Beiträge Zur Bayerischen Entomofaunistik 13: 67–207

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Beiträge Zur Bayerischen Entomofaunistik 13: 67–207 Beiträge zur bayerischen Entomofaunistik 13:67–207, Bamberg (2014), ISSN 1430-015X Grundlegende Untersuchungen zur vielfältigen Insektenfauna im Tiergarten Nürnberg unter besonderer Betonung der Hymenoptera Auswertung von Malaisefallenfängen in den Jahren 1989 und 1990 von Klaus von der Dunk & Manfred Kraus Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung 68 2. Untersuchungsgebiet 68 3. Methodik 69 3.1. Planung 69 3.2. Malaisefallen (MF) im Tiergarten 1989, mit Gelbschalen (GS) und Handfänge 69 3.3. Beschreibung der Fallenstandorte 70 3.4. Malaisefallen, Gelbschalen und Handfänge 1990 71 4. Darstellung der Untersuchungsergebnisse 71 4.1. Die Tabellen 71 4.2. Umfang der Untersuchungen 73 4.3. Grenzen der Interpretation von Fallenfängen 73 5. Untersuchungsergebnisse 74 5.1. Hymenoptera 74 5.1.1. Hymenoptera – Symphyta (Blattwespen) 74 5.1.1.1. Tabelle Symphyta 74 5.1.1.2. Tabellen Leerungstermine der Malaisefallen und Gelbschalen und Blattwespenanzahl 78 5.1.1.3. Symphyta 79 5.1.2. Hymenoptera – Terebrantia 87 5.1.2.1. Tabelle Terebrantia 87 5.1.2.2. Tabelle Ichneumonidae (det. R. Bauer) mit Ergänzungen 91 5.1.2.3. Terebrantia: Evanoidea bis Chalcididae – Ichneumonidae – Braconidae 100 5.1.2.4. Bauer, R.: Ichneumoniden aus den Fängen in Malaisefallen von Dr. M. Kraus im Tiergarten Nürnberg in den Jahren 1989 und 1990 111 5.1.3. Hymenoptera – Apocrita – Aculeata 117 5.1.3.1. Tabellen: Apidae, Formicidae, Chrysididae, Pompilidae, Vespidae, Sphecidae, Mutillidae, Sapygidae, Tiphiidae 117 5.1.3.2. Apidae, Formicidae, Chrysididae, Pompilidae, Vespidae, Sphecidae, Mutillidae, Sapygidae, Tiphiidae 122 5.1.4. Coleoptera 131 5.1.4.1. Tabelle Coleoptera 131 5.1.4.2. Coleoptera 136 5.1.5. Lepidoptera 141 5.1.5.1. Tabelle Macrolepidoptera – Großschmetterlinge 141 5.1.5.2. Macrolepidoptera 146 5.1.5.3. Sammlung Dr. Fink † (Nürnberg) 149 5.1.5.4. Tabelle Microlepidoptera – Kleinschmetterlinge 158 5.1.5.5. Microlepidoptera 164 5.1.6. Diptera – Zweiflügler 168 5.1.6.1. Tabelle Diptera 168 5.1.6.2. Diptera 182 5.1.7. Kleingruppen 188 5.1.7.1. Tabelle Blattidae, Ephemeroptera, Heteroptera, Neuroptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Trichoptera u. a. 188 5.7.1.2. Kleingruppen 194 6. Danksagung 202 7. Schluss 202 8. Literaturverzeichnis 202 Beiträge zur bayerischen Entomofaunistik 13 (2014) 67 Zusammenfassung: Das Gebiet des Tiergartens ist Teil des ausgedehnten (25000 ha) Nürnberger Reichswaldes, eines als relativ artenarm angesehenen Kiefernbestandes. Im Gegensatz dazu besteht der Wald des 73 ha großen Tiergartenareals aus einem teil- weise Jahrhunderte alten Mischwald. Die Ausbeute von drei Malaisefallen1989 und 1990 erbrachte eine große Menge an Insekten – fast 3000 Arten – auf einer Fläche von nur 5 ha. Der Schwerpunkt der Untersuchungen lag auf den Hymenopteren. Unter Mithilfe von weiteren Experten gelang es, auch von den anderen Insektengruppen den grundlegenden Bestand zu erfassen. Viele der dokumentierten Arten haben einen Platz in den Roten Listen von Bayern und/oder Deutschland. Die Ergebnisse können als Vergleichsbasis für zukünftige Unter- suchungen gelten. Abstract: The area of the Zoological Garden of Nuremberg (Germany, Northern Bavaria) is part of an extended pine forest, the so called Nürnberger Reichswald, which covers an area of app. 25000 hectares (= 250 square kilometers or 96. 5 square miles). Caused by human impact through ages the originally mixed forests–with impressive oak trees (pedunculate oak Quercus robur)– has changed into a coniferous forest dominated by fast growing scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). In several places the old natural tree combination is still alive. The Zoological Garden of Nuremberg is one of these sites. From 1989 up to 1990 a lot of insect specimen have been caught by means of Malaise traps. Apart from the main focus on Hymenoptera, several experts for other insect orders supported the investigation. This way the existence of almost 3000 different insect species from an area of 5 hectares only (50000 square meters or 12355 acres) could be fixed for Northern Bavaria. Many of these species are covered by Red Data Books. Therefore this paper represents a contribution of fundamental importance for further contributors. 1. Einleitung Die sporadischen Erfassungen von Insektenarten im Nürnberger Reichswald hielten immer wieder Über- raschungen bereit. Diese fanden ihren Niederschlag in einer Reihe von Publikationen (vor allem in den Mit- teilungen der Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft, in den Berichten des Kreises Nürnberger Entomo- logen „galathea“ und in den Berichten der Nürnberger Naturforschenden Gesellschaft). Das machte eine eingehendere Untersuchung wünschenswert. Mit dem Jahr 1989 begann diese geplante systematische Untersuchung der Entomofauna des Nürnberger Reichswaldes. Beginnend mit dem Tiergarten wurden 8 Jahre lang Malaisefallen in den verschiedenen Ab- teilungen des Reichswaldes (Sebalder- und Lorenzer Wald) eingesetzt. Das so zusammen gekommene Ma- terial wurde von verschiedenen Spezialisten bearbeitet. Auch wenn es längst noch nicht vollständig ausge- wertet ist, hat es die Kenntnisse von Insektenvorkommen im östlichen Mittelfranken beachtlich vermehrt. Für Nordbayern war dadurch ein umfangreicher Daten-Zugewinn zu verzeichnen. Das Material befindet sich z. T. in der Zoologischen Staatssammlung in München (ZSM) und z. T. noch bei den Autoren. Die Ergebnisse aus zwei Jahren Malaisefallen-Einsatz im Tiergarten Nürnberg sind in Tabellen zusam- mengestellt. Die hier angeführten Arten repräsentieren den Grundstock der Entomofauna im Tiergarten Nürnberg und damit auch im Nürnberger Reichswald allgemein. Gelegentliche Handfänge in den Jahren 1972 bis 1990 und Fänge mit Lufteklektoren (Kreuzfensterfallen) 2008 erbrachten immer wieder Nachwei- se von Arten, die in den Malaisefallen nicht vertreten waren. Für solche Funde wurden in den Tabellen eige- ne Spalten eingerichtet. Die hier vermerkten Daten unterstreichen die Vielfalt der Lokalfauna, erhöhen das Artenspektrum oft nicht unerheblich und setzen Akzente. 2. Untersuchungsgebiet Der Tiergarten liegt im Naturraum 113 Mittelfränkisches Becken, der Untereinheit 113.5 Nürnberger Becken, sowie der Naturraum-Einheit 113.52 Lorenzer Reichswald. Er erstreckt sich auf 73 ha am Südhang des Schmausenbuck, dessen höchste Erhebung mit 390 m üNN die „Kritz“ ist. Die geologische Abfolge reicht vom oberen bis zum unteren Burgsandstein mit den entsprechenden Basis- und Zwischenletten. Am Aufbau der Vegetation sind 8 Waldgesellschaften beteiligt. Sie reichen vom Wachtelweizen-Hain- simsen-Eichen-Buchenwald, (Luzulo-Fagetum) über den Kiefern-Birken-Traubeneichenwald (Pino-Quer- cetum) bis zum Walzenseggen-Schwarzerlen-Bruchwald (Carici elongati-Alnetum). In den alten Steinbrü- chen um die Kritz gesellt sich zum artenarmen Eichenwald mit Buche über nährstoffreicheren Basisletten 68 Beiträge zur bayerischen Entomofaunistik 13 (2014) die Tanne. Typisch für den Tiergarten sind mehrere große Wiesen, auf denen mächtige Baumindividuen von Traubeneiche stocken. Rotbuche und Waldkiefer lassen noch die ursprünglichen Waldgesellschaften er- ahnen lassen. Die Wiesen dienten ursprünglich zur Gewinnung von Grünfutter und wurden ein- bis zwei- schürig betrieben. Heute werden sie nicht mehr genutzt. An ihnen lassen sich von Frühjahr bis Herbst die verschiedenen Blühaspekte studieren. Besonders auffällig ist im Frühjahr der sogenannte Hahnenfußaspekt (Ranunculus acris), gefolgt vom Margaretenaspekt (Leucanthemum vulgare) usw. In den Grünflächen des Tiergartens wurden 80 Blumen, Kräuter und Gräser, sowie 8 Moose und Flechten notiert. Sie bilden die Grundlage für ein artenreiches Tierleben, vor allem Insekten. Eine ca. 5 ha große Fläche im Westen des Zoologischen Gartens bot sich für die Untersuchungen an (Abb. 1). Die markanten Felskulissen – ehema- lige Steinbrüche – wurden nicht in die Untersuchung mit einbezogen, weil sie entweder Teil der Gehege sind oder exponiert im Besucherbereich liegen. 3. Methodik 3.1. Planung Die drei Malaisefallen wurden in benachbarten, aber ökologisch unterschiedlichen Bereichen installiert. Da die Wettereinflüsse identisch waren, sollten sich Unterschiede im Fangergebnis deutlicher auf den Einfluß von Ort und Mikroklima zurückführen lassen. Da die Vegetation im Umgriff der Fallen deutliche Unter- schiede aufwies, sollten darauf zumindest die mono-und oligophagen Arten reagieren. Aus dem Fang in zwei hintereinander folgenden Jahren am gleichen Standort sollte sich ablesen lassen, welchen Einschnitt eine Malaisefalle auf Artenspektrum und Abundanz besitzt bzw. welchen „Korrektur- faktor“ man bei der Beurteilung der Vollständigkeit von Arten und Populationen bei einem Malaisefang an- wenden muss. Bisher war der Aktionsradius von Blattwespen – vor allem kleiner Arten – häufig unter- schätzt worden Nach der Darstellung der Ergebnisse wird auf diese Fragestellungen eingegangen. Mit der gewählten tabellarischen Darstellungsform ist ein schneller Vergleich aller Fallenergebnisse aus beiden Fangjahren möglich. Daraus sollten sich Rückschlüsse ziehen lassen auf die Verteilung der Populationen im Untersuchungsgebiet, auf die Mobilität der Arten, auf die Abundanz in Abhängigkeit von der Biotopstruktur, auf den Massenwechsel, auf die Auswirkung der vorangegangenen, doch recht massiven Individuen-Abschöpfung, auf den Nachweisumfang einer Malaisefalle, auf mögliche Individualschwankungen einer Population (inkl. Generationenfolge). In den Kommentaren zu den Tabellen und in der Diskussion wird auf diese Fragen eingegangen. 3.2. Malaisefallen (MF) im Tiergarten 1989, mit Gelbschalen
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