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INTRODUKSI PARASITOID, SEBUAH WACANA BARU DALAM PENGENDALIAN HAMA KUTU PUTIH PEPAYA Paracoccus Marginatus DI INDONESIA

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INTRODUKSI PARASITOID, SEBUAH WACANA BARU DALAM PENGENDALIAN HAMA KUTU PUTIH PEPAYA Paracoccus Marginatus DI INDONESIA INTRODUKSI PARASITOID, SEBUAH WACANA BARU DALAM PENGENDALIAN HAMA KUTU PUTIH PEPAYA Paracoccus marginatus DI INDONESIA Lina Herlina Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian, Jalan Tentara Pelajar No. 3A Bogor, 16111 Telp. (0251) 8339793, 8337975, Faks. (0251) 8338820, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Diajukan: 15 November 2010; Diterima: 2 Desember 2010 ABSTRAK Masuknya hama eksotis Paracoccus marginatus ke Indonesia telah menimbulkan permasalahan dalam pengendalian hama tersebut pada tanaman pepaya (Carica papaya). Belum terdapat alternatif pengendalian yang efektif untuk menekan populasi hama ini di Indonesia. Pengendalian hayati dengan mengoptimalkan musuh alami sebenarnya merupakan alternatif yang paling sesuai, namun hasil penelitian yang memadai untuk mengembangkan musuh alami lokal yang potensial belum tersedia. Introduksi parasitoid yang efektif mengendalikan P. marginatus di luar negeri menginspirasi upaya pengendalian hama ini di Indonesia. Tulisan ini bertujuan membahas beberapa aspek penting dalam program introduksi parasitoid, antara lain karakter agens hayati introduksi, prosedur pelepasan musuh alami, dampak negatif terhadap organisme bukan sasaran, serta prospek aplikasi parasitoid introduksi di Indonesia. Pada prinsipnya, introduksi parasitoid cukup prospektif untuk diterapkan di Indonesia dengan persyaratan tertentu. Kata kunci: Carica papaya, Paracoccus marginatus, pengendalian hama, parasitoid, Indonesia ABSTRACT Introduction of parasitoid, a new concept in controlling papaya mealybugs Paracoccus marginatus in Indonesia The invasion of exotic pest Paracoccus marginatus in Indonesia has encountered a special problem. Any pest controls conducted on this pest have not proved to be effective yet to suppress pest population. Actually, the most appropriate strategy to control P. marginatus infestation could be attained through biological control by optimizing the natural enemies, but unfortunately there has not been any sufficient research which developed some potential natural enemies native to Indonesia. The attempts that succeed in managing P. marginatus under lower population have been carried out by other countries through introduction of parasitoids. This has been inspiring to apply the same strategy in Indonesia to control P. marginatus. This paper aimed to discuss some important aspects associated with introduction of parasitoids, e.g. characteristics of potential agents, procedure for releasing natural enemies, effects on nontarget organisms, and also the potential and prospect of applying parasitoid introduction in Indonesia. In principal, parasitoid introduction to control P. marginatus is potential to be implemented in Indonesia, as long as it matched with the requirements. Keywords: Carica papaya, Paracoccus marginatus, pest control, parasitoid, Indonesia ama kutu putih, Paracoccus mar- 2008, hama tersebut telah menginfestasi pepaya di Jawa Tengah mendapat se- H ginatus merupakan salah satu secara luas tanaman pepaya di daerah rangan parah hama kutu putih. Harian kendala utama dalam budi daya tanaman Bogor sehingga kutu putih menjadi sangat Joglo Semar melaporkan sekitar 135.000 pepaya (Carica papaya). Awalnya hama populer di kalangan petani maupun prak- tanaman pepaya di Kabupaten Boyolali ini tidak dikenal dalam kelompok kutu tisi hama. terpaksa dimusnahkan, bahkan hama di- putih di Indonesia dan bukan merupa- Masuknya hama eksotis P. margina- laporkan telah mencapai Kabupaten kan ancaman bagi tanaman hortikultura tus ke Indonesia telah menimbulkan Klaten, yang terindikasi dari adanya 300 karena belum teridentifikasi keberada- kerugian besar pada tanaman pepaya. tanaman pepaya yang terserang. Serang- annya di Indonesia. Namun, sekitar tahun Pada tahun 2009, 10 kabupaten sentra an tidak hanya mematikan tanaman pe- Jurnal Litbang Pertanian, 30(3), 2011 87 paya jenis impor, tetapi juga pepaya lokal, & Schauff, Anagyrus loecki Noyes & Gejala dan Dampak Kerusakan bahkan pepaya andalan Boyolali M9 Menezes, dan Pseudleptomastix mexi- sebagian juga mati terserang kutu putih. cana Noyes & Schauff. Tingkat para- Dengan karakternya yang bersifat polifag, Sejak terdeteksi keberadaannya pada sitisasinya bervariasi antarlokasi dan relatif tahan terhadap pestisida, menye- Mei 2008 di pertanaman pepaya di Bogor, antarspesies parasitoid. Keberhasilan bar sangat mudah dan cepat, serta pada serangan hama kutu putih meluas secara cara pengendalian tersebut menginspi- serangan berat menyebabkan kematian cepat ke berbagai wilayah Indonesia, rasi untuk mengimplementasikannya di pada tanaman, P. marginatus menjadi antara lain Kabupaten Bogor, Sukabumi, Indonesia melalui introduksi parasitoid. ancaman yang cukup serius bagi petani Cianjur, Kota Depok (Jawa Barat), DKI Tulisan ini bertujuan memberikan pepaya. Selain menyerang pepaya, hama Jakarta, Kabupaten Tangerang (Banten), ulasan mengenai introduksi parasitoid, ini juga menginfestasi tanaman alpukat, beberapa kabupaten di Jawa Tengah, Kota antara lain karakteristik parasitoid yang terung, tomat, kamboja, aglaonema, palem Surabaya (Jawa Timur), Kota Pekanbaru efektif serta faktor yang perlu dipertim- putri, kembang sepatu, puring, zodia, ubi (Riau), Denpasar (Bali), dan Sulawesi bangkan dalam introduksi musuh alami, kayu, dan jarak (Ditjen Hortikultura 2008). (Friamsa 2009; Muniappan 2009; Deffan seperti teknik pelepasan yang tepat serta Hama biasanya menginfestasi sepan- 2010). Alternatif pengendalian yang efektif pengukuran dampaknya terhadap orga- jang tepi tulang daun tua atau pada hampir untuk menekan populasi kutu putih belum nisme nontarget. seluruh bagian daun muda serta buah. tersedia di Indonesia. Aplikasi insektisida Serangga menusuk dan mengisap cairan dengan bahan aktif imidakloprid secara floem tanaman inangnya dan menge- tunggal dapat menurunkan populasi hama P. marginatus ANCAMAN luarkan toksin yang dapat mengakibatkan hingga 40% setelah empat kali aplikasi, SERIUS PRODUSEN PEPAYA daun klorosis (menguning) dan mengerut, sedangkan aplikasi yang dikombinasikan tanaman mengalami deformasi dan kerdil, dengan air sabun mampu menekan popu- serta daun dan buah gugur prematur (Heu lasi hama hingga 60% (Dadanget al. 2008). Penyebaran P. marginatus et al. 2007; Sartiami et al. 2009a). Meskipun demikian, selain tidak efisien Koloni P. marginatus menghasilkan karena berbiaya tinggi, pengendalian Kutu putih pepaya P. marginatus (Hemip- cairan madu (honeydew) yang menutupi dengan pestisida, sebagaimana dipraktek- tera: Pseudococcidae) ditengarai berasal permukaan tanaman, yang menginisiasi kan sebagian petani pepaya di Indonesia, dari Meksiko, atau suatu wilayah di dekat tumbuhnya cendawan jelaga yang ber- tidak dapat menekan populasi kutu putih Amerika Tengah (CABI 2005). Meski warna kehitaman (sooty mould). Permu- di lapangan. Bahkan dalam waktu sing- spesimen serangga ini telah dikoleksi kaan daun, batang maupun buah yang kat, serangan hama meluas lintas pulau. pertama kalinya di Meksiko pada tahun tertutupi jelaga akan mengalami gangguan Lapisan lilin di permukaan tubuh kutu 1955, deskripsi tentang spesies ini baru difusi gas dan menghambat proses foto- putih merupakan perisai yang mampu dilakukan pada tahun 1992 oleh Williams sintesis sehingga selain produksi buah melindungi kutu putih dari zat toksik dan Granara deWillink, dan dideskripsi turun drastis, buah yang terbentuk juga insektisida. ulang oleh Miller dan Miller pada tahun gagal dipanen karena gugur prematur atau Pengendalian hayati klasik dengan 2002 (Amarasekare et al. 2008). Sejak saat tidak layak jual (CABI 2005). mengoptimalkan musuh alami merupakan itu, hama ini berturut-turut dilaporkan Sejak terjadi serangan P. marginatus cara pengendalian yang paling sesuai. terdapat di US Virgin Island (1996), di Indonesia, buah pepaya menjadi sulit Namun, karena tergolong hama baru, Amerika Serikat (Florida), Haiti, St. Kitts dijumpai di pasaran, padahal sebelumnya inventarisasi musuh alami P. marginatus dan Nevis, St. Barthélemy, dan Guada- pepaya sangat mudah ditemukan dan di Indonesia masih sangat terbatas se- loupein (1998); French Guyana, Cuba, dan murah harganya. Masyarakat umum- hingga perlu dilakukan survei ke berbagai Puerto Rico (1999); Barbados, Cayman nya mengonsumsi buah pepaya untuk wilayah di Indonesia, khususnya di daerah Islands, dan Montserrat (2000); Bahamas kesehatan saluran cerna. Bagi beberapa endemis kutu putih untuk menggali in- dan Guam (2002); Republik Palau (2003) produsen pepaya di dunia seperti negara- formasi mengenai keberadaan musuh (Muniappan et al. 2006), Kepulauan Ha- negara di Kepulauan Karibia, Amerika alami lokal yang potensial untuk di- waii (Maui dan Oahuta) (2004) (Amara- Selatan, Kepulauan Hawai, serta Florida, kembangkan. Studi secara mendalam sekare et al. 2009); dan di Northern Mari- pepaya bernilai jutaan dolar, khususnya mengenai karakter biologi masing-masing anas (Tinian) (2005) (Muniappan 2009). dari produksi papain. Papain merupakan musuh alami, kisaran inang, efektivitasnya Selanjutnya P. marginatus menginvasi bahan baku bagi produksi permen karet, dalam mengendalikan P. marginatus, serta pulau-pulau di Pasifik dan telah mapan di sampo, pasta gigi maupun pasta pemutih analisis risiko terhadap organisme non- Guam (Meyerdirk et al. 2004). gigi, pelunak daging, serta untuk industri target juga perlu dilakukan untuk mem- Invasi ke Asia Selatan dan Asia Teng- minuman keras dan tekstil (CABI 2005). peroleh kandidat musuh alami yang gara berlangsung sejak tahun 2008 hingga andal. sekarang.
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