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Assessment of Synergies of the Synchronized Biodiversity of Wheat and Sugarcane Crops in Faisalabad District

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ASSESSMENT OF SYNERGIES OF THE SYNCHRONIZED BIODIVERSITY OF WHEAT AND SUGARCANE CROPS IN FAISALABAD DISTRICT By MUHAMMAD NADEEM ABBAS M. Phil. (UAF) A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ZOOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY AND FISHERIES FACULTY OF SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD PAKISTAN 2012 i TO THE CONTROLLER OF EXAMINATIONS, UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, FAISALABAD. We the supervisory committee, certify that the contents and form of thesis submitted by Mr. Muhammad Nadeem Abbas, Regd. No. 2004-ag-531, have been found satisfactory and recommend that it be processed for evaluation by the external examiner(s) for the award of degree. SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE 1) SUPERVISER _____________________________ (Prof. Dr. Shahnaz Akhtar Rana) 2) MEMBER _____________________________ (Dr. Hammad Ahmad Khan) 3) MEMBER ____________________________ (Prof. Dr. Khalil-ur-Rehman) ii Declaration I hereby declare that contents of the thesis, “Assessment of Synergies of the Synchronized Biodiversity of Wheat and Sugarcane Crops in Faisalabad District” are product of my own research and no part has been copied from any published source (except the references, some standard mathematical / equations / protocols etc.). I further declare that this work has not been submitted for award of any other diploma/degree. The University may take action if the above statement is found inaccurate at any stage”. Muhammad Nadeem Abbas 2004-ag-531 iii Acknowledgements First of all I’d thank to Almighty Allah, the compassionate and merciful, who enabled me to complete this project. Thereafter, I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Dr. Shahnaz Akhtar Rana, for providing me kind guidance and freedom of thought, making this time a bench mark of learning as well as a memorable experience. I would like to thank Dr. Muhammad Mahmood-ul-Hassan, Associate Professor, Department of Zoology and Fisheries, whose guidance throughout the compilation of this dissertation is admirable. I would also like to thank the members of my supervisory committee, Dr. Hamad Ahmed Khan, Associate Professor, Department of Zoology and Fisheries and Dr. khalil-ur-Rehman, Professor, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry for their valuable support in the completion of project. I would like thank Dr. Naureen Rana, Lecturer, Department of Zoology and Fisheries inspiring my interest in learning statistical tools. I am very much obliged to Professor Dr. Anjum Suhail, Chairman Department of Entomology, for his convincing guidline in the taxonomy of insects during my research work. My thanks are also due to Dr. Inayat Khan, Chairman Department of Statistics, for his statistical advice; Dr. Mansoor Hameed, Associate Professor, Department of Botany, for weeds identification; Dr. Muhammad Shahid, Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, for providing laboratory facilities for phytochemical evaluation of weeds. My special thanks are to my colleagues, research mates, laboratory staff and family members who constantly inspired me to maintain my interest toward this project. I would like to acknowledge the Higher Education Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan for funding to accomplish this work under the Research Project No. 20-813/R and D/HEC. Muhammad Nadeem Abbas August 2012. iv CONTENTS Chapter No. Title Page Acknowledgements List of Tables List of Figures List of Annexure List of annexure tables CHAPTER 1 1 Introduction 1.1 Objectives CHAPTER 2 2 Review of literature 2.1 Faunal Assemblages of Agro-ecosystem 2.2 Causes and consequences of biodiversity decline 2.3 Biological control 2.4 Trophic Interactions 2.5 Weeds in agro-ecosystem 2.6 Weeds as Source of Food and Medicines CHAPTER 3 3 Materials and methods 3.1 Study Area 3.2 Selection and description of sites 3.2.1 Surrounding crops 3.2.2 Plant species on the sampling sites 3.3 Sampling technique 3.4 Identification of macro- invertebrates 3.5 Identification of weeds 3.6 Statistical Analysis/Softwares’ used 3.6.1 Shannon’s Index of Diversity 3.6.2 Cannonical Correspondence Analysis 3.7 Predator–prey ratios 3.7.1 Estimation of predator to prey (p/p) ratio 3.8 Phytochemical Evaluation 3.9 Weed seeds 3.10 Weeds root, stem and leaves 3.11 Preparation of extracts 3.12 Phytochemical screening 3.13 Qualitative determination of v the chemical constituency 3.13.1 Tannins 3.13.2 Saponins 3.13.3 Flavonoids 3.13.4 Steriods 3.13.5 Terpenoids 3.13.6 Cardiac glycosides 3.13.7 Alkaloids 3.13.8 Anthraquinones 3.14 Quantitative determination of the chemical constituency 3.14.1 Preparation of fat free sample 3.14.2 Alkaloid 3.14.3 Tannin 3.14.4 Saponin 3.14.5 Flavonoids 3.15 Traditional uses of weeds CHAPTER 4 RESULTS diversity of foliage macro- invertebrates 4.1 Wheat 4.1.1 Abundance of Various Macro-Invertebrate Assemblages 4.1.2 Habitat related variation. 4.1.3 Season related variation 4.2 Sugarcane 4.2.1 Abundance of Various Macro-Invertebrate Assemblages 4.2.2 Habitat related variation. 4.2.3 Season related variation CHAPTER 5 5 Impact Of Weeds On Macro- Invertebrates Communities 5.1 Wheat weeds 5.2 Sugarcane weeds CHAPTER 6 6 PREDATOR–PREY RATIOS OF MACROINVERTEBRATES vi 6.1 Predator-prey association in wheat 6.2 Predator-prey association in Sugarcane CHAPTER 7 7 Discussion 7.1 Wheat 7.2 Sugarcane 7.3 Weeds of wheat and sugarcane 7.4 Predator and prey interaction 7.5 Phytochemical Evaluation Summery References vii LIST OF TABLES Chapter No. Title Page 3.1 Sampling localities and agricultural management practices used for wheat 14 cultivation. 3.2 Sampling localities and agricultural management practices used for 16 sugarcane cultivation. 3.3 Weed species and their functional group recorded from wheat and 18 sugarcane fields. 4.1 Relative abundance of macro-invertebrates recorded from wheat and its 23 associated weeds. 4.2 Values for Richness, diversity and evenness of macro-invertebrates 28 recorded from wheat and its associated weeds. 4.3 Relative abundance of macro-invertebrates recorded from edge and center 29 of Wheat and its associated weeds. 4.4 Relative abundance of macro-invertebrates recorded from Wheat and its 31 associated weed plants during autumn, winter and spring. 4.5a Values for temporal variations in richness, diversity and evenness of 31 macro-invertebrates recorded from wheat fields. 4.5b A comparison of diversity of foliage macro-invertebrates recorded from 31 wheat and its associated weeds during different seasons. 4.6 Relative abundance of macro-invertebrates recorded from sugarcane and 33 its associated weeds. 4.7 Values for variations in richness, diversity and evenness of macro- 39 invertebrates recorded from edge and center of sugarcane fields. 4.8 Relative abundance of macro-invertebrates recorded from edge and center 40 of sugarcane and its associated weeds. 4.9 Relative abundance of macro-invertebrates recorded from sugarcane and 42 its associated weeds during autumn, winter and spring. 4.10a Values for temporal variations in richness, diversity and evenness of 43 macro-invertebrates recorded from sugarcane. 4.10b A comparison of diversity of foliage macro-invertebrates recorded from 43 Sugarcane and its associated weeds during different seasons. 5.1 Number of families, species and individuals of macro-invertebrates 45 recorded on the weeds associated with wheat and sugarcane. 5.2 Relative abundance of macro-invertebrates recorded on the various weeds 47 associated with the wheat. 5.3 A comparison of the macro-invertebrate diversity recorded on various 48 species of weeds in two habitats i.e. edge and center of the wheat fields. Cannonical correspondence analysis of the abundance of macro- 51 invertebrate fauna at the environmental factor (weeds) in wheat fields. Relative abundance of macro-invertebrates recorded on the weeds 52 associated with the sugarcane fields. A comparison of the macro-invertebrate diversity recorded on various 55 species of weeds in two habitats i.e. edge and center of the sugarcane viii fields. Cannonical correspondence analysis of the abundance of macro- 60 invertebrate fauna at the environmental factor (weeds) in sugarcane fields. Coefficient of determination value (R2) for some coleopterans, 61 hymenopterans and arachnids predators with selected prey species in wheat and sugarcane agro-ecosystems. Phytochemical analysis of the root, stem and leaves of some weeds occurring from agro-ecosystem. ix LIST OF FIGURE Figure No. Title Page 3.1 Mean monthly maximum (black bars) and minimum (white bars) 12 temperatures and rainfall (Red line), from 2008 to 2010, recorded at the Agricultural Meteorology Cell in university of Agriculture Faisalabad. 3.2 A map showing the location of Faisalabad district in Punjab (Pakistan) 13 from where macro-invertebrates were collected during the course of present study. The study area lies in the land tract between rivers Rive and Chenab 3.3 A map showing the position of the sampling site in the Faisalabad 15 district % species of macro-invertebrates on wheat and its associated weeds 25 Seasonal dynamics of macro-invertebrates of wheat fields edge 32 Seasonal dynamics of macro-invertebrates of wheat fields center 32 % species of macro-invertebrates on sugarcane and its associated weeds 35 Seasonal dynamics of macro-invertebrates of sugarcane fields edge 44 Seasonal dynamics of macro-invertebrates of sugarcane fields center 44 Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) biplot showing association of 49 macro-invertebrates species with weed species in the whea fields. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) biplot showing association of 53 macro-invertebrates species with weed species in sugarcane fields. Extent of variation in the abundance ratio of C. septumpunctata with 58 hemipterans species in wheat-weeds agroecosystem. Extent of variation in the abundance ratio of C. sexmaculata with 58 hemipterans species in wheat-weeds agroecosystem. Extent of variation in the abundance ratio of Camponotus spp. with 59 hemipterans species in wheat-weeds agroecosystem. The polynomial regression between C.
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  • Hemiptera (Heteroptera/Homoptera) As Prey of Robber Flies (Diptera: Asilidae) with Unpublished Records

    Hemiptera (Heteroptera/Homoptera) As Prey of Robber Flies (Diptera: Asilidae) with Unpublished Records

    J. Ent. Res. Soc., 12(1): 27-47, 2010 ISSN:1302-0250 Hemiptera (Heteroptera/Homoptera) as Prey of Robber Flies (Diptera: Asilidae) with Unpublished Records D. Steve DENNIS1 Robert J. LAVIGNE2 Jeanne G. DENNIS3 11105 Myrtle Wood Drive, St. Augustine, Florida 32086, USA e-mail: [email protected] 2Honorary Research Associate. Entomology, South Australia Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, AUSTRALIA and Professor Emeritus, Entomology, Department of Renewable Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, USA e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] 3P.O. Box 861161, St. Augustine, Florida 32086, USA, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Of the approximately 58,000 plus prey records in the Asilidae Predator-Prey Database, 9.1% are Hemiptera (3.5% Heteroptera and 5.6% Homoptera). Forty six of the 133 recognized worldwide Hemiptera families are preyed upon with generally more prey records for female than male robber flies. Potential explanations for robber flies, in particular females, preying upon Hemiptera are discussed. Numbers of Hemiptera prey are examined based on their associated families, genera and species. Hemiptera prey are also discussed in relation to robber fly subfamilies and genera. New records of Hemiptera prey are presented and compared with prey records in the Database. Keywords: Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Homoptera, prey, robber flies, Diptera, Asilidae INTRODUCTION The Hemiptera, the largest order of hemimetabolous insects consisting of approximately 70,000 to 80,000 plus described species (Meyer, 2008), occur worldwide. Traditionally the Hemiptera are divided into two suborders, the Heteroptera and Homoptera, although some taxonomists believe that the Coleorrhyncha, Stenorrhyncha and Auchenorryncha also are suborders.