DOCSLIB.ORG

Plant Fungal Endosymbionts Alter Host-Parasite Relationships

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Plant Fungal Endosymbionts Alter Host-Parasite Relationships PLANT FUNGAL ENDOSYMBIONTS ALTER HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GENERALIST HERBIVORES (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) AND AN ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Brian Albert Kunkel, B.S., M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 2003 Dissertation Committee: Approved by: Parwinder S. Grewal, Advisor A. Raymond Miller _______________________ Dave J. Horn Advisor Martin F. Quigley Department of Entomology Douglas J. Doohan ABSTRACT Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) contain symbiotic fungi (Neotyphodium spp.) that provide several ecological advantages to host plants: enhanced resistance to drought, disease, and insect herbivory. The resistance to insect herbivory is the result of fungus-produced alkaloids that are toxic to most herbivores. However, black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon, is a generalist herbivore that is able to feed and develop on endophytic perennial ryegrass. As some insects can use plant secondary compounds to defend themselves against predators, I hypothesized that the cutworms fed on endophytic grasses would exhibit greater defense against a lethal endoparasitic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae. To test this hypothesis, I developed a method to remove the fungal endophytes from the grass seed through a heat treatment. Laboratory experiments involving 4-5th instars support the hypothesis that A. ipsilon feeding on plants with high (>90%) incidence of endophyte are less susceptible to entomopathogenic nematodes than those feeding on plants with no or low incidence of endophyte. Field studies show decreased susceptibility to S. carpocapsae when larvae were confined to areas of endophytic grass (>75% infected). Early (2-3rd) instars were equally susceptible to nematode attack regardless of host plant. ii Endophytic grass fed to cutworm larvae did not influence nematode attachment behavior, or their ability to penetrate and successfully develop into adults. I examined the effects of ergot alkaloids that are produced by N. lolii such as, ergotamine, ergonovine, ergocryptine, ergocristine, and seed extract on nematode viability and infectivity. Ergonovine malate increased and ergocristine decreased the rates of nematode infectivity, whereas other treatments had no significant effect. I investigated the effects of ergocristine on Xenorhabdus nematophila, the symbiotic bacterium of S. carpocapsae. Bacterial growth and pathogenicity were significantly reduced when bacteria were grown in nutrient broth containing 200 µg/ml concentration of ergocristine. Further research demonstrated that several fungal alkaloids, including ergocristine, persist in or are sequestered by black cutworm and another noctuid, the fall armyworm. I conclude that A. ipsilon developing on endophytic grasses may acquire some level of resistance against entomopathogenic nematodes. This resistance is mediated through the effects of alkaloids; thus our results underscore the ability of N. lolii to affect trophic interactions through the production of alkaloids. iii I dedicate this work to my wife and parents. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my major advisor Parwinder Grewal for his guidance, support, and patience, as being my mentor. I am grateful for the advice I received from my dissertation committee members, Drs. Ray Miller, Dave Horn, Martin Quigley, and Doug Doohan. I thank everyone in our laboratory, Kevin Power, Kevin McClure, Corrie Yoder, and Drs. Sukhbir Grewal, Gunpati Jagdale, Doug Richmond, Seppo Salminen, Somu Nethi, and Tim Miklasiewicz, for assistance and discussion about my various research projects. The use of Dr. Dan Herms’s freeze-dryer and Dr. Saskia Hogenhout’s capillary tube puller was appreciated. I would like to thank the department of entomology and Parwinder Grewal for providing financial support throughout my studies here at The Ohio State Unviversity. Additionally, I thank the The Ohio State University – OARDC competitive grants committee for awarding me a competitive grant. I am thankful for the support provided by my parents throughout my graduate education. I would like to thank my wife, Patti Kunkel, for all her assistance and support that she has provided throughout my graduate education. v VITA January 26, 1971………………………………….. Born – Covington, KY December 19, 1994……………………………….. B.S., Biological Sciences Northern Kentucky University Highland Heights, KY June 1995 - June 1998…………………………… Graduate Research Assistant University of Kentucky Lexington, KY August 1998……………………………………….. M.S., Entomology University of Kentucky Lexington, KY July 1998 – present ……………………………….. Graduate Research Associate The Ohio State University Wooster, OH PUBLICATIONS Refereed Journal Publications 1. Kunkel, B.A., D.A. Potter & D.W. Held. 2001. Lethal and sublethal effects of bendiocarb, halofenozide, and imidacloprid on Harpalus pennsylvanicus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) following different modes of exposure in turfgrass. J. Econ. Entomol. 94:60-67. vi 2. Kunkel, B.A., D.A. Potter, & D.W. Held. 1999. Impact of halofenozide, imidacloprid, and bendiocarb on beneficial invertebrates and predatory activity in turfgrass. J. Econ. Entomol. 92:922-930. 3. Kunkel, B.A. & J.M. Hastings. 1996. Intersexual difference in feeding frequency and prey size in the robber fly Promachus albifacies (Diptera:Asilidae): possible influence of male mating behavior. Trans. Kentucky Acad. Sci. 57:1-5. 4. Luken, J.O., T.C. Tholemeier, L.M. Kuddes, & B.A. Kunkel. 1995. Performance, plasticity, and acclimation of the nonindigenous shrub Lonicera maackii (Caprifoliaceae) in contrasting light environments. Can. J. Bot. 73:1953-1961. 5. Luken, J.O., T.C. Tholemeier, B.A. Kunkel, & L.M. Kuddes. 1995. Branch architecture plasticity of Amur honeyscukle (Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder): initial response in extreme light environments. Bull. Tor. Bot. Club 122(3):190-195. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Entomology vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………. ii DEDICATION…………………………………………………………. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………. v VITA……………………………………………………………………. vi LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………… x LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………….. xi CHAPTERS: Chapter 1 Introduction………………………………………………………. 1 Chapter 2 A simple method to remove Neotyphodium endophytes from perennial ryegrass and tall fescue seed 2.1 Abstract……………………………..……………………….……… 12 2.2 Introduction……………………………………………….………… 13 2.3 Materials and Methods…………………………………………..….. 14 2.4 Results………………………………………………………………. 18 2.5 Discussion……………………………………………………….….. 20 2.6 Acknowledgments……………………………………………….….. 23 Chapter 3 Endophyte infection in perennial ryegrass reduces the susceptibility of black cutworm to an entomopathogenic nematode 3.1 Abstract……………………………………………………………… 37 3.2 Introduction……………………………………………………. …… 38 3.3 Materials and Methods………………………………………… …… 40 3.4 Results…………………………………………………………. …… 47 viii 3.5 Discussion…………………………………………………………… 50 3.6 Acknowledgments…………………………………………………… 54 Chapter 4 Endophyte infection in perennial ryegrass reduces the susceptibility of black cutworm to an entomopathogenic nematode: the mechanism 4.1 Abstract…………………………………………………………….. 63 4.2 Introduction………………………………………………………… 64 4.3 Materials and Methods…………………………………………….. 66 4.4 Results…………………………………………………………. ….. 73 4.5 Discussion…………………………………………………………. 76 4.6 Acknowledgments…………………………………………………. 80 Chapter 5 Fate of Neotyphodium lolii - produced alkaloids in generalist herbivores, Agrotis ipsilon and Spodoptera frugiperda and possible ecological consequences 5.1 Abstract…………………………………………………………….. 92 5.2 Introduction…………………………………………………….….. 92 5.3 Materials and Methods……………………………………………... 95 5.4 Results……………………………………………………………… 100 5.5 Discussion………………………………………………………….. 101 5.6 Acknowledgments…………………………………………………. 106 Bibliography………………………………………………………………… 111 ix LIST OF TABLES Table Page 5.1 The amount of endophyte produced alkaloids (:g/g dry weight) and perloline methyl ether (:g/g dry weight) found in pupae or hemolymph S. frugiperda larvae fed on endophyte infected (HE) or endophyte free (NE) grass clippings…. 110 x LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2.1 Effect of seed treatments on ‘Goalkeeper’ perennial ryegrass infected with Neotyphodium endophyte. Percentage (± SEM) of plants infected with endophyte grown in 1999 from seeds stored in woven polypropylene bags during treatment, • = 4°C seed treatment and ∆ = 37°C seed treatment. Weeks refers to the number of weeks seeds were exposed to treatments…………..……………………. 24 2.2 Effect of seed treatments on ‘Palmer III’ perennial ryegrass infected with Neotyphodium endophyte. Percentage (± SEM) of plants infected with endophyte grown in 1999 from seeds stored in woven polypropylene bags during treatment, • = 4°C seed treatment and ∆ = 37°C seed treatment. Weeks refers to the number of weeks seeds were exposed to treatments……………………………….. 25 2.3 Effect of seed treatments on ‘Alamo’ tall fescue infected with Neotyphodium endophyte. Percentage (± SEM) of plants infected with endophyte grown in 1999 from seeds stored in woven polypropylene bags during treatment, • = 4°C seed treatment and ∆ = 37°C seed treatment. Weeks refers to the number of weeks seeds were exposed to treatments..………………………………………… 26 2.4 Effect of seed treatments on ‘Goalkeeper’ perennial ryegrass germination when infected with the Neotyphodium endophyte. Percent seeds (± SEM) germinated in 1999 that were stored
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 119 Genus Amauris Huebner
    AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES 17th edition (2018). MARK C. WILLIAMS. http://www.lepsocafrica.org/?p=publications&s=atb Genus Amauris Hübner, [1816] In: Hübner, [1816-[1826]. Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge 14 (432 + 72 pp.). Augsburg. Type-species: Papilio niavius Linnaeus, by subsequent designation (Scudder, 1875. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 108 (91-293).). The genus Amauris belongs to the Family Nymphalidae Rafinesque, 1815; Subfamily Danainae Boisduval, 1833; Tribe Danaini Boisduval, 1833; Subtribe Amaurina Le Cerf, 1922. Amauris is the only Afrotropical genus in the Subtribe Amaurina. Amauris is an exclusively Afrotropical genus containing 16 species. Relevant literature: De Vries, 2002 [Differential wing toughness with other taxa]. Amauris species. Final instar larva. Images courtesy Raimund Schutte Amauris species. Pupa. 1 Image courtesy Raimund Schutte Subgenus Amauris Hübner, [1816] In: Hübner, [1816-26]. Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge 14 (432 + 72 pp.). Augsburg. Type-species: Papilio niavius Linnaeus, by subsequent designation (Scudder, 1875. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 108 (91-293).). *Amauris (Amauris) niavius (Linnaeus, 1758)# Friar Male of the Friar Butterfly (Amauris niavius) at Lake Sibaya, Zululand. Image courtesy Steve Woodhall. Papilio niavius Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae 1, Regnum Animale, 10th edition: 470 (824 pp.). Holmiae. Amauris (Amauris) niavius (Linnaeus, 1758). Pringle et al., 1994: 48. Amauris niavius niavius. Male (Wingspan 75 mm). Left
    [Show full text]
  • And Ford, I; Ford, '953) on the Other Hand Have Put Forward a View Intermediate Between the Extreme Ones of Darwin on the One Hand and Goldschmidt on the Other
    THE EVOLUTION OF MIMICRY IN THE BUTTERFLY PAPILIO DARDANUS C. A. CLARKE and P. M. SHEPPARD Departments of Medicine and Zoology, University of Liverpool Received23.V.59 1.INTRODUCTION WHENBatesputforward the mimicry hypothesis which bears his name, Darwin (1872), although accepting it, had some difficulty in explaining the evolution of the mimetic resemblance of several distinct species to one distasteful model by a series of small changes, a require- ment of his general theory of evolution. He said "it is necessary to suppose in some cases that ancient members belonging to several distinct groups, before they had diverged to their present extent, accidentally resembled a member of another and protected group in a sufficient degree to afford some slight protection; this having given the basis for the subsequent acquisition of the most perfect resemb- lance ". Punnett (1915) realised that the difficulty is even more acute when one is dealing with a polymorphic species whose forms mimic very distantly related models. Knowing that, in those butterflies which had been investigated genetically, the forms differed by single allelomorphs he concluded that the mimicry did not evolve gradually and did not confer any advantage or disadvantage to the individual. He argued that an allelomorph arises at a single step by mutation and that therefore the mimicry also arises by chance at a single step. Goldschmidt (x) although not denying that mimicry confers some advantage to its possessors also maintained that the resemblance arises fully perfected by a single mutation of a gene distinct from that producing the colour pattern in the model, but producing a similar effect in the mimic.
    [Show full text]
  • 4.04 Pheromones of Terrestrial Invertebrates
    4.04 Pheromones of Terrestrial Invertebrates Wittko Francke, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Stefan Schulz, Technische Universita¨ t Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany ª 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 4.04.1 Introduction 154 4.04.2 Pheromone Biology 154 4.04.2.1 Endocrinology 154 4.04.2.2 Neurophysiology 155 4.04.2.3 Pest Management 156 4.04.3 Isolation and Structure Elucidation 156 4.04.4 Aromatic Compounds 159 4.04.4.1 Nitrogen-Containing Aromatic Compounds 161 4.04.5 Unbranched Aliphatic Compounds 163 4.04.5.1 Mixtures of Hydrocarbons Acting as Pheromones 163 4.04.5.2 Female Lepidopteran Sex Pheromones 164 4.04.5.3 Pheromones According to Carbon Chains 168 4.04.5.3.1 C1-units 168 4.04.5.3.2 C2-units 168 4.04.5.3.3 C4-units 168 4.04.5.3.4 C5-units 168 4.04.5.3.5 C6-units 169 4.04.5.3.6 C7-units 169 4.04.5.3.7 C8-units 169 4.04.5.3.8 C9-units 170 4.04.5.3.9 C10-units 170 4.04.5.3.10 C11-units 171 4.04.5.3.11 C12-units 172 4.04.5.3.12 C13-units 172 4.04.5.3.13 C14-units 173 4.04.5.3.14 C15-units 174 4.04.5.3.15 C16-units 174 4.04.5.3.16 C17-units 175 4.04.5.3.17 C18-units 176 4.04.5.3.18 C19-units 176 4.04.5.3.19 C20-units 178 4.04.5.3.20 C21-units 178 4.04.5.3.21 C22-units 180 4.04.5.3.22 C23-units 180 4.04.5.3.23 C24-units 181 4.04.5.3.24 C25-units 181 4.04.5.3.25 C26-units 181 4.04.5.3.26 C27-units 181 4.04.5.3.27 C29-units 182 4.04.5.3.28 C31-units 182 4.04.6 Terpenes 183 4.04.6.1 Monoterpenes 189 4.04.6.2 Sesquiterpenes 192 4.04.6.3 Norterpenes 194 4.04.6.4 Homoterpenes 195 153 154 Pheromones of Terrestrial Invertebrates 4.04.7 Propanogenins and Related Compounds 196 4.04.8 Mixed Structures 200 4.04.9 Other Structures 205 References 207 4.04.1 Introduction This chapter is a continuation and an updated version of our earlier discussion of pheromones.1 Covering the literature of the past decade until the end of 2008, it predominantly deals with structures of new compounds that have been identified to play a role as (components of) pheromones in systems of chemical communication among arthropods.
    [Show full text]
  • Sambia Succinica, a Crown Group Tenthredinid from Eocene Baltic Amber (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
    Insect Systematics & Evolution 43 (2012) 271–281 brill.com/ise Sambia succinica, a crown group tenthredinid from Eocene Baltic amber (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) Lars Vilhelmsena,* and Michael S. Engelb aNatural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark bDivision of Entomology (Paleoentomology), Natural History Museum and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, 1501 Crestline Drive, Suite 140, University of Kansas, Lawrence KS 66045, USA *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Published 17 December 2012 Abstract Sambia succinica gen. et sp.n. from Eocene Baltic amber is described and illustrated. It is apparently the first amber fossil that can be definitively assigned to Tenthredininae. It displays two diagnostic forewing characters for this subfamily: having a bend distally in vein R and the junctions of veins M and Rs + M with vein R being some distance from each other. The variance and possible transitions between the anal vein configurations among the genera in Tenthredininae is briefly discussed. Keywords amber inclusion, sawfly, Tertiary, Eocene, taxonomy Introduction Tenthredinidae is the largest family of non-apocritan Hymenoptera by far, comprising more than 5500 described species (Huber 2009; Taeger & Blank 2010). Together with five other families they comprise the Tenthredinoidea or true sawflies. The larvae of the members of the superfamily are all herbivores and most are external feeders on green parts of angiosperms; however, other host plants and feeding modes (e.g., leafrolling, leafmining, or galling in leaves, buds and shoots; see Nyman et al. 1998, 2000) do occur. Recent comprehensive treatments of the phylogeny of the basal hymenopteran lineages, while providing strong support for the Tenthredinoidea, have consistently failed to retrieve the Tenthredinidae as monophyletic (Vilhelmsen 2001; Schulmeister 2003; Ronquist et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
    Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Forest Health & Biosecurity Working Papers OVERVIEW OF FOREST PESTS INDONESIA January 2007 Forest Resources Development Service Working Paper FBS/19E Forest Management Division FAO, Rome, Italy Forestry Department Overview of forest pests - Indonesia DISCLAIMER The aim of this document is to give an overview of the forest pest1 situation in Indonesia. It is not intended to be a comprehensive review. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. © FAO 2007 1 Pest: Any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products (FAO, 2004). ii Overview of forest pests - Indonesia TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1 Forest pests...................................................................................................................... 1 Naturally regenerating forests..................................................................................... 1 Insects ..................................................................................................................... 1 Diseases..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • © Download a Contribution to the Sawfsy Fauna of Northern Greece (Hyme
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Beiträge zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology Jahr/Year: 1993 Band/Volume: 43 Autor(en)/Author(s): Blank Stephan M. Artikel/Article: A contribution to the sawfly fauna of northern Greece (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). 431-439 ©www.senckenberg.de/; download www.contributions-to-entomology.org/ Beitr. Ent. Berlin ISSN 0005-805 43(1993)2 S. 431-439 18.06.1993 A contribution to the sawfSy fauna of northern Greece (Hymenoptera? Symphyta) With one figure St e p h a n M . B l a n k 1 Abstract This contribution to the Greek sawfly fauna reports on 41 species of Symphyta from Macedonia and Epirus. Nineteen of them are recorded from Greece probably for the first time: Aprosthema austriaca (KONOW, 1892), Strongylogaster xanthocera STEPHENS, 1835, Scolioneura spec., Athalia cornuhiae BENSON, 1931, A. paradoxa K o n o w , 1886,Monostegia abdominalis (F a b r ic t u s , 1798),Allanlus cingulatus (SCOPOU, 1763), Tenthredo brevicornis (KONOW, 1886),T. livida LINNAEUS, 1758, T. maculata semseyi MOCSÄRY, 1883, T. marginella marginella FABRICIUS, 1793, T. notha notha KLUG, 1817, T. obsoleta KLUG, 1817, T. amoena GRAVENHORST, 1807, Rhogogaster viridis (LINNAEUS, 1758), Macrophya rufipes orientalis MOCSÄRY, 1891, M. rufopicta E n s u n , 1910, Aglaostigma aucupariae aucupariae (K l u g , 1817), Romania kriechbaumeri (K o n o w , 1901). The Lectotype of Empria abdominalis var. rufmotis ENSLIN, 1914 (= Monostegia abdominalis FABRICIUS, 1793) is fixed. Zusammenfassung Der vorliegende Beitrag zur griechischen Blattwespenfauna berichtet über 41 Blattwespenarten aus Makedonien und Epirus, von d en en 19 wahrscheinlich erstmals in Griechenland nachgewiesen werden: Aprosthema austriaca (KONOW, 1892),Strongyloga­ ster xanthocera STEPHENS, 1835, Scolioneura spec., Athalia cornubiae BENSON, 1931, A.
    [Show full text]
  • Ana Kurbalija PREGLED ENTOMOFAUNE MOČVARNIH
    SVEUČILIŠTE JOSIPA JURJA STROSSMAYERA U OSIJEKU I INSTITUT RUĐER BOŠKOVI Ć, ZAGREB Poslijediplomski sveučilišni interdisciplinarni specijalisti čki studij ZAŠTITA PRIRODE I OKOLIŠA Ana Kurbalija PREGLED ENTOMOFAUNE MOČVARNIH STANIŠTA OD MEĐUNARODNOG ZNAČENJA U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ Specijalistički rad Osijek, 2012. TEMELJNA DOKUMENTACIJSKA KARTICA Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku Specijalistički rad Institit Ruđer Boškovi ć, Zagreb Poslijediplomski sveučilišni interdisciplinarni specijalisti čki studij zaštita prirode i okoliša Znanstveno područje: Prirodne znanosti Znanstveno polje: Biologija PREGLED ENTOMOFAUNE MOČVARNIH STANIŠTA OD ME ĐUNARODNOG ZNAČENJA U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ Ana Kurbalija Rad je izrađen na Odjelu za biologiju, Sveučilišta Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku Mentor: izv.prof. dr. sc. Stjepan Krčmar U ovom radu je istražen kvalitativni sastav entomof aune na četiri močvarna staništa od me đunarodnog značenja u Republici Hrvatskoj. To su Park prirode Kopački rit, Park prirode Lonjsko polje, Delta rijeke Neretve i Crna Mlaka. Glavni cilj specijalističkog rada je objediniti sve objavljene i neobjavljene podatke o nalazima vrsta kukaca na ova četiri močvarna staništa te kvalitativno usporediti entomofau nu pomoću Sörensonovog indexa faunističke sličnosti. Na području Parka prirode Kopački rit utvrđeno je ukupno 866 vrsta kukaca razvrstanih u 84 porodice i 513 rodova. Na području Parka prirode Lonjsko polje utvrđeno je 513 vrsta kukaca razvrstanih u 24 porodice i 89 rodova. Na području delte rijeke Neretve utvrđeno je ukupno 348 vrsta kukaca razvrstanih u 89 porodica i 227 rodova. Za područje Crne Mlake nije bilo dostupne literature o nalazima kukaca. Velika vrijednost Sörensonovog indexa od 80,85% ukazuje na veliku faunističku sličnost između faune obada Kopačkoga rita i Lonjskoga polja. Najmanja sličnost u fauni obada utvrđena je između močvarnih staništa Lonjskog polja i delte rijeke Neretve, a iznosi 41,37%.
    [Show full text]
  • Jahresber. 05
    museumFORSCHUNGS KOENIG JAHRES BERICHT 2006 ZOOLOGISCHES FORSCHUNGSMUSEUM ALEXANDER KOENIG www.zfmk.de JAHRESBERICHT 2006 INHALT 1 GRUSSWORT DES DIREKTORS 1 1 Bericht über die Evaluierung 3 2 2 AUS DER AKTUELLEN ARBEIT 3 2 Die Opisthobranchia - Forschung an einer facettenreichen Schneckengruppe 3 2 BIOTA Ostafrika - Biodiversitätsforschung in Afrika - Forschung für den Menschen 9 Zugvogelforschung mit Weltraumtechnologie 13 2 1 FORSCHUNG AM ZFMK 17 1.1 Forschungsprojekte (tabellarisch) 17 1.2 Kongresse, Vorträge und Forschungsreisen 23 1.2.1 Kongresse 23 1.2.2 Auswärtige Vorträge 25 1.2.3 Forschungsreisen 28 1.3 Drittmitteleinwerbungen 30 1.4 Kooperationen 33 1.5 Weitere wissenschaftliche Aktivitäten 38 1.5.1 Zeitschriften und Buchprojekte 38 1.5.2 Gremien- und Gutachtertätigkeit 40 1.6 Gastwissenschaftler 45 1.6.1 Gastwissenschaftler im Portrait 45 1.6.2 Gastwissenschaftler (tabellarisch) 46 2 SAMMLUNGEN UND BIBLIOTHEKEN 49 2.1 Sammlungszugänge 2006 49 2.1.1 Besondere Sammlungszugänge 49 2.2.2 Sammlungszugänge (tabellarisch) 51 2.2 Bibliothek 52 3 LEHRE 55 3.1 Vorlesungen, Seminare, Praktika 55 3.2 Kandidatenbetreuung 56 3.2.1 Laufende Arbeiten 56 3.2.2 Abgeschlossene Arbeiten 59 3.3 Evolutionsbiologisches Kolloquium - Vorträge 2006 61 JAHRESBERICHT 2006 4 ÖFFENTLICHKEITSARBEIT 63 4.1 Ausstellungswesen 63 4.1.1 Dauerausstellung 63 4.1.2 Sonderausstellungen 64 4.2 Veranstaltungen 2006 66 4.2.1 Museumsmeilenfest 66 4.2.2 Winterabendvorträge 67 4.2.3 Weitere Veranstaltungen 68 4.3 Museumspädagogik 70 4.3.1 Museumspädagogische Programme
    [Show full text]
  • Arise by Chance As the Result of Mutation. They Therefore Suggest
    THE EVOLUTION OF DOMINANCE UNDER DISRUPTIVE SELECTION C. A. CLARKE and P. Ni. SHEPPARD Department of Medicine and Department of Zoology, University of Liverpool Received6.iii.59 1.INTRODUCTION INa paper on the effects of disruptive selection, Mather (1955) pointed out that if there are two optimum values for a character and all others are less advantageous or disadvantageous there will be disruptive selection which can lead to the evolution of a polymorphism. Sheppard (1958) argued that where such selection is effective and the change from one optimum value to the other is switched by a single pair of allelomorphs there will be three genotypes but only two advantageous phenotypes. Consequently if dominance were absent initially it would be evolved as a result of the disruptive selection, the heterozygote and one of the homozygotes both coming to resemble one of the two optimum phenotypes (see Ford, 1955, on Tripharna comes). Thoday (1959) has shown by means of an artificial selection experiment that, even when a character is, at the beginning, controlled polygenically (sternopleural chaeta-number in Drosophila) and there is 50 per cent. gene exchange between the "high" and "low" selected sub-popu- lations, a polymorphism can evolve. The most fully understood examples of disruptive selection (other than sex) are provided by instances of Batesian Mimicry, where there are a number of distinct warningly coloured species, acting as models, which are mimicked by the polymorphic forms of a single more edible species. Fisher and Ford (see Ford, 1953) have argued that a suffi- ciently good resemblance between mimic and model is not likely to arise by chance as the result of mutation.
    [Show full text]
  • Butterfly Species Abundances by Site
    Main Bait Line Trap Captures ‐ Species Abundances by Site TOTAL Bobiri Owabi Kajease Bonwire Asantemanso Gyakye Kona Total Specimens 8453 1292 2684 596 746 1059 752 1324 Total Species 116 67 82 37 50 60 47 62 Species List Amauris niavius 20100 0 01 Amauris tartarea 10100 0 00 Andronymus hero 11000 0 00 Anthene locuples 10000 1 00 Anthene rubricinctus 10000 0 10 Ariadne enotrea 42100 0 01 Aterica galene 213 25 96 14 17 35 9 17 Bebearia absolon 66 36 15 2 3 7 0 3 Bebearia barce 40000 4 00 Bebearia cocalia 140540 0 05 Bebearia demetra 11000 0 00 Bebearia lucayensis 52000 0 21 Bebearia mandinga 132512 2 01 Bebearia mardania 47 1 22 0 3 10 0 11 Bebearia oxione 101601 2 00 Bebearia paludicola 80220 3 01 Bebearia phantasina 77000 0 00 Bebearia sophus 270 16 143 9 6 60 11 25 Bebearia tentyris 182 127 19 0 1 1 11 23 Bebearia zonara 44 31 3 0 1 0 1 8 Bicyclus abnormis 667 237 287 0 28 4 0 111 Bicyclus dorothea 68 0 15 21 0 10 7 15 Bicyclus funebris 593 149 147 21 80 48 21 127 Bicyclus madetes 440 25 134 7 71 63 53 87 Bicyclus martius 448 33 70 3 87 47 42 166 Bicyclus procora 67 8 57 0 1 0 1 0 Bicyclus safitza 35 2 12 12 1 3 3 2 Bicyclus sandace 229 2 38 50 4 69 39 27 Bicyclus sangmelinae 40 5 34 0 0 1 0 0 Bicyclus taenias 166 17 47 1 10 30 39 22 Bicyclus vulgaris 504 62 75 87 24 106 84 66 Bicyclus xeneas 41 19 8 0 2 0 0 12 Bicyclus zinebi 154 4 43 6 47 3 3 48 Catuna crithea 20200 0 00 Celaenorrhinus galenus 20 0 1 0 16 1 2 0 Celaenorrhinus meditrina 20000 2 00 Charaxes ameliae 10000 0 01 Charaxes anticlea 41200 1 00 Charaxes bipunctatus 110011
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 5 - Species List: Butterflies
    Appendix 5 - Species list: Butterflies Butterfly species recorded in the Garden Route National Park. Sources: Butler & Terblanche (1997); Marais (1991). Scientific Name Common Name NYMPHALIDAE Danainae Danaus chrysippus subsp. aegyptius African Monarch Amauris echeria subsp. echeria Chief Acraeinae Acraea horta Garden Acraea Satyrinae Bicyclus safitza subsp. safitza Common Bush Brown Cassionympha cassius Rainforest Brown Dira clytus Cape Autumn Widow Pseudonympha magus Silver-bottom Brown Nymphalinae Junonia hierta subsp. cebrene Yellow Pansy Cynthia cardui Painted Lady Cymothoe alcimeda subsp. alcimeda Battling Glider Charaxinae Charaxes varanes subsp. varanes Pearl Emperor Charaxes Charaxes xiphares subsp. xiphares Forest King Charaxes Charaxes karkloof subsp. trimeni Western Karkloof Charaxes Charaxes karkloof subsp. capensis Eastern Cape Karkloof Charaxes LYCAENIDAE Thestor murrayi Murray's Skolly Capys alphaeus subsp. alphaeus Protea Scarlet Aloeides aranda Aranda Copper Aloeides almeida Almeida Copper Aloeides pallida subsp. (juno?) Tsitsikamma Giant Copper Poecilmitis palmus subsp. margueritae Water Opal Cacyreus palemon subsp. palemon Water bronze Leptotes sp. Common Blue Tarucus thespis Fynbos Blue Lampides boeticus Pea Blue Eicochrypsops messapus subsp. messapus Cupreous Blue PIERIDAE Colias electo subsp. electo African Clouded Yellow Catopsilia florella African Migrant Pinacopteryx eriphia Zebra White Belenois aurota African Caper White Belenois zochalia subsp. zochalia Forest White Belenois creona subsp. severina African Common
    [Show full text]
  • BUTTERFLIES of the CHYULU RANGE. a Systematic List of the Species Taken by the Museum Expedition to the Hills
    PART 3. BUTTERFLIES OF THE CHYULU RANGE. A systematic list of the species taken by the Museum Expedition to the Hills. April-July, 1938. By V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN,F.L.S., F.R.E.S., Etc. INTRODUCTION. The following account of the Lepidoptera (Rhopaloc.era) taken by members of the Museum Expedition to the Chyulu Range, is mainly a systematic list of the species obtained. At the time of the visit, April to July, 1938 (that is just toward the end, and after the long rains) insect life was remark• ably scarce, and although systematic search was made over all portions of the hills from 3,000 to 7,000 feet, at no time were butterflies numerous. The material taken can be considered representative of the range for that particular season, but there is little doubt that insect life would be more plentiful just after the short rains, as it undoubtedly is on the surrounding plains, especially in the Kibwezi- Voi areas. In spite of the paucity of insect life, certain new records have been established, thus Papilio hornimani is recorded for the first time from within Kenya boundaries, although known for many years to inhabit the forests of Mt. Kilimanjaro. Charaxes ful• vescens nr. acuminatus, also of Tanganyika, was taken on the range. Two new races of Liptenines of the genus Pentila are recorded, whilst a new ACTaea,a new Papilio, and a new race of Amauris are described. The Lepidoptera collected have a definite relationship to the vegetational zones and the distribution of certain plant species at various altitudes and portions of the hills.
    [Show full text]