DOCSLIB.ORG

RAPID MEANS of SCREENING for RESISTANCE to PESTS in a SUGARCANE PLANT BREEDING SELECTION PROGRAMME by Cindy Moon Submitted in Fu

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
RAPID MEANS of SCREENING for RESISTANCE to PESTS in a SUGARCANE PLANT BREEDING SELECTION PROGRAMME by Cindy Moon Submitted in Fu RAPID MEANS OF SCREENING FOR RESISTANCE TO PESTS IN A SUGARCANE PLANT BREEDING SELECTION PROGRAMME By Cindy Moon Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Plant Pathology School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, South Africa July, 2014 DISSERTATION SUMMARY Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and Chilo sacchariphagus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) are two stem borers which pose a threat to the South African sugar industry at present. The reliable supply of good quality insects for host-plant resistant studies is vital. The techniques used at the South African Sugar Research Institute (SASRI) for establishing and maintaining C. partellus colonies were described because these insects are vital in host-plant resistance research. Sugarcane agro- ecosystems in KwaZulu-Natal were surveyed for C. partellus, and species confirmation took place using cytochrome oxidase I subunit barcoding. A neighbor- joining tree showing Chilo phylogeny supported the concept of using C. partellus as a surrogate insect for C. sacchariphagus for host-plant resistant screening studies in South Africa. Artificial diets were developed to optimize insect growth and reproduction and to meet or exceed the nutritional requirements of the target insect. Experiments were conducted to test different diets, with the incorporation of various ingredients, and the use of different inoculation and rearing methods. Vials that were inoculated with two neonate larvae each gave greater mean larval weights and larval survival percentages compared to the multicell trays and plastic jars. An improved artificial diet for rearing C. partellus was established incorporating non-fat milk powder (2.35% m/v) and whole egg powder (1.75% m/v). This diet gave higher mean larval survival percentages and mean larval weights than other diets tested. A version of this diet was developed with an increased content of cane leaf powder (from 2.5% to 6.5% m/v), so that better discrimination between leaf powders from different sugarcane genotypes would become possible in diet incorporation bioassays. Stalk borers can have detrimental effects on crops such as sugarcane, maize and sorghum in sub-Saharan Africa. C. partellus and C. sacchariphagus are serious pests on a number of hosts and pose a serious threat to the sugarcane industry in South Africa. The use of host-plant resistance is extremely important in controlling these pests, and the breeding of new and improved varieties are important in maintaining good yields. Constitutive antibiosis resistance to C. partellus larvae was explored in a diverse collection of 20 sugarcane varieties, by incorporating crushed i dried leaf whorl powder into an artificial diet. There were significant differences in larval weight, total C. partellus weight and larval survival in diets incorporating leaf powder from different sugarcane varieties. Varieties M1135/64 and N24 gave consistently lower larval weights and larval survival, whereas varieties M1025/70, R573 and N25 gave higher larval weights and larval survival when incorporated into the diet, which suggests that they have little or no constitutive resistance against C. partellus. The concept of insect surrogacy was also explored, whereby known field resistance ratings of specific sugarcane varieties to C. sacchariphagus were compared to the results obtained for resistance to C. partellus from this study. Some correlations were observed for specific sugarcane varieties, such as N25 and R570, with respect to C. partellus and C. sacchariphagus resistance. However, further investigations will be required using different resistance screening methods to determine the different components of resistance of sugarcane varieties. Chilo partellus was used as a surrogate insect for C. sacchariphagus in ovipositing studies on sugarcane because C. sacchariphagus is not yet present in South Africa. Both pests belong to the same family and have the same feeding mechanisms, therefore similar defense mechanisms in plants may operate against them. The concept of ovipositional antixenosis behaviour of insects is based on the theory that female insects will choose their hosts in a hierarchal manner, laying most of their eggs on the preferred plant. This could be due to characteristics of the plant that either fail to provide ovipositing behaviour-including stimuli (attractants), or contain ovipositional-inhibiting stimuli (repellents). In this study, differences with respect to ovipositing by C. partellus moths were investigated on 20 selected sugarcane varieties. Two experiments were conducted, whereby the 20 sugarcane varieties were planted into 98 well seedling trays in a completely randomized design, replicated five and ten times for Experiments One and Two, respectively. Individual trays were placed into BugDorm® rearing tents when plants were still in their seedling stage, and moths were put into the tents for ovipositing to take place. No statistically significant differences were found between sugarcane varieties for both egg and batch number for both experiments (F pr > 0.05). A direct correlation was seen between egg number and batch number, with R2 values of 0.696 and 0.899 for Experiments One and Two, respectively. ii C. partellus and C. sacchariphagus initially feed on the leaf whorl of their hosts before boring into the stalk, which results in destruction of the growing point and extensive stalk damage. Host-plant resistance plays a pivotal role in controlling such pests, and therefore it is important to identify sugarcane varieties that could potentially have resistance against them. Glasshouse trials conducted in pots were used to compare 21 sugarcane varieties for their resistance against C. partellus. The whorls of the plants were inoculated with 10 neonate larvae, and after 30 days sugarcane varieties were assessed for various damage parameters. Results from these trials give preliminary indications as to whether Fulmekiola serrata (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Chilo sacchariphagus resistances are correlated; whether C. partellus or F. serrata could serve as surrogates in assessing resistance to C. sacchariphagus; and whether C. partellus itself poses a threat to sugarcane varieties. There was a significant difference between sugarcane varieties for the mean number of shotholes/lesions, mean number of borings, and mean number of larvae recovered. Sugarcane varieties N32 and M1135/64 showed the highest levels of resistance against C. partellus, which concurs with C. sacchariphagus ratings obtained from previous studies. With respect to F. serrata numbers, sugarcane varieties N21, R568, R574 and R572 had the highest F. serrata numbers in a trial conducted by the South African Sugar Research Institute. All four of these varieties were shown to be susceptible to C. partellus in the pot trials conducted in this study. Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and F. serrata are considered serious pests of sugarcane in South Africa. The potential for an invasion by the borer C. sacchariphagus from Mozambique poses a great risk to the South African sugarcane industry, and C. partellus may represent a threat similar to the one once posed by E. saccharina before it adapted to feed on sugarcane. F. serrata, C. partellus, and C. sacchariphagus all feed on the whorl of their hosts, and therefore similar plant resistance mechanisms may act against them. Rating of sugarcane clones for damage caused by these pests and the selection of resistant genotypes can be difficult and expensive, and it can take up to 15 years before new varieties are released. A study was made to develop a rapid, non-destructive, on-site technique for predicting sugarcane resistance to pests such as Chilo spp. and F. serrata. The technique was based on near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS), which can also be used to examine the interaction between sugarcane and its attackers. iii Differences in resistance of sugarcane varieties to these pests may be in part due to biochemical and structural differences within the leaf. NIRS can penetrate up to 2.5 mm into plant material which infers that NIR spectra should represent the constitutive structural and chemical composition of the leaf that could be related to sugarcane resistance to pests such as C. partellus and F. serrata. Therefore, spectral data was obtained from intact leaves of 21 selected sugarcane varieties using a portable NIR spectrometer. Correlations between NIR spectral data and reference data obtained for C. partellus and F. serrata were developed using partial least squares (PLS) regression with full cross validation. Validation plots were useful in discriminating between sugarcane varieties for either constitutive or induced resistance based on predicted and actual values of reference data. Test validation was conducted on selected reference material using a validation set of five samples. Test validations gave better results than cross validations, with the best predictive model for the mean number of shotholes per variety (R2 of 0.75, SEP of 8.1). Larger calibration and validation sample sets, with equal numbers of resistant, intermediate and susceptible varieties, are required for models to have an improved predictive capability. Reference data such as the number of shotholes per variety, which are directly related to leaf characteristics, gave better model performance than reference parameters not directly related
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Addenda and Amendments to a Checklist of the Lepidoptera of the British Isles on Account of Subsequently Published Data
    Ent Rec 128(2)_Layout 1 22/03/2016 12:53 Page 98 94 Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 128 (2016) ADDENDA AND AMENDMENTS TO A CHECKLIST OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE BRITISH ISLES ON ACCOUNT OF SUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED DATA 1 DAVID J. L. A GASSIZ , 2 S. D. B EAVAN & 1 R. J. H ECKFORD 1 Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD 2 The Hayes, Zeal Monachorum, Devon EX17 6DF This update incorpotes information published before 25 March 2016 into A Checklist of the Lepidoptera of the British Isles, 2013. CENSUS The number of species now recorded from the British Isles stands at 2535 of which 57 are thought to be extinct and in addition there are 177 adventive species. CHANGE OF STATUS (no longer extinct) p. 17 16.013 remove X, Hall (2013) p. 25 35.006 remove X, Beavan & Heckford (2014) p. 40 45.024 remove X, Wilton (2014) p. 54 49.340 remove X, Manning (2015) ADDITIONAL SPECIES in main list 12.0047 Infurcitinea teriolella (Amsel, 1954) E S W I C 15.0321 Parornix atripalpella Wahlström, 1979 E S W I C 15.0861 Phyllonorycter apparella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855) E S W I C 15.0862 Phyllonorycter pastorella (Zeller, 1846) E S W I C 27.0021 Oegoconia novimundi (Busck, 1915) E S W I C 35.0299 Helcystogramma triannulella (Herrich-Sch äffer, 1854) E S W I C 41.0041 Blastobasis maroccanella Amsel, 1952 E S W I C 48.0071 Choreutis nemorana (Hübner, 1799) E S W I C 49.0371 Clepsis dumicolana (Zeller, 1847) E S W I C 49.2001 TETRAMOERA Diakonoff, [1968] langmaidi Plant, 2014 E S W I C 62.0151 Delplanqueia inscriptella (Duponchel, 1836) E S W I C 72.0061 Hypena lividalis (Hübner, 1790) Chevron Snout E S W I C 70.2841 PUNGELARIA Rougemont, 1903 capreolaria ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) Banded Pine Carpet E S W I C 72.0211 HYPHANTRIA Harris, 1841 cunea (Drury, 1773) Autumn Webworm E S W I C 73.0041 Thysanoplusia daubei (Boisduval, 1840) Boathouse Gem E S W I C 73.0301 Aedia funesta (Esper, 1786) Druid E S W I C Ent Rec 128(2)_Layout 1 22/03/2016 12:53 Page 99 Entomologist’s Rec.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity of Insects Associated with Rice ( Oryza Sativa L.) Crop Agroecosystem in the Punjab, Pakistan
    Biodiversity of insects associated with rice ( Oryza sativa L.) crop agroecosystem in the Punjab, Pakistan By MUHAMMAD ASGHAR M.Sc. (Hons.) Agricultural Entomology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agricultural Entomology FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, FAISALABAD PAKISTAN 2010 1 To The Controller of Examinations, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. We, the Supervisory Committee, certify that the contents and form of thesis submitted by Mr. Muhammad Asghar, Regd. 92-ag-1261 have been found satisfactory and recommend that it be processed for evaluation by the External Examiner (s) for the award of degree. SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE 1. CHAIRMAN: ………………………………………………. (DR. ANJUM SUHAIL) 2. MEMBER ………………………………………………. (DR. MUHAMMAD AFZAL) 3. MEMBER ……………………………………………….. (DR. MUHAMMAD ASLAM KHAN) 2 DEDICATED To My Affectionate Parents Loving Brothers, Sisters and Wife 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praises are for “Almighty Allah” who is the creator of this multifaceted and beautiful universe. I consider it as my foremost duty to acknowledge the omnipresent kindness and love of Almighty Allah who made it possible for me to complete the writing of this thesis. I think it is also my supreme obligation to express the gratitude and respect to Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (SAW) who is forever a torch of guidance and knowledge for humanity as a whole. How honourable it is to offer my cordial gratitude to my worthy supervisor and supervisory committee, Prof. Dr. Anjum Suhail; Dr. Muhammad Afzal, Department of Agri. Entomology and Prof. Dr. Muhammad Aslam Khan, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, for their constant interest, valuable suggestions, inspirational guidance and encouragement throughout the course of my studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Pyrilla Perpusilla): Distribution, Life Cycle, Nature of Damage and Control Measures
    Pest of Sugarcane (Pyrilla perpusilla): Distribution, Life cycle, Nature of damage and Control measures Distribution Pyrilla perpusilla commonly known as Sugarcane plant hopper is mainly found is Asian countries like Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, South China, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. The original host of P. perpusilla is not known but it has been recorded feeding and reproducing on a wide range of species of Gramineae, Leguminae and Moraceae families. Identification of Pyrilla perpusilla Adult Pyrilla perpusilla is a pale tawny-yellow, soft-bodied insect with head prominently drawn forward to form a snout. The wingspan of males is 16 - 18 mm and 19 - 21 mm for females. Females have cretaceous threads called anal pads, arranged as bundles on terminal segment. The fore wings are semi-opaque in nature, with yellow-brown color. The fore wings are lightly covered with minute black spots. Both adults and nymphs are very active and suck sap from the leaves of sugarcane. On the slightest disturbance, they jump from leaf to leaf. Lifecycle or Pyrilla perpusilla Egg: Females lay eggs on the lower, shady and concealed side of the leaves near the midrib. Eggs are laid in clusters of 30-40 in number in rows of 4-5. They are covered by pale waxy material. Eggs are oval-shaped, pale whitish to bluish green when laid and turn brown just before hatching. A female lays 600 - 800 eggs in her lifetime. Nymph: Nymph passes through five nymphal instar stages to reach adult stage. The following table gives
    [Show full text]
  • The Microlepidopterous Fauna of Sri Lanka, Formerly Ceylon, Is Famous
    ON A COLLECTION OF SOME FAMILIES OF MICRO- LEPIDOPTERA FROM SRI LANKA (CEYLON) by A. DIAKONOFF Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden With 65 text-figures and 18 plates CONTENTS Preface 3 Cochylidae 5 Tortricidae, Olethreutinae, Grapholitini 8 „ „ Eucosmini 23 „ „ Olethreutini 66 „ Chlidanotinae, Chlidanotini 78 „ „ Polyorthini 79 „ „ Hilarographini 81 „ „ Phricanthini 81 „ Tortricinae, Tortricini 83 „ „ Archipini 95 Brachodidae 98 Choreutidae 102 Carposinidae 103 Glyphipterigidae 108 A list of identified species no A list of collecting localities 114 Index of insect names 117 Index of latin plant names 122 PREFACE The microlepidopterous fauna of Sri Lanka, formerly Ceylon, is famous for its richness and variety, due, without doubt, to the diversified biotopes and landscapes of this beautiful island. In spite of this, there does not exist a survey of its fauna — except a single contribution, by Lord Walsingham, in Moore's "Lepidoptera of Ceylon", already almost a hundred years old, and a number of small papers and stray descriptions of new species, in various journals. The authors of these papers were Walker, Zeller, Lord Walsingham and a few other classics — until, starting with 1905, a flood of new descriptions 4 ZOOLOGISCHE VERHANDELINGEN I93 (1982) and records from India and Ceylon appeared, all by the hand of Edward Meyrick. He was almost the single specialist of these faunas, until his death in 1938. To this great Lepidopterist we chiefly owe our knowledge of all groups of Microlepidoptera of Sri Lanka. After his death this information stopped abruptly. In the later years great changes have taken place in the tropical countries. We are now facing, alas, the disastrously quick destruction of natural bio- topes, especially by the reckless liquidation of the tropical forests.
    [Show full text]
  • Interaction of Cultural, Biological, and Varietal Controls for Management of Stalk Borers in Louisiana Sugarcane
    insects Review Interaction of Cultural, Biological, and Varietal Controls for Management of Stalk Borers in Louisiana Sugarcane Thomas E. Reagan * and Megan M. Mulcahy * Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] (T.E.R.); [email protected] (M.M.M.) Received: 31 July 2019; Accepted: 11 September 2019; Published: 19 September 2019 Abstract: Diatraea saccharalis F is considered the most important pest of sugarcane in the United States. This article focuses on the history of pest management as it relates to the control of this stem borer in Louisiana sugarcane, and how control practices have become more in tune with integrated pest management paradigms. Various pest management strategies are employed against D. saccharalis and the interactions between each of these provide farmers with the tools needed to curb damaging infestations. However, the invasion of the Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar), and other confounding environmental factors have presented farmers, consultants, and researchers with new pest management challenges. We address these challenges and provide an overview of ongoing developments, particularly in the Louisiana sugarcane pest management program. Keywords: sugarcane; Diatraea saccharalis; integrated pest management; Eoreuma loftini; Louisiana; stalk borer 1. Introduction The sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis F (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is native to the West Indies, as well as Central and South America. It was introduced into Louisiana in the 1850s due to the continued importation of sugarcane for production in the state [1]. Since its introduction, D. saccharalis has long been regarded as the most damaging insect pest on the crop.
    [Show full text]
  • An Assessment of Biological Control of the Banana Pseudostem Weevil Odoiporus Longicollis (Olivier) by Entomopathogenic Fungi Beauveria Bassiana T
    Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 20 (2019) 101262 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bab An assessment of biological control of the banana pseudostem weevil Odoiporus longicollis (Olivier) by entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana T Alagersamy Alagesana, Balakrishnan Padmanabanb, Gunasekaran Tharania, Sundaram Jawahara, Subramanian Manivannana,c,* a PG and Research Department of Biotechnology, Bharath College of Science and Management, Thanjavur, 613 005, Tamil Nadu, India b Division of Crop Protection, National Research Centre for Banana (ICAR), Tiruchirappalli, 620 102, Tamil Nadu, India c Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Banana (Musa sp.) is the most imperative staple food crop for all types of people worldwide, which is commonly Banana production grown in Southeast Asia. Banana plantain can be severely affected by the devastating pest Odoiporus longicollis Odoiporus longicollis that results in severe economic losses in India. Management of weevil pests using chemical methods is harmful to Beauveria bassiana the environment, and cultural methods are also partially successful. Therefore, an alternative approach of plant Bioefficacy defense mediated by endophytic fungi to control banana stem borer larvae is necessary, which could affect the Extracellular enzyme extracellular enzyme chitinase and protease. Among four isolates, Beauveria bassiana isolate KH3 is the most Phylogeny virulent entomopathogenic fungus compared with other isolates, and species identification was achieved using molecular phylogenetic characteristics. The B. bassiana isolate KH3 (1 × 108 conidia/mL-1) is more bioeffective against O. longicollis larvae, causing > 90% significant mortality in 12 and 18 days.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from BOLD Or Requested from Other Authors
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Towards a global DNA barcode reference library for quarantine identifcations of lepidopteran Received: 28 November 2018 Accepted: 5 April 2019 stemborers, with an emphasis on Published: xx xx xxxx sugarcane pests Timothy R. C. Lee 1, Stacey J. Anderson2, Lucy T. T. Tran-Nguyen3, Nader Sallam4, Bruno P. Le Ru5,6, Desmond Conlong7,8, Kevin Powell 9, Andrew Ward10 & Andrew Mitchell1 Lepidopteran stemborers are among the most damaging agricultural pests worldwide, able to reduce crop yields by up to 40%. Sugarcane is the world’s most prolifc crop, and several stemborer species from the families Noctuidae, Tortricidae, Crambidae and Pyralidae attack sugarcane. Australia is currently free of the most damaging stemborers, but biosecurity eforts are hampered by the difculty in morphologically distinguishing stemborer species. Here we assess the utility of DNA barcoding in identifying stemborer pest species. We review the current state of the COI barcode sequence library for sugarcane stemborers, assembling a dataset of 1297 sequences from 64 species. Sequences were from specimens collected and identifed in this study, downloaded from BOLD or requested from other authors. We performed species delimitation analyses to assess species diversity and the efectiveness of barcoding in this group. Seven species exhibited <0.03 K2P interspecifc diversity, indicating that diagnostic barcoding will work well in most of the studied taxa. We identifed 24 instances of identifcation errors in the online database, which has hampered unambiguous stemborer identifcation using barcodes. Instances of very high within-species diversity indicate that nuclear markers (e.g. 18S, 28S) and additional morphological data (genitalia dissection of all lineages) are needed to confrm species boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Maize Shootfly: Atherigona Orientalis (Muscidae: Diptera)
    Lecture No 4 PESTS OF MAIZE AND WHEAT I. PEST OF MAIZE More than 130 insects have been recorded causing damage to maize in India. Among these, about half a dozen pests are of economic importance. Shoot fly, borers, shoot bug and aphid, polyphagous pest like cornworm cause considerable yield reduction in maize. Major pests 1. Maize shootfly Atherigona orientalis Muscidae Diptera 2. Stem borer Chilo partellus Crambidae Lepidoptera 3. Pink stem borer Sesamia inferens Noctuidae Lepidoptera 4. Cornworm/ Earworm Helicoverpa armigera Noctuidae Lepidoptera 5. Web worm Cryptoblabes gnidiella Pyraustidae Lepidoptera 6. Aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis Aphididae Hemiptera 7. Shoot bug Peregrinus maidis Delphacidae Hemiptera Minor Pests 8. Climbing Mythimna separata Noctuidae Lepidoptera cut worm 9. Ash weevil Myllocerus sp., Curculionidae Coleoptera 10. Phadka grasshopper Hieroglyphus Acrididae Orthoptera nigrorepletus 11. Leafhopper Pyrilla perpusilla Lophopidae Hemiptera Major pests 1. Maize shootfly: Atherigona orientalis (Muscidae: Diptera) Distribution and status Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka. Host range: Maize, sorghum, ragi and bajra Damage symptoms The maggot feeds on the young growing shoots resulting in “dead hearts”. Bionomics: Small grey coloured fly. Management • Grow resistant cultivars like DMR 5, NCD, VC 80 • Furrow application of phorate granules 10 G 10 kg/ha (or) lindane 6 G 25 kg per ha 2. Stem borer: Chilo partellus (Crambidae: Lepidoptera) Distribution and status India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Iraq, Japan, Uganda, Taiwan, Sudan, Nepal, Bangladesh and Thailand. Host range: Jowar, bajra, sugarcane and rice Damage symptoms It infests the crop a month after sowing and upto emergence of cobs. Central shoot withering leading to “dead heart” is the typical damage symptom.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Pest Management Package for Leafhoppers and Planthoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera) in Paddy Fields
    Journal of Agricultural Science and Engineering Vol. 6, No. 3, 2020, pp. 26-37 http://www.aiscience.org/journal/jase ISSN: 2381-6821 (Print); ISSN: 2381-6848 (Online) Integrated Pest Management Package for Leafhoppers and Planthoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera) in Paddy Fields Muhammad Sarwar * National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan Abstract The aim of the present article is to shed light on the current status, species composition, abundance, habitat affinities, distribution patterns of leafhoppers and planthoppers along with their integrated pest management (IPM) in the rice growing regions. Leafhoppers and planthoppers such as white rice leafhopper ( Cofana spectra Distant), brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal), whitebacked planthopper [ Sogatella furcifera (Horvath)], green planthoppers [Nephotettix nigropictus (Stal)] and Nephotettix virescens (Distant), and lophopid leafhopper (Pyrilla perpusilla Walker) are sap feeders from the xylem and phloem tissues of the plant. Both adults plus nymphs of leafhoppers and planthoppers have piercing mouthparts that they insert into the leaf blades and leaf sheaths of rice plants to suck sap, and egg laying by hoppers blocks the water and food channels inside the plant. Severely damaged plants become dry and take on the brownish appearance as these have been damaged by fire, hence termed as hopper burn and at this level, crop loss may be 100%. The Integrated Pest Management (IPM) philosophies are growing a healthy crop by conserving of natural
    [Show full text]
  • The National Plant Biosecurity Status Report
    The National Plant Biosecurity Status Report 2014 © Plant Health Australia 2015 Disclaimer: This publication is published by Plant Health Australia for information purposes only. Information in the document is drawn from a variety of sources outside This work is copyright. Apart from any use as Plant Health Australia. Although reasonable care was taken in its preparation, Plant Health permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part Australia does not warrant the accuracy, reliability, completeness or currency of the may be reproduced by any process without prior information, or its usefulness in achieving any purpose. permission from Plant Health Australia. Given that there are continuous changes in trade patterns, pest distributions, control Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction measures and agricultural practices, this report can only provide a snapshot in time. and rights should be addressed to: Therefore, all information contained in this report has been collected for the 12 month period from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2014, and should be validated and Communications Manager confirmed with the relevant organisations/authorities before being used. A list of Plant Health Australia contact details (including websites) is provided in the Appendices. 1/1 Phipps Close DEAKIN ACT 2600 To the fullest extent permitted by law, Plant Health Australia will not be liable for any loss, damage, cost or expense incurred in or arising by reason of any person relying on the ISSN 1838-8116 information in this publication. Readers should make and rely on their own assessment An electronic version of this report is available for and enquiries to verify the accuracy of the information provided.
    [Show full text]
  • ENV /JM /M on O(2016)27 Unclassified
    Unclassified ENV/JM/MONO(2016)27 Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 29-Jun-2016 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________ English - Or. English ENVIRONMENT DIRECTORATE JOINT MEETING OF THE CHEMICALS COMMITTEE AND Unclassified ENV/JM/MONO(2016)27 THE WORKING PARTY ON CHEMICALS, PESTICIDES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY Cancels & replaces the same document of 29 June 2016 CONSENSUS DOCUMENT ON THE BIOLOGY OF SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Series on Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology No. 62 English JT03398806 Complete document available on OLIS in its original format - This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of Or. English international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. ENV/JM/MONO(2016)27 2 ENV/JM/MONO(2016)27 OECD Environment, Health and Safety Publications Series on Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology No. 62 Consensus Document on the Biology of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Environment Directorate Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Paris 2016 3 ENV/JM/MONO(2016)27 Also published in the Series on Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology: No. 1, Commercialisation of Agricultural Products Derived through Modern Biotechnology: Survey Results (1995) No. 2, Analysis of Information Elements Used in the Assessment of Certain Products of Modern Biotechnology (1995) No. 3, Report of the OECD Workshop on the Commercialisation of Agricultural Products Derived through Modern Biotechnology (1995) No. 4, Industrial Products of Modern Biotechnology Intended for Release to the Environment: The Proceedings of the Fribourg Workshop (1996) No.
    [Show full text]
  • Crambidae Biosecurity Occurrence Background Subfamilies Short Description Diagnosis
    Diaphania nitidalis Chilo infuscatellus Crambidae Webworms, Grass Moths, Shoot Borers Biosecurity BIOSECURITY ALERT This Family is of Biosecurity Concern Occurrence This family occurs in Australia. Background The Crambidae is a large, diverse and ubiquitous family of moths that currently comprises 11,500 species globally, with at least half that number again undescribed. The Crambidae and the Pyralidae constitute the superfamily Pyraloidea. Crambid larvae are concealed feeders with a great diversity in feeding habits, shelter building and hosts, such as: leaf rollers, shoot borers, grass borers, leaf webbers, moss feeders, root feeders that shelter in soil tunnels, and solely aquatic life habits. Many species are economically important pests in crops and stored food products. Subfamilies Until recently, the Crambidae was treated as a subfamily under the Pyralidae (snout moths or grass moths). Now they form the superfamily Pyraloidea with the Pyralidae. The Crambidae currently consists of the following 14 subfamilies: Acentropinae Crambinae Cybalomiinae Glaphyriinae Heliothelinae Lathrotelinae Linostinae Midilinae Musotiminae Odontiinae Pyraustinae Schoenobiinae Scopariinae Spilomelinae Short Description Crambid caterpillars are generally cylindrical, with a semiprognathous head and only primary setae (Fig 1). They are often plainly coloured (Fig. 16, Fig. 19), but can be patterned with longitudinal stripes and pinacula that may give them a spotted appearance (Fig. 10, Fig. 11, Fig. 14, Fig. 22). Prolegs may be reduced in borers (Fig. 16). More detailed descriptions are provided below. This factsheet presents, firstly, diagnostic features for the Pyraloidea (Pyralidae and Crambidae) and then the Crambidae. Information and diagnostic features are then provided for crambids listed as priority biosecurity threats for northern Australia.
    [Show full text]