 gʊbi phul Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 lʌʃuɳ Bhilali-Agar 2 kɑnd̪ɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 gobi Bhilali-Kattivada 1 lʌhuɳ Bhilali-Udaigadh 2 kɑnd̪ɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 phul gobi Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 lʌsuɳ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 ɖungəɭi Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 gopi phul Bhili-Piplia 1 lʌhuɳ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 kɑnd̪ɑ Bhili-Piplia 1 gobi Bhili-Kharod 1 lʌhuɳ Bhili-Piplia 2 kɑnd̪ɑ Bhili-Kharod 2 phulawar Bhilali-Aspai 1 lohəɳe Bhili-Kharod 2 kãd̪a Bhilali-Aspai 1 kobi Rathawi-Mankodi 1 lɛhoɳ Bhilali-Aspai 1 d̪uŋəvi Rathawi-Mankodi 2 phʊlʌvʌr Palya-Choutharya 1 lohʌɳ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 ɖungli Palya-Choutharya 1 ɸulvɑlɑ gobi Palya-Natvada 1 lohoɳ Palya-Choutharya 2 kɑnd̪o Palya-Natvada 1 gopi phul Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 lohon̪ Palya-Natvada 2 kɑnt ̪o Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 ɸul gobi Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 lʌhon Bareli Pauri-Shahana 2 kan̪d̪u Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 gobi Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 lɔhʌɳ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 d̪uŋgʌɭi Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 gobi Nimadi-Khargone 1 lɑsuɳ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 d̪uŋgvi Nimadi-Khargone 1 gobɦi Nimadi-Awlia 1 lʌsʊn Nimadi-Khargone 2 kɑnd̪ɑ Nimadi-Awlia 1 ɸul gobi Nimadi-Ashapur 1 lʌʃuɳ Nimadi-Awlia 2 kɑnd̪ɔ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 phul gobi Ahirani-Dhule 1 losʌn Nimadi-Ashapur 2 kɑnd̪ɑ Ahirani-Dhule 1 kobi Hindi 1 lʌhəsʊn Ahirani-Dhule 2 kɑn̪d̪ɑ Hindi 1 ɸulgobɦi 1 lʌsʊn Hindi 3 pjɑdʒ 1 phulgobɦi Gujarati 1 lʌsʌɳ Gujarati 1 d̪uŋgɑɭi Gujarati 2 ɸlɑuwəɾ Marathi 1 lʌsun Marathi 2 kɑnd̪ɑ Marathi 1 ɸulkobi 1 gobi 2 ɸlɑwəɾ

106 80. tomato 81. cabbage 82. oil Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 ʈʌmaʈeɾia Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 gupi Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 t ̪el Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 ʈʌmaʈʌɾ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 gupi Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 t ̪el Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 ʈʌmɑʈɑɾijɔ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 pɑt ̪t ̪ɑ gobi Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 t ̪el Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 ʈɑmʌʈɑɾjɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 pɑnʈɑ gobi Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 t ̪el Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 ʈomɑʈeɾ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 bənd̪əgobi Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 t ̪el Rathwi-Chenpur 1 ʈʌmɑʈeɾjɔ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 pɑnʈɑvɑɭi gobi Rathwi-Chenpur 1 t ̪el Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 ʈʌmɑʈeɾijɑ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 pɑnʈɑ gobi Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 t ̪el Bhilali-Bodugam 1 ʈɛmʌʈɛr Bhilali-Bodugam 1 guɳɖɑ gupɪ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 t ̪el Bhili-Punyawat 1 ʈɑmeʈɑ Bhili-Punyawat 1 gobi Bhili-Punyawat 1 t ̪el Bhili-Anjhera 1 ʈʌmɑʈʌɾ Bhili-Anjhera 1 pɑt ̪t ̪ɑ gobi Bhili-Anjhera 1 t ̪el Bhilali-Anjhera 1 ʈɛmɑʈɛr Bhilali-Anjhera 1 pʌt̪t̪ɑ gobi Bhilali-Anjhera 1 t ̪el Bhilali-Mandwi 1 ʈɛmʌʈʌr Bhilali-Mandwi 1 pʌt̪t̪ɑ gobi Bhilali-Mandwi 1 t ̪el Bhilali-Navalpura 1 ʈɛmɑʈɛr Bhilali-Navalpura 1 pɑnʈɑ gobi Bhilali-Navalpura 1 t ̪el Bhilali-Agar 1 ʈɑmʈɛr Bhilali-Agar 1 pɑlɑ gobi Bhilali-Agar 1 t ̪el Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 ʈɑmɑʈɑɾijɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 bʌnd̪ gobi Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 t ̪el Bhilali-Kattivada 1 ʈʌmɑʈeɾ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 pʌt̪t̪ɑ gobi Bhilali-Kattivada 1 t ̪el Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 ʈɛmɑʈɛr Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 pʌt ̪ːɑ gopi Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 t ̪el Bhili-Piplia 1 ʈɑmito Bhili-Piplia 1 goʈɑ gobi Bhili-Piplia 1 t ̪el Bhili-Kharod 1 tʌmata Bhili-Kharod 1 panawali gobi Bhili-Kharod 1 t ̪el Bhilali-Aspai 1 təmiʈo Bhilali-Aspai 1 kobi Bhilali-Aspai 1 t ̪el Rathawi-Mankodi 1 tɑmʌto Rathawi-Mankodi 1 kobi Rathawi-Mankodi 1 t ̪el Palya-Choutharya 1 ʈʌmɑʈeɾ Palya-Choutharya 1 pɑnʈɑvɑɭu gobi Palya-Choutharya 1 t ̪el Palya-Natvada 1 ʈɑmeʈer Palya-Natvada 1 gɛɖːɑ gobi Palya-Natvada 1 t ̪el Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 ʈʌmaʈo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 gʌɖa-kobi Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 t̪ɛl Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 ʈʌmata Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 kobi Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 t ̪el Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 ʈʌmɑʈʌɾ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 3 puɖɑ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 t ̪el Nimadi-Khargone 1 tɑmɑtɑɾ Nimadi-Khargone 1 pɑt ̪t ̪ɑ gobɦi Nimadi-Khargone 1 t ̪el Nimadi-Awlia 1 ʈʌmɑʈʌɾ Nimadi-Awlia 1 bʌnd̪ gobi Nimadi-Awlia 1 t ̪el Nimadi-Ashapur 1 ʈʌmɑʈʌɾ 1 pɑt ̪t ̪ɑ gobi Nimadi-Ashapur 1 t ̪el Ahirani-Dhule 1 ʈʌmɑʈʌ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 gʌʈʈɑ gobi Ahirani-Dhule 1 t ̪el Hindi 1 ʈəmɑʈəɾ Ahirani-Dhule 1 kobi Hindi 1 t ̪el Gujarati 1 ʈomɛʈo Hindi 1 gobɦi Gujarati 1 t̪ɛl Marathi 1 t̪ʌmɑ t ̪e Gujarati 2 kɔbɪdʒ Marathi 1 t ̪el Marathi 1 gobi 1 kobi

107 83. salt 84. meat 85. fat Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 4 luɳ Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 3 mas Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 2 tsʌɾbo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 4 luɳ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 3 mas̪ 4 d̪oɖo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 4 nɔɳ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 3 mɑ̃s Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 2 tʃʌɾbi Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 4 nɔɳ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 mɑʃ 4 d̪ʌɖʌ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 4 noɳə Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 3 mɑ̃s Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 2 tʃəɾbi Rathwi-Chenpur 4 nɔɳ Rathwi-Chenpur 3 mɑs Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 2 tʃʌɾbi Rathwi-Dongargaon 4 nɔɳ Rathwi-Dongargaon 3 mɑʃ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 4 d̪oɽɔ Bhilali-Bodugam 4 noɳ Bhilali-Bodugam 3 mɑs Rathwi-Chenpur 2 tʃʌɾbi Bhili-Punyawat 4 nun Bhili-Punyawat 3 mɑx Rathwi-Dongargaon 4 d̪oɖo Bhili-Anjhera 2 luɳ Bhili-Anjhera 3 mɑ̃s Bhilali-Bodugam 4 d̪oɖo Bhilali-Anjhera 4 noɳ Bhilali-Anjhera 7 boʈhi Bhili-Punyawat 2 tʃɔɾbi Bhilali-Mandwi 4 noɳ Bhilali-Mandwi 9 sɪkhɑr Bhili-Anjhera 2 tʃʌɾbi Bhilali-Navalpura 4 noɳ Bhilali-Navalpura 9 sɪkhɑr Bhilali-Anjhera 2 tʃʌrbi Bhilali-Agar 4 nʌɳ Bhilali-Agar 3 mɑs Bhilali-Mandwi 2 tʃʌrbɪ Bhilali-Udaigadh 4 noɳ Bhilali-Udaigadh 3 mɑs Bhilali-Navalpura 2 tʃʌrbi Bhilali-Kattivada 1 ɑklu miʈhu Bhilali-Kattivada 3 mɑh Bhilali-Agar 2 tʃʌrbi Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 loɳ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 9 ɕɪkhɑr Bhilali-Udaigadh 2 tʃʌɾbi Bhili-Piplia 2 luɳ Bhili-Piplia 3 mɑn Bhilali-Kattivada 2 tʃʌɾbi Bhili-Kharod 2 luɳ Bhili-Kharod 3 mã Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 tʃʌrbi Bhilali-Aspai 1 miʈhʊ Bhilali-Aspai 3 mɑ Bhili-Piplia 1 mɑt ̪ũ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 mit ̪u Rathawi-Mankodi 3 mɑh Bhili-Kharod 2 tsarbi Palya-Choutharya 1 hɑɾlo miʈhu Palya-Choutharya 3 mɑh 1 mat ̪o Palya-Natvada 5 khɑɾʊ Palya-Natvada 3 mɑh Bhilali-Aspai 0 NO ENTRY Bareli Pauri-Shahana 5 kharo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 3 mah Rathawi-Mankodi 2 tʃʌrbu Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 5 khaɖo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 3 mah Palya-Choutharya 2 tʃʌɾbu Bareli Pauri-Khadki 5 khɑɾo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 3 mɑh Palya-Natvada 2 tʃʌrbi Nimadi-Khargone 2 lɔɳ Nimadi-Khargone 3 mɑ̃ns Bareli Pauri-Shahana 2 t ̪sʌɾ ̪ bi Nimadi-Awlia 2 loɳ Nimadi-Awlia 2 goʃt̪ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 4 d̪ʌɖʌ Nimadi-Ashapur 2 lɔɳ Nimadi-Ashapur 2 gos Bareli Pauri-Khadki 2 tʃəɾbi Ahirani-Dhule 1 miʈh Ahirani-Dhule 3 mɑs Nimadi-Khargone 2 tʃɑɾbi Hindi 3 nʌmək Hindi 2 goʃt̪ Nimadi-Awlia 2 tʃʌɾbi 2 luɳ 3 mɑ̃s Nimadi-Ashapur 2 tʃʌɾbi Gujarati 1 miʈhũ Gujarati 2 gos Ahirani-Dhule 2 tʃeɾʌbi Marathi 1 miʈh Marathi 3 mɑ̃s Hindi 2 tʃəɾbi Gujarati 2 tʃəɾbi Marathi 2 tʃʌɾəbi

108 86. fish 87. chicken 88. egg Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 4 mat ̪s ̪ha Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 kukʌɖo Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 aɳɖo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 4 mat ̪s ̪hʌ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 kukʌɖʌ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 aɳɖo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 5 mɑtʃhi Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 kukəɖo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 ɑɳɖo Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 4 mɑʈsi Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 kʊkəɖi Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 ɑɳɖɔ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 5 mɑ̃tʃhɔ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 kʊkəɽi Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 ɑɳɖo Rathwi-Chenpur 5 mɑtʃhɑ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 kukəɖɔ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 ɑnɖo Rathwi-Dongargaon 5 mɑtʃʌɭ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 kukəɖi Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 ɑnɖo Bhilali-Bodugam 5 mɑtʃhi Bhilali-Bodugam 1 kʊkɖɪ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 ɑnɖo Bhili-Punyawat 5 mɑtʃəli Bhili-Punyawat 1 kukəɖũ Bhili-Punyawat 1 ɑɳɖũ Bhili-Anjhera 5 mɑtʃi Bhili-Anjhera 1 kʊkəɖi Bhili-Anjhera 1 ɑɳɖũ Bhilali-Anjhera 5 mɑtʃi Bhilali-Anjhera 1 kʊkɖi Bhilali-Anjhera 1 ɑnɖɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 5 mɑtʃhi Bhilali-Mandwi 1 kʊkɖi Bhilali-Mandwi 1 ʌnɖɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 5 mɑtʃhɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 1 kʊkɖo Bhilali-Navalpura 1 ɑɳɖo Bhilali-Agar 5 mɑtʃhi Bhilali-Agar 1 kʊkɖi Bhilali-Agar 1 ɑnɖo Bhilali-Udaigadh 5 mɑtʃhi Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 kukəɖi Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 ɑnɖɔ Bhilali-Kattivada 4 mɑɕəlɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 kukəɖi Bhilali-Kattivada 1 ɪnɖu Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 5 mʌtʃhɪ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 kʊkɖo Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 ɑɳɖo Bhili-Piplia 4 mɑslɑ Bhili-Piplia 1 kukɖi Bhili-Piplia 1 ɪnɖũ Bhili-Kharod 4 masli Bhili-Kharod 1 kukɖo Bhili-Kharod 1 indo Bhilali-Aspai 4 mɑsəlɑ Bhilali-Aspai 1 kʊkəɖɪ Bhilali-Aspai 1 iɳɖɑ Rathawi-Mankodi 4 mɑsʌli Rathawi-Mankodi 1 kukʌɖi Rathawi-Mankodi 1 ɪnɖɑ Palya-Choutharya 4 mʌʃəɭu Palya-Choutharya 1 kukəɖi Palya-Choutharya 1 ɪnɖu Palya-Natvada 4 mɑtsʌlʊ Palya-Natvada 1 kʊkɖo Palya-Natvada 1 ĩɖʊ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 4 mas̪u Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 kukʌɖi Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 inɖo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 4 mas̪o Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 kukʌɖa Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 inɖo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 4 mɑsɑ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 kʊkəɖi Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 iɳɖo Nimadi-Khargone 5 mɑtʃhi Nimadi-Khargone 1 kukəɖi Nimadi-Khargone 1 ɑnɖɔ Nimadi-Awlia 5 mʌtʃhi Nimadi-Awlia 2 mʊɾəgi Nimadi-Awlia 1 ʌnɖo Nimadi-Ashapur 5 mʌtʃhi Nimadi-Ashapur 1 kukəɖi Nimadi-Ashapur 1 ʌnɖo Ahirani-Dhule 4 masɑ Ahirani-Dhule 3 kombʌɖi Ahirani-Dhule 1 aɳɖɑ Hindi 5 mʌtʃhli Hindi 2 mʊɾgi Hindi 1 ʌɳɖɑ Gujarati 5 mɑtʃəli Gujarati 1 kukuɖi Gujarati 1 iɳɖũ Marathi 5 mɑtʃjɑ Marathi 3 kombʌɖi Marathi 1 ʌɳɖe 4 mɑsɑ

109 89. cow 90. buffalo 91. milk Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 gai Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 d̪uba Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 d̪ud̪ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 gai Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 ɖubi Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 d̪ud̪h Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 gɑj Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 ɖubi Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 d̪ud̪ɦ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 gɑi Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 ɖɦubi Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 d̪ud̪ɦ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 gɑi Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 ɖubi Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 d̪ud̪ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 gɑj Rathwi-Chenpur 1 ɖubi Rathwi-Chenpur 1 d̪ud̪ɦ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 gɑj Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 ɖubo Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 d̪ud̪ɦ Bhilali-Bodugam 3 kevɖɪ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 ɖubi Bhilali-Bodugam 1 d̪ud̪ Bhili-Punyawat 8 ɖʌgəɾi Bhili-Punyawat 1 ɖubi Bhili-Punyawat 1 d̪ud̪ɦ Bhili-Anjhera 8 ɖʌgəɾi Bhili-Anjhera 1 ɖobi Bhili-Anjhera 1 d̪ud̪ɦ Bhilali-Anjhera 8 ɖʌgʌɾi Bhilali-Anjhera 1 ɖobi Bhilali-Anjhera 1 d̪ud̪ Bhilali-Mandwi 3 gɑvɖi Bhilali-Mandwi 1 ɖubi Bhilali-Mandwi 1 d̪ud̪ Bhilali-Navalpura 3 gɑvɖi Bhilali-Navalpura 1 ɖubi Bhilali-Navalpura 1 d̪ud̪ Bhilali-Agar 8 ɖʌgʌɾi Bhilali-Agar 1 ɖubi Bhilali-Agar 1 d̪ud̪ Bhilali-Udaigadh 8 ɖʌgəɾi Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 ɖubi Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 d̪ud̪ɦ Bhilali-Kattivada 8 ɖʌgəɾi Bhilali-Kattivada 1 ɖobi Bhilali-Kattivada 1 d̪ud̪ɦ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 gɑvɖi Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 ɖobɛɖ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 d̪ud̪ Bhili-Piplia 8 ɖʌgɾi Bhili-Piplia 1 ɖobi Bhili-Piplia 1 d̪ud̪ɦ Bhili-Kharod 2 dahi Bhili-Kharod 1 dobi Bhili-Kharod 1 d̪ud̪ Bhilali-Aspai 7 vɑsəɖɪ Bhilali-Aspai 5 pɑɖɪ Bhilali-Aspai 1 d̪ʊd̪ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 gɑj Rathawi-Mankodi 5 pɑɖi Rathawi-Mankodi 1 d̪ud̪ Palya-Choutharya 1 gɑj Palya-Choutharya 1 ɖobʊ Palya-Choutharya 1 d̪ud̪ɦ Palya-Natvada 1 gɑj 5 pɑɖi Palya-Natvada 1 d̪ud̪ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 3 gauɖi Palya-Natvada 1 ɖobʊ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 d̪ud̪ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 3 gauɖi Bareli Pauri-Shahana 5 paɖi Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 d̪ud̪h Bareli Pauri-Khadki 3 gɑvɖi Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 5 paɖi Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 d̪ud̪ɦ Nimadi-Khargone 1 gɑj Bareli Pauri-Khadki 5 pɑɖi Nimadi-Khargone 1 d̪ud̪ɦ Nimadi-Awlia 1 gɑj Nimadi-Khargone 2 bɦɑisi Nimadi-Awlia 1 d̪ud̪ɦ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 gɑi Nimadi-Awlia 2 bɦʌssi Nimadi-Ashapur 1 d̪ud̪ɦ Ahirani-Dhule 1 gɑi Nimadi-Ashapur 2 bɦɑisi Ahirani-Dhule 1 d̪ud̪ɦ Hindi 1 gɑi Ahirani-Dhule 3 mɦʌis Hindi 1 d̪ud̪ɦ Gujarati 1 gɑi Hindi 2 bɦə̃isi Gujarati 1 d̪ud̪ɦ Marathi 1 gɑi Gujarati 2 bɦẽs Marathi 1 d̪ud̪ɦ Marathi 3 mɦʌis

110 92. horns 93. tail 94. goat Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 ʃiŋgʌɖo Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 5 tʃhemʈo Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 bukʌɖo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 ʃiŋgʌɖʌ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 5 tʃhemʈi Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 bukʌɖo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 siŋgəɖo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 5 tʃɛmʈɔ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 bokəɖi Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 siŋgəɖɑ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 5 tʃemʈɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 bukəɖi Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 siŋgəɽo Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 5 tʃhɛmʈo Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 bʊkəɽi Rathwi-Chenpur 1 singəɖɔ Rathwi-Chenpur 5 tʃehmʈɔ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 bʊkəɖi Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 siŋgəɖo Rathwi-Dongargaon 5 tʃemʈɔ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 bʊkəɖi Bhilali-Bodugam 1 singʌɖo Bhilali-Bodugam 5 tʃɛmʈo Bhilali-Bodugam 1 bʊkɖɪ Bhili-Punyawat 1 hiŋgəɖũ Bhili-Punyawat 5 tʃimʈũ Bhili-Punyawat 1 bukəɖi Bhili-Anjhera 1 siŋgɖũ Bhili-Anjhera 5 tʃimʈũ Bhili-Anjhera 1 bokəɖi Bhilali-Anjhera 1 siŋɖɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 5 tʃɛmʈo Bhilali-Anjhera 1 bokʌɖi Bhilali-Mandwi 1 sɪngʌɖɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 5 semʈo Bhilali-Mandwi 1 bʊkʌɖi Bhilali-Navalpura 1 sɪngəɖa Bhilali-Navalpura 5 tʃɛmʈo Bhilali-Navalpura 1 bʊkəɖi Bhilali-Agar 1 sɪngʌɖɑ Bhilali-Agar 5 tʃemʈɑ Bhilali-Agar 1 bʊkʌɖi Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 siŋgəɖɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 5 tʃeməʈɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 bukəɖi Bhilali-Kattivada 1 hiŋəɖɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 putʃəɖu Bhilali-Kattivada 1 bokəɖi Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 sɪngʊɖʊ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 5 tʃɛmʈo Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 bokʌɖi Bhili-Piplia 1 hiŋəɖɑ Bhili-Piplia 1 pusɖu Bhili-Piplia 1 bokəɖi Bhili-Kharod 1 ʃiŋɖa Bhili-Kharod 1 putʃɖu Bhili-Kharod 1 bʌkɖi Bhilali-Aspai 1 hiŋədɑ Bhilali-Aspai 1 pʊsəɖʊ Bhilali-Aspai 1 bʊkhɽɔ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 sɪngʌɖɑ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 pʊtʃʊɖu Rathawi-Mankodi 1 bʊkʊɖo Palya-Choutharya 1 hinɖu Palya-Choutharya 1 putʃəɖu Palya-Choutharya 1 bokəɖi Palya-Natvada 1 hingəɖʊ Palya-Natvada 1 pʊtsʌɖʊ Palya-Natvada 1 bokʌɖu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 hiŋg Bareli Pauri-Shahana 5 s̪emʈo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 bukuɖo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 hiŋg Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 5 ʂemʈi Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 bukʌɖi Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 hiŋg Bareli Pauri-Khadki 5 semʈi Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 bʊkəɖi Nimadi-Khargone 1 siɳgəɖɔ Nimadi-Khargone 6 pũtʃ Nimadi-Khargone 1 bɑkəɾi Nimadi-Awlia 1 sing Nimadi-Awlia 2 d̪um Nimadi-Awlia 1 bɑkəɾi Nimadi-Ashapur 1 sɪngəɖa Nimadi-Ashapur 1 putʃəɖi Nimadi-Ashapur 1 bɑkəɾi Ahirani-Dhule 1 ʃiŋgʌ Ahirani-Dhule 3 ʃepʌʈi Ahirani-Dhule 1 bʌkri Hindi 1 hiŋg Hindi 6 pũtʃ Hindi 1 bəkeɾi Gujarati 1 ʃiŋgɑɖɑ Gujarati 1 pũtʃɑɖi Gujarati 1 bəkeɾi Marathi 1 hiŋg Marathi 5 ʂelpʈi 1 bəkɾo 3 ʂepuʈ Marathi 1 bʌkʌɾi

111 95. dog 96. snake 97. monkey Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 kut̪ɾo Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 3 goɖsu Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 2 makʌɖiu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 kut̪ɾʌ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 3 gɦʌɖsʌ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 2 makʌɖiu Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 kʊt̪əɾo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 3 gɔɖsu Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 2 mɑkəɖiju Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 kut̪əɾɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 gɦɔɖɦsu Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 2 mɑkəɖijɑ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 kʊt̪əɾu Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 3 gɦoɽəsu Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 2 mɑkəɽju Rathwi-Chenpur 1 kut̪əɾu Rathwi-Chenpur 3 gɦɔɖsu Rathwi-Chenpur 2 mɑkəɖi Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 kʊt̪əɾo Rathwi-Dongargaon 3 gɔɖsu Rathwi-Dongargaon 2 mɑkəɖijɑ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 kʊt̪ɾu Bhilali-Bodugam 3 goɖsʊ Bhilali-Bodugam 2 mɑkhʌɖjo Bhili-Punyawat 1 kut̪ɾo Bhili-Punyawat 3 gɔɖxo Bhili-Punyawat 2 mʌkəɖijo Bhili-Anjhera 1 kut̪ɾo Bhili-Anjhera 3 gɦɑɖʃɔ Bhili-Anjhera 2 mɑkəɖijo Bhilali-Anjhera 1 kut ̪ro Bhilali-Anjhera 3 gʌɖsɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 2 mɑkʌɖjɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 kʊt ̪rɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 3 gʌɖəsɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 2 mɑkʌɖjɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 1 kʊt ̪ro Bhilali-Navalpura 3 gʌhɖsu Bhilali-Navalpura 1 vɑnd̪ɾɪjo Bhilali-Agar 1 kʊt ̪rɑ Bhilali-Agar 3 gʌɖsɑ Bhilali-Agar 1 vɑnd̪ɾjɑ (small) Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 kut̪əɾu Bhilali-Udaigadh 3 gɦʌɖsu 2 mɑkʌɖɪjɑ (big) Bhilali-Kattivada 1 kut̪əɾɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 3 gɔhɖɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 vɑnd̪ɾɑ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 kʊt̪ɾʊ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 sapɭu Bhilali-Kattivada 1 vɑnd̪əɾo Bhili-Piplia 1 kut̪ɾo Bhili-Piplia 1 hɑp Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 vɑnd̪ɾɪjo Bhili-Kharod 1 kut ̪ro Bhili-Kharod 1 hap 2 makʌɖɪja Bhilali-Aspai 1 kʊt̪ə Bhilali-Aspai 3 gɦəhəɖʊ Bhili-Piplia 1 vɑnd̪əɾo Rathawi-Mankodi 1 kʊt ̪ro Rathawi-Mankodi 3 gɛhʌɖu Bhili-Kharod 1 wand̪ro Palya-Choutharya 1 kut̪əɾu Palya-Choutharya 3 gʌhɖɔ Bhilali-Aspai 1 vɑnd̪əɾo Palya-Natvada 1 kʊt̪ɾʊ Palya-Natvada 3 gɛhʌɖo Rathawi-Mankodi 1 vɑnd̪ʌɾo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 kut̪ɾo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 hap Palya-Choutharya 2 mɑkəɖijo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 kut̪ɾi 3 goɖhu Palya-Natvada 2 mɑkhʌɖjo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 kʊt̪əɾo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 hap Bareli Pauri-Shahana 2 makʌɖio Nimadi-Khargone 1 kut̪ɾɔ 3 goɖhu Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 2 makoɖ Nimadi-Awlia 1 kut ̪t ̪o Bareli Pauri-Khadki 3 gɔɖəhu Bareli Pauri-Khadki 2 mɑkəɖijo Nimadi-Ashapur 1 kut̪əɾɑ Nimadi-Khargone 1 sɑ̃p Nimadi-Khargone 1 vɑnd̪ɾɔ Ahirani-Dhule 1 kʊt ̪rɑ Nimadi-Awlia 1 sɑ̃pɭɔ Nimadi-Awlia 1 bənd̪əɾ Hindi 1 kut̪t̪ɑ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 sɑ̃pɭɔ 1 vɑnd̪əɾo Gujarati 1 kut̪əɾ Ahirani-Dhule 1 sɑp Nimadi-Ashapur 1 vɑnd̪əɾo Marathi 1 kutɾɑ ̪ Hindi 1 sɑ̃p Ahirani-Dhule 1 wʌn̪d̪ʌɾʌ Gujarati 1 sɑ̃p Hindi 1 bənd̪əɾ Marathi 1 sɑp Gujarati 1 vɑnd̪əɾũ Marathi 3 wɑnʌɾ

112 98. mosquito 99. ant 100. spider Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 2 d̪aʃa Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 3 kiɖawi Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 7 huʈkuwio 7 t̪s̪at̪s̪ʌɖiɑ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 3 kiɖawi Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 7 suʈkuɭi Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 2 d̪aʃa Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 3 kiɖɑvɑ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 4 mɑkəɖi 7 t ̪s̪at ̪s̪iɖiʌ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 kiɖɑvɑ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 4 mɔkhəɖɑ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 7 tʃɑtʃiɖijɑ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 3 kiɽɑvi Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 7 sʊt ̪kʊɭju Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 mɪtʃɪɾijɑ Rathwi-Chenpur 3 kiɖɑvɔ Rathwi-Chenpur 7 sut ̪ilju Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 7 tʃɑtʃəɽju Rathwi-Dongargaon 3 kiɖɑvɪ Rathwi-Dongargaon 4 mɑkəɖijɑ Rathwi-Chenpur 7 tʃɑtʃeʋɖi Bhilali-Bodugam 3 kiɖɑvɪ Bhilali-Bodugam 7 sukht̪əɖjʊ Rathwi-Dongargaon 7 tʃɑtʃiɖijɑ Bhili-Punyawat 3 kiɖiɭu Bhili-Punyawat 1 kuɭjo Bhilali-Bodugam 2 ɖɑsjɑ Bhili-Anjhera 3 kiɖijũ Bhili-Anjhera 4 mɑkəɖɑ Bhili-Punyawat 7 tʃɑtʃədjũ Bhilali-Anjhera 3 kiɖɪjɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 4 mʌkʌɖɑ Bhili-Anjhera 3 mitʃəɾijũ Bhilali-Mandwi 3 kiɖɪjɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 4 mʌkʌɖɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 3 misɪɾjɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 3 kiɖɪjɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 4 mʌkʌɖo Bhilali-Mandwi 3 mɪtʃɪɾjɑ Bhilali-Agar 3 kiɖijɑ Bhilali-Agar 1 kuɭjo Bhilali-Navalpura 7 tʃatʃʌɖɪjo Bhilali-Udaigadh 3 kiɖi Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 kuɭjɑ Bhilali-Agar 3 mɪtʃhɪɾɪjɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 3 kiɖiɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 kuɭəjɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 3 mʌtʃəɾijɑ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 kiɖi Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 4 mʌkʌɖʊ Bhilali-Kattivada 3 mitʃhɑ Bhili-Piplia 3 kiɖiɑ Bhili-Piplia 1 koɭio Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 mɪtʃhɪɾɪjɑ Bhili-Kharod 3 kiɖi Bhili-Kharod 3 koroɭio Bhili-Piplia 8 nusijɑ 2 mʌkodo Bhilali-Aspai 1 kholːjo Bhili-Kharod 8 nusio Bhilali-Aspai 3 kiɖɑvũ Rathawi-Mankodi 3 khʌɾoɖi 3 mʌtʃʌd Rathawi-Mankodi 3 kiɖi Palya-Choutharya 1 kod̪əjo 1 kuto Palya-Choutharya 3 kiɖɑvi Palya-Natvada 1 koljo Bhilali-Aspai 4 məkʈɾɑ Palya-Natvada 2 mokʌɖʊ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 7 hʌʈkuwio Rathawi-Mankodi 3 mʌtʃhʌr Bareli Pauri-Shahana 3 kiɖawo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 7 hʌʈkuɭi Palya-Choutharya 4 mʌkət̪ʌɾu Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 3 kiɖawi Bareli Pauri-Khadki 7 həɖkʊjo Palya-Natvada 4 mʌkht̪ɾʊ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 3 kiɖɑvi Nimadi-Khargone 4 mɑkəɖi Bareli Pauri-Shahana 2 d̪as Nimadi-Khargone 3 kiɖi Nimadi-Awlia 4 mɑkəɖi 7 t̪s̪at̪s̪ʌɖiɑ Nimadi-Awlia 3 kiɖi Nimadi-Ashapur 4 mɑkəɖi Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 2 d̪aha Nimadi-Ashapur 3 kiɖi Ahirani-Dhule 5 kui 7 t̪s̪at̪s̪ʌɖiɑ Ahirani-Dhule 5 muŋgi Hindi 4 mʌkʌɖi Bareli Pauri-Khadki 7 tʃɑtʃəɖijo Hindi 4 tʃĩʈi Gujarati 3 kəɾoɖio Nimadi-Khargone 3 mɑtʃhʌɾ Gujarati 3 kiɖi Marathi 1 koɭi Nimadi-Awlia 3 mʌtʃhʌɾ Marathi 5 mũŋgi Nimadi-Ashapur 3 mʌtʃəɾi Ahirani-Dhule 3 mʌtʃhʌɾ Hindi 3 mət ̪tʃhəɾ Gujarati 3 mətʃhəɾə Marathi 1 kuto 3 mʌtʃhʌɾ

113 101. name 102. man 103. woman Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 n̪au Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 2 maɳhũ Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 baiɾo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 nau Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 od̪mi Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 baiʌɾ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 nɑʋ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 ɔd̪mi Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 bɑijʌɾ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 nɑv Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 ɔd̪mi Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 bɑjʌɾ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 nɑʋ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 ɔd̪mi Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 bɑjɛɾ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 nɑʋ̃ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 ɔd̪mi Rathwi-Chenpur 1 bɑjʌɾ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 nɑv Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 ɔd̪mi Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 bɑiɾo Bhilali-Bodugam 1 nɑm Bhilali-Bodugam 2 mɑnʌs Bhilali-Bodugam 1 bɑjɛɾ Bhili-Punyawat 1 nɑm Bhili-Punyawat 1 ɔd̪mi Bhili-Punyawat 1 bɑjɔɾ Bhili-Anjhera 1 nɑv Bhili-Anjhera 5 lok Bhili-Anjhera 1 bɑjʌɾ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 nɑv Bhilali-Anjhera 1 ʌd̪mi Bhilali-Anjhera 1 bʌjɪɾi Bhilali-Mandwi 1 nɑv Bhilali-Mandwi 1 ɑd̪əmi Bhilali-Mandwi 1 bɑjɾi Bhilali-Navalpura 1 nɑv Bhilali-Navalpura 1 ɔd̪mi Bhilali-Navalpura 1 bɑjɪɾi Bhilali-Agar 1 nɑv Bhilali-Agar 1 ʌd̪əmi Bhilali-Agar 1 bʌjer Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 nɑm Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 ɑd̪mi Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 bɑjʌɾ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 nɑm Bhilali-Kattivada 1 ɑd̪mi Bhilali-Kattivada 1 bʌjjʌɾ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 nɑv Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 5 log Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 logɑj Bhili-Piplia 1 nɑm Bhili-Piplia 1 ɑd̪mi Bhili-Piplia 1 bʌjʌɾ Bhili-Kharod 1 nam Bhili-Kharod 1 ad̪mi Bhili-Kharod 1 wʌjir Bhilali-Aspai 1 nɑm Bhilali-Aspai 2 mɑɳẽ Bhilali-Aspai 1 bəjəɾ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 nɑm Rathawi-Mankodi 2 mɑnʌs Rathawi-Mankodi 1 bɛjʌɾi Palya-Choutharya 1 nɑm Palya-Choutharya 1 ʌd̪əmi Palya-Choutharya 1 bʌjjʌɾ Palya-Natvada 1 nɑv Palya-Natvada 2 mɑɳe Palya-Natvada 1 bʌjɛr Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 nau Bareli Pauri-Shahana 4 maʈi Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 baiɾo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 nau Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 4 maʈi Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 baihɾo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 nɑʋ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 2 mɑɳu Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 bɑiɾo Nimadi-Khargone 1 nɑv Nimadi-Khargone 1 ɑd̪mi Nimadi-Khargone 5 ɔɾɑt̪ Nimadi-Awlia 1 nɑv Nimadi-Awlia 1 ɑd̪əmi Nimadi-Awlia 7 bɑi Nimadi-Ashapur 1 nɑv Nimadi-Ashapur 1 ʌd̪mi 2 lugʌi Ahirani-Dhule 1 nɑw Ahirani-Dhule 2 mɑnos Nimadi-Ashapur 7 bɑi Hindi 1 nɑm Hindi 1 ɑd̪mi Ahirani-Dhule 7 bɑi Gujarati 1 nɑm 2 mənʊʂjə Hindi 4 st̪ɾi Marathi 1 nɑw 3 pʊɾʊʂ 5 ɑuɾət̪ Gujarati 2 mɑɳəs Gujarati 4 st̪ɾi Marathi 2 mɑnuʃ Marathi 4 st̪ɾi 3 puɾuʂ 7 bɑi

114 104. child 105. father 106. mother Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 t ̪s ̪huɾo Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 babu Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 ɑi 3 puɾio Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 6 bas Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 5 aiʃ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 3 puɾiʌ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 bɑbɔ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 ɑjɑ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 3 puɾijɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 bɑbɑ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 ɑjɑ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 puɾjɑ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 bɑbɑ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 ɑjɑ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 3 puɾjɑ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 bɑbɑ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 ɑjɑ Rathwi-Chenpur 3 puɾjo Rathwi-Dongargaon 6 bɑs Rathwi-Dongargaon 5 ɑiʃ Rathwi-Dongargaon 3 puɾjo Bhilali-Bodugam 1 bɑbɑ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 ɑjɑ Bhilali-Bodugam 3 puɾjɑ Bhili-Punyawat 5,6 bɑx Bhili-Punyawat 3 mɑi Bhili-Punyawat 3 puɾjũ Bhili-Anjhera 6 bɑs Bhili-Anjhera 3 mɑi Bhili-Anjhera 3 poɾju Bhilali-Anjhera 12 d̪ɑd̪u Bhilali-Anjhera 3 mɑj Bhilali-Anjhera 3 poɾjõ Bhilali-Mandwi 6 bɑs Bhilali-Mandwi 3 mɑj Bhilali-Mandwi 3 puɾjɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 6 bɑ̃s Bhilali-Navalpura 3 mɑj Bhilali-Navalpura 3 puɾjo 12 d̪ɑdʒi Bhilali-Agar 3 mɑj Bhilali-Agar 3 puɾjɑ Bhilali-Agar 6 bɑs Bhilali-Udaigadh 3 mɑi Bhilali-Udaigadh 3 pɔɾjɑ 12 d̪ɑdʒi Bhilali-Kattivada 1 ɑjɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 3 pɔɾjɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 5 bɑ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 mɑj Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 poɾjo Bhilali-Kattivada 5 bɑ Bhili-Piplia 1 ɑi Bhili-Piplia 1 soɾɑ̃ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 ɖokɾu Bhili-Kharod 1 ɑi Bhili-Kharod 1 tsoro Bhili-Piplia 5 bɑ Bhilali-Aspai 12 jɑ Bhilali-Aspai 1 soɾʊ Bhili-Kharod 5 ba Rathawi-Mankodi 3 mɑ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 soɾu Bhilali-Aspai 5 bɑ Palya-Choutharya 1 ɑi Palya-Choutharya 1 tʃhoɾu Rathawi-Mankodi 5 bɑ Palya-Natvada 1 ʌjəjɑ Palya-Natvada 1 tʃoɾo Palya-Choutharya 5 bɑh Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 ɑi Bareli Pauri-Shahana 3 puɾio Palya-Natvada 5 bɑh Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 ɑi Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 3 puɾiʌ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 babu Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 ɑji Bareli Pauri-Khadki 3 puɾjo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 babu Nimadi-Khargone 3 mɑi Nimadi-Khargone 9 bɑɭɑk Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 bɑbu Nimadi-Awlia 3 mɑi Nimadi-Awlia 4 bʌtʃtʃo Nimadi-Khargone 1 bɑp Nimadi-Ashapur 3 mɑi 9 bɑɭɑk Nimadi-Awlia 12 d̪ɑd̪o Ahirani-Dhule 3 mɑje Nimadi-Ashapur 3 pɔɾjɑ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 bɑp Hindi 3 mɑ̃ Ahirani-Dhule 3 poɾe Ahirani-Dhule 1 bɑp 4 mɑt ̪ɑ Hindi 4 bətʃtʃɑ Hindi 1 bɑp Gujarati 3 mɑ 9 bɑɭɑk 2 pit̪ɑ Marathi 1 ɑi Gujarati 1 tʃokɾũ Gujarati 1 bɑpɑ 4 mɑ t ̪ɑ Marathi 5 mul 2 pit̪ɑ 6 lɛkhɾu Marathi 1 bɑp 2 pitɑ ̪

115 107. older brother 108. younger brother 109. older sister Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 mot̪hu-bɦai Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 n̪an̪lu-bɦai Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 2 mot̪hi-boɳi Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 moʈɬo-bɦai Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 n̪an̪d̪lu-bɦaiʃ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 2 mot̪ɬi-bɦoniʂ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 2 d̪ɑd̪ɑ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1,3 bɦɑjɑ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 bɑi Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 2 d̪ɑd̪ɑ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1,3 bɦɑj Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 bɑi Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 2 d̪ɑd̪ɑ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 nɑnlu bɦɑis Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 bɑi Rathwi-Chenpur 2 d̪ɑd̪u Rathwi-Chenpur 1 nɑnlu bɦɑiʃ Rathwi-Chenpur 2 moʈli bɑi Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 moʈlu bɦaiʃ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 nɑnlu bɦɑis Rathwi-Dongargaon 2 moʈli bɔhniʃ Bhilali-Bodugam 2 d̪ɑd̪o Bhilali-Bodugam 2 nɑnlu d̪ɑd̪o Bhilali-Bodugam 2 moʈli boj Bhili-Punyawat 1 mɔʈlo bɦɑi Bhili-Punyawat 1 nɑnko bɦɑi Bhili-Punyawat 2 mɔʈli bɔhɳɪh Bhili-Anjhera 7 bɦɑjɔ Bhili-Anjhera 1 nɑnɔ Bhili-Anjhera 3 dʒidʒi Bhilali-Anjhera 3 bɛɖɑ bɦɑj Bhilali-Anjhera 1 nɑnɑ bɦɑj Bhilali-Anjhera 1 bʌji Bhilali-Mandwi 1 moʈlu bɦɑj Bhilali-Mandwi 1 nɑnlo bɦɑj Bhilali-Mandwi 2 moʈli bojĩ Bhilali-Navalpura 1 moʈlu bɦɑj Bhilali-Navalpura 1 nɑnlu bɦɑj Bhilali-Navalpura 2 moʈli bohɳɪs Bhilali-Agar 1 moʈlo bɦɑj Bhilali-Agar 1 nɑnko bɦɑi Bhilali-Agar 3 dʒidʒi Bhilali-Udaigadh 2 d̪ɑd̪ɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 nɑnɔ bɦɑi Bhilali-Udaigadh 3 dʒidʒi Bhilali-Kattivada 2 d̪ɑd̪ɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 nɑnlo bɦɑj Bhilali-Kattivada 3 dʒidʒi Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 moʈlu bɦɑj Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 nɑnlu bɦɑj Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 moʈli bɛjɪn Bhili-Piplia 2 d̪ɑd̪o Bhili-Piplia 9 kɑko Bhili-Piplia 3 dʒi Bhili-Kharod 2 d̪ad̪o Bhili-Kharod 1 nano bhai Bhili-Kharod 1 baj Bhilali-Aspai 2 d̪ɑd̪o Bhilali-Aspai 1 nəllobɦɑɪ 3 ʒiʒi Rathawi-Mankodi 2 d̪ɑd̪ɑ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 nɑnɑ bɦɑj Bhilali-Aspai 1 bɑi Palya-Choutharya 2 d̪ɑd̪o Palya-Choutharya 1,3 bɦɑjo Rathawi-Mankodi 3 dʒidʒi Palya-Natvada 1 moʈlo bɦɑj Palya-Natvada 1 nɑnlo bɦɑj Palya-Choutharya 1 bɑi Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 moʈlu-bai Bareli Pauri-Shahana 5 aitʌlu-bai Palya-Natvada 2 moʈli bene Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 moʈɬo-baih Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 5 ait ̪lo-baih Bareli Pauri-Shahana 2 moʈli-boɳi 2 d̪ad̪a Bareli Pauri-Khadki 5 ɑit̪əlu bɦɑi Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 bai Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 moʈəlu bɦɑi Nimadi-Khargone 1 nɑnɔ bɦɑi Bareli Pauri-Khadki 2 moʈəli boɳi Nimadi-Khargone 1 mɔʈɑ bɦɑi Nimadi-Awlia 3 tʃhoʈo bɦɑi Nimadi-Khargone 2 moʈi bɑiɳ Nimadi-Awlia 3 bʌɖo bɦɑi Nimadi-Ashapur 3 tʃhoʈo bɦɑi Nimadi-Awlia 5 bʌɖi bʌhin Nimadi-Ashapur 3 bʌɖo bɦɑi Ahirani-Dhule 1 d̪ɦakʌʈʌbɦau Nimadi-Ashapur 5 bʌɖi bʌjeɳ Ahirani-Dhule 5 moʈhɑ bɦɑu Hindi 3 tʃhoʈɑ bɦɑi Ahirani-Dhule 2 moʈhi bɦʌhina Hindi 3 bəɖɑ bɦɑi Gujarati 1 nɑno bɦɑi Hindi 3 d̪id̪i Gujarati 1 moʈo bɦɑi Marathi 4 lɑhɑn bɦɑu 5 bəɖi bəhɪn Marathi 4 woɖil bɦɑu Gujarati 2 moʈi bɛn 5 moʈhɑ bɦɑu Marathi 6 woɖil bʌhiɳ

116 110. younger sister 111. son 112. daughter Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 10 n̪an̪li-boɳi Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 3 t ̪s ̪huɾo Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 4 t ̪shuɾi Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 10 n̪an̪d̪li-bɦoniʂ 6 puɾiu 5 puɾai Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 11 bɑʈi Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 6 puɾiu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 5 puɾai Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 2 ben Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 2 beʈɑ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 2 beʈi Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 10 nɑnli bohəɳɪs Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 6 puɾjɑ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 5 puɾɑi Rathwi-Chenpur 12 nani Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 2 beʈɑ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 2 beʈi Rathwi-Dongargaon 10 nanli bohnɪs Rathwi-Chenpur 6 puɾju Rathwi-Chenpur 5 puɾɑi Bhilali-Bodugam 7 nɑnli boj Rathwi-Dongargaon 2 beʈuʃ Rathwi-Dongargaon 2 beʈiʃ Bhili-Punyawat 10 nɑnki bɔhɳɪh Bhilali-Bodugam 2 bɛʈɑ Bhilali-Bodugam 2 bɛʈi Bhili-Anjhera 4 tʃoʈi Bhili-Punyawat 2 beʈɔx Bhili-Punyawat 2 beʈɪx Bhilali-Anjhera 11 buli Bhili-Anjhera 6 poɾjɑ Bhili-Anjhera 5 poɾɑi Bhilali-Mandwi 7 nɑli bojĩ Bhilali-Anjhera 2 beʈɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 2 beʈi Bhilali-Navalpura 10 nanli bohnɪs Bhilali-Mandwi 2 beʈɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 2 beʈi Bhilali-Agar 7 nɑnki bʌji Bhilali-Navalpura 6 puɾju Bhilali-Navalpura 5 puɾe Bhilali-Udaigadh 10 nɑni bɔhɳis Bhilali-Agar 6 puɾju Bhilali-Agar 5 puɾe Bhilali-Kattivada 10 nɑnli bɔhni Bhilali-Udaigadh 6 puɾjɔ Bhilali-Udaigadh 5 puɾe Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 8 nɑnli bɛjɪn Bhilali-Kattivada 6 poɾjɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 5 pɔɾi Bhili-Piplia 8 nɑni bɔhuɳ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 6 poɾjo Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 5 poɾi Bhili-Kharod 8 nani bun Bhili-Piplia 2 beʈɑ Bhili-Piplia 2 beʈi Bhilali-Aspai 8 nəlliben Bhili-Kharod 2 bɛta Bhili-Kharod 2 bɛti Rathawi-Mankodi 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Aspai 3 sõɾu Bhilali-Aspai 4 sõɾɪ Palya-Choutharya 11 bhɑʈi Rathawi-Mankodi 1 d̪ɪkɾɑ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 d̪ɪkɾi Palya-Natvada 8 nɑnli bene Palya-Choutharya 3 tʃhoɾo Palya-Choutharya 4 tʃhoɾi Bareli Pauri-Shahana 9 aitʌli-boɳi Palya-Natvada 3 tʃoɾo Palya-Natvada 4 tʃoɾi Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 9 ait̪li-boɳihĩ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 3 s̪uɾu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 4 s̪uɾi Bareli Pauri-Khadki 9 ɑit̪əli boɳi Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 3 s̪uɾu Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 4 s̪uɾi Nimadi-Khargone 8 nɑni bɑiɳ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 3 suɾu Bareli Pauri-Khadki 4 suɾi Nimadi-Awlia 4 tʃhoʈi bəhɪn Nimadi-Khargone 3 tʃhɔɾɔ Nimadi-Khargone 4 tʃhɔɾi Nimadi-Ashapur 4 tʃhoʈi bʌjeɳ Nimadi-Awlia 2 beʈɔ Nimadi-Awlia 2 beʈi Ahirani-Dhule 6 d̪ɦakʌʈi bɦʌhina Nimadi-Ashapur 3 tʃhɔɾɔ Nimadi-Ashapur 4 tʃhɔɾi Hindi 4 tʃhoʈi bəhɪn Ahirani-Dhule 6 porija Ahirani-Dhule 5 porʌ Gujarati 8 nɑni bɛn Hindi 2 beʈɑ Hindi 2 beʈi Marathi 5 lɑhɑn bʌhiɳ 4 pʊt̪ɾə 3 pʊt̪ɾi Gujarati 1 d̪ikəɾo Gujarati 1 d̪ikəɾi 3 tʃokɾo 3 put̪əɾi 4 put̪əɾɑ 4 tʃokɾi Marathi 4 put̪ɾʌ Marathi 6 kʌnjɑ 5 mulgɑ 7 mulgi

117

113. husband 114. wife Marathi 3 bɑiko Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 3 od̪mi Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 3 baiɾo 4 pʌt ̪ni 7 pahaɳo 7 l ̪ad̪ i Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 3 od̪mi Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 7 l ̪ad̪ i 115. boy Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 2 d̪ɦehɳi Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 3 bɑijʌɾ Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 3 puɾiu Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 ɔd̪mi Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 bɑjʌɾ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 3 puɾiʌ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 2 d̪ɦɛɳi Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 gɦəɾʋɑli Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 3 puɾijɔ Rathwi-Chenpur 11 lɑɖu Rathwi-Chenpur 7 lɑɖi Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 puɾjɔ Rathwi-Dongargaon 11 lɑɖuʃ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 ghɔɾʋɑɭi Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 3 puɾju Bhilali-Bodugam 13 ɖɑhlʊ Bhilali-Bodugam 14 ɖɑhlɪ Rathwi-Chenpur 3 puɾju Bhili-Punyawat 3 ɔd̪mi Bhili-Punyawat 3 bɑjɔɾ Rathwi-Dongargaon 3 puɾju Bhili-Anjhera 11 lɑɖo Bhili-Anjhera 3 bɑjʌɾ Bhilali-Bodugam 3 puɾjɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 11 lɑɖɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 7 lɑɖi Bhili-Punyawat 3 puɾjo Bhilali-Mandwi 11 lɑɖo Bhilali-Mandwi 7 lɑɖɪ Bhili-Anjhera 3 poɾjɔ Bhilali-Navalpura 1 ghʌrvɑɭo Bhilali-Navalpura 1 gɦʌrvɑɭi Bhilali-Anjhera 3 poɾjo Bhilali-Agar 1 gɦʌɾʋɑɭɑ Bhilali-Agar 1 gɦʌrvɑɭi Bhilali-Mandwi 3 puɾjɑ 2 d̪eɳi 7 lɑɖi Bhilali-Navalpura 3 puɾju Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 gɦʌɾʋɑɭɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 gɦʌɾʋɑli Bhilali-Agar 3 puɾju 3 ɑd̪mi 3 bʌjʌɾ Bhilali-Udaigadh 3 puɾjɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 3 ɑd̪mi Bhilali-Kattivada 3 bʌjjʌɾ Bhilali-Kattivada 3 puɾjɑ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 ghʌrvɑɭo Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 gɦʌrvɑɭi Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 poɾjo 2 d̪ɦʌɳi 11 logɑj Bhili-Piplia 1 soɾõ Bhili-Piplia 3 ɑd̪mi Bhili-Piplia 3 bʌjʌɾ Bhili-Kharod 1 tsoro Bhili-Kharod 1 ghɛrwaɭo Bhili-Kharod 1 ghɛwaɭi Bhilali-Aspai 1 soɾɑ Bhilali-Aspai 11 lɑɖo Bhilali-Aspai 7 lɑɖɪ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 soɾu Rathawi-Mankodi 11 lɑɖo Rathawi-Mankodi 7 lɑɖi Palya-Choutharya 1 tʃhoɾo Palya-Choutharya 1 ghɔɾʋɑɭo Palya-Choutharya 1 ghɔɾʋɑɭi Palya-Natvada 1 tʃhoɾo Palya-Natvada 1 ghɔɾʋɑɭo 7 lɑɖi Bareli Pauri-Shahana 3 puɾio Bareli Pauri-Shahana 6 maʈi Palya-Natvada 1 ghɔɾʋɑɭi Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 s̪uɾu Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 6 maʈi 7 lɑɖi Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 suɾu Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 gɦəɾʋɑɭu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 7 l ̪ad̪ i Nimadi-Khargone 1 tʃhɔɾɔ Nimadi-Khargone 2 dɦɑɳi Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 7 l ̪ad̪ i Nimadi-Awlia 1 tʃhɔɾɔ Nimadi-Awlia 1 ghʌrvɑɭo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 7 lɑɖi 3 poɾjo 2 d̪ɦʌɳi Nimadi-Khargone 3 bɑiɾu Nimadi-Ashapur 3 pɔɾjɑ Nimadi-Ashapur 2 d̪ɦʌɳi Nimadi-Awlia 1 gɦʌrvɑɭʌi Ahirani-Dhule 3 porija Ahirani-Dhule 5 nʌwora 11 lugʌi Hindi 2 ləɖkɑ Hindi 4 pət ̪i Nimadi-Ashapur 11 lugʌi Gujarati 1 tʃokɾo Gujarati 2 d̪ɦʌɳi Ahirani-Dhule 3 bɑiko Marathi 3 poɾgɑ Marathi 4 pʌt ̪i Hindi 4 pət ̪ni 4 mulgɑ 5 nʌuɾɑ Gujarati 4 pət ̪ni

118 116. girl 117. day 118. night Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 3 puɾai Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 4 d̪ahaɖu Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 ɾat̪ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 3 puɾai Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 4 d̪ɦaɖu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 ɾat ̪i Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 3 puɾɑi Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 4 d̪ɦɑhɖu Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 ɾɑt̪ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 puɾɑi Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 4 d̪ʌhʌɖu Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 ɾɑt̪ɪ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 3 puɾɑj Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 4 d̪ɑhəɽu Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 ɾɑt̪ Rathwi-Chenpur 3 puɾɑi Rathwi-Chenpur 4 d̪ʌhʌɖu Rathwi-Chenpur 1 ɾɑt̪ Rathwi-Dongargaon 3 puɾɑi Rathwi-Dongargaon 4 d̪ʌhʌɖu Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 ɾɑt̪ɪ Bhilali-Bodugam 3 puɾɑj Bhilali-Bodugam 3 d̪isʊ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 ɾɑt̪ Bhili-Punyawat 3 puɾe 5 d̪isʊ Bhili-Punyawat 1 ɾɑt̪ Bhili-Anjhera 3 poɾɑi Bhili-Punyawat 4 d̪ʌhɖo Bhili-Anjhera 1 ɾɑt̪ Bhilali-Anjhera 3 poɾə Bhili-Anjhera 4 d̪ɑhɖo Bhilali-Anjhera 1 ɾɑt̪ Bhilali-Mandwi 3 puɾe Bhilali-Anjhera 4 d̪ɑhʌɖɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 ɾɑt̪ Bhilali-Navalpura 3 puɾe Bhilali-Mandwi 4 d̪ɑhʌɖo Bhilali-Navalpura 1 ɾɑt̪ Bhilali-Agar 3 puɾe Bhilali-Navalpura 4 d̪ɑhɖu Bhilali-Agar 1 ɾɑt̪ Bhilali-Udaigadh 3 puɾe Bhilali-Agar 4 d̪ʌhʌɖu Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 ɾɑt̪ Bhilali-Kattivada 3 puɾe Bhilali-Udaigadh 4 d̪ʌhʌɖu Bhilali-Kattivada 1 ɾɑt̪ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 poɾi Bhilali-Kattivada 4 d̪ʌhɖo Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 ɾɑt̪ Bhili-Piplia 1 soɾi Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 d̪in Bhili-Piplia 1 ɾɑt̪ Bhili-Kharod 1 tsori Bhili-Piplia 1 d̪ʌn Bhili-Kharod 1 rat̪ Bhilali-Aspai 1 soɾɪ Bhili-Kharod 1 d̪ʌn Bhilali-Aspai 1 ɾet̪ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 soɾi Bhilali-Aspai 2 d̪əɖo Rathawi-Mankodi 1 ɾɑt̪ Palya-Choutharya 1 tʃhoɾi Rathawi-Mankodi 2 d̪ɑɖo Palya-Choutharya 1 ɾɑt̪ Palya-Natvada 1 tʃhoɾi Palya-Choutharya 5 d̪ihu Palya-Natvada 1 ɾɑt̪ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 s̪uɾi Palya-Natvada 4 d̪ɑhʌɖo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 ɾat̪ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 s̪uɾi Bareli Pauri-Shahana 5 d̪ih Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 ɾat̪ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 suɾi Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 5 d̪ih Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 ɾɑt̪ Nimadi-Khargone 1 tʃhɔɾi Bareli Pauri-Khadki 5 d̪ih Nimadi-Khargone 1 ɾɑt̪ Nimadi-Awlia 1 tʃhɔɾi Nimadi-Khargone 1 d̪in Nimadi-Awlia 1 ɾɑt̪ 3 pɔɾʌi Nimadi-Awlia 1 d̪in Nimadi-Ashapur 1 ɾɑt̪ Nimadi-Ashapur 3 pɔɾi Nimadi-Ashapur 1 d̪in Ahirani-Dhule 1 ɾɑt̪ Ahirani-Dhule 3 porʌ Ahirani-Dhule 1 d̪in̪ Hindi 1 ɾɑt̪ Hindi 2 ləɖki Hindi 1 d̪ɪn Gujarati 1 ɾɑt̪ Gujarati 1 tʃokɾi 3 d̪ivɑs 1 ɾɑt̪ɾi Marathi 3 poɾgi Gujarati 3 d̪ivɑs Marathi 1 ɾɑt̪ɾɑ 4 mulgi Marathi 3 d̪iwʌs

119 119. morning 120. noon 121. evening/afternoon Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 9 hon̪d̪aɾe Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 8 mathe-d̪ahaɖu Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 9 s ̪an̪t ̪o Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 9 s̪ʌn̪d̪aɾe Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 9 t ̪s ̪hoʈipʌr-d̪ɦahaɖu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 9 s ̪an̪t ̪o Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 9 sɑnd̪ɑɾe Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 12 t̪opi Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 9 sɑnt ̪o Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 9 sund̪ɑɾe Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 4 d̪uphɑɾjɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 9 sɑnt ̪ɑ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 9 son̪d̪ɑɾo Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 8 mɑt̪ɦe d̪ɑhəɽe Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 2 sɑndʒ Rathwi-Chenpur 9 sɔnd̪ɑɾɔ Rathwi-Chenpur 8 mɑt̪he d̪ɑhʌɖe Rathwi-Chenpur 9 sɑnt ̪o Rathwi-Dongargaon 9 sund̪ɑɾe 12 t̪opi ʋeɭɑ Rathwi-Dongargaon 9 ɕɑnt ̪o Bhilali-Bodugam 9 sɑnd̪ɑɾ Rathwi-Dongargaon 12 t̪opi Bhilali-Bodugam 9 sɑnt̪ Bhili-Punyawat 8 vegɦɑ Bhilali-Bodugam 8 khɔjɑr d̪ɑhʌɖʊ Bhili-Punyawat 9 xɑnt ̪o Bhili-Anjhera 13 egun 10 khɔjɑr d̪ɑhʌɖʊ Bhili-Anjhera 9 sɑnt ̪i Bhilali-Anjhera 13 egon Bhili-Punyawat 10 khɔjɑɾ/khʌjɑrlɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 9 ɕɑnt ̪o Bhilali-Mandwi 13 egon Bhili-Anjhera 4 d̪upɑɾjũ Bhilali-Mandwi 9 sɑnt ̪o Bhilali-Navalpura 9 sʌnd̪ɑɾe Bhilali-Anjhera 4 d̪ʊpɑɾjo Bhilali-Navalpura 9 sɑnt ̪o Bhilali-Agar 8 vegɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 8 mɑt̪he d̪ɑhʌɖe Bhilali-Agar 9 ɕɑnt̪ʌlo Bhilali-Udaigadh 8 vegɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 8 mat ̪he d̪ɑhɖe Bhilali-Udaigadh 2,9 sɑnt ̪ɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 9 hʌnd̪ɑɾe Bhilali-Agar 8 mɑt̪he d̪ɑhʌɖe Bhilali-Kattivada 2 hɑndʒ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 13 ekgʊdʒ 10 khɔjɑɾ/khʌjɑrlɑ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 9 sɑnt ̪i Bhili-Piplia 9 ɪnd̪ɑɾ Bhilali-Udaigadh 2 bɔpoɾ Bhili-Piplia 2 hɑndz Bhili-Kharod 2 hʌwer Bhilali-Kattivada 2 bɔpoɾ Bhili-Kharod 2 hãdz Bhilali-Aspai 2 həvɑɾ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 4 d̪ʊpːɑr Bhilali-Aspai 2 hɑ̃dʒ Rathawi-Mankodi 2 hʌvɑɾe Bhili-Piplia 2 bʌhpɔɾ Rathawi-Mankodi 2 hɑndʒ Palya-Choutharya 2 hʌvɑɾe Bhili-Kharod 2 bʌphor Palya-Choutharya 2 hʌnt̪u Palya-Natvada 2 hʌvɑɾe Bhilali-Aspai 2 bopor Palya-Natvada 2 hant̪ʊ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 9 hon̪d̪aɾe Rathawi-Mankodi 2 bʌpor Bareli Pauri-Shahana 8 hanspʌɾ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 9 hʌn̪d̪aɾe 2 bʌpore Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 8 hanspʌɾ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 9 hənd̪ɑɾo Palya-Choutharya 2 bʌpore Bareli Pauri-Khadki 2 hɑndʒ pʌɾ Nimadi-Khargone 2 sɑveɾɔ Palya-Natvada 2 bɔpoɾ Nimadi-Khargone 2 sɑndʒɑ Nimadi-Awlia 10 d̪in nikʌɭe Bareli Pauri-Shahana 7 mat ̪he-d̪ihi Nimadi-Awlia 2 sʌndʒɦɑ 3 subəh 7 mat ̪e-d̪ɦahaɖu Nimadi-Ashapur 2 sɑndʒ Nimadi-Ashapur 2 sʌbeɾɔ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 7 mat ̪he-d̪ihi Ahirani-Dhule 2,9 sʌndijɑkai Ahirani-Dhule 5 sʌkaje 7 mat ̪e-d̪ɦahaɖu Hindi 2 sə̃d̪ɦjɑ Hindi 2 səbeɾɑ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 6 d̪ihũ 4 ʃɑm 3 subəh Nimadi-Khargone 4 d̪uphɑɾ Gujarati 2 sɑ̃dʒ Gujarati 2 səvəɾ Nimadi-Awlia 11 d̪inɖɦʌɭe Marathi 2 sʌnd̪ɦjɑ Marathi 5 sʌkɑɭ 4 d̪upʌhʌɾ 5 sɑijʌnkɑɭ Nimadi-Ashapur 4 d̪upeɾi Ahirani-Dhule 4 d̪uphɑɾ Hindi 4 d̪opəhəɾ Gujarati 2 bəpoɾ Marathi 4 d̪upɑɾ

120 122. yesterday 123. today 124. tomorrow Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 kal Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 ad̪z̪ Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 7 wahaɳe Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 kal Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 ad̪z̪ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 7 wahaɳe Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 kɑl Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 ɑdʒ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 7 ʋəhɑɳe Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 kɑl Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 ɑdʒ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 7 vʌhɳe Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 kɑl Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 ɑdʒ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 7 ʋɑhəɳẽ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 kɑl Rathwi-Chenpur 1 ɑdʒ Rathwi-Chenpur 7 vʌhɳe Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 kɑl Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 ɑdʒ Rathwi-Dongargaon 7 vʌhɳe Bhilali-Bodugam 1 kɑl Bhilali-Bodugam 1 ɑdʒ Bhilali-Bodugam 7 vɑhɳe Bhili-Punyawat 1 kɑl Bhili-Punyawat 1 ɑdʒ Bhili-Punyawat 2 kɑl Bhili-Anjhera 1 kɑl Bhili-Anjhera 1 ɑdʒ Bhili-Anjhera 7 vɑhɳɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 kɑl Bhilali-Anjhera 1 ɑdʒ Bhilali-Anjhera 2 kɑl Bhilali-Mandwi 1 kɑl Bhilali-Mandwi 1 ɑdʒ Bhilali-Mandwi 7 vɑhɳɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 1 kʌl Bhilali-Navalpura 1 ɑdʒ Bhilali-Navalpura 7 vɑhɳe Bhilali-Agar 1 kɑl Bhilali-Agar 1 ɑdʒ Bhilali-Agar 7 vɑhɳe Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 kʌl Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 ɑdʒ Bhilali-Udaigadh 7 vʌhɳe Bhilali-Kattivada 1 kɑl Bhilali-Kattivada 1 ɑdʒ Bhilali-Kattivada 7 vʌhɳe Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 kɑl Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 ɑdʒ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 kɑl Bhili-Piplia 1 kɑl Bhili-Piplia 1 ɑdʒ Bhili-Piplia 1 hʌveɾo Bhili-Kharod 1 gʌj Bhili-Kharod 1 adz Bhili-Kharod 1 hʌwer Bhilali-Aspai 1 kɑle Bhilali-Aspai 1 ɑdʒe Bhilali-Aspai 7 vəɳẽ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 kɑle Rathawi-Mankodi 1 ɑdʒə Rathawi-Mankodi 7 vɑhɳej Palya-Choutharya 1 kɑle Palya-Choutharya 1 ɑdʒ Palya-Choutharya 7 vʌhɳe Palya-Natvada 1 kɑle Palya-Natvada 1 ɑdʒ Palya-Natvada 7 vʌhɳe Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 kal Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 ad̪z̪ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 7 waɳe Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 kaɭ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 ad̪z̪ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 7 waɳe Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 kɑl Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 ɑdʒ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 7 vɑɳe Nimadi-Khargone 1 kɑl Nimadi-Khargone 1 ɑdʒ Nimadi-Khargone 2 kɑl Nimadi-Awlia 1 kɑl Nimadi-Awlia 1 ɑdʒ Nimadi-Awlia 2 kʌl Nimadi-Ashapur 1 kɑl Nimadi-Ashapur 1 ɑdʒ Nimadi-Ashapur 2 kɑl Ahirani-Dhule 1 kald̪i Ahirani-Dhule 1 ɑdʒ Ahirani-Dhule 2 kald̪i Hindi 1 kʌl Hindi 1 ɑdʒ Hindi 2 kɑl Gujarati 1 gəikɑl Gujarati 1 ɑdʒei Gujarati 2 kɑle 1 kɑle Marathi 1 ɑdz Marathi 8 ud̪ɦjɑ Marathi 1 kɑl

121 125. week 126. month 127. year Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 2 haʈ Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 mohoɳo Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 wʌɾih Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 3 hapt̪u Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 mohʌɳo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 woɾis Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 3 hɑpt ̪u Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 mohənɔ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 vəɾɪʃ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 hʌpt ̪u Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 mɔhnu Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 2 sɑl Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 2 hɑʈ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 mohənɔ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 vɔɾɪʃ Rathwi-Chenpur 2 hɑʈ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 mɔhɳɔ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 vʌɾiʃ Rathwi-Dongargaon 2 hɑʈh Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 mɔhno 2 sɑl Bhilali-Bodugam 2 hɑʈ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 mɔhno Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 vəɾɪʃ Bhili-Punyawat 2 xɑʈ Bhili-Punyawat 1 mɔhnu 2 sɑl Bhili-Anjhera 3 hʌpt̪ɔ Bhili-Anjhera 1 mɑhənu Bhilali-Bodugam 1 vʌɾɪs Bhilali-Anjhera 3 hʌpt ̪u Bhilali-Anjhera 1 mɑino Bhili-Punyawat 1 vɔɾix Bhilali-Mandwi 3 hʌpt̪ɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 mɔhnɑ Bhili-Anjhera 2 sɑl Bhilali-Navalpura 2 hɑʈh Bhilali-Navalpura 1 mɔhno Bhilali-Anjhera 2 sɑl Bhilali-Agar 2 hɑʈh Bhilali-Agar 1 mɔhno Bhilali-Mandwi 2 sɑl Bhilali-Udaigadh 2 hɑʈh Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 mohənɔ Bhilali-Navalpura 2 sɑl Bhilali-Kattivada 2 hɑʈh Bhilali-Kattivada 1 mʌhino Bhilali-Agar 1 vʌɾɪɕ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 hɑpt ̪o Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 mʌjɪno Bhilali-Udaigadh 2 sɑl Bhili-Piplia 3 hʌft ̪o Bhili-Piplia 1 mɑino Bhilali-Kattivada 1 vɑɾeh Bhili-Kharod 1 athwario Bhili-Kharod 1 mʌino Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 sɑl Bhilali-Aspai 2 hɑ̃ʈɑhɑʈ Bhilali-Aspai 1 mɑhino Bhili-Piplia 1 vɑɾeh Rathawi-Mankodi 2 hɑʈe Rathawi-Mankodi 1 mɑino Bhili-Kharod 1 wʌras Palya-Choutharya 2 hɑʈh Palya-Choutharya 1 mʌino Bhilali-Aspai 1 vəre Palya-Natvada 2 hɑʈh Palya-Natvada 1 mʌjino Rathawi-Mankodi 1 vʌɾe Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 aʈhoɖu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 mʌin̪o Palya-Choutharya 1 vʌɾeh Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 3 hapt̪u Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 maonu Palya-Natvada 1 vʌɾe Bareli Pauri-Khadki 3 hɑpt̪u Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 moino Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 wʌɾih Nimadi-Khargone 3 hɑpt ̪ɔ Nimadi-Khargone 1 mɑinɔ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 wʌɾi Nimadi-Awlia 3 hʌpt̪ɔ Nimadi-Awlia 1 mʌhino Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 vʌɾi Nimadi-Ashapur 3 hʌpt̪ɔ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 mʌino Nimadi-Khargone 2 sɑl Ahirani-Dhule 2 hɑʈ Ahirani-Dhule 1 mʌhina Nimadi-Awlia 2 sɑl Hindi 3 hʌpht̪ɑ Hindi 1 məhinɑ Nimadi-Ashapur 2 sɑl 3 səpt̪ɑh Gujarati 1 mɑ̃hino Ahirani-Dhule 1 wʌɾiʂ Gujarati 1 ɑʈhɑwɑɖiũ Marathi 1 mʌihiɳɑ Hindi 1 vəɾʂ 3 səpt̪ɑh 2 sɑl Marathi 1 ɑʈhwʌɖɑ Gujarati 1 vəɾʃ Marathi 1 wʌɾʂʌ 2 sɑl

122 128. old 129. new 130. good Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 d̪z̪un̪lu Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 n̪ʌulu Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 10 warlo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 d̪z̪un̪lʌ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 naulʌ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 10 warlʌ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 dʒunlo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 nəvlo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 10 vɑɾlu Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 dʒunəlɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 nɑʋlɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 10 vɑɾlɔ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 dʒunlo Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 nɑʋlo Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 10 ʋɑɾu Rathwi-Chenpur 1 dʒʊnlo Rathwi-Chenpur 1 nɔvlɔ Rathwi-Chenpur 10 vɑɾɔ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 dʒʊnlo Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 nɔvlɔ Rathwi-Dongargaon 10 vɑɾu Bhilali-Bodugam 1 dʒʊnlo Bhilali-Bodugam 1 nʌvlo Bhilali-Bodugam 10 vɑrlo Bhili-Punyawat 1 dʒunɖəlɔ Bhili-Punyawat 1 nɔvlɔ Bhili-Punyawat 10 vɑɾlɔ Bhili-Anjhera 1 dʒunlo Bhili-Anjhera 1 nɔʋlũ Bhili-Anjhera 10 vɑɾlu Bhilali-Anjhera 1 dʒʊno Bhilali-Anjhera 1 nʌvlo Bhilali-Anjhera 10 vɑrlo Bhilali-Mandwi 1 dʒʊɳlo Bhilali-Mandwi 1 nʌvlo Bhilali-Mandwi 10 vɑrlo Bhilali-Navalpura 1 dʒʊnlo Bhilali-Navalpura 1 nʌvlo Bhilali-Navalpura 10 vɑɾu Bhilali-Agar 1 dʒʊnlɑ Bhilali-Agar 1 nʌvlɑ Bhilali-Agar 10 vɑɾu Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 dʒʊnɭɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 nɔvɭɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 10 vɑɾlu Bhilali-Kattivada 1 dʒʊnlu Bhilali-Kattivada 1 nʌvlu Bhilali-Kattivada 10 vɑɾlu Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 dʒʊnlo Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 nʌvlo Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 10 vɑrlo Bhili-Piplia 1 zunu Bhili-Piplia 1 nʌvũ Bhili-Piplia 1 ʌsəli Bhili-Kharod 1 dzunu Bhili-Kharod 1 nʌwo Bhili-Kharod 6 sari Bhilali-Aspai 1 dʒʊnlə Bhilali-Aspai 1 nəvʊlʊ Bhilali-Aspai 10 vɑɾʊ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 dʒʊnlu Rathawi-Mankodi 1 nʌvlu Rathawi-Mankodi 10 vɑɾu Palya-Choutharya 1 dʒʊnlu Palya-Choutharya 1 nʌvlu Palya-Choutharya 10 vɑɾu Palya-Natvada 1 dʒʊnlu Palya-Natvada 1 nʌvlu Palya-Natvada 10 vɑɾu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 d̪z̪un̪lo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 n̪ʌolo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 11 had̪z̪lo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 d̪z̪unɭo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 n̪aoɭʌ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 11 had̪z̪ɭʌ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 dʒunlo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 nəvlo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 11 hɑdʒo Nimadi-Khargone 2 puɾɑnɔ Nimadi-Khargone 1 nɑvɔ Nimadi-Khargone 7 ɑtʃhɔ Nimadi-Awlia 2 puɾɑnɔ Nimadi-Awlia 2 nʌjo Nimadi-Awlia 7 ʌtʃtʃho Nimadi-Ashapur 2 puɾɑɳu Nimadi-Ashapur 2 nʌjo Nimadi-Ashapur 7 ʌtʃtʃho Ahirani-Dhule 1 dʒunɑ Ahirani-Dhule 1 nʌwɑ Ahirani-Dhule 9 tʃaŋgla Hindi 2 pʊɾɑnɑ Hindi 1 nəvə Hindi 7 ʌtʃtʃhɑ Gujarati 1 dʒunu 2 nəjɑ 12 bəɽɦijɑ Marathi 1 dzunə Gujarati 1 nəvũ Gujarati 6 sɑɾəs Marathi 1 nʌwɑ Marathi 9 tsɑŋglɑ

123

131. bad 132. wet Marathi 1 bɦidʒlelɑ Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 khʌɾap Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 6 t ̪id̪ʌlo 5 olɑ 7 ni-waɾu 7 bɦiglo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 khʌɾap Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 7 bɦiglo 133. dry Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 12 bɦunɖũ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 9 gillɔ Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 huklo Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 12 bɦuɳɖɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 9 gillɔ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 suklʌ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 12 bɦunɖo Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 9 gilo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 suklo Rathwi-Chenpur 12 bɦunɖo Rathwi-Chenpur 7 bɦigəlu Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 sukəlɔ Rathwi-Dongargaon 4 bɦigʌɖlɔ Rathwi-Dongargaon 7 bɦiglo Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 suklo Bhilali-Bodugam 12 bɦuɳɖlo Bhilali-Bodugam 7 bɦiglo Rathwi-Chenpur 1 sukəlɔ Bhili-Punyawat 12 bɦunɖɔt̪ Bhili-Punyawat 7 bɦigɦəlo Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 sukəlɔ Bhili-Anjhera 12 bɦunɖũ Bhili-Anjhera 7 bɦiglũ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 sukhlo Bhilali-Anjhera 1 khʌɾɑb Bhilali-Anjhera 7 bɦigjo Bhili-Punyawat 1 xukəlu Bhilali-Mandwi 12 bɦuɳʈʌn Bhilali-Mandwi 7 bɦigɑ Bhili-Anjhera 7 kɔɾlũ Bhilali-Navalpura 12 bɦuɳɖo 9 gɪlɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 sukhgɛjɑ Bhilali-Agar 12 bɦuɳɖɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 9 gilo Bhilali-Mandwi 8 sʊgjɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 12 bɦuɳɖʌn Bhilali-Agar 7 bɦigi gjo Bhilali-Navalpura 1 sukhlo Bhilali-Kattivada 8 kajnu 9 gilo Bhilali-Agar 1 sʊkhlɑ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 12 bɦunɖʊdʒ Bhilali-Udaigadh 9 gillɔ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 sukhɭɑ Bhili-Piplia 12 buɳɖo Bhilali-Kattivada 6 t ̪id̪lu Bhilali-Kattivada 1 hukəlu Bhili-Kharod 1 khʌrab Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 bɦindʒɑj gjo Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 sukhɑj gjo 2 bod̪ũ Bhili-Piplia 4 lilo Bhili-Piplia 1 hukelu Bhilali-Aspai 7 nɪvɑɾʊ Bhili-Kharod 3 palɖi gjo Bhili-Kharod 1 huka Rathawi-Mankodi 1 khʌɾɑb 7 bhigi gjo Bhilali-Aspai 1 hʊkhɑ Palya-Choutharya 8 kʌini vɑɾu Bhilali-Aspai 7 phegi Rathawi-Mankodi 1 nʌhukhelu 1 khʌɾɑb Rathawi-Mankodi 7 bɦɪgelu Palya-Choutharya 1 hukəlu Palya-Natvada 4 bɦʌgʌɖu Palya-Choutharya 6 pid̪əlu Palya-Natvada 1 hʊkhʌlʊ 1 khʌɾɑb 7 bɦigəlu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 hukʌlʌ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 khʌɾap Palya-Natvada 6 t ̪id̪lu Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 hukɭʌ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 8 ne-hadzʌ 7 bhigi dʒja Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 hukəlo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 8 kɑjnihɑdʒo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 7 bɦiglo Nimadi-Khargone 1 sukhɔ Nimadi-Khargone 11 gɑnd̪ɔ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 7 bigɭi Nimadi-Awlia 1 sukhɔ Nimadi-Awlia 1 khʌɾɑb Bareli Pauri-Khadki 6 t ̪id̪əlo Nimadi-Ashapur 1 sukhɔ 2 bʊɾo Nimadi-Khargone 5 ɑlɔ Ahirani-Dhule 0 NO ENTRY Nimadi-Ashapur 1 khʌɾɑb Nimadi-Awlia 9 gilo Hindi 1 sukhɑ Ahirani-Dhule 1 khrab Nimadi-Ashapur 5 ʌllɔ Gujarati 1 sukũ Hindi 1 khəɾɑb Ahirani-Dhule 0 NO ENTRY 3 koɾũ 2 buɾa Hindi 9 gilɑ Marathi 1 sukhɑ Gujarati 1 khəɾɑb Gujarati 2 bɦinũ 3 koɖɑ Marathi 1 khʌɾɑb 3 pəɭɑɾəvũ 6 wɑiʈ

124 134. long 135. short 136. hot Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 nambo Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 ʈukʌ Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 3 t̪at̪ʌɭo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 n̪ambo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 ʈukʌ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 3 t̪at̪ʌɭo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 nɑmbe Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 ʈukhəlɔ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 3 t̪ɑt ̪lɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 nɑmbe Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 ʈuko Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 t̪ɑt ̪o Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 nɑmbo Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 ʈuko Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 3 t̪ɑt ̪o Rathwi-Chenpur 1 nɑmbɔ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 ʈuko Rathwi-Chenpur 3 t̪ɑt ̪lɔ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 nɑmbɔ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 ʈuklo Rathwi-Dongargaon 3 t̪ɑt ̪lɔ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 lɑmlo Bhilali-Bodugam 4 nɑnlo Bhilali-Bodugam 3 t̪ɑt ̪lo Bhili-Punyawat 1 lɑmbəlɔ Bhili-Punyawat 4 nɑnkɔ Bhili-Punyawat 3 t̪ɑt ̪lũ Bhili-Anjhera 1 lɑmblũ Bhili-Anjhera 2 tʃoʈlũ Bhili-Anjhera 3 t̪ɑt ̪lũ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 lɑmblo Bhilali-Anjhera 4 nɑnkɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 3 t̪ɑt ̪lo Bhilali-Mandwi 1 lɑmbi Bhilali-Mandwi 4 nɑnlo Bhilali-Mandwi 3 t̪ɑt ̪o Bhilali-Navalpura 1 lɑmbo Bhilali-Navalpura 4 nɑnlo Bhilali-Navalpura 3 t̪ɑt ̪lo Bhilali-Agar 1 lɑmbɑ Bhilali-Agar 4 nɑnɑ Bhilali-Agar 3 t̪ɑt ̪o Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 nʌmblɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 4 nɑnkɔ Bhilali-Udaigadh 3 t̪ɑt ̪lɔ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 nɑmbɔ Bhilali-Kattivada 4 nenlu Bhilali-Kattivada 3 t̪ɑt ̪lũ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 lʌmbu Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 tʃhotu Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 t̪ɑt ̪o Bhili-Piplia 1 lɑmbu 4 nɑnlu Bhili-Piplia 1 ʊnːu Bhili-Kharod 1 lambu Bhili-Piplia 4 nɑnu Bhili-Kharod 1 unu Bhilali-Aspai 1 nɑmbʊ Bhili-Kharod 1 tũku Bhilali-Aspai 1 ʊɳlʊ̃ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 nɑmbu Bhilali-Aspai 1 ʈʊkhʊ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 ʊnu Palya-Choutharya 1 lɑmbu Rathawi-Mankodi 1 ʈʊkkʊ Palya-Choutharya 1 ʊnːu Palya-Natvada 1 lɑmbu Palya-Choutharya 1 ʈuku Palya-Natvada 1 ʊnlʊ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 lamlo Palya-Natvada 1 ʈuku Bareli Pauri-Shahana 3 t̪at̪ʌɭo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 n̪ambʌɭʌ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 5 ait ̪lo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 3 t̪at̪ʌɭo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 nɑmbo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 9 tsuʈɭʌ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 3 t̪ɑt ̪o Nimadi-Khargone 1 lɑmbɔ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 5 ɑit̪əlo Nimadi-Khargone 3 t̪ɑt ̪ɔ Nimadi-Awlia 1 lʌmbo Nimadi-Khargone 2 tʃhɔʈɔ Nimadi-Awlia 2 gʌɾʌm Nimadi-Ashapur 1 lʌmbo Nimadi-Awlia 2 tʃhɔʈɔ 3 t̪ɑt ̪o Ahirani-Dhule 1 lʌm Nimadi-Ashapur 2 tʃhɔʈɔ Nimadi-Ashapur 3 t̪ɑt ̪ɔ Hindi 1 ləmbɑ Ahirani-Dhule 7 ɑkhuɖʌ Ahirani-Dhule 2 gʌrʌm Gujarati 1 lɑmbũ Hindi 2 tʃhoʈɑ Hindi 2 gʌɾəm Marathi 1 lɑmbʌ Gujarati 1 ʈũkũ Gujarati 2 gəɾʌm Marathi 2 tʃhoʈɑ Marathi 1 uʂɳʌ 7 ɑkhuɖ 2 gʌɾʌm 8 lʌhɑn

125 137. cold 138. right 139. left Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 2 hewo Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 4 dʒeuɖu Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 3 ɖakhʌɾiu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 2 s̪elo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 4 dʒeuɖu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 3 ɖakhʌɾiu Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 2 seɭo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 4 dʒeʋiɖiju Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 3 ɖəkhəɾiju Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 2 tʃeɭɭo Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 4 dʒeʋiɖju Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 ɖɑkhəɾijɑ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 2 seɭo Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 4 dʒeʋəɽu Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 3 ɖɑkhəɾju Rathwi-Chenpur 2 selɔ Rathwi-Chenpur 4 dʒeʋəɖi Rathwi-Chenpur 3 ɖɦɑkhəɾi Rathwi-Dongargaon 2 ɕeʋɑilo Rathwi-Dongargaon 4 dʒevəɖɪjɔ Rathwi-Dongargaon 3 ɖɦɑkiɖijo Bhilali-Bodugam 2 ɕello Bhilali-Bodugam 4 dʒɛvəɖjo Bhilali-Bodugam 3 ɖɑkhɾi Bhili-Punyawat 2 xeɭɑɭu Bhili-Punyawat 4 dʒevəɖɪjɔ Bhili-Punyawat 3 ɖɑkhʌɾijɔ Bhili-Anjhera 2 tʃeɭɭũ Bhili-Anjhera 4 dʒeʋɭɔ Bhili-Anjhera 3 ɖɑkrijo Bhilali-Anjhera 2 seɭo Bhilali-Anjhera 4 dʒɛvɖɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 3 ɖɑkɑɾjɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 2 seɭo Bhilali-Mandwi 4 dʒɛʋəɖi Bhilali-Mandwi 3 ɖɑkʌɾju Bhilali-Navalpura 2 seɭlo Bhilali-Navalpura 4 dʒɛvəɖɪjo Bhilali-Navalpura 3 ɖɑkhɾɪjo Bhilali-Agar 2 selɭo Bhilali-Agar 4 dʒɛvəɖɪjo Bhilali-Agar 3 ɖɑkəɾijɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 2 seɭɭɔ Bhilali-Udaigadh 4 dʒeʋɖijɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 3 ɖɑkəɾijɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 2 heɭɭu Bhilali-Kattivada 9 ɖɑvɔ Bhilali-Kattivada 3 ɖɑkhɾijɔ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 seɭu Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 4 dʒɛvɳɪjo Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 ɖɑkhɾɪjo 2 seɭlu Bhili-Piplia 9 ɖɑbo Bhili-Piplia 7 dʒʌməɖo Bhili-Piplia 1 ʈɑɖũ Bhili-Kharod 1 dzamɳo Bhili-Kharod 1 dawo Bhili-Kharod 1 taɖu Bhilali-Aspai 1 dʒəmoɳo Bhilali-Aspai 3 ɖəkərio Bhilali-Aspai 1 ʈhɑɖlʊ̃ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 dʒɛmɳo Rathawi-Mankodi 1 ɖɑbo Rathawi-Mankodi 1 ʈɑɖu Palya-Choutharya 1 dʒʌməɳou Palya-Choutharya 3 ɖhɑkəɾijo Palya-Choutharya 1 ʈɑɖu Palya-Natvada 1 dʒɛmɳo Palya-Natvada 3 ɖɛkhʌɾjo Palya-Natvada 1 ʈaɖlʊ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 4 dzeudo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 3 ɖakhʌɾiu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 2 hewo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 4 dzeuɖu Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 3 ɖakhʌɾi Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 2 helːo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 4 dʒeʋəɖi Bareli Pauri-Khadki 3 ɖɑkhəɾi Bareli Pauri-Khadki 2 hevəvo Nimadi-Khargone 5 sid̪ɔ Nimadi-Khargone 4 ulʈɔ Nimadi-Khargone 1 t̪ɑnɖɔ Nimadi-Awlia 2 d̪ʌhɪno Nimadi-Awlia 2 bɑjo Nimadi-Awlia 1 ʈhʌnɖo 5 sid̪ɔ 4 ulʈɔ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 ʈhʌnɖo Nimadi-Ashapur 4 dʒeʋɳu Nimadi-Ashapur 5 d̪ʌʋɳu Ahirani-Dhule 1 t ̪hʌɳɖʌ Ahirani-Dhule 4 dʒewuna Ahirani-Dhule 3 d̪akhorija Hindi 1 ʈhəɳɖɑ Hindi 2 d̪ʌhɪnɑ Hindi 2 bɑ̃jɑ Gujarati 1 ʈhənɖũ 7 d̪ɑjɑ Gujarati 1 ɖɑ̃bũ Marathi 1 ʈhʌɳɖʌ Gujarati 1 dʒəməɳo Marathi 5 d̪ɑwɑ Marathi 3 udzwə 1 d̪ɑwɑ

126 140. near 141. far 142. big Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 5 hat ̪e Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 2 ts̪heʈo Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 moʈlu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 5 sat ̪e Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 2 tʃheeʈo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 moʈɬu Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 5 sɑt ̪e Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 10 nɑmbe Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 moʈu Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 11 d̪ɦʌhɖe Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 10 nɑmbe Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 mɔʈu Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 5 sɑt ̪e Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 10 nɑmbe Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 moʈɑ 17 soɽe Rathwi-Chenpur 10 nɑmbe Rathwi-Chenpur 1 mɔʈɔ Rathwi-Chenpur 5 sɑt ̪e Rathwi-Dongargaon 10 nɑmbe Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 mɔʈlɔ 17 soɖe Bhilali-Bodugam 10 nɑmbe Bhilali-Bodugam 1 moʈlʊ Rathwi-Dongargaon 5 sɑt ̪e Bhili-Punyawat 2 tʃeʈe Bhili-Punyawat 1 mɔʈlɔ Bhilali-Bodugam 10 nɑʈ Bhili-Anjhera 1 d̪uɾ Bhili-Anjhera 1 moʈlũ Bhili-Punyawat 19 lɔkt ̪o Bhilali-Anjhera 1 d̪uɾ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 moʈlɑ Bhili-Anjhera 11 d̪ʌhɖɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 d̪uɾi Bhilali-Mandwi 1 moʈlɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 11 d̪ɛɖ Bhilali-Navalpura 2 tʃɛʈe Bhilali-Navalpura 1 moʈlo Bhilali-Mandwi 18 d̪ʌɖɛt̪ Bhilali-Agar 1 d̪ur Bhilali-Agar 1 moʈlo Bhilali-Navalpura 11 d̪ɦʌɖe Bhilali-Udaigadh 2 tʃheʈe Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 mɔʈlɑ Bhilali-Agar 19 lɔkt ̪o Bhilali-Kattivada 2 tʃheʈu Bhilali-Kattivada 1 mɔʈu Bhilali-Udaigadh 11 d̪ɦʌɖe Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 d̪uɾ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 moʈlo Bhilali-Kattivada 3 t ̪huɖum Bhili-Piplia 2 seʈi Bhili-Piplia 1 moʈũ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 11 d̪ɦʌɖə Bhili-Kharod 2 siti Bhili-Kharod 1 moto Bhili-Piplia 6 meɾe Bhilali-Aspai 2 seʈlo Bhilali-Aspai 1 moʈlo Bhili-Kharod 6 mere Rathawi-Mankodi 2 seʈu Rathawi-Mankodi 1 moʈu Bhilali-Aspai 16 ʈʊkhəɖo Palya-Choutharya 2 ʃeʈu Palya-Choutharya 1 moʈu Rathawi-Mankodi 16 ʈʊkɖu Palya-Natvada 2 tseʈo Palya-Natvada 1 moʈlo Palya-Choutharya 5 hʌt ̪e Bareli Pauri-Shahana 2 s̪eʈu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 moʈlu Palya-Natvada 5 hʌt ̪e Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 2 s̪eʈu Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 moʈu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 2 ahaɳo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 2 seʈo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 moʈo 5 hat ̪e Nimadi-Khargone 1 d̪uɾ Nimadi-Khargone 1 mɔʈɔ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 2 ahn̪e Nimadi-Awlia 1 d̪uɾ Nimadi-Awlia 2 bʌɖo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 5 hɑt ̪e Nimadi-Ashapur 1 d̪uɾ Nimadi-Ashapur 2 bʌɖo Nimadi-Khargone 4 pɑs Ahirani-Dhule 1 d̪ur Ahirani-Dhule 1 moʈhɑ Nimadi-Awlia 4 pɑs Hindi 1 d̪uɾ Hindi 2 bəɖɑ Nimadi-Ashapur 4 pɑs Gujarati 1 d̪uɾ Gujarati 1 moʈũ Ahirani-Dhule 8 nʌdʒik Marathi 1 d̪uɾ Marathi 1 moʈhɑ Hindi 4 pɑs 8 nʌdʒd̪ik Gujarati 4 pɑsei 8 nɑʒik Marathi 9 dzʌwʌɭ

127 143. small 144. heavy 145. light Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 n̪an̪iu Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 bɦaɾu Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 2 phʌuro Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 n̪an̪lo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 bɦaɾʌ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 2 phoʌɾʌ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 nɑnu Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 bɦɑɾo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 2 phɑuɾũ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 nɑnɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 bɦʌhɾɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 2 phɑuɾɑ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 nɑnɑ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 bɦɑɾo Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 2 phɑuɾo Rathwi-Chenpur 1 nɑnlu Rathwi-Chenpur 1 bɦɑɾo Rathwi-Chenpur 2 phɔʋeɾlɔ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 nɑnlo Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 bɦʌhɾɔ Rathwi-Dongargaon 2 phʌuɾɑ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 nɑnlu Bhilali-Bodugam 1 bɦɑɾo Bhilali-Bodugam 2 phɔɾo Bhili-Punyawat 1 nɑnkɔ Bhili-Punyawat 1 bɦɑɾi Bhili-Punyawat 3 xɔɭkɔ Bhili-Anjhera 1 nɑnkũ Bhili-Anjhera 1 bɦʌhɾũ Bhili-Anjhera 2 phɑuɾũ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 nɑnko Bhilali-Anjhera 1 bɦɑɾɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 3 hʌlki Bhilali-Mandwi 1 nɑlo Bhilali-Mandwi 1 bɦɑɾi Bhilali-Mandwi 2 phʌuɾɑ 1 nɑnlo Bhilali-Navalpura 1 bɦɑɾo Bhilali-Navalpura 2 phʌuɾə Bhilali-Navalpura 1 nɑnlo Bhilali-Agar 1 bɦɑɾu Bhilali-Agar 2 phʌuɾʊ Bhilali-Agar 1 nɑno Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 bɦɑɾ Bhilali-Udaigadh 2 phʌʋəɾlu Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 nɑnlu Bhilali-Kattivada 1 bɦɑɾu Bhilali-Kattivada 3 hʌɭeklu Bhilali-Kattivada 1 nenu Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 bɦɑɾu Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 phʌuɾʊ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 nɑnlo Bhili-Piplia 1 bɦɑɾi Bhili-Piplia 2 poɾũ Bhili-Piplia 1 nɑnu Bhili-Kharod 1 bhari Bhili-Kharod 2 phoro Bhili-Kharod 1 nano Bhilali-Aspai 1 phəro Bhilali-Aspai 3 hɑ̃vko Bhilali-Aspai 1 nənlo Rathawi-Mankodi 1 bɦɑɾu Rathawi-Mankodi 3 hʌɖku Rathawi-Mankodi 10 tʃinu Palya-Choutharya 1 bɦɑɾu Palya-Choutharya 3 hʌɭku Palya-Choutharya 1 nɑnu Palya-Natvada 1 bɦɑɾu Palya-Natvada 2 phʌuɾʊ Palya-Natvada 1 nɑnlo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 bɦaɾo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 3 hʌlko Bareli Pauri-Shahana 4 aitt ̪l ̪u Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 baɾo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 4 olːwo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 4 ait ̪u Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 bɑɾo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 3 hʌlko Bareli Pauri-Khadki 4 ɑit ̪o Nimadi-Khargone 1 bɦɑɾi Nimadi-Khargone 3 hɑlkɔ Nimadi-Khargone 1 nɑnɔ Nimadi-Awlia 2 vʌdʒʌnd̪ɑɾ Nimadi-Awlia 3 hʌɭko Nimadi-Awlia 2 tʃhoʈo Nimadi-Ashapur 1 bɦʌhɾi Nimadi-Ashapur 3 hʌɭko Nimadi-Ashapur 2 tʃhoʈo Ahirani-Dhule 0 NO ENTRY Ahirani-Dhule 3 halʌko Ahirani-Dhule 3 d̪ɦakʌla Hindi 1 bɦɑɾi Hindi 3 hʌlkɑ Hindi 2 tʃhoʈɑ Gujarati 1 bɦɑɾei Gujarati 3 həlkũ Gujarati 1 nɑnũ Marathi 1 bɦɑɾi Marathi 3 hʌlkʌ Marathi 2 tʃhoʈɑ 2 wʌdzʌnd̪ɑɾ 8 lʌhɑn 3 dzʌɖ

128 146. above 147. below 148. white Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 5 od̪ʌɾ Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 3 t̪owe Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 d̪ɦowu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 2 upʌɾ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 5 ɳeɖʌ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 d̪ɦauɭio Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 utʃo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 5 nehəɖo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 d̪ɦɔʋəɭo Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 2 upʌɾ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 netʃlɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 d̪ɦɑvɭɔ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 2 upɔɾ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 5 neɽo Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 d̪ɦɔʋɭo Rathwi-Chenpur 2 upʌɾ Rathwi-Chenpur 5 neɖo Rathwi-Chenpur 1 d̪ɦɔʋɭo Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 utʃe Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 netʃo Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 d̪ɦɔʋlijo Bhilali-Bodugam 5 od̪or Bhilali-Bodugam 1 netʃo Bhilali-Bodugam 1 d̪ɦɔveɭo Bhili-Punyawat 5 ɔd̪ɦɑɾ Bhili-Punyawat 1 nitʃe Bhili-Punyawat 1 d̪ɦɑʋeɭʌlɔ Bhili-Anjhera 2 upʌɾ Bhili-Anjhera 1 nitʃɑ Bhili-Anjhera 1 d̪ɦɑʋɭũ Bhilali-Anjhera 5 ʌd̪ʌr Bhilali-Anjhera 1 netʃo Bhilali-Anjhera 1 d̪ɦʌʋɭo Bhilali-Mandwi 2 upʌɾ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 netʃo Bhilali-Mandwi 1 d̪ʌuɭo 5 ʌd̪er Bhilali-Navalpura 1 netʃo Bhilali-Navalpura 1 d̪ɦʌuɭə Bhilali-Navalpura 5 ɔd̪ɦʌr Bhilali-Agar 1 netʃo Bhilali-Agar 1 d̪ʌvɑɭlo Bhilali-Agar 2 upʌr Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 netʃo Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 d̪ɦʌʋeɭɭɑ 5 ʌd̪d̪ʌr Bhilali-Kattivada 1 nitʃɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 d̪hɔɭəɭu Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 utʃɑ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 nitʃə Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 d̪ɦʌuɭo Bhilali-Kattivada 1 utʃɑ Bhili-Piplia 1 nisu Bhili-Piplia 1 d̪ɦoɭũ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 5 ʌd̪ɦʌr Bhili-Kharod 1 nitsu Bhili-Kharod 1 d̪oɭo Bhili-Piplia 2 upʌɾ Bhilali-Aspai 4 heʈʊ Bhilali-Aspai 1 t̪hovʊ Bhili-Kharod 1 ũtsu Rathawi-Mankodi 1 nisu Rathawi-Mankodi 1 d̪ɦoɖu 2 upʌɾ Palya-Choutharya 4 heʈu Palya-Choutharya 1 d̪hɔɭəɭu Bhilali-Aspai 1 utʃʊ Palya-Natvada 4 heʈu Palya-Natvada 1 d̪hoːɭu Rathawi-Mankodi 1 ũtʃu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 net ̪sʌ ̪ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 6 bulːo Palya-Choutharya 2 upeɾ 6 bun̪d̪e Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 6 bulːo Palya-Natvada 5 ʌd̪d̪ʌr Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 6 bun̪d̪e Bareli Pauri-Khadki 6 bullo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 2 upʌɾ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 netso Nimadi-Khargone 1 d̪ɦɑvɭɔ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 2 upʌɾ Nimadi-Khargone 1 nitʃhɑ Nimadi-Awlia 1 d̪ɦɑvɭɔ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 2 upʌɾ Nimadi-Awlia 1 nitʃə Nimadi-Ashapur 1 d̪ɦɑvɭɔ Nimadi-Khargone 5 ɑd̪d̪ʌɾ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 nitʃhɑ Ahirani-Dhule 1 d̪ɦʌwija Nimadi-Awlia 2 upʌɾ Ahirani-Dhule 2 khɑle Hindi 2 səɸed̪ Nimadi-Ashapur 2 upʌɾ Hindi 1 nitʃe Gujarati 1 d̪ɦoɭo Ahirani-Dhule 3 wʌr Gujarati 1 nitʃe Marathi 3 pɑnd̪ɦɾɑ Hindi 2 upəɾ Marathi 2 khɑli Gujarati 2 upəɾ Marathi 3 wʌɾ

129 149. black 150. red 151. one Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 kawu Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 ɾat̪ʌl ̪u Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 ek Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 kaɭːʌ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 ɾat̪ʌl̪ʌ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 ek Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 kɑɭɭɔ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 ɾɑt̪əlo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 ek Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 kɑɭo Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 ɾɑt ̪lo Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 ek Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 kɑɭo Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 ɾɑt̪o Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 ek Rathwi-Chenpur 1 kɑɭlo Rathwi-Chenpur 1 ɾɑt ̪lɔ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 ek Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 kɑɭɭɔ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 ɾɑt ̪lɔ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 ek Bhilali-Bodugam 1 kɑɭlo Bhilali-Bodugam 1 ɾɑt ̪lo Bhilali-Bodugam 1 ek Bhili-Punyawat 1 kɑɭʌlo Bhili-Punyawat 1 ɾɑt ̪lɔ Bhili-Punyawat 1 ek Bhili-Anjhera 1 kɑɭəɭũ Bhili-Anjhera 1 ɾɑt̪ɭũ Bhili-Anjhera 1 ek Bhilali-Anjhera 1 kɑɭo Bhilali-Anjhera 1 ɾɑt ̪lo Bhilali-Anjhera 1 ek Bhilali-Mandwi 1 kɑɭo Bhilali-Mandwi 1 ɾɑt ̪lo Bhilali-Mandwi 1 ek Bhilali-Navalpura 1 kɑɭlə Bhilali-Navalpura 1 ɾɑt ̪lo Bhilali-Navalpura 1 ekʊd̪ Bhilali-Agar 1 kɑɭlo Bhilali-Agar 1 ɾɑt ̪lo Bhilali-Agar 1 ek Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 kʌɭəɭu Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 ɾɑt̪ɭɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 ek Bhilali-Kattivada 1 kʌɭəɭu Bhilali-Kattivada 1 ɾʌt̪əɭu Bhilali-Kattivada 1 ek Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 kɑɭo Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 lɑl Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 ek Bhili-Piplia 1 kɑɭũ Bhili-Piplia 1 ɾɑt ̪ũ Bhili-Piplia 1 ek Bhili-Kharod 1 kalũ Bhili-Kharod 1 lal Bhili-Kharod 1 ek Bhilali-Aspai 1 kɑvʊ 3 rat ̪o Bhilali-Aspai 1 ek Rathawi-Mankodi 1 kɑɭu Bhilali-Aspai 1 ɾət̪əlʊ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 ek Palya-Choutharya 1 kʌɭəɭu Rathawi-Mankodi 1 ɾɑt ̪u Palya-Choutharya 1 ek Palya-Natvada 1 kɑɭlo Palya-Choutharya 1 ɾʌt̪əɭu Palya-Natvada 1 ek Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 kawo Palya-Natvada 1 ɾɑt ̪lo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 ek Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 kaalːo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 ɾat̪ʌl ̪o Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 ek Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 kɑvvo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 ɾat̪ʌɭo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 ek Nimadi-Khargone 1 kɑɭɔ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 ɾɑt ̪lo Nimadi-Khargone 1 ek Nimadi-Awlia 1 kɑɭɔ Nimadi-Khargone 3 lɑl Nimadi-Awlia 1 ek Nimadi-Ashapur 1 kɑɭɔ Nimadi-Awlia 3 lɑl Nimadi-Ashapur 1 ek Ahirani-Dhule 1 kaja Nimadi-Ashapur 3 lɑl Ahirani-Dhule 1 ek Hindi 1 kɑlɑ Ahirani-Dhule 3 lɑl Hindi 1 ɛk Gujarati 1 kɑɭũ Hindi 3 lɑl Gujarati 1 ɛk Marathi 1 kɑɭɑ Gujarati 3 lɑl Marathi 1 ek Marathi 3 lɑl

130 152. two 153. three 154. four Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 3 d̪wi Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 t ̪in Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 tʃar Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 3 d̪wi Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 t ̪in Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 tʃar Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 3 d̪ui Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 t ̪in Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 tʃɑɾ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 d̪ui Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 t ̪in Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 tʃjɑr Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 3 d̪ui Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 t ̪in Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 tʃjɑɾ Rathwi-Chenpur 3 d̪ui Rathwi-Chenpur 1 t ̪in Rathwi-Chenpur 1 tʃɑɾ Rathwi-Dongargaon 3 d̪ui Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 t ̪in Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 tʃjɑr Bhilali-Bodugam 3 d̪ui Bhilali-Bodugam 1 t ̪in Bhilali-Bodugam 1 tʃjɑr Bhili-Punyawat 3 d̪ui Bhili-Punyawat 1 t ̪in Bhili-Punyawat 1 tʃjɑr Bhili-Anjhera 3 d̪ui Bhili-Anjhera 1 t ̪in Bhili-Anjhera 1 tʃjɑɾ Bhilali-Anjhera 3 d̪ui Bhilali-Anjhera 1 t ̪in Bhilali-Anjhera 1 tʃjɑr Bhilali-Mandwi 3 d̪ui Bhilali-Mandwi 1 t ̪in Bhilali-Mandwi 1 tʃjɑr Bhilali-Navalpura 3 d̪ʊj Bhilali-Navalpura 1 t ̪in Bhilali-Navalpura 1 tʃjɑr Bhilali-Agar 3 d̪ʊj Bhilali-Agar 1 t ̪in Bhilali-Agar 1 tʃjɑr Bhilali-Udaigadh 3 d̪ui Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 t ̪in Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 tʃjɑr Bhilali-Kattivada 1 be Bhilali-Kattivada 1 t ̪in Bhilali-Kattivada 1 tʃjɑr Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 d̪ʊj Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 t ̪in Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 tʃjɑr Bhili-Piplia 1 be Bhili-Piplia 1 t ̪in Bhili-Piplia 1 tʃɑɾ Bhili-Kharod 1 be Bhili-Kharod 1 t ̪an Bhili-Kharod 1 tsjar Bhilali-Aspai 1 be Bhilali-Aspai 1 t̪əɳ Bhilali-Aspai 1 tʃəɾ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 be Rathawi-Mankodi 1 t ̪eɳ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 tʃɑr Palya-Choutharya 1 be Palya-Choutharya 1 t̪ʌɳ Palya-Choutharya 1 tʃjɑɾ Palya-Natvada 1 be 2 t̪ʌɳ Palya-Natvada 1 tʃjɑr Bareli Pauri-Shahana 3 d̪wi Palya-Natvada 1 t ̪eɳ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 tʃar Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 3 d̪wi Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 t ̪in Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 tʃar Bareli Pauri-Khadki 3 d̪ui Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 t ̪in Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 tʃɑɾ Nimadi-Khargone 2 d̪ɔ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 t ̪in Nimadi-Khargone 1 tʃɑr Nimadi-Awlia 2 d̪o Nimadi-Khargone 1 t ̪in Nimadi-Awlia 1 tʃɑɾ Nimadi-Ashapur 2 d̪ɔ Nimadi-Awlia 1 t ̪in Nimadi-Ashapur 1 tʃɑɾ Ahirani-Dhule 2 d̪on Nimadi-Ashapur 1 t ̪in Ahirani-Dhule 1 tʃɑr Hindi 2 d̪o Ahirani-Dhule 1 t ̪in Hindi 1 tʃɑɾ Gujarati 1 bɛ Hindi 1 t ̪in Gujarati 1 tʃɑɾ Marathi 2 d̪on Gujarati 2 t̪ɾəɳ Marathi 1 tʃɑɾ Marathi 1 t ̪in

131 155. five 156. six 157. seven Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 pat ̪s[ Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 tshoː Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 sat̪ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 pãt ̪s ̪ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 t ̪s ̪ho Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 s̪at ̪ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 pɑntʃ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 tʃhɑu Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 sɑ̃t̪ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 pɑ̃tʃ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 tʃhou Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 sɑ̃t̪ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 pɑ̃ntʃ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 tʃhɑu Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 sɑ̃t̪ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 pɑntʃ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 tʃhɑu Rathwi-Chenpur 1 sɑt̪ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 pɑntʃ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 tʃhou Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 sɑt̪ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 pɑntʃ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 tʃo Bhilali-Bodugam 1 sɑt̪ Bhili-Punyawat 1 pɑntʃ Bhili-Punyawat 1 tʃhe Bhili-Punyawat 1 sɑt̪ Bhili-Anjhera 1 pɑntʃ Bhili-Anjhera 1 tʃhe Bhili-Anjhera 1 sɑt̪ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 pɑ̃tʃ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 tʃʌu Bhilali-Anjhera 1 sɑt̪ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 pɑ̃tʃ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 tʃʌu Bhilali-Mandwi 1 sɑt̪ Bhilali-Navalpura 1 pɑ̃tʃ Bhilali-Navalpura 1 tʃʌu Bhilali-Navalpura 1 sɑt̪ Bhilali-Agar 1 pɑntʃ Bhilali-Agar 1 tʃʌu Bhilali-Agar 1 sɑt̪ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 pɑntʃ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 tʃʌu Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 sɑt̪ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 pɑntʃ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 sɑu Bhilali-Kattivada 1 hɑt̪ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 pɑ̃tʃ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 tʃʌu Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 sɑt̪ Bhili-Piplia 1 pɑntʃ Bhili-Piplia 1 sɔ Bhili-Piplia 1 hɑt̪ Bhili-Kharod 1 pãs Bhili-Kharod 1 so Bhili-Kharod 1 hat̪ Bhilali-Aspai 1 pɑ̃tʃ Bhilali-Aspai 1 sə Bhilali-Aspai 1 hə̃t̪ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 põs Rathawi-Mankodi 1 tʃo Rathawi-Mankodi 1 hɑt̪ Palya-Choutharya 1 pɑntʃ Palya-Choutharya 1 tʃho Palya-Choutharya 1 hɑt̪ Palya-Natvada 1 pɑ̃tʃ Palya-Natvada 1 tʃho Palya-Natvada 1 hãt̪ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 pãtʃ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 4 saha Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 sat̪ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 pats Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 soa Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 hat[ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 pɑntʃ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 sɑu Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 sɑt̪ Nimadi-Khargone 1 pɑntʃ Nimadi-Khargone 1 tʃhɑu Nimadi-Khargone 1 sɑt̪ Nimadi-Awlia 1 pɑntʃ Nimadi-Awlia 1 tʃhe Nimadi-Awlia 1 sɑt̪ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 pɑntʃ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 tʃhe Nimadi-Ashapur 1 sɑt̪ Ahirani-Dhule 1 pɑ̃ts Ahirani-Dhule 4 sʌwɑ Ahirani-Dhule 1 sɑt̪ Hindi 1 pɑ̃tʃ Hindi 1 tʃhɛ Hindi 1 sɑt̪ Gujarati 1 pɑ̃tʃ Gujarati 1 tʃhə Gujarati 1 sɑt̪ Marathi 1 pɑ̃ts Marathi 4 sʌhɑ Marathi 1 sɑt̪

132 158. eight 159. nine 160. ten Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 aaʈh Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 nʌo Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 d̪ʌs Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 aaʈh Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 nʌo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 d̪ʌs Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 ɑ̃ʈh Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 nɑ̃u Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 d̪ɔs Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 ɑʈh Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 nɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 d̪ʌʃ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 ɑ̃ʈh Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 nɑu Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 d̪ɔs Rathwi-Chenpur 1 ɑʈh Rathwi-Chenpur 1 nou Rathwi-Chenpur 1 d̪ʌs Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 ɑʈh Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 nɑu Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 d̪ʌs Bhilali-Bodugam 1 ɑ̃ʈh Bhilali-Bodugam 1 nɑu Bhilali-Bodugam 1 d̪ʌs Bhili-Punyawat 1 ɑʈh Bhili-Punyawat 1 nʌu Bhili-Punyawat 2 d̪ɔh Bhili-Anjhera 1 ɑʈh Bhili-Anjhera 1 nɑu Bhili-Anjhera 1 d̪ʌs Bhilali-Anjhera 1 ɑʈh Bhilali-Anjhera 1 nɑu Bhilali-Anjhera 1 d̪ʌs Bhilali-Mandwi 1 ɑʈh Bhilali-Mandwi 1 nʌu Bhilali-Mandwi 1 d̪ʌs Bhilali-Navalpura 1 ɑʈh Bhilali-Navalpura 1 nʌu Bhilali-Navalpura 1 d̪ʌs Bhilali-Agar 1 ɑʈh Bhilali-Agar 1 nʌu Bhilali-Agar 1 d̪ʌs Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 ɑʈh Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 nou Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 d̪ʌs Bhilali-Kattivada 1 ɑʈh Bhilali-Kattivada 1 nʌu Bhilali-Kattivada 2 d̪ɔh Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 ɑʈh Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 nʌu Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 d̪ʌs Bhili-Piplia 1 ɑʈh Bhili-Piplia 1 nɔ Bhili-Piplia 2 d̪ʌh Bhili-Kharod 1 ath Bhili-Kharod 1 no Bhili-Kharod 1 d̪ʌs Bhilali-Aspai 1 ɑʈh Bhilali-Aspai 1 nɔve Bhilali-Aspai 2 d̪əh Rathawi-Mankodi 1 ɑʈh Rathawi-Mankodi 1 nʌu Rathawi-Mankodi 1 d̪ʌs Palya-Choutharya 1 ɑʈh Palya-Choutharya 1 nou Palya-Choutharya 2 d̪ʌh Palya-Natvada 1 ɑʈh Palya-Natvada 1 nʌu Palya-Natvada 2 d̪ʌh Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 aaʈh Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 nʌo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 d̪ʌs Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 aʈ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 nʌo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 2 d̪oh Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 ɑʈh Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 nɑu Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 d̪ɔs Nimadi-Khargone 1 ɑʈh Nimadi-Khargone 1 nɑu Nimadi-Khargone 1 d̪ɑs Nimadi-Awlia 1 ɑʈh Nimadi-Awlia 1 nʌu Nimadi-Awlia 1 d̪ʌs Nimadi-Ashapur 1 ɑʈh Nimadi-Ashapur 1 nʌu Nimadi-Ashapur 1 d̪ʌs Ahirani-Dhule 1 ɑʈh Ahirani-Dhule 1 no Ahirani-Dhule 2 d̪a Hindi 1 ɑʈh Hindi 1 nʌu Hindi 1 d̪əs Gujarati 1 ɑʈh Gujarati 1 nʌu Gujarati 1 d̪əs Marathi 1 ɑʈh Marathi 1 nʌu Marathi 2 d̪ʌhɑ

133 161. eleven 162. twelve 163. twenty Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 igjaɾe Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 bare Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 βis Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 igjɑɾe Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 bare Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 bis Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 gjɑɾe Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 bɑɾe Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 ʋis Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 ɪgjɑɾe Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 bɑɾe Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 vis Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 gjɑɾe Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 bɑɾe Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 ʋis Rathwi-Chenpur 1 ɪgjɑɾe Rathwi-Chenpur 1 bɑɾe Rathwi-Chenpur 1 vis Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 ɪgjɑɾe Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 bɑɾe Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 vis Bhilali-Bodugam 1 gjɑɾe Bhilali-Bodugam 1 bɑɾe Bhilali-Bodugam 1 vis Bhili-Punyawat 1 gjɑɾɑ Bhili-Punyawat 1 bɑɾɑ Bhili-Punyawat 1 vih Bhili-Anjhera 1 gjɑɾɑ Bhili-Anjhera 1 bɑɾɑ Bhili-Anjhera 1 vis Bhilali-Anjhera 1 gjɑɾɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 bɑɾɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 vis Bhilali-Mandwi 1 gjɑɾɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 bɑɾɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 vis Bhilali-Navalpura 1 gjɑɾe Bhilali-Navalpura 1 bɑɾɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 1 vis Bhilali-Agar 1 gjɑɾe Bhilali-Agar 1 bɑɾe Bhilali-Agar 1 vis Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 gjɑɾe Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 bɑɾe Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 vis Bhilali-Kattivada 1 ʌgjɑr Bhilali-Kattivada 1 bɑɾ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 vih Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 gjɑɾɑ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 bɑɾɑ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 bis Bhili-Piplia 1 ʌgjɑɾe Bhili-Piplia 1 bɑɾe Bhili-Piplia 1 vih Bhili-Kharod 1 ʌgiar Bhili-Kharod 1 bar Bhili-Kharod 1 wis Bhilali-Aspai 1 ɑgijɑɾ Bhilali-Aspai 1 bɑɾ Bhilali-Aspai 1 vɪ̃hi Rathawi-Mankodi 1 ʌgjɑr Rathawi-Mankodi 1 bɑr Rathawi-Mankodi 1 vis Palya-Choutharya 1 gjɑɾe Palya-Choutharya 1 bɑɾe Palya-Choutharya 1 vih Palya-Natvada 1 ɪgjɑɾe Palya-Natvada 1 bɑɾe Palya-Natvada 1 vih Bareli Pauri-Shahana 2 ʌkʌra Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 bara Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 βis Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 igjɑɾ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 bar Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 βihi Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 igjɑɾɑ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 bɑɾɑ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 vih Nimadi-Khargone 1 gjɑɾɑ Nimadi-Khargone 1 bɑɾɑ Nimadi-Khargone 1 bis Nimadi-Awlia 1 gjɑɾʌ Nimadi-Awlia 1 bɑɾɑ Nimadi-Awlia 1 bis Nimadi-Ashapur 1 gjɑɾɑ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 bɑɾɑ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 bis Ahirani-Dhule 2 lʌkʌrʌ Ahirani-Dhule 1 bɑɾɑ Ahirani-Dhule 1 wis Hindi 1 gjɑɾʌ Hindi 1 bɑɾʌ Hindi 1 bis Gujarati 1 əgiɑɾ Gujarati 1 bɑɾ Gujarati 1 vis Marathi 2 ʌkʌɾɑ Marathi 1 bɑɾɑ Marathi 1 βis

134 164. one hundred 165. who? 166. what? Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 ek-so Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 kuɳ Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 3 kai Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 ek-soː Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 kuɳ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 3 kai Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 sɑu Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 kuɳ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 3 kɑj Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 sɑu Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 kuɳ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 kɑi Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 sɑu Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 kʊɳ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 3 kɑi Rathwi-Chenpur 1 sɔu Rathwi-Chenpur 1 kuɳ Rathwi-Chenpur 3 kɑj Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 sɔu Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 kuɳ Rathwi-Dongargaon 3 kɑj Bhilali-Bodugam 1 sɔu Bhilali-Bodugam 1 kuɳ Bhilali-Bodugam 3 kɑj Bhili-Punyawat 1 xɔv Bhili-Punyawat 1 kuɳ Bhili-Punyawat 3 kɑj Bhili-Anjhera 1 sɑu Bhili-Anjhera 1 kũɳ Bhili-Anjhera 3 kɑj Bhilali-Anjhera 1 sɑu Bhilali-Anjhera 1 kuɳ Bhilali-Anjhera 3 kɑj Bhilali-Mandwi 1 sʌu Bhilali-Mandwi 1 kuɳ Bhilali-Mandwi 3 kɑj Bhilali-Navalpura 1 sʌu Bhilali-Navalpura 1 kuɳ Bhilali-Navalpura 3 kɑj Bhilali-Agar 1 sʌu Bhilali-Agar 1 kuɳ Bhilali-Agar 3 kɑj Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 sɔu Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 kuɳ Bhilali-Udaigadh 3 kɑj Bhilali-Kattivada 1 ek hʌu Bhilali-Kattivada 6 kɔj Bhilali-Kattivada 3 kɔ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 sʌu Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 kuɳ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 kɑj Bhili-Piplia 1 hɔ Bhili-Piplia 1 kun Bhili-Piplia 1 hũ Bhili-Kharod 1 ho Bhili-Kharod 1 kuɳ Bhili-Kharod 1 hũ Bhilali-Aspai 1 ek hõ Bhilali-Aspai 6 kojɪ Bhilali-Aspai 1 hʊ̃ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 ho Rathawi-Mankodi 6 koi Rathawi-Mankodi 1 hũ Palya-Choutharya 1 ho Palya-Choutharya 6 koi Palya-Choutharya 1 hũ Palya-Natvada 1 ho Palya-Natvada 6 koj Palya-Natvada 1 hũ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 ek-ho Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 kuɳ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 3 kai Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 ek-ho Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 kuɳ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 3 kai Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 hɔv Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 kuɳ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 3 kɑj Nimadi-Khargone 1 sɑu Nimadi-Khargone 1 kuɳ Nimadi-Khargone 3 kɑi Nimadi-Awlia 1 sʌu Nimadi-Awlia 1 kunə Nimadi-Awlia 3 kɑj Nimadi-Ashapur 1 sʌu Nimadi-Ashapur 1 kuɳ Nimadi-Ashapur 3 kɑj Ahirani-Dhule 3 ʃʌmbɦʌɾ Ahirani-Dhule 1 kon Ahirani-Dhule 3 kɑi Hindi 1 so Hindi 1 koun Hindi 2 kjɑ Gujarati 1 so Gujarati 1 kɔɳ Gujarati 1 ʃũ Marathi 3 ʃʌmbɦʌɾ Marathi 1 koɳ Marathi 3 kɑi

135 167. where? 168. when? 169. how many? Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 4 kã Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 8 kot ̪jɑr Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 kot̪ʌɾa Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 4 kã Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 8 kot ̪jɑr Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 kʌtʌɾa Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 4 kɑ̃ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 8 kɑt̪əjɑɾ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 kot̪əɾɑ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 4 kɑ̃ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 8 kɔt ̪jɑɾ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 kɔt̪ɾɑ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 4 kɑ̃ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 8 kot̪əjɑɾ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 kot̪əɾɑ Rathwi-Chenpur 4 kɑ̃ Rathwi-Chenpur 8 kɔt ̪jɑɾ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 kɔt̪ɾɑ Rathwi-Dongargaon 4 kɑ̃ Rathwi-Dongargaon 8 kot̪əjɑɾ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 kɔt̪ɾɑ Bhilali-Bodugam 4 kɑ̃ Bhilali-Bodugam 8 kɔt ̪jɑɾ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 kɔt ̪rɑ Bhili-Punyawat 6 kɑ̃hɑ̃ Bhili-Punyawat 3 kĩ Bhili-Punyawat 1 kɔt̪ɾɑ Bhili-Anjhera 6 kʌhɑ̃ Bhili-Anjhera 3 kĩ Bhili-Anjhera 1 kʌt̪əɾɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 4 kɑ̃ Bhilali-Anjhera 3 kĩ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 kʌt ̪rɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 4 kɑ̃ Bhilali-Mandwi 3 kẽ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 kɔt̪ərɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 4 kɑ̃ Bhilali-Navalpura 8 kɔtʃjɑr Bhilali-Navalpura 1 kɔt̪ɾɑ Bhilali-Agar 4 kɑ̃ Bhilali-Agar 8 kɔt ̪jɑɾ Bhilali-Agar 1 kʌt̪ɾa Bhilali-Udaigadh 6 kʌhɑ̃ Bhilali-Udaigadh 3 kihĩ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 kɔt̪əɾɔ Bhilali-Kattivada 4 kɑ̃ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 keɾ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 ket̪ɾɑ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 4 kɑ̃ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 kʌ̃jĩ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 kʌt̪ɾa Bhili-Piplia 4 kɑ̃ Bhili-Piplia 1 keɾe Bhili-Piplia 1 kɛt̪ɾu Bhili-Kharod 4 kã Bhili-Kharod 1 kera Bhili-Kharod 1 ket ̪ra 5 kʌj Bhilali-Aspai 1 kɑ̃ɾʊ Bhilali-Aspai 2 keʈhlɑkh Bhilali-Aspai 4 kɑ̃ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 keɾu Rathawi-Mankodi 1 kɛt̪ɾu Rathawi-Mankodi 5 kʌjĩ Palya-Choutharya 1 kɑɾu Palya-Choutharya 1 ket̪ɾɑ Palya-Choutharya 4 kɑ̃ Palya-Natvada 1 kɑɾu Palya-Natvada 1 kɛt̪ɾɑ Palya-Natvada 4 kɑ̃ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 8 ket ̪ar Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 kot̪ʌɾa Bareli Pauri-Shahana 4 kã Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 8 ket ̪ijur Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 kot̪ʌɾa Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 4 kã Bareli Pauri-Khadki 8 ket̪ɑɾ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 kɔt̪ɾɑ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 6 kəhɑɾi Nimadi-Khargone 6 kəb Nimadi-Khargone 1 ket̪ɾɑ Nimadi-Khargone 4 kɑ̃ Nimadi-Awlia 6 kʌmə Nimadi-Awlia 1 ket̪ɾɑ Nimadi-Awlia 6 kʌhɑ̃ Nimadi-Ashapur 6 kʌb Nimadi-Ashapur 4 ket̪t̪ɑ Nimadi-Ashapur 4 kɑ̃ Ahirani-Dhule 9 kʌwʌje Ahirani-Dhule 1,2 kit̪ʌla Ahirani-Dhule 3 koʈe Hindi 6 kəb Hindi 3 kɪt̪əne Hindi 6 kəhɑ̃ Gujarati 5 kjɑɾei Gujarati 1,2 keit ̪lɑ Gujarati 4,5 kjɑ̃ Marathi 1 kʌd̪i Marathi 4 kit ̪i Marathi 3 koʈhe 9 kẽwhɑ̃

136 170. what kind? 171. this 172. that Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 15 kanla-bat ̪in Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 dʒu Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 6 tʃo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 15 kahale-bat ̪in̪ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 3 jo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 4 polo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 15 kɑhəne bɑt̪ɪn Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 3 jɔ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 3 voh Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 22 kɑi bɦɑt̪in Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 jɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 vɔ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 15 kɑhəne bɦɑt̪ɪn Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 3 ji Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 4 polo Rathwi-Chenpur 20 kɔslɑ Rathwi-Chenpur 3 je Rathwi-Chenpur 2 jɔ Rathwi-Dongargaon 10 kɔsɔ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 dʒjo Rathwi-Dongargaon 4 polo Bhilali-Bodugam 20 kɔsʌlo Bhilali-Bodugam 3 jo Bhilali-Bodugam 4 polo Bhili-Punyawat 15 kɔhəlɔ Bhili-Punyawat 3 jũ Bhili-Punyawat 4 pɔlũ Bhili-Anjhera 20 koslɑ Bhili-Anjhera 3 jɑ Bhili-Anjhera 3 vɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 20 kʌslõ Bhilali-Anjhera 3 jɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 4 polo Bhilali-Mandwi 20 kɔslo Bhilali-Mandwi 1 dʒjo Bhilali-Mandwi 4 polo Bhilali-Navalpura 20 kɔslo Bhilali-Navalpura 1 dʒo hʌjo Bhilali-Navalpura 4 polo hʌjo Bhilali-Agar 20 kɔsʌlo Bhilali-Agar 1 dʒi Bhilali-Agar 6 dʒi Bhilali-Udaigadh 10 kɑsɔ Bhilali-Udaigadh 3 jʌ Bhilali-Udaigadh 4 poli Bhilali-Kattivada 15 kehlu Bhilali-Kattivada 3 je Bhilali-Kattivada 4 helɔ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 10 kɛso Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 je Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 vu 19 kɑ̃jko Bhili-Piplia 3 jo Bhili-Piplia 4 pelo Bhili-Piplia 17 ket̪ɾɑ t̪ʌɾe Bhili-Kharod 2 a Bhili-Kharod 4 pelo Bhili-Kharod 1 kevi dʒɑt̪ Bhilali-Aspai 2 ɑ Bhilali-Aspai 4 helɪ Bhilali-Aspai 2,5 kɑnopɾekɑs Rathawi-Mankodi 2 ɑ̃ Rathawi-Mankodi 4 pɛlli Rathawi-Mankodi 9 kevi dʒʌt̪ʌnu Palya-Choutharya 7 ɑhju Palya-Choutharya 4 hellu Palya-Choutharya 4 kevo Palya-Natvada 7 ahjo Palya-Natvada 4 helo Palya-Natvada 23 hʌnʊ 7 ãjo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 6 tʃu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 9 kali dzat̪in Bareli Pauri-Shahana 3 ju Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 6 tʃo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 14 kʌjni Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 3 jo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 7 hɔjo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 21 kẽhek Bareli Pauri-Khadki 3 jɔ Nimadi-Khargone 3 vɔ Nimadi-Khargone 10 kɑsɔ Nimadi-Khargone 3 jɔ Nimadi-Awlia 1 uː Nimadi-Awlia 10 kɑsɔ Nimadi-Awlia 2 iː Nimadi-Ashapur 3 vɔ Nimadi-Ashapur 2,5 kinɑpɾʌkɑɾ Nimadi-Ashapur 3 jɔ Ahirani-Dhule 5 t ̪o Ahirani-Dhule 0 NO ENTRY Ahirani-Dhule 6 hau Hindi 3 wəh Hindi 2,6 kɪs pɾʌkɑɾ Hindi 3 jɛ 3 wo 3 kis t̪ʌɾʌh 3 jəh Gujarati 4 pelũ 8 kəisɑ 3 jɪh Marathi 5 t ̪o Gujarati 1,4 kevi dʒɑt̪ Gujarati 2 ɑ 2,4 kevi pɾʌkɑɾ Marathi 6 hɑ Marathi 2,5 koɳt ̪id ̪ pɾʌkʌɾtse

137 173. these 174. those 175. same Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 8,5 dʒe Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 5 peɭu Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 saɾkʌ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 5 je Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 5 peɭu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 saɾkhʌ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 5 je Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 5 polɑ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 2 sɔmɑn Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 5 jɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 5 pɔlɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 2 sɔmɑn Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 5 je Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 5 polɑ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 sɑɾəkɑ Rathwi-Chenpur 5 jɔ Rathwi-Chenpur 5 polɑ Rathwi-Chenpur 2 sɔmɑn Rathwi-Dongargaon 8 dʒjɑ Rathwi-Dongargaon 5 polɑ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 ek sʌrkɑ Bhilali-Bodugam 5 je Bhilali-Bodugam 3 vo Bhilali-Bodugam 1 ek sʌrkɑ Bhili-Punyawat 5 jɑ̃ Bhili-Punyawat 5 polɑ Bhili-Punyawat 1 hʌrkun Bhili-Anjhera 5 je Bhili-Anjhera 3 vɔ Bhili-Anjhera 2 sʌmɑn Bhilali-Anjhera 3 vo Bhilali-Anjhera 5 polɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 10 ʈɑɾɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 5 ji Bhilali-Mandwi 5 polɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 ek sɑrkɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 8 dʒo hʌja Bhilali-Navalpura 5 pola hʌjɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 1 ek sʌrkɑ Bhilali-Agar 4 pɔlo Bhilali-Agar 5 polɑ Bhilali-Agar 1 ek sɑrkɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 5 je Bhilali-Udaigadh 5 polɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 ek sʌrkɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 5 jɔ Bhilali-Kattivada 5 helɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 ek hʌɾku Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 5 je Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 vu Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 sʌmɑn Bhili-Piplia 5 ji Bhili-Piplia 5 pelɑ Bhili-Piplia 1 hɑɾkũ Bhili-Kharod 0 NO ENTRY Bhili-Kharod 0 NO ENTRY Bhili-Kharod 1 hʌrkha Bhilali-Aspai 10 ɑbəd̪ɑ Bhilali-Aspai 5 helɑ Bhilali-Aspai 1 həɾkhɑ Rathawi-Mankodi 2 ɑ Rathawi-Mankodi 0 NO ENTRY Rathawi-Mankodi 1 hʌrkɑ Palya-Choutharya 1 ɑhjɑ Palya-Choutharya 5 hellɑ Palya-Choutharya 4 ek ɾʌngɑ Palya-Natvada 1 aja Palya-Natvada 5 hela 1 ek hʌɾkɑ 1 ɑhjɑ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 8 tʃjɑ Palya-Natvada 1 ek hʌɾkɑ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 5 ja Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 8 tʃjɑ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 saɾkha Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 5 ja Bareli Pauri-Khadki 13 hɔjɑ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 harkʌ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 5 ju Nimadi-Khargone 3 vɔ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 2 səmɑn Nimadi-Khargone 5 je Nimadi-Awlia 4 unɑ Nimadi-Khargone 1 sɑɾikɔ Nimadi-Awlia 7 inɑ Nimadi-Ashapur 3 vu Nimadi-Awlia 1 sʌɾikɑ Nimadi-Ashapur 5 ji Ahirani-Dhule 7 t ̪ea Nimadi-Ashapur 3 ek dʒʌsɔ Ahirani-Dhule 6 hai Hindi 3 βe Ahirani-Dhule 1 sɑɾʌkhʌ Hindi 5 je 3 ve Hindi 2 səmɑn Gujarati 2 ɑ Gujarati 5 pelɑ̃ Gujarati 1 səɾkũ Marathi 6 he Marathi 7 t ̪e Marathi 1 sɑɾkhɑ

138 176. different 177. whole 178. broken Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 2 alʌgʌlʌg Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 0 no entry Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 phutlo 6 phoɾok Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 6 guɭʌ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 phutɬʌ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 2 alʌgʌlʌg Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 3 puɾo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 ɸuʈijɔ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 2 ɔləg Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 puɾɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 puʈlo Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 2 ʌllɔg Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 0 ʋɑɾlo Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 puʈlo Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 13 bɦɑt ̪ bɦɑt ̪in \ [probably means good] Rathwi-Chenpur 1 ʈuʈlo Rathwi-Chenpur 12 ɑnge ɑnge Rathwi-Chenpur 2 ɑkhɔ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 ʈuʈlo Rathwi-Dongargaon 12 ɑnge ɑnge Rathwi-Dongargaon 2 ɑːkhɔ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 ʈuʈlɑ Bhilali-Bodugam 12 ɑnge ɑnge Bhilali-Bodugam 3 puɾo Bhili-Punyawat 1 ʈuʈlũ Bhili-Punyawat 2 ɔlʌg Bhili-Punyawat 3 puɾɔ Bhili-Anjhera 1 ʈuʈlũ Bhili-Anjhera 2 ɑllʌg Bhili-Anjhera 3 puɾũ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 phuʈɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 2 ʌlʌg Bhilali-Anjhera 3 puɾɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 phʊʈigejo Bhilali-Mandwi 2 ʌlʌg Bhilali-Mandwi 3 puɾɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 1 phuʈlo Bhilali-Navalpura 2 ɔlʌg Bhilali-Navalpura 3 puɾo Bhilali-Agar 1 ʈʊʈlo Bhilali-Agar 2 ʌlʌg Bhilali-Agar 2 ɑkhɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 ʈuʈlɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 2 ɔlʌg Bhilali-Udaigadh 3 puɾɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 phuʈi Bhilali-Kattivada 2 ʌlʌg Bhilali-Kattivada 3 puɾɔ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 phuʈlu Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 ʌlʌg Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 puɾɑ Bhili-Piplia 3 bɦɑgi gju Bhili-Piplia 14 nɑʈũ Bhili-Piplia 3 puɾu Bhili-Kharod 1 phutelu Bhili-Kharod 1 dzudu Bhili-Kharod 1 hazdo Bhilali-Aspai 1 ɸʊʈelʊ 2 ʌlʌg Bhilali-Aspai 2 ɑkhʊ̃ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 ʈuʈelɑ Bhilali-Aspai 12 ɑŋjɑ Rathawi-Mankodi 2 ɑkhu Palya-Choutharya 1 phuʈlu Rathawi-Mankodi 12 ɑnkhe Palya-Choutharya 3 puɾu Palya-Natvada 1 phuʈlu Palya-Choutharya 2 ʌlʌg Palya-Natvada 3 puɾu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 phuʈlu Palya-Natvada 2 ʌlʌg Bareli Pauri-Shahana 0 no entry Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 phuʈɬo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 2 lʌgʌlʌg Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 2 akhlo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 ʈuʈlo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 d̪z̪ud̪o Bareli Pauri-Khadki 3 puɾo Nimadi-Khargone 7 ɑd̪ɦɔ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 3 nɑɾ nɑɾo Nimadi-Khargone 3 puɾɔ Nimadi-Awlia 1 ʈuʈel Nimadi-Khargone 2 ɑllɑg Nimadi-Awlia 2 ʌɭəko Nimadi-Ashapur 1 ʈuʈel Nimadi-Awlia 2 ʌlʌg 3 puɾo ko puɾo Ahirani-Dhule 1 phuʈeɭ Nimadi-Ashapur 2 ʌlʌg Nimadi-Ashapur 3 puɾɔ Hindi 1 ʈuʈɑ Ahirani-Dhule 2 ɑlʌgʌlʌg Ahirani-Dhule 3 puɾɑ Gujarati 1 ʈuʈelu Hindi 2 ələgələg Hindi 3 puɾɑ 3 bɦɑŋgelu 4 bɦɪnə 3 puɾɳə 1 ʈuʈelu 6 ɸʌɾk Gujarati 2 ɑkhũ Marathi 1 ɸuʈʌlele Gujarati 1 dʒud̪i Marathi 3 puɾɳə Marathi 2 ɑlʌgʌlʌg 6 ɸʌɾʌk 7 wegʌɭʌ

139 179. few 180. many 181. all Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 t ̪huɖa Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 7 d̪ʒɑhɑko Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 10 akha Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 t ̪huɖʌk Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 gɦʌɳs̪ʌʈʌ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 10 akha Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 10 it̪əɾok Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 12 ʃoʈɔ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 10 ɑkhɑ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 10 ɪt̪əɾɔk Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 12 ʃɑuʈɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 10 ɑkhɑ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 6 kɔmt ̪o Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 12 sɑuʈo Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 10 ɑkhɑ Rathwi-Chenpur 10 ɪt̪əɾɔk 23 lɔket̪ Rathwi-Chenpur 10 ɑkhɑ Rathwi-Dongargaon 10 ɪt̪ɾɔ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 gɦɔɳsɔʈɑ Rathwi-Dongargaon 7 sub Bhilali-Bodugam 6 kɔm Rathwi-Dongargaon 23 lɔken Bhilali-Bodugam 10 ɑkhɑ Bhili-Punyawat 1 t ̪huɖuŋg Bhilali-Bodugam 4 vod̪d̪ʊ Bhili-Punyawat 1 xɑɾu Bhili-Anjhera 10 ɪt̪əɾũ Bhili-Punyawat 23 lɔken Bhili-Anjhera 7 sʌb Bhilali-Anjhera 6 kʌm Bhili-Anjhera 23 lʌkhɑn Bhilali-Anjhera 18 ɾeɖ Bhilali-Mandwi 10 ɪt ̪rʌŋ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 gɦɛɳɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 7 sʌb Bhilali-Navalpura 1 t ̪hoɖɑk Bhilali-Mandwi 23 lɛkhʌn Bhilali-Navalpura 10 ɑkho Bhilali-Agar 10 ɪt̪ɾɑk Bhilali-Navalpura 1 gɦɛɳɑ Bhilali-Agar 7 sʌb Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 t ̪hoɖu Bhilali-Agar 23 lɔken Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 sɑɾɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 t ̪hoɖu Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 gɦʌɳu Bhilali-Kattivada 2 bʌd̪d̪u Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 t ̪hoɖʊk Bhilali-Kattivada 1 gɦʌɳɑ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 7 sʌb Bhili-Piplia 1 t ̪hoɖɑk Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 11 mʊkt̪ʊdʒ Bhili-Piplia 3 hʌgɭɑ Bhili-Kharod 1 thodok 1 gɦɛɳɑ Bhili-Kharod 2 bʌd̪ha 2 sinik Bhili-Piplia 1 gɦʌɳɑ Bhilali-Aspai 2 bəd̪ɦɑ Bhilali-Aspai 4 dʒərɪ Bhili-Kharod 1 ghʌnu Rathawi-Mankodi 2 bɛd̪d̪ɑ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 t ̪hoɖu 5 khub Palya-Choutharya 2 bʌd̪d̪ɑ Palya-Choutharya 1 t ̪hoɖu Bhilali-Aspai 21 ʈeɾkhʊ 10 ɑkhɑ Palya-Natvada 1 t ̪hoɖɑ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 khʌɳu Palya-Natvada 10 ɑkhɑ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 t ̪hulo Palya-Choutharya 2 d̪ehɳɑ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 10 akha Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 t ̪huɖo 21 heɾku Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 10 akho Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 t ̪huɖo Palya-Natvada 2 ɖehɳa Bareli Pauri-Khadki 10 ɑkho Nimadi-Khargone 1 t ̪hɔɖɔ 21 ɖerka Nimadi-Khargone 7 sʌb Nimadi-Awlia 6 kʌm Bareli Pauri-Shahana 9 hʌɳʈa Nimadi-Awlia 7 sʌb Nimadi-Ashapur 1 t ̪hɔɖɔ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 9 hoũʈo Nimadi-Ashapur 7 sʌbhi Ahirani-Dhule 8 kɑhi Bareli Pauri-Khadki 9 hɔnʈo Ahirani-Dhule 0 NO ENTRY Hindi 6 kɔm Nimadi-Khargone 3 bɦɔt̪ Hindi 7 səb 1 t ̪hoɖɑ Nimadi-Awlia 8 dʒjɑd̪ɑ Gujarati 2 bʌd̪ha Gujarati 1 t ̪hoɖũ 1 gɦʌɳɑ Marathi 1 sʌɾwʌ Marathi 1 t ̪hoɖɑ Nimadi-Ashapur 8 dʒjɑd̪ɑ 8 kɑhi Ahirani-Dhule 13 mukla Hindi 3 bəhʊt̪ Gujarati 1 ghʌnu Marathi 6 bʌɾets 15 puʂkʌɭ

140 182. eat!, he ate 183. bite!, he bit 184. he is, he was hungry Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 khadʌlo Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 6 tsaijo Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 bɦukulu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 khaɖulo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 6 tsailu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 bɦuklu Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 khɑɳe, khɑd̪o Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 6 tʃɑjd̪e, tʃɑjded̪ɔ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 bɦuklu tʃe, bɦuklu Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 khɑjle, khɑjled̪u Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 kɑʈu, kɑʈd̪ed̪u hʌt̪ɔ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 khɑ, khɑd̪u Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 6 tʃɑid̪e, tʃɑided̪u Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 bɦuklu tʃe, bɦuklu Rathwi-Chenpur 1 khɑ, khɑjled̪u Rathwi-Chenpur 6 tʃɑjd̪e, tʃɑjded̪ɔ hʌt̪ɔ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 khɑjle, khɑjled̪u Rathwi-Dongargaon 6 tʃɑjd̪e, tʃɑjded̪ɔ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 bɦukəlu tʃhe, bɦukəlu Bhilali-Bodugam 1 khɑjle, khɑjled̪u Bhilali-Bodugam 1 kɔiɖi d̪e, kɔiɖi d̪ed̪u hɔt ̪u Bhili-Punyawat 1 khɑʋ, khɑd̪ũ Bhili-Punyawat 1 kɔiɖu, kɔiɖjũ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 bɦuklu tʃe, bɦuklu Bhili-Anjhera 1 khɑjle, khɑjled̪ɔ Bhili-Anjhera 1 kɑʈ, kɑʈled̪ɔ hʌt ̪u Bhilali-Anjhera 1 khɑjle, khɑjlijo Bhilali-Anjhera 11 d̪ʌɾjo, d̪ʌɾʌ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 bɦukəlu tʃhe, bɦukəlu Bhilali-Mandwi 1 khɑʋo, khɑjled̪o Bhilali-Mandwi 1 kɑʈo, kɔjɖi d̪ijɑvo hɔt ̪u Bhilali-Navalpura 1 khɑjle, khɑjled̪u Bhilali-Navalpura 1 kaʈle, - led̪u Bhilali-Bodugam 1 bɦuklʊ tʃhe, bɦuklʊ Bhilali-Agar 1 khɑ, khɑjled̪u Bhilali-Agar 1 kɔiɖi d̪e, kɔiɖi d̪ed̪u hʌt̪ʌlʊ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 khɑjle, khɑjled̪u Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 kʌjʌɖd̪e, kʌjɖid̪i Bhili-Punyawat 1 bɦukhlɔ he, bɦukhlɔ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 khɑjle, khɑjled̪u Bhilali-Kattivada 1 kaʈd̪e, kaʈled̪u hɔt̪əlɔ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 khaj leo, ɠhaj lju Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 kaʈkhajo, kaʈju Bhili-Anjhera 1 bɦuklo, bɦuklohʌt ̪lo Bhili-Piplia 1 khɑvũ, khɑiled̪u Bhili-Piplia 1 kʌiɖo, kʌiɖijo Bhilali-Anjhera 1 bɦukhlɑ Bhili-Kharod 1 khaj lid̪u, kha Bhili-Kharod 4 sɔʈidʒa, sɔʈigju Bhilali-Mandwi 1 bɦukhlɑgɾoɭi, Bhilali-Aspai 1 kɑ, kɑd̪ʊ Bhilali-Aspai 1 kəɖ, dəɖɪjʊ bɦukhlɑge Rathawi-Mankodi 1 khɑvɑ, khɑjlid̪u Rathawi-Mankodi 1 kheɖe, khedjo Bhilali-Navalpura 1 bɦuklu tʃe, bɦuklu Palya-Choutharya 1 khɑ, khɑd̪lu Palya-Choutharya 6 tʃɑv, tʃɑvlu hʌt ̪u Palya-Natvada 1 kha, khajɪdʒjo Palya-Natvada 6 tsajɖe, tsaj dedo Bhilali-Agar 1 bɦukhlo tʃhe, bɦukhlo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 khadʌlu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 6 tsaolu hʌt̪ʌlo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 khadʌlo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 6 tsaoɭo Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 bɦuklɔ tʃhe, bɦuklɔ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 khɑjle, khɑje Bareli Pauri-Khadki 6 tʃɑvd̪elo, tʃɑvd̪elu hɔt ̪lu Nimadi-Khargone 1 khɑv, khɑjlijɔ Nimadi-Khargone 1 kɑʈ, kɑʈilijɔ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 bɦuklɔ tʃhe, bɦuklɔ Nimadi-Awlia 1 khɑ, khɑjo Nimadi-Awlia 1 kɑʈ, kɑʈjɔ hɔt̪ɔ Nimadi-Ashapur 3 dʒimo, dʒimjo Nimadi-Ashapur 1 kɑʈle, kɑʈjɔ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 bɦʊkhlu tʃhe, hʊt̪ʊ Ahirani-Dhule 1 khawʌnʌ Ahirani-Dhule 6 tʃailinʌ Bhili-Piplia 1 bɦukhjo, Hindi 1 khɑ Hindi 1 kɑʈɑ bɦukhijohʌt ̪o Gujarati 1 khɑ Gujarati 1 khɑɾɑɖ Bhili-Kharod 1 bɦuk lagit ̪hi Marathi 1 khɑ Marathi 6 tsɑu Bhilali-Aspai 1 bɦʊkelore, bɦukelovɪo Rathawi-Mankodi 1 phukhlɑge, phukhlɑgi Palya-Choutharya 1 bɦuklo tʃe, bɦuklo hʌt ̪o Palya-Natvada 1 bhukhlagri, bhukhlagli Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 bhuk-lagʌɳe Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 bukhlo

141

Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 bɦuklu tʃe, bɦuklu 185. drink!, he drank 186. he is, he was thirsty hʌt ̪u Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 pid̪ʌlo Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 t ̪ihulu Nimadi-Khargone 1 bɦukhjɔ tʃe, bɦukhjɔ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 pid̪ʌlu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 t ̪is ̪lu t̪ɔ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 piɳe, pid̪o, Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 tisəlu tʃhe, tisəlu hɑt ̪ɔ Nimadi-Awlia 1 bɦukhjɔ tʃe, bɦukhjɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 pi, piled̪u Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 tislu tʃhe, tislu hɑt ̪o t̪ɔ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 pi, pid̪u Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 tisəlu tʃhe, tisəlu hɔt ̪u Nimadi-Ashapur 1 bɦuklʌgi, bɦukjo Rathwi-Chenpur 1 pile, piled̪u Rathwi-Chenpur 5 pislu tʃhe, hʌt ̪u Ahirani-Dhule 1 bɦukijɑ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 pile, pilid̪u Rathwi-Dongargaon 5 pislu tʃe, hʌt ̪u Hindi 1 bɦukh Bhilali-Bodugam 1 pilu, piled̪u Bhilali-Bodugam 1 t ̪islɑ tʃhe, hʌt̪ʌlʊ Gujarati 1 bɦukjo Bhili-Punyawat 1 pi, pid̪ũ Bhili-Punyawat 1 t ̪ihlɔ he, t̪ihlɔ hɔt̪əlɔ Marathi 1 bɦukelɑ Bhili-Anjhera 1 pile, piled̪u Bhili-Anjhera 1 t̪islo, t̪islohʌt ̪lo Bhilali-Anjhera 1 pile, pilijɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 t ̪islɑgi Bhilali-Mandwi 1 pijo, piled̪u Bhilali-Mandwi 1 t ̪islɑgɾe, t̪islɑgɾouli Bhilali-Navalpura 1 pile, piled̪u Bhilali-Navalpura 5 pislu tʃe, hʌt ̪u Bhilali-Agar 1 pi, piled̪u Bhilali-Agar 1 tislu tʃhe, tislu hʌt̪ʌlo Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 pile, piled̪u Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 tislu tʃhe, tislu hɑt ̪lu Bhilali-Kattivada 1 pile, piled̪u Bhilali-Kattivada 2 t̪ʌɾeh lɑgi tʃe, t̪ɑɾeh Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 piõ, pi lju hɔt̪ɔ Bhili-Piplia 1 pijo, piled̪u Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 t ̪islʊ tʃhe, hʊt̪ʊ Bhili-Kharod 1 pi, pid̪u Bhili-Piplia 1,2 t̪ʌhəɾjo, t̪ʌhəɾjo hʌt ̪o Bhilali-Aspai 1 pɪ, pid̪ʊ Bhili-Kharod 2 t̪ʌɾʌh lagit̪hi Rathawi-Mankodi 1 pɪvo, pid̪u Bhilali-Aspai 2 t̪ərhelove, t̪ərhelo Palya-Choutharya 1 pi, pid̪lu Rathawi-Mankodi 2 t̪ʌɾʌh Palya-Natvada 1 pi, pi led̪o Palya-Choutharya 2 t̪ʌɾelo tʃhe, t̪ʌɾelo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 pid̪ʌlu hʌt ̪o Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 pid̪ʌɭo Palya-Natvada 2 t̪ʌɾe lagɾi, t̪ʌre lagja Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 pile, piled̪u kart̪ʌli Nimadi-Khargone 1 pi, pijɔ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 t ̪ih-lagʌɳe Nimadi-Awlia 1 pə, pijo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 t ̪ihlu Nimadi-Ashapur 1 pijo, pijɑ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 5 pihəlu tʃe, pihəlu hʌt ̪u Ahirani-Dhule 1 pinʌ Nimadi-Khargone 1 t ̪isjɔ tʃhe, t ̪isjɔ t ̪hɔ Hindi 1 pi Nimadi-Awlia 1 t ̪isjɔ tʃhe, t ̪isjɔ t ̪hɔ Gujarati 1 pi Nimadi-Ashapur 1 t ̪islʌgi, t̪isjo Marathi 1 pi Ahirani-Dhule 1 t ̪isʌwegija Hindi 3 pjɑsɑ he, pjɑsɑ t̪hɑ Gujarati 2 t ̪həɾəʃo Marathi 1 t̪ʌhɑnel

142

187. sleep!, he slept 188. lie down!, he lay down Marathi 7 lek Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 hulo Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 5 luthɬo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 sulu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 5 bɦima-luʈiu 189. sit down!, he sat down Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 suidʒɑv, suigʌjɔ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 5 luʈdʒɑo, luʈgʌjɔ Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 2 boʈhio Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 suidʒɑ, suigju Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 5 luʈdʒɑ, luʈigju Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 bɦim-bʌʃiu Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 sui, suiju Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 5 luʈ, luʈju Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 boso, bosgəjɔ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 suidʒɑ, suidʒju Rathwi-Chenpur 5 luʈdʒɑ, luʈdʒju Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 bɔs, bɔsgɔju Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 suɳe, suʋlu Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 pɔɖɾɔ, pɔɖɾɔhlu hɔt ̪u Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 bɔʃ, bɔʃju Bhilali-Bodugam 1 sui dʒɑ, sui gjo Bhilali-Bodugam 5 luʈdʒɑ, luʈgju Rathwi-Chenpur 1 bɔs, bɔsdʒju Bhili-Punyawat 1 huidʒɑ, huigjɔ Bhili-Punyawat 5 luʈdʒɑ, luʈgjo Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 boso, boslu Bhili-Anjhera 1 suidʒɑ, suigjɔ Bhili-Anjhera 1 ɑɖopʌɖdʒɑ, Bhilali-Bodugam 2 bɔiʈdʒɑ, bɔs dʒju Bhilali-Anjhera 1 suidʒɑ, suigjo ɑɖopʌɖigjɔ Bhili-Punyawat 3 bɔh dʒɑ, bɔh gjo Bhilali-Mandwi 1 suidʒɑv, suigojlɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 14 gʌbʌɖi dʒɑ, gʌbʌɖi Bhili-Anjhera 1 bʌso, bʌsgijɔ Bhilali-Navalpura 1 sʊj dʒɑ, - dʒju gɛjo Bhilali-Anjhera 1 bɛso, bɛsgɛjo Bhilali-Agar 1 sui dʒɑ, sui gɛjo Bhilali-Mandwi 1 ɑɖopʌɖdʒɑʋ, Bhilali-Mandwi 1 bɛso, bʌsigɛjo Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 suidʒɑ, suidʒju ɑɖopʌɖigojlu Bhilali-Navalpura 2 boʈdʒɑ, bos dʒu Bhilali-Kattivada 1 huidʒɑ, huigju Bhilali-Navalpura 1 ɑɖo pʌɖdzɑ, - Bhilali-Agar 1 bʌsdʒɑ, bʌsigɔju Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 suidʒɑ, suigju pʌɖidʒju Bhilali-Udaigadh 2 bɦʌʈdʒɑ, bɦʌʈdʒju Bhili-Piplia 1 huidʒɑ, huɪgjo Bhilali-Agar 5 lʊʈdʒɑ, luʈgɛjo Bhilali-Kattivada 3 bʌhidʒɑ, bʌhidʒjɔ Bhili-Kharod 1 huidza, huihjo Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 pʌɖdʒɑ, pʌɖgju Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 bʌʈhdʒɑ, gju Bhilali-Aspai 1 hʊ̃, hʊ̃jɪdʒo Bhilali-Kattivada 1 ɑɖopʌɖdʒɑ, Bhili-Piplia 3 bihidʒɑ, bihigjo Rathawi-Mankodi 1 hu dʒɑ, hu dʒo ɑɖopʌɖigjɔ Bhili-Kharod 3 beho, bɛtha tha t̪ha Palya-Choutharya 1 huidʒɑ, huidʒjo Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 14 gɛbʌɖi dʒa, gju 2 bɛiʈh Palya-Natvada 1 hʊi dʒa, hʊi dʒjo Bhili-Piplia 1 pʌɖiɾe, pʌɖijoɾjo Bhilali-Aspai 3 beh, behɪjo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 hulu Bhili-Kharod 1 aɖo pʌɖ, aɖo pʌɖjo Rathawi-Mankodi 3 bɛho, bɛhidʒɑ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 huɭo Bhilali-Aspai 1 ɑɖopəɖe, ɑɖopəɖijo Palya-Choutharya 3 bʌh, bʌhlo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 hu dʒɑ, hu gɔju Rathawi-Mankodi 1 ɑɖo pʌɖ, ɑɖo pʌɖidʒɑ Palya-Natvada 3 bʌh, bʌhidʒjo Nimadi-Khargone 1,3 soidʒɑ, sojɔ Palya-Choutharya 1 ɑɖo pʌɖ, ɑɖo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 3 bohʌlo Nimadi-Awlia 1 sʌʋ, sojo pʌɖidʒjo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 3 bohʌɭo Nimadi-Ashapur 1 soidʒɑ, soigʌjo Palya-Natvada 1 ɑɖo pʌɖ, ɑɖo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 2 bɔʈh, bɔʈhhɔju Ahirani-Dhule 5 dʒɦopaɳʌ pʌɖidʒjo Nimadi-Khargone 2 beʈhi dʒɑ, beʈhigɔ Hindi 3 so Bareli Pauri-Shahana 5 luʈlu Nimadi-Awlia 2 bʌʈh, bʌʈhjo Gujarati 1 sui Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 5 lːutɬo Nimadi-Ashapur 2 bʌʈho, bʌʈh Marathi 5 dzɦop Bareli Pauri-Khadki 5 luʈdʒɑ, luʈgɔju Ahirani-Dhule 1 bʌsnʌ Nimadi-Khargone 5 leʈidʒɑ, leʈigɔ Hindi 2 bɛiʈh Nimadi-Awlia 3 sʌʋ, sojo Gujarati 1 bes Nimadi-Ashapur 14 gʌbʌɖi dʒɑ, gʌbʌɖi Marathi 1 bʌs gɛjo Ahirani-Dhule 1 pʌɖigijʌ Hindi 5 leʈ Gujarati 1 pəɖiɾ

143 190. give!, he gave 191. it burns, it burned 192. don't die!, he died Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 3 aplo Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 7 bauɳe Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 mʌr-gijo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 3 api Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 8 d̪ɦʌpijɑ Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 mʌr-giju Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 3 ɑbd̪e, ɑbd̪ed̪o Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 8 d̪ɦɔpɾɑjo, d̪ɦɔpɑdijo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 mɑ mɔɾe, mɔɾidʒju Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 ɑpd̪e, ɑpid̪ed̪u Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 8 d̪ɔpɾɑju, d̪ɔpigɔju Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 mɑ mɔɾe, mɔɾigɔju Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 3 ɑp, ɑpju Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 8 d̪ɦope, dhopejo Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 mɑ moɾe, moɾju Rathwi-Chenpur 3 ɑpd̪e, ɑpd̪ed̪ɔ Rathwi-Chenpur 8 d̪ɦɔpe, dhɔpdʒju Rathwi-Chenpur 1 mɑ mɔɾe, mɔɾdʒju Rathwi-Dongargaon 3 ɑpd̪e, ɑpd̪ed̪ulu Rathwi-Dongargaon 8 d̪ɦɔpɳebɑdʒɾijɔ, Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 mɑ mɔɾe, mɔɾidʒju Bhilali-Bodugam 3 ɑpd̪e, ɑpd̪ed̪u d̪ɦɔpɑɖlɔ Bhilali-Bodugam 1 mɑ mɔɾe, mʌɾdʒju Bhili-Punyawat 3 ɑpd̪e, ɑpjũ Bhilali-Bodugam 8 d̪ɦopɾɪjo, d̪ɦopdʒju Bhili-Punyawat 1 mɑ mɔɾɑ, mɔɾgjɔ Bhili-Anjhera 2 d̪id̪eʋo, d̪id̪ed̪ɔ Bhili-Punyawat 1 bɔlɑ̃, bɔlgjũ Bhili-Anjhera 1 mʌt ̪mʌɾɑ, mʌɾgʌjɔ Bhilali-Anjhera 2 d̪ɛ, d̪id̪ed̪o Bhili-Anjhera 8 d̪ɑpɾijũ, d̪ɑhpɑdi Bhilali-Anjhera 1 mʌr, mʌrgɛjɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 2 d̪id̪e, d̪id̪elu Bhilali-Anjhera 8 d̪ʌpjo, d̪ʌpgɛjo Bhilali-Mandwi 1 mɑ mʌɾo, mʌr gɔju Bhilali-Navalpura 2 d̪e d̪e, d̪i d̪ed̪u Bhilali-Mandwi 8 d̪ɦʌpiɾj, d̪ɦʌpigojli Bhilali-Navalpura 1 ma mʌɾe, mʌrdʒjo Bhilali-Agar 2 d̪id̪e, d̪id̪ed̪u Bhilali-Navalpura 8 d̪ɦop ɾej, d̪ɦʌp gjo Bhilali-Agar 1 ma mʌɾe, mʌrdʒjo Bhilali-Udaigadh 2 d̪id̪e, apd̪ijɑ Bhilali-Agar 8 d̪ʌpɾei, d̪ʌpdʒjɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 mɑ mʌɾe, mʌɾigju Bhilali-Kattivada 3 ɑpd̪e, ɑpid̪ed̪u Bhilali-Udaigadh 8 d̪ɦʌpɳemʌnɖiɾijɑ, Bhilali-Kattivada 1 ni mʌɾvɑ, mʌɾigjɔ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 d̪i d̪ə, d̪i d̪ju d̪ɦʌpdʒju Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 mat ̪ mʌro, mʌrjo Bhili-Piplia 1 ɑld̪o, ɑld̪ed̪u Bhilali-Kattivada 1 bɔɭvɑbɑdʒɾijɔ, bʌɭigju Bhili-Piplia 1 mət ̪məɾe, məɾigjo Bhili-Kharod 1 alo, alju Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 bʌɭi rɛji, - gɛjo Bhili-Kharod 1 mʌɾi dza, mʌɾi gjo Bhilali-Aspai 1 ɑl, ɑlũ Bhili-Piplia 1 bʌɭiɾjo, bʌɭigjo Bhilali-Aspai 1 mər, mərijo Rathawi-Mankodi 1 ɑl, ɑljo Bhili-Kharod 1 waɭo, waɭi t ̪hi Rathawi-Mankodi 1 mʌrvɑɳonime, Palya-Choutharya 1 ɑld̪e, ʌllu Bhilali-Aspai 2 həvgɑv, həvgɑvijʊ mʌɾigɛjo Palya-Natvada 1 al d̪e, al d̪ed̪u Rathawi-Mankodi 2 hɔlgɑv, hɔlgigɛju Palya-Choutharya 1 nʌmʌɾe, mʌɾigjo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 3 aplu Palya-Choutharya 1 bʌɭiɾi, bʌɭidʒju Palya-Natvada 1 na mʌɾe, mʌɾidʒjo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 3 aplo 8 d̪ʌppiɾi, d̪ʌppidʒju Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 moːlu Bareli Pauri-Khadki 3 ɑpd̪e, ɑpd̪elu Palya-Natvada 8 d̪hʌppe, d̪ʌppidʒju 3 molːu Nimadi-Khargone 2 d̪ɑid̪ɔ, d̪ɑid̪ijɔ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 baulu Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 moiɭu Nimadi-Awlia 2 d̪ə, d̪ijo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 bolːo 3 moiɭo Nimadi-Ashapur 2 d̪id̪, d̪ijo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 2 hɔlgʌjɑ, hɔlgigɔju Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 mɑ mɔɾe, mʌɾ gɔju Ahirani-Dhule 2 d̪ewnʌ Nimadi-Khargone 1 bɑɭiɾɔ, bɑɭigɔ Nimadi-Khargone 1 mɑt̪mʌr, mʌɾigɔ Hindi 2 d̪e Nimadi-Awlia 1 bʌɭʌiɾʌhijodʒ, bʌɭjo Nimadi-Awlia 1 mʌt ̪mʌɾo, mʌɾjo Gujarati 3 ɑp 4 dʒʌliɾʌhijodʒ, dʒʌɭjo Nimadi-Ashapur 1 mʌt ̪mʌɾo, mʌɾigʌjo Marathi 2 d̪e Nimadi-Ashapur 1 bʌɭiɾʌjo, dʒɭjo Ahirani-Dhule 1 mʌranʌ Ahirani-Dhule 3 bajʌnʌ Hindi 1 məɾ Hindi 4 dʒəl Gujarati 1 məɾ Gujarati 1 bəɭ Marathi 1 mʌɾ Marathi 4 dzʌɭ

144 193. don't kill!, he killed 194. fly!, it flew 195. walk!, he walked Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 maɾi Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 uɖ-gijo Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 3 d̪z̪atʌɭo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 maɾiu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 uɖ-gojo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 3 d̪z̪atɾiuu Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 9 mɑ d̪eʋɔ, d̪ed̪o Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 uɖdʒɑ, uɖgəjɔ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 3 tʃʌlɔ, dʒɑt ̪iɾɔju Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 mɑ mɑɾu, d̪ed̪u Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 uɖdʒɑ, uɖgəjɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 tʃɑl, tʃɑlɾɔju Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 mɑ mɑɾe, mɑɾju Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 uɖ, uɖiju Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 3 tʃɑl, tʃɑlju Rathwi-Chenpur 1 mɑ mɑɾe, mɑɾnɑkhju Rathwi-Chenpur 1 uɖ, uɖidʒjɔ Rathwi-Chenpur 3 tʃɑl, tʃɑlne badʒɾɔju Rathwi-Dongargaon 9 mɑ d̪ej, d̪ed̪lu Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 ʊɖdʒɑ, ʊɖidʒjɑ Rathwi-Dongargaon 3 tʃɑlu, tʃɑləlu Bhilali-Bodugam 1 mɑ mɑɾo, mɑrri Bhilali-Bodugam 1 ʊɖdʒɑ, ʊɖgjo Bhilali-Bodugam 3 tʃʌl, dʒɑt̪ɪɾju nɑkhjo Bhili-Punyawat 1 uɖ, uɖgjo Bhili-Punyawat 1 hinɖ, hinɖjɔ Bhili-Punyawat 1 mɑ mɑrɔ, mɑɾjo Bhili-Anjhera 1 uɖ, uɖgʌjɔ Bhili-Anjhera 3 tʃʌlɔ, dʒɑt ̪iɾijɔ Bhili-Anjhera 1 mʌt ̪mɑɾɑ, mɑɾjɔ Bhilali-Anjhera 1 ʊɖo, ʊɖgɛjo Bhilali-Anjhera 3 tʃʌl, tʃɑlgɛjo Bhilali-Anjhera 1 mɑro, mʌrd̪ɪjɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 ʊɖ, ʊɖigjo Bhilali-Mandwi 3 tʃɑl, dʒɑt ̪iɾjɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 mɑʈokho, mɑɾjo Bhilali-Navalpura 1 ʊɖdʒɑ, ʊɖidʒjo Bhilali-Navalpura 3 tʃɑl, dʒɑt ̪iɾjɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 1 ma maɾe, mɑr d̪ed̪u Bhilali-Agar 1 ʊɖdʒɑ, ʊɖgɛjo Bhilali-Agar 3 tʃɑl, dʒʌt ̪iɾjo Bhilali-Agar 1 mɑ mɑɾe, mɑɾjo Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 uɖ, uɖidʒju Bhilali-Udaigadh 3 tʃɑl, tʃɑlidʒju Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 mɑ mɑɾe, mɑɾd̪ed̪u Bhilali-Kattivada 1 ʊɖidʒɑ, ʊɖidʒju Bhilali-Kattivada 3 sale, dʒɑt ̪iɾijɔ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 ni mɑɾvɑ, mɑɾnɑkhjɔ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 ʊɖdʒɑ, ʊɖi gɛjo Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 3 tʃʌl, tʃʌlɑ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 mʌt ̪ mɑɾo, maɾjo Bhili-Piplia 1 uɖidʒɑ, uɖinɑhigjo Bhili-Piplia 3 sʌlo, sɑligjo Bhili-Piplia 1 mʌt ̪mɑɾe, mɑɾnɑkhi Bhili-Kharod 1 uɖi dza, uɖi gjo Bhili-Kharod 3 tsaɭo, dzat̪o t̪hɛ Bhili-Kharod 1 maɾ, maɾjɑ Bhilali-Aspai 5 nɑ̃, nɑhjo Bhilali-Aspai 3 tʃɑl, tʃɑljo Bhilali-Aspai 8 ʈhok, ʈhokɪjo Rathawi-Mankodi 1 ʊɖidʒɑ, ʊɖidʒju Rathawi-Mankodi 3 sɑlo, sɑligejo Rathawi-Mankodi 1 ni mɑɾjo, mɑɾi nɑkhjo Palya-Choutharya 1 uɖ, uɖidʒju Palya-Choutharya 3 tʃɑl, tʃɑljo Palya-Choutharya 1 nɑ mɑɾe, mɑɾigjo Palya-Natvada 1 ʊɖidʒa, ʊɖidʒjo Palya-Natvada 3 tʃal, dʒɛt ̪iɾjo Palya-Natvada 1 na maɾe, maɾi nakhjo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 uɖlu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 3 tsalːu 9 na d̪e, d̪i d̪ed̪u Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 uɖɭo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 3 dzat̪ʌɭo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 mar-delːu Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 uɖdʒɑ, uɖin gɔju Bareli Pauri-Khadki 3 tʃɑl, tʃɑlɑ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 malːo Nimadi-Khargone 1 uɖ, uɖigɔ Nimadi-Khargone 3 tʃɑlɔ, tʃɑlɑ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 9 mɑ d̪ej, d̪elu Nimadi-Awlia 1 uɖ, uɖjɔ Nimadi-Awlia 3 tʃʌl, tʃʌljo Nimadi-Khargone 1 mɑt̪mɑr, mɑɾijɔ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 ʊɖjo, ʊɖɑjo Nimadi-Ashapur 3 tʃʌlo, tʃʌljo Nimadi-Awlia 1 mʌt ̪ mɑɾo, maɾjo Ahirani-Dhule 1 uɖʌnʌ Ahirani-Dhule 3 tʃalʌnʌ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 mʌt ̪ mɑɾo, maɾjo Hindi 1 uɖ Hindi 3 tʃəl Ahirani-Dhule 1 mareʈakanʌ Gujarati 1 uɖi 5 gɦum Hindi 1 mɑɾ Marathi 1 uɖ Gujarati 3 tʃɑl Gujarati 1 mɑɾ Marathi 3 tsɑl Marathi 1 mɑɾ

145 196. run!, he ran 197. go!, he went 198. come!, he came Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 2 ɖoɭɳe Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 d̪z̪aɳe Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 aulu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 2 ɖauɖi-pʌɖiu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 d̪z̪aɳe Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 aiju Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 2 d̪ɔuɖ, d̪ɔuɖipəɖiju Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 dʒɑvu, dʒɑt̪ɾɔju Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 ɑʋu, ɑt̪ɾɔju Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 2 d̪ɔʋɖ, d̪ɔʋɖipɔɖju Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 dʒɑ, dʒɑt ̪iɾɔju Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 ɑv, ɑvigiju Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 2 d̪ɔʋeɖ, d̪ɔʋəɖju Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 dʒɑ, goju Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 ɑʋ, ɑju Rathwi-Chenpur 2 d̪ɔuɖ, d̪ɔuɖipʌɖi Rathwi-Chenpur 1 dʒɑ, dʒɑt ̪iɾiju Rathwi-Chenpur 1 ɑv, ɑjlɑdʒju Rathwi-Dongargaon 2 d̪ɔʋɖu, d̪ɔʋeɖlu Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 dʒɑ, dʒɑt ̪iɾjɔ Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 ɑt ̪ɾo, ɑt ̪iɾijo Bhilali-Bodugam 2 d̪ɔvʌɖ, d̪ʌuɖin goju Bhilali-Bodugam 1 dʒɑ, goju Bhilali-Bodugam 1 ɑv, ɑji lɑgju Bhili-Punyawat 2 d̪ɔveɖ, d̪ɑuɖijo Bhili-Punyawat 1 dʒɑ, gjo Bhili-Punyawat 1 ɑv, ɑjɔ Bhili-Anjhera 1 ɖɑso, ɖɑsigijɔ Bhili-Anjhera 1 dʒɑ, dʒɑt ̪iɾjɔ Bhili-Anjhera 1 ɑidʒɑ, ɑigjɔ Bhilali-Anjhera 2 d̪oɖ, d̪ouɖigɛjo Bhilali-Anjhera 1 dʒɑ, dʒɑt̪ɾejo Bhilali-Anjhera 1 ɑʋ, ɑigɛjo Bhilali-Mandwi 2 d̪ʌvʌd, d̪ʌvɖinɑjɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 dʒɑʋo, dʒɑt ̪iɾjɑ Bhilali-Mandwi 1 ɑv, ɑjɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 2 d̪ʌvʌɖ, d̪ʌuɖigjo Bhilali-Navalpura 1 dʒɑ, dʒɑt ̪iɾjo Bhilali-Navalpura 1 ɑvt̪ɾo, ɑjidʒjo Bhilali-Agar 2 d̪ʌuɖidʒɑ, d̪ʌuɖiɾjo Bhilali-Agar 1 dʒɑt̪ɾo, dʒɑt ̪iɾjo Bhilali-Agar 1 ɑv, ɑjidʒjo Bhilali-Udaigadh 2 d̪ɔʋeɖ, d̪ɔʋəɖigju Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 dʒɑ, dʒʌt ̪iɾijo Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 ɑidʒɑ, ɑidʒju Bhilali-Kattivada 5 ɾopeʈ, ɾopəʈek dʒɑt ̪iɾjɔ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 dʒɑ, dʒɑt ̪iɾjɔ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 ɑʋ, ɑʋt̪iɾijo Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 d̪ʌuɖ, d̪ʌuɖjo Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 dʒɑ, gɛjo Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 ɑv, ɑjo Bhili-Piplia 10 ɾohəɖid̪e, ɾohəɖid̪iɾjo Bhili-Piplia 1 zɑ, nɑhigjo Bhili-Piplia 1 ɑvidʒɑ, ɑvelo Bhili-Kharod 2 d̪ouɖ, dodjo t̪ho Bhili-Kharod 1 dzao, dzat̪o t̪ho Bhili-Kharod 1 awo, aja t̪he Bhilali-Aspai 2 d̪əvəɖ, d̪əvɖijo Bhilali-Aspai 1 dʒɑ, dʒɾjo Bhilali-Aspai 1 ɑv, ɑjo Rathawi-Mankodi 9 nɑho, nɑhigɛjo Rathawi-Mankodi 1 dʒo, dʒojo Rathawi-Mankodi 1 ɑvo, ɑvidʒjo Palya-Choutharya 2 d̪ʌvʌɖ, d̪ʌvɖjo Palya-Choutharya 1 dʒɑ, dʒʌt ̪iɾijo Palya-Choutharya 1 ɑv, ɑjo Palya-Natvada 2 d̪ʌvʌɖ, d̪ʌvʌɖi pʌɖjo Palya-Natvada 1 dʒa, dʒɛt ̪iɾjo Palya-Natvada 1 av, avlo Bareli Pauri-Shahana 2 d̪oɖu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 d̪z̪atɾ ̪ ilu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 aulːu Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 2 d̪ouɖu Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 dzatɾiɭo Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 auɭu Bareli Pauri-Khadki 2 d̪ɔʋəɖ, d̪ɔʋəɖe Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 dʒɑvu, gɔju Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 ɑʋ, ɑʋju Nimadi-Khargone 2 d̪ɑuɖ, d̪ɑuɖijɔ Nimadi-Khargone 1 dʒɑ, gɑjɔ Nimadi-Khargone 1 ɑidʒɑ, ɑigɔ Nimadi-Awlia 2 d̪ʌvʌɖ, d̪ʌvɖjo Nimadi-Awlia 1 dʒɑ, gɑjɔ Nimadi-Awlia 1 ɑ, ɑjɔ Nimadi-Ashapur 2 d̪ʌvʌɖ, d̪ʌvɖjo Nimadi-Ashapur 1 dʒɑ, gɑjɔ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 ɑv, ɑjɔ Ahirani-Dhule 3 pʌjanʌ Ahirani-Dhule 1 dʒawʌjnʌ Ahirani-Dhule 2 jewanʌ Hindi 2 d̪ʌoɖ Hindi 1 dʒɑ Hindi 1 ɑu Gujarati 2 d̪oɖ Gujarati 1 dʒɑ Gujarati 1 ɑv Marathi 4 pʌɭ Marathi 1 dzɑ Marathi 2 je

146 199. speak!, he spoke 200. listen!, he heard 201. look!, he saw Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 2 buliu Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 homboɭio Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 d̪ekhlo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 2 buliu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 sʌmiliu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 dekhiu Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 2 bul, bulju Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 səməl, səməliju Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 d̪ekh, d̪ekhiju Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 2 bol, bolju Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 sɔmli, sɔmʌldʒi Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 d̪ekh, d̪ekhju Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 2 bul, bulju Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 somoɭ, somoɭju Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 d̪ek, d̪ekhju Rathwi-Chenpur 1 kɔ, kɔjɔ Rathwi-Chenpur 1 sɔmʌɭ, sɔməɭiɾi Rathwi-Chenpur 1 d̪ekh, d̪ekhju Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 koh, kohlu Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 sʌmʌɭ, sɔmiɭju Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 d̪ekh, d̪ekhlu Bhilali-Bodugam 2 bul, bulju Bhilali-Bodugam 1 sʌmʌɭi le, sʌmʌɭiled̪u Bhilali-Bodugam 1 d̪ekhle, d̪ekhju Bhili-Punyawat 2 bul, buljɔ Bhili-Punyawat 1 xɑmeɭ, xɑmeɭjũ Bhili-Punyawat 1 d̪ekh, d̪ekhjũ Bhili-Anjhera 2 bol, boljɔ Bhili-Anjhera 1 sɑmɑɭ, sɑmɭiled̪u Bhili-Anjhera 1 d̪ekh, d̪ekhled̪ɔ Bhilali-Anjhera 2 bol, boljo 1 sʌmʌɭi le, sʌmʌɭiled̪u Bhilali-Anjhera 1 d̪ekh, d̪ekhled̪u Bhilali-Mandwi 2 bolo, buljo Bhilali-Anjhera 1 sɑmʌɭo, sɑmʌɭilɛd̪o Bhilali-Mandwi 1 d̪ekh, d̪ekhju Bhilali-Navalpura 1 kɑvu, koj d̪ed̪u Bhilali-Mandwi 1 sɑmɑɭɾe, sɑmʌɭiled̪o Bhilali-Navalpura 1 d̪ekhle, - led̪u Bhilali-Agar 2 bul, bulju Bhilali-Navalpura 1 sɑmʌɭi le, - led̪u Bhilali-Agar 1 d̪ekhɪɾjo, d̪ekhju Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 kɔʋ, kid̪ɔ Bhilali-Agar 1 sʌmʌɭ, sʌmʌɭilɛd̪u Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 d̪ekh, d̪ekhju Bhilali-Kattivada 2 bol, boljɔ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 sɑmʌɭ, sɑmʌɭju Bhilali-Kattivada 3 phɑl, phɑleled̪u Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 bol, boljo Bhilali-Kattivada 1 hɑmeɭ, hɑmeɭled̪u Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 d̪ekh, d̪ekhju Bhili-Piplia 1 ke, boljo Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 sʊɳ, sʊɳju Bhili-Piplia 1 d̪ekhiɾjɑ, d̪ekhelu Bhili-Kharod 2 bolo, boljo Bhili-Piplia 1 hʌmɭo, hʌmɭijo Bhili-Kharod 3 bhaɭo, bhaɭjo Bhilali-Aspai 3 vɑt̪ekəɾ, vɑt̪ekəɾɪ Bhili-Kharod 1 hambhɭo, habɭjo t̪ho Bhilali-Aspai 7 pɑv, pɑjʊ Rathawi-Mankodi 3 vɑt̪kʌr, vɑt̪kʌɾi Bhilali-Aspai 1 həmov, həmũ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 d̪ekh, d̪ekhigjo Palya-Choutharya 1 ke, kid̪o Rathawi-Mankodi 1 hɑmbli le, hɑmbli Palya-Choutharya 3 bɦɑɭ, bhɑɭju Palya-Natvada 1 ke, ked̪u gejo Palya-Natvada 1 d̪ekh, d̪ekhled̪u Bareli Pauri-Shahana 2 bulːu Palya-Choutharya 1 hʌmʌɭ, hʌməɭi Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 d̪ ekhl ̪o Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 2 bulːo Palya-Natvada 1 hʌmʌɭ, hʌmɭiled̪u Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 d̪ekhɬo Bareli Pauri-Khadki 2 bul, kɔjlu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 hombolːu Bareli Pauri-Khadki 7 bɑʋ, bɑʋɾiju Nimadi-Khargone 2 bol, boljɔ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 hombʌlːo Nimadi-Khargone 1 d̪ekh, d̪ekhjɔ Nimadi-Awlia 2 bol, boljɔ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 hʌmbɔ, hʌmbju Nimadi-Awlia 1 d̪ekh, d̪ekhjɔ Nimadi-Ashapur 2 bol, boljɔ Nimadi-Khargone 2 suɳ, suɳjɔ Nimadi-Ashapur 1 d̪ekh, d̪ekhjɔ Ahirani-Dhule 2 bolanʌ Nimadi-Awlia 2 sʊn, sʊnjo Ahirani-Dhule 1 d̪ekhanʌ Hindi 2 bol Nimadi-Ashapur 2 suɳ, suɳjɔ Hindi 1 d̪ekh Gujarati 2 bol Ahirani-Dhule 4 aikanʌ Gujarati 4 dʒojũ Marathi 2 bol Hindi 2 sun Marathi 6 pɑhɑ Gujarati 1 sɑ̃bɦə Marathi 4 ʌikʌ

147 202. I (1st sg) 203. you (2nd sg, informal) 204. you (2nd sg, formal) Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 5 mi Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 t ̪u Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 5 t ̪umo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 5 mi Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 t ̪u Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 5 t ̪umo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 5 mẽ Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 t ̪u Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 5 t ̪umu Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 5 mẽ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 t ̪u Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 5 t ̪umu Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 5 mẽ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 t ̪u Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 5 t ̪umu Rathwi-Chenpur 5 me Rathwi-Chenpur 1 t ̪u Rathwi-Chenpur 5 t̪ʊmu Rathwi-Dongargaon 5 mi Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 t ̪u Rathwi-Dongargaon 5 t ̪umu Bhilali-Bodugam 5 me Bhilali-Bodugam 1 t ̪u Bhilali-Bodugam 5 t̪ʊmu Bhili-Punyawat 5 mi Bhili-Punyawat 1 t ̪u Bhili-Punyawat 2 t ̪uhu Bhili-Anjhera 5 mi Bhili-Anjhera 1 t ̪u Bhili-Anjhera 4 t ̪u Bhilali-Anjhera 5 mi Bhilali-Anjhera 1 t ̪u Bhilali-Anjhera 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Mandwi 5 mi Bhilali-Mandwi 1 t ̪u Bhilali-Mandwi 0 NO ENTRY Bhilali-Navalpura 5 mi Bhilali-Navalpura 1 t ̪u Bhilali-Navalpura 2 t̪ʊhũ Bhilali-Agar 5 mi Bhilali-Agar 1 t ̪u Bhilali-Agar 4 t ̪u Bhilali-Udaigadh 5 mẽ Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 t ̪u 2 t̪ʊhũ Bhilali-Kattivada 5 mẽ Bhilali-Kattivada 1 t ̪u Bhilali-Udaigadh 4 t ̪u Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 hɑ̃u Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 t ̪u Bhilali-Kattivada 5 t ̪um Bhili-Piplia 2 hũ Bhili-Piplia 1 t ̪u Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 4 t ̪ukə Bhili-Kharod 3 mʌj Bhili-Kharod 1 tũ Bhili-Piplia 5 t ̪umu Bhilali-Aspai 5 mi Bhilali-Aspai 1 t̪ʊ Bhili-Kharod 5 t̪ʌmɛ Rathawi-Mankodi 5 mẽ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 t ̪u Bhilali-Aspai 5 t̪əmʊ Palya-Choutharya 5 mẽ Palya-Choutharya 1 t ̪u Rathawi-Mankodi 5 t̪ʌme Palya-Natvada 5 mẽ Palya-Natvada 1 t ̪u Palya-Choutharya 5 t̪ʌmu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 5 mi Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 t ̪u Palya-Natvada 5 t̪ʌmu Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 5 mi Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 t ̪u Bareli Pauri-Shahana 0 NO ENTRY Bareli Pauri-Khadki 5 mi Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 t ̪u Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 5 t ̪umu Nimadi-Khargone 2 hɑ̃u Nimadi-Khargone 1 t ̪u Bareli Pauri-Khadki 5 t ̪umu Nimadi-Awlia 2 hʌ̃u Nimadi-Awlia 1 t ̪u Nimadi-Khargone 5 t̪ɑm Nimadi-Ashapur 2 hʌ̃u Nimadi-Ashapur 1 t ̪u Nimadi-Awlia 3 ɑp Ahirani-Dhule 5 mi Ahirani-Dhule 1 t ̪u 5 t ̪um Hindi 3 mə̃i Hindi 1 t ̪u Nimadi-Ashapur 3 ɑp Gujarati 2 hũ 2 t ̪um Ahirani-Dhule 5 t ̪umi Marathi 5 mi Gujarati 1 t ̪u Hindi 3 ɑp Marathi 1 t ̪u Gujarati 5 t̪əmẽi 3 ɑp Marathi 5 t ̪umhi

148 205. he (3rd sg, masculine) 206. she (3rd sg, feminine) 207. we (1st pl, inclusive) Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 6 t ̪s ̪u Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 6 tʃi Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1,3 ɑpu Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 6 t ̪s ̪u Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 6 tʃi Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 ɑpɳo Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 3 polu Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 3 poli Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 2,3 ɑmu Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 pɔlɔ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 3 pɔli Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 2,3 ɑmu Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 3 polu Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 3 poli Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 2,3 ɑmu Rathwi-Chenpur 3 polu Rathwi-Chenpur 3 pɔli Rathwi-Chenpur 2,3 ɑmu Rathwi-Dongargaon 3 polu Rathwi-Dongargaon 3 pɔli Rathwi-Dongargaon 2,3 ɑmu Bhilali-Bodugam 3 polo Bhilali-Bodugam 3 poli Bhilali-Bodugam 2 hʌmu Bhili-Punyawat 3 pɔlɔ Bhili-Punyawat 3 pɔli Bhili-Punyawat 1 ɑpɳũ 6 tʃjɔ 6 tʃje Bhili-Anjhera 1 ɑpɳũ Bhili-Anjhera 2 vo Bhili-Anjhera 4 vo Bhilali-Anjhera 2 hʌmu Bhilali-Anjhera 3 polo Bhilali-Anjhera 3 poli Bhilali-Mandwi 2 hʌmu Bhilali-Mandwi 3 polo Bhilali-Mandwi 3 poli Bhilali-Navalpura 2 hʌmu Bhilali-Navalpura 3 polu Bhilali-Navalpura 3 poli Bhilali-Agar 2 hʌmu Bhilali-Agar 3 polu Bhilali-Agar 3 poli Bhilali-Udaigadh 2 hʌmu Bhilali-Udaigadh 3 polu Bhilali-Udaigadh 3 pɔli Bhilali-Kattivada 2 hʌmu Bhilali-Kattivada 3 helo 3 pɔlu Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 hʌmu Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 vɔkə Bhilali-Kattivada 3 heli Bhili-Piplia 2 hʌmu Bhili-Piplia 3 pelu Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 4 vɔkə Bhili-Kharod 1,3 ɑpu Bhili-Kharod 3 pɛlo Bhili-Piplia 3 peli 2,3 amu bʌd̪ha Bhilali-Aspai 11 t̪ɪjo Bhili-Kharod 3 pɛli Bhilali-Aspai 1 ɑpəɳʊ̃ Rathawi-Mankodi 11 t ̪ijo Bhilali-Aspai 10 t̪ɪjo Rathawi-Mankodi 1 ɑpɳe Palya-Choutharya 3 helo Rathawi-Mankodi 9 t ̪eji Palya-Choutharya 2,3 ɑmu Palya-Natvada 3 helo Palya-Choutharya 3 heli Palya-Natvada 2,3 ɑmu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 6 tʃu Palya-Natvada 3 heli Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1,3 ɑpu Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 6 tʃu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 6 tʃi Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1,3 ɑpu Bareli Pauri-Khadki 13 hɔju Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 6 tʃi Bareli Pauri-Khadki 2,3 ɑmu Nimadi-Khargone 2 vɔ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 11 hɔji Nimadi-Khargone 2 hɑm Nimadi-Awlia 1 ʊ Nimadi-Khargone 4 vɑ Nimadi-Awlia 2 hʌm Nimadi-Ashapur 2 vɔ Nimadi-Awlia 1 ʊ Nimadi-Ashapur 2 hʌm Ahirani-Dhule 5 t ̪o Nimadi-Ashapur 4 vo Ahirani-Dhule 1,3 apu Hindi 2 wə Ahirani-Dhule 5 t ̪i Hindi 2 həm 2 wo Hindi 4 wə Gujarati 3 ɑpɳe Gujarati 4 t ̪e 4 wo Marathi 3 ɑpʌɳ Marathi 5 t ̪o Gujarati 5 t ̪e Marathi 5 t ̪i

149 208. we (1st pl, exclusive) 209. you (2nd pl) 210. they (3rd pl) Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 2 amu Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 1 t ̪umo Rathwi Pauri-Amalwadi 6 tʃe Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 2 amo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 1 t ̪umo Rathwi Pauri-Segwi 6 tʃe Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 2 ɑmu Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 1 t ̪umu Rathwi Bareli-Tharadpura 2 polɑ Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 2 ɑmu Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 1 t ̪umu Rathwi Bareli-Udainagar 2 pɔlɑ Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 ɑpəɳu Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 1 t ̪umu Rathwi Bareli-Chiklia 2 polɑ Rathwi-Chenpur 2 ɑmu Rathwi-Chenpur 1 t ̪umu Rathwi-Chenpur 2 pɔlɑ Rathwi-Dongargaon 2 ɑmu Rathwi-Dongargaon 1 t ̪umu Rathwi-Dongargaon 2 pɔlɑ Bhilali-Bodugam 2 hʌmu Bhilali-Bodugam 1 t̪ʊm Bhilali-Bodugam 2 polɑ Bhili-Punyawat 2 hʌmũ Bhili-Punyawat 1 t ̪uhũ Bhili-Punyawat 2 pɔlo Bhili-Anjhera 1 ɑpɳũ Bhili-Anjhera 2 t ̪ũ Bhili-Anjhera 2 polɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 2 hʌmu Bhilali-Anjhera 4 sʌglɑ Bhilali-Anjhera 8 vo Bhilali-Mandwi 2 hʌmu Bhilali-Mandwi 1 tʊmu Bhilali-Mandwi 2 polɑ Bhilali-Navalpura 2 hʌmu Bhilali-Navalpura 1 t̪ʊhũ Bhilali-Navalpura 2 polɑ Bhilali-Agar 2 hʌmu Bhilali-Agar 1 t̪ʊhũ Bhilali-Agar 2 polɑ Bhilali-Udaigadh 2 hʌmu Bhilali-Udaigadh 1 t ̪uhũ Bhilali-Udaigadh 2 pɔlɑ Bhilali-Kattivada 2 hʌmu Bhilali-Kattivada 1 t̪ʊm Bhilali-Kattivada 2 helɑ Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 2 hʌmu Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 1 t̪ʊmkə Parya Bhilali- Bhorwada 8 vo Bhili-Piplia 2 hʌmu Bhili-Piplia 1 t̪ʌmu Bhili-Piplia 2 pelɑ Bhili-Kharod 0 NO ENTRY Bhili-Kharod 1 t̪ʌmɛ bʌd̪ha Bhili-Kharod 2 pɛla bʌd̪ha Bhilali-Aspai 2 ɑmʊ̃ Bhilali-Aspai 1 t̪əmʊ Bhilali-Aspai 4 t ̪evo 2 ɑmʊ̃ Rathawi-Mankodi 1 t̪ʌmu Rathawi-Mankodi 4 t ̪ejɑ Rathawi-Mankodi 2 ʌmu Palya-Choutharya 1 t̪ʌmu Palya-Choutharya 2 helɑ 2 ʌmu Palya-Natvada 1 t̪ʌmu Palya-Natvada 2 helɑ Palya-Choutharya 2 ɑmu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 1 t ̪umu Bareli Pauri-Shahana 6 tʃjɑ Palya-Natvada 2 ɑmu Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 1 t ̪umu Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 6 tʃjɑ Bareli Pauri-Shahana 2 amu Bareli Pauri-Khadki 1 t ̪umu Bareli Pauri-Khadki 11 hɔjɑ Bareli Pauri-Mandvi 2 amu Nimadi-Khargone 1 t̪ɑm Nimadi-Khargone 8 vɔ Bareli Pauri-Khadki 2 ɑmu Nimadi-Awlia 1 t̪ʊm Nimadi-Awlia 3 ʊnɑ 2 ɑmu Nimadi-Ashapur 1 t̪ʊm Nimadi-Ashapur 8 vɔ Nimadi-Khargone 2 hɑm Ahirani-Dhule 1 t ̪umi Ahirani-Dhule 4 t ̪e Nimadi-Awlia 2 hʌm Hindi 1 t ̪umu Hindi 8 we Nimadi-Ashapur 2 hʌm Gujarati 1 t̪əmẽi Gujarati 4 t ̪eo Ahirani-Dhule 2 ami Marathi 1 t ̪umhi Marathi 4 t ̪e Hindi 2 hʌm Gujarati 2 ɑ̃mei Marathi 2 ɑmhĩ

Appendix D: Recorded Text Testing

D.1 Recorded text test procedures8

The extent to which speakers of related linguistic varieties understand one another can be studied by means of tape recorded texts. Such studies investigate whether speakers of one variety understand a narrative text of another variety and are able to answer questions about the content of that text. The accuracy with which subjects answer these questions is taken as an index of their comprehension of that speech form. From the percentage of correct answers, the amount of intelligibility between speech forms is inferred. The recorded text testing used in this survey is based on the procedures described in Casad (1974) and Blair (1990). Short, personal experience narratives are deemed to be most suitable for recorded text testing in that the content must be relatively unpredictable and the speech form should be natural. Folklore or other material thought to be widely known is avoided. A three to five minute story is recorded from a speaker of the regional vernacular, and then checked with a group of speakers from the same region to ensure that the spoken forms are truly representative of that area. The story is then transcribed and a set of comprehension questions is constructed based on various semantic domains covered in the text. Normally, a set of fifteen or more questions is initially prepared. Some of the questions will prove unsuitable – perhaps because the answer is not in focus in the text, or because the question is confusing to native speakers of the test variety. Unsuitable questions are then deleted from the preliminary set, leaving a minimum of ten final questions for each RTT. To ensure that measures of comprehension are based on subjects’ understanding of the text itself and not on a misunderstanding of the test questions, these questions must be recorded in the regional variety of the test subjects. This requires an appropriate dialect version of the questions for each RTT at each test location. In the RTTs used in this study, test subjects heard the complete story text once, after which the story was repeated with test questions and the opportunities for responses interspersed with necessary pauses in the recorded text. Appropriate and correct responses are directly extractable from the segment of speech immediately preceding the question, such that memory limitations exert a negligible effect and indirect inference based on the content is not required. Thus the RTT aims to be a close reflection of a subject’s comprehension of the language itself, not of his or her memory, intelligence, or reasoning. The average or mean of the scores obtained from subjects at one test location is taken as a numerical indicator of the intelligibility between speakers of the dialects represented. In order to ensure that the RTT is a fair test of the intelligibility of the test variety to speakers from the regions tested, the text is first tested with subjects from the region where the text was recorded. This initial testing is referred to as the hometown test. The hometown test serves to introduce subjects to the testing procedure in a context where intelligibility of the dialect is assumed to be complete since it is the native variety of test subjects. In addition, hometown testing insures that native speakers of the text dialect could accurately answer the comprehension questions used to assess understanding of the text in non-native dialect areas. Once a text has been hometown tested with a minimum of ten subjects who have been able to correctly answer the selected comprehension questions, with an average score of 90% or above, the test is considered validated. It is possible that a subject may be unable to answer the test questions correctly simply because he or she does not understand what is expected. This is especially true with unsophisticated subjects or those unacquainted with test-taking. Therefore a very short pre-test story with four questions is recorded in the local variety before beginning the actual testing. The purpose of this pre-test is to teach the subject what is expected according to the RTT procedures. If the subject is able to answer the pre-test questions, it is assumed that he or she would serve as a suitable subject. Each subject then participates in the

8 This description of recorded text test procedures is adapted from that found in Appendix A of O’Leary (1992).

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hometown test in his or her native variety before participating in RTTs in non-native varieties. Occasionally, even after the pre-test, a subject fails to perform adequately on an already validated hometown test. Performances of such subjects are eliminated from the final evaluation, the assumption being that uncontrollable factors unrelated to the intelligibility of speech forms are skewing such test results. In this study, subjects performing at levels of less than 80% on their hometown test were eliminated from further testing. When speakers of one linguistic variety have had no previous contact with that represented by the recorded text, test scores of the subjects from the test point tend to be more similar – especially when the scores are in the higher ranges. Such consistent scores are often interpreted to be closer reflections of the inherent intelligibility between speech forms. If the sample of subjects (a minimum of ten) accurately represents the speech community being tested in terms of the variables affecting intelligibility, and the RTT scores show such consistency, increasing the number of subjects should not significantly increase the range of variation of the scores. However, when some subjects have had significant previous contact with the speech form recorded on the RTT, while others have not, the scores usually vary considerably, reflecting the degree of learning that has gone on through contact. For this reason, it is important to include a measure of dispersion which reflects the extent to which the range of scores varies from the mean the standard deviation. On an RTT with 100 possible points (that is, 100%), a standard deviation of more than 12 to 15 is considered high. If the standard deviation is relatively low, say 10 and below, and the mean score for subjects from the selected test point is high, the implication is that the community as a whole probably understands the test variety rather well, either because the variety in the RTT is inherently intelligible or because the variety has been acquired rather consistently and uniformly throughout the speech community. If the standard deviation is low and the mean RTT score is also low, the implication is that the community as a whole understands the test variety rather poorly and that regular contact has not facilitated learning of the test variety to any significant extent. If the standard deviation is high, regardless of the mean score, one implication is that some subjects have learned to comprehend the test variety better than others. In this last case, inherent intelligibility between the related varieties may be mixed with acquired proficiency which results from learning through contact. The relationship between RTT scores and their standard deviation can be seen in the following chart:

Standard Deviation High Low Situation 1 Situation 2 Many people understand the Most people understand the High story well, but some have story. Average difficulty. Score Situation 3 Situation 4 Many people cannot under- Few people are able to Low stand the story, but a few are understand the story. able to answer correctly.

High standard deviations can result from other causes such as inconsistencies in the circumstances of test administration and scoring, or differences in attentiveness or intelligence of subjects. Researchers involved in recorded text testing need to be aware of the potential for skewed results due to such factors, and to control for them as much as possible through careful test development and administration. Questionnaires administered at the time of testing can help researchers discover which factors are significant in promoting contact which facilitates acquired intelligibility. Travel to or extended stays in other dialect regions, intermarriage between dialect groups, or contacts with schoolmates from other dialect regions are examples of the types of contact that can occur. In contrast to experimentally controlled testing in a laboratory or classroom situation, the results of field-administered methods such as the RTT cannot be completely isolated from potential biases. Recorded texts and test questions will vary in terms of their relative difficulty and complexity, or of the

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clarity of the recording. Comparisons of RTT results from different texts need to be made cautiously. It is therefore recommended that results from RTTs not be interpreted in terms of fixed numerical thresholds, but rather be evaluated in light of other indicators of intelligibility such as lexical similarity, dialect opinions, and reported patterns of contact and communication. In general, however, RTT mean scores of around 80% or higher with accompanying low standard deviations are usually taken to indicate that representatives of the test point dialect display adequate understanding of the variety represented by the recording. Conversely, RTT means below 60% are interpreted to indicate inadequate intelligibility.

D.2 Subject background information and RTT scoring chart key

The following background information was obtained for each test subject (designated with a subject ID number):

Sex Age Education Birthplace Place brought up Current residence / how long? Mother tongue Language now spoken in home Father’s mother tongue Mother’s mother tongue Spouse’s mother tongue Lived or stayed in another place / how long? Travelled to another place

RTT scoring chart key:

Q1, Q2, Score for each question of the story 10 = fully correct 5 = partially correct 0 = incorrect TTL: Total score for each subject PCT: Percentage for each subject

Average score: Average score of all subjects Standard deviation: Statistical measurement for range of scores 12 and above high below 10 low Number: Number of subjects who took the test

D.3 Post-HTT/RTT questions

Post-HTT questions:

7. Where do you think the person who told this story is from? 8. a. Is the speech good? b. [if not good] What is not good about it? 9. Is this the way people talk in your village? 10. Did you hear any mixing with another language?

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Post-RTT questions:

1. a. In what language do you think the story was told? b. Where do you think the storyteller is from? c. What helps you know the storyteller is from that place? 2. a. Is the speech good? b. [if not good] What is not good about it? 3. a. Is the speech pure? b. [if not pure] In what way is the speech not pure? 4. a. Is the storyteller’s speech a little different or very different from your speech? b. [if different] In what way is it different (pronunciation, words, style)? 5. How much of the story did you understand? 6. (If subject did not name a place for the story, the following questions are ignored) 7. How many times have you gone to the area where you said the storyteller is from? 8. How often do people from that area come to your village? 9. [asked at a few test sites after the final story] Which story was most difficult/easy to understand?

Notes:

In a number of locations, the control (or hometown) test story was not from the test point itself, but a text from another location was used instead. In most of these situations, since the hometown story was either already validated or was being validated at the same time, post-RTT questions were asked instead of post-HTT questions. Alternate answers for story questions have been compiled from subjects’ responses during this survey, and include stories which were obtained on earlier projects. Response “here” refers to the village were testing was done.

D.4 Codes used in the transcription of texts

Code Meaning \n Sentence number \p Phonetic transcription of text \d Transcription of text in Devanagri script \g Word-by-word English gloss of transcribed text \f Free (natural) English translation of text

QUESTION Question number \q English translation of question \a Expected answer for question \a2, a3 Alternate answer(s) for question with given point value

?? Unknown gloss [rhyme] Rhyming word with the previous word

PL plural PAST past tense CONT continuous tense NOM nominative case OBJ objective case POSS possessive case RESPECT respective marker

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Notes:

Alternate answers for story questions have been compiled from subjects’ responses during this survey, and include stories which were obtained on earlier projects. Some speech varieties include a retroflexed lateral [ ɭ ] sound. This has been entered as 줼 (the sound does not occur in Hindi and is not in the Hindi script; it is in the Marathi script).

Appendix E: Sentence Repetition Testing

E.1 Hindi SRT sentences

Sub ID: Name Sex: Age: Education:

P1. कल मै ं बम्बई जाऊँ गा।

P2. मझकोु जंगल पसंद है।

P3. हमे ं �हसाब चकानाु है।

1. ले�कन मै ं खाली हाथ आया।

2. प्रकाश ने सोचा मै ं क् या क셂ँ ?।

3. वह लड़का बहतु चंचल है।

4. हमने जला हआु मकान देखा।

5. उसने कहा �क बच्चे को मत छू ।

6. सारी तैयािरया ँ कल तक क� जाए।ँ

7. ऐश करते-करते वह आलसी हो जाएगा।

8. वहा ँ लोग भीड़़ लगाए खड़े थे।

9. यदी ठं ड लग रही हो तो �खड़�क बन्द कर ली�जए।

10. �दन भर अ के ल े रहने से वह ऊबने लगा।

11. कल रात मच्छर बहतु ज़् य़ादा थे, इस कार §úà Èü ˜Ìêà Èकç।

12. जैसा �क 뤼़◌़◌ै◌ंने सनाु था, कई लोग �शकायत कर रहे थे।

13. उन छोटे अक्षरो ं को पढ़ते-पढ़ते मेरी आखेँ ं दखनेु लगी।

14. तब उसने कहा �क जी हा ँ मै ं इस �कताब से बहतु प्रभा�वत हू।ँ

15. अगर संभव हो तो आप बाल-बच्चो ं को भी दीवाली मनाने के �लए साथ लाए।ँ

E.2 Hindi SRT procedures

A sentence repetition test is based on the premise that people's ability to repeat sentences in a second language is limited by the level of their mastery of the morphology and syntax of that second language. The greater proficiency they have in that language, the better able they are to repeat sentences of increasing length and complexity. A sentence repetition test is developed separately for each language to be tested. Detailed procedures for developing and calibrating a sentence repetition test are presented in Radloff (1991).9 The sentences selected are calibrated against an evaluative instrument called the Reported Proficiency Evaluation (RPE), where mother tongue raters are provided a detailed framework of proficiency descriptions against which to evaluate the proficiency of their second language speaking

9 Radloff, Carla F. 1991. Sentence repetition testing for studies of community bilingualism. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and University of Texas at Arlington.

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acquaintances.10 The half-levels of the RPE describe increasing levels of proficiency in a second language, as elaborated below.

Description of Reported Proficiency Evaluation (RPE) levels

Level 0+ (Very minimal proficiency)

Memorized proficiency. Able to satisfy immediate needs using rehearsed utterances. Able to use at least 50 words in appropriate contexts.

Level 1 (Minimal, limited proficiency)

Able to satisfy minimum courtesy requirements and maintain very simple face-to-face conversations on familiar topics. Understands only very simple speech, and needs frequent repetition. A person at this level has a very heavy accent which makes understanding difficult. Examples: Could understand and correctly respond to questions about marital status, nationality, occupation, age, and place of birth; could buy a bus ticket, and get off where intended.

Level 1+ (Elementary proficiency, plus)

Can initiate and maintain predictable face-to-face conversations and satisfy limited social demands. Vocabulary is limited to basic personal and survival areas. Can do anything a Level One can do, and a few of Level Two. Examples: Might be able to give one’s life story and talk about one’s plans and hopes.

Level 2 (Adequate, basic proficiency)

Able to satisfy routine social demands and limited requirements in other domains. Can talk about and understand everyday topics, but has difficulty with some topics. A person at this level has great difficulty dealing with complications or conflicts if they arise. Pronunciation is most always understandable. Has a heavy accent that forces people to concentrate when listening, and sometimes causes misunderstanding. Examples: Can engage in superficial discussions on current events, about oneself, and about family and work; can also understand native speakers talking about simple topics. Can describe a recent job or activity in some detail, and can describe the local political structure.

Level 2+ (Good, basic proficiency)

Able to satisfy most requirements with language usage that is often, but not always, acceptable and effective. A person at this level can do all the things a Level Two person can do and a few things of Level Three. Examples: Might be able to cope with a social blunder, or discuss alternative views on a controversial topic.

10 RPE levels as assigned by mother tongue raters show an internal consistency, but have not yet been correlated with any other, more widely recognized, scale of second language proficiency. The rationale and methodology for the Reported Proficiency Evaluation is also included in Radloff (1991).

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Level 3 (Good, general proficiency)

Able to speak the language with sufficient structural accuracy and vocabulary to participate effectively in most formal and informal conversations in practical, socialand occupational topics. Has a marked “foreign” accent, but this does not impede understanding. Normal educated speech is understood quite well. Examples: Can successfully defend position and understand an opposing point of view. Can understand native speakers talking with each other on a variety of topics. If unjustly accused of something, could successfully explain the misunderstanding; language skills are adequate for coping with emergency situations. At this level, the formation of close friendships is not hindered by language ability.

Level 3+ (Very good, general proficiency)

Is often able to use the language to satisfy needs in a wide range of sophisticated and demanding tasks. Is usually able to understand idiomatic speech that native speakers use when talking with each other. Can do all the things a Level 3 person can do, and some of the things of a person at Level 4. Examples: Could usually convey exact meaning in a technical or professional discussion.

Level 4 (Excellent proficiency)

Able to use the language fluently and accurately on all levels normally pertinent to needs. Grammatical errors are only rarely made, and these are corrected automatically and unconsciously. Vocabulary is adequate for all technical, social, and practical situations. Examples: Could naturally alter speech style for talking intimately with a friend or respectfully to a high government official. Can understand humour and language puns, and can effectively use the language to participate in fun and humourous situations.

Level 4+ (Approaching native speaker proficiency)

Speaking proficiency is regularly superior in all respects, usually equivalent to that of a “well educated”, highly articulate native speaker.

Role of an SRT in assessing bilingualism

A sentence repetition test provides a rapid assessment of a person’s second language proficiency, suited to the purposes of a bilingual survey. It is often the goal of a bilingualism survey to obtain a profile of the second language proficiencies in the community under investigation, that is, a picture of what percentage of the population can be projected to be at each of the different levels of proficiency. In order to obtain this, a large and representative sample of the population must be tested. This speaks to the need for an assessment instrument that is quick and easy to administer. A short administration time, however, is offset by careful attention to the development and calibration of a sentence repetition test. The SRT provides a general assessment, thus, the researcher must be able to place full confidence in the results through strict attention to the quality of each developmental step. A complete step-by-step methodology for developing and calibrating a sentence repetition test is given in Radloff (1991).

Development of an SRT

The development and calibration of a sentence repetition test proceeds through several steps: a preliminary form of the test is developed through the assistance of mother tongue speakers of the test language. A large group of second language speakers of the test language have their proficiency assessed through a second, more descriptive proficiency standard instrument, in this case, the Reported

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Proficiency Evaluation. These people are then administered the preliminary form of the test. Based on their performances, fifteen sentences are selected, which proved to be the most discriminating of performance and also represent increasing complexity and length. These fifteen sentences are calibrated against the proficiency assessments from the RPE. This fifteen-sentence final form of the test is used in the bilingual survey, and the resulting test scores are interpreted in terms of equivalent RPE proficiency levels. The Hindi SRT used for bilingualism testing in this survey was developed by Bryan Varenkamp (1991). The calibration of a sentence repetition test results in a range of scores on the SRT reflecting an equivalent RPE level of proficiency. The ranges of scores corresponding to RPE levels for Hindi SRT are shown below

Table E.2. Scores corresponding to RPE levels for Hindi SRT

Hindi SRT scoring key

General comments:

1. Gender, number and tense are clearly marked in Hindi on the verb; thus, any variation of vowels, nasalisation and often consonant combination will change the meaning. 2. There are Urdu/Hindi words which are interchangeable. Where they do not change the meaning, one for the other is not counted wrong. These are noted in the elaborated transcription of the final SRT form.

Specific comments:

1. The following chart summarises the scoring system and suggests ways to mark the different type of errors. Such markings are used on the training sheets.

3 points Perfect, no error in the sentence 2 points one error in the sentence 1 points Two errors in the sentence 0 points Three or more errors in the sentence o A word omitted from the sentence w A wrong word or word ending (grammatical error), including s word substituted for another > or < Any change of word order (counts as one error) ~ ~ A word distorted so as to alter meaning

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+ A word or phrase added to sentence R A word or phrase repeated (counts as one error)

2. For repeated words, if it was just a trip up and they corrected and went on the researchers tended not to count this as mistake. If they intentionally repeated, the researchers did, or if they repeated the word elsewhere in the sentence. 3. When a phrase was misplaced either forward (<) or backward (>), counted it only as one mistake, not 1 per word. 4. Sometimes if the sentence was full of errors, the researchers Just drew a squiggly line under it, not noting each error. Or if they simply “died” on the sentence stopped trying (or never said anything) the researchers simply drew a straight line under it. 5. The rest of the specific comments can be found detailed for each sentence in the elaborated transcription of the final SRT form (Varenkamp: 1991)

E.3 SRT data

Hindi sentence repetition test among Upla Rathwa Barelas

Table E.3.1. SRT Upla Rathwa Barelas subject biodata

Num Sub-ID Sex Age Educ Birthplace Brought Now How Lived in other place Outside Travel up long? 1 UPL01 M 48 0 Upla Upla Upla na 2 years in Dewas for work Indore, Dhule, Jhabua 2 UPL02 F 46 0 Jalkheda Jalkheda Upla 25 yrs qna qna 3 UPL03 M 24 10 Upla Upla Upla na 6 years Chiklia, 3 years Bhopal, Toranmal Palsud, 2 years Barwani 4 UPL04 M 28 12 Upla Upla Upla na 4 years in Rajpur hostel Delhi, Mathura, Ayodya 5 UPL05 M 26 13 Upla Upla Upla na 1 year in Sendhwa Indore, Ujjain 6 UPL06 M 27 0 Upla Upla Upla na 3 years in Kuppamanda Indore, Surat GJ, 3 months in Hadli MS 7 UPL07 F 19 10 Upla Upla Upla na 3 years in Nivali Ashram Jhabua, Dhar, Shirdi, Mandavgadh 8 UPL08 F 24 5 Ojjar Ojjar Upla 9 yrs no Indore, Sendhwa 9 UPL09 F 35 2 Upla Upla Upla na no Delhi, Bombay, Bhopal 10 UPL10 M 32 0 Upla Upla Upla na 3 days in Nimrani near Nandurbar Kalghat 11 UPL11 M 22 0 Upla Upla Upla na 15 days in Kalghat no 12 UPL12 M 36 0 Upla Upla Upla na 1 year in Sivai near Rajpur Bhopal 13 UPL13 F 20 11 Upla Upla Upla na 5 years in Palsud Indore, Bhikangam, Pansemal 14 UPL14 M 20 0 Upla Upla Upla na no Nandurbar 15 UPL15 M 22 8 Upla Upla Upla na 5 years in Jogwada Bhopal Sendhwa, 4 years in Palsud 16 UPL16 M 30 0 Upla Upla Upla na 45 days in Tikri for work Bhopal, Khargoan 17 UPL17 M 32 3 Upla Upla Upla na no Ratlam, Indore, Baroda 18 UPL18 M 45 0 Upla Upla Upla na no Indore, Baroda, Nandurbar

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19 UPL19 M 55 0 Upla Upla Upla na no Indore 20 UPL20 M 36 0 Upla Upla Upla na no Shahada, Khargoan, Barwani 21 UPL21 M 19 3 Upla Upla Upla na no Nandurbar, Indore 22 UPL22 M 31 5 Upla Upla Upla na no Sagar, Indore 23 UPL23 M 23 11 Upla Upla Upla na 2 years in Palsud, 1 year Pavgadh GJ, Indore in Barwani MP, Nandurbar MS 24 UPL24 F 18 9 Upla Upla Upla na 5 years in Palsud Khargoan, Nivali 25 UPL25 M 22 3 Upla Upla Upla na no Nandurbar, Khargoan 26 UPL26 M 18 4 Upla Upla Upla na no Indore, Nivali 27 UPL27 M 21 10 Upla Upla Upla na 4 years in Palsud Indore, Pune, Bhopal, Bombay 28 UPL28 F 28 13 Sildad Sildad Upla 8 yrs 13 years in Nivali Ujjain, Indore, Sendhwa Sendhwa kanyashram Ellora, Ajantha, Dhar

Table E.3.2. Hindi sentence repetition test Scores of Upla Rathwa Barelas

Num SubID Sex Age Educ S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 TTL Level 1 UPL01 M 48 0 3 2 2 1 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 1+ 2 UPL02 F 46 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0+ 3 UPL03 M 24 10 2 3 0 3 3 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 2 4 UPL04 M 28 12 3 3 2 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 0 2 2 0 0 30 3 5 UPL05 M 26 13 3 2 3 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 0 3 0 1 32 3+ 6 UPL06 M 27 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 7 UPL07 F 19 10 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 0 1 3 2 0 3 0 0 27 3 8 UPL08 F 24 5 1 2 0 2 2 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 1+ 9 UPL09 F 35 2 3 1 0 2 2 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 1+ 10 UPL10 M 32 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0+ 11 UPL11 M 22 0 3 3 2 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 2 12 UPL12 M 36 0 3 3 2 0 3 0 3 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 18 2 13 UPL13 F 20 11 3 2 3 3 3 2 0 3 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 27 3 14 UPL14 M 20 0 3 0 1 3 2 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 14 2 15 UPL15 M 22 8 2 3 2 2 2 0 2 3 3 2 0 2 0 0 0 23 2+ 16 UPL16 M 30 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 17 UPL17 M 32 3 3 3 0 1 2 0 2 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 16 2 18 UPL18 M 45 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 1+ 19 UPL19 M 55 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 20 UPL20 M 36 0 3 3 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 1+ 21 UPL21 M 19 3 3 2 0 2 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 1+ 22 UPL22 M 31 5 3 0 2 2 3 1 1 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 18 2 23 UPL23 M 23 11 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 1 37 3+ 24 UPL24 F 18 9 3 3 2 1 2 2 0 3 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 20 2+ 25 UPL25 M 22 3 2 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 26 UPL26 M 18 4 3 2 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 12 1+ 27 UPL27 M 21 10 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 36 3+ 28 UPL28 F 28 13 3 2 1 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 1+

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Hindi sentence repetition test among Choutharya Palyas

Table E.3.3. SRT Choutharya Palyas subject biodata

Num Sub-ID Sex Age Educ Birthplace Brought up Now How Lived in other Outside Travel long? place 1 CHT30 M 21 12 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya na 2 years in Palsud, Bhoppal 1 year in Barwani 2 CHT31 F 20 10 Ojjar 10 yrs Choutharya Choutharya 10 2 years in Rajpur Shirpur yrs hostel (Maharashtra) 3 CHT32 F 48 0 Nahali on Nahali Choutharya 13 16 years in Ojjar Omkareshwar, Upla Goi yrs Khargone, Shirpur road 4 CHT33 F 65 0 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharia na no Shirpur, Barwani 5 CHT34 M 18 5 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya na no Khetia, Khargone 6 CHT35 M 21 9 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya na 3 years in Rajpur Barwani, for studies Kasravad, Nivali 7 CHT36 M 22 0 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya na no Barwani 8 CHT37 M 40 0 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya na 2 years in Bhopal Bhopal, Par (Gujarat) 9 CHT38 M 32 5 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya na 2 months in Omkareshwar, Sendhwa Barwani 10 CHT39 F 70 0 Damnei Barwani Chowtharia 50 no Barwani, Dhar yrs 11 CHT40 F 34 0 Choutharya Chowtharia Chowtharia na 3 years in Sajwani Barwani 12 CHT41 M 60 0 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya na 2 years in near by Dhule, Rajpur, village Nasik 13 CHT42 M 25 0 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya na 1 year in Tikri for Khargone work 14 CHT43 F 65 0 Danod Choutharya Choutharya na no Shirpur, Indore 15 CHT44 M 36 0 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya na no Dhule, Dewas 16 CHT45 M 30 0 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya na 2 months in Barwani Sendhwa 17 CHT46 M 36 0 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya na no Indore 18 CHT47 M 45 0 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya na 23 years in no Natwada, 1 year in Khandwa 19 CHT48 M 18 0 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya na no Rajpur, Sendhwa 20 CHT49 M 27 3 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya na qna qna 21 CHT50 M 32 0 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya na no Indore, Sendhwa 22 CHT51 M 18 5 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya na no Kasravad, Sendhwa 23 CHT52 M 35 5 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya na no Kukshi, Manavar, Julvania 24 CHT53 F 25 0 Indarpur Indarpur Choutharya 4 yrs 1 month in Shirpur no for work 25 CHT54 M 21 12 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya na 2 years in Palsud Bombay, Indore hostel 26 CHT55 M 18 8 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya na no Sendhwa 27 CHT56 F 40 0 Choutharya Choutharya Upla 20 no Barwani, Dawana yrs

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28 CHT57 M 40 0 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya na qna qna 29 CHT58 M 45 2 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya na qna qna 30 CHT59 M 25 5 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya na qna qna 31 CHT60 M 18 9 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya na qna qna

Table E.3.4. Hindi sentence repetition test scores of Choutharya Palyas

Num SubID Sex Age Educ S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 TTL Level 1 CHT30 M 21 12 3 2 1 2 3 3 0 3 3 0 2 2 0 2 0 26 3 2 CHT31 F 20 10 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 41 4 3 CHT32 F 48 0 3 3 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 1+ 4 CHT33 F 65 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 5 CHT34 M 18 5 3 2 0 3 3 3 2 2 1 3 0 2 1 0 0 25 2+ 6 CHT35 M 21 9 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 2 0 0 31 3 7 CHT36 M 22 0 3 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 1+ 8 CHT37 M 40 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 9 CHT38 M 32 5 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 1 3 3 0 33 3+ 10 CHT39 F 70 0 3 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 1+ 11 CHT40 F 34 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0+ 12 CHT41 M 60 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 13 CHT42 M 25 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0+ 14 CHT43 F 65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0+ 15 CHT44 M 36 0 3 2 0 3 3 1 3 2 0 3 0 1 3 0 0 24 2+ 16 CHT45 M 30 0 3 3 0 1 1 0 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 14 2 17 CHT46 M 36 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 1+ 18 CHT47 M 45 0 3 2 0 2 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 1+ 19 CHT48 M 18 0 3 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 1+ 20 CHT49 M 27 3 3 3 0 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 1+ 21 CHT50 M 32 0 3 3 0 2 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 1+ 22 CHT51 M 18 5 3 3 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 1+ 23 CHT52 M 35 5 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 24 CHT53 F 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0+ 25 CHT54 M 21 12 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 2 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 24 2+ 26 CHT55 M 18 8 3 3 2 3 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 23 2+ 27 CHT56 F 40 0 2 3 1 2 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 1+ 28 CHT57 M 40 0 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 1+ 29 CHT58 M 45 2 3 3 2 2 0 1 2 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 19 2 30 CHT59 M 25 5 3 3 0 3 2 3 0 3 3 3 3 1 0 0 0 27 3 31 CHT60 M 18 9 3 3 0 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 29 3

Appendix F: Questionnaires

F.1 Language use, attitudes and vitality (LUAV) questionnaire

Table F.1. LUAV questionnaire

Identifier in the table Questions U1.1 What language do you use at home with family members? U1.2 What language do you use out in the village with villagers? U1.3 What language do you use in the market with merchants? U1.4 What language do you use with government officials? U1.5 What language do you use for private prayer in temple/mosque/church? U2.1 Do young people in your village speak mother tongue (L1) as well as the old do? U2.2 Do men in your village speak mother tongue (L1) as purely as the women do? U2.3 Are there any L1 people who write stories, poems, etc.? Who? Where? U2.4 {If literate} Have you ever seen and/or read any books in your language? U2.5 {If illiterate} If there are books in L1 and you know reading, will you read them? U2.6 Have you ever listened to any radio programme in L1? U3.1 What language do you use when you speak with a Bhilala person? U3.2 What language do you use when you speak with a Rathwa Barela/Paura person? U3.3 What language do you use when you speak with a Barla Barela/Paura person? U3.4 What language do you use when you speak with a Palya Barela/Paura person? U3.5 What language do you use when you speak with a Bhil person? U3.6 What language do you use when you speak with a Harijan (SC)? U3.7 What language do you use when you speak with a Rathod (OBC)? U4 What language do you use when you speak with a stranger? U5.1 Are you able to speak L3 – Hindi (MP)/Marathi (MS)? If Yes.. U5.2 How often do you speak L3? daily/weekly/monthly U5.3 Do you ever speak in L3 to your own people who L1? U5.4 In what situation? U6.1 Are you able to speak L2 – Nimadi (MP)/Ahirani (MS)? U6.2 How often do you speak L2? daily/weekly/monthly U6.3 Do you ever speak in L2 to your own people who L1? U6.4 In what situation? A1 Where do you think the purest L1 is spoken? A2 If there are books in L1 and you know reading, will you read them? A3.1 If L1 literacy school, would you send your children? A3.2 {if illiterate} If L1 adult literacy school, would you attend? A3.3 {if literate} If L1adult literacy school, would you help to arrange or teach? A4.1 Would you allow your son/daughter to marry one who speaks only L3? A4.2 Would you allow your son/daughter to marry one who speaks only L2? A5.1 Of the 3 languages - L1, L2, L3 - which one do you like the best? A5.2 Of the 3 languages - L1, L2, L3 - which one do you like the second best? A6.1 Of 3 languages - L1, L2, L3 - which one do you want your children to be taught first? A6.2 Of 3 languages - L1, L2, L3 - which one do you want your children to be taught second? A7.1 {To Palya/Barla} If books in Rathwi and you know reading, will you use them? A7.2 {To Palya/Barla} Is Rathwi dialect as good as your Palya/Barla dialect? A8.1 After many years, when your children have their children,will they still speak L1? A8.2 If they do not continue to speak L1, is that good or bad? A9.1 Of the 3 dialects - Palya, Rathwi and Barli - which one do you like best? A9.2 Of the 3 dialects - Palya, Rathwi and Barli - which one do you like second best?

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F.2 LUAV Questionnaire data

F.2.1 Questionnaires among Borali Rathwa Barelas

Table F.2. Subject biodata

Sub-ID Sex Age Educ Birthplace Brought up Now How Mother Lg at home Father's MT Mother's MT Spouse's MT Lived in other Outside travel long? tongue place BRL01 M 26 5 Borali Borali Borali NA Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Palya Rathwi No Nandurbar, Barwani BRL02 M 50 10 Borali Borali Borali NA Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Palya Rajpur 8 years Ahmedabad, Guna BRL03 M 27 12 Borali Borali Borali NA Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Palsud 2 years Indore BRL04 M 28 7 Borali Borali Borali NA Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi No Bhopal, Surat BRL05 M 55 10 Borali Borali Borali NA Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi No Indore, Nandurbar BRL06 M 35 0 Borali Borali Borali NA Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi No Bhopal BRL07 F 70 0 Borali Borali Borali NA Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi No Sendhwa BRL08 M 18 0 Borali Borali Borali NA Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi No Rajpur, Tikri BRL09 M 46 0 Borali Borali Borali NA Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi No Khetia, Indore BRL10 M 55 0 Borali Borali Borali NA Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi No Shirpur, Indore BRL11 F 50 0 Umeda Umeda Borali 35 yrs Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi No Nivali, Palsud BRL12 F 45 0 Rajmohali Rajmohali Borali 19 yrs Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rajmohali Sendhwa BRL13 F 25 8 Menimatha Menimatha Borali 10 yrs Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Menimatha Rajpur, Nivali BRL14 F 18 5 Kundia Kundia Borali 3 yrs Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Kundia 15 yrs Shirpur, Sendhwa BRL15 M 45 5 Borali Borali Borali NA Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi No Bhopal BRL16 F 28 0 Kanjakuwa Kanjakuwa Borali 13 yrs Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Kanjakuwa 15 Khetia, yrs Khargone

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Table F.3. Language use questionnaire responses of Borali Rathwa Barelas

SubID U1.1 U1.2 U1.3 U1.4 U1.5 U2.1 U2.2 U2. U2.4 U2.5 U2.6 3 BRL01 Rathwi Rathwi Hindi Hindi Rathwi yes yes no no yes no, but a cassette is available BRL02 Rathwi Rathwi Hindi, Rathwi Hindi Rathwi, educated yes no no little yes, some with Rathwa Hindi for use interest programs on merchents public mixed lg songs in connection with rainy season (Buja) BRL03 Rathwi Rathwi, if Hindi with Hindi Hindi yes yes no no yes I no, but a educated educated, can cassette is Hindi Rathwi with available uneducated BRL04 Rathwi Rathwi Hindi Hindi Rathwi, yes yes no no yes no, but a Hindi for cassette is public available BRL05 Rathwi Rathwi Hindi Hindi Hindi yes yes no no yes no BRL06 Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi yes but yes no na yes no sometim es speak Hindi BRL07 Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi yes yes no na yes no BRL08 Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi yes yes no na yes no BRL09 Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi yes yes no na yes no BRL10 Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi yes yes, no na yes, but no know the other fact is I lgs, still am speak illiterat pure e Rathwi BRL11 Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi yes yes no na yes no BRL12 Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi yes yes no na yes no BRL13 Rathwi Rathwi, Rathwi, Hindi Rathwi, Rathwi, yes yes no qnaa yes no Hindi Hindi Hindi BRL14 Rathwi Rathwi, Hindi Hindi Rathwi yes yes no qna yes no Hindi BRL15 Rathwi Rathwi Hindi Hindi Rathwi yes yes no qna yes no BRL16 Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi yes yes no na yes no a Question number U2.4 was not asked to subjects 13, 14 and 15 since they were less educated and the question didn't yield any revealing responses from other educated subjects.

166

Table F.3. Language use questionnaire responses of Borali Rathwa Barelas (continued)

SubID U3.1 U3.2 U3.3 U3.4 U3.5 U3.6 U3.7 U4 BRL01 Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Palya/Palo na for Borali subjects Rathwi, qna Rathwi di Harijan's lg is like Rathwi BRL02 Hindi, if Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi, na for Borali subjects Rathwi qna Hindi he is sometimes illiterate little Palya then Rathwi BRL03 Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi na for Borali subjects Rathwi qna Hindi BRL04 Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi na for Borali subjects Rathwi, but Rathwi Hindi little different BRL05 Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi na for Borali subjects qna Hindi with Hindi educated, Nimadi with uneducated BRL06 Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi na for Borali subjects Rathwi qna Rathwi, if the stranger can not understand Rathwi then Hindi BRL07 Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi na for Borali subjects na qna Rathwi BRL08 Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi na for Borali subjects Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi BRL09 Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi na for Borali subjects Rathwi Rathwi I'll try to communicat e in his lg, but has accepted that he doesn't know any lg other than Rathwi BRL10 Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi na for Borali subjects Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi BRL11 Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi na for Borali subjects Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi BRL12 Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi na for Borali subjects Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi BRL13 Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi na for Borali subjects Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi, if if he if he the stranger knows, knows, can not otherwis otherwi understand e Hindi se Rathwi then Hindi Hindi BRL14 Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi na for Borali subjects Rathwi Hindia Hindi BRL15 Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi na for Borali subjects Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi BRL16 Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi na for Borali subjects Rathwi Rathwi Rathwi a The answers reflect more of the attitude than the fact, some of the answers given by this subject seems to be biased by language helpers’ influence.

167

Table F.3. Language use questionnaire responses of Borali Rathwa Barelas (continued)

SubID U5.1 U5.2 U5.3 U5.4 U6.1 U6.2 U6.3 U6.4 BRL01 yes weekly, in the market no na no na na na BRL02 yes weekly, whenever he goes out yes in the yes once or twice in a no na or when outsiders come to presence of month when he village outsiders goes to Rajpur to meet his friend BRL03 yes daily, teaching in school yes with educated yes sometimes with no na people Nimadi people BRL04 yes whenever I meet educated in no na very little na na na the market (almost nil) BRL05 yes whenever I meet outsiders and no na very little na na na govt. officials (almost nil) BRL06 yes whenever I meet govt. officials no na no na na na BRL07 no na na na no na na na BRL08 no na na na no na na na BRL09 no na na na no na na na BRL10 no na na na no na na na BRL11 no na na na no na na na BRL12 no na na na no na na na BRL13 yes whenever I meet with no na no na na na educated Hindi speakers BRL14 yes daily with educated people* yes* with educated no na na na BRL15 yes sometimes no na no na na na BRL16 no na na na no na na na

Table F.4. Language attitude questionnaire responses of Borali Rathwa Barelas

SubID A1 A2 A3.1 A3.2 A3.3 BRL01 here, Puljuvari, Revja, Kukdia yes yes na qna BRL02 here, Kukdia, Jalkheda, Chiklia, little interest no (English is best) na yes, as a tool to Revja, Puljuvari teach Hindi BRL03 here, Revja, Puljuvari yes I can yes,(uses Rathwi in na yes, it is good his teaching) BRL04 here, Revja yes yes, of course na yes, of course BRL05 Here; near villages in Khargone yes yes na yes district BRL06 Revja, Motli, Savarda yes yes yes na BRL07 here and the near by villages yes yes yes na BRL08 here, Revja, Puljuvari yes yes yes na BRL09 Revja, Palsud market, Upla yes yes yes na BRL10 here, Revja, Boriakuva yes, but the fact yes yes na is I am illiterate BRL11 Revja, Bulija yes yes no due to work na BRL12 Revja, Bulija yes yes no due to work na BRL13 Menimatha, Revja yes yes na qna BRL14 Revja, Puljuvari, Borekuva yes yes yes qna BRL15 Jalkheda, Menimatha,Revja, Chiklia yes yes na yes BRL16 Puljuvari, Revja yes yes yes na

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Table F.4. Language attitude questionnaire responses of Borali Rathwa Barelas (continued)

SubID A4.1 A4.2 A5.1 A5.2 A6.1 A6.2 BRL01 qna qna Rathwi Hindi Rathwi Hindi BRL02 yes no, since Nimadi is Hindi Rathwi Rathwi, as a Hindi Bhilala's lg tool to learn Hindi BRL03 no, because of caste no Hindi Rathwi Rathwi Hindi difference because of wider reach BRL04 yes but he/she must be with no Rathwi Hindi Rathwi Hindi in the caste/community BRL05 yes even if staying in a yes even if staying Rathwi Hindi Rathwi Hindi foreign country but he/she in a foreign must be with in the country but he/she caste/community must be with in the caste/community BRL06 no no Rathwi Hindi Rathwi Hindi BRL07 no if he/she other than no Rathwi can't answer since Rathwi Hindi Barela she does't know any other lg BRL08 yes but he/she must be with yes but he/she Rathwi Hindi Rathwi Hindi in the caste/community must be with in the caste/community BRL09 yes but he/she must be with yes but he/she Rathwi Hindi Rathwi Hindi in the caste/community must be with in the caste/community BRL10 yes but he/she must be with yes but he/she Rathwi Nimadi Rathwi Hindi in the caste/community must be with in the caste/community BRL11 yes but he/she must be with yes but he/she Rathwi can't answer since Rathwi Hindi in the caste/community must be with in the she does't know caste/community any other lg BRL12 yes but he/she must be with yes but he/she Rathwi can't answer since Rathwi Hindi in the caste/community must be with in the she does't know caste/community any other lg BRL13 qna qna Hindi Rathwi Rathwi* Hindi BRL14 no if he/she other than no if he/she other Hindi Rathwi Rathwi* Hindi Barela than Barela BRL15 no if he/she other than no if he/she other Rathwi Hindi Rathwi Hindi Barela than Barela BRL16 no if he/she other than no if he/she other Rathwi can't answer since Rathwi can't Barela than Barela she does't know answer any other lg since she does't know any other lg

169

Table F.5. Language attitude questionnaire responses of Borali Rathwa Barelas (continued)

SubID A7.1 A7.2 A8.1 A8.2 A9.1 A9.2 BRL01 na for na for yes qna Rathwi Palya Rathwas Rathwas BRL02 na for na for no, change in dress already happened, good Rathwi Palya and Rathwas Rathwas lg shift to Hindi will take place Barli equally ok wife is Palya some other relatives speak Barli BRL03 na for na for yes if illiterate, no if literate good Rathwi Bareli Rathwas Rathwas /Barewali BRL04 na for na for yes, even if they are post-graduates good Rathwi Barli Rathwas Rathwas BRL05 na for na for yes, it will never die good since it will Rathwi Barli Rathwas Rathwas fetch them economic benifits but it won't happen! BRL06 na for na for yes, generations change how a lg will good if every body Rathwi Palya Rathwas Rathwas change? change BRL07 na for na for yes, but if they want to shift let them qna Rathwi Palya Rathwas Rathwas BRL08 na for na for they might change to Hindi if they are good since it's good Rathwi Palya Rathwas Rathwas educated to know how to read and write in Hindi BRL09 na for na for they might change to Hindi if they are not good Rathwi Palya Rathwas Rathwas educated BRL10 na for na for it didnit change all these years, how good Rathwi Palya Rathwas Rathwas can I comment about future? BRL11 na for na for yes good Rathwi don't know Rathwas Rathwas BRL12 na for na for yes good Rathwi don't know Rathwas Rathwas BRL13 na for na for yes what's bad if they Rathwi Barli Rathwas Rathwas change? BRL14 na for na for no, languaage shift to Hindi will don't know Rathwi Barli Rathwas Rathwas happen BRL15 na for na for yes, educated may use Hindi also don't know Rathwi Barli Rathwas Rathwas BRL16 na for na for yes no answer Rathwi Barli Rathwas Rathwas

170

F.2.2 Questionnaires among Dhaudivhir Rathwa Pauras

Table F.6. Subject biodata

Num Sub-ID Sex Age Educ Birthplace Brought up Now How Mother long tongue 1 DHV11 M 55 0 Jalkheda Dhaudivhir Dhaudivhir NA Rathwi Pauri 2 DHV12 M 40 0 Dhaudivhir Dhaudivhir Dhaudivhir NA Rathwi Pauri 3 DHV13 M 36 5 Dhaudivhir Dhaudivhir Dhaudivhir NA Rathwi Pauri 4 DHV14 M 19 2 Dhaudivhir Dhaudivhir Dhaudivhir NA Rathwi Pauri 5 DHV15 M 30 3 Dhaudivhir Dhaudivhir Dhaudivhir NA Rathwi Pauri 6 DHV16 F 28 0 Tencho Dhaudivhir Dhaudivhir 13 yrs Rathwi Pauri 7 DHV17 F 18 10 Dhaudivhir Dhaudivhir Dhaudivhir NA Rathwi Pauri 8 DHV18 M 24 0 Dhaudivhir Dhaudivhir Dhaudivhir NA Rathwi Pauri 9 DHV19 F 40 0 Dhaudivhir Dhaudivhir Dhaudivhir NA Rathwi Pauri 10 DHV20 M 18 12 Asrapani Asrapni Asrapani NA Rathwi Pauri 11 DHV21 M 19 9 Dhaudivhir Dhaudivhir Dhaudivhir NA Rathwi Pauri

Num Sub-ID Lg at home Father's MT Mother's MT Spouse's MT Lived in other Outside travel place 1 DHV11 Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri No Dhule, Chopda, Khargone 2 DHV12 Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri No Sendhwa, Shirpur 3 DHV13 Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri No Bombay, Nanded 4 DHV14 Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri NA No Sendhwa, Shirpur 5 DHV15 Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri No Bombay, Sendhwa, Mandaleswar 6 DHV16 Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rohni, 5 years Barwani 7 DHV17 Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri NA Shirpur, 6 years Bombay 8 DHV18 Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri No Dhule, Mandleswar 9 DHV19 Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Kabari, 3 years Shirpur, Khargone 10 DHV20 Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri NA Shirpur, 8 years Palsud, Bombay 11 DHV21 Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri NA Shirpur, 2 years Nanded, Omkareswar

Table F.7. Language use questionnaire responses of Dhaudivhir Rathwa Pauras

Num SubID U1.1 U1.2 U1.3 U1.4 U1.5 1 DHV11 Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Ahirani Marathi Hindi 2 DHV12 Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri 3 DHV13 Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri, with little Marathi Marathi Rathwi Pauri 4 DHV14 Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri 5 DHV15 Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri 6 DHV16 Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri 7 DHV17 Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Marathi Marathi Marathi 8 DHV18 Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Ahirani Marathi Rathwi Pauri 9 DHV19 Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri 10 DHV20 Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Hindi, Marathi Marathi Rathwi Pauri, Marathi 11 DHV21 Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Hindi Marathi Rathwi Pauri

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Table F.7. Language use questionnaire responses of Dhaudivhir Rathwa Pauras (continued)

Num Sub-ID U2.1 U2.2 U2.3 U2.4 U2.5 U2.6 1 DHV11 yes yes yes na yes, cassette is also available 2 DHV12 yes yes don't know na no 3 DHV13 yes no, little mix yes, Mursingh wrote some no na no with Marathi songs in a note book 4 DHV14 didn't answer to the yes no na no point 5 DHV15 yes but some young yes yes, Mursingh wrote some no yes, songs at people mix Ahirani songs in a note book 8 pm on Thursdays and Fridays 6 DHV16 yes qna qna qna qna 7 DHV17 yes yes no na na yes, at 7-30 pm on Wednesdays and Thursdays broadcasting from Dhule station 8 DHV18 yes didn't answer no na no to the point 9 DHV19 yes no qna qna yes 10 DHV20 yes little mix with no qna na yes Marathi/Hindi 11 DHV21 yes yes no qna na no

F.7. Language use questionnaire responses of Dhaudivhir Rathwa Pauras (continued)

Num Sub-ID U3.1 U3.2 U3.3 U3.4 U3.5 U3.6 U3.7 U4 1 DHV11 na Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri na na Rathwi Pauri 2 DHV12 na Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri na na Rathwi Pauri 3 DHV13 na Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri na na Hindi, Marathi 4 DHV14 na Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri na na Rathwi Pauri 5 DHV15 na Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri na na Rathwi Pauri 6 DHV16 na Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri na na Rathwi Pauri 7 DHV17 na Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri na na Marathi, Hindi 8 DHV18 na Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri na na Rathwi Pauri, if they did not understand then Marathi 9 DHV19 na Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri na na Rathwi Pauri 10 DHV20 na Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri na na Rathwi Pauri, Marathi, Hindi with respective people 11 DHV21 na Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri Rathwi Pauri na na Hindi, Marathi, Ahirani

172

F.7. Language use questionnaire responses of Dhaudivhir Rathwa Pauras (continued)

Num Sub-ID U5.1 U5.2 U5.3 U5.4 U6.1 U6.2 U6.3 U6.4 1 DHV11 no na na na no na na na 2 DHV12 no na na na no na na na 3 DHV13 yes whenever I meet no na yes daily with Bhils, they no na come for work 4 DHV14 no na na na no na na na 5 DHV15 no na na na no na na na 6 DHV16 no na na na no na na na 7 DHV17 yes whenever I meet some body from no na no na na na outside 8 DHV18 yes when I go outside when there is a no na yes weekly when I meet no na need with Bhils 9 DHV19 no na na na no na na na 10 DHV20 yes daily because of school no na no na na na 11 DHV21 yes whenever I meet some body from no na yes when I meet Ahirani no na outside speakers

Table F.8. Language attitude questionnaire responses of Dhaudivhir Rathwa Pauras

Num SubID A1 A2 A3.1 A3.2 A3.3 1 DHV11 here, Jamniapada, Anjanpada, yes yes I am 60 yrs old, na Vidyahir what's the advantage of going to school? 2 DHV12 Bhiladpada, Bormudi, Haranpadapalli yes yes yes, if it is in the na evening and if all are old 3 DHV13 here, Bhilatpada, Jamniapada, Amba, yes yes na yes Bormudi 4 DHV14 Anjanpada, Amrishnagar yes na yes na 5 DHV15 Jamniapada, Anjanpada yes yes yes na 6 DHV16 a na 7 DHV17 Anjanpada, Amrishnagar, Bhilatpada yes qna na yes 8 DHV18 here, Bormudi, Anjanpada, Kadapada what's there to read in no he is interested* na Pauri* 9 DHV19 no answer yes, but the fact is I am yes yes na illiterate 10 DHV20 Asrapani yes yes na yes 11 DHV21 here and near yes yes na yes a Attitude questionnaire was not administered to this subject DHV16.

173

Table F.8. Language attitude questionnaire responses of Dhaudivhir Rathwa Pauras (continued)

Num SubID A4.1 A4.2 A5.1 A5.2 A6.1 A6.2 A7.1 A7.2 1 DHV11 no no Rathwi Pauri Hindi Rathwi Pauri Marathi na for na for Rathwas Rathwas 2 DHV12 no no Rathwi Pauri Hindi Rathwi Pauri Hindi, because na for na for it is easy Rathwas Rathwas 3 DHV13 no no Rathwi Pauri Hindi Rathwi Pauri Hindi na for na for Rathwas Rathwas 4 DHV14 qna qna Rathwi Pauri can't answer Rathwi Pauri Marathi na for na for since I do Rathwas Rathwas not know any other lg 5 DHV15 yes, if of yes, if of Rathwi Pauri Ahirani Rathwi Pauri Hindi, Marathi na for na for the same the same Rathwas Rathwas community community 6 DHV16 na for na for Rathwas Rathwas 7 DHV17 qna qna Marathi Rathwi Rathwi Pauri Marathi na for na for Pauri Rathwas Rathwas 8 DHV18 no no Rathwi Pauri Ahirani Rathwi Pauri Marathi na for na for Rathwas Rathwas 9 DHV19 no no Rathwi Pauri can't answer Rathwi Pauri Marathi na for na for since I do Rathwas Rathwas not know any other lg 10 DHV20 no no Rathwi Pauri Hindi Rathwi Pauri Hindi na for na for Rathwas Rathwas 11 DHV21 no no Rathwi Pauri Marathi Rathwi Pauri Marathi na for na for Rathwas Rathwas

Table F.8. Language attitude questionnaire responses of Dhaudivhir Rathwa Pauras (continued)

Num SubID A8.1 A8.2 A9.1 A9.2 1 DHV11 yes, even if Marathi influence is there not good Rathwi Pauri Barli 2 DHV12 yes not good Rathwi Pauri Barli 3 DHV13 yes not good Rathwi Pauri Barli 4 DHV14 yes not good Rathwi Pauri Barli 5 DHV15 yes, if the elders decide to shift to another lg then I qna Rathwi Pauri Barli will follow 6 DHV16 7 DHV17 yes did not Rathwi Pauri Barli answer 8 DHV18 yes not good Rathwi Pauri Barli 9 DHV19 don't know don't know Rathwi Pauri Barli 10 DHV20 yes not good Rathwi Pauri Barli 11 DHV21 yes, even if we leave village and live in city still we not good Rathwi Pauri Barli speak our lg

174

F.2.3 Questionnaires among Umrani Barla Pauras

Table F.9. Subject biodata

Num Sub-ID Sex Age Educ Birthplace Brought up Now How Mother long tongue 1 UMR12 M 46 7 Umrani Umrani Umrani NA Bareli Pauri 2 UMR13 M 35 0 Umrani Umrani Umrani NA Bareli Pauri 3 UMR15 M 39 10 Umrani Umrani Umrani NA Bareli Pauri 4 UMR16 M 20 4 Umrani Umrani Umrani NA Bareli Pauri 5 UMR17 M 18 12 Umrani Chilki Umrani NA Bareli Pauri 6 UMR18 M 30 0 Umrani Umrani Umrani NA Bareli Pauri 7 UMR19 M 22 0 Umrani Valval Umrani NA Bareli Pauri 8 UMR20 F 28 0 Somana Somana Umrani 10 yrs Bareli Pauri 9 UMR21 F 25 0 Umrani Umrani Umrani NA Bareli Pauri 10 UMR22 F 28 0 Umrani Umrani Vadfalia 10 yrs Bareli Pauri 11 UMR23 F 45 0 Aspai Aspai Vadfalia 27 yrs Bareli Pauri 12 UMR24 M 19 12 Vadfalia Vadfalia Vadfalia NA Bareli Pauri 13 UMR25 F 50 0 Vadfalia Vadfalia Vadfalia NA Bareli Pauri 14 UMR26 M 36 0 Vadfalia Vadfalia Vadfalia NA Bareli Pauri 15 UMR27 M 36 3 Vadfalia Vadfalia Vadfalia NA Bareli Pauri 16 UMR28 M 30 12 Vadfalia Taloda, Rajbordi Vadfalia NA Bareli Pauri 17 UMR29 M 45 0 Umrani Umrani Umrani NA Bareli Pauri 18 UMR30 M 61 7 Umrani Umrani Umrani NA Bareli Pauri 19 UMR31 M 35 0 Umrani Umrani Umrani NA Bareli Pauri 20 UMR32 M 60 0 Vadfalia Vadfalia Vadfalia NA Bareli Pauri 21 UMR33 M 45 4 Vadfalia Vadfalia Vadfalia NA Bareli Pauri 22 UMR34 M 52 0 Vadfalia Vadfalia Vadfalia NA Bareli Pauri 23 UMR35 F 35 0 Palka 4 kms away Palka 4 kms away Vadfalia 20 yrs Bareli Pauri 24 UMR36 F 18 10 Vadfalia Vadfalia Vadfalia NA Bareli Pauri 25 UMR37 F 22 0 Hund 44 kms away Hund Vadfalia 7 yrs Bareli Pauri 26 UMR38 F 55 0 Rajbardi 9 kms Rajbardi Vadfalia 50 yrs Bareli away Pauri 27 UMR39 F 20 10 Vadfalia Vadfalia Tinismal 4 yrs Bareli 15 kms Pauri away 28 UMR40 M 60 0 Vadfalia Vadfalia Vadfalia NA Bareli Pauri 29 UMR41 M 58 7 Vadfalia Vadfalia Vadfalia NA Bareli Pauri

175

Table F.9. Subject biodata (continued)

Num Sub-ID Lg at home Father's MT Mother's MT Spouse's MT Lived in other Outside Travel place 1 UMR12 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri No Dhule 2 UMR13 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri No Shahada 3 UMR15 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Mandvi 4 Dhule, Khetia years, Chilvad 3 years 4 UMR16 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Chilki 4 years Khetia, Shahada 5 UMR17 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri NA Chilki 9 years Jalgoan, Khetia, Dhule 6 UMR18 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri No Nandurbar district 7 UMR19 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Valval 8 years Khetia, Kawant, Taloda 8 UMR20 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri No Shahada, Akkalkuva 9 UMR21 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri No Dhule, Shahada 10 UMR22 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Kanyapani 4 Khetia, Shahada years 11 UMR23 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Aspai Shahada, Khetia 12 UMR24 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Rajbarudi 6 Goa, Bombay, years Ahmedabad 13 UMR25 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri No Dhadgam, Shahada 14 UMR26 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri No Khetia, Dhule, Pavagarh 15 UMR27 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Ladki Bareli Pauri No Nasik, Dediapada 16 UMR28 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri No Nasik, Khetia 17 UMR29 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri No No 18 UMR30 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri No Bombay, Bhusaval 19 UMR31 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri qna qna 20 UMR32 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri No Dhule, Nandurbar, Akkalkuva and Khetia 21 UMR33 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri No Bhusaval, Dhule, Shegam 22 UMR34 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri No Shahada, Khetia 23 UMR35 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri No No 24 UMR36 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri NA Palka 10 yrs Khetia, Shahada 25 UMR37 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri No Nandurbar, Shahada, Khetia 26 UMR38 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri No No 27 UMR39 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 4 yrs in Mumbai Rajbardi, 5 yrs in Dhadgam for studies 28 UMR40 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri No Pune, Nasik, Khetia, Nagpur 29 UMR41 Bareli Bareli Bareli Bareli 9 yrs in Rajpipla, Dhule, Pauri/Marathi Pauri/Marathi Pauri/Marathi Pauri/Marathi Shahada Nandurbar, Navapur, Khetia

176

Table F.10. Language use questionnaire responses of Umrani Barla Pauras

Num SubID U1.1 U1.2 U1.3 U1.4 U1.5 1 UMR12 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri, Marathi, Marathi Bareli Pauri for group prayer. Hindi no private prayer 2 UMR13 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 3 UMR15 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Marathi, Hindi, Marathi, Hindi Bareli Pauri Ahirani 4 UMR16 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Marathi, Hindi Marathi Bareli Pauri 5 UMR17 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Marathi, Hindi Marathi, Hindi Bareli Pauri, Marathi, Hindi 6 UMR18 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 7 UMR19 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 8 UMR20 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 9 UMR21 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 10 UMR22 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 11 UMR23 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 12 UMR24 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Hindi, Ahirani, Marathi, Hindi Hindi, Gujarathi, Marathi Marathi 13 UMR25 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 14 UMR26 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 15 UMR27 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri, Bareli Pauri Marathi 16 UMR28 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri and Marathi Bareli Pauri Marathi 17 UMR29 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 18 UMR30 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 19 UMR31 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Marathi Marathi Marathi 20 UMR32 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 21 UMR33 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Marathi, Ahirani Marathi Bareli Pauri 22 UMR34 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 23 UMR35 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 24 UMR36 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Marathi Marathi Bareli Pauri 25 UMR37 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 26 UMR38 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 27 UMR39 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 28 UMR40 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 29 UMR41 Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Marathi Marathi Bareli Pauri

177

Table F.10. Language use questionnaire responses of Umrani Barla Pauras (continued)

Num SubID U2.1 U2.2 U2.3 U2.4 U2.5 U2.6 1 UMR12 yes no no no na no 2 UMR13 little different little different there is a man who na no composes songs orally 3 UMR15 little different yes there are people who no na no composes stories orally 4 UMR16 little different yes, even better don't know no no 5 UMR17 little different yes no yes, DOLE a monthly na no in Dhadgaon 6 UMR18 little different yes no na no 7 UMR19 little different for little different don't know na no educated young 8 UMR20 yes yes no na no 9 UMR21 yes yes no na no 10 UMR22 little different yes no na qna 11 UMR23 yes yes don't know na no 12 UMR24 little different little different yes, by Subhash teacher yes, in Amur stores in na no from Radikalam Dhadgaon a printed book with poiems and stories in Pauri 13 UMR25 little different yes no na no 14 UMR26 little different yes don't know na no 15 UMR27 yes little different don't know na no 16 UMR28 little different little different no no na no 17 UMR29 yes yes no na no 18 UMR30 yes yes no na no 19 UMR31 yes yes no na no 20 UMR32 yes yes no na no 21 UMR33 yes yes no na no 22 UMR34 no yes no na no 23 UMR35 yes yes no na no 24 UMR36 yes yes no qna na no 25 UMR37 yes yes no na no 26 UMR38 yes yes no na no 27 UMR39 yes yes no qna na no 28 UMR40 yes yes no na no 29 UMR41 yes yes no qna na no

Table F.10. Language use questionnaire responses of Umrani Barla Pauras (continued)

Nu SubID U3.1 U3.2 U3.3 U3.4 U3.5 U3.6 U4 m 1 UMR12 na Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri, if they can't understand then I will try Hindi 2 UMR13 na Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri to any body on the earth

178

Nu SubID U3.1 U3.2 U3.3 U3.4 U3.5 U3.6 U4 m 3 UMR15 na Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri or Bhili Bareli Pauri Hindi Hindi 4 UMR16 na Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bhili Bareli Pauri Hindi 5 UMR17 na Hindi Bareli Pauri Hindi Bhili Marathi, Hindi Marathi, Hindi 6 UMR18 na Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri, Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri broken Marathi Palodi 7 UMR19 na Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bhili Harijan's lg broken Marathi 8 UMR20 na Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bhili Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 9 UMR21 na Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 10 UMR22 na Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri- Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bhili mix mix with Harijan's lg 11 UMR23 na Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 12 UMR24 na Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bhili Harijans´ lg Marathi, Hindi, mix with mix with Ahirani, English Rathwi Palodi 13 UMR25 na never met one Bareli Pauri Never met one Bareli Pauri, Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri and Bhili mix 14 UMR26 na Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bhili Bareli Pauri Marathi, Hindi 15 UMR27 na Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bhili Harijans´ lg Hindi and sometimes Marathi 16 UMR28 na Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Marathi with little Bhili 17 UMR29 na Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 18 UMR30 na Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Marathi, Hindi mixed with mixed with mixed with Palya Bhili their lg 19 UMR31 qna Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Marathi 20 UMR32 na Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 21 UMR33 qna Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bhili Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 22 UMR34 na Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 23 UMR35 qna Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 24 UMR36 qna Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Marathi 25 UMR37 qna Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 26 UMR38 qna Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 27 UMR39 qna Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 28 UMR40 qna Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri Bareli Pauri 29 UMR41 qna not Rathwi, if Bareli Pauri not Palya, if Bhili Bareli Pauri Marathi or Hindi they speak in they speak in Marathi Marathi/Hindi /Hindi then I then I will will speak in speak in the the same same

179

Table F.10. Language use questionnaire responses of Umrani Barla Pauras (continued)

Num SubID U5.1 U5.2 U5.3 U5.4 U6.1 U6.2 U6.3 U6.4 1 UMR12 yes weekly, to educated no na no na na na who can't speak Pauri 2 UMR13 no na na na no na na na 3 UMR15 yes weekly, if some body yes with some tries weekly in no na speaks to him in educated to Dhadgaon market Marathi speak 4 UMR16 yes weekly with educated yes with some no na na na if needed educated 5 UMR17 yes daily in college and no na a little daily with Ahirani no na with govt. officials bit speakers 6 UMR18 yes, rarely, when I go out no na very weekly in the no na little little market 7 UMR19 no na na na no na na na 8 UMR20 little weekly in the market no na no na na na 9 UMR21 no na na na no na na na 10 UMR22 no na na na no na na na 11 UMR23 no na na na no na na na 12 UMR24 yes daily in college yes with yes daily when I meet no na educated Ahirani speakers who know Marathi 13 UMR25 no na na na no na na na 14 UMR26 little bit weekly if any govt no na no na na na official/outsiders come 15 UMR27 a little weekly if any govt no na no na na na bit official/outsiders come 16 UMR28 yes daily if any govt no na very daily in market no na official/outsiders come little 17 UMR29 no na na na no na na na 18 UMR30 yes twice a week, in no na very weeky in market no na market and office little 19 UMR31 yes weekly yes sometimes no na na na for fun 20 UMR32 no na na na no na na na 21 UMR33 yes with shopkeepers in no na yes daily when he no na Dadgaon meets Ahirani speakers 22 UMR34 no na na na no na na na 23 UMR35 no na na na no na na na 24 UMR36 yes whenever I meet no na no na na na Marathi speakers 25 UMR37 no na na na no na na na 26 UMR38 no na na na no na na na 27 UMR39 yes daily if I meet Marathi no na very whenever I meet no na speakers little Ahirani girls 28 UMR40 no na na na no na na na 29 UMR41 yes daily,in market, office no na yes whenever I meet no na Ahirani speakers

180

Table F.11. Language attitude questionnaire responses of Umrani Barla Pauras

Num SubID A1 A2 A3.1 A3.2 A3.3 1 UMR12 here, Rosmal, Danaja, Rajbanti yes no, because my na yes children knows Pauri 2 UMR13 here, Rosmal, Amda, Rajmani yes yes yes * na 3 UMR15 here, Rosmal, Bhogwada,Shelkuvi yes yes na yes 4 UMR16 here, Rosmal, Bhogwada, Dhanaja yes yes na yes 5 UMR17 here, Dhadgaon, Mungbari(4 kms), yes yes na yes Ashpa(10kms), Bhogwada, Rosmal, Dhanja, Palka 6 UMR18 Rosmal, Ashpa, Rajbardi yes yes no, why should I na attend when I already know Pauri? 7 UMR19 from Rosmal to Khardi all villages yes yes yes na 8 UMR20 here and near yes yes yes na 9 UMR21 here, Ashpa, Ladkuva yes yes yes na 10 UMR22 here, Rosmal, Vadfalia yes no* yes* na 11 UMR23 here, Rosmal, Rajbardi, Mungbari yes yes yes na 12 UMR24 here, Dhadgaon, Vadfalia, Mungbari yes no na no 13 UMR25 here, Rosmal yes but when yes yes na can I read amd write 14 UMR26 here, Rosmal, Rajbardi, Mungbari, yes yes, happily yes na Vadfalia 15 UMR27 here, Rosmal, Dhanaja, Mungbari, yes yes yes yes Vadfalia, Sickui 16 UMR28 here, Vadfallia, Bhogwada, Dhanaja, yes no since it is na yes Palka difficult to read and write in Pauri 17 UMR29 here yes yes yes na 18 UMR30 Dhadgaon yes yes na yes 19 UMR31 here, Rosmal, Dhanaja, Mungbari, yes yes yes na Amla 20 UMR32 here, Rosmal, Bhorvada, Davdi, yes yes yes if in the na Mungbari, Rajbardi village itself 21 UMR33 here, Rosmal, Aspa, yes yes yes na Dhanaja,Bhogvada in Dadgaon tahsil 22 UMR34 here, Aspa, Amla, Khalikhet, Dhanaja yes yes yes na 23 UMR35 here,Mungbari, Dhanaja, Vadfallia, yes yes yes na Aspa 24 UMR36 here, Dhanaja, Bhagode yes yes na yes 25 UMR37 here, Rosmal,Amla,Dhanaja, Rojri yes yes yes na 26 UMR38 here, Vadfallia, Amla, Achpa, yes yes yes na Ladkuva,Koido

181

Num SubID A1 A2 A3.1 A3.2 A3.3 27 UMR39 here, Vadfallia yes yes na yes 28 UMR40 here, Vadfallia, Rosmal yes yes qna na 29 UMR41 here, Vadfallia, Rosmal,Amla, Achpa yes yes na yes

Table F.11. Language attitude questionnaire responses of Umrani Barla Pauras (continued)

Num SubID A4.1 A4.2 A5.1 A5.2 A6.1 A6.2 1 UMR12 yes, but he/she must be from no Bareli Pauri Marathi Bareli Pauri Marathi the same community 2 UMR13 yes, but he/she must be from no Bareli Pauri Marathi Bareli Pauri Marathi the same community 3 UMR15 no no Bareli Pauri Marathi Marathi Bareli Pauri 4 UMR16 yes, but he/she must be from no Bareli Pauri Marathi Marathi Bareli Pauri the same community 5 UMR17 no no Bareli Pauri Marathi Marathi Bareli Pauri 6 UMR18 no no Marahi Bareli Pauri Marathi Bareli Pauri 7 UMR19 no no Bareli Pauri Marathi Bareli Pauri Marathi 8 UMR20 yes, but he/she must be from no Bareli Pauri Marathi Marathi Bareli Pauri the same community 9 UMR21 yes, but he/she must be from no Bareli Pauri Marathi Bareli Pauri Marathi the same community 10 UMR22 yes, but he/she must be from no Bareli Pauri Marathi Marathi Bareli Pauri the same community 11 UMR23 yes, if it is love marriage no Bareli Pauri Marathi Marathi Bareli Pauri 12 UMR24 yes no Marathi Bareli Pauri Marathi Bareli Pauri 13 UMR25 no no Bareli Pauri Marathi Marathi Bareli Pauri 14 UMR26 no not at Bareli Pauri Marathi Marathi Bareli Pauri all 15 UMR27 no no Bareli Pauri Marathi Marathi Bareli Pauri 16 UMR28 no no Marathi Bareli Pauri Marathi Bareli Pauri 17 UMR29 no no Bareli Pauri Marathi Bareli Pauri Marathi 18 UMR30 yes, it's happening yes Bareli Pauri Marathi Marathi Bareli Pauri 19 UMR31 no no Bareli Pauri Marathi Bareli Pauri Marathi 20 UMR32 yes, it's happening no Bareli Pauri Marathi Bareli Pauri Marathi 21 UMR33 no no Bareli Pauri Marathi Bareli Pauri Marathi 22 UMR34 no no Bareli Pauri Marathi Bareli Pauri Marathi 23 UMR35 no no Bareli Pauri Marathi Bareli Pauri Marathi 24 UMR36 qna qna Bareli Pauri Marathi Bareli Pauri Marathi 25 UMR37 qna qna Bareli Pauri Marathi Bareli Pauri Marathi 26 UMR38 no no Bareli Pauri Marathi Bareli Pauri Marathi 27 UMR39 qna qna Bareli Pauri Marathi Bareli Pauri Marathi 28 UMR40 no no Bareli Pauri Marathi Bareli Pauri Marathi 29 UMR41 no no Bareli Pauri Marathi Bareli Pauri Marathi

182

Table F.11. Language attitude questionnaire responses of Umrani Barla Pauras (continued)

Num SubID A7.1 A7.2 A8.1 A8.2 A9.1 A9.2 1 UMR12 no no yes not qna qna good 2 UMR13 yes no yes not Bareli Pauri Palya good 3 UMR15 yes no lg mixing with Marathi good Bareli Pauri Rathwi will happen 4 UMR16 yes no lg shift to Marathi/Hindi good Bareli Pauri Palya may take place due to education 5 UMR17 yes no yes qna Bareli Pauri Rathwi 6 UMR18 yes no yes qna Bareli Pauri can't answer since doesn't know other lg 7 UMR19 yes no yes qna Bareli Pauri Palvadia, Palya 8 UMR20 yes no lg shift to Marathi good Bareli Pauri Palya 9 UMR21 qna no yes not Bareli Pauri Palya good 10 UMR22 qna can't answer yes good Bareli Pauri can't answer since she since doesn't never heard know other lg Rathwi 11 UMR23 yes no lg will be influenced by good Bareli Pauri Palya Marathi 12 UMR24 yes no lg shift to Marathi not Bareli Pauri Palya good 13 UMR25 qna qna lg shift to Marathi may good Bareli Pauri can't answer happen since doesn't know other lg 14 UMR26 yes no lg shift to Marathi may good Bareli Pauri Rathwi take place due to education 15 UMR27 yes no lg shift to Marathi may good Bareli Pauri can't answer take place if everybody in since doesn't the village becomes know other lg educated 16 UMR28 yes no lg shift to Marathi may good Bareli Pauri Palodia happen 17 UMR29 qna no yes good Bareli Pauri Palodian 18 UMR30 yes no lg shift to Marathi may good Bareli Pauri Rathwi happen 19 UMR31 no no yes not qna qna good 20 UMR32 yes qna yes not Bareli Pauri Palya good 21 UMR33 yes qna yes not Bareli Pauri Palya good 22 UMR34 yes qna yes not Bareli Pauri Palya and good Rathwi the same

183

Num SubID A7.1 A7.2 A8.1 A8.2 A9.1 A9.2 23 UMR35 yes qna yes not Bareli Pauri can't answer good since doesn't know other lg 24 UMR36 yes qna yes not Bareli Pauri can't answer good since doesn't know other lg 25 UMR37 no qna yes not Bareli Pauri Palya good 26 UMR38 yes, but cannot qna yes not Bareli Pauri can't answer understand good since doesn't know other lg 27 UMR39 I never heard qna yes qna Bareli Pauri can't answer Rathwi since doesn't know other lg 28 UMR40 yes, but qna yes not Bareli Pauri Palya understanding good is low 29 UMR41 no because it is qna yes, how can one forget not Bareli Pauri Palya different his/her own lg? good

184

F.2.4 Questionnaires among Choutharya Palyas

Table F.12. Subject biodata

Num Sub-ID Sex Age Educ Birthplace Brought up Now How Mother Lg at Father's Mother's Spouse's Lived in other Outside travel long tongue home MT MT MT place 1 CHT14 M 18 0 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya NA Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya No No 2 CHT15 M 22 12 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya NA Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya Rajpur, 1 year & Indore, Bhopal Palsud, 2 years 3 CHT16 M 50 0 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya NA Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya No Shirdi, Nasik, Khandwa 4 CHT17 M 25 5 Choutharya Ojjar Choutharya 12 Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya Ojjar, 15 years Pune, Bombay yrs 5 CHT18 M 18 9 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya NA Palya Palya Palya Palya NA Rajpur, 3 Dhule, Indore months 6 CHT19 F 75 0 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya NA Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya No No 7 CHT20 F 22 0 Dhamnei Damnei Choutharya 4 yrs Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya No No 8 CHT21 F 28 0 Sajwani Sajwani Choutharya 9 yrs Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya No No 9 CHT22 F 38 0 Limbai Limbai Choutharya 20 Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya No No yrs 10 CHT23 M 32 3 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya NA Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya No Sendhwa, Tikri 11 CHT24 F 20 10 Ojjar Ojjar Choutharya 10 Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya Rajpur, 2 yrs No yrs 12 CHT25 M 32 5 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya NA Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya Santhan, 2 Omkareswar, months Barwani 13 CHT26 F 70 0 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya NA Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya Dhamnei 2 Dhar, Barwani months 14 CHT27 M 60 0 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya NA Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya Indarpur 4 years Dhule, Nasik 15 CHT28 M 25 0 Choutharya Choutharya Choutharya NA Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya Tikri 1 month Shirpur, Khargone

185

Table F.12. Language use questionnaire responses of Choutharya Palyas

Num SubID Sex Age Educ U1.1 U1.2 U1.3 U1.4 U1.5 U2.1 U2.2 U2.3 U2.4 U2.5 U2.6 1 CHT14 M 18 0 Palya Palya Palya Nimadi/ Palya yes yes no na no no Dapla Bhilali 2 CHT15 M 22 12 Palya Palya Hindi Hindi Hindi yes no no no na no 3 CHT16 M 50 0 Palya Palya their lg Hindi Palya yes yes no na yes no Limbadi meaning Nimadi 4 CHT17 M 25 5 Palya Palya Hindi Hindi Palya yes yes no no na no 5 CHT18 M 18 9 Palya Palya Hindi Hindi Palya yes yes qna qna na qna 6 CHT19 F 75 0 Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya yes yes qna na qna qna 7 CHT20 F 22 0 Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya yes no little qna qna qna qna different 8 CHT21 F 28 0 Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya yes yes but qna na qna qna Hindi also in between 9 CHT22 F 38 0 Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya yes yes qna na qna qna 10 CHT23 M 32 3 Palya Palya Nimadi Nimadi Palya little little qna na qna qna different different 11 CHT24 F 20 10 Palya Palya Hindi Hindi Palya, yes no little qna qna na qna and Hindi different Nimadi for public prayer 12 CHT25 M 32 5 Palya Palya Hindi Hindi Palya little yes qna qna na qna different 13 CHT26 F 70 0 Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya yes yes qna na qna qna 14 CHT27 M 60 0 Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya little little qna na qna qna different different 15 CHT28 M 25 0 Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya little little qna na qna qna different different

Table F.12. Language use questionnaire responses of Choutharya Palyas (continued)

Num SubID U3.1 U3.2 U3.3 U3.4 U3.5 U3.6 U3.7 U4 1 CHT14 Palya Rathwi Palya, not Palya Palya qna Palya much contact with Barlas 2 CHT15 Nimadi Rathwi no contact Palya Nimadi Palya Hindi [Harijans speak in Rathwi] 3 CHT16 Limbadi Rathwi no contact Palya no contact qna first in Palya 4 CHT17 Palya with Urppa Palya no contact Palya no contact qna Hindi Bhilalas and Nimadi with Dapla Bhilalas

186

5 CHT18 Rathwi with Urppa Rathwi no contact Palya no contact Palya Hindi and Nimadi with [Harijans Dapla speak in Rathwi] 6 CHT19 Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya 7 CHT20 Palya if they Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya understand. If not she will try in their lg 8 CHT21 Palya Palya no contact Palya Palya Palya Palya 9 CHT22 Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya 10 CHT23 Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya 11 CHT24 Palya with Urppa Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya Hindi Bhilalas and Nimadi with Dapla Bhilalas 12 CHT25 Palya and Nimadi mix Rathwi no contact Palya Bhili mix Palya Palya, if with Dapla, Palya with Palya not Bhilali mix with Urppa Hindi 13 CHT26 Palya Palya Palya Palya qna Palya Palya 14 CHT27 Palya, with some Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya Nimadi mix 15 CHT28 Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya Palya

Table F.12. Language use questionnaire responses of Choutharya Palyas (continued)

Num SubID U5.1 U5.2 U5.3 U5.4 U6.1 U6.2 U6.3 U6.4 1 CHT14 no na na na yes weekly in market no na and with govt officials 2 CHT15 yes daily when I meet no na yes daily when I meet no na them them 3 CHT16 yes weekly/ monthly no na yes weekly/monthly no na when they come here 4 CHT17 yes in market and with no na yes weekly no na govt. officials 5 CHT18 yes once or twice in a yes in the yes daily when we go to yes in the presence month when they presence of Indarpur (Dapla of Nimadi come here or to Hindi Bhilala village) speaker market speaker 6 CHT19 no na na na no na na na 7 CHT20 no na na na yes but weekly in the no na little season when I go to work outside 8 CHT21 no na na na no na na na 9 CHT22 no na na na no na na na 10 CHT23 no na na na littlle weekly, when I go no na to Limbai, Retai where Bhilalas live 11 CHT24 yes monthly, when I go yes in market yes weekly, when yes in the presence outside for market with her Bhilalas come here of Bhilalas own people

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12 CHT25 yes weekly, when I yes when I go to yes twice a week when no na meet with them town in the I go to Limbai and company of Indarpur where educated Bhilalas live fellows 13 CHT26 no na na na yes (may weekly no na be it is only her claim) 14 CHT27 no na na na no na na na 15 CHT28 no na na na yes weekly, when I qna qna meet them

Table F.13. Language attitude questionnaire responses of Choutharya Palyas

Nu SubID A1 A2 A3. A3.2 A3. A4.1 A4.2 m 1 3 1 CHT14 Bagadara hamlet of no yes yes na no no Choutharya 2 CHT15 here yes yes na yes yes but he/she must no (since none like that) be with in the caste/community 3 CHT16 here yes yes yes na no, if they are rich no, if they are rich and and of same caste of same caste then yes then yes 4 CHT17 here yes yes na yes yes but he/she must yes but he/she must be be with in the with in the caste/community caste/community 5 CHT18 here yes yes na yes no no 6 CHT19 can not say since I have no yes no na no no not gone anywhere 7 CHT20 here yes yes no na yes but he/she must yes but he/she must be be with in the with in the caste/community caste/community 8 CHT21 here no yes yes if others na no no accompany her 9 CHT22 here and near no yes no na yes but he/she must yes but he/she must be be with in the with in the caste/community caste/community 10 CHT23 here yes yes yes na may be in future may be in future 11 CHT24 here yes yes na yes no possible ! 12 CHT25 here yes yes na yes yes but he/she must yes but he/she must be be with in the with in the caste/community caste/community 13 CHT26 here yes yes yes na no yes but he/she must be with in the caste/community 14 CHT27 here yes yes yes na yes but he/she must yes but he/she must be be with in the with in the caste/community caste/community 15 CHT28 here yes yes yes na no no 16 CHT29 * * * * * * *

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Table F.13. Language attitude questionnaire responses of Choutharya Palyas (continued)

SubID A5.1 A5.2 A6.1 A6.2 A7.1 A7.2 A8.1 A8.2 A9.1 A9.2 1 CHT14 Palya Hindi Palya Hindi qna qna yes not good qna qna 2 CHT15 Hindi Palya Palya Hindi yes yes yes not good qna qna 3 CHT16 Palya Hindi Palya Hindi why not that yes not good qna qna not?— good since but we can not may understand not underst and fully 4 CHT17 Palya Hindi Palya Hindi no no yes not good qna qna 5 CHT18 Palya Hindi Hindi Palya yes no yes good qna qna 6 CHT19 can't can't can't can't qna qna yes not good Palya don't know answe; answer; answer; answer doesn't doesn't doesn't know know any know any other lg other lg other lg 7 CHT20 Palya Nimadi Palya Nimadi qna qna yes not good Palya don't know, not heard Barli 8 CHT21 Palya Nimadi Palya Nimadi qna qna yes good Palya Rathwi 9 CHT22 Palya Nimadi Palya Nimadi qna qna yes good Palya Rathwi 10 CHT23 Hindi Palya Palya Nimadi qna qna no, good Palya Rathwi (Barli is langu not understood age by us) shift to Hindi will happ en 11 CHT24 Hindi Nimadi Palya Hindi qna qna yes good Palya Rathwi 12 CHT25 Palya Hindi Hindi Palya qna qna yes good Palya Rathwi 13 CHT26 Palya Nimadi Palya Hindi qna qna yes good Palya Rathwi 14 CHT27 all na Palya Hindi qna qna yes good all na three three 15 CHT28 Palya Hindi Palya Nimadi qna qna yes good Palya Rathwi

Appendix G: Site Information

Table G.1. Site information

Name of Total Total Male Female Total pop Male ST Female ST Male Female village no. of popu- popu- popu- in the population population literates literates families lation lation lation age group (0-6) Chiklia 350 3229 1676 1553 863 1405 1329 236 56 Budi 179 1537 810 727 370 757 688 81 8 Upla 267 2102 1080 1022 542 971 922 91 37 Borali 147 977 482 495 241 427 440 95 25 Chautharya 127 1119 565 554 318 527 515 46 11 Dhaudivhir 93 630 309 321 186 307 319 35 19 Umrani 68 424 195 229 129 189 217 34 5 Vadfallia 662 3554 1907 1647 716 643 590 1158 678

Name of ST % Male% Female% General Male Female Adulta Adult Adult female village lit% lit% lit% lit% male lit% lit% Chiklia 85% 52% 48% 9% 14% 4% 12% 19% 5% Budi 94% 53% 47% 6% 10% 1% 8% 13% 1% Upla 90% 51% 49% 6% 8% 4% 8% 11% 5% Borali 89% 49% 51% 12% 20% 5% 16% 25% 7% Chautharya 93% 50% 50% 5% 8% 2% 7% 11% 3% Dhaudivhir 99% 49% 51% 9% 11% 6% 12% 16% 9% Umrani 96% 46% 54% 9% 17% 2% 13% 26% 3% Vadfallia 35% 54% 46% 52% 61% 41% 65% 75% 52% a Adult literacy rate in this table is calculated on the basis of population figures, excluding the (0–6) age group population.

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