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Doctor of Philosophy Agricultural Entomology INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT OF SUGARCANE PYRILLA, Pyrilla perpusilla WLK. (HOMOPTERA : LOPHOPIDAE) IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN By Amer Rasul 94-ag-1212 M.Sc. (Hons.) Agri Entomology Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, FAISALABAD PAKISTAN 2011 i The Controller of Examinations, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. We, supervisory committee certify that contents and form of thesis submitted by Mr. Amer Rasul (94-ag-1212) have been found satisfactory and recommend that it may be processed for evaluation by external examiner(s) for the award of degree. SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN _______________________________ (DR. MANSOOR UL HASAN) MEMBER _______________________________ (DR. ANJUM SUHAIL) MEMBER _______________________________ (DR. SHAHBAZ TALIB SAHI) ii Dedicated To My Beloved Parents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to the ALMIGHTY ALLAH, the propitious, the benevolent and the sovereign, whose blessing and glory flourished my thoughts and thrived my ambitions, giving me talented teachers, affectionate parents, sweet sisters and caring brothers. Trampling lips and wet eyes praise the HOLY PROPHET MUHAMMAD (Peace be upon him), for enlightening our conscience with the essence of faith in ALLAH, converging all His kindness and mercy upon him. With profound gratitude and a deep sence of devotion, I wish to thank my worthy supervisor, Dr. Mansoor-ul-Hassan, Professor, Department of Agri. Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, for his co-operative/encouraging attitude, utilizing help, keen interest, valuable comments and guidance throughout the course of this study. I do not find appropriate words to express my deep gratitude to my sincere and respectable teachers: Dr. Muhammad Ashfaq (T.I.), Meritorious Professor, Department of Agri. Entomology, U.A.F.; Dr. Anjum Suhail, Professor, Department of Agri. Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad and Dr. Shahbaz Talib Sahi, for their inestimable encouragement, affectionate and constructive criticism, useful comments, sympathetic attitude and technical guidance throughout the course of these studies. I am specially thankful to Dr. Amjid Ali, Entomologist, Entomological Research Institute, AARI, Faisalabad, for his kind guidelines and novel ideas, which enabled me to developed a proper research mindset in me. I offer an encomium admiration to Dr. Khalid Gill, Ex. Director General Research, AARI Faisalabad, Dr. Arshad Ali Chattah, Ex. Director Sugarcane research Institute AARI Faisalabad and my uncle Dr. Manzoor Ahmad, Ex Entomologist, Entomological Research Institute Faisalabad for facilitation and encouragement. My gratitude will remain incomplete, if I do not mention the contribution of Dr. Rashad Rasool Khan, Dr. Moazzam Rafiq Khan, Dr. Muhammad Asim Shabbir, Dr. Amer Habib, Jabbar Ahmad, Dilshad Aslam and Dr. Ahmad Din as well as other friends and colleagues, who have always encouraged me, during my studies. I am highly indebted for their kind, polite and friendly behavior. Last, but not the least, I am greatly indebted to my Parents, Sister, Brothers (Asif Rasool and Kashif Rasool), Sons (Abdullah and Abdur Rehman), Nieces (Aliza, Uswa, Mukarma and Mahnoor ) and, specially to my beloved wife-for their love, heartfelt endless good wishes, mellifluous affections, which hearten me to achieve success in every sphere of life and that made this pursuit a success. May ALLAH bless all these people with long, happy and peaceful lives (Ameen). AMER RASUL iv CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 19 4 RESULTS 27 5 DISCUSSION 75 6 SUMMARY 81 REFERENCES 85 Detailed contents Page # CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5 2.1 Host-plant resistance 5 2.2 Abiotic Factors 7 2.3 Biological control 8 2.4 Biochemical Factors 13 2.5 Chemical Control 14 2.6 Cultural Control 16 2.7 Integration of Control Methods 17 CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 19 3.1 Climate of the Study Area 19 3.2 Screening of the Varieties 19 3.2.1 Preliminary Screening, during 2006 19 3.2.2 Final Screening during 2007 20 3.2.3 Data Collection 20 3.2.4 Host-Plant Susceptibility Indices (HPSIs) 20 3.3 Role of Abiotic Factors, in the Fluctuating Pest-Population 21 3.4 Methodology to Test the Mechanisms of Resistance 21 3.4.1 Physio-morphic Basis of Resistance 21 3.4.1.1 Leaf-spine density (cm2) 21 3.4.1.2 Leaf-width (cm) 21 3.4.1.3 Leaf-length (cm) 21 3.4.1.4 Cane-diameter (cm) 21 3.4.1.5 Cane-length (m) 21 3.4.2 Chemical Factors 22 3.4.2.1 Nitrogen Contents 22 3.4.2.2 Fat Contents 22 3.4.2.3 Total Minerals 22 3.4.2.4 Carbohydrates 22 3.4.2.5 Micro and Macro Nutrients 23 Wet digestion of the plant-tissues for the macro and 3.4.2.5.1 23 micro-nutrient analyses 3.4.3 Qualitative Analysis of the sugar contents 23 3.4.3.1 Fiber Contents 23 3.4.3.2 POL (%) 24 3.4.3.3 Brix(%) 24 3.4.3.4 Commercial Cane Sugar (CCS) 24 3.5 Statistical Analysis 25 3.6 Management of the Sugarcane Pyrilla 25 vi Detailed contents Page # CHAPTER 4 RESULTS 27 4.1 Host- Plant Resistance 28 4.1.1 Preliminary Screening Trials 28 4.1.1.1 Varietal Differences 28 4.1.1.2 Abundance Period of the Pest 29 4.1.2 Final Screening Trials 33 4.1.2.1 Varietal Differences 33 4.1.2.2 Abundance Period of the Pest 34 4.1.3 Host-Plant Susceptibility Indices (HPSIs) 37 Role of weather in the population fluctuations of p. 4.2 41 Perpusilla, on sugarcane Population Trend Versus the Weather 4.2.1 41 Factors, During 2006 Population Trend Versus the Weather 4.2.2 41 Factors, During 2007 Correlation coefficient Values Between 4.2.3 Weather Factors and the Population of P. 44 perpusilla Multivariate Linear Regression Models, Between the Population of P. perpusilla 4.2.4 and Weather Factors 44 4.2.4.1 Impact, During 2006 44 4.2.4.2 Impact, During 2007 45 Impact of Weather Factors on the 4.2.4.3 Population Fluctuations of P. perpusilla, on 45 Cumulative Basis, for Both the Study Years 4.3 Physio-Morphic And Chemical Plant-Characters 50 4.3.1 Physio-morphic Plant Characters 50 4.3.1.1 Leaf-width (cm) 50 Leaf-length (cm) 4.3.1.2 50 2 4.3.1.3 Leaf-Spine Density (cm ) 51 4.3.1.4 Cane- Length (m) 51 4.3.1.5 Cane-Diameter (cm) 52 4.3.2 Chemical Plant-Factors 54 4.3.2.1 Nitrogen Contents (%) 54 4.3.2.2 Phosphorus (%) 54 4.3.2.3 Total Minerals (%). 55 4.3.2.4 Calcium Contents (%). 55 4.3.2.5 Magnesium Contents (%). 55 vii Detailed contents Page # 4.3.2.6 Fat-Contents (%) 56 4.3.2.7 Carbohydrates (%) 56 4.3.2.8 Copper-Contents (ppm) 56 4.3.2.9 Zinc (ppm) 57 4.3.3 Sugar Analysis 58 4.3.3.1 POL (%) 58 4.3.3.2 Brix-Contents (%) 58 4.3.3.3 Commercial Cane-Sugar (CCS) 58 4.3.3.4 Fiber-Contents (%) 59 Role of Physio-morphic Plant-Characters in 4.3.4 61 the Expression of Resistance 4.3.4.1 Correlation Coefficient Values 61 4.3.4.2 Multivariate Linear Regression Models 61 Role of Chemical Plant-Characters in the 4.3.5 64 Expression of Resistance Correlation Between the Chemical Plant- 4.3.5.1 Characters and the Population of 64 P. perpusilla 4.3.5.2 Multivariate Linear Regression Models 64 4.4 Integrated Pest Management 67 IPM Impact on the Population of P. 4.4.1 67 perpusilla Treatment Effects on the Population of P. 4.4.1.1 67 perpusilla Treatment Effect, at Various Dates of 4.4.1.2 70 Observation Interactional Effect Among the Dates of 4.4.1.3 70 Observation & Various Control Methods. 4.4.2 IPM Impact on the Sugarcane Yield 72 4.4.3 Cost Benefit Ratio 72 CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION 75 5.1 Host-Plant Resistance 76 Period of Abundance and Role of Weather 5.2 76 in the Expression of Resistance Physio-morphic and Chemical Plant- 5.3 77 Resistance against P. perpusilla 5.4 Integrated Pest Management 78 CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY 81 REFERENCES 85 APPENDICES 92 viii LIST OF TABLES Sr.# TITLE Page # 1. AN ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR THE DATA, REGARDING 30 THE POPULATION OF Pyrilla perpusilla, PER LEAF, IN DIFFERENT GENOTYPES OF SUGARCANE, AT VARIOUS DATES OF OBSERVATION. 1.a A COMPARISON OF MEANS FOR THE DATA, REGARDING THE 31 POPULATION OF Pyrilla perpusilla, PER LEAF, ON VARIOUS GENOTYPES OF SUGARCANE, DURING 2006. 1.b A COMPARISON OF MEANS FOR THE DATA, REGARDING THE 32 POPULATION OF Pyrilla perpusilla, PER LEAF, AT VARIOUS DATES OF OBSERVATIONS, ON SUGARCANE, DURING 2006. 2. AN ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR THE DATA, REGARDING 35 THE POPULATION OF Pyrilla perpusilla, PER LEAF, IN DIFFERENT GENOTYPES OF SUGARCANE, AT VARIOUS DATES OF OBSERVATION, DURING 2007. 2.a A COMPARISON OF MEANS FOR THE DATA, REGARDING THE 35 POPULATION OF Pyrilla perpusilla, PER LEAF, ON VARIOUS GENOTYPES OF SUGARCANE, DURING 2007. 2.b A COMPARISON OF MEANS FOR THE DATA, REGARDING THE 36 POPULATION OF Pyrilla perpusilla, PER LEAF, ON VARIOUS DATES OF OBSERVATION ON SUGARCANE, DURING 2007. 3. THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT VALUES (r), BETWEEN THE 46 POPULATION OF Pyrilla perpusilla, PER LEAF, ON SUGARCANE AND WEATHER FACTORS, DURING 2006 AND 2007 INDIVIDUALLY AS WELL AS ON CUMMULATIVE BASIS. 4. THE IMPACT OF WEATHER FACTORS, ON THE POPULATION 47 OF Pyrilla perpusilla, DURING 2006.
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