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119 Genus Amauris Huebner AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES 17th edition (2018). MARK C. WILLIAMS. http://www.lepsocafrica.org/?p=publications&s=atb Genus Amauris Hübner, [1816] In: Hübner, [1816-[1826]. Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge 14 (432 + 72 pp.). Augsburg. Type-species: Papilio niavius Linnaeus, by subsequent designation (Scudder, 1875. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 108 (91-293).). The genus Amauris belongs to the Family Nymphalidae Rafinesque, 1815; Subfamily Danainae Boisduval, 1833; Tribe Danaini Boisduval, 1833; Subtribe Amaurina Le Cerf, 1922. Amauris is the only Afrotropical genus in the Subtribe Amaurina. Amauris is an exclusively Afrotropical genus containing 16 species. Relevant literature: De Vries, 2002 [Differential wing toughness with other taxa]. Amauris species. Final instar larva. Images courtesy Raimund Schutte Amauris species. Pupa. 1 Image courtesy Raimund Schutte Subgenus Amauris Hübner, [1816] In: Hübner, [1816-26]. Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge 14 (432 + 72 pp.). Augsburg. Type-species: Papilio niavius Linnaeus, by subsequent designation (Scudder, 1875. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 108 (91-293).). *Amauris (Amauris) niavius (Linnaeus, 1758)# Friar Male of the Friar Butterfly (Amauris niavius) at Lake Sibaya, Zululand. Image courtesy Steve Woodhall. Papilio niavius Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae 1, Regnum Animale, 10th edition: 470 (824 pp.). Holmiae. Amauris (Amauris) niavius (Linnaeus, 1758). Pringle et al., 1994: 48. Amauris niavius niavius. Male (Wingspan 75 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 75 mm. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Alternative common name: Common Friar. 2 Type locality: [West Africa]: “Indiis”. [False locality.] Distribution: Guinea-Bissau (Aurivillius, 1910), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). There is also a single record for the Seychelles (Legrand, 1965). Habitat: Drier forest and disturbed areas in the rainforest zone, penetrating savanna in riverine vegetation. Occasionally in primary rainforest (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania the nominate subspecies occurs at altitudes from 800 to 1 600 m and subspecies dominicanus from sea-level to 2 340 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: The flight is slow and gliding. Males are strongly attracted to Heliotropium indicum (Boraginaceae) from which they imbibe pyrrolizidine alkaloids, especially from the roots of plants that have been dug up (Sevastopulo, 1974; Larsen, 2005a). Gynura (Asteraceae) and Gliricidia (Fabaceae) are also used by males as a source of alkaloids (Larsen, 2005a). Larsen (1991; 2005a) notes communal roosting, during dry periods, of a few individuals with larger numbers of Amauri ochlea in the Shimba Hills, Kenya. Both sexes are strongly attracted to flowers and males sometimes come to water, excrement and carrion. Important mimics are females of Papilio dardanus and both sexes of Hypolimnas anthedon. Flight period: All year, with a peak in late summer and autumn (Woodhall, 2005). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Cynanchum species (Apocynaceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 259]. Heliotropium indicum [Lawrence, 2014: 51; in error, as this plant is a source of pyrollizidine alkaloids for adults, not a larval host plant]. Marsdenia sylvestris (Retz.) P.I.Forst. (Apocynaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324; as Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) Bull.]. Secamone species (Apocynaceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 259]. Tylophora species (Apocynaceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 259]. Relevant literature: Stritzke et al., 2003 [Sesquiterpenes secreted]. Amauris (Amauris) niavius niavius (Linnaeus, 1758) Papilio niavius Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae 1, Regnum Animale, 10th edition: 470 (824 pp.). Holmiae. Amauris (Amauris) niavius niavius (Linnaeus, 1758). Pringle et al., 1994: 48. Amauris niavius niavius. Male (Wingspan 75 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 75 mm. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Type locality: [West Africa]: “Indiis”. [False locality.] 3 Diagnosis: The subspecies dominicanus is distinguished from the nominate subspecies by the more extensive white markings on the upperside of the hindwing (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Guinea-Bissau (Aurivillius, 1910), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya (west and central), Tanzania (west), Zambia (north), Namibia (north). Specific localities: Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al. 2009). Benin – Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon et al., 2001); Benin – Houeyogbe Forest (Coache & Rainon, 2016). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Equatorial Guinea – Caldera de Luba, Bioko (Martin, 2015). Gabon – Alen Nkoma (Vande weghe, 2010); Iguela (Vande weghe, 2010); Rabi (Vande weghe, 2010); Mboumie (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Lope (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Franceville (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo – Kindu, Katanga (male illustrated above). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Tanzania – Western portions of Mpanda, Kigoma and Bukoba (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Luongo River (Heath et al., 2002); Kalungwishi River (Heath et al., 2002); Lake Mweru (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002). Nambia – Namutoni (Ficq; single record). obliterata Dufrane, 1948 (as ab. of Amauris niavius niavius). Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon 17: 193 (192-194). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Congo belge”. Amauris (Amauris) niavius aethiops Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 Amauris niavius aethiops Rothschild & Jordan, 1903. Novitates Zoologicae 10: 503 (491-542). Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Anderatscha”. Distribution: Sudan (south), Uganda (north), Ethiopia. Specific localities: Sudan – Nagichot Station, Didinga Mountains (Talbot, 1941). Ethiopia – Anderatscha (TL). partita Talbot, 1941 (as f. of Amauris niavius niavius). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 77: 210 (210- 216). Sudan: “Didinga Mtns., Nagichot Sta.”. Amauris (Amauris) niavius dominicanus Trimen, 1879# Amauris dominicanus Trimen, 1879. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1879: 323 (323-346). Amauris dominicanus Trimen, 1879. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Amauris dominicanus Trimen. Swanepoel, 1953a. Amauris niavius dominicanus Trimen, 1879. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Amauris (Amauris) niavius dominicanus Trimen, 1879. Pringle et al., 1994: 48. 4 Amauris niavius dominicanus. Male (Wingspan 83 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 19 December 2006. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection. Amauris niavius dominicanus. Female (Wingspan 80 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Malelane, Mpumalanga, South Africa. 20 June 2010. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Type locality: [South Africa]: “Natal”; Mozambique: “Quilimane”; “Zambesi”. Diagnosis: Subspecies dominicanus is distinguished from the nominate subspecies by the more extensive white markings on the upperside of the hindwing (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Kenya (east of the Rift Valley), Tanzania (east, north, south-west), Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe (east), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). A single record from the Seychelles (Mahé island) (Legrand, 1965). Specific localities: Kenya – Marsabit (Larsen, 1991c); Nairobi (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Moshi (Carcasson, 1963); Eastern, northern and south-western parts (Kielland, 1990d); Semdoe Forest Reserve (Doggart et al., 2001); Mt Kilimanjaro (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2015). Malawi – Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010); Zomba Mountain (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia – Mafinga Mountains (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Quilimane (Trimen, 1879); Mount Chiperone (Timberlake et al., 2007); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010). Limpopo Province – Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”) (Swanepoel, 1953); Woodbush (Swanepoel, 1953). Mpumalanga – Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Marieps Kop (Swanepoel, 1953); Mariepskop area (Henning, 1994c); Buffelskloof Nature Reserve (Williams). KwaZulu-Natal – Durban (male illustrated above); Umkomaas (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); Empangeni (Swanepoel, 1953); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Sodwana Bay (Williams); 5 Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Ndumo Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002). Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). Seychelles – Bel-Air, Mahe island (a single record by M. Mason in 1953 (Legrand, 1965)). Note: Specimens in Trans-Nzoia, Kenya are transitional between subspecies niavius and dominicanus (Larsen, 1991c). *Amauris (Amauris) tartarea Mabille, 1876 Monk Male
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