The National Plant Biosecurity Status Report

2014 © Plant Health Australia 2015 Disclaimer: This publication is published by Plant Health Australia for information purposes only. Information in the document is drawn from a variety of sources outside This work is copyright. Apart from any use as Plant Health Australia. Although reasonable care was taken in its preparation, Plant Health permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part Australia does not warrant the accuracy, reliability, completeness or currency of the may be reproduced by any process without prior information, or its usefulness in achieving any purpose. permission from Plant Health Australia. Given that there are continuous changes in trade patterns, pest distributions, control Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction measures and agricultural practices, this report can only provide a snapshot in time. and rights should be addressed to: Therefore, all information contained in this report has been collected for the 12 month period from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2014, and should be validated and Communications Manager confirmed with the relevant organisations/authorities before being used. A list of Plant Health Australia contact details (including websites) is provided in the Appendices. 1/1 Phipps Close DEAKIN ACT 2600 To the fullest extent permitted by law, Plant Health Australia will not be liable for any loss, damage, cost or expense incurred in or arising by reason of any person relying on the ISSN 1838-8116 information in this publication. Readers should make and rely on their own assessment An electronic version of this report is available for and enquiries to verify the accuracy of the information provided. download from the Plant Health Australia website. Print copies can be ordered by contacting Plant Health Australia.

In referencing this document, the preferred citation is: National Plant Biosecurity Status Report (2014). Plant Health Australia, Canberra, ACT. Contents

OVERVIEW 7 CHAPTER 1 THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA 11 1.1 Plant biosecurity policy and legislation 12 Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity 13 National Plant Biosecurity Strategy 14 Biosecurity legislation 14 1.2 National committees 16 National Biosecurity Committee 16 Plant Health Committee 16 1.3 Australian Government plant health services 18 Department of Agriculture 18 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 20 Department of Environment 20 Department of Immigration and Border Protection 20 Other government organisations 20 1.4 State and territory plant biosecurity services 21 Australian Capital Territory 22 New South Wales 22 Northern Territory 22 Queensland 23 South Australia 23 Tasmania 23 Victoria 24 Western Australia 24 1.5 Private sector plant biosecurity services 26 Private consultants and commercial agronomists 26 Professional associations 26 Australian aerial agriculture operators 26 1.6 Plant Health Australia 27 1.7 Australia’s plant production industries 30 Industry representative bodies and growers 30 Crop production summary 30 CHAPTER 2 THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION 87 2.1 Australia’s High Priority Pests 89 2.2 Australia’s regionalised pests 98 2.3 Responses to Emergency Plant Pests 102 2.4 Managing weed threats in Australia 105

Image courtesy of Canned Fruit Industry Council of Australia CHAPTER 3 MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 109 3.1 Biosecurity and international trade 110 International agreements 111 Imports 114 Exports 116 3.2 Pre-border activities 120 Risk assessments 120 Verifications, inspections and audits 120 International plant health 121 Building capacity in the Asia-Pacific egionr 121 Intelligence 121 3.3 Activities at the border 122 Screening and inspection 122 Post-entry plant quarantine 122 Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy 123 3.4 Post-border activities 125 Domestic quarantine 126 Pre-emptive biosecurity planning 127 National management of fruit flies 127 Pest management 128 Pre-emptive breeding 130 Surveillance 130 Diagnostics 140 Forest health 151 On-farm biosecurity 152 Plant biosecurity communication 153 CHAPTER 4 RESPONDING TO PLANT PEST INCURSIONS 155 4.1 The Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed 156 National Management Group 157 Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests 157 Categorisation group 157 .2 PLANTPLAN 159 Contingency planning 159 Training 164 CHAPTER 5 RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION 167 5.1 National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy 169 5.2 Australian Government RD&E 170 Australian Government agencies and statutory authorities 170 Cooperative Research Centres 170 Research and Development Corporations 172 5.3 State and territory government RD&E 175 5.4 University and private research institution RD&E 175 5.5 Plant biosecurity RD&E in 2014 176 APPENDICES 197 INDEX 207

Image courtesy of Elaine Tou Tables and figures Case Studies

TABLES Chapter 1 Unmanned helicopters used to combat weeds 21 Table 1. Plant biosecurity related legislation 14 New tool makes biosecurity second nature 25 Table 2. Plant Health Australia’s members 28 WA mobile app to identify and report grain pests 51 Tables 3-34. Industry specific High Priority Pest lists 32-85 Chapter 2 Banana freckle sparks huge eradication response 97 Table 35. High Priority Pests designated during biosecurity planning 90 Table 36. Australia’s regionalised pests 99 Chapter 3 Blowing in the wind – long distance natural dispersal of pests 120 Table 37. Emergency responses to plant pests under EPPRD arrangements 103 Reducing plant quarantine times 124 Table 38. Pest detections notified under EPPRD arrangements that did International workshop on spray drift assessment 129 not result in a formal Cost-Shared emergency response 104 Harnessing the power of honey bees for crop pollination 137 Table 39. Department of Agriculture finalised and draft import policy advice 114 Award winner withstands disease threat to bananas 153 Table 40. Market access achievements for plant products since 2000 117 Table 41. Australian post-entry plant quarantine facilities 122 Chapter 4. Ginger industry signs the EPPRD, bringing the total number of Table 42. Current industry biosecurity plans covering Australia’s plant industries 127 industry Parties to 30 158 Table 43. Australia’s plant biosecurity surveillance programs 131 Emergency response changes in 2014 159 Table 44. Samples examined for pests of bees, by state and territory, 2014 139 Chapter 5. Diagnosing a serious plant pest 171 Table 45. Samples examined for pests of bees and pest bees, by agent, 2014 139 Table 46. Australia’s diagnostic services, their capabilities and accreditations 141 Table 47. National Diagnostic Protocols 148 Table 48. Biosecurity manuals for producers of various industries 152 Table 49. Description of the EPP categories and the associated Affected Party Cost Sharing splits 157 Table 50. Contingency plans 160 Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects 178

FIGURES Figure 1. Value of plant and animal production industries in Australia 9 Figure 2. National biosecurity committees and working groups with plant focus 17 Figure 3. Department of Agriculture regional boundaries for biosecurity operations 19 Figure 4. Comparative value of Australia’s plant production industries 30 Figures 5-72. Industry production data 84 Figure 73. Key components of Australia’s plant biosecurity continuum 110 Figure 74. NAQS surveillance area 123 Figure 75. Quarantine zones in the Torres Strait 123 Figure 76. Surveillance programs by target host 137 Figure 77. Surveillance programs by target pest type 137 Figure 78. National Diagnostic Protocol endorsement process 146 Figures 79-82. RD&E project summaries 176-177

Image courtesy of PBCRC Image courtesy of PBCRC Foreword

This 7th edition of the National Plant Biosecurity Status Report provides a synopsis of the No one knows where Australia’s next plant biosecurity challenge will come from, but it is plant biosecurity system in Australia in 2014. reassuring to know that whatever it is, there is an extensive system set to minimise any impacts. In a constantly changing environment this is exactly what is required to protect the Chapter 1 presents the architecture of the system, introducing all the major players and economy, livelihoods, communities and the environment. showing how industry and government stakeholders work together to protect our plant industries and unique natural environment. PHA thanks all of the contributors to this volume. It wouldn’t be possible to compile without your cooperation. Pests of significance are detailed in Chapter 2, including exotic pests that have been identified as posing the largest risk to Australia, the pests that are currently being contained to regions of the country and those that prompted some response activity under the terms of the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed.

Chapter 3 charts the myriad activities that are carried out all over Australia, as well as at the border and pre-border, to combat plant pests. Activities range from complying with Dr Tony Gregson AM, FTSE international phytosanitary agreements, carrying out import risk analyses on proposed imports, the efforts of the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy to keep pests of the tropics from entering to pest surveillance activities and on-farm biosecurity.

Australia’s emergency plant pest response system is described in Chapter 4, along with a list of contingency plans that set out how particular pests would be dealt with in the event of an incursion.

The report concludes with Chapter 5, which provides updated data on all the plant biosecurity research projects that were underway during the year.

Altogether the report reveals an impressive system that results from the efforts of multiple stakeholders. It covers biosecurity legislation and national governance committees, communication networks, national fruit fly management and Australia’s diagnostic expertise. Throughout the volume, case studies reveal the human side of plant biosecurity and give examples of changes on the ground. 6 Image courtesy of PBCRC Overview The importance of plant biosecurity

Australia’s plant production industries are in the enviable Plant pests are a significant problem worldwide. It is estimated that every year between position of being free from many of the serious pests that 20 and 40 per cent of crops are lost to plant pests and weeds globally1. Fortunately, impact industries oversees. This is due in most part to Australia is free from many of the pests that contribute to losses overseas, due to our

OVERVIEW geographic isolation and a world class border protection system. Australia’s geographic isolation and a history of focused, effective quarantine measures. This freedom from many of the worst plant pests provides many benefits to producers, plant industries and our economy, including high yields, lower production costs and access to premium markets for our produce. To maintain this favourable situation, Australia places a high priority on plant biosecurity, and has developed an International trade, people movements and natural means of entry such as wind and internationally recognised system to protect our water currents means that Australia’s pest status advantage cannot be taken for granted. environment and our crops. Australian producers grow a wide variety of crops including sugarcane and ginger in the tropical north, walnuts and potatoes in the southern temperate zones and broadacre production of pulses, cotton, forestry, pasture and grains throughout the country. Each of The strength of the Australian approach is cooperation these crops need protection from a specific set of pests which pose a threat to production. between industry and government partners. Together the plant production industries make a significant contribution to the Australian economy, with a gross value of $31.8 billion in 2013–142, up six per cent from 2012–13 in a general trend of increasing value for decades (see Figure 1). Plant production is worth The definition of apest 1 used in this report (except in Chapter 4) covers all insects, significantly more than livestock production for Australia, and the gap has widened mites, snails, nematodes, pathogens (diseases) and weeds that are injurious to quickly in recent years. In addition to the fiscal contribution it makes, plant production plants, plant products or bees. Exotic pests are those not currently present in also supports Australian families and rural communities and supports global food security. Australia. Established or endemic pests are those currently present within Australia.

1 Savary, S, Ficke, A, Aubertot, J-N and Hollier, C (2012). Crop losses due to diseases and their implications for global food production losses and food security. Food Security, 4(4): 519-537 8 2 ABARES (2014) Agricultural Commodity Statistics 2013 Figure 1. Value of plant and animal production industries in Australia, 1972–2014*

35

30

25 OVERVIEW

20

15

VALUE (GVP $ BILLION ) VALUE 10

5

0 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14

Total crops Total livestock YEAR

* Includes forestry from 1995-96 Source: ABS 7503 data series, ABARES Agricultural Commodities Vol 5, no. 1 March quarter 2015

Our unique ecosystems also need protection from invasive exotic plant pests, some of which could change the face of the landscape and threaten a number of native species. Australia has a high level of species richness with a large number of endemic plants and animals that occur nowhere else on Earth. Parklands and other public amenities could also be greatly reduced by the introduction of exotic plant pests.

With a total coastline stretching almost 60,000 km, no single organisation could effectively guard against all plant pest threats to Australia’s borders. Instead, the plant biosecurity system works through collaboration between the Australian Government, state and territory governments, plant industries and their growers, researchers, Plant Health Australia (PHA) and the wider community. Only by working together, and by coordinating activities along a continuum from pre-border, border and within Australia, can plant biosecurity be effective.

Chapter 1 provides an overview of the different roles and responsibilities of the organisations and individuals within Australia’s plant biosecurity system and how the partnerships have evolved to keep pace with the new challenges and demands of Australia in an increasingly globalised marketplace.

Image courtesy of RIRDC 9 10 Chapter 1 The plant biosecurity system in Australia 1.1 Plant biosecurity policy and legislation

The framework for managing the cooperative partnership that underpin Australia’s effective plant biosecurity system consists of a suite of strategies, policies and legislation. These not Australia’s plant biosecurity system involves efforts along only provide the current structure, but provide a vision of how the plant biosecurity system the whole biosecurity continuum—pre-border, at the should operate into the future. border and post-border—not simply restrictions Australia’s biosecurity system has been subject to review several times. Recommendations at international entry points. Risk mitigation activities from the reviews have seen the Australian Government Department of Agriculture pre-border prevent pests reaching Australia, border recognise that a future focused approach is vital to maintain a strong and resilient restrictions aim to intercept pests and post-border biosecurity system that will protect Australia from new biosecurity challenges, initiatives focus on preparedness and emergency whatever they may be. responses within Australia. These activities across the Key themes underpinning continuous improvement to Australia’s biosecurity system continuum are carried out by a range of stakeholders include: including a cooperative government-industry partnership. • Targeting what matters most, including risk-based decision making and managing biosecurity risk across the continuum (pre-border, at the border and post-border). • Good regulation, including effective legislation and reduced regulatory burden. • Better processes, including service delivery modernisation and streamlined systems. • Sharing the responsibility, including maintaining productive relationships with all levels of government, primary industries and the wider Australian public. • Maintaining a capable workforce.

The benefits of the modern biosecurity system are realised by industry, government and the community, with positive flow-through effects to the economy more generally. Benefits include streamlined business processes, productivity improvements and reduced ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION regulatory burden in a seamless and lower cost business environment. The system is characterised by risk-based decision making, the use of intelligence, a single point of regulatory contact and robust partnerships.

12 INTERGOVERNMENTAL AGREEMENT ON BIOSECURITY Within government, Australia’s partnership approach to biosecurity is underpinned by the Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity (IGAB)3, signed in January 2012. The IGAB strengthens the working partnership between the Australian Government and state and territory governments by defining the roles and responsibilities of governments, and outlining priority areas for collaboration and improving the national biosecurity system.

Under the IGAB, key aspects of Australia’s biosecurity system are becoming better coordinated. Areas addressed include mechanisms to allow emergency response information to be shared between governments, an improved model for managing nationally significant established pests, measures to improve the transparency and rigour of national decision making and investment and a national research, development and extension strategy. A public information and stakeholder engagement framework with standardised tools for all jurisdictions has also been developed4.

As responsibility for biosecurity management is shared, the agreement also provides opportunities for industries, natural resource managers and the community to work together to achieve some of the reforms outlined in the IGAB. PHA has been an active contributor to this process, and has aligned the National Plant Biosecurity Strategy (see next section) with the goals and objectives of the agreement.

The National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement (NEBRA)5 is the first deliverable of IGAB and sets out emergency response arrangements, including cost- sharing, for biosecurity incidents that primarily impact the environment and social amenity. ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION In 2014 NEBRA was used for red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) incidents in Yarwun (Queensland) and Port Botany (NSW) including agreed cost-shared Response Plans. It has since been amended to include additional schedule attachments, including a national framework for the conduct of biosecurity related benefit-cost analyses.

3 IGAB is available at www.coag.gov.au/node/47. 4 Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (2012) Reform of Australia’s biosecurity system: An update since the publication of One Biosecurity: a working partnership, Canberra. 5 NEBRA is available at www.coag.gov.au/node/74. 13 NATIONAL PLANT BIOSECURITY STRATEGY Table 1. Plant biosecurity related legislation

6 The National Plant Biosecurity Strategy (NPBS) outlines a set of aims and activities to Jurisdiction Administering authority Legislation strengthen Australia’s plant biosecurity system by 2020. PHA developed the strategy Commonwealth Department of Agriculture Quarantine Act 1908 by drawing together the views of stakeholders across Australia. Quarantine Regulations 2000 The NPBS was finalised in December 2010 with endorsement from PHA members and the Quarantine Proclamation 1998 process of implementing the recommendations began in 2011. With the benefits of many Export Control Act 1982 of the recommendations cutting across both industry and governments, responsibility for Export Control (orders) Regulations guiding the implementation process has been divided among organisations and 1982 committees, based on their expertise. Commonwealth Department of Environment, Water, Environment Protection and Heritage and the Arts Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 The government aspects of implementation are overseen by the Plant Health Committee Environment Protection and (PHC), with specific input from the Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics (SPHD) and Biodiversity Conservation the Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance (SNPHS) on implementing the Regulations 2000 diagnostic and surveillance aspects, respectively. Commonwealth Office of Gene Technology Gene Technology Act 2000 Regulator Plant industries are contributing to NPBS implementation through biosecurity preparedness ACT Environment ACT Plant Disease Act 2002 activities such as developing contingency plans and prioritising threats through the industry Pest Plants and Animals Act 2005 biosecurity planning process. NSW Department of Primary Industries Plant Diseases Act 1924 The NPBS continues to provide the focus and strategic direction for national plant Plant Diseases Regulation 2008 biosecurity activities and, through its implementation, is strengthening the plant biosecurity Noxious Weeds Act 1993 system. Noxious Weeds Regulation 2008 NT Department of Primary Industry Plant Health Act 2008 BIOSECURITY LEGISLATION and Fisheries Plant Health Regulations 2011 Australia’s biosecurity system operates under Commonwealth, state and territory legislation Qld Department of Agriculture and Plant Protection Act 1989 Fisheries administered and managed by the respective government agricultural and environmental Plant Protection Regulation 2002 SA Primary Industries and Regions Plant Health Act 2009 ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION agencies. Legislation current at 31 December 2014 is listed in Table 1. Plant Health Regulations 2010 Legislation covers a range of activities involving the international movement of people Tas Department of Primary Industries, Plant Quarantine Act 1997 and goods into Australia, movement of goods within the country and exporting agricultural Parks, Water and Environment Weed Management Act 1999 commodities. There are also laws covering related aspects such as the collection of primary industry levies to cover the costs of biosecurity activities, reporting of suspicious Vic Department of Economic Plant Biosecurity Act 2010 Development, Jobs, Transport Plant Biosecurity Regulations 2012 pests and biosecurity incident responses. and Resources The Biosecurity Bill 2014 and supporting legislation was introduced by the government WA Department of Agriculture and Plant Diseases Act 1914 Food into Parliament on 27 November 2014, and is expected to be legislated in 2015, updating Plant Diseases Regulations 1989 current federal laws. Biosecurity and Agricultural Management Act 2007

6 NPBS is available at www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/NPBS.

14 ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

15 1.2 National committees

The Australian Government has primary responsibility for pre-border and border PLANT HEALTH COMMITTEE biosecurity activities, including international phytosanitary obligations, export certification, PHC is the peak government plant biosecurity policy forum. Its role is to maintain or trade negotiation and quarantine; while the states and territories are responsible for improve plant health in Australia in support of the economy, environment and community. biosecurity matters affecting their rural industries, environment and community, including PHC provides strategic policy, technical and regulatory advice, and national leadership on surveillance, incursion and response (described further in Chapter 3). This division of plant biosecurity matters and has responsibility for overseeing the implementation of the powers, coupled with a desire on the part of the Australian and state and territory government aspects of the NPBS. governments to work collaboratively in developing national approaches to primary industries issues and plant biosecurity, was the catalyst for establishing the national Through its subcommittees, currently SPHD, SNPHS and Subcommittee on Domestic committee framework (Figure 2). Quarantine and Market Access (SDQMA), PHC also facilitates a consistent national approach to legislative outcomes and standards within the plant biosecurity sector. National committees provide a mechanism for considering and deciding key plant PHC’s membership comprises representatives from the Australian Government and biosecurity policy and procedures across jurisdictions. PHA provides additional links state and territory governments. PHA and subcommittee chairs have observer status. to other organisations, particularly industry bodies. In 2014 PHC initiated the development of a national pest prioritisation framework and The Agriculture Senior Officials Committee (AGSOC) is responsible for primary industries policy provided advice on the implications for the plant sector of national reform activities arising issues. AGSOC comprises the heads of primary industry government departments from the from the IGAB. PHC has advanced the harmonisation of domestic export requirements, Australian Government, Australian states and territories and the New Zealand government. a trade framework to streamline regulations for producers, and adopted nationally AGSOC is in turn supported by the National Biosecurity Committee (NBC). consistent requirements for determining and recognising pest area freedom claims that meet international standards. NATIONAL BIOSECURITY COMMITTEE The National Biosecurity Committee is responsible for managing a national, strategic approach to biosecurity issues relating to plant and animal pests and diseases, marine pests and aquatics, and the impact of these on agriculture production, the environment, ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION community well-being and social amenity. A core objective of the committee is to promote cooperation, coordination, consistency, and synergies across and between Australian Governments. The NBC’s authority is derived from the IGAB which was developed under the Council of Australian Governments and signed by first ministers. The NBC has reporting responsibilities to ministers responsible for biosecurity through relevant Chief Executive Officers.

The Secretary of the Department of Agriculture chairs the NBC as a member of the AGSOC. The Australian Government is also represented by the Department of Agriculture's Deputy Secretary, Biosecurity, and a Deputy Secretary from the Department of the Environment (or his/her delegate).

Remaining members are senior representatives from primary industry or environment departments for each state or territory. Jurisdictions may have up to two representatives.

The Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics met in Sydney in October 2014

16 Figure 2. National biosecurity committees and working groups with plant focus

KEY

Environment, primary industries Federal and state/territory BINCN IABIT BWG BEPWG and plant biosecurity focus Ministers

Emergency response

NBC Working Groups NBC

AHC AWC MPSC PHC IPAC

NMG CCEPP SAP SDQMA SNPHS SPHD (EPPRD) (EPPRD) (EPPRD)

Non-EPPRD Non-EPPRD management consultative groups committees ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Abbreviations Abbreviations Abbreviations AHC Animal Health Committee IABTT Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity PHC Plant Health Committee Implementation Taskforce AWC Australian Weeds Committee SAP Scientific Advisory Panel IGAB WGs Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity BEPWG Biosecurity Emergency Preparedness Working Implementation Working Groups SDQMA Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Group Market Access IPAC Invasive Plants and Animals Committee BINCN Biosecurity Incident National Communication SNPHS Subcommittee on National Plant Health Network MPSC Marine Pest Sectoral Committee Surveillance BWG Benchmarks Working Group NBC National Biosecurity Committee SPHD Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics CCEPP Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant NMG National Management Group VPC Vertebrate Pest Committee Pests NSECG National Stakeholder Engagement EPPRD Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed Consultative Group

17 1.3 Australian Government plant health services

The plant biosecurity responsibilities of the Australian Government are delivered principally The Department of Agriculture also pursues international market access for Australia’s through the Agriculture portfolio, in collaboration with other relevant agencies. industries and access to the Australian market for our trading partners through bilateral, regional and multilateral engagement. Priority is given to: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE • Working to remove impediments to international trade. • Progressing and resolving market access issues for portfolio industries. Australia’s approach to managing the risk of incursions of exotic pests is multi-layered, involving complementary measures applied along the biosecurity continuum: pre-border, • Facilitating targeted technical assistance and agricultural cooperation in support at the border and post-border. The Department of Agriculture’s core priorities in managing of portfolio interests. biosecurity are to: • Assisting the development of international standards for portfolio products and • Effectively identify risks and target resources to the areas of greatest return from a risk industries. management perspective. The Department of Agriculture’s work is supported and enhanced by a network of • Partner with other governments, industry, clients and stakeholders to manage agricultural counsellors located in China, Europe, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, the Australia’s biosecurity. Middle East, Thailand and the United States. At each stage of the continuum, success • Deliver biosecurity services to support access to overseas markets and protect the is dependent on partnerships between governments, industry and the community. economy and the environment from the impacts of unwanted pests. • Support Australia’s reputation as a competitive exporter of agricultural goods and products.

Pre-border activities seek to prevent biosecurity risks reaching Australia by understanding global risks, working with international trading partners and the private sector, and engaging with travellers about Australia’s biosecurity requirements. Specific activities include cooperation in multilateral forums, import risk analyses, collaborative plant health surveys in partnership with Australia’s nearest neighbours, and capacity development audit activities, all aimed at managing plant health risks prior to reaching Australia. ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

Border activities seek to intercept biosecurity risks at airports, seaports, mail centres and along Australia’s coastline. Border activities include import permit requirements, inspection of passengers, goods, vessels and mail, audit activities, monitoring and surveillance activities for exotic animal and plant pests, and post-entry quarantine. Rather than being based on state and territory boundaries, five consolidated regions have been established to provide the most effective biosecurity services possible for clients and stakeholders (Figure 3).

Post-border, the Department of Agriculture works cooperatively with other Australian Government agencies, state and territory governments and industry partners to detect and respond to plant pest emergencies that may adversely impact on Australia’s agriculture, fisheries and forestry industries and the environment. Examples of post-border activities include national policy development, enhancing surveillance and diagnostic capability, and the facilitation of emergency preparedness and response plans. Formal national arrangements exist for managing responses to Emergency Plant Pests (see Chapters 2 and 4).

18 Figure 3. Department of Agriculture regional boundaries for biosecurity operations (effective 1 July 2009) ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

Northern Includes Torres Strait and south to Cardwell, Northern Territory, west to Broome and the Indian Ocean territories South West From south of Broome, includes South Australia (including Broken Hill – excluding Riverland) South East Includes Tasmania, Riverland and extends north to Riverina and east coast NSW to Eden Central East Includes NSW with the exception of Eden and areas south, Riverina and far north coast North East Extends from Cardwell to far north coast NSW, south to Grafton 19 20 CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Image courtesy ofPHA their skillsforthe benefitofdevelopingcountries and Australia. developmentcooperationprograms. Australian Government's ACIARencourages Australia'sagriculturalscientists touse The AustralianCentre AgriculturalResearch forInternational (ACIAR)isastatutoryauthoritythatoperatesaspartofthe information, adviceandservices. agency. Austrade’s roletrade,investmentand educationinterests istoadvanceAustralia's international by providing The AustralianTrade Commission,Austrade,istheAustralianGovernment’s trade,investmentandeducationpromotion Technology Regulator(OGTR),theAustralianPesticidesandVeterinary MedicinesAuthority(APVMA)andDFAT. Department ofHealth,CommonwealthScientificandIndustrialResearch Organisation(CSIRO),theOffice oftheGene agenciesthatcontributetomaintainingAustralia’sOther AustralianGovernment plantbiosecuritysystemincludethe decision makersreceive current scientificandeconomicadvice. Agriculture, supportstheplant biosecuritysystemthrough agencies,toensure collaborationwithothergovernment that The AustralianBureau ofAgriculture andResource EconomicsandSciences(ABARES), withintheDepartmentof OTHER GOVERNMENTORGANISATIONS border protection andbiosecurityfunctions. ensure thatbothagencies continuetolookforopportunitiesimprove effectiveness andefficiency inmanagingcommon Memorandum ofUnderstandingtounderpinthestrategicworkingrelationship betweenthetwoagencies.Itseeksto In 2011,thethenDepartmentofAgriculture andAustralianCustomsBorder Protection Serviceentered intoa Australian border. Agriculture andtheDepartmentofDefence,toregulate andcontrol themovementofgoodsandpeopleacross the agencies,inparticulartheAustralianFederalPolice,Departmentof andinternational closely withothergovernment The DepartmentofImmigrationandBorder Protection managesthesecurityandintegrityofAustralia’s borders. Itworks DEPARTMENT OFIMMIGRATION ANDBORDERPROTECTION in relation toriskassessments. FaunaandFlora(CITES).Italsoprovides advicetotheDepartmentofAgricultureSpecies ofWild onenvironmental issues Trade1908) andensuringthatAustraliacomplieswithitsobligationsundertheConventiononInternational inEndangered proposals toimportlivespecies(exceptplants,theapprovals ofwhichare done inaccordance withtheQuarantineAct Act1999forassessingtheenvironmental Environment ProtectionandBiodiversityConservation impactassociatedwith invasive plantsthatcauseharmtotheenvironment. TheDepartmentoftheEnvironment isalsoresponsible underthe The DepartmentoftheEnvironment isresponsible for contributingtothedevelopmentofnationalpoliciesonpestsand DEPARTMENT OFENVIRONMENT agenciestocoordinategovernment Australia’s global,regional andbilateralinterests. The departmentprovides foreign,andworkswithother tradeanddevelopment policyadvicetothegovernment prosperous bypromoting andprotecting ourinterestsandcontributingtoglobalstabilityeconomicgrowth. internationally The purposeoftheDepartmentForeign Affairs andTrade (DFAT) istohelpmakeAustraliastronger, saferandmore DEPARTMENT OFFOREIGNAFFAIRS ANDTRADE 1.4 State and territory plant biosecurity services Unmanned helicopters used to combat weeds Aerial pesticide application has been a feature of Australian agriculture for 60 years with a fleet of planes and helicopters assisting farmers by spraying, seeding and fertilising crops and pastures, particularly in broadacre production. State and territory governments are responsible for the delivery of plant biosecurity operations and the supporting legislation within their respective borders, under the In recent years producers and land managers have access to a new technology— Australian Constitution. Each state and territory utilises a different approach in fulfilling this unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)—that are proving very useful for biosecurity role, primarily due to the varied climatic conditions and legislative frameworks across the activities in particular situations. UAVs are an ideal solution for surveillance and country. Nonetheless, the national management of the plant biosecurity system ensures spraying in hard to reach places or where precision application is required. that a number of core services are provided: The RMAX helicopter has been used in biosecurity work by the ACT Department • Management of state and territory imports and exports: of Territory and Municipal Services to tackle weeds in the Brindabella Range, –– State quarantine services for the clearance of passengers, cargo, mail, plants and to the west of Canberra. At just over 3 metres long and powered by a two-stroke plant products moving interstate. engine, the RMAX is manoeuvrable and cost-effective to operate. It carries two –– Export and market access support, including plant health certification services, eight litre tanks for herbicide spraying. the accreditation and auditing of export compliance arrangements, and surveys and An ACT RMAX franchisee was contracted by the government to spray blackberry inspections to support area freedom. with herbicide in hard to reach situations such as on steep hillsides, along gullies • Science based risk analysis to identify pest threats and inform plant biosecurity policy and creeks and where brambles might be obscured by rocky outcrops or power and operations. lines.

• Emergency response services, involving activities to prepare for, and respond to, a plant Work facilitated by PHA on behalf of Yamaha Sky Division Australia, evaluated the pest incursion. effectiveness of pesticide spraying from an RMAX remote controlled helicopter, • Delivery of responsibilities under the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD) paving the way for weed spraying by this UAV in Australia. (Chapter 4). • Core services to support biosecurity: –– Surveillance and monitoring for early detection of pests, maintaining area freedom and delimiting the extent of pests, in partnership with industry surveillance. OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION –– Diagnostic services to identify plant pests (both endemic and exotic) found on a broad range of crops. –– The development and maintenance of information systems to support routine and emergency plant biosecurity management. –– Communication programs to raise awareness of biosecurity. • Research, development and extension (RD&E) to support the continued improvement of pest management and protection capabilities. • Development and administration of plant biosecurity legislation and policies.

The remote controlled RMAX helicopter has been used to tackle blackberry brambles in the Brindabella Range to the west of Canberra. Image courtesy of PHA

21 AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY NORTHERN TERRITORY

Lead agency: Territory and Municipal Services (TAMS) Directorate Lead agency: NT Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries (NT DPIF) www.tams.act.gov.au www.nt.gov.au/d The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Government manages plant biosecurity through Plant biosecurity in the NT is managed by the Plant Biosecurity Branch, within NT DPIF’s the TAMS Directorate, together with the Environment and Planning Directorate (EPD). Biosecurity and Animal Welfare Division. The Plant Biosecurity Branch is responsible for the TAMS is responsible for the operational implementation of biosecurity initiatives and EPD development and implementation of plant biosecurity policies, programs and procedures is responsible for policy development. aimed at maintaining NT’s freedom from plant pests that could adversely impact on trade, market access, public health and the environment. Although the ACT does not have many plant production industries, the government is represented on national committees during plant pest emergency responses and The objectives of the Plant Biosecurity Branch include: participates in the development of associated national frameworks and strategies when it has the expertise to contribute. • Maintaining and improving the plant health status of the plant and plant product industries of NT. Plant biosecurity activities in the ACT are underpinned by the Plant Diseases Act 2002, • Ensuring that plant and plant products that enter NT comply with the Plant Health Act the Pest Plants and Animals Act 2005, the Magistrates Court (Plant Diseases Infringement 2008 and Plant Health Regulations 2011. Notices) Regulation 2005 and the Nature Conservation Act 2014. • Minimise the risk of exotic pests entering NT through compliance and surveillance. • Ensuring preparedness for effective emergency response mechanisms in the event of NEW SOUTH WALES an Emergency Plant Pest (EPP) incursion. • Facilitating interstate trade of plant and plant products through certification, inspection Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries (NSW DPI) and the Interstate Certification Assurance program. www.dpi.nsw.gov.au • Conducting active and passive pest surveillance to support market access nationally NSW DPI is the principal agency responsible for plant biosecurity in New South Wales, and within NT. ensuring policies, management and procedures are in place to minimise the impact of existing, invasive and emergency pests. NSW DPI maintains rapid response mechanisms • Conducting active surveillance for the early detection for a range of EPPs. for pest incursions in order to protect trade and market access, agricultural resources, • Preparing for effective emergency response mechanisms in the event of an EPP regional economies and the environment. The NSW Biosecurity Strategy defines how incursion. NSW DPI, in partnership with other government agencies, industry and the public, • Developing, implementing and reviewing NT’s plant health policy and legislation. ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION manages biosecurity risks to NSW. The Plant Biosecurity Program is underpinned by the Plant Health Act 2008 and the Plant Within NSW DPI, the Plant Biosecurity and Product Integrity Branch develops plant pest policy directions and has oversight of operational responses to Emergency Plant Pests Health Regulations 2011. The Act and Regulations aim to minimise the risk of plant pests (Section 4.1, page 146) in NSW. The group provides advice to, and participates actively entering and establishing in the NT through movement and importation controls on plants in, national decision making forums for plant pests of national significance. Within NSW, and plant products. They also provide the powers to ensure appropriate action can be investigations, diagnosis, surveillance and operational activities are implemented by the taken for the control of pests if an incursion were to occur. Plant Health Diagnostic Service at Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, the Australian Scientific Collections Unit at Orange Agricultural Institute, the state wide network of compliance officers and the emergency management First Response Team. Close collaboration is established with entomology and plant pathology researchers and with the state-wide Local Land Services network.

Current legislation underpinning the NSW Government’s plant biosecurity activities are the Plant Diseases Act 1924 No. 38, the Plant Diseases Regulation 2008, the Noxious Weeds Act 1993 No.11 and the Noxious Weeds Regulation 2008, all of which are administered by NSW DPI. There is a state wide review of biosecurity legislation in NSW in progress.

22 QUEENSLAND TASMANIA

Lead agency: Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (QDAF) Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and www.daf.qld.gov.au Environment (DPIPWE) Within QDAF, Biosecurity Queensland is responsible for: developing policies, standards, www.dpipwe.tas.gov.au delivery systems and services to reduce the risk of introduction of exotic plant pests; The DPIPWE Biosecurity Tasmania Division manages biosecurity policy and programs minimising the impacts of new plant pest incursions on Queensland’s plant industries, for plant pests. Branches within this division are responsible for the development and environment and communities; and preserving and expanding market access for implementation of policies on barrier control, surveillance and monitoring, risk analysis, Queensland’s plant based industries. The Plant Biosecurity and Product Integrity program, EPP response and incursion management and plant biosecurity communications. within Biosecurity Queensland, has responsibility for plant biosecurity, diagnostics and the implementation of programs for the detection, control and prevention of certain plant pests. Central to biosecurity emergency preparedness in Tasmania is the Biosecurity Emergency Preparedness Program. This program features an all-hazard approach and all Biosecurity Agri-Science Queensland, a division of QDAF, undertakes research, development and Emergency Response Team (BERT) members receive the same training regardless of extension on a wide range of plant pests in the cropping, horticultural and forestry whether they are from animal, plant, fisheries or other natural resources areas. At present industries. The group provides additional diagnostic capability, undertakes surveillance BERT consists of over 100 registered volunteers. The Tasmanian Government’s Biosecurity and develops integrated management packages to limit the impacts of pests within Policy and the Tasmanian Biosecurity Strategy provide the state framework for all farming systems. government biosecurity actions and decision making processes, including EPP responses.

Currently, plant biosecurity management in Queensland is underpinned by the Plant Plant biosecurity in Tasmania is underpinned by the Plant Quarantine Act 1997. When Protection Act 1989 and Plant Protection Regulation 2002, which are focused on needed, this is complemented by the Emergency Service Act 1976. This legislation has preventing, controlling and removing pest infestations of plants and related purposes. been shown to provide an appropriate range of specific and general legislative functions This legislation is also complemented by a number of other acts, including the Agricultural and powers to deal with prevention, monitoring, control and eradication of plant pests. Standards Act 1994 and the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (Queensland) Act 1994. In addition, the various Tasmanian Government agency responsibilities are detailed in the Tasmanian Emergency Management Plan, which includes details of biosecurity emergency response arrangements. SOUTH AUSTRALIA

Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries and Regions SA (PIRSA) www.pir.sa.gov.au ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Biosecurity SA, a division within PIRSA, is responsible for the development and implementation of plant biosecurity policies, programs and procedures aimed at maintaining SA’s freedom from pests that could adversely impact trade, market access, public health, food safety, the rural economy and the environment.

Given SA’s freedom from fruit flies of economic significance, PIRSA has a strong focus on operations aimed at preventing their entry and establishment. These activities include a dedicated state wide fruit fly trapping grid, static quarantine stations and random roadblocks, targeted awareness and education campaigns, and specific measures to effectively respond to and eradicate any fruit flies detected.

Plant biosecurity programs in SA are underpinned by the Plant Health Act 2009 and Plant Health Regulations 2009. In addition, the Plant Quarantine Standard SA has been established under the Act to identify the relevant conditions of entry for fruit, vegetables, plants, plant products, machinery or equipment of biosecurity concern.

23 VICTORIA WESTERN AUSTRALIA

Lead agency: Victorian Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Lead agency: Department of Agriculture and Food WA (DAFWA) Transport and Resources (DEDJTR Vic) www.agric.wa.gov.au www.ecodev.vic.gov.au Maintaining market access and productive capacity for the agriculture and food sector are The Biosecurity branch of DEDJTR Vic delivers biosecurity and product integrity programs the key drivers for DAFWA investment in biosecurity services. This contributes to market across the agriculture, forest and amenity plant sectors. Activities are guided by the state’s competitiveness, profitability and sustainability in WA. Biosecurity services are delivered Biosecurity Strategy. The aim is to minimise the impact of EPP incidents on the through a network of dedicated and skilled staff throughout the state. environment and production systems and maintain access to local and overseas markets. Plant biosecurity in WA is governed mainly by the Biosecurity and Agriculture Management The Chief Plant Health Officer Unit of the biosecurity branch is responsible for the Act 2007. This Act establishes a modern biosecurity regulatory system to prevent serious development, review and monitoring of policies, protocols and procedures in accordance animal and plant pests from entering the state and becoming established, and to minimise with national and international obligations. The Agriculture Service Biosecurity Operations the spread and impact of any pests that are already present. branch delivers operational functions from a number of regional centres according to technical standards and protocols which are underpinned by the Plant Biosecurity Act 2010. Opportunities are provided under the legislation for producers and marketers to adopt quality assurance arrangements which are subject to regular audit and improvement.

Scientific and diagnostic support is provided by the Biosciences Research Division. It provides expert technical advice to assist incursion response, market access programs and other biosecurity initiatives (e.g. industry biosecurity plans) as well as technical expert representation on national committees and working groups. This Division and its associated Crop Health Services diagnostic business supports biosecurity by providing diagnoses in the areas of entomology, mycology, nematology, virology and bacteriology. Specialist diagnostic services and expertise has also been provided to interstate jurisdictions to support national incursion responses.

Victoria has led and managed response programs for Queensland fruit fly, chestnut blight,

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION giant pine scale and blueberry rust. Targeted surveillance was undertaken to maintain area freedom status for red imported fire ant, Asian gypsy moth, Asian longicorn beetle and Japanese sawyer beetle. Surveillance was also conducted for green snail to support ongoing market access and regulatory reform. DEDJTR Vic has worked with other state and national jurisdictions to investigate trace forward leads to Victoria for cucumber green mottle mosaic virus and little cherry virus 2 as well as undertaking targeted field surveillance for these two diseases. DEDJTR Vic officers were deployed to the Darwin banana freckle response to assist with operational delivery. Officers also investigated a significant number of suspected emergency plant pests reported by industry and the community.

24 New tool makes biosecurity second nature The Farm Biosecurity Action Planner, which was launched in 2014, encourages producers to build a biosecurity plan around their daily, seasonal or yearly farm routines, so that biosecurity simply becomes a habit.

The planner has been well received by plant and animal producers because it makes it easy to identify biosecurity risks based on the six biosecurity ‘essentials’ of the Farm Biosecurity Program.

By looking at a property with the essentials in mind, farmers can use the planner to identify any risks and the simple and practical measures they can take to mitigate them. It can be used in conjunction with the essentials videos featured on the Farm Biosecurity website.

Actions like quarantining new livestock or plants, placing appropriate signs, pest surveillance, using chemicals appropriately, limiting access to production areas, and cleaning vehicles or equipment are all covered in the planner.

The Farm Biosecurity Action Planner is available from www.farmbiosecurity.com. au/planner.

Farm Biosecurity is a joint initiative of Animal Health Australia and Plant Health Australia managed on behalf of members. ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

25 1.5 Private sector plant biosecurity services

Outside the activities performed by the Australian and state and territory governments, PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS and industry bodies, plant biosecurity receives a large contribution from the private sector. A number of Australian societies and associations whose membership includes scientific professionals are linked with plant biosecurity. These organisations contribute to the PRIVATE CONSULTANTS AND COMMERCIAL development and international recognition of Australia’s plant biosecurity system through AGRONOMISTS a range of activities including: Private consultants and advisers in Australia provide a wide range of professional services • peer reviews and publication of research findings to plant production industries and their growers. Across a range of crop types, and in most • provision of pest, disease and weed notes key production areas, consultants provide extensive plant biosecurity extension advice. • scientific reviews Working closely with growers at farm level is an effective mechanism for ensuring growers • convening forums to share plant biosecurity research are maximising their efficiency when it comes to maintaining biosecurity. • independent comment and input into the development and implementation of plant In addition to private consultants, commercial agronomists work across a wide range biosecurity policy and the development of international phytosanitary standards of Australian plant production industries, providing local services through the major • encouraging professionalism amongst plant scientists and technicians. distribution chains. They are backed by national technical networks which provide a comprehensive suite of services to agricultural industries. This group of professional Key associations include the Australasian Plant Pathology Society, the Australian Society agriculturalists supply a variety of free and consultative services across the spectrum for Microbiology, the Australian Entomological Society and the Council of Australian Weed of crops grown in Australia, including specialty services for plant biosecurity issues. Societies.

Many consultants and agronomists are members of professional organisations. The entry criteria for these organisations ensures that consultants and advisers are professionals who AUSTRALIAN AERIAL AGRICULTURE OPERATORS provide a high standard of advice and abide by a code of ethics. Aerial agriculture has played an important role in Australian agriculture for over half a decade. Some 300 agricultural aircraft are used to efficiently apply fertilisers, seed and, importantly for biosecurity, pesticides to a range of crops. Aerial application allows

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION registered farm chemicals to be used particularly when the height of the crop limits access from the ground, a pest has to be managed within a short window of opportunity or when weather or soil conditions prevent wheeled access to a crop. Agricultural aircraft pilots are highly trained and enable growers to have access to a range of professional specialised application services.

26 • • • • • • PHA achievesthisby: independently advocatesonbehalfofthenationalplantbiosecuritysystem. in Australia.Asanot-for-profit company, PHAservicestheneedsofitsmembers and PHA isthenationalcoordinatorpartnershipforplantbiosecurity ofthegovernment-industry 1.6 (EPPRD), providing significant benefitsforallpartiesintheeventofanEPPincursion. members theoptionofbeingasignatorytoEmergencyPlant Pest ResponceDeed Being amemberenablespartiestoworktogetheronbiosecurityissues. Italsogives (such asRuralDevelopmentCorporations)andindustrymembers (Table 2). agencies,associatemembers allstateandterritorygovernment Australian Government, members ofPHA.ThetotalnumberPHAnowstands at51,includingthe andmostmajorplant-basedagriculturalindustriesare All AustralianGovernments • • • • • • PHA’s efforts helpto: facilitating improved nationalinvestmentinplantbiosecurity. determining future needsofAustralia’s plantbiosecuritysystem biosecurity system monitoring performanceandpromoting continualimprovement ofAustralia’s plant assisting nationalmanagementofbiosecurityrisks arrangements enhancing theoperationandintegrityofAustralia’s plantpestemergencyresponse andindustriestoworktogether enhancing thecommitmentofgovernments preserve environmental healthandamenity. rely uponthem support thesustainabilityandprofitability ofplantindustriesandthecommunitiesthat safeguard thelivelihoodofproducers assist tradebothdomesticallyandinternationally enhance Australia’s planthealthstatus minimise plantpestimpacts Plant HealthAustralia

27 CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Table 2. Plant Health Australia’s members

Industry members Government members Almond Board of Australia Inc. Commonwealth of Australia Apple and Pear Australia Ltd Australian Capital Territory Government Australian Banana Growers' Council Inc. New South Wales Government Australian Forest Products Association Limited Northern Territory Government Australian Ginger Industry Association Queensland Government Australian Honey Bee Industry Council Inc. South Australian Government Australian Lychee Growers' Association Tasmanian Government Australian Macadamia Society Ltd Victorian Government Australian Mango Industry Association Ltd Western Australian Government Australian Olive Association Ltd Australian Processing Tomato Research Council Inc.

Australian Table Grape Association Inc. Associate members Australian Walnut Industry Association Sugar Research Australia AUSVEG Limited Plant Biosecurity CRC Avocados Australia Ltd Cotton Research and Development Corporation CANEGROWERS CSIRO Canned Fruit Industry Council of Australia Grains Research and Development Corporation Cherry Growers of Australia Inc. Australian Grape and Wine Authority Chestnuts Australia Incorporated Horticulture Innovation Australia Citrus Australia Ltd Victorian Farmers Federation

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Cotton Australia Ltd Dried Fruits Australia Inc. Grain Producers Australia Limited GROWCOM Hazelnut Growers of Australia Incorporated Nursery and Garden Industry Australia Ltd Onions Australia Passionfruit Australia Incorporated Pistachio Growers Association Incorporated Raspberries and Blackberries Australia Inc. Ricegrowers' Association of Australia Inc. Strawberries Australia Inc. Summerfruit Australia Limited Wine Grape Growers Australia

28 Image courtesy of RIRDC PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA AND AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM

Partnerships Plant biosecurity in Australia operates as a partnership between governments and Pest risk mitigation industries with shared responsibility for maintaining the integrity and performance of the Beyond its contribution to response arrangements, PHA supports the national plant plant biosecurity system. Shared responsibility for biosecurity was established in biosecurity system by coordinating and assisting efforts to reduce the risks posed by EPPs. recognition that, in addition to plant producers, the wider Australian community benefits This is achieved in large part by supporting industries and governments to develop from good biosecurity. Benefits include improved productivity, product quality, market strategies and plans that improve biosecurity standards as well as providing assistance with access, trade, profitability, sustainability and environmental preservation. implementation of agreed risk mitigation measures. Industry biosecurity plans (IBPs), biosecurity manuals for producers and awareness raising extension services are examples Fostering, strengthening and expanding the government-industry partnership is a primary of activities that PHA undertakes with and on behalf of members. role for PHA. Through PHA, current and future needs of the plant biosecurity system can be mutually agreed upon, issues identified and solutions to problems found. PHA’s independence fosters an impartial approach to servicing member needs, allowing the Funding company to put the interests of the plant biosecurity system first as well as supporting a PHA’s main activities are funded from annual subscriptions paid by members, as detailed in long term view. PHA’s Annual Operational Plan. A range of separately funded projects are also undertaken for individual members or groups of members. Strategic perspective PHA’s independence and standing enable the company to take a lead in monitoring the performance of the national biosecurity system and determining its future needs. In close consultation with stakeholders, PHA formulates the strategies, plans and reports that contribute to government and industry policy development, facilitates improved national coordination and collaboration, and targets member efforts and investment to best effect. The NPBS (Section 1.2) and this status report are examples of this work.

Emergency responses Another central role for PHA is the establishment of funding and management arrangements for effective responses to EPP incursions. PHA undertakes this role through OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION its custodianship and administration of the EPPRD and PLANTPLAN, the agreed operational response plan (Chapter 4).

PHA convenes regular meetings of signatories to the EPPRD and facilitates modifications to take account of new information and procedural improvements gleaned through post-EPP incident reviews. To assist members to meet their obligations as signatories to the EPPRD and improve their emergency response preparedness, PHA provides a range of services including contingency planning, surveillance and diagnostic systems support, response training and simulation exercises.

29 1.7 Australia’s plant production industries

INDUSTRY REPRESENTATIVE BODIES AND GROWERS CROP PRODUCTION SUMMARY A large number of Australia’s plant production industries have peak representative bodies Australian agriculture, of which plant production industries make up over half in value, is an that act on behalf of the members of the industry, usually growers, on a range of activities integral part the nation’s economy. Plant production industries contributed over $31.8 billion2, including biosecurity. in 2013–14 to annual agricultural production.

Industry groups may provide funding at regional, state or national levels for specific plant Figure 4 shows the contribution of each of the main plant production industries to total biosecurity activities, such as research and development, management initiatives and plant production value in 2012–13 (the latest year for which this breakdown is available). emergency responses. Industries can also set biosecurity priorities that deliver outcomes Cotton Forestry Fruit and nutsGrains Grapes Nursery Pasture and haySugarcane Vegetables specific to their needs. This section provides an overview of plant production industries in Australia (for those industries that are PHA members) showing trends in production value, a list of High Priority They provide a voice for growers at forums and on committees that determine the direction Pests (HPPs) that have been identified as posing the main threats to each industry and the of plant biosecurity in Australia. Furthermore, industry groups negotiate and work with distribution of production between the states and territories. government departments on biosecurity issues ranging from international market access negotiations through to pest surveillance activities. Industry personnel also represent their industries in any EPP response activities. Figure 4. Comparative value of Australia’s plant production industries, based on gross value of production, 2012–13 Industry representative bodies play an important part in Australia’s biosecurity system by raising awareness amongst their growers of the importance of biosecurity, the key pests they need to protect against and how to implement biosecurity on-farm and along the 6% Cotton supply chain. 5% Forestry Growers have an important role to play in supporting Australia’s biosecurity. Each producer 11% Fruit and nuts needs to implement good biosecurity practices to protect their crops, their livelihood, the 52% Grains region and, in turn, the industry from both endemic and exotic pests. 4% Grapes ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 4% Nursery 3% Pasture and hay 3% Sugarcane 12% Vegetables

0% Honey bees

30 Viticulture Plantation forestry Nursery andgarden Honey bees Horticulture Broadacre crops CROP and are givenonlyforPHAmembers. Data are from theAustralianBureau ofStatisticsorappropriate peakindustrybodies Production valuesforindustriesshowninthissectionare forthelatestavailableyear. Industry profiles Wine grapes Wine Table grapes Dried fruit Walnuts 82 Vegetables (includingpotatoes) Strawberries 75 Stone fruit Processing tomatoes Pistachio 67 Pineapples 66 Passionfruit 64 Onions 63 Olives 62 Mangoes 58 Macadamias 57 Lychees 56 Hazelnuts 54 Ginger 48 Citrus 44 Chestnuts 43 Cherries 40 Canned fruits Berries (raspberriesandblackberries) Bananas 36 Avocados 34 Apple andpears Almonds 32 Sugarcane 76 Rice 72 Grains 50 Cotton 46 PAGE

84 78 47 68 60 55 80 74 70 39 37 33

31 CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA ALMONDS

Represented by the Almond Board of Australia Inc. Figure 5. Annual value of almond production, 2007–13 www.australianalmonds.com.au

In 2012–13, almond production was valued at $311 million (LVP). About three-quarters of 350 Australian almonds are exported, going to 50 countries, with Europe the largest market and India the most valuable importing country. The industry estimates that in 2014 farm gate 300 value will be approximately $650 million, with international exports of $445 million. 250 oduction The Australian almond industry is concentrated in Victoria, SA and NSW with almost 200

29,000 hectares of cultivated almond trees. The Australian almond industry has 150

dramatically expanded over the past decade: production has grown from 12,000 tonnes alue of P r ($ MILLION) in 2004 to approximately 66,000 tonnes in 2014 and, based on current plantings, yield 100

projections of more than 89,000 tonnes are predicted by 2017. Dominant varieties 50 include Nonpareil (51 per cent of plantings) and Carmel (33 per cent). Local V 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 The almond industry is covered by version 2.0 of the nut industry biosecurity plan and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Almond Industry Version 1.0. FINANCIAL YEAR ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Table 3. High Priority Pests of the almond industry

Scientific name Common name Figure 6. Distribution of almond production by state and territory, 2012–13 (based on LVP) Amyelois transitella Navel orangeworm Anisogramma anomala Hazelnut blight Cladosporium caryigenum Pecan scab Cryphonectria parasitica Chestnut blight 0% Australian Capital Territory

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Cydia latiferreana Filbertworm 2% New South Wales Hypothenemus obscurus Tropical nut borer 0% Northern Territory Rhagoletis completa Walnut husk fly 0% Queensland Xylella fastidiosa Almond leaf scorch 19% South Australia 0% Tasmania 79% Victoria 0% Western Australia

Navel orangeworm. Image courtesy of Jack Kelly Clark, Almond leaf scorch. Image courtesy of Jack Kelly Clark, University of California Statewide IPM Program University of California Statewide IPM Program

32 APPLES AND PEARS

Represented by Apple and Pear Australia Ltd Figure 7. Annual value of apple and pear production, 2007–13 www.apal.org.au

In 2012–13, apple and pear production was valued at $466 million (LVP). The most popular 700 apple varieties are Cripps Pink (Pink LadyTM), Royal Gala and Granny Smith, whilst for pears Packham and Williams dominate. 600 500

The major production area for the Australian apple and pear industry is in Victoria, primarily oduction in the Goulburn Valley and southern Victoria. This area produces 46 per cent and 84 per 400 cent of Australia’s apples and pears respectively. In addition, product is grown in Stanthorpe 300

in Queensland, Batlow and Orange in NSW, the Huon and Tamar Valleys in Tasmania, the alue of P r ($ MILLION) Adelaide Hills in SA, and Donnybrook, Manjimup and the Perth Hills in WA. 200

100 The majority of apple production is consumed domestically, with less than five per cent Local V exported to the premium markets of the United Kingdom and Europe and the bulk markets 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 of south east Asia. FINANCIAL YEAR The apple and pear industry is covered by version 2.01 of the apple and pear industry ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA biosecurity plan and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Apple and Pear Industry Version 2.0. Figure 8. Distribution of apple and pear production by state and territory, 2012–13 Table 4. High Priority Pests of the apple and pear industry (based on LVP)

Scientific name Common name Apple proliferation phytoplasma Apple proliferation Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly 0% Australian Capital Territory

Conotrachelus nenuphar Plum curculio 11% New South Wales OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Drosophila suzukii Spotted-winged drosophila 0% Northern Territory Dysaphis plantaginea Rosy apple aphid 8% Queensland Erwinia amylovora Fire blight 10% South Australia Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Cedar apple rust 7% Tasmania Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth 52% Victoria Neonectria ditissima European canker Western Australia Rhagoletis pomonella Apple maggot 12%

33 AVOCADOS

Represented by Avocados Australia Ltd www.avocado.org.au In 2012–13, avocado production was valued at $187 million (LVP). The Hass variety is the predominant avocado produced in Australia, accounting for approximately 80 per cent of production, and Shepard, Reed and Wurtz are other favoured varieties. The industry estimates that in 2014 Australia produced 48,700 tonnes of avocados worth an estimated gross value of production of $330 million with exports valued at $5.6 million, mostly shipped to Singapore and Malaysia.

Queensland dominates Australia’s avocado production, with the north, central and south east areas of the state producing around three quarters of the fruit in 2014. The second largest producing state is WA. Other avocado producing states include NSW, SA and Victoria.

The avocado industry is covered by version 2.01 of the avocado industry biosecurity plan and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Avocado Industry Version 1.0. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Figure 9. Distribution of avocado production by state and territory, 2012–13 (based on LVP)

0% Australian Capital Territory

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 6% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 50% Queensland 8% South Australia 0% Tasmania 1% Victoria 35% Western Australia

34 Image courtesy of Avocados Australia Figure 10. Annual value of avocado production, 2007–13 Table 5. High Priority Pests of the avocado industry

Scientific name Common name 200 Avocado sunblotch viroid Avocado sunblotch 180 (asymptomatic strains) 160 Avocado sunblotch viroid (symptomatic strains) Avocado sunblotch 140 oduction 120 Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly 100 Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fruit fly 80 alue of P r

($ MILLION) Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly 60 40 Bactrocera facialis Tropical fruit fly

Local V 20 Bactrocera kandiensis Fruit fly 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 Bactrocera kirki Fijian fruit fly FINANCIAL YEAR Bactrocera melanotus Fruit fly Bactrocera papayae* Papaya fruit fly Bactrocera passiflorae Fijian fruit fly Bactrocera philippinensis* Philippine fruit fly Bactrocera xanthodes Pacific fruit fly Conotrachelus aguacatae Small avocado seed weevil Conotrachelus perseae Small seed weevil Erwinia herbicola (exotic strains) Avocado blast Heilipus lauri Large seed weevil ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Oligonychus perseae Persea mite Phytophthora kernoviae Phytophthora blight Phytophthora mengei Trunk canker Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Bacterial canker (exotic races) Raffaelea lauricola Laurel wilt Scirtothrips perseae Avocado thrips Sphaceloma perseae Avocado scab Stenoma catenifer Avocado seed moth Xanthomonas campestris (avocado strain) Bacterial canker

Avocado orchard. Image courtesy of Avocados Australia * This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis

35 BANANAS

Represented by the Australian Banana Growers’ Council Inc. Figure 11. Annual value of banana production, 2007–13 www.abgc.org.au

In 2012–13, banana production was valued at $438 million (LVP). There are currently about 500 13,000 hectares of bananas grown in Australia with around 370,000 tonnes going to 450 market in the 2013–14 financial year estimated to be $550-580 million. 400 350

Bananas are produced all year round in Australia and Cavendish bananas account for oduction 95 per cent of commercial production, with Lady Fingers and other varieties making up 300 the remainder. Almost all bananas produced in Australia are consumed domestically with 250 no fresh bananas imported to Australia. 200 alue of P r ($ MILLION) 150 The majority of banana production in Australia is in far north Queensland from Cardwell 100

through to Babinda on the Atherton Tablelands and in Lakeland Downs making up some Local V 50 95 per cent of national production. Banana production also occurs further south, 0 from Bundaberg in Queensland to Coffs Harbour in NSW. In WA, bananas are grown 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 at Carnarvon and Kununurra. Few bananas are grown in the NT especially in 2014 FINANCIAL YEAR as production was cut due to the banana freckle EPP response. See Banana freckle in ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA NT prompts large-scale eradication effort on page 97.

The banana industry is covered by version 2.0 of the banana industry biosecurity plan and the Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Banana Industry Version 1.0. Figure 12. Distribution of banana production by state and territory, 2012–13 (based on LVP) Through Horticulture Innovation Australia Ltd, the Australian banana industry has invested in the Banana Plant Protection Program which includes elements of biosecurity preparedness such as capacity building, early diagnostics development and assessment of varieties for tolerance to potential pests and diseases. 0% Australian Capital Territory

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Table 6. High Priority Pests of the banana industry 5% New South Wales 1% Northern Territory Scientific name Common name 93% Queensland Abaca bunchy top virus (Babuvirus) Abaca bunchy top virus 0% South Australia Banana bract mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Banana bract mosaic disease Tasmania Banana bunchy top virus (Nanovirus) Banana bunchy top disease 0% Blood disease bacterium Blood disease 0% Victoria Erionota thrax Banana skipper butterfly 1% Western Australia Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Panama disease, tropical race 4 Guignardia musae Banana freckle Mycosphaerella eumusae Eumusae leaf spot Mycosphaerella fijiensis Black sigatoka Ralstonia solanacearum, race 2 Moko Tetranychus piercei Banana spider mite 36 BERRIES (RASPBERRIES AND BLACKBERRIES)

Represented by Raspberries and Blackberries Australia Inc. Figure 13. Annual value of raspberry and blackberry production, 2009–13 www.arga.com.au

In 2012–13, raspberry and blackberry production was valued at $34 million (LVP).There are 35 currently over 300 hectares of land under cultivation with rubus varieties. The industry estimates nearly 3,000 tonnes of fresh fruit were produced in 2014. New plantings continue 30 to see the industry expanding as it responds to increasing consumer demand. 25 oduction Peak production is summer to autumn, however fresh Australian raspberries are now 20 available all year-round with the use of undercover cropping and manipulating crop 15 production. The majority of rubus are now grown under covered cropping, either in-ground alue of P r ($ MILLION) or using hydroponics. Most of the raspberries and blackberries produced in Australia are 10 consumed locally with little to no export of fresh fruit. There is some processing of berries 5 frozen for catering. Local V 0 The rubus industry is covered by version 1.0 of the rubus industry biosecurity plan which 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 FINANCIAL YEAR was prepared in 2013 using rubus levy funds matched by the Australian Government. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA RABA intends to sign the EPPRD in 2015.

Table 7. High Priority Pests of the berry industry Figure 14. Distribution of raspberry and blackberry production by state and territory, 2012–13 (based on LVP) Scientific name Common name Arthuriomyces peckianus Orange rust (long-cycled) Cercosporella rubi Rosette Cherry leaf roll virus (Nepovirus) (exotic strains) Blackline 0% Australian Capital Territory Drosophila suzukii Spotted-winged drosophila 17% New South Wales ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Euschistus conspersus Consperse stink bug 29% Northern Territory Gymnoconia nitens Orange rust (short-cycled) 21% Queensland Halyomorpha halys Brown-marmorated stink bug Heterocrossa rubophaga Raspberry bud moth <1% South Australia Pennisetia hylaeiformis Raspberry crown borer 0% Tasmania Pennisetia marginata Raspberry crown borer 30% Victoria Popillia japonica Japanese beetle 2% Western Australia Raspberry ringspot virus (Nepovirus) Raspberry ringspot virus Strawberry latent ringspot virus (Sadwavirus) Strawberry latent ringspot virus Tomato ringspot virus (Nepovirus) Tomato ringspot virus

37 ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

38 Image courtesy of Canned Fruit Industry Council of Australia CANNED FRUITS

Represented by the Canned Fruits Industry Council of Australia Figure 15. Annual value of canned fruit production, 2007–13 www.fgv.com.au

In 2012–13, production of canned fruits was valued at $26 million (LVP). The industry 45 employs in excess of 1,600 FTE staff annually and comprises about 130 growers. 40 The canned fruits industry, based in the Goulburn–Murray Valleys region of Victoria, 35 30 primarily processes peaches, pears, apples, apricots and plums. oduction 25

Fruit production for canning is carried out from December to May each season and 20 volumes of between 80,000 to 100,000 tonnes are processed annually. After a period alue of P r ($ MILLION) 15 of gradual decline, production has now stabilised and the revitalised investment into packaging and canning infrastructure is now facilitating a regrowth phase. 10

Local V 5

Approximately three per cent of canned fruit produced in 2014 was exported to New 0 Zealand. The export market is valued at less than $1 million at the farm gate annually. 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 FINANCIAL YEAR An industry biosecurity plan has not been developed for this industry but plans for the ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA pome and stonefruit industries are relevant.

Figure 16. Distribution of canned fruit production by state and territory, 2012–13 (based on LVP)

0% Australian Capital Territory

0% New South Wales OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 0% Northern Territory 0% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 100% Victoria 0% Western Australia

Image courtesy of Canned Fruit Industry Council of Australia

39 CHERRIES

Represented by Cherry Growers of Australia Inc. www.cherrygrowers.org.au In 2012–13, cherry production was valued at $118 million (LVP). Production is on the increase and the industry estimates that in 2014 the value will be approximately $130 million. The main varieties grown are Lapin, Sweetheart, Sweet Georgia, Merchant, Stella, Bing, Van, Simone, Regina, Samba and Rons.

The Australian cherry industry is concentrated in the following regions: 800 hectares in NSW (Hillston/Narromine, Orange and Young, and Batlow/Tumut), 800 hectares in Victoria (Swan Hill/ Sunraysia, Goulburn Valley, north-eastern Victoria, Yarra Valley/Dandenongs), 600 hectares in Tasmania (Huon Valley/Channel, Derwent Valley, Coal Valley, Tamar Valley and north-western Tasmania), 600 hectares in SA (Adelaide Hills, Riverland and south east SA), 70 hectares in WA (Perth Hills, Donnybrook/ Manjimup and Mt Barker) and 25 hectares in Queensland (Stanthorpe/Granite Belt).

Cherries are mostly supplied to domestic markets, with over 30 per cent of the national crop exported. Around 10,000 tonnes were exported in 2014 down from 14,000 tonnes in 2013 due to seasonal issues. Exports are currently shipped to 30 countries, with Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore accounting for 65 per cent of the total exports.

TheAC TAustralian NSWcherry industryNT is covered byQLD version 2.01SA of the cherryT industryAS biosecurityVIC WA plan and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Cherry Industry Version 1.0.

Figure 17. Distribution of cherry production by state and territory, 2012–13 (based on LVP) ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

0% Australian Capital Territory 18% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory <1% Queensland 14% South Australia 29% Tasmania 38% Victoria <1% Western Australia

40 Figure 18. Annual value of cherry production, 2007–13 Table 8. High Priority Pests of the cherry industry

Scientific name Common name 140 Cherry leaf roll virus (Nepovirus) (exotic strains) Blackline 120 Choristoneura rosaceana Oblique banded leaf roller 100 Conotrachelus nenuphar Plum curculio oduction 80 Ctenopseustis obliquana Brown headed leaf roller

60 Drosophila suzukii Spotted-winged drosophila alue of P r ($ MILLION) European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma European stone fruit yellows 40 Little cherry virus 1 (unassigned) Little cherry virus 1 20 Local V Little cherry virus 2 (Ampelovirus) Little cherry virus 2 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 Monilinia fructigena Brown rot FINANCIAL YEAR Neonectria ditissima European canker Pandemis cerasana Cherry brown tortrix Phymatotrichum omnivorum Texas root rot Planotortrix octo Green headed leaf roller Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus Podosphaera clandestina var. clandestina Powdery mildew of cherry (exotic strains) Rhagoletis fausta Black cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis indifferens Western cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis pomonella Apple maggot ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION X disease phytoplasma Peach X disease Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease

Plum curculio. Image courtesy of E. Levine, The Ohio State European canker. Image courtesy Abrahami University, bugwood.org

41 ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

42 Image courtesy of Katie Rivers CHESTNUTS

Represented by Chestnuts Australia Inc Figure 19. Annual value of chestnut production, 2009–13 www.chestnutsaustralia.com.au

In 2012–13, chestnut production was valued at $4.3 million (LVP). In 2014 there were around 5 1,300 hectares containing approximately 200,000 chestnut trees. The industry estimates that with more trees planted, production will rise to approximately $7.5 million in 2014. 4

The main varieties grown are Red Spanish, Purtons Pride and De Coppi Marone. Chestnuts oduction 3 flower during November and December and are harvested from March through to May. The industry is primarily focused on the domestic market with approximately two per cent 2

exported mainly to Asian markets. alue of P r ($ MILLION)

The Australian chestnut industry operates principally in the southern states of Australia, 1 including NSW, Tasmania and Victoria, plus southern areas of SA and the south western Local V area of WA. Approximately 70 per cent of the national crop is grown in north east Victoria. 0 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 The chestnut industry has always been aware of the possible biosecurity issues it faced, FINANCIAL YEAR the main threats being chestnut blight, chestnut weevil and chestnut gall wasp. The depth ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA of knowledge and preparedness was made evident in 2010 when there was an outbreak of chestnut blight. This outbreak was reported swiftly due to grower knowledge and biosecurity training. As a result of the eradication program, nine of the originally infected Figure 20. Distribution of chestnut production by state and territory, 2012–13 properties have been declared free of the disease and can resume planting chestnuts. (based on LVP) An Industry Development Officer was appointed in December 2013 to further improve biosecurity vigilance.

The chestnut industry is covered by version 2.0 of the nut industry biosecurity plan. 0% Australian Capital Territory

Table 9. High Priority Pests of the chestnut industry 28% New South Wales OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

Scientific name Common name 2% Northern Territory Cryphonectria parasitica Chestnut blight 0% Queensland Cydia latiferreana Filbertworm 3% South Australia 0% Tasmania 65% Victoria 2% Western Australia

Filbertworm. Image courtesy of Larry R. Barber, United States Chestnut blight. Image courtesy of DEDJTR Vic Department of Agriculture Forest Service, bugwood.org

43 CITRUS

Represented by Citrus Australia Ltd www.citrusaustralia.com.au In 2012–13, citrus production (oranges, mandarins, lemons, limes and grapefruit) was valued at $436 million (LVP). In 2014, production of citrus was estimated to be 620,000 tonnes. Currently, there are about 28,000 hectares of citrus plantings nationally.

Citrus is the largest fresh fruit exporting industry in Australia with almost 158,000 tonnes of fruit, valued at $202 million, exported this season. Major export markets include Hong Kong, Japan, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, the United States and New Zealand.

Citrus fruits are grown commercially throughout Australia, with the exception of Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory. Major growing areas include the Riverina (NSW), Central Burnett and Emerald (Queensland), Riverland (SA) and Murray Valley (Victoria/ NSW). Production also occurs in WA and there are a small number of plantings in NT.

The citrus industry is covered by version 2.0 of the citrus industry biosecurity plan and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for Citrus Producers Version 2.0 which was produced in December 2014.

The Citrus Biosecurity Project, which is funded by Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited andACT jointly managedNSW by PHANT and Citrus Australia,QLD is currentlySA boostingTAS the preparednessVIC of WA the citrus industry for serious exotic pests.

Figure 21. Distribution of citrus production by state and territory, 2012–13 (based on LVP) ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

0% Australian Capital Territory 34% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 23% Queensland 30% South Australia <1% Tasmania 9% Victoria 4% Western Australia

44 Figure 22. Annual value of citrus production, 2007–13 Table 10. High Priority Pests of the citrus industry

Scientific name Common name 500 Anastrepha fraterculus South American fruit fly 450 400 Anastrepha ludens Mexican fruit fly 350 Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly oduction 300 Bactrocera invadens* Fruit fly 250 Bactrocera minax Chinese citrus fly 200 alue of P r ($ MILLION) 150 Bactrocera occipitalis Fruit fly 100 Bactrocera papayae* Papaya fruit fly

Local V 50 Bactrocera philippinensis* Philippine fruit fly 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 Bactrocera trivialis New Guinea fruit fly FINANCIAL YEAR Bactrocera tsuneonis Japanese orange fly Candidatus Liberibacter africanus Huanglongbing (African strain) Candidatus Liberibacter americanus Huanglongbing (American strain) Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Huanglongbing (Asiatic strain) Citripestis sagittiferella Citrus fruit borer Citrus leprosis virus (unassigned) Citrus leprosis disease Citrus tristeza virus (Closterovirus) (mandarin Mandarin stem-pitting stem-pitting strain) Colletotrichum acutatum (SGO strain) Post bloom fruit drop

Dialeurodes citri Citrus whitefly OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Diaphorina citri Asian citrus psyllid Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy-winged sharpshooter Oidium citri Powdery mildew Oidium tingitanium Powdery mildew Scirtothrips aurantii South African citrus thrips Spiroplasma citri Stubborn Xanthomonas alfalfae subsp. citrumelonis Bacterial spot Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Citrus canker Xylella fastidiosa Citrus variegated chlorosis

* This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis

The Citrus Biosecurity Project is boosting on-farm biosecurity. Image courtesy of Citrus Australia

45 COTTON

Represented by Cotton Australia Ltd Figure 23. Annual value of cotton production, 2007–13 www.cottonaustralia.com.au

In 2012–13, cotton production was valued at $1.9 billion (LVP). The industry estimates that in 2500 2014 (a non-drought year) the value will rise with 414,000 hectares planted to cotton, with

just under four million bales harvested, representing a total value of $2.2 billion (cotton lint; 2000 $1.9 billion; cottonseed: $300,000). oduction Australian yields are high by international standards, almost three times the world average. 1500 Almost the entire Australian cotton crop is exported, with two thirds sold to China and the remainder mainly to spinning mills in Asia. Australia is the third largest cotton exporter in the 1000 alue of P r world, behind the United States and India. ($ MILLION) 500

Cotton is grown in most of the major inland river valleys of eastern Australia, in a belt Local V

stretching from central Queensland in the north, to the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area and 0 Menindee Lakes in south west NSW. Cotton is generally grown as an annual irrigated 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 summer crop in fertile alluvial floodplain soils and, in an average season, rain grown cotton FINANCIAL YEAR represents approximately 16 per cent of the total planted area. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA The cotton industry is covered by version 2.01 of the cotton industry biosecurity plan and the Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Cotton Industry Version 1.1. Figure 24. Distribution of cotton production by state and territory, 2012–13 (based on LVP) Table 11. High Priority Pests of the cotton industry

Scientific name Common name Amrasca devastans Indian green jassid Anthonomus grandis Cotton boll weevil 0% Australian Capital Territory ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Aphis gossypii (exotic strains) Cotton aphid 65% New South Wales Bemisia tabaci (exotic strains) Silverleaf whitefly 0% Northern Territory Cotton leaf curl virus (Begomovirus) Cotton leaf curl disease 35% Queensland Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum Fusarium wilt (exotic races) 0% South Australia Luteovirus (suspected) Cotton blue disease 0% Tasmania Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug 0% Victoria Phymatotrichum omnivorum Texas root rot 0% Western Australia Tetranychus turkestani Strawberry spider mite Verticillium dahliae (defoliating strain) Verticillium wilt Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum Bacterial blight/Angular leaf spot

46 DRIED FRUIT

Represented by Dried Fruits Australia Inc. Figure 26. Annual value of dried fruit production, 2007–13 www.driedfruitsaustralia.org.au

In 2012–13, dried fruit production (sultanas, currants, raisins and sunmuscats) was valued 60 at $33 million (LVP). 50 The main export markets for dried fruit are dominated by Germany (40 per cent), the United 40 Kingdom (25 per cent) and New Zealand (11 per cent). oduction

In Australia, grapes are grown for the dried fruit industry in the Sunraysia region which 30 spans north western Victoria and south western NSW around the Murray River, and to alue of P r ($ MILLION) 20 a lesser extent, in the SA Riverland.

10

The dried fruit industry regularly distributes biosecurity information and guidelines from PHA Local V to its members via a quarterly publication, The Vine. The viticulture biosecurity manual has 0 been distributed to dried fruit growers through the major industry processors, Sunbeam 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 Foods and Australian Premium Dried Fruits. The industry also undertakes EPPRD training FINANCIAL YEAR in order to understand the roles and responsibilities of their officers in the event of a pest incursion.

TheAC Tdried fruit industryNSW is coveredNT by versionQLD 2 of the viticultureSA industryTAS biosecurity planVIC WA and the Biosecurity Manual for the Viticulture Industry Version 1.0. Table 12. High Priority Pests of the dried fruit industry

Scientific name Common name Figure 25. Distribution of dried fruit production by state and territory, 2012–13 Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly (based on LVP) Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera papayae* Papaya fruit fly

Candidatus Phytoplasma solani Bois noir OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic strains) Grapevine phylloxera 0% Australian Capital Territory Drosophila suzukii Spotted-winged drosophila 16% New South Wales Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma Flavescence dorée 0% Northern Territory Guignardia bidwellii Black rot 0% Queensland Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy-winged sharpshooter 3% South Australia Hyalesthes obsoletus Cixiidae planthopper 0% Tasmania Lobesia botrana European grapevine moth 80% Victoria Planococcus ficus Vine mealybug Polychrosis viteana American berry moth <1% Western Australia Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease

* This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis

47 GINGER

Represented by Australian Ginger Industry Association Figure 27. Annual value of ginger production, 2010–13 www.australianginger.org.au

In 2012–13, ginger production was valued at $30 million (LVP). Land under ginger cultivation 35 is approximately 260 hectares, which produces around 6,700 tonnes of fresh ginger. It is available year round. 30 25

The main ginger varieties grown in Australia are Queensland and Jumbo (Canton). The entire oduction Australian ginger crop is produced for the domestic market. Approximately 60 per cent of 20

ginger produced in Australia is sold as fresh ginger and the remaining 40 per cent is 15

processed. alue of P r ($ MILLION) 10 The Australian ginger industry is based predominantly in south east Queensland, followed by 5 the Widebay region and very small percentages in far north Queensland and northern NSW. Local V 0 The ginger industry is covered by version 1.0 of the ginger industry biosecurity plan. 10/11 11/12 12/13 AGIA conducted a Biosecurity Field Day in 2014 in conjunction with PHA and Biosecurity FINANCIAL YEAR Queensland to provide practical demonstrations of biosecurity procedures. AGIA has also produced biosecurity signs for growers and a poster covering Pythium R&D which emphasised the importance of biosecurity in disease management. Figure 28. Distribution of ginger production by state and territory, 2012–13 ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Table 13. High Priority Pests of the ginger industry (based on LVP)

Scientific name Common name Aspidiella hartii Yam scale Elytroteinus subtruncatus Fijian ginger weevil 0% Australian Capital Territory

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Radopholus similis (exotic strains) Burrowing nematode 2% New South Wales Ralstonia solanacearum, race 4 (exotic strains) Bacterial wilt 0% Northern Territory 98% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria 0% Western Australia

Ralstonia solanacearum. Image courtesy of Bruce Mathews, Burrowing nematode. Image courtesy of bugwood.org University of Hawaii at Hilo College of Agriculture, Forestry & Natural Resource Management

48 ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

Image courtesy of the Australian Ginger Industry Association 49 GRAINS

Represented by Grain Producers Australia Ltd www.grainproducers.com.au In 2012–13, grain production (wheat, barley, canola, sorghum, oats, and lupins) was valued at $12.7 billion. The grains industry is Australia’s largest plant industry with wheat, the largest crop, accounting for more than half of total production. The majority of Australia’s grain is produced in the wheat belt located from central Queensland through NSW, Victoria, Tasmania, SA and southern WA.

Most of the grain produced in Australia is exported predominantly to markets in Asia and the Middle East including China, Indonesia, Iraq, Korea, Vietnam, Iran and Vietnam.

The grains industry invests in an on-farm biosecurity program to raise awareness and improve practises on-farm. Grain Producers Australia funds the Grains Farm Biosecurity Program which includes the deployment of five Grains Biosecurity Officers embedded in state departments in NSW, Queensland, SA, Victoria and WA.

The grains industry is covered by version 2.04 of the grains industry biosecurity plan and the Biosecurity Manual for Grain Producers Version 4. ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

Image courtesy of Grain Producers Australia 50 Figure 29. Annual value of grains production, 2007–13 WA mobile app to identify and report grain pests Before you can work out what to do about a plant pest in a grain crop, you need to 14000 know what species it is. A new mobile phone application called MyPestGuide has

12000 been developed to help identify which of 200 different pests users are facing, and even better, it also sends a report to state biosecurity experts in Western Australia. 10000 oduction MyPestGuide allows users of smartphones and tablet devices to compare the pests 8000 they find with common species and also exotic biosecurity threats. The photo 6000 reporting tool allows users to easily create and send a report with GPS location alue of P r ($ MILLION) 4000 direct to the Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia (DAFWA) and receive a response on their device. 2000 Local V Users can search for a pest according to the crop it is found in, the damage 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 observed, pest type or size. FINANCIAL YEAR Developed by DAFWA with funding assistance from the Council of Grain Grower ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Organisations (COGGO), the app will also benefit the grains industry by providing supplementary evidence of Australia’s pest free status, which is essential for maintaining access to grains markets. Figure 30. Distribution of grains production by state and territory, 2012–13 (based on LVP) Farmers and agronomists are expected to be the main users of the app, but members of the community and other industries are also encouraged to use it to benefit the <1% Australian Capital Territory grains industry. ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 30% New South Wales For more information on the app see <1% Northern Territory https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/ plant-biosecurity/mypestguide-app 9% Queensland 15% South Australia <1% Tasmania 17% Victoria 29% Western Australia

51 Table 14. High Priority Pests of the grains industry

Scientific name Common name Scientific name Common name Agrotis segetum Turnip moth Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (pathotype Ug99) Stem rust of wheat Alternaria triticina Leaf blight of wheat Puccinia recondita (exotic strains) Durum leaf rust Atherigona soccata Sorghum shoot fly Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei Barley stripe rust Bean common mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Bean common mosaic virus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (exotic strains) Wheat stripe rust (peanut stripe strain) Puccinia triticina (exotic strains) Leaf rust Cephus pygmeus European wheat stem sawfly Red clover vein mosaic virus (Carlavirus) Red clover vein mosaic virus Ceutorhynchus assimilis Cabbage seedpod weevil Sitobion avenae Wheat aphid Chilo partellus Spotted stem borer Tilletia indica Karnal bunt Chromatomyia horticola Pea leaf miner Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle Colletotrichum truncatum (lentil strain) Lentil anthracnose Uromyces viciae-fabae (lentil strain) Lentil rust Diuraphis noxia Russian wheat aphid Verticillium longisporum Canola Verticillium wilt Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris Fusarium wilt of chickpea Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans Fusarium wilt of canola Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis Fusarium wilt of lentil Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lupini Fusarium wilt of lupin Heterodera avenae (exotic strains) Cereal cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi (exotic strains) Cereal cyst nematode Heterodera glycines Soybean cyst nematode Heterodera latipons (exotic strains) Cereal cyst nematode Homoeosoma electellum Sunflower moth Wheat stem sawfly. Image courtesy of Frank Peairs Soybean cyst nematode field symptoms. Image courtesy of Liriomyza trifolii American serpentine leaf miner C. R. Grau, University of Wisconsin-Madison ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Maize dwarf mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Maize dwarf mosaic virus Mayetiola destructor Hessian fly Mayetiola hordei Barley stem gall midge Meromyza saltatrix Wheat stem maggot Peronosclerospora philippinensis Philippine downy mildew of maize Peronosclerospora sorghi Downy mildew of sorghum Phomopsis helianthi Sunflower stem canker Lentil anthracnose. Image courtesy of Robert L. Anderson, Pea leafminer. Image courtesy of Merle Shepard, Gerald Plasmopara halstedii Sunflower downy mildew United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service R. Carner, and P. A. C Ooi Puccinia coronata f. sp. hordei Crown rust of barley Puccinia graminis f. sp. hordei (exotic strains) Barley stem rust

52 ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

53 HAZELNUTS

Represented by Hazelnut Growers of Australia Inc. Figure 31. Annual value of hazelnut production, 2010–13 www.hazelnuts.org.au

In 2012–13, hazelnut production was valued at $600,000 (LVP). The industry is set for rapid 0.7 expansion—there are approximately 130 hectares planted, consisting of 80,000 trees of which 70 per cent are not bearing or early bearing. The industry estimates hazelnut 0.6 production in 2014 was 130 tonnes with a value of $1 million. 0.5 oduction Australia is currently seeing a major on-farm investment from a northern hemisphere 0.4

confectionary manufacturer which has given renewed confidence to Australian growers. 0.3

Kernel imports (chiefly from Turkey) have been steady at 2,500 tonnes per year since 2000. alue of P r ($ MILLION) 0.2 Hazelnut Growers of Australia has identified biosecurity as an important focus for the future. 0.1 The hazelnut industry became a member of PHA during 2013 and is currently seeking to Local V become a signatory to the EPPRD. Biosecurity is a major focus of communication with 0.0 10/11 11/12 12/13 growers, and exotic pest fact sheets are under development to raise awareness. FINANCIAL YEAR The hazelnut industry is covered by version 2.0 of the nut industry biosecurity plan. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Table 15. High Priority Pests of the hazelnut industry Figure 32. Distribution of hazelnut production by state and territory, 2012–13 (based on LVP) Scientific name Common name Anisogramma anomala Hazelnut blight Cydia latiferreana Filbertworm 0% Australian Capital Territory

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 50% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 17% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 33% Victoria Hazelnut blight. Image courtesy of Joseph O’Brien, United Filbertworm. Image courtesy of Todd M. Gilligan and States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Marc E. Epstein, Colorado State University, United States 0% Western Australia

54 HONEY BEES

Represented by Australian Honey Bee Industry Council Inc. Figure 33. Annual value of honey and beeswax production, 2007–13 www.honeybee.org.au

In 2012–13, honey and beewax production was valued at $79 million (LVP). The industry 90 estimates that in 2014, some 12,400 beekeepers were registered, operating nearly 530,000 80 hives. Apiaries range in size from between one and several thousand hives. Droughts, 70 bushfires and high temperatures reduced production to 13,000 tonnes of honey. The export 60 of live bees has also declined in recent years due to markets closures including the United oduction States but still produces income for beekeepers. In addition, pollination benefits are 50 estimated to have a total paid and unpaid value of $4–6 billion per year. 40 alue of P r ($ MILLION) 30 The honey bee industry is currently a member of both Animal Health Australia and PHA due 20 to the benefits that honey bees provide to pollination-dependent plant industries and their

Local V 10 potential to act as a vector for plant pests. Pest emergency responses relating to honey 0 bees are covered under the EPPRD and the industry plans to resign from AHA during 2015. 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13

A national Biosecurity Program and Code of Practice for beekeeping are currently under FINANCIAL YEAR development. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

The honey bee industry is covered by version 1.0 of the honey bee industry biosecurity and the Biosecurity Manual for the Honey Bee Industry Version 1.0. Figure 34. Distribution of honey and beeswax production by state and territory, 2012–13 (based on LVP) Table 16. High Priority Pests of the honey bee industry

Scientific name Common name Acarapis woodi Tracheal mite 0% Australian Capital Territory Apis cerana (exotic strains, genotypes and Asian honey bee ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION sub-species) 41% New South Wales Apis mellifera capensis Cape honey bee 0% Northern Territory Apis mellifera scutellata African honey bee 20% Queensland Apis mellifera scutellata (hybrid) Africanized honey bee 12% South Australia Deformed wing virus (Iflavirus) Deformed wing virus 3% Tasmania Hoplostoma fuligineus Large hive beetle 19% Victoria Slow paralysis virus (Iflavirus) Slow paralysis virus Tropilaelaps clareae Tropilaelaps mite 5% Western Australia Tropilaelaps mercedesae Tropilaelaps mite Varroa destructor Varroa mite Varroa jacobsoni Varroa mite Vespa spp. (exotic species) Hornets

55 LYCHEES

Represented by Australian Lychee Growers Association Figure 35. Annual value of lychee production, 2009–13 www.australianlychee.com.au

In 2012–13, lychee production was valued at $12 million (LVP). Lychees are a high value 14 summer fruit in Australia, with strong traditional demand from Chinese and south east Asian consumers, particularly during Chinese New Year celebrations. 12 10

Lychees were introduced into Australia over 60 years ago and the Australian lychee oduction industry is unique in having the longest lychee production season in the world. Due to the 8

introduction of early and late fruiting varieties and the extensive production zones from 6

tropical to temperate climates, the industry produces fruit from October in far north alue of P r ($ MILLION) Queensland to March in northern NSW. This gives the Australian industry a significant 4

advantage over other suppliers on world markets, as no other country can offer such a 2 long line of supply of quality controlled fresh lychees. Local V 0 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 The main varieties of lychees grown in Australia are Kwai May Pink, Bengal, Fay Zee Siu, Kaimana, Salathiel, Souey Tung, Tai So and Wai Chee. FINANCIAL YEAR ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA The bulk of Australia’s lychee production is sold domestically with about 25 per cent exported to Hong Kong, Singapore, United Kingdom, France, Belgium, United Arab Emirates, Tahiti, New Zealand and Canada. In 2013, access into the United States was Figure 36. Distribution of lychee production by state and territory, 2012–13 approved for Australian lychees and the industry is currently working with the Australian (based on LVP) and the United States governments to commence export shipments. Developing market access into mainland China remains a high priority for the industry.

The lychee industry is covered by version 1.1 of the lychee industry biosecurity plan. 0% Australian Capital Territory

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Table 17. High Priority Pests of the lychee industry 1% New South Wales

Scientific name Common name 0% Northern Territory Aristobia testudo Lychee longicorn beetle 99% Queensland Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly 0% South Australia Conopomorpha sinensis Lychee fruit borer 0% Tasmania Paradasynus longirostris Hong Kong stink bug 0% Victoria Peronophythora litchii Brown blight 0% Western Australia Pseudotheraptus wayi Coconut bug Unknown (suspected phytoplasma) Longan and lychee witches’ broom disease

56 MACADAMIAS

Represented by the Australian Macadamia Society Ltd Figure 37. Annual value of macadamia production, 2007–13 www.macadamias.org

In 2012–13, cotton production was valued at $99 million (LVP). There are around 18,000 120 hectares planted with macadamias in Australia, comprising approximately 5.5 million trees. Annual production is approximately 40,000 tonnes in-shell or 12,000 tonnes of kernel. 100

80 The significant majority of plantings are varieties of Macadamia integrifolia. Of these about oduction 80 per cent are Hawaiian selections with the remainder being Australian varieties. Harvest 60 commences in March and runs through to August. alue of P r ($ MILLION) 40 Australian macadamia production stretches from Coffs Harbour on the NSW north coast to Mackay on the north Queensland coast. The majority of macadamia plantings are in 20 northern NSW and south east Queensland. The northern rivers region of NSW is the Local V largest production area comprising about 55 per cent of production. The fastest growth 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 in production is occurring in the Bundaberg area which currently represents around 30 per cent of production. FINANCIAL YEAR ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Approximately 70 per cent of the crop is exported, principally to Europe, USA, Japan, China and other Asian countries. Australia is currently the world’s largest producer of macadamia kernel and second largest producer overall. South Africa and Kenya are the Figure 38. Distribution of macadamia production by state and territory, 2012–13 other major producers. (based on LVP) In order to encourage biosecurity awareness within the industry, approximately 70 per cent of orchards employ professional pest scouts and the Australian Macadamia Society convenes an annual forum where any new pest and disease sightings are reviewed.

The industry funds approximately $1.8 million in research and development and a similar 0% Australian Capital Territory amount in marketing and market development using levies which are matched by 47% New South Wales OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Australian Government funding through Horticulture Innovation Australia. The macadamia 0% Northern Territory industry has a 16 year record of complete compliance with chemical residue levels through the National Residue Survey. 53% Queensland 0% South Australia The macadamia industry is covered by version 2.0 of the nut industry biosecurity plan. 0% Tasmania

Table 18. High Priority Pests of the macadamia industry 0% Victoria <1% Western Australia Scientific name Common name Hypothenemus obscurus Tropical nut borer Xylella fastidiosa Leaf scorch

57 MANGOES Figure 39. Annual value of mango production, 2007–13 Represented by the Australian Mango Industry Association Ltd www.industry.mangoes.net.au In 2012–13, mango production was valued at $93 million (LVP). On average, 80 per cent 120 of total fruit produced is consumed fresh with the remainder processed. The proportion 100 processed is influenced by crop production and the fresh market price. 80 The most abundant variety, Kensington Pride, accounts for approximately 60 per cent of oduction Australian production. Other varieties include B74 (CalypsoTM), Brooks, Honey Gold, Keitt, 60 Palmer, Pearl and R2E2, as well as green eating varieties, Keo Savoy and Nam Doc Mai. alue of P r There are a range of other varieties that are also produced in smaller volumes. ($ MILLION) 40

The industry supplies the Australian market, with the majority of production occurring from 20 Local V September to March each year. 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 In Australia, the majority of mangoes are grown in Queensland and the NT, with smaller but FINANCIAL YEAR significant production in regions throughout WA and other states. Mangoes in Australia are grown for both the fresh and processing markets. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

The mango industry is covered by version 2.1 of the mango industry biosecurity plan and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Mango Industry Version 1.0. Figure 40. Distribution of mango production by state and territory, 2012–13 (based on LVP) Table 19. High Priority Pests of the mango industry

Scientific name Common name Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly 0% Australian Capital Territory Bactrocera papayae* Papaya fruit fly ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 2% New South Wales Ceratocystis fimbriata sensu lato Mango sudden decline syndrome Ceratocystis manginecans Mango sudden decline syndrome 44% Northern Territory Ceratocystis omanensis Mango sudden decline syndrome 48% Queensland Deanolis sublimbalis Red-banded mango caterpillar 0% South Australia Fusarium mangiferae Mango malformation 0% Tasmania Fusarium mexicanum Mango malformation 0% Victoria Fusarium proliferatum Mango malformation 6% Western Australia Fusarium sterilihyphosum Mango malformation Parasa lepida Blue-striped nettle grub Procontarinia spp. (exotic species) Mango gall midges Sternochetus frigidus Mango pulp weevil Xylosandrus compactus Black twig borer

* This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis

58 ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

59 NURSERY AND GARDEN

Represented by the Nursery & Garden Industry Australia Ltd www.ngia.com.au In 2012–13, nursery and garden production (propagation stock, seedlings, bedding plants, indoor plants, trees and shrubs) was valued at $663 million (LVP). The nursery and garden industry operates in all states and territories of Australia. It is one of the largest and most diverse plant industries.

The industry estimates an annual gross production value of approximately $800 million (production nurseries only) in 2014 and also supports a number of other plant production sectors in Australia, including fruit and vegetables, re-vegetation and cut flower production. The industry has a limited export focus of approximately $18 million annually; however there is ample opportunity for international export growth.

A suite of biosecurity resources are available to growers including BioSecure HACCP, the industry on-farm biosecurity program, pest and disease fact sheets, nursery papers, management plans including the Australian Nursery Industry Myrtle Rust Management Plan and a biosecurity training program. Extension videos covering topics such as site surveillance, intake inspection and crop monitoring were added in late 2013.

The nursery and garden industry is covered by version 3 of the nursery and garden industry ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA biosecurity plan and the Biosecurity Manual for the Nursery Production Industry Version 1.

Figure 41. Distribution of production nurseries by state and territory, 2012–13 (based on LVP) ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

0% Australian Capital Territory 20% New South Wales 1% Northern Territory 28% Queensland 4% South Australia 3% Tasmania 35% Victoria 9% Western Australia

60 Figure 42. Annual value of nursery and garden production, 2007–13 Table 20. High Priority Pests of the nursery and garden industry

Scientific name Common name 900 Achatina fulica Giant African snail 800 Aphis gossypii (exotic strains) Cotton aphid 700

600 Bemisia tabaci (exotic strains) Silverleaf whitefly oduction 500 Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Huanglongbing (Asiatic strain)

400 Diaphorina citri Asian citrus psyllid alue of P r ($ MILLION) 300 Echinothrips americanus Poinsettia thrips 200 Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy-winged sharpshooter

Local V 100 Lettuce infectious yellows virus (Crinivirus) Lettuce infectious yellows virus 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leaf miner FINANCIAL YEAR Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth Oligonychus ilicis Southern red mite Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Bacterial canker (exotic races) Puccinia psidii sensu lato (exotic variants) Guava rust/Eucalyptus rust Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

Glassy-winged sharpshooter. Image courtesy of Johnny N. Dell Sudden oak death. Image courtesy of Joseph O’Brien, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service

Image courtesy of PHA

61 OLIVES

Represented by the Australian Olive Association Ltd Figure 43. Annual value of olive production, 2007–13 www.australianolives.com.au

In 2012–13, olive production was valued at $218 million (LVP). The industry estimates tha 250 The Australian olive industry began in earnest in 1990 with the majority of large groves

planted between 1996 and 2004. Today it is regarded as mainstream agriculture and has 200 become an important employer in regional Australia. oduction 150 The crop for 2014 was well down on the bumper 2013 season due to seasonal factors. Consequently, exports of olive products were also lower—2,170 tonnes of olive products 100

worth $12.8 million, a drop of 25 per cent from the previous year. alue of P r ($ MILLION)

Olive oil accounted for 91 per cent of exports with table olive exports accounting for the 50

remainder. China was the leading market accounting for 36 per cent of export volume, Local V followed by the United States (24%), New Zealand (22%) and Japan (4%). 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 The olive industry is covered by version 1.0 of the olive industry biosecurity plan. FINANCIAL YEAR ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Table 21. High Priority Pests of the olive industry

Scientific name Common name Figure 44. Distribution of olive production by state and territory, 2012–13 (based on LVP) Bactrocera oleae Olive fly Liothrips oleae Olive thrips Prays oleae Olive moth Verticillium dahliae (defoliating strain) Verticillium wilt 0% Australian Capital Territory

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 5% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 1% Queensland 10% South Australia <1% Tasmania 79% Victoria 5% Western Australia

Olive fly. Image courtesy of Lorraine Graney, Bartlett Tree Leaf mining caused by the Olive moth larvae. Image courtesy Experts, bugwood.org of Giancarlo Dessì

62 ONIONS

Represented by Onions Australia Figure 45. Annual value of onion production, 2007–13 www.onionsaustralia.org.au

In 2012–13, onion production was valued at $172 million (LVP). The industry estimates that 300 in 2014 onion production decreased by 13 per cent to 302,000 tonnes. Yields can be reduced by poor plant establishment (due to factors such as poor seedbed preparation), 250 unseasonable conditions (such as heavy rain or strong winds) and pest or disease damage. 200 oduction The main growing areas for onion production include the Lockyer Valley, St George and Darling Downs in Queensland, Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area in NSW, Adelaide Plains, 150

Riverland and south eastern SA, Manjimup and Pemberton in WA, Werribee and alue of P r ($ MILLION) 100 Cranbourne in Victoria and the north-western to northern midlands of Tasmania. 50

Sowing of onions starts in Queensland during February (short day types) and finishes in Local V the southern states in August (long day types). Harvest starts in Queensland during 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 September and finishes during April in the southern states. ACT NSW NT QLDFINANCIAL YEARSA TAS VIC WA The onion industry is covered by version 2.0 of the onion industry biosecurity plan.

Table 22. High Priority Pests of the onion industry Figure 46. Distribution of onion production by state and territory, 2012–13 (based on LVP) Scientific name Common name Botrytis squamosa Leaf blight Cladosporium allii Leaf spot Delia antiqua Onion fly 0% Australian Capital Territory Delia florilega Bean fly 3% New South Wales ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Eumerus amoenus Onion bulb fly 0% Northern Territory Eumerus strigatus Lesser bulb fly 11% Queensland Liriomyza sativae Vegetable leaf miner 49% South Australia Phytomyza gymnostoma Allium leaf miner 12% Tasmania Puccinia spp. (exotic species) Rust Rhizoglyphus callae Bulb mite 10% Victoria Rhizoglyphus setosus Bulb mite 15% Western Australia Thrips tabaci (exotic strains/biotypes) Onion thrips Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. allii Xanthomonas leaf blight

63 PASSIONFRUIT

Represented by Passionfruit Australia Inc. www.passionfruitaustralia.org.au In 2012–13, passionfruit production was valued at $16 million (LVP). There are currently 300 hectares of passionfruit under cultivation in Australia with about 400,000 passionfruit vines yielding approximately 4,600 tonnes of fruit.

About two thirds of the Australian passionfruit crop is grown in Queensland and around one third in NSW. Passionfruit is grown year round but main supply times to market are December to September and lighter supply September to December. The main purple passionfruit varieties grown in Australia are Misty Gem and Sweetheart and the major Panama passionfruit varieties are Pandora and McGuffie’s Red.

At present, there is no export market for Australian passionfruit; however there is an application pending consideration for export to New Zealand.

The passionfruit industry is covered by version 1.0 of the passionfruit industry biosecurity plan. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Figure 47. Distribution of passionfruit production by state and territory, 2012–13 (based on LVP)

0% Australian Capital Territory 29% New South Wales ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 0% Northern Territory 70% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria <1% Western Australia

64 Table 23. High Priority Pests of the passionfruit industry Figure 48. Annual value of passionfruit production, 2007–13 Scientific name Common name 18 Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly 16 Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fruit fly 14 Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly 12 oduction Bactrocera facialis Tropical fruit fly 10 Bactrocera kandiensis Fruit fly 8 Bactrocera kirki Fijian fruit fly alue of P r ($ MILLION) 6 Bactrocera melanotus Fruit fly 4 Bactrocera papayae* Papaya fruit fly Local V 2

0 Bactrocera passiflorae Fijian fruit fly 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 Bactrocera philippinensis* Philippine fruit fly FINANCIAL YEAR Bactrocera psidii South Sea guava fruit fly Bactrocera xanthodes Pacific fruit fly East Asian passiflora virus (Potyvirus) East Asian passiflora virus Passiflora chlorosis virus (Potyvirus) Passiflora chlorosis virus Passionfruit crinkle virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit crinkle virus Passionfruit ringspot virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit ringspot virus Passionfruit severe leaf distortion virus Passionfruit severe leaf distortion virus (Begomovirus) Passionfruit Sri Lankan mottle virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit Sri Lankan mottle potyvirus

Passionfruit vein clearing virus (Rhabdovirus) Passionfruit vein clearing rhabdovirus OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Passionfruit yellow mosaic virus (Tymovirus) Passionfruit yellow mosaic virus Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae Bacterial blight

* This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis

Fijian Fruit Fly. Image courtesy of S. Wilson, Secretariat of the Philippine Fruit Fly. Image courtesy of Anthony O’Toole, Pacific Community Secretariat of the Pacific Community

65 PINEAPPLES

Represented by GROWCOM Figure 49. Annual value of pineapple production, 2007–13 www.growcom.com.au

In 2012–13, pineapple production was valued at $37 million (LVP), much lower than average. 80 The industry estimates that in 2014 approximately 44,200 tonnes of fresh fruit and 24,300 70 tonnes of processed fruit were marketed. 60

There are approximately 80 commercial pineapple enterprises, all based in Queensland, oduction 50 with key growing districts in Wamuran, Elimbah, Glasshouse Mountains, Beerwah, Yandina, Mary Valley, Maryborough, Hervey Bay, Childers, Bundaberg, Cawarral, Yeppoon and 40 northern Queensland. 30 alue of P r ($ MILLION) 20 Australia contributes 0.5 per cent to the world’s fresh pineapple production and supplies 10 almost the entire domestic market. More than 70 per cent of fresh pineapples are packed Local V and marketed through four primary packing houses. The primary pineapple processor, 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 Heinz Golden Circle Ltd, produces canned pineapple and juice. FINANCIAL YEAR Approximately 55 per cent of pineapple varieties grown are Smooth Cayenne and Queen ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA (Rough leaf). The remaining 45 per cent of plantings are new hybrid varieties that appeal more to the fresh market and this proportion is expected to increase.

The pineapple industry is covered by version 1.0 of the pineapple industry biosecurity plan. Figure 50. Distribution of pineapple production by state and territory, 2012–13 (based on LVP)

Table 24. High Priority Pests of the pineapple industry

Scientific name Common name Cryptophlebia leucotreta False codling moth 0% Australian Capital Territory ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Grey pineapple mealybug 0% New South Wales Erwinia chrysanthemi (distinct pathovar) Bacterial fruit collapse 0% Northern Territory Fusarium guttiforme Fusariosis 100% Queensland Strymon megarus Pineapple fruit borer 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria 0% Western Australia

False codling moth. Image courtesy of Marja van der Straten, Grey pineapple mealybug. Image courtesy of William M. Ciesla, NVWA Plant Protection Service, bugwood.org Forest Health Management International, bugwood.org

66 PISTACHIOS

Represented by Pistachio Growers’ Association Inc. Figure 51. Annual value of pistachio production, 2008–13 www.pgai.com.au

In 2012–13, pistachio production was valued at $17 million (LVP). The industry estimates 20 that in 2014, 950 hectares were under cultivation with pistachio trees and an ‘off-crop’ of 18 1,180 tonnes of pistachio nuts was produced. 16 14

The major production areas of pistachios are located along the Murray River Valley between oduction 12 Swan Hill in Victoria and Waikerie in SA. There are further plantings are in central west 10 Victoria and Pinnaroo, South Australia and small plantings exist in WA. 8 alue of P r Australian pistachio production currently only meets 40 per cent of domestic consumption, ($ MILLION) 6 with the remainder imported from other major producers including Iran and the United 4

States. The domestic production of pistachio is expected to increase to 3,000 tonnes by Local V 2 2020. 0 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 The pistachio industry is covered by version 2.0 of the nut industry biosecurity plan. FINANCIAL YEAR ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Table 25. High Priority Pest of the pistachio industry

Scientific name Common name Figure 52. Distribution of pistachio production by state and territory, 2012–13 (based on LVP) Amyelois transitella Navel orangeworm

0% Australian Capital Territory

49% New South Wales OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 0% Northern Territory 0% Queensland 18% South Australia Navel orangeworm. Image courtesy of Jack Kelly Clark, Navel orangeworm. Image courtesy of Jack Kelly Clark, University of California Statewide IPM Program University of California Statewide IPM Program 0% Tasmania 32% Victoria <1% Western Australia

67 PLANTATION FORESTRY

Represented by the Australian Forest Products Association Ltd www.ausfpa.com.au In 2012–13, plantation forestry production was valued at $1.2 billion (LVP). The forest, wood and paper products sector is Australia’s 8th largest manufacturing industry. In 2013, 19.2 million cubic metres of logs were harvested from Australia’s plantation estates for further processing in Australia and to export internationally. Plantations provide almost 80 per cent of the log resources. Plantings are split almost evenly between softwood and hardwood.

The softwood plantation estate of over one million hectares is dominated by exotic species of pine in the south east of Queensland. Softwood plantations are predominately long rotation and produce saw, peeler and pulp logs for a range of products including sawn timber, wood-based panels, engineered wood products, paper and paperboard. The hardwood plantation estate of approximately 0.9 million hectares is predominantly species of eucalypts grown for pulp and saw logs with some small plants of African mahogany and Sandalwood grown for niche markets.

Plantations are grown mainly in the higher rainfall zones (greater than 700 mm) along the east coast and south west corner of mainland Australia, as well as in Tasmania and NT.

TheACT plantation NSWforestry industryNT is covered QLDby version 2.0SA of the plantationTAS forest industryVIC WA biosecurity plan.

Figure 53. Distribution of plantation forest production by state and territory, 2012–13 (based on LVP) ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

0% Australian Capital Territory 19% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 10% Queensland 14% South Australia 9% Tasmania 30% Victoria 18% Western Australia

68 Figure 54. Annual value of plantation forest production, 2007–13 Table 26. High Priority Pests of the plantation forest industry

Scientific name Common name 1600 Bursaphelenchus spp. including B. xylophilus Pinewood nematode species complex 1400 Chrysoporthe austroafricana Eucalyptus canker disease 1200 Coptotermes formosanus Formosan subterranean termite oduction 1000 Coptotermes gestroi Asian subterranean termite 800 Dendroctonus ponderosae Mountain pine beetle 600 alue of P r ($ MILLION) Dendroctonus valens Red turpentine beetle 400 Endocronartium harknessii Western gall rust 200 Local V Fusarium circinatum Pitch canker 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 Hylesia nigricans Burning moth FINANCIAL YEAR Ips typographus Spruce bark beetle Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth Lymantria monacha Nun moth Monochamus spp. including M. alternatus, Longhorn beetles M. galloprovinicialis, M. titillator, M. scutellatus Orgyia thyellina White spotted tussock moth Phytophthora pinifolia Dano foliar del Pino Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death Puccinia psidii sensu lato (exotic variants) Guava rust/Eucalyptus rust Teratosphaeria gauchensis Coniothyrium eucalyptus canker ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Teratosphaeria zuluensis Coniothyrium eucalyptus canker Tomicus piniperda Pine shoot beetle Urocerus gigas Giant wood wasp

Mountain pine beetle. Image courtesy of G. D. Amman, Red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens) larvae. Image United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service courtesy of Ladd Livingston, Idaho Department of Lands

69 PROCESSING TOMATOES

Represented by the Australian Processing Tomato Research Council Inc. Figure 55. Annual value of processing tomato production, 2007–13 www.aptrc.asn.au

In 2012–13, processing tomato production was valued at $19.3 million (LVP). The industry 35 estimates that approximately 2,400 hectares were planted in 2013–14 with around 224,000 tonnes delivered for processing, which was an increase of about 16 per cent. This included 30 over 5,500 tonnes from growers of fresh tomatoes. Australia consumes around 550,000 25

tonnes of processed tomatoes, with the majority of imports coming from Italy and China. oduction 20

The main varieties grown in Australia are dominated by Heinz cultivars and 95 per cent of 15

the production area is irrigated using sub-surface drip lines. alue of P r ($ MILLION) 10 In 2013–14, an average yield of almost 94 tonnes per hectare was achieved by growers of 5 processing tomatoes, down slightly from the record 96.6 tonnes achieved in 2012–13 Local V which had a local value of $19 million. An industry biosecurity plan is currently being 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 developed for this industry. FINANCIAL YEAR ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Figure 56. Distribution of processing tomato production by state and territory, 2012–13 (based on LVP)

0% Australian Capital Territory

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 2% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 0% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 98% Victoria 0% Western Australia

Image courtesy of the Australian Processing Tomato Research Council Inc

70 ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

71 RICE

Represented by the Ricegrowers’ Association of Australia Inc. www.rga.org.au In 2012–13, rice production was valued at $270 million (LVP). After several years of very low production due to drought, rice production has recovered in recent seasons with 963,000 tonnes produced in 2012, 1,166,000 tonnes in 2013, and 829,000 tonnes in 2014. A smaller crop was planted in October 2014 due largely to reduced water availability and low water allocations in both the NSW Murray and Murrumbidgee Valleys so production will be smaller when harvest is completed in May 2015.

The Australian rice industry is predominantly located in the temperate climatic region of the Riverina in southern NSW. A small area of rice is also grown in northern NSW. The major varieties grown are temperate Japonica varieties which are planted in October and harvested from March to May of the following year.

The vast majority of Australia’s rice is exported to international destinations, including Papua New Guinea, Hong Kong, Japan, the Middle East and many nations in the Pacific. Market analysis indicates that there is demand across all market segments, both domestic and international for 950,000 tonnes of paddy production annually.

In recent years, trial crops of rice have been grown in northern areas of Australia including in the Ord River Irrigation Area of WA and the Burdekin and Mackay regions in north Queensland. Following the acquisition of a rice seed company in North Queensland by Ricegrowers’ Limited, rice is being grown in the Burdekin as a rotational crop with sugar. While tonnages are currently small, commercial production continues to increase as varieties bred specifically for that environment and management techniques suitable for local conditions are introduced to the cropping system. ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Strict biosecurity measures have been put in place to ensure that any rice plant pests and diseases which may be endemic in northern Australia are not spread south to the major rice growing area in NSW.

The rice industry is covered by version 2.0 of the rice industry biosecurity plan.

72 Figure 57. Annual value of rice production, 2007–13 Table 27. High Priority Pests of the rice industry

Scientific name Common name 300 Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil 250 Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast

200 Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail oduction Rice grassy stunt virus (Tenuivirus) Rice grassy stunt virus 150 Rice ragged stunt virus (Oryzavirus) Ragged stunt virus alue of P r ($ MILLION) 100 Rice tungro bacilliform virus (unassigned) Rice tungro bacilliform virus Rice tungro spherical virus (Waikavirus) Rice tungro spherical virus; Waika virus 50

Local V Tilletia barclayana Kernel smut of rice 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 Tilletia indica Karnal bunt FINANCIAL YEAR Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Figure 58. Distribution of rice production by state and territory, 2012–13 (based on LVP)

0% Australian Capital Territory

100% New South Wales OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 0% Northern Territory 0% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania <1% Victoria 0% Western Australia

Rice is predominantly grown in the Riverina, NSW. Image courtesy of Ricegrowers' Association of Australia

73 STONE FRUIT

Represented by Summerfruit Australia Ltd Figure 59. Annual value of stone fruit production, 2007–13 www.summerfruit.com.au

In 2012–13, stonefruit production (fresh apricots, nectarines, peaches and plums) was 300 valued at $174 million (LVP). Nectarines and peaches comprised two-thirds of national stone fruit production, followed by plums and apricots. 250

200 Production of stone fruit has grown considerably over the past 10 years, with the majority oduction of this growth directly attributable to prospective export to China. Around $40 million worth 150 of stone fruit was exported in 2013–14 an increase of 21 per cent. alue of P r ($ MILLION) 100 Production is mainly located in subtropical and temperate Australia where the industry is a

major rural and regional employer. Victoria produces around 65 per cent of Australia’s stone 50 fruit (in the order nationally of 110,000 tonnes) with the remaining production spread Local V between NSW, Queensland, SA, WA and Tasmania. 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 The stone fruit industry is covered by version 1.0 of the summerfruit industry biosecurity FINANCIAL YEAR plan and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Summerfruit Industry Version 1.0. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Table 28. High Priority Pests of the stone fruit industry Figure 60. Distribution of stone fruit production by state and territory, 2012–13 Scientific name Common name (based on LVP) Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera papayae* Papaya fruit fly Conotrachelus nenuphar Plum curculio 0% Australian Capital Territory ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Cryptophlebia leucotreta False codling moth 12% New South Wales Cydia funebrana Plum fruit moth 0% Northern Territory Drosophila suzukii Spotted-winged drosophila 4% Queensland European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma European stone fruit yellows 10% South Australia Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy-winged sharpshooter 2% Tasmania Monilinia fructigena Brown rot 55% Victoria Monilia polystroma Asiatic brown rot 17% Western Australia Peach rosette mosaic virus (Nepovirus) Peach rosette mosaic virus Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus Popillia japonica Japanese beetle X disease phytoplasma Peach X disease Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease

* This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis

74 STRAWBERRIES

Represented by Strawberries Australia Inc. Figure 61. Annual value of strawberry production, 2007–13 www.strawberriesaustralia.com.au

In 2012–13, strawberry production was valued at $204 million (LVP). Strawberries are grown 250 in all states of Australia by an estimated 500 growers concentrated in the Sunshine Coast area of Queensland, the Yarra Valley and the Mornington Peninsula in Victoria, Wannaroo 200 and Albany in WA, the Adelaide Hills in SA, the Camden region in NSW and Launceston in oduction Tasmania. 150

Strawberries are grown throughout the year with Florida varieties grown in subtropical 100

locations (May–October) and Californian varieties grown in temperate climate areas alue of P r ($ MILLION) (October–June). The industry is investing in the breeding of Australian varieties and these have gradually entered the market in 2012, although only about 5 per cent of Australian 50 varieties are available to the buying public. Local V 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 The industry is primarily focused on the domestic market with around five per cent exported. The increase in production over the past several years is due primarily to rising FINANCIAL YEAR per capita consumption, driven by higher planting numbers, improved Australian varieties ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA that have been developed using the best varieties from Europe and the United States, and better cool chain management. Figure 62. Distribution of strawberry production by state and territory, 2012–13 The strawberry industry is covered by version 2.0 of the strawberry industry biosecurity plan. (based on LVP)

Table 29. High Priority Pests of the strawberry industry

Scientific name Common name 0% Australian Capital Territory Lygus hesperus Western plant bug ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug <1% New South Wales Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae Red steele root rot 0% Northern Territory Raspberry ringspot virus (Nepovirus) Raspberry ringspot virus 30% Queensland Strawberry latent ringspot virus (Sadwavirus) Strawberry latent ringspot virus 16% South Australia Tomato black ring virus (Nepovirus) Tomato black ring virus 4% Tasmania Tomato ringspot virus (Nepovirus) Tomato ringspot virus 38% Victoria Xanthomonas fragariae Strawberry angular leaf spot 12% Western Australia

75 SUGARCANE

Represented by CANEGROWERS Figure 63. Annual value of sugarcane production, 2007–13 www.canegrowers.com.au In 2012–13, sugarcane production was valued at $1.1 billion (LVP). Australia’s sugarcane is grown in high-rainfall and irrigated areas along coastal plains and river valleys on 2,100 km 1600 of Australia’s eastern coastline between Mossman in far north Queensland and Grafton in 1400

NSW. Queensland accounts for about 95 per cent of Australia’s raw sugar production. 1200

Australia is the world’s third largest exporter of raw sugar, with approximately 80 per cent of oduction 1000 production sold to international markets. Major export customers include east Asia, China, 800

Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan, the United States and New Zealand. 600 alue of P r ($ MILLION) The sugarcane industry is covered by version 2.01 of the sugarcane industry biosecurity plan. 400 200 Local V

0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 FINANCIAL YEAR ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Figure 64. Distribution of sugarcane production by state and territory, 2012–13 (based on LVP)

0% Australian Capital Territory

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 4% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 96% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria 0% Western Australia

Flowered cane. Image courtesy of CANEGROWERS

76 Table 30. High Priority Pests of the sugarcane industry

Scientific name Common name Scientific name Common name Aleurolobus barodensis Sugarcane whitefly Scirpophaga excerptalis Top shoot borer Ceratovacuna lanigera Sugarcane woolly aphid Sesamia grisescens Stem borer Cercospora longipes Brown spot Sesamia inferens Pink stem borer Chilo auricilius Sugarcane internode borer Sorghum mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Sorghum mosaic virus Chilo infuscatellus Yellow top borer of sugarcane Stagonospora sacchari Leaf scorch Chilo sacchariphagus Sugarcane internode borer Sugarcane grassy shoot phytoplasma Grassy shoot Chilo terrenellus Sugarcane stem borer Sugarcane mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Sugarcane mosaic virus (exotic strains) Cicadulina mbila South African maize leafhopper Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (unassigned) Sugarcane streak mosaic Dorysthenes buqueti Sugarcane longhorn stem borer Sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma White leaf Fulmekiola serrata Oriental sugar cane thrips Tetramoera schistaceana Sugarcane shoot borer Lepidiota blanchardi Blanchard's canegrub Unknown Ramu stunt disease Lepidiota discedens Canegrub Lepidiota pruinosa Pruinose canegrub Lepidiota reuleauxi Ramu canegrub Lepidiota stigma White canegrub Leucopholis near armata Canegrub Perkinsiella bicoloris Sugarcane sidewinder Perkinsiella diagoras Sugarcane sidewinder Perkinsiella lalokensis Sugarcane sidewinder ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Perkinsiella papuensis Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane infested with stem borer (Sesamia grisescens) in Sugarcane longhorn stem borer. Image courtesy of Sugar Papua New Guinea. Image courtesy of Sugar Research Australia Research Australia Perkinsiella rattlei Sugarcane sidewinder Perkinsiella saccharivora Sugarcane sidewinder Perkinsiella vastatrix Sugarcane sidewinder Perkinsiella vitiensis Sugarcane sidewinder Peronosclerospora philippinensis Philippine downy mildew of maize Peronosclerospora sacchari Sugarcane downy mildew Peronosclerospora spontanea Downy mildew Pulvinaria iceryi Pulvinaria scale Pyrilla perpusilla Sugarcane pyrilla Sugarcane downy mildew. Image courtesy of Christian Sugarcane stem borer. Image courtesy of PaDIL Cumagun, University of the Philippines, Los Banos

77 TABLE GRAPES

Represented by Australian Table Grape Association Inc. Figure 65. Annual value of table grape production, 2007–13 www.australiangrapes.com.au In 2012–13, table grape production was valued at $240 million (LVP). Green, red and blue/

black varieties of table grapes are produced by 1,200 growers in the major growing regions 300 of Sunraysia and the Murray Valley in Victoria, the Riverina in NSW and in south east Queensland. 250

200 The Australian table grape industry was valued at approximately $240 million (LVP) in oduction 2012–13. Exports of Australian table grapes are low with the majority of table grapes 150 produced being consumed domestically. alue of P r ($ MILLION) 100 The table grape industry is covered by version 3.0 of the viticulture industry biosecurity plan

and the Biosecurity Manual for the Viticulture Industry Version 1.0. 50 Local V

0 Table 31. High Priority Pests of the table grape industry 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 FINANCIAL YEAR Scientific name Common name ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly Figure 66. Distribution of table grape production by state and territory, 2012–13 Bactrocera papayae* Papaya fruit fly (based on LVP) Candidatus Phytoplasma solani Bois noir Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic strains) Grapevine phylloxera Drosophila suzukii Spotted-winged drosophila Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma Flavescence dorée 0% Australian Capital Territory

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Guignardia bidwellii Black rot 16% New South Wales Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy-winged sharpshooter <1% Northern Territory Hyalesthes obsoletus Cixiidae planthopper 19% Queensland Lobesia botrana European grapevine moth 6% South Australia Planococcus ficus Vine mealybug 0% Tasmania Polychrosis viteana American berry moth Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug 54% Victoria Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease 5% Western Australia

* This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis

78 ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

79 VEGETABLES (INCLUDING POTATOES)

Represented by AUSVEG Ltd www.ausveg.com.au In 2012–13, vegetable production was valued at $2.2 billion (LVP). Major crops include potatoes, carrots and lettuce.

The majority of fresh vegetables consumed in Australia and an increasing amount of fresh vegetables consumed overseas, are supplied by Australian vegetable growers. Australia’s diverse climatic and soil type characteristics accommodate vegetable cultivation in all states and territories, ensuring a consistent supply of fresh vegetables.

The Australian vegetable industry is committed to building its capacity to respond to potential biosecurity threats and is engaging with multiple relevant government departments, committees and bodies. This includes participation in technical meetings with the Department of Agriculture and PHA, the appointment of a vegetable industry Biosecurity Advisor and a dedicated Vegetable and Potato Biosecurity Officer.

The Australian vegetable industry is covered by version 2.0 of the vegetable industry biosecurity plan, version 2.0 of the potato industry biosecurity plan, the Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Northern Adelaide Plains Vegetable Growers Version 1.0 and the Biosecurity Induction Manual for Bundaberg Horticultural Farms Version 1.0.

During 2014, the Vegetable and Potato Biosecurity Officer held a series of biosecurity awareness seminars across Australia and visited a number of growing regions in order to discuss on-farm biosecurity best practice. These initiatives are set to continue in 2015, with raised biosecurity awareness among growers being a key goal. ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

80 Figure 67. Annual value of vegetable production, 2007–13 Table 32. High Priority Pests of the vegetable industry

Scientific name Common name 2500 Bactericera cockerelli Tomato/potato psyllid

2000 Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fruit fly Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum Zebra chip oduction 1500 Globodera pallida (pathotypes PA1, PA2) Potato cyst nematode (white or pale) Globodera rostochiensis (exotic strains) Potato cyst nematode (golden) 1000 alue of P r

($ MILLION) Groundnut bud necrosis virus (Tospovirus) Bud necrosis disease

500 Heterodera carotae Carrot cyst nematode

Local V Liriomyza bryoniae Tomato leaf miner 0 Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leaf miner 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 FINANCIAL YEAR Liriomyza sativae Vegetable leaf miner ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Liriomyza trifolii American serpentine leaf miner Phytophthora infestans (A2 mating type and Late blight exotic strains of A1 mating type) Figure 68. Distribution of vegetable production by state and territory, 2012–13 Potato spindle tuber viroid (Pospiviroidae) Potato spindle tuber viroid (based on LVP)* Potato virus Y (Potyvirus) (exotic strains) Potato virus Y Psila rosae Carrot rust fly Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 (exotic strains) Bacterial wilt Watermelon bud necrosis virus (Tospovirus) Watermelon bud necrosis 0% Australian Capital Territory Watermelon silver mottle virus (Tospovirus) Watermelon silver mottle 11% New South Wales OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION <1% Northern Territory 27% Queensland 14% South Australia 8% Tasmania 30% Victoria 10% Western Australia

Potato cyst nematode. Image courtesy of Florida Division of Serpentine leaf miner. Image courtesy of Plant Protection Plant Industry Archive, Florida Department of Agriculture and Service Archive, bugwood.org Consumer Service

* Only vegetables represented by AUSVEG

81 WALNUTS

Represented by the Australian Walnut Industry Association Figure 69. Annual value of walnut production, 2007–13 www.walnut.net.au

In 2012–13, walnut production was valued at $39 million (LVP) with an export market of 45

$30 million. The industry estimates that more than 11,000 tonnes (in shell) was produced 40 in 2014. 35

30 The Australian walnut industry operates in most states of Australia. The industry has grown oduction significantly in recent years due to growth in the establishment of large scale commercial 25 plantings. The area currently under cultivation is approximately 3,000 hectares. Production 20

is expected to increase dramatically in the next five years as new orchards mature and alue of P r ($ MILLION) 15 come into bearing. 10

Walnut production in Australia has been steadily increasing, and local production can Local V 5 satisfy all of the domestic consumption. There is a great opportunity for export of good 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 quality Australian walnuts. Demand for in shell walnuts is primarily from China, Turkey and Italy, with about 70 per cent of Australia’s walnut production being exported. FINANCIAL YEAR ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA The walnut industry is covered by version 2.0 of the nut industry biosecurity plan which includes the HPPs of the industry. Figure 70. Distribution of walnut production by state and territory, 2012–13 Table 33. High Priority Pests of the walnut industry (based on LVP)

Scientific name Common name Amyelois transitella Navel orangeworm Cydia latiferreana Filbertworm 0% Australian Capital Territory Rhagoletis completa Walnut husk fly ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 87% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 0% Queensland 1% South Australia 8% Tasmania 4% Victoria <1% Western Australia

Filbertworm. Image courtesy of Larry R. Barber, United States Walnut husk fly. Image courtesy of E. Mani, Swiss Federal Department of Agriculture Forest Service, bugwood.org Research Station for Fruit-Growing, bugwood.org

82 ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

Image courtesy of Jennifer Wilkinson 83 WINE GRAPES

Represented by the Wine Grape Growers Australia Figure 71. Annual value of wine grape production, 2007–13 www.wgga.com.au In 2012–13, cotton production was valued at $858 million (LVP). There was a total of 1600 142,233 hectares of wine grape vineyards in Australia, which produced approximately 1.6 million tonnes of wine grapes at an average yield of 12.3 tonnes per hectare. 1400 1200 Wine grapes are grown principally in south eastern Australia. SA produced the bulk of oduction 1000 Australia’s wine grapes in 2013 (44 per cent), with another 30 per cent from NSW and 22 per cent from Victoria. Of the other states, WA has a sizeable premium grape growing 800 industry accounting for about three per cent of national production. 600 alue of P r ($ MILLION) In 2012, the most grown wine grape varieties were Shiraz (23%), Chardonnay (22%) and 400 200 Cabernet Sauvignon (13%). The major varieties by colour are Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon Local V and Merlot for reds and Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc and Semillon for whites. 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 WGGA estimates that there has been a net removal of vines from the industry each year FINANCIAL YEAR since the 2007–2008 season. It is estimated that by the 2013 harvest, the national vineyard ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA had reduced in size by around 12 per cent.

A total of 128 million cases of Australian wine were sold in 2013–14. Of this, 77 million cases were exported with a value of $1.81 billion. The major export markets by volume Figure 72. Distribution of wine grape production by state and territory, 2012–13 (based on LVP) were the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, China and Germany. However, by value the major export markets were the United States, the United Kingdom, China, Canada, and Hong Kong.

The wine grape industry is covered by version 3.0 of the viticulture industry biosecurity plan and the Biosecurity Manual for the Viticulture Industry Version 1.0. 0% Australian Capital Territory ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 21% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory <1% Queensland 51% South Australia 3% Tasmania 17% Victoria 8% Western Australia

84 Table 34. High Priority Pests of the wine grape industry

Scientific name Common name Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera papayae* Papaya fruit fly Candidatus Phytoplasma solani Bois noir Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic strains) Grapevine phylloxera Drosophila suzukii Spotted-winged drosophila Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma Flavescence dorée Guignardia bidwellii Black rot Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy-winged sharpshooter Hyalesthes obsoletus Cixiidae planthopper Lobesia botrana European grapevine moth Planococcus ficus Vine mealybug Polychrosis viteana American berry moth Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease

* This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

Melon fruit fly. Image courtesy of Florida Division of Plant Serpentine leafminer larvae. Image courtesy of Merle Industry Archive, Florida Department of Agriculture and Shepard, Gerald R. Carner, and P. A. C Ooi, bugwood.org Consumer Services, bugwood.org.

Black rot. Image courtesy of Bruce Watt, University of Maine Grape mealybug. Image courtesy of Jack Kelly Clark, University of California 85 86 Chapter 2 Threats to Australia’s plant production 88 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION plant industry. Plantpestexpertshaveassessedthateach risk allowstheresources oftheplantbiosecuritysystem identified asposingthegreatest risktoplantproduction The chapter ends with a description of the management The chapterendswithadescriptionofthemanagement This chapterlistsaround 350plantpeststhathavebeen in Australia.Identifyingthepeststhatposegreatest to betargetedeffectively. ThelistofHighPriorityPests Pests thatare currently containedtoparticularregions one represents ahighrisktooneormore crops witha of weeds in Australia, which also pose a considerable of weedsinAustralia,whichalsoposeaconsiderable was developedthrough biosecurityplanningforeach severe economicimpactifitestablishedinAustralia. are alsolistedandcurrent eradicationresponses to Emergency PlantPestsare described. threat toplantproduction. Officers atworkduringthebananafreckleeradication responseinNT. Imagecourtesy ofNTDPIF 2.1 Australia’s High Priority Pests

The basis of any risk mitigation system begins with identifying threats. For Australia’s plant and bee production industries, this includes pests that could have a significant impact on production or trade, should they establish in particular regions of Australia.

To identify and prioritise exotic pests of quarantine concern, pest risk assessments are made for each industry during the development of biosecurity plans for industries. Through consultation with industry and government experts, estimates are made of the level of risk associated with each pest.

This process takes into account the pest’s likelihood of entry, establishment and spread, as well as the economic impact it would be expected to have if it became established in Australia. The assessment includes all entry pathways including legal, illegal, accidental or through natural causes. High Priority Pests (HPPs) are those found to pose the greatest risk with the largest potential economic impact. It is important to note that pest risk assessments are general analyses of overseas pest risks, not specific assessments of individual import risks (See 3.1 International Trade).

The identification of HPPs allows for the development of risk mitigation measures. These include a range of biosecurity preparedness activities such as surveillance, awareness

programs, maintenance of capacity and capability, and the development of diagnostic PLANT PRODUCTION TO AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 2: THREATS protocols, contingency plans and pre-emptive breeding programs.

Biosecurity plans undergo formal reviews on a regular basis to ensure that they accurately reflect the most up-to-date information and research available on pests and their pathways.

Table 35 lists all 355 HPPs that have been identified from the 28 industry biosecurity plans developed by PHA in conjunction with industries and governments, along with those listed in Schedule 13 of the EPPRD, which are pre-categorised pests.

Whilst this list predominantly contains exotic pests, it does contain some species that are already present in Australia. These regionalised pests are usually controlled through active management or containment programs, yet are still of significant quarantine concern nationally.

89 90 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION Table 35.HighPriorityPestsdesignatedduringbiosecurityplanning Scientific name ( Abaca bunchytopvirus Acarapis woodi Achatina fulica Acleris comariana Adoxophyes orana Agrotis segetum Aleurolobus barodensis Alternaria triticina Amrasca devastans Amyelois transitella Anastrepha fraterculus Anastrepha ludens Anisogramma anomala Anthonomus bisignatus Anthonomus grandis Aphis gossypii(exoticstrains) Apiosporina morbosa genotypes andsub-species) Apis cerana(exoticstrains, Apis melliferacapensis Apis melliferascutellata (hybrid) Apis melliferascutellata phytoplasma Apple proliferation Aristobia testudo Arthuriomyces peckianus Aspidiella hartii Atherigona soccata (asymptomatic strains) Avocado sunblotchviroid (symptomatic strains) Avocado sunblotchviroid Babuvirus) Common name Abaca bunchytopvirus Tracheal mite Giant Africansnail Strawberry tortrix Summer fruittortrix Turnip moth Sugarcane whitefly Leaf blightofwheat Indian green jassid Navel orangeworm South Americanfruitfly Mexican fruitfly Hazelnut blight Strawberry budweevil Cotton bollweevil Cotton aphid Cotton aphid Black knot Asian honeybee Cape honeybee African honeybee Africanized honeybee Apple proliferation Lychee beetle longicorn Orange rust(long-cycled) Yam scale Sorghum shootfly Avocado sunblotch Avocado sunblotch Risk assessments Banana Honey bee Nursery andGarden EPPRD EPPRD Grains EPPRD, Sugarcane Grains Cotton EPPRD, Nut Citrus Citrus EPPRD, Nut EPPRD EPPRD, Cotton Cotton, NurseryandGarden EPPRD Honey bee Honey bee Honey bee Honey bee Apple andPear Lychee Rubus Ginger Grains Avocado Avocado * Thisspecieshasbeen synonymised withBactroceradorsalis Scientific name Bactericera cockerelli Bactrocera carambolae Bactrocera cucurbitae Bactrocera dorsalis Bactrocera facialis Bactrocera facialis Bactrocera invadens Bactrocera kandiensis Bactrocera kirki Bactrocera latifrons Bactrocera latifrons Bactrocera melanotus Bactrocera melanotus Bactrocera minax Bactrocera occipitalis Bactrocera oleae Bactrocera papayae Bactrocera passiflorae Bactrocera philippinensis Bactrocera psidii Bactrocera trivialis Bactrocera tsuneonis Bactrocera xanthodes ( Banana bractmosaicvirus ( Banana bunchytopvirus ( Bean commonmosaicvirus Potyvirus), peanutstripestrain Potyvirus) Nanovirus) * * * Common name Tomato/potato psyllid Carambola fruitfly Melon fruitfly Oriental fruitfly Tropical fruitfly Fruit fly Fruit fly Fijian fruitfly Solanum fruitfly Fruit fly Chinese citrusfly Fruit fly Olive fly Papaya fruitfly Fijian fruitfly Philippine fruitfly South Seaguavafruitfly New Guineafruitfly Japanese orangefly Pacific fruitfly Banana bractmosaicdisease Banana bunchytopdisease Bean commonmosaicvirus Risk assessments EPPRD, Potato Passionfruit, Viticulture Avocado, Mango,Papaya, Vegetable Passionfruit, Summerfruit, Avocado, Papaya, Summerfruit, Viticulture Papaya, Passionfruit, Avocado, Citrus,Lychee, EPPRD, AppleandPear, Avocado, Passionfruit Citrus Avocado, Passionfruit Avocado, Passionfruit Melon Avocado, Passionfruit Citrus Citrus Olive Summerfruit, Viticulture Mango, Papaya,Passionfruit, EPPRD, Avocado, Citrus, Passionfruit Avocado, Papaya, Papaya, Passionfruit EPPRD, Avocado, Citrus, Passionfruit Citrus Citrus Avocado, Passionfruit EPPRD, Banana Banana Grains Table 35.HighPriorityPestsdesignatedduringbiosecurityplanning Scientific name Bemisia tabaci(exoticstrains) Blood diseasebacterium Botrytis squamosa Botrytis including B.xylophilus Bursaphelenchus africanus Candidatus americanus Candidatus asiaticus Candidatus solanacearum Candidatus solani Candidatus Cephus pygmeus lato Ceratocystis fimbriatasensu Ceratocystis manginecans Ceratocystis omanensis Ceratocystis omanensis Ceratocystis ulmi Ceratovacuna lanigera Cercospora longipes Cercosporella rubi Ceutorhynchus assimilis ( leafrollvirus Cherry Chilo auricilius Chilo infuscatellus Chilo partellus Chilo sacchariphagus Chilo terrenellus Choristoneura rosaceana Nepovirus) (exoticstrains) Liberibacter Liberibacter Liberibacter Liberibacter Liberibacter Liberibacter Liberibacter Liberibacter Phytoplasma Phytoplasma spp. spp. Common name Silverleaf whitefly Silverleaf whitefly Blood disease Leaf blight complex Pinewood nematodespecies strain) Huanglongbing (African strain) Huanglongbing (American Huanglongbing (Asiaticstrain) Zebra chip Bois noir European wheatstemsawfly syndrome Mango suddendecline syndrome Mango suddendecline syndrome Mango suddendecline Dutch elmdisease Sugarcane woollyaphid Brown spot Rosette Cabbage seedpodweevil Blackline Sugarcane borer internode sugarcane Yellow topborer of Spotted stemborer Sugarcane borer internode Sugarcane stemborer Oblique bandedleafroller Risk assessments Cotton, NurseryandGarden EPPRD, Banana Onion Plantation forest Citrus Citrus Garden EPPRD, Citrus,Nurseryand EPPRD, Potato Viticulture Grains Mango Mango Mango EPPRD Sugarcane Sugarcane Rubus Grains EPPRD, Cherry, Rubus Sugarcane Sugarcane Grains Sugarcane Sugarcane Cherry Scientific name Chromatomyia horticola Chrysoporthe austroafricana Chrysoporthe Ciborinia camelliae Cicadulina mbila Citripestis sagittiferella (Unassigned) Citrus leprosisvirus stem-pitting strain ( Citrus tristezavirus Cladosporium allii Cladosporium caryigenum subsp. sepedonicus Clavibacter michiganensis (SGO strain) Colletotrichum acutatum (lentil strain) Colletotrichum truncatum Conopomorpha sinensis Conotrachelus aguacatae Conotrachelus nenuphar Conotrachelus perseae Coptotermes formosanus Coptotermes gestroi ( Cotton leafcurlvirus Cryphonectria parasitica Cryphonectria Cryptophlebia leucotreta Cryptophlebia Ctenopseustis obliquana Cydia funebrana Cydia latiferreana (biotype B) Daktulosphaira vitifoliae ) mandarin Closterovirus) mandarin Begomovirus) Common name Pea leafminer Eucalyptus cankerdisease Camellia petalblight leafhopper South Africanmaize Citrus fruitborer Citrus leprosis disease Mandarin stem-pitting Leaf spot Pecan scab Bacterial ringrot Post bloomfruitdrop Lentil anthracnose Lychee fruitborer Small avocadoseedweevil Plum curculio Small seedweevil termite Formosan subterranean Asian subterraneantermite Cotton leafcurldisease Chestnut blight False codlingmoth Brown headedleafroller Plum fruitmoth Filbertworm Grape phylloxera Risk assessments Grains Plantation forest EPPRD Sugarcane Citrus Citrus Citrus Onion Nut EPPRD Citrus Grains Lychee Avocado Cherry, Summerfruit EPPRD, AppleandPear, Avocado Plantation forest Plantation forest EPPRD, Cotton EPPRD, Nut Summerfruit EPPRD, Pineapple, Cherry Summerfruit Nut EPPRD

91 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION 92 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION Table 35.HighPriorityPestsdesignatedduringbiosecurityplanning Scientific name (exotic strains) Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Deanolis sublimbalis Deformed wingvirus( Delia antiqua Delia florilega Dendroctonus ponderosae Dendroctonus valens Dialeurodes citri Diaphorina citri Diuraphis noxia Dorysthenes buqueti Dorysthenes Drosophila suzukii Dysaphis plantaginea Dysmicoccus neobrevipes ( East AsianPassifloravirus Echinothrips americanus Elytroteinus subtruncatus Endocronartium harknessii Erionota thrax Erwinia amylovora (distinct pathovar) Erwinia chrysanthemi (exotic strains) Erwinia herbicola Erwinia papayae Erwinia Erwinia tracheiphila Eumerus amoenus Potyvirus) spp.

Iflavirus)

Common name Grapevine phylloxera Grapevine phylloxera caterpillar Red-banded mango Deformed wing virus Deformed wingvirus Onion fly Bean fly Mountain pinebeetle Red turpentinebeetle Citrus whitefly Asian citruspsyllid Russian wheataphid borer Sugarcane stem longhorn Spotted-winged drosophila Rosy apple aphid Rosy appleaphid Grey pineapplemealybug East AsianPassifloravirus Poinsettia thrips Fijian gingerweevil Western gallrust Banana skipperbutterfly Fire blight Bacterial fruitcollapse Avocado blast Bacterial crown rot Mushy canker Cucurbit bacterialwilt Onion bulbfly Risk assessments Viticulture EPPRD, Mango Honey bee Onion Onion Plantation forest Plantation forest Citrus Garden EPPRD, Citrus,Nurseryand EPPRD, Grains Sugarcane Viticulture Rubus, Summerfruit, Apple andPear, Cherry, Apple andPear Pineapple Passionfruit Nursery andGarden Ginger Plantation forest EPPRD, Banana EPPRD, AppleandPear Pineapple Avocado Papaya Papaya Melon Onion Scientific name Eumerus strigatus phytoplasma European stonefruityellows Euschistus conspersus Fulmekiola serrata Fusarium circinatum Fusarium guttiforme Fusarium mangiferae Fusarium mexicanum f. sp.ciceris Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.conglutinans Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.cubense Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.lentis Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.melonis(exoticraces) Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.niveum(exoticraces) Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.radicis-cucumerinum Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium proliferatum Fusarium sterilihyphosum (pathotypes PA1, PA2) Globodera pallida (exotic strains) Globodera rostochiensis phytoplasma Grapevine flavescencedorée ( Groundnut budnecrosisvirus Tospovirus) vasinfectum lupini

(exotic races)

Common name Lesser bulbfly European stonefruityellows Consperse stinkbug Oriental sugarcanethrips Pitch canker Fusariosis Mango malformation Mango malformation Mango malformation Fusarium wiltofchickpea Fusarium wiltofcanola race 4 Panama disease,Tropical Fusarium wiltoflentil Fusarium wiltoflupin Fusarium wilt Fusarium wilt of melons Fusarium root andstemrot of melons Fusarium root andstemrot of melons Fusarium root andstemrot Mango malformation Mango malformation Mango malformation Mango malformation or pale) Potato cystnematode(white (golden) Potato cystnematode Flavescence dorée Bud necrosis disease Risk assessments Onion EPPRD, Cherry, Summerfruit Rubus Sugarcane Plantation forest Pineapple EPPRD, Mango Mango Grains Grains EPPRD, Banana Grains Grains Cotton Melon Melon Melon Mango Mango Potato EPPRD, Potato Viticulture Vegetable Table 35.HighPriorityPestsdesignatedduringbiosecurityplanning Scientific name Guignardia bidwellii Guignardia musae Gymnoconia nitens juniperi-virginianae Gymnosporangium Halyomorpha halys Heilipus lauri Heterocrossa rubophaga (exotic strains) Heterodera avenae Heterodera carotae Heterodera carotae (exotic strains) Heterodera filipjevi Heterodera glycines (exotic strains) Heterodera latipons High plainsvirus(Unassigned) Homalodisca vitripennis Homoeosoma electellum Hoplostoma fuligineus Hyalesthes obsoletus Hylesia nigricans Hypothenemus obscurus Ips typographus Lepidiota blanchardi Lepidiota discedens Lepidiota pruinosa Lepidiota reuleauxi Lepidiota stigma Leptinotarsa decemlineata virus ( Lettuce infectiousyellows Leucopholis Crinivirus) armata near armata

Common name Black rot Banana freckle Orange rust(short-cycled) Cedar applerust Brown-marmorated stinkbug Large seedweevil Raspberry budmoth Cereal cystnematode Carrot cystnematode Cereal cystnematode Soybean cystnematode Cereal cystnematode High plainsvirus Glassy-winged sharpshooter Sunflower moth Large hivebeetle Cixiidae planthopper Burning moth Burning Tropical nutborer Spruce barkbeetle Blanchard's canegrub Canegrub Pruinose canegrub Ramu canegrub White canegrub Colorado potatobeetle virus Lettuce infectiousyellows Canegrub Risk assessments EPPRD, Viticulture EPPRD, Banana Rubus Apple andPear Rubus Avocado Rubus Grains Vegetable Grains Grains Grains EPPRD Summerfruit, Viticulture Citrus, NurseryandGarden, Grains Honey bee Viticulture Plantation forest Nut Plantation forest Sugarcane Sugarcane Sugarcane Sugarcane Sugarcane EPPRD Nursery andGarden Sugarcane Scientific name Liothrips oleae Liriomyza bryoniae Liriomyza huidobrensis Liriomyza sativae Liriomyza trifolii Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Unassigned) virus1 Little cherry ( virus2 Little cherry Lobesia botrana Luteovirus (suspected) Lygus hesperus Lygus lineolaris Lymantria dispar Lymantria monacha Magnaporthe grisea ( Maize dwarfmosaicvirus Mayetiola destructor Mayetiola hordei Meromyza saltatrix Monilia polystroma Monilinia fructigena M. titillator, M.scutellatus M. galloprovinicialis, including M.alternatus, Monochamus Monosporascus cannonballus Mycosphaerella eumusae Mycosphaerella fijiensis Mythimna unipuncta Ampelovirus) Potyvirus) spp. spp.

Common name Olive thrips Tomato leafminer Serpentine leafminer Vegetable leafminer miner American serpentineleaf Rice waterweevil Little cherryvirus1 Little cherryvirus2 European grapevinemoth Cotton bluedisease Western plantbug Tarnished plantbug Asian gypsy moth Asian gypsymoth Nun moth Rice blast Maize dwarfmosaicvirus Hessian fly Barley stemgallmidge Wheat stemmaggot Asiatic brown rot Brown rot Longhorn beetles beetles Longhorn Monosporascus root rot Eumusae leafspot Black sigatoka Armyworm Risk assessments Olive Vegetable Vegetable Nursery andGarden, EPPRD, Onion,Vegetable Grains, Vegetable EPPRD, Rice Cherry Cherry Viticulture Cotton EPPRD, Strawberry Strawberry Cotton, NurseryandGarden, Garden, Plantationforest Apple andPear, Nurseryand Plantation forest EPPRD, Rice Grains EPPRD, Grains Grains Grains Summerfruit EPPRD, Cherry, Summerfruit Plantation forest Melon Banana EPPRD, Banana EPPRD

93 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION 94 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION Table 35.HighPriorityPestsdesignatedduringbiosecurityplanning Scientific name Neonectria ditissima Numonia pirivorella Oidium citri Oidium tingitanium Oligonychus ilicis Oligonychus perseae Orgyia thyellina Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus Pandemis cerasana Paracoccus marginatus Paradasynus longirostris Parasa lepida ( Passiflora chlorosisvirus ( Passionfruit crinklevirus ( Passionfruit ringspotvirus distortion virus( Passionfruit severeleaf virus Passionfruit SriLankanmottle ( Passionfruit veinclearingvirus virus Passionfruit yellowmosaic ( Peach rosettemosaicvirus Pennisetia hylaeiformis Pennisetia marginata Pennisetia marginata Peridroma saucia Perkinsiella bicoloris Perkinsiella diagoras Perkinsiella lalokensis Perkinsiella papuensis Perkinsiella rattlei Potyvirus) Potyvirus) Potyvirus) Rhabdovirus) Nepovirus) ( ( Potyvirus) Tymovirus) Begomovirus) Common name European canker Pear fruitmoth Powdery mildew Powdery mildew Southern redSouthern mite Persea mite White spottedtussockmoth Rough strawberryweevil Cherry brown tortrix Papaya mealybug Hong Kongstinkbug Blue-striped nettlegrub Passiflora chlorosis virus Passionfruit crinklevirus Passionfruit ringspotvirus distortion virus Passionfruit severe leaf potyvirus Passionfruit SriLankanmottle rhabdovirus Passionfruit veinclearing virus Passionfruit yellowmosaic Peach rosette mosaicvirus Raspberry crown borer Raspberry crown borer Variegated cutworm Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane sidewinder Risk assessments Apple andPear, Cherry EPPRD Citrus Citrus Nursery andGarden Avocado Plantation forest EPPRD Cherry Papaya Lychee Mango Passionfruit Passionfruit Passionfruit Passionfruit Passionfruit Passionfruit Passionfruit Summerfruit Rubus Rubus EPPRD Sugarcane Sugarcane Sugarcane Sugarcane Sugarcane Scientific name Perkinsiella saccharivora Perkinsiella vastatrix Perkinsiella vitiensis Peronophythora litchii philippinensis Peronosclerospora Peronosclerospora sacchari Peronosclerospora sorghi Peronosclerospora spontanea Phakopsora euvitis Phoma tracheiphila Phomopsis helianthi Phymatotrichum omnivorum Phytomyza gymnostoma fragariae Phytophthora fragariaevar. strains ofA1matingtype) (A2 matingtypeandexotic Phytophthora infestans Phytophthora kernoviae Phytophthora mengei Phytophthora pinifolia Phytophthora ramorum Planococcus ficus Planotortrix octo Plasmopara halstedii Plum poxvirus( var. clandestina(exoticstrains) Podosphaera clandestina Polychrosis viteana Pomacea canaliculata Popillia japonica ( Potato spindletuberviroid Pospiviroidae) Potyvirus)

Common name Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane sidewinder Brown blight maize Philippine downymildewof Sugarcane downy mildew Downy mildewofsorghum Downy mildew Grapevine leafrust Mal secco Sunflower stemcanker Texas root rot Allium leafminer Red steeleroot rot Late blight Phytophthora blight Trunk canker Dano foliardelPino Sudden oakdeath Vine mealybug Vine Green headedleafroller Sunflower downymildew Plum poxvirus Powdery mildew of cherry Powdery mildewofcherry American berrymoth Golden applesnail Japanese beetle Potato spindletuberviroid Risk assessments Sugarcane Sugarcane Sugarcane Lychee Grains, Sugarcane EPPRD, Sugarcane Grains Sugarcane EPPRD EPPRD Grains EPPRD, Cherry, Cotton Onion EPPRD, Strawberry Potato Avocado Avocado Plantation forest and Garden, Plantationforest EPPRD, Avocado, Nursery Viticulture Cherry Grains EPPRD, Cherry, Summerfruit Cherry Viticulture Rice EPPRD, NurseryandGarden, Rubus, Summerfruit EPPRD, Potato Table 35.HighPriorityPestsdesignatedduringbiosecurityplanning Scientific name (exotic strains) Potato virusY( Prays oleae (exotic species) Procontarinia Pseudococcus maritimus pv. Pseudomonas syringae Pseudotheraptus wayi Psila rosae Psila rosae Puccinia asparagi Puccinia coronataf.sp.hordei (exotic strains) Puccinia graminisf.sp.hordei (pathotype Ug99) Puccinia graminisf.sp.tritici (exotic variants) Puccinia psidiisensulato (exotic strains) Puccinia recondita Puccinia f. sp.hordei Puccinia striiformis (exotic strains) Puccinia striiformisf.sp.tritici (exotic strains) Puccinia triticina Pulvinaria iceryi Pyrilla perpusilla (exotic strains) Radopholus similis Raffaelea lauricola race 2 Ralstonia solanacearum, race 3(exoticstrains) Ralstonia solanacearum, race 4(exoticstrains) Ralstonia solanacearum, syringae spp. (exotic races) spp. (exotic species) Potyvirus)

Common name Potato virusY Olive moth Mango gallmidges Grape mealybug Bacterial canker Coconut bug Carrot rustfly Asparagus rust Crown rustofbarley Barley stem rust Barley stemrust Stem rustofwheat Eucalyptus rust Durum leafrust Rust Barley stripe rust Barley striperust Wheat striperust Leaf rust Pulvinaria scale Sugarcane pyrilla Burrowing nematode Laurel wilt Moko Bacterial wilt Bacterial wilt Bacterial wilt Bacterial wilt Risk assessments Potato Olive Mango Viticulture Garden Avocado, Nurseryand Lychee Vegetable EPPRD Grains Grains Grains Plantation forest Nursery andGarden, Grains Onion Grains Grains Grains Sugarcane Sugarcane Ginger Avocado EPPRD, Banana Potato Ginger Scientific name ( ringspotvirus Raspberry ( Red cloverveinmosaicvirus Rhagoletis completa Rhagoletis fausta Rhagoletis indifferens Rhagoletis pomonella Rhizoglyphus callae Rhizoglyphus setosus (Tenuivirus) Rice grassystuntvirus (Oryzavirus) Rice raggedstuntvirus (Unassigned) (Unassigned) Rice tungrobacilliformvirus (Waikavirus) Rice tungrosphericalvirus Roesleria subterranea Scirpophaga excerptalis Scirpophaga excerptalis Scirtothrips aurantii Scirtothrips perseae Sesamia grisescens Sesamia inferens Sesamia inferens Sitobion avenae Slow paralysisvirus( ( Sorghum mosaicvirus Sphaceloma perseae Spiroplasma citri Spiroplasma citri Stagonospora sacchari Stenoma catenifer Stenoma catenifer Sternochetus frigidus virus latentringspot Strawberry Nepovirus) Carlavirus) Potyvirus) ( Sadwavirus) Iflavirus) Common name Raspberry ringspotvirus Red cloverveinmosaicvirus Walnut huskfly Black cherryfruitfly Western cherryfruitfly Apple maggot Apple maggot Bulb mite Bulb mite Rice grassy stunt virus Rice grassystuntvirus Ragged stuntvirus Rice tungro bacilliformvirus Waika virus Rice tungro sphericalvirus; Grape root rot Top shootborer South Africancitrusthrips Avocado thrips Stem borer Pink stemborer Wheat aphid Slow paralysisvirus Sorghum mosaicvirus Avocado scab Stubborn Leaf scorch Avocado seedmoth Mango pulpweevil virus Strawberry latentringspot Risk assessments Rubus, Strawberry Grains Nut Cherry Cherry Apple andPear, Cherry Onion Onion Rice Rice Rice Rice EPPRD Sugarcane EPPRD, Citrus Avocado EPPRD, Sugarcane Sugarcane Grains Honey bee Sugarcane Avocado Citrus EPPRD, Sugarcane Avocado EPPRD, Mango Rubus, Strawberry

95 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION 96 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION Table 35.HighPriorityPestsdesignatedduringbiosecurityplanning Scientific name Strymon megarus Strymon phytoplasma Sugarcane grassy shoot ( Sugarcane mosaicvirus virus Sugarcane streakmosaic phytoplasma Sugarcane white leaf Teratosphaeria gauchensis Teratosphaeria zuluensis Tetramoera schistaceana Tetranychus piercei Tetranychus turkestani biotypes) Thrips tabaci(exoticstrains/ Tilletia barclayana Tilletia indica ( Tomato blackringvirus ( Tomato ringspotvirus Tomicus piniperda Toxotrypana curvicauda (phosphine resistant) Tribolium castaneum Trogoderma granarium Tropilaelaps clareae Tropilaelaps mercedesae Unknown phytoplasma) Unknown (suspected Uredo rangelii Urocerus gigas Potyvirus) (exoticstrains) Nepovirus) Nepovirus) (Unassigned) Common name Pineapple fruitborer Grassy shoot Sugarcane mosaic virus Sugarcane streak mosaic White leaf canker Coniothyrium eucalyptus canker Coniothyrium eucalyptus Sugarcane shoot borer Banana spidermite Strawberry spidermite Onion thrips Kernel smutofrice Kernel Karnal bunt Karnal Tomato blackringvirus Tomato ringspotvirus Pine shootbeetle Papaya fly Rust red flourbeetle Khapra beetle Tropilaelaps mite Tropilaelaps mite Ramu stuntdisease broom disease Longan andlycheewitches’ Myrtle rust Giant woodwasp Risk assessments Pineapple Sugarcane Sugarcane EPPRD, Sugarcane EPPRD, Sugarcane Plantation forest Plantation forest Sugarcane EPPRD, Banana Cotton Onion EPPRD, Rice EPPRD, Grains Strawberry Rubus, Strawberry Plantation forest Papaya EPPRD EPPRD, Grains,Rice Honey bee Honey bee EPPRD, Sugarcane Lychee EPPRD Plantation forest Scientific name (lentil strain) Uromyces viciae-fabae Varroa destructor Varroa jacobsoni (defoliating strain) Verticillium dahliae Verticillium longisporum Vespa virus Watermelon budnecrosis ( Watermelon silvermottlevirus virus ( Wheat spindlestreakmosaic X diseasephytoplasma citrumelonis Xanthomonas alfalfaesubsp. pv. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Xanthomonas axonopodis (avocado strain) Xanthomonas campestris Xanthomonas citrisubsp. malvacearum Xanthomonas citrisubsp. Xanthomonas fragariae Xylella fastidiosa Xylosandrus compactus Tospovirus) allii passiflorae ( Tospovirus) Bymovirus) spp. (exoticspecies)

Common name Lentil rust Varroa mite Varroa mite Verticillium wilt Canola verticillium wilt Canola verticilliumwilt Hornets Watermelon budnecrosis Watermelon silvermottle virus Wheat spindlestreak mosaic Peach Xdisease Bacterial spot Xanthomonas leafblight Bacterial blight Bacterial canker Bacterial canker Citrus canker Angular leafspot Strawberry angularleafspot Pierce’s disease Black twigborer Risk assessments Grains Honey bee Honey bee EPPRD, Cotton,Olive Grains Honey bee Vegetable Vegetable EPPRD EPPRD, Cherry, Summerfruit Citrus Onion Passionfruit Avocado EPPRD, Citrus EPPRD, Cotton EPPRD, Strawberry Summerfruit, Viticulture Nursery andGarden, Nut, EPPRD, Cherry, Citrus, Mango DPIF NT Banana freckle(P. cavendishii) symptoms.Imagecourtesyof regions suchasnorthQueensland. quarantine controls inplace toprevent thespread ofbananafreckle toothergrowing quarantine inorder toprevent furthermovementofthepest.There are alsointerstate and notifiablepestundertheNTPlantHealthAct,allaffected properties are under thousands ofproperties for thepresence ofbananafreckle. Thepestisadeclared hasbeenamajorundertaking, involvingsearch Government, andsurveillanceof commitments undertheEPPRD.Theeradicationresponse, conductedbytheNT hasalsoinvested anadditional$4.8millionaspartofitsnormal The NTGovernment program iscurrently $21million,withthelargestproportion ofthecostscovered byABGC. Plant PestResponseDeed(EPPRD).ThenationalCostShared investmentintheresponse The response hasbeena nationaleffort, andisbeingCostShared undertheEmergency preventing itfrom spreading tomajorbananagrowing regions inotherstates. eradicate thepesttoprotect notonlylocalgrowers, but alsothewiderindustryby Although NTonlyproduces asmallnumberofbananas,thedecisionwasmadeto together withPHA. (ABGC), Nursery and Garden Industry Australia (NGIA) and state and territory governments, representatives fromthe AustralianBananaGrowers’ theAustralianGovernment, Council on EmergencyPlantPestsandaNationalManagementGroup. Thesegroups comprise been undertakeninAustralia,andisbeingoverseenbytheConsultativeCommittee The EmergencyPlantPestresponse tobananafreckle isoneofthelargestthathas their visualappealandsaleability. bananas are stillsafetoeat,thepestcreates blemishes ontheleavesandfruitreducing Banana freckle affects allvarietiesofbananaplantsand iscausedbyafungus.Although of properties nearDarwin inAugust2013. disease calledbananafreckle (Phyllostictacavendishii)onCavendishbananasatanumber on itfortheirlivelihood.Theresponse wasmountedfollowingthedetectionofafungal (NT) toprotect Australia’s $600millioncommercial bananaindustry, andthosewhorely During 2014alarge-scaleeradicationresponseTerritory wascarriedoutintheNorthern Banana freckle sparkshugeeradicationresponse Australian BananaGrowers' Council Biosecurity vehicledip, NorthQueensland.Imagecourtesyof

NT QuarantineOfficerinspectsbananaplantsforfreckle.ImagecourtesyofDPIF bananafreckle. Photos andinformationrelating tothisresponse are availableat:www.dpif.nt.gov.au/ when assessmentofProof ofFreedom willoccur. The response willcontinueforsometime,withmonitoring continuingthrough to2017 of ORCs. Response Planactivitiesare currently undergoingindependentassessmentforthevalue commercial bananaproperties andproduction nurseriesaffected bythebananafreckle eligible businessesfordirect costsincurred asaresult oferadication.Anumber of anapproved ResponsePlan,OwnerReimbursementCosts(ORCs)areWithin paid to provision oftechnicalexpertise andknowledgeoftheindustry. growing industryhasalso made avaluablecontributiontotheresponse through the providing ongoingscientific andemergencymanagementsupporttotheNT. Thebanana sending personneltoactincriticalpositionswithintheincidentmanagement team,andby acrossAll governments thecountryhavealsoprovided in-kindsupporttotheresponse by

97 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION 2.2 Australia’s regionalised pests

When new exotic pests with the potential to cause serious economic impact on plant production industries are detected, eradication is the ideal goal. Australia has had great success in eradicating exotic pests but there are instances where this is not possible.

Following the establishment of these pests, measures can still be taken to minimise negative impacts, primarily through containment. Regionalised pests can be contained at a local, regional or state level, depending on current distribution and the ability to implement cost beneficial measures for containment.

Legislation at the jurisdictional level supports the ability to contain pests. The legislation is supported by jurisdictional operations in cooperation with other states and territories and relevant industries.

The regionalised pests listed in Table 36 are those formally recognised and backed by legislation. THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION TO AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 2: THREATS

Phylloxera galls on grapevine leaves. Image courtesy of Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs

98 Queensland Fruit Fly (Bactrocera tryoni). Image courtesy of James Nilard Table 36.Australia’s regionalised pests Bactrocera tryoni Scientific Name ( Banana bunchytopvirus Daktulosphaira vitifolii Ralstonia solanacearum Aleuroides dispersus Spongospora subterranea Bactrocera tryoni Bemisia tabaci Brontispa longissima Citripestis eutrapera Fusarium mangiferae cubense (Race4–tropical) Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. Idioscopus nitidulus Parlatoria blanchardi Selenothrips rubrocinctus Sternochetus mangiferae Tetranycus gloveri Thrips palmi Babuvirus) Queensland fruitfly Common Name top virus Banana bunchy phylloxera Grapevine potatoes Bacterial wiltin Spiraling whitefly potatoes Powdery scabin Queensland fruitfly Silver leafwhitefly Palm leafbeetle Mango fruitborer disease malformation Mango Panama disease Mango leafhopper Date palmscale Red-banded thrips Mango seedweevil Glovers mite Melon thrips Northern TerritoryNorthern New SouthWales 1924 No.38 O-445 oftheNSWPlantDiseasesAct Pest Free Area ofNSWasdefinedinOrder Endemic withinallofNSWexcludingthe Area ofRegionalisation Diseases Act1924No.38 Order OR117undertheNSWPlant Far NorthCoast,NSW–regulated via Diseases Act1924No.38 Proclamation P176oftheNSWPlant Albury/Corowa region asdefinedin Zone, comprisedoftheSydneyand Present withintheNSWPhylloxeraInfested of theNSWPlantDiseasesAct1924No.38 Protected Areas asdefinedinOrder O-443 Endemic inNSWexcludingtheSeed Katherine Katherine Darwin, Palmerston,Darwinruralarea, of theNSWPlantDiseasesAct1924No.38 Protected Areas asdefinedinOrder O-443 Endemic inNSWexcludingtheSeed Katherine, Tennant Creek, AliceSprings Darwin, Palmerston,Darwinruralarea, Katherine Darwin, Palmerston,Darwinruralarea, Darwin, Palmerston,Darwinruralarea Darwin, Darwinruralarea, Katherine Darwin, Darwinruralarea, AdelaideRiver Darwin ruralarea Adelaide River, PineCreek, Katherine Darwin, Palmerston,Darwinruralarea, Alice Springs Adelaide River, PineCreek, Katherine Darwin, Palmerston,Darwinruralarea, Batchelor, AdelaideRiver Darwin, Palmerston,Darwinruralarea, Darwin ruralArea Darwin ruralarea Scientific Name Aleurodicus dispersus Anoplolepis gracilipes Apis cerana ( Banana bunchytopvirus Cryptotermes brevis Cryptotermes Deanolis sublimbalis Eumetopina flavipesMuir Race 4–subtropical) cubense Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. Idioscopus nitidulus Idioscopus clypealis, Mycosphaerella fijiensis ( Papaya ringspotvirus Procontarinia sp. Babuvirus) Potyvirus) (Race 1, Race 2, (Race 1,Race2,

Common Name Spiraling whitefly Yellow crazyant Asian honeybee Bunchy top Bunchy top drywood termite drywood termite West indian mango caterpillar Red banded planthopper Island sugarcane Panama disease Mango leafhopper Black sigatoka virus Papaya ringspot midge Mango leafgall Queensland Area ofRegionalisation south toBundaberg Mareeba, ChartersTowers, coastaltowns Torres StraitIslands,CapeYork Peninsula, spanning Cairns totheGoldCoast spanning Cairns Populations dottedinvariouslocations Johnstone Atherton andMareeba andsouthtoSouth Bonnie Doon(nearMossman),westof bee isrestricted toaround northto Cairns, Known infestedarea oftheAsianhoney Noosa southtotheNSWborder Rockhampton, BowenandTownsville Bay,Greater Brisbane,Wide Since 2010WIDThasbeendetectedin Far northern CapeYorkFar northern Peninsula Queensland peninsulaareanorthern ofCapeYork, Torres Straitislandarchipelago andonthe (approx 30kmnorthofBundaberg) Queensland asfarnorthRosedale Race 4(subtropical) –South-East Race 2–SouthJohnstoneandCairns growing regions Race 1–endemicthroughout banana Peninsula; extensionofrangetoCoen. Idioscopus nitidulus–CapeYork from Wangetti toGordonvale south toAtherton,andalongthecoast and Mareeba area, extensionofrange Idioscopus clypealis–CapeYork Peninsula Islands Torres andeastern Some northern Strait Bundaberg area South EastQueenslandasfarnorth as Peninsula Peninsula Torres tipofCapeYork Straitandnorthern

99 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION 100

CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION Table 36.Australia’s regionalised pests Scientific Name Solenopsis invicta Striga asiatica virus (Fijivirus) Sugarcane Fijidisease ( Sugarcane mosaicvirus virus (Carlavirus) Sugarcane striatemosaic Tetranychus gloveri Thrips palmi Ustilago scitaminea Wasmannia auropunctata Urocystis cepulae Bactrocera tryoni Daktulosphaira vitifolii Globodera rostochiensis Potyvirus)

Common Name ant Red importedfire Red witchweed Fiji disease virus Sugarcane mosaic mosaic virus Sugarcane striate mite, Glovermite Cotton red spider Melon thrips Sugarcane smut Electric ant Onion smut Queensland fruitfly phylloxera Grapevine nematode Potato cyst Queensland South Australia Victoria continued Area ofRegionalisation scheduled before theendofnextyear. with granularbait,asixthround infested area hasbeentreated fivetimes commenced inDecember2013,the eradication by2016.Sincetheprogram where theprospects are lookinggoodfor eradication program inYarwun, Gladstone, one yearanniversaryforthecurrent December 2014,theProgram markedthe Somerset andScenicRimcouncils).In Ipswich, Lockyer, Redland,Logan, South EastQueensland(partsofBrisbane, the Mackayregion Isolated toasmallnumberofproperties in 6 and7 Sugarcane PestQuarantineAreas (PQA)5, Sugarcane PQAs 5and6 Sugarcane PQA3 North Queensland;wettropics and AthertonTablelands coastal areas from Ayr toMossman, Bundaberg area. NorthQueensland– South EastQueenslandasfarnorth Sugarcane PQAs2,4,5and6 and BingleBay hinterland Far NorthQueensland,Cairns remaining quarantinedzones quarantine measures are appliedin2 Annual surveysofAlliumcrops inSA– orders) Permanent fruitflyzone(refer tospecific specific orders) Phylloxera infestedzone(PIZ)(refer to District (PPD)(refer tospecificorders) Control Area (CA)andPlantProtection

Scientific Name Achroia grisella Aethina tumida Bemisia tabaci(Bbiotype) Brontispa longissima Cantareus apertus Ceratitis capitata Chortoicetes terminifera Cosmopolites sordidus Cryptolestes ferrugineus Cryptolestes Cryptolestes pusillus Cryptolestes Ephestia elutella Ephestia kuehniella c Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. Galleria mellonella Hylotrupes bajalus Oryzaephilus surinamensis Oryzaephilus Pentalonia nigronervosa ubense (Race1) Common Name Lesser waxmoth Small hivebeetle Silverleaf whitefly Palm leafbeetle Green snail fly Mediterranean fruit locust Australian plague borer Banana weevil Flat grainbeetle Flat grainbeetle Tobacco moth moth Mediterranean flour Panama disease Larger waxmoth borer European house beetle Sawtooth grain Banana aphid Western Australia Area ofRegionalisation movement andcontrol inspecifiedareas Present inWA –regulations/controls for restricted from movementtorest ofstate Present inKimberley–hostmaterial Kununurra material restricted from movementto Present –host inPerthandCarnarvon restricted from movementtorest ofstate Present inBroome –hostmaterial movement andcontrol inspecifiedareas Present inWA –regulations/controls for movement andcontrol inspecifiedareas Kimberley region: Regulations/controls for Present inWA –absentfrom east specified areas Present inWA –regulations forcontrol in restricted from movementtorest ofstate Present inKununurra–hostmaterial movement andcontrol inspecifiedareas Present inWA –regulations/controls for movement andcontrol inspecifiedareas Present inWA –regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Present inWA –regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Present inWA –regulations/controls for state restricted from movementtorest ofthe material host – Present inCarnarvon movement andcontrol inspecifiedareas Present inWA –regulations/controls for movement andcontrol inspecifiedareas Present inWA –regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Present inWA –regulations/controls for state restricted from movementto rest ofthe Present –host material inCarnarvon Table 36. Australia’s regionalised pests

Scientific Name Common Name Area of Regionalisation Plodia interpunctella Indian meal moth Present in WA – regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Potato spindle tuber viroid Potato spindle Present in Carnarvon tuber viroid (PSTVd) Pythium tracheiphilum Lettuce blight Present in Gingin and Perth metropolitan area Rhyzopertha dominica Lesser grain borer Present in WA – regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Sitophilus granarius Granary weevil Present in WA – regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Sitophilus oryzae Rice weevil Present in WA – regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Sitotroga cerealella Angoumois grain Present in WA – regulations/controls for moth insecticide resistant strains Thrips palmi Melon thrips Present in Kimberley – low pest prevalence area Tribolium castaneum Rust red flour Present in WA – regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains

Tribolium confusum Confused flour Present in WA – regulations/controls for PLANT PRODUCTION TO AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 2: THREATS beetle insecticide resistant strains Trogderma variabile Warehouse beetle Present in WA – regulations/controls for movement and control in specified areas

101 102

CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION Image courtesy ofPHA was required orwhichare stillunderinvestigation(Table 38). there were anumberofnewpestsdetectedinAustralia in2014forwhichnofurtheraction Table 37identifiesthestatusof responses toEPPsasat31December2014.Inaddition, EPP responses. RefertoSection4.2formore onthe EPPRD. and respond to,incursionsbyproviding bothapolicy andoperationalframeworkfor The legallybindingEPPRDsignificantlyincreased Australia’s capacitytoprepare for, system forcoordinated, rapidandcomprehensive responses topestincursions. production industriesanddamagethenaturalenvironment.a In2005Australiaratified incursions canhaveasignificantimpactontheeconomicviabilityofAustralia’s plant occur despiteAustralia’s bestpreventative efforts, andwillcontinuetodoso.Such routes, itisunrealistic toestablishpolicyaround azero likelihoodofentry. Pestincursions Australia in2012 increasing globaltradeandtourism,upfromWith 29.8millionarrivalsanddepartures in 2.3 2 1 andChestnuts Australia. territory governments, areas. Affected Partiesforthisresponse stateand includetheAustralianGovernment, activities concentratedonthedestructionofhostplantsandsurveillance insurrounding endorsed byNMG.Therevised ResponsePlanwasimplementedin2014,withresponse detection ofthepestin2014triggered review oftheResponsePlanthatwassubsequently A CostShared response wasinitiatedin2010.Anew tochestnutblightinVictoria on page97. movement restrictions. More informationontheresponse isprovided inthecasestudy with activitiesfocusedonsurveillance,destructionofhostplantsand enforcement of the NationalManagementGroup (NMG)-endorsedResponsePlancontinuedin2014, ABGCandNGIA.Implementationof stateandterritorygovernments, Government, in theNTwasinitiated2013.Affected Partiesforthisresponse includetheAustralian A CostShared response tobananafreckle (Phyllostictacavendishii)onCavendishbananas COST SHAREDEMERGENCYRESPONSESIN2014

Australian Bureau ofStatistics(2013)OverseasArrivals andDepartures, Australia, Dec2013,cat.no.3401.0.ABS,Canberra. Australian Bureau ofStatistics(2012)OverseasArrivals andDepartures, Australia, Dec2012,cat.no.3401.0.ABS,Canberra. Responses toEmergencyPlantPests ¹ to31.5millionin2013 ² , and the potential for pests to enter via natural , andthepotentialforpeststoentervianatural

Table 37.Emergencyresponses toplantpestsunderEPPRDarrangements Marchalina hellenica Scientific name Pepper chatfruitviroid Cryphonectria parasitica Cryphonectria Phyllosticta cavendishii mosaic virus Cucumber greenmottle viroid Potato spindletuber F. sterilihyphosum F. pseudocircinatum F. proliferatum Fusarium mangiferae Xanthomonas fragariae Little cherry virus2 Little cherry Liriomyza sativae Giant pinescale Common name (PCFVd) Pepper chatfruitviroid Chestnut blight Banana freckle mosaic virus Cucumber green mottle viroid (PSTVd) Potato spindletuber disease (MMD) Mango malformation spot Strawberry angularleaf (LChV-2) Little cherryvirus2 Vegetable leafminer garden Pine trees, nurseryand Crops affected nursery andgarden Capsicums, tomatoes, Chestnuts garden Bananas, nurseryand nursery andgarden Vegetables, melons, and garden white potatovine,nursery tomatoes, capsicums, Potatoes, wildgooseberries, garden Mangoes, nurseryand Strawberries nursery andgarden Cherries, plums,peaches, nursery andgarden cotton, legumes,onions, Tomatoes, vegetables, SA, VIC Region Virginia, SA Virginia, Eurobin, VIC area, NT Greater Darwinrural NT Mansfield VIC Toowoomba QLD, WA SA, Carnarvon (2), Kununurra WA, Virginia QLD Bundaberg, QLD Bundaberg, QLD TAS, VIC Torres Strait – Past action destroyed andpotentialhostsremoved. Detected inAugust2013.Diseasedmaterial has beeneradicated. being undertakentoconfirmthattheEPP Freedom phase,withongoingsurveillance Eradication program intheProof of infected trees havebeendestroyed. eradication activitieswere undertaken. All a Response PlaninNovember2010and Detected inSeptember2010.NMGendorsed eradication activitieswere undertaken. a ResponsePlanon3October2013and Detected on17July2013.NMGendorsed – PSTVd inAustralia. undertaken todeterminetheextent of and aNationalSurveillanceProgram was and hygienemeasures were implemented, material wasdestroyed, strictquarantine Detected inSeptember2009.Diseased Australia. for FusariumspeciescausingMMDin potential draftnationalmanagementplan feasibility oferadication,aswella The CCEPPisconsideringthetechnical undertaken. destroyed anddelimitingsurveyshavebeen Detected inMay2010.Infectedplants were – First detectedintheTorres Straitin2008 .

feasible toeradicatefrom theTorres Strait. determined thatitwasnottechnically in May2014.InAugust2014theCCEPP Additional detectionreported totheCCEPP undertaken. CCEPP whilsttracingandsurveillanceis This pestisunderconsiderationbythe Detected inVICandSAOctober2014. Current situationandstatus whilst tracingandsurveillanceisundertaken. This pestisunderconsiderationbyCCEPP 2014. which wasendorsedbyNMGinAugust triggering arevision oftheResponsePlan, New detectionconfirmedinJune2014, also ongoing. non-Cavendish bananas.Surveillanceis including theremoval ofCavendishand Eradication activitiesare ongoingintheNT, surveillance isundertaken. consideration byCCEPPwhilsttracingand and hostsremoved. Thispestisunder in July2014.Diseasedmaterialdestroyed Detected oncommercial watermelonfarm Program forPSTVd,onceavailable. outcomes oftheNationalSurveillance CCEPP willre-convene toconsiderthe Australia. Fusarium speciescausingMMDin to address technicalquestionsrelated to A ScientificAdvisoryPanelwasconvened prepared. A proposal fordeclaringeradicationisbeing would notbefeasible. was determinedthateradicationofthepest InApril2014it positive detectioninVictoria. Tracing andsurveillanceinformationledtoa First detectedinJanuary2014Tasmania.

103 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION 104

CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION Table 38.PestdetectionsnotifiedunderEPPRDarrangementsthatdidnot result inaformalCost-Shared emergency response* Scientific name Aceria granati Aleurocanthus spiniferus Aleurocanthus spiniferus Arhopalus syriacus Arhopalus syriacus Asparagus virus3( Brucophagus fellis Brevipalpus oncidii vallesianus/sexdentati Bursaphelenchus aff. Chaetocnema confinis Chaetocnema confinis Cherry virusA( Cherry Erysiphe cruciferarum Erysiphe Fig badnavirus1( virus ( Hibiscus latentFortPierce Gynaikothrips uzeli Macrophomina phaseolina Luteocirrhus sheariisp.nov. Meloidogyne incognita Peronospora somniferi Paraconiothyrium variabile ( Petunia veinclearingvirus Phoma glomerata Phomopsis amygdali Phomopsis amygdali Phoma multirostrata Phyllonorycter triarcha Phyllonorycter Phyllotreta chotanica Phytophthora frigida Phytophthora citricola Petuvirus) Tobamovirus) Capillovirus) Badnavirus) Potexvirus)

Common name Pomegranate mite Orange spinywhitefly Burnt pine longhorn beetle pinelonghorn Burnt Asparagus virus 3 Asparagus virus3 Citrus gallwasp complex Pinewood nematodespecies Sweet potatofleabeetle Cherry virusA Powdery mildew Fig badnavirus1(FBaV1) virus (HLFPV) Hibiscus latentFortPierce Charcoal rot Root-knot nematode poppies Downy mildewofalkaloid Petunia veinclearingvirus Blight Blight Phomopsis canker Phomopsis canker Cotton leafminer Radish fleabeetle Region Broome, WA Sydney, NSW Stanthorpe, QLD Hobart, TAS Augusta, WA Perth, WA Coopers Plains,QLD Bamaga, QLD QLD, TAS, VIC Cranbourne, VIC Cranbourne, Kununurra, WA VIC Melbourne, Floristic Region,WA South Western Australian Yellow Rock,NSW Ord RiverIrrigationArea, WA Red Cliffs, VIC Cowaramup, WA Laharum, VIC Ballarat, TAS, VIC Grampians andGippsland, Keysborough, VIC Perth, WA Manjimup, WA WA West PerthandSwanValley, Dampier Peninsula,WA QLD NationalPark, Mt Barney VIC Melbourne, Kununurra, WA *  new detections,extensionsofrangeorhostrecords. Some pestslistedinthistableare stillunderinvestigationandanemergencyresponse maybeundertaken.Thesepests Scientific name Pratylenchus penetrans ‘niederhauserii’ Phytophthora Phytophthora sp.'kelmania' Phytophthora gregata prov. nom. Phytophthora gondwanense Puccinia hemerocallidis Puccinia triticina Puccinia triticina Quadrastichus erythrinae Quadrastichus erythrinae Rotylenchus robustus Reticulaphis inflata Tetranychus gloveri Thekopsora minima Tradescantia virus( Tuberolachnus salignus Tuberolachnus salignus Uredinopsis pteridis Uredinopsis pteridis Verticillium dahliae,VCG2A taxon taxon Potyvirus) Common name Root lesionnematode Daylily rust Leaf rust Erythrina gallwasp Spiral nematode Cotton red spidermite Blueberry rust Tradescantia spiderwortvirus Giant willowaphid Giant willowaphid Rust fungusonbrackenfern Verticillium wilt Region Red Cliffs, VIC Perth, WA VIC Melbourne, National Park,NSW Rivers&Dorrigo Oxley Wild Wangaratta, VIC Perth, WA Bool Lagoon,SA Strait Ugar (Stephen)Island,Torres Perth, WA Wangaratta, VIC Innisfail, QLD Melbourne, VIC Melbourne, Pennant Hills,NSW Longford, TAS Wodonga, VIC Port Sorell, TAS Breeza, NSW 2.4 Managing weed threats in Australia

The scope of Australia’s biosecurity system covers more than just invertebrates and pathogens, with a range of activities also in place to address the threat posed by weeds. Weeds are among the most serious threats to Australia’s natural environment and plant production industries. They displace native species, contribute to land degradation and reduce productivity. Many weeds have also developed herbicide resistance, making their management even more difficult.

While there are many potential weed species that have not yet entered the country or become established in Australia, an estimated 2,300 species currently impact the natural environment and a further 1,000 species have a direct impact on plant production. The total economic cost of weeds in Australia has been estimated at over $4 billion annually³. Managing and responding to weed threats involves all levels of government, industry and the community. Legislation across the country sets out the varying roles for governments to manage weeds across Australia.

WEED PREVENTION The Australian Government, through the Department of Agriculture, develops and implements quarantine policies for plant imports through Weed Risk Assessments (WRAs) for all exotic plant species prior to importation and when conducting border inspections. PLANT PRODUCTION TO AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 2: THREATS Plant import policies have been tightened considerably over the last 15 years with the implementation of mandatory WRAs and the development of the Permitted Seeds List. Weeds are also an integral part of the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (NAQS) surveillance activities in Australia’s north and neighbouring countries.

Local councils and state and territory government departments of primary industries and environment have responsibility for weed management within their jurisdictions. Each state and territory has a herbarium that houses collections of weed species to support weed management activities. These herbariums generally also conduct weed identifications and provide other services to state agencies and the community.

At the local level, weed surveillance is undertaken by most local councils, which report new weed incursions in their areas. Plant production industries and their growers manage weeds on their properties to reduce the impact on plant production, and play an integral part in the weed detection and reporting network. Community based weed spotter programs are active in many states and local areas. Volunteers in these groups report new weed detections in their areas, and are generally supported in their activities by government agencies.

3 Sinden, J., et. al. (2005) The Economic Impact of Weeds in Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly 20 (1): 25-32.

Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) is managed in Queensland. Image courtesy of QDAF 105 106

CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION • • following weedspeciesinAustralia containment activitieswithintheirjurisdictions.Currently theseprograms targetthe haveprimaryresponsibility territory governments forthedeliveryoferadicationand on ExoticPlantIncursions(CCEPI).Inalignmentwithotherpestresponses, stateand Cost-Shared invasiveweederadicationprograms through theConsultativeCommittee manageandcoordinate The Australian,stateandterritorygovernments nationally ERADICATION ANDCONTAINMENT 5 4 Woldendorp, G.,andBomford, andCosts.AustralianGovernment M.(2004)Weed Eradication: Strategies,Timeframes www.agriculture.gov.au/pests-diseases-weeds/weeds/eradication less thanfourhectares successful weederadicationprograms haveoccurred whentheinfestedarea was rapid response from andindustrystakeholders.Forinstance,most governments Eradication andcontainmentprograms forweedsdependonearlydetectionanda damage nativeandagriculturallandsintropical andsub-tropical areas ofQueensland. sub-tropical areas ofotherstates.Theweedspeciesalsohavethepotentialto Queensland. There isapotential riskoftheseweedspeciesinfestingtropical or The onlyrecorded infestationsofthesefourweedscurrently occurinFarNorth infested areas, targetedweed surveysandweedcontrol, andresearch components. Theprogram Government. involvesextensivecommunityengagementtoidentify The nationallycoordinated program ismanagedand operated bytheQueensland the aimoferadicatingQueenslandincursionsof: The NationalFourTropical Weeds EradicationProgram commenced in2002with Four tropical weedsprogram adopted riskmanagementmeasures withagoaloflong-termmanagement. Branched broomrape while industries,businessesandindividualsprepared and was implementedforatwoyearperiod.Theaimoftheprogram wastocontain Branched broomrape could notbeeradicatedandaTransition toManagementprogram of broadleaf crops, broadleaf weedsandnativeplants.Itwasnationallyagreed that Branched broomrape (Orobancheramosa)isanexoticparasiticweedofarange Branched broomrape—transition tomanagement – – – – – – – – ). Miconia (calvescens,M.racemosa,nervosa Mikania vine(micrantha) Limnocharis (flava) Koster’s curse(Clidemiahirta) 5 . 4 :

now deliverstheCaringforourCountryProgram. and theWorking onCountry Indigenousrangerprograms. TheNationalLandcare Program Heritage Trust, theNationalLandcare Program, theEnvironment Stewardship Program, integratestheNatural communities. Phasetwoofthisprogram, from July2013–2018, of incursionsthatthreaten production ortheenvironment, orimpactontrade program provides fundingfornationalsurveillanceof weeds,containmentanderadication The SustainableAgriculture stream oftheAustralianGovernment’s CaringforourCountry maintain localbushland. informal groups suchaslocal‘friendsof…’groups, organise volunteerstorestore and Landcare Australia,ConservationVolunteers andGreening Australia,togetherwithsmaller inweedmanagement.Formalorganisationssuchas of industryandgovernments conduct weedinspectionsonprivateland.Localcommunitygroups supporttheactivities manage, includingconservationreserves androadside verges,andsomejurisdictionsalso Local councilsare responsible forweedmanagement onlandthattheyown,control or implemented inAustralia. production systems,whichuseherbicidestocontrol weeds,are nowcommonly weed control focusesonmechanicalcultivationandherbicideapplications.Notill or acombinationofthesemeasures through IWM.In horticulturalproduction systems, through competitionwithotherplants,herbicidesprays,tillage,slashing,grazing,burning, In Australianbroadacre plantproduction industries,weedsare mostcommonlymanaged manuals, andthelargerindustryorganisationsconductweedsurveillanceresearch. plant production industrypeakbodiesproduce Integrated Weed Management(IWM) production systemsuseamixture ofchemicalandnon-chemical control methods.Some weeds andtheirmanagementdiffer greatly betweenindustriesandregions, butmost Combating weedsatthefarmlevelisanintegralpartofmostfarmingsystems.Problem WEED MANAGEMENT Australia, tominimisetheimpactofweedsonenvironmental, economicandsocialassets. provides astrategicframework andidentifiesprioritiesforweedmanagementacross strategic direction forweed managementinAustralia.TheAustralianWeeds Strategy The InvasivePlantsandAnimalsCommittee(IPAC), provides nationalcoordination of COORDINATION OFWEEDMANAGEMENT 107 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION 108 Chapter 3 Maintaining Australia’s plant biosecurity status 3.1 Biosecurity and international trade

Australia’s biosecurity system is complex and Australia gains significant economic benefits as a net exporter of agricultural products, multi-faceted, and involves concerted efforts by a wide with around two-thirds of national agricultural production exported to overseas markets. range of stakeholders. All Australian Governments, Australia also benefits from importing a range of goods from overseas. Imports provide access to a wide range of products, technology and services which enable economic plant production industries and the wider public share growth in multiple sectors. The movement of plant produce around the world is covered responsibility and make appropriate contributions that by international agreements that function to prevent the spread of plant pests, known as protect our plant industries and the natural environment. phytosanitary agreements.

International trade poses the risk of spreading plant pests across the globe. Australia devotes many resources to Figure 73. Key components of Australia’s plant biosecurity continuum facilitating safe import and export of produce and is a signatory to international phytosanitary agreements, • Risk analysis and import approvals (including import risk analysis & policy, risk management with inherent responsibilities and obligations to & communication) prevent the spread of plant pests. PRE-BORDER • Export market access negotiations Department • Offshore assessment, audit & verification of Agriculture • International standards development This chapter explains the activities that maintain • Capacity building in overseas countries Australia’s plant pest status in the three distinct areas • Gathering global pest intelligence of activity: pre-border, at the border and post-border. • Inspection & monitoring MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING • Enforcement & compliance AT THE • Implementation of risk management system BORDER • Policy implementation Department • Education & awareness of Agriculture

POST-BORDER • Monitoring & surveillance • National coordination & response to pest incursions Department • Domestic quarantine of Agriculture, state & territory • Pest management governments, • Pre-emptive breeding plant industries, • Emergency preparedness PHA, and • Simulation exercises producers • Education & awareness

110 INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS As an active trading nation Australia has entered into a number of multilateral and bilateral trade agreements that influence its plant biosecurity system. On a multilateral level, Australia’s rights and obligations in relation to plant biosecurity are set out under World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements, particularly the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), although others, such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, may apply in certain circumstances.

The SPS Agreement provides WTO member countries with the right to use sanitary and phytosanitary measures to protect human, animal and plant life or health. The agreement also imposes a number of obligations, including that sanitary and phytosanitary measures cannot be used to inhibit trade where there is no danger to human, animal or plant health.

The WTO allows members to specify the level of protection that they consider appropriate to protect human, animal or plant life or health within their territory (this is known as the appropriate level of protection or acceptable level of risk) provided it is science based, is applied consistently and takes into account the objective of minimising negative trade effects. Australia’s appropriate level of protection, which reflects community expectations through Australian Government policy, is expressed as “providing a high level of sanitary and phytosanitary protection aimed at reducing risk to a very low level, but not to zero.”1

All Australian state and territory governments have agreed to this statement as the basis for the national biosecurity system. Consistent with these requirements, Australia’s policy is to reduce biosecurity risk to a very low level, but not to zero, through the use of science- based risk assessments.

Australia has a number of bilateral free trade agreements2 with other countries, each of PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING which deals with biosecurity issues in a slightly different way. However, all agreements are consistent with the SPS Agreement and Australia does not negotiate on specific quarantine measures within its free trade agreements.

There are also multilateral agreements on plant protection to which Australia is a party that outline a number of responsibilities and obligations to members. These agreements also set standards to help harmonise phytosanitary measures.

1 Department of Agriculture, Import Risk Analysis Handbook 2011 available at www.agriculture.gov.au/ SiteCollectionDocuments/ba/publications/qmacconference2003/import-risk-analysis-handbook-2011.pdf 2 Free trade agreements can be found at www.dfat.gov.au/fta/index.html

Image courtesy of Summerfruit Australia 111 112

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 3 training requirements forplantquarantineinspectors. development ofstandards. TheAPPPCimplementsrelevant RSPMs,forexampleon standard. international Australiais anactiveparticipantintheAPPPCassistingwith with specific regional issues,supportthe region’s tradeandmayformthebasisofan The APPPCdevelopsRegionalStandards forPhytosanitaryMeasures (RSPMs)thatdeal mandatory contributiontotheorganisationsupportworkprogram. of amendmentstothefundingmechanismforAPPPC,Australia makesanannual pesticide useandregulation, andintegratedpestmanagement.Followingtheacceptance IPPC. TheAPPPCcoversphytosanitaryissuesrelating tomovementofpestsintrade, Commission (APPPC),aRegionalPlantProtection Body(RPPO)recognised underthe The PlantProtection Agreement establishedtheAsiaandPacificPlantProtection The PlantProtection Agreement fortheAsiaandPacificRegion These standards,Standards knownasInternational forPhytosanitaryMeasures (ISPMs) can actasavectorforthespread ofplantpests. relating toplantsandplantproducts trade,aswelltoanythingthat ininternational Agreement asthebodyresponsible fortheestablishmentofphytosanitarystandards from FAO assessedcontributionsanddonors.TheIPPCisrecognised bytheSPS Organization oftheUnitedNations(FAO), from whichitreceives program funding,sourced trade.TheIPPCisabodyoftheFoodandAgriculture and invasivespecies)ininternational protects theworld’s plantresources from thespread ofseriouspests(includingdiseases PlantProtectionagreement The International Convention(IPPC)isaninternational that PlantProtectionThe International Convention • • • of Agriculture, provides inputintothreebodies: governance trade,butalsohelpfacilitate safetrade.Australia,through international theDepartment regulations. Thestandards notonlyreduce thenumberofpestsmovedthrough standards are canharmonisetheirphytosanitary ameansbywhichgovernments development ofpestriskanalysesorguidelinesforsurveillance.Importantly, these provide specificguidelinesforthemanagementofbiosecurityissues,suchas parties, is available on the International PhytosanitaryPortalatwww.ippc.intparties, isavailableontheInternational . on DisputeSettlement.Reportingandexchangeofinformation,includingpeststatus In addition,Australiarepresents theSouthWest Pacific region ontheSubsidiaryBody ISPMs are availableatwww.ippc.int/?id=13399 development ofISPMs. IPPC Standards Committee andassociatedworkinggroups responsible forthe IPPC StrategicPlanningGroup, whichdeterminesstrategicprioritiesforIPPCactivities implementation oftheIPPC Commission onPhytosanitaryMeasures, bodythatoversees thegoverning

3 , countries’ biosecurityinterests. The triennialPPPOBoard meetingisplannedfor2015to discuss thePacificisland Access program. other IPPCactivitiesfundedundertheAusAIDPacificHorticultural andAgriculturalMarket During 2014,thePPPOhostedanIPPCregional workshoptoconsiderdraftISPMsand with AustraliaandNewZealand. region coversPacificisland countriesandUnitedStatesFrench territories,together tradewhilstprotecting facilitate international theplanthealthstatus ofparties.ThePacific of theCanberraAgreement. ThePPPOprovides adviceonphytosanitarymeasures to (PPPO), whichisanauxiliarybodyestablishedunderthethenSouth PacificCommission Australia isalsoamemberofsecondRPPO,thePacificPlant Protection Organisation Canberra Agreement led byAustraliaisplannedfor2015. Standardsbased onInternational forPhytosanitaryMeasures (ISPM)14.Afollowupactivity pilot workshop,whichfocusedontheimplementationofRSPMsthrough asystemsapproach led byAustralia.Officers from theDepartmentofAgriculture facilitatedanAustralian-funded irradiation facilitiesandApprovaloffumigation,thedevelopmentwhichhadbeen During its2013biennialmeeting,theAPPPCadoptedtwonewRSPMs:Approvalof

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING

Image courtesy of AUSVEG 113 114

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS to Section3.2for furtherinformationonpre-border activities. 31 December2014, aswelldraftpolicyadvice thatiscurrently inprogress. Refer (Pest RiskAnalysisforQuarantine Pests).Table 39detailspolicyadvicefinalisedto health. Ofparticularrelevance are ISPM2(FrameworkforPestRiskAnalysis)and 11 recognisedbodies. TheIPPCisinternationally asthebodythatsetsstandards forplant the SPSAgreement andfollowingtheguidanceofrelevant standard international setting Assessments are conductedinaccordance withAustralia’s rightsandobligationsunder mandated publicconsultationperiodsandaformalappealprocess. timeframe forcompletionwhichisregulated bylegislationandtheprocess includes import riskanalyses(IRAs),pestassessmentsandpolicyreviews. IRAshavea are conductedbytechnical andscientificexpertscantakeseveralforms,suchas Import riskassessmentisanimportantpartofAustralia’s biosecurity protection. Assessments can bemaintained.Thisconfidencemayachievedthrough off-shore sitevisits oraudits. be confidentthatthe required riskmanagementmeasures are properly implementedand reflected intheimportconditions inICON.Inestablishingimportconditions,Australiamust phytosanitary measures to reduce therisktoanappropriate levelare required. Theseare is determinedtobeaboveAustralia’s appropriate levelofprotection (verylowbutnotzero), and consequencesoftheirentry, establishmentorspread inAustralia.Where thepestrisk assessment, whichidentifiesthepestsassociatedwiththatcommodity andthelikelihood A commodityforwhichimportconditionsare notinplacemaybesubjecttoarisk Existing importconditionsare reviewed inresponse tochangesinbiosecurityrisks. must bemetbefore materialisexportedfrom thecountry oforigin. any sanitaryorphytosanitarytreatments, orifthere are anypre-border requirements that importers todetermineifacommodityintendedforimportrequires animportpermitand/or mineral andhumancommodities.Thedatabaseissearchable andenablesprospective contains theAustralianimportconditionsformore than20,000foreign plant,animal, The ImportConditionsdatabase(ICON),foundontheDepartmentofAgriculture website, endangeredfor importsofinternationally species(CITES)andlivespecimens. Quarantine Proclamation1998.Permitsmayalsoberequired underthe EPBC Act1999 Some importedmaterialrequires animportpermitand theseare issuedunderthe verifies thatimportedmaterialmeetstheseconditionsandcompliantgoodsare allowedentry. location ofproduction DepartmentofAgriculture andshipping.TheAustralianGovernment case-by-case basis,dependingonthepestrisksassociatedwithproduct andthe introduce newpestsand diseases toAustralia.Importconditionsare determinedona Import conditionsare imposedtoensure thatproduce enteringthecountrydoesnot 1989 andanysubordinate legislation. (EPBC)Act1999 , andwhereBiodiversity Conservation relevant, theGeneTechnology Act responsibility forregulation undertheQuarantineAct1908 , theEnvironmentProtectionand plants andplantproducts intoAustraliaisstrictlyregulated.has TheAustralianGovernment Since importedplantproducts couldbringexoticpestsintothecountry, theimportationof IMPORTS

Table 39.DepartmentofAgriculture finalisedanddraftimportpolicyadvice Lilium (re­instatement) Lettuce Lentil (seedandhumanconsumption) Island cabbage Hops propagative materials Hazelnut Grapevine propagative materials Grapes (table;revisions) Grapes (table) Grapes (table) Grapes (table) Grapes (table) Grapes (table) Grains Ginger Durian (supplement) Durian Drosophila suzukii(Spottedwingdrosophila) Citrus (revision) Citrus Cherries (toWestern Australia) Capsicums vectors associatedwithRutaceae Candidatus tamarillo fruit,tomato) (capsicum, nurserystock,potatotubers, Candidatus Bananas Avocados (revision) Apples (Fuji) Apples Apples Apples Apple/Pear (budwood) Policy spp. Liberibacter species’ and their Liberibacter species’andtheir Liberibacter psyllaurous Finalised policyadvice New Zealand All Tonga, Vanuatu Cook Islands,Fiji,Samoa, All countries Chile All countries USA Japan China Korea Chile USA Various Fiji Thailand Thailand All countries Israel Egypt New Zealand Korea All countries New Zealand,USA Philippines New Zealand Japan New Zealand(review) China New Zealand Generic Taiwan Country (from) 2007 2002 2013 2010 2011 2013 2003, 2006 2014 2011 2011 2005 2002 2006, 2007,2008 2013 2000 1999 2013 2003 2002 2003 2009 2011 2009 2009 2007 1998 2011 2010 2007 2002 2013 Year released Stone fruit(Western Australia) Stone fruit Seed contaminants(review oftolerances) Salacca Pseudomonas syringaep.v. Actindae Potato propagative material Pome fruittesting Pineapple (modification) Pineapple (De-crowned) Pineapple Phalaenopsis orchids (nurserystock) Persimmon Permitted seeds Pears (Ya) Pears (Asian) Pears Pears Papaya Oranges (sweet) Olive (plantsapproved sources) Medium RiskNurseryStockreview (internal) Mangosteen Mangosteen Mangoes Mangoes Mangoes Mangoes Mangoes Mangoes Mandarin (Unshu) Maize (bulk) Lychee/Longan Lychee Limes (Tahitian) Policy New Zealand USA All Indonesia New Zealand All countries China, Japan,Korea Islands, SriLanka,Thailand Philippines, Solomon Malaysia Islands, SriLanka,Thailand Philippines, Solomon Taiwan Israel, Japan,Korea All China China China Korea Fiji Italy Generic All countries Indonesia Thailand Pakistan India (revised conditions) Philippines (additionalareas) India Taiwan Philippines Japan USA China, Thailand Taiwan andVietnam New Caledonia Country (from) 2006 2010 2000 2014 2011 2013 2003 2003 2012 2002 2010 2004 2006 1998 2003 2005 1999 2002 2005 2003 2014 2012 2004 2011 2011 2010 2008 2006 1999 2009 2003 2004 2013 2006 Year released Prunus spp.propagative material material Phytophthora spp.hostpropagative Zantedeschia propagative material Citrus spp.nurserystock Table grapes Mangoes Potatoes forprocessing Grapes (table) Fruit fly PestFree Areas Apples Wood packaging Tomato (truss,review) Tomato (truss) (seed) Sweet corn Policy Draft policyadvice(inprogress) All countries All countries All countries All countries Mexico Vietnam Indonesia, Thailand, New Zealand India China USA Generic New Zealand Netherlands USA Country (from) 2014 2014 2014 2014 only) (announcement 2014 2014 2012 released) not yetbeen draft report has announced. A (Commencement 2010 2009 2009 2006 2002 2003 2003 Year released

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CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS access. markets, improving opportunitiesinexisting marketsandmaintenanceofexisting market Table 40detailsmarketaccessachievements since2000,includingthecreation ofnew ensure thatAustraliacancontinuetoexport. and marketmaintenanceare increasingly thefocusoftechnicalmarketaccessactivities to partners oftheirimportconditions meanthatnegotiationssurrounding marketimprovement of newresearch and technologytosupportimproved treatments, andreviews bytrading of aneffective measure tomitigatetheintroduction ofpests.Peststatus,theemergence producers byaddressing phytosanitaryissues.These includepeststatusandtheavailability close consultationwithindustrystakeholders,facilitateaccesstomarkets forAustralian Technical marketaccessnegotiationsbetweenAustraliaanditstrading partners,in EXDOC issuesexportpermitsandhealth,conditionphytosanitary certificates. exports from exporters,links thesewiththeresults ofinspections,andwhere applicable as wellformeat,dairy, fish,hides,skinsandwool.EXDOCacceptsdetailsofproposed associated legislation.Thesystemprovides certificationforgrainandhorticulture exports, documentation forprimaryproduce prescribed undertheExportControlAct1982and The ExportDocumentation(EXDOC)systemsupportsthepreparation ofexport check theimportingcountry’s requirements before exporting. Information inMICoRPlantsisintendedasaguideonlyandexportersare responsible to declarations andtreatments, andanyotherrelevant export informationanddocumentation. from Australia.Thisincludesdetailsonimportpermits,phytosanitarycertificates,additional provides informationonexportconditionsrequired toexportplantsandplantproducts To assistexporters,theManualofImportingCountryRequirements (MICoR)Plants effective andefficient operational policyandlegislation. responses togovernment Horticulture ExportIndustryConsultativeCommittee)whichare instrumentalindeveloping committees (theGrainandPlantProducts ExportIndustryConsultativeCommitteeand country authority. Strong linkagesare maintainedwithclientsthrough industryconsultative which aphytosanitarycertificate,oranyotherofficial certificate,is required byanimporting fresh fruits,fresh vegetables,driedfruits,prescribed grain,andplantsorplantproducts for The enables Australiatoprovide ISPM15compliantwoodpackagingmaterialforexport. and hasresponsibility fortheAustralianWood Packaging CertificationSchemewhich The Departmentalsonegotiatestechnicalimportstandards forAustralianexportproduce, accordance withimportingcountryrequirements andAustralia’s obligations. international inspection, verification,andcertificationservicesforplantsplant in products the importingcountry. TheDepartmentofAgriculture provides exportandphytosanitary Exporters mustmeetboththerequirements oftheActandanyquarantinerequirements of provide thelegalframeworkbywhichAustralianproducers canexporttheirproducts. conditions. Theprovisions oftheExportControlAct1982anditssubordinate legislation Just asimportsare subjecttorestrictions toprotect planthealth,exportsmustalsomeet Many Australian plant industriesexport a proportion of the food and fibre thattheyproduce. EXPORTS Export Control(PlantandPlantProducts)Orders2011provide criteriafortheexportof

Australia Howard Hansentalking toaChinesedelegationathispropertyinGrove, Tasmania. Growersof ImagecourtesyofCherry to theChinesemarketforsevenAustralianoatenhayexporters. export ofwheatandbarleytoChina,withthefodderindustry tofinalise registration Department ofAgriculture worked withthegrainsindustrytorenew theprotocol forthe decisions are informedand prioritisedinlinewithoverallindustrybenefit.In2014,the Forum provides andindustrytoensure aconduitbetweengovernment marketaccess For grains,oilseeds,pulses,fodder, seedsandnuts, theGrainsIndustryMarketAccess to buildincentiveandprovide balanceintraderelated dialogue. being undertakenbyindustry, research institutions,stateandtheAustralianGovernments to providing supporttotechnical marketaccessnegotiations,arangeofotheractivitiesare outcomes inlinewithindustryexpectationstofurtheropentheChinamarket.Inaddition to makethemostofupcomingbilateralnegotiationsinChinaandachievemarketaccess particularly withpotentialtradingpartnersintheAsianregion. Thiscollaborationaims A ‘teamhorticulture’ approach continuestobedeveloped tofacilitateourtradeambitions, a strong focusonanevidence-based analyses. access activitieswiththehighestlikelihoodoftechnicalandcommercial success,with Agriculture hastherefore workedwithindustrytoimprove itsprocess toselectmarket systems togrow thevalueofhorticulturalproducts exported offshore. TheDepartmentof There isahighlevelofdepartmentalinvestmentinnegotiatingprotocols andbuildingexport that keyhorticulturalexportscontinue. of ourfruitflymanagementsystemtomaintainandadvancemarketaccessensure trading partners.Thesediscussionsandnegotiationshavedemonstratedthecompliance fruit fly. treatment Thedepartmenthasalsonegotiatedalternate optionswithsome partners tokeepthemupdatedregarding thechanging distributionofQueensland In 2014theDepartmentofAgriculture hasbeeninclosecontactwithmajortrading for Australia’s horticulturalindustriesaswellimprovements toexistingarrangements. advice totheDepartmentofAgriculture ontheprioritiesfornewmarketaccessrequests The Office ofHorticulturalMarketAccess,anindustrymanagedcommittee,provides

Table 40.Marketaccessachievementsforplantproducts since2000 Country Taiwan South Korea Japan India European Union China Japan India United States South Korea New Zealand South Korea South Korea Thailand Thailand New Zealand New Zealand Japan South Korea South Korea South Africa Japan China New Zealand Morocco China Brazil United States Peru New Zealand South Korea South Korea Commodity Cherries –access reinstated fornon-pestfree areas Cherries (Tasmania) Citrus –grapefruit Kiwifruit Citrus Table grapes Citrus (Sunraysia)-seasonalfreedom Peanuts –processed Cherries (Mainland) Lupins Lychees Mangoes Multiple products Potatoes –brushedware andWestern Australia) Seed potatoes(Victoria Papaya Bananas –resumption oftrade Apples Citrus (unspecified) Mangoes Seed potatoes–micro-tubers Cherries (Tasmania) Citrus Mangoes –irradiated Olives –rooted cuttings Mangoes Lychees –nurserystock Tomatoes –greenhouse Olives –rooted cuttings Multiple productsValley) (Goulburn -pestfree area Lemons Oranges Market accessgainedandrestored Year Achieved 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2009 2009 2008 2008 2008 2007 2007 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2004 2004 2004 2004 2003 2003 2003 2000 2000 Country India USA Thailand Thailand South Korea Japan China United States Phillipines Peru Malaysia Ecuador Ecuador China China Uruguay United States Taiwan Taiwan Peru Peru Peru Peru Indonesia India Egypt Chile Bolivia Saudi Arabia Commodity Blueberries Mangoes Summerfruit –apricots,plums,nectarines andpeaches Cherries Table grapes Table grapes Grape seed Apples Bana grasscuttings Teak seeds–sowing Creeping signalgrass–sowing submission in2008 Barley –forconsumptionfollowingatechnical nuts-in-shell forconsumption Macadamia nuts–accessgainedformacadamia issues preventing exportssince2009 Canola –re-opening oftradeafterresolving quarantine Chinese requirements Cherries –accessafterinitiallingaprotocol andmeeting Hemp seeds–sowing Cotton seed–stockfeed Whole lupins–processing Carrots Chia seeds–sowing Sorghum seeds–sowing Paulowina –rooted cuttings Wax flowers– rooted cuttings Table grapes,summerfruits andcherries Pearl milletseeds–sowing Honey Grapevines –nurserystock Sunflower seeds–sowing Lentils Year Achieved 2015 2015 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2011

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CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Table 40.Marketaccessachievementsforplantproducts since2000 Country India India United States Indonesia Indonesia India United States South Korea Japan China China China UAE Taiwan Japan Japan Indonesia Indonesia India India Japan Taiwan South Korea South Korea New Zealand Malaysia Thailand New Zealand Commodity Citrus (unspecified) –3degree in-transitcold treatment flexible conditions Citrus (unspecified)–more favourabletemperatures and Citrus –3degree colddisinfestation areas Citrus –in-transitcolddisinfestation from non-pestfree non-pest free areas Table grapes–in-transitcolddisinfestationfrom Macadamia nuts Cherries (Mainland)–standalonecoldtreatment Citrus Grapefruit Apples (Tasmania) –improved conditions Mangoes –revised protocol Citrus –revised protocol Multiple products –removal ofSOPPrequirement Multiple products –2-3degree colddisinfestation Mangoes –reduced inspectionrate Cherries (Tasmania) –revised protocol Citrus –in-transitcolddisinfestation Table grapes–in-transit cold disinfestation Mangoes –irradiated Oats Citrus –2-3degree colddisinfestation Queensland fruitflyarea freedom Multiple products (Tasmania) –reinstatement of Citrus –3degree colddisinfestation Carrots –freedom from nematode Tomatoes –improved conditions Mangoes –newphytosanitaryrequirements Citrus –2-3degree colddisinfestation list Zucchinis –removal ofQueenslandfruitflyfrom thepest Market accessimproved Year Achieved 2012 2012 2011 2011 2011 2011 2010 2010 2010 2010 2009 2009 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2007 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2005 2005 Country New Zealand New Zealand Thailand Mauritius Mauritius India China Canada Indonesia Various Thailand South Korea Malaysia Thailand Thailand Taiwan South Korea Qatar Phillipines Libya Kenya Iran Indonesia Hong Kong China United States New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand Commodity Papaya Mangoes Multiple products Potatoes Citrus Grain Citrus (unspecified) Summerfruit Multiple products Citrus Citrus Potatoes Cut &driedflowers Grain andseed Citrus –someimportlimitationsremoved byThailand Apples 2013 All products –FTA negotiationsconcludedinDecember Hay treatment conditions Fruit –revised protocol includingfavourablecold Grain andseed Wheat Grain andseed Soybeans –removal ofafivepercenttariff Plants andplantproducts Canola Apples Avocado –in-transitcoldtreatment Table grapes–in-transit cold treatment Pears –in-transitcoldtreatment Citrus (unspecified)–in-transitcoldtreatment Market accessmaintained Year Achieved 2010 2010 2009 2008 2007 2007 2007 2007 2006 2004 2004 2004 2004 2014 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 Table 40.Marketaccessachievementsforplantproducts since2000 Country United States Taiwan All markets Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Vietnam Taiwan South Korea Indonesia India China Vietnam Thailand Thailand Thailand Taiwan New Zealand Commodity fumigation andnewtolerancelevels) Cotton seeds−forstockfeed(reinstated MethylBromide Apples −revised improved exportprotocol for exporthealthcertificates All products −implementationofanewsecuritypaper Persimmons Strawberries Kiwifruit Avocados Pears Apples Multiple products Summerfruit −plums Barley (malting)−processing Multiple products Pome fruit Table grapes Multiple products Citrus Table grapes Multiple products Summerfruit −peachandnectarine Lychees Market accessmaintainedcontinued Year Achieved 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2014 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2010

119 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 3.2 Pre-border activities Blowing in the wind – long distance natural dispersal of pests While many resources are devoted to vigilance and regulation at ports and airports The Department of Agriculture has primary responsibility for pre-border biosecurity to keep pests and diseases out of Australia, recent research at the Plant Biosecurity activities. These are focused on minimising the likelihood of exotic pests and diseases CRC has shown that there are also natural entry pathways that can bring exotic reaching our border, while enabling the movement of people and goods across the border. pests from as far away as Africa. They provide assurance to the community and producers about the biosecurity status of commodities imported into Australia. Being able to assess risks from natural dispersal is vital for effective biosecurity, Pre-border activities include: so researchers looked at the role of wind and extreme weather events such as cyclones in introducing new pests and diseases to Australia and New Zealand. • conducting risk assessments to consider the level of biosecurity risk that may be associated with imports and identifying risk management measures A good example of natural dispersal is currant lettuce aphid, which is believed to • conducting offshore verifications, inspections and audits have arrived in Australia on wind currents from New Zealand and is an established • collaborating with international partners on plant health issues and standards pest of lettuce, chicory, endive and radicchio. Tomato potato psyllid, a much more significant agricultural insect pest, has recently arrived in New Zealand and it could • regional capacity building through collaborative activities follow the same route. • intelligence gathering to determine and assess potential biosecurity risks.

A major review of existing knowledge on the topic found that the important natural Biosecurity risks, including risk assessments, are managed in keeping with Australia’s pathways are from ‘The North’ into Australia, from Africa into Australia, from New legislative framework for biosecurity and international obligations; in particular, obligations Zealand into Australia and from Australia into New Zealand. under the WTO SPS Agreement.

The project found that long distance natural dispersal, though unable to be regulated (or mitigated), is a real and continual risk that can be underestimated RISK ASSESSMENTS by biosecurity personnel. What’s more, surveillance tends to focus on insects, Biosecurity risks are managed in keeping with Australia’s legislative framework for MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING meaning the risk of entry of wind-borne diseases such as wheat rust or other biosecurity and international obligations, particularly the SPS Agreement. For further fungal pathogens may well be underestimated. information on the role of risk assessments in assessing biosecurity risks associated with imports see section 3.1. The study sets the scene for further analysis and testing of Australia’s existing surveillance systems and is a significant step towards improving the way we assess natural dispersal risks. VERIFICATIONS, INSPECTIONS AND AUDITS A range of verifications, inspections and audits are undertaken offshore to manage risks prior to import to Australia, and to ensure that exporting countries can meet Australia’s biosecurity requirements, provide export systems for safe trade and prevent the arrival of non-compliant consignments at the border.

Some horticultural exports from China, the United States, Chile and New Zealand have the option of offshore pre-shipment inspection by Department of Agriculture officers. Regular verifications and audits are also undertaken to ensure compliance of specified plant material with prescribed risk management procedures. Controls also extend to production areas and for stockfeed processing facilities to ensure compliance with Australia’s import Small colony of currant lettuce aphid with mixed life Eight natural dispersal pathways for pest entry into cycle stages. Image courtesy of Whitney Cranshaw, Australia and New Zealand. Image courtesy of PBCRC permit requirements. Colorado State University, US

120 of non-compliance, enablingresources tobetargetedattheareas ofgreatest risk. used todevelopcargo profiles andcampaigns, andtosupportidentification andmanagement memoranda ofunderstandingand agreements bodies.Theintelligenceis withinternational Information andintelligenceisshared betweenpartnersthrough legislativerequirements, deliberate andinadvertentnon-compliance. partnerstoinformresponses international toemergingrisksandassociatedwith and tohelpprevent theirintroduction andspread. Work isundertakenwith domesticand resourcesinternational and intelligenceare usedtoanticipateexoticplantpestthreats A rangeofsophisticatedtechnologiesandapproaches includingresearch, shared INTELLIGENCE expanding markets. managing phytosanitaryriskthatsafeguard existingtradeorcreate opportunitiesfor developing countries.Increasingly, capacitybuildingactivitiespromote approaches to These programs obligationstoassist alsohelp Australia tomeetitsformalinternational and fosteringlinksamongAustralianplanthealthbiosecurity agenciesandexperts. risks intheregion, improving biosecurity, buildingdiagnosticnetworksandcapabilities, Capacity buildingactivitiesare aimedatgainingabetterunderstandingoftheplantpest of Foreign Affairs andTrade. countries. Activitiesare oftendelivered withtheassistance offundingfrom theDepartment Asian Nations(ASEAN)ortheAsia-PacificEconomicCooperation(APEC)group of activities are coordinated through regional bodies,suchastheAssociationofSoutheast close proximity toAustraliaorimportantemergingtradingpartners.Commonly, these Asia-Pacific region capacitybuildingactivitiesare delivered foranumberofcountriesin BUILDING CAPACITY INTHEASIA-PACIFIC REGION and standards. intelligence andpromoting Australia’s interests intheevolutionoftraderegulations, codes of regional neighboursandtradingpartners.Significanteffort isalsoinvestedingaining pests pre-border, limittheirspread, andreduce theirimpactontheagriculturalsystems (refer tosection3.1).Thiscooperativeapproach boosts Australia’s abilitytoactivelymonitor Australia alsoparticipatesinsettingstandardsandregional forbothinternational bodies targeted athighpriorityexoticplantpests. andotherrelevant territory governments stakeholderswithintelligenceassessments early detectionofanypeststhatmayenterandestablishinAustraliabyproviding stateand networks). Thisworkcontributestomanagingtheriskofexoticplantpestsoffshore andthe sources (suchaspublished records, surveillancedata,insectandherbariumcollections information thatismadeavailabletoregional planthealthpractitionersthrough avarietyof plantpest activitiestogathernationalandinternational Australia engagesininternational INTERNATIONAL PLANTHEALTH

Image courtesyofDepartment ofAgriculture

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CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS quarantine facilities. whereas highriskplantsare post-entry senttoeitherAustralianorstategovernment imported andscreened forexoticpestsinprivatelyoperated quarantineapproved facilities, bamboo itemsare examinedandtreated asrequired. Lowandmedium riskplantscanbe biosecurity requirements. All plantsorplant parts,fruits,seeds,cuttings,bulbsandwoodor Audits are alsoundertakenonbusinessesthatimportgoods toensure compliancewith exchanges andcontainerdepotstoscreen andinspectincominggoodspeople. Surveillance andinspectionactivitiesare airports,seaports,mail performedatinternational A rangeoftechniquesare used includingriskprofiling, detectordogsandx-raymachines. • • • • ports ofentry. In2014thedepartmentscreened: vessels andpassengers,cargomailastheyarriveat to theinspectionofinternational The DepartmentofAgriculture employsmore than3,900 officers, manyofwhomcontribute SCREENING ANDINSPECTION continual improvement. Activities attheborder are risk-based,informedbyevidence andsubjecttoreview and • • • • Biosecurity activitiesattheborder are focusedon: remains animportantelementofthebiosecuritysystem. increasing travelandtrade,thedetectionofthreats levelsofinternational attheborderWith The DepartmentofAgriculture hasprimaryresponsibility forborder biosecurityactivities. 3.3 Activitiesattheborder 34.5 millionconsignmentsofcargoimportedviaairandseafreight (2013–14figures) seavessels. 17,800 international sea passengersscreened is unknown. airpassengers.Theamountof 2.4 millionairpassengersoutof17international 19.4 millionmailitemsoutof155received. and industryoperators. Raising awareness ofAustralia’s biosecurityrequirements amongtravellers,importers AustraliaQuarantineStrategy.the Northern Australiathrough Identifying andevaluatingthespecificbiosecurityrisksfacingnorthern observation andortreatment atquarantinefacilities. Managing thehighbiosecurityrisksofliveplantsandanimalsthrough containment, and plantproducts arrivinginAustralia. Screening vessels,passengers,cargo,mail,animals,plants, andinspectinginternational once ithasbeenverifiedfree from specificpests. screened forpestsatanapproved facility(Table 41).Materialisreleased from quarantine that enableshighandmediumrisknurserystockrestricted seedstobegrown and to prevent theentryofpests. Australiamaintainsapost-entryplantquarantineprogram All importedplantnurserystockandhighriskseedsare subjecttopestriskmanagement POST-ENTRY PLANTQUARANTINE Image courtesyofPHA Table 41.Australianpost-entryplantquarantinefacilities WA Vic Tas SA QLD NT NSW ACT Location facilities operated Government Australian 0 1 1

plant material growing high-risk approved for facilities operated government State 0 1 3 1 1 2 1 plant material growing high-risk approved for facilities operated Privately (P) Scientific (S)and 4 (S),2(P) 1 (S),2(P) 1 (S),(P) 2 (P) 1 (S) 2 (S) 1 (S) 0 material risk plant growing medium approved for facilities operated Privately 13 0 5 1 0 8 8 0 from quarantine from quarantine material released purposes –no research plant materialfor medium risk holding highand approved for research facilities Scientific 0 1 4 1 2 1

NORTHERN AUSTRALIA QUARANTINE STRATEGY Figure 74. NAQS surveillance area (shown in dark green) Since 1989, NAQS has been meeting the unique biosecurity challenges facing Australia’s northern coastline, stretching from Cairns to Broome and including the Torres Strait Parama Island Papua New Guinea Ture Ture (Figure 74). The northern coastline is vast and sparsely populated, and commercial Daru Island plantings are few and far between, making surveillance a challenge. Bramble Cay Buji Mari Tais The primary biosecurity risk is the close proximity of neighbouring countries to the Boigu Island Saibai Island Ugar (Stephen Island) Australian mainland. Indonesia, Timor-Leste and Papua New Guinea have many insect Dauan Island Erub (Damley Island) pests, plant diseases and weeds not present in Australia. These pests and diseases have Masig (Yorke Island) the potential to arrive through human activities or natural means. Mabuiag Island Iama (Yam Island) Mer (Murray Island) Torres Strait Badu Island Poruma (Coconut Island) NAQS designs and conducts surveillance for pest and disease incursions to facilitate Protected Moa Island Warraber (Sue Island) eradication before they spread or become established further south. In addition, NAQS Zone collects information about the absence of significant pests and diseases which contributes Thursday Island Group Special to market access and broader biosecurity strategies. Bamaga Quarantine Zone NAQS also regulates the biosecurity aspects of the southwards movement of people, Jardine Northern River National vessels, aircraft and goods through the Torres Strait to the mainland. The key of success Peninsula Park Area Aboriginal has been the cooperation and goodwill of the Indigenous people who live in northern Reserve Australia. This includes active involvement of local ranger groups in NAQS survey activities. Mapoon NAQS delivers on its objectives through a program that involves: Australia • Scientific teams in Darwin and Cairns delivering plant health surveys and monitoring across northern Australia. Figure 75. Quarantine zones in the Torres Strait (shown in red, blue and green) • Officers at strategic locations, including the 13 inhabited islands of Torres Strait, MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING regulating plant risks associated with movements of people and goods through the Parama Island Torres Strait Islands (from the Torres Strait Protected Zone to the Special Quarantine Papua New Guinea Ture Ture Daru Island Zone, and from either zone to the mainland as seen in Figure 75). Bramble Cay Buji • Public awareness activities to encourage local people and communities to report Mari Tais unusual pests and diseases. Boigu Island Saibai Island Ugar (Stephen Island) Dauan Island • Contributions to the Department of Agriculture’s capacity building activities in Papua Erub (Damley Island) New Guinea, Indonesia, Timor-Leste and Solomon Islands. Masig (Yorke Island) Mabuiag Island Iama (Yam Island) Mer (Murray Island) Torres Strait Badu Island Poruma (Coconut Island) Protected Moa Island Warraber (Sue Island) Zone

Thursday Island Group Special Bamaga Quarantine Zone

Jardine Northern River National Peninsula Park Area Aboriginal Reserve

Mapoon Australia

123 Reducing plant quarantine times Bringing plant material into Australia means up to two years in quarantine and expensive testing to ensure exotic viruses are not brought in with them. While quarantine is important, it has major impacts on Australian trade for importers such as the nursery industry. It’s also important for plant breeders, making new traits available in the country for breeding programs.

The current plant testing methods are laborious, time consuming, expensive and only able to detect some of the known plant viruses and viroids Australia wants to keep out. New genomic technologies however can greatly speed up testing and are far more accurate.

PBCRC researchers are developing an online toolkit that will automate diagnosis and surveillance of plant viruses and viroids. The toolkit has the potential to reduce post-entry quarantine to six months or less, significantly lowering costs in the process.

The new system will also make testing substantially more sensitive, ensuring new and emerging plant diseases are kept out of Australia. MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING

Plant breeding trials. Image courtesy of PHA

124 Image courtesy of NAQS training, also described in Chapter 4. training, alsodescribedinChapter4. incident are prepared fortheirrole byholding EPPRDandbiosecuritypreparedness partners. PHAensures thatallpartieswouldbeinvolvedinanemergencyplantpest andrelevant stateandterritorygovernments industry between theAustralianGovernment, the NEBRA,there are formalarrangementstoshare thecostofresponding toanincursion ensure timelydecisionsand actions(seeChapter4).ForsignatoriestotheEPPRDand When aplantbiosecurityincidentoccurs,formalemergencyresponse arrangements preparing forpotentialexotic pestincursions. andindustryallcontribute tothemanagementofendemicpestsand governments stateandterritory markets. TheAustralianGovernment, both domesticandinternational Domestic arrangementsreflect thesevariationsandprovide thebasisforaccessto endemic pests.Significantvariationsinplantpeststatusexistacross thecountry. Similarly, there are arangeofactivities aimedatminimisingtheimpactofAustralia’s demonstrating area freedom. recognised risks andinternationally surveillancesystemscapableofearlydetection research anddevelopment,industry-targetedmeasures toraiseawareness ofplantpest activities includeagreed andimplementedbiosecurityplansforplantindustries,targeted chance ofcontainingandsuccessfullyeradicatingthemshouldtheyarrive.Preparedness Identifying exoticthreats andbeingprepared fortheirarrivalsignificantlyincreases the management operations. Post-border activitiesrangefrom planningandpreparedness through toeverydaypest post-border biosecuritysystemtoprovide additional protection againstexoticpests. of anydetectedpestordisease,Australiahasestablishedauniqueandhighlyeffective Recognising theneedforarangeofpost-border measures aimedatlimitingtheimpact illegal activity. diseases mayarrivethrough naturalpathwayssuchaswindandwatercurrents, orthrough aftertheyenterAustralia.Inaddition,somepestsand or diseaseofbiosecurityconcern Despite alloftheprecautions inplace,someimportedgoodsmaystillcontainapest 3.4 Post-border activities

Image courtesyofNAQS

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CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS for trade in both domestic and international markets. for tradeinboth domestic andinternational to developandimplementnewtreatment arrangementsand tosupportmarketaccess SDQMA workscloselywithstate andnationalplantquarantineagenciesindustries • • • and plantproducts inAustralia. Indoingsoitensures thatconditionsare: committee overseesthedevelopmentofdomesticmarketaccess conditionsforplants regulators The from andstateterritorygovernments. theAustralianGovernment committee thatsitsunderPHC(Section1.3NationalCommittees) andconsistsofsenior The SubcommitteeonDomesticQuarantineandMarketAccess(SDQMA) isanational The SubcommitteeonDomesticQuarantineandMarket Access • • There are twotypesofcertificatesthatmaybeissued: under cover),orundergoingdisinfestationtreatments afterharvest(e.g.fumigation). this mayrequire specifictreatments suchasgrowing produce in a particularway(e.g. quarantine regulations of the importingstateorterritoryhavebeenmet.Inmanyinstances approach forinterstatemovement ofplantproducts andprovides evidencethatthe state andterritoryquarantineregulations. Thiscertificationschemeprovides aharmonised the movementofplantproductsInterstate certificationisusedtogovern underthedifferent Interstate certification on thewebsitequarantinedomestic.gov.au. regional borders inthebookletAustralianInterstateQuarantine:ATraveller’s Guideand There isalistfortravellersdetailingwhattheycanandcannotcarryacross stateand Restrictions applytodomestictravellersaswellinterstatemovementofgoods. Australia. theexportandimportofgoodstofrom national quarantinelegislationthatgoverns operate understateandterritorylegislation(Table 1)tocomplementandsupportthe apply ineachstateandterritorytoreduce thisrisk.Thesedomesticquarantinerestrictions plant products, people,soilorequipment.Restrictionsonthemovementofhighriskitems be easilyspread from onepartofAustraliatoanother through themovementofplants, Newly establishedandregionalised pests(Section2.2Australia’s regionalised pests)can DOMESTIC QUARANTINE Consistent withAustralia’s marketaccessconditionsandpolicies. international Coordinated andharmonisedacross thecountryandregions where possible. Technically justified,tominimise regulatory burdens onindustry. accreditationterritory government authority. business mustmeetspecific requirements andundergo regular auditsbythestateor an InterstateCertificationAssuranceschemearrangement.Inordera toissuePHACs, Plant HealthAssuranceCertificate–whichissuppliedbyanapproved businessunder territory oforigin. officerPlant HealthCertificate–whichisissuedbyagovernment or from thestate

Inspectors checkingvehicles atinspectionpointsontheVictorianborder. Image courtesyofDEDJTRVic Table 42.Current industrybiosecurityplanscoveringAustralia’s plantindustries (Table 42).FurtherinformationonIBPscanbefoundatwww.planthealthaustralia.com.au. Currently, 28IBPshavebeendeveloped,covering34ofAustralia’s major plantindustries of HPPsincludedineach)are reviewed andupdated at leasteveryfiveyears. aswellresearchand government, anddevelopmentorganisations.IBPs(includingthelist Group thatisassembledeachtime.Thegroup iscomprisedofrepresentatives from industry PHA facilitatesthedevelopmentofeachplaninconsultationwithanIndustryBiosecurity the socialandeconomiccostsofpestincursionstogrowers andthewidercommunity. trade,negotiate accesstonewoverseasmarkets,andreduce domestic andinternational Through thispre-emptive planningprocess industriesare betterplacedtomaintain enhancing theabilitytoprevent, prepare forandeffectively respond to,pestincursions. biosecurity stakeholderstofocusriskmitigationactivityonthegreatest risks, Industry biosecurityplans(IBPs)provide aframeworkforindividualindustriesandother prioritise plantpestthreats thatcouldhaveasignificantimpactontheircrops. andotherrelevant collaboration withgovernments stakeholders,toactivelyidentifyand Industry biosecurityplanningprovides amechanismforplantproduction industries,in PRE-EMPTIVE BIOSECURITYPLANNING Nuts IBP(Version 2.0) Nursery andGarden IBP(Version 3.0) Melon IBP(Version 1.0) Mango IBP(Version 2.1) Lychee IBP(Version 1.1) Honey BeeIBP(Version 1.0) Grains IBP(Version 2.04) Ginger (Version 1.0) Cotton IBP(Version 2.01) Citrus IBP(Version 2.0) Cherry IBP(Version 2.01) Banana IBP(Version 2.0) Avocado IBP(Version 2.01) Apple andPearIBP(Version 2.01) Current IBPs Viticulture IBP(Version 3.0) Vegetable IBP(Version 2.0) Summerfruit IBP(Version 1.0) Sugarcane IBP(Version 2.01) Strawberry IBP(Version 2.0) Rubus (Version 1.0) Rice IBP(Version 3.0) Potato IBP(Version 2.0) Plantation Forest IBP(Version 2.0) Pineapple IBP(Version 1.0) Passionfruit (Version 1.0) Papaya IBP(Version 1.0) Onion IBP(Version 2.0) Olive IBP(Version 1.0) • • • • • • The workofthecommitteeinvolvesprogress onmany different projects including: funding agenciesandresearch providers, withPHAastheindependentSecretariat. plantindustries,research the Australian Government, of stateandterritorygovernments, The NFFSACcomprises15members,includinganIndependentChair, PHA,representatives stakeholders. develop theActionPlanandbringaboutrealisation ofthesubstantialbenefitsforall The purposeofthecommitteeistoprovide nationalleadershiponfruitflymanagement, managing fruitfliesacross Australia. cost benefitanalysisbyABARESshowingthesignificantbenefitsofanationalapproach to following developmentoftheNationalFruitFlyStrategyImplementationActionPlananda The NationalFruitFlyStrategyAdvisoryCommittee(NFFSAC)wasestablishedinMay2014 NATIONAL MANAGEMENTOFFRUITFLIES Trapping ispartoffruit flymanagement.ImagecourtesyofNSW DPI Establishing fruitflyR&Dpriorities. Developing nationalstandards forfruitflymanagementsystems. Mapping Australia’s fruitflystatus. Maintaining theTorres Straitfruitflydetectionanderadicationprogram. Developing nationalfruitflydiagnosticstandards andnetworks. Developing biosecurityplansforfruitflies.

127 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 128

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS value ofproduction forallcrops inAustralia This totalexpenditure onpesticides forplantsrepresents oversixpercentofthegross biosecurity withmostgrowers usingatleastsometypetomaintainproductive agriculture. Chemicals are oftennecessaryforpestincursionmanagementandtheyunderpinon-farm For manypests,chemicalcontrol isconsidered thefastest andeasiestoptionavailable. the amountandtypeofagriculturalchemicalsusedforcontrolling plantpestsinAustralia. when EmergencyPlantPestincursions occur. chemicals, andpermitsoftenneed tobeobtainedquicklybyquarantineauthorities Plans andResponseusually dependonthetimelyavailabilityofappropriate other optionsare currently availableinAustraliatomanage aparticularpest.Contingency 83 percentofminorusepermitapplicationsare submittedtotheAPVMAbecauseno Minor usepermitsandemergencycanbeissuedbytheAPVMA. Approximately often donothaveaccesstochemicalsneededmanageexotic pests. not registered inAustralia.ThismeansthatAustralian growers andotherlandmanagers all theactiveconstituentchemicalsare manufactured overseas,withmanychemicals Although manypesticideproducts are formulatedandpackagedinAustralia,almost trade.Theuseofchemicalsisregulatedinternational bystateand territorygovernments. and havenoharmfulorunintendedeffects onpeople,animals,crops, theenvironment or agricultural chemicalproducts, whenusedasdirected ontheproduct label,willbeeffective Australia mustberegistered withtheAPVMA.Anational registration systemensures thatall 5 4 crop production isattributabletotheuseofcrop protection products A recent report estimatedthatupto68percent($17.6 billion)ofAustralia’s totalvalueof Chemical control improved methodsofpestmanagementare created. that ittargetsindividualpestsspecificallyandishighlyadaptabletochangewhennew unique toeachgrower. Thestrength ofemployinganIPMapproach tomanagingpestsis economically threatening pests. IPMisanapproach, notadefinedmethod,andisusually needs ofaparticularcrop todevelopamulti-facetedapproach tocontrolling themost IPM combineschemical,cultural,mechanicalandbiologicalcontrol methodswiththe management (IPM)program. Most growers regularly employamixture ofmethodsasparttheirintegratedpest methods thatare tailored tocrop types,targetpestsandgeographicalconditions. The agriculturalplantproduction industriesofAustraliamanagepeststhrough multiple PEST MANAGEMENT Sciences, Canberra ABARES, 2013.Agricultural commoditystatistics2013.AustralianBureau ofAgriculturalandResource Economicsand CropLife Australia,2013.Economicactivityattributable tocrop protection products. DeloitteAccessEconomicsPtyLtd 5 . All agricultural chemicals sold or used in . Allagriculturalchemicalssoldorusedin 4 . Table 43illustrates

significant relief from pests. of pestspecies.Iffollowedinanappropriate manner, thesepracticescanprovide periods tomaketheenvironment lessfavourableforthesurvival,growth andreproduction changing soilpHlevels,irrigationpractices,tillagemethods,temperatures andfallow of production crops toreduce theprevalence ofunwantedpests.Examplesinclude Cultural andmechanicalcontrol refers tothepractice ofmodifyingthegrowing environment Cultural andmechanicalcontrol Image courtesyofQDAF control canprovide long-termandevenpermanentresults andposenorisktohumanhealth. or pestsituations,suchasintroduced pestsinperennial ecosystems.However, biological control agents.Thesesuccesseshavebeenlimitedlargelytocertaintypesofecosystems problems permanentlyresolved byimportationandsuccessful establishmentofbiological Biological control hasbeenhighlysuccessfulinmanyinstances,withanumberofpest and includepredators, herbivores, parasitoidsandpathogens. such asinsectsterilisation.Naturalenemiesofpestsare knownasbiologicalcontrol agents biologically-based products suchaspheromones, resistant plantvarietiesandtechniques Biological control isamethodofcontrolling peststhrough theuseofnaturalenemies, Biological control International workshop on spray drift assessment Pesticides are widely used in plant production around the world to combat a whole host of plant pests, but application is strictly regulated to reduce unwanted spray drift. A workshop organised by the National Working Party for Pesticide Applications (NWPPA) in Queensland in June 2014 showcased novel technologies for spray drift reduction at an event that was regarded as having advanced the regulation of spray drift internationally.

The workshop provided opportunities for international harmonisation of spray drift assessment with presentations by international speakers who described the systems used by their country to assess spray drift risk.

Delegates were treated to demonstrations of novel technologies for spray draft reduction and heard about advances in boom spray drift reduction technology, spray nozzles, pesticide formulations, aerial application and assessment methods including spray drift measurement and determination of spray quality (droplet size).

The NWPPA has been funded by a number of research and development corporations (Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited, Sugar Research Australia, and the Grains, Grape and Wine and Cotton R&D Corporations) and CropLife Australia since 2011–12. PHA provides a liaison and technical facilitation role. The vision of the group is that the regulatory system is science-based and recognises the use of drift reduction technologies. MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING

HARDI Australia’s Saritor II Self Propelled Unit Detection of spray droplets (water) on test paper

Image courtesy of Citrus Australia 129 130

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS and someindustriesundertaketargeted surveillancefortheirpestsofconcern. Severalnationalprograms governments. are alsosupported bytheAustralianGovernment, The majorityofonshore targetedsurveillanceisundertaken bystateandterritory the hotlineare directed totherelevant stateorterritoryagriculture department. reported, allstatesandterritories runtheExoticPlantPestHotline(1800084881).Callsto day-to-day activities.To ensure alldetectionsofnewpeststhrough generalsurveillanceare community, andrely onthesestakeholderstolookforandreport thesepestsduringtheir programs workthrough raisingawareness aboutspecificpestswithgrowers andthewider Australia usesamixoftargetedandgeneralsurveillanceprograms. Generalsurveillance • • • • • industries andthewidercommunitytoprovide informationfor: Onshore surveillanceactivitiesforexoticplantpestsare carriedoutbygovernments, SURVEILLANCE Russian wheataphidresistance. Australia includetheAustralianCereal RustControl Program andpre-emptive breeding for resistant varietiesoftheircrop toreduce anypestimpactonproduction. Programs in In theeventofanincursion,pre-emptive breeding allows growers toselectforpest traits thatallowfortheselectionofresistance inapest’s absence. rely onoffshore testingofnewAustralianvarietiesoruseresistance genemarkersorother that canreduce theimpactsoftargetpestspecies.Pre-emptive breeding programs may breeding ofcrops toincorporateorimprove pesttoleranceorresistance characteristics Many Australianindustriesprepare forapotentialexoticpestincursionthrough pre-emptive PRE-EMPTIVE BREEDING surveillance efforts. Identifying highriskpathwaysandareas: inorder tofocusfuture inspections todeterminepopulationlevelsimprove managementdecisions. Improved pestmanagement: managementofestablishedpestsrequires regular confirm thesuccessfuleradicationofpest. the distributionandspread ofpestsforuseinresponse managementactivitiesorto Delimiting surveys:followingapestincursion,delimitingsurveysprovide informationon markets. a pestfrom thecountry, stateorregion,anddomestic tosupportaccessinternational Market access:surveillancetodemonstratetheabsence(i.e.‘evidenceofabsence’) containment responses. become widelyestablished,increasing thechanceofsuccessfuleradicationor Early detection:surveillancedesignedtodetectnewpestincursionsbefore they Surveillance Strategy. It hasresponsibility foroversightoftheimplementationNationalPlantBiosecurity SNPHS isAustralia’s peakpolicyandtechnicalforumforplanthealthsurveillance. biosecurity strategiesthatpromotemarketaccess. bothdomesticandinternational The subcommitteefacilitatesthedevelopmentandimplementationofnationalplant capacity andcapabilityinAustraliasupportoftheeconomy, environment andcommunity. The principalfocusofSNPHS’activitiesistomaintainandimprove planthealthsurveillance related toplantbiosecurity. PHAandotherorganisations stateandterritory governments, Australian Government, based plantbiosecuritysurveillancesystem.SNPHScomprisesrepresentatives from the surveillance system.Thisincludestheestablishmentofanationallycoordinated andrisk surveillance issuesandensure thecontinuedeffective operationofthenationalplanthealth Plant HealthSurveillance(SNPHS)toprovide expertpolicyadviceonnationalplanthealth The PlantHealthCommittee(PHC)hascommissionedtheSubcommitteeonNational Subcommittee onNationalPlantHealthSurveillance with summaryinformationpresented inFigure 76andFigure 77. Table 43detailsthetargetedsurveillanceprograms undertakenacross Australiain2014, the databaseholdsover470surveillanceprograms from allstatesandterritories. surveillance activitiesacross Australiainastandardised andconsistentmanner. Currently, identify andreport onsurveillance activitiesforparticularplantpestsandcrops andtrack national levelcanbeusedtoaddress marketaccessissues, domesticandinternational data intoawebenableddatabase.Through thisdatabase,surveillancedatacaptured ata industry surveillancecoordinators across Australiatoenterplantpestsurveillancesummary National PlantSurveillanceReportingTool This tool allowsstate,territoryand (NPSRT). In 2006,theDepartmentofAgriculture, inpartnershipwithPHA,developedanonline National PlantSurveillanceReportingTool

Table 43.Australia’s plantbiosecuritysurveillanceprograms Name Urban hazard sitesurveillance Tramp ants Riverina papayafruitfly Riverina Mediterraneanfruitfly Riverina cuelure exotics Melon necrotic spotvirus beetle Longhorn Little cherrydisease Grapevine phylloxera Grains FarmBiosecurityProgram Forest pestsurveillanceexoticandendemic Exotic fruitflies Diseases ofcotton Cucumber green mottlemosaicvirus Chestnut blight Bunchy topvirus Asiatic citruspsylid Asian gypsymoth Aphids honey bee Transition tomanagementprogram forAsian fly trapping AustraliaQuarantineSurveyexoticfruit Northern surveys disease AustraliaQuarantineSurveypestand Northern National BeePestSurveillanceProgram Target hosts Multiple urbanhosts Urban, horticulture Horticulture Horticulture Citrus, othersusceptiblefruit Field crop melons Urban tree hosts Cherries Horticulture Grains Pine andnativeforest Horticulture Cotton Field crop melons Chestnuts Bananas Horticulture Forestry Field crops, horticulture Horticulture species tropical horticulturalandagricultural Multiple surveillanceprograms of European honeybees Australian Government Target pests Asian honeybee(Apiscerana) Drosophila (Drosophilasuzukii),exoticleafminers (Liriomyzaspp.) tomato potatopsyllid (Bactriceracockerilli),exoticmites(incl. Brevipalpusspp.,Aceriagranati ), spottedwinged citrus psyllid/huanglongbing(Diaphorinacitri / exotic aphids,glassywingedsharpshooter/Pierce's disease( Homalodisca vitripennis/ Spiralling whitefly(Aleurodicusdispersus ), exoticwhiteflies,solenopsismealybugPhenacoccus (), Solenopsis spp. Papaya fruitfly(Bactrocerapapayae Mediterranean fruitfly(Ceratitiscapitata ) ) andexoticfruitfliesattractedtocuelureQueensland fruitfly(Bactroceratryoni Melon necrotic spotvirus(Carmovirus) sawyer beetle(Monochamusalternatus) beetle(Anoplophoraglabripennis ), brownbeetle(AprionagermariJapanese Asian longhorn mulberrylonghorn Little cherryvirus2(Ampelovirus) Grapevine phylloxera(Dakulosphairavitifolia) ( bunt,hessianfly Russian wheataphid(Diuraphisnoxia),barleystriperustPucciniastriiformis f.sp.hordei),karnal Exotic andendemicpests Exotic fruitflies dahliae), exoticstrainsFusariumwilt(oxysporumf.sp.vasinfectum) virus Exotic strainsofbacterialblight(Xanthomonascampestris),bluediseaseLuteovirus[suspected]), Cucumber green mottlemosaicvirus(Tobamovirus) parasitica) Chestnut blight(Cryphonectria Banana bunchytopvirus(Babuvirus) Asiatic citruspsyllid(Diaphorinacitri) Asian gypsymoth(Lymantria dispar) Multiple species Exotic fruitflies(Bactroceraspp.) 157 highpriorityexoticpests T. clareae), red dwarfhoneybee(Apisflorea),trachealmiteAcarapiswoodiTropilaelaps mites(Tropilaelaps mercedesae , Asian honeybee(Apiscerana),exoticEuropean honeybees(Apismellifera),giantbeedorsata Mayetiola destructor),sorghumdowneymildew(Peronosclerosporasorghi ) New SouthWales ( Begomovirus), Texas root rot (Phymatotrichumomnivorum),exoticstrainsVerticillium wilt(Verticillium Varroa mites(Varroa destructor, * ) V. jacobsoni) Candidatus Liberibacterasiaticus),fireblight (Erwiniaamylovora ), ), Asian Xylella fastidiosa),Asian cotton leaf curl cotton leafcurl

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CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Table 43.Australia’s plantbiosecuritysurveillanceprograms * Thisspecieshasbeen synonymised withBactroceradorsalis Name Citrus canker Citrus gallwasp Banana freckle Fruit fly monitoring and surveillance Fruit flymonitoringandsurveillance Forest pestsurveillance Exotic beesurveillance Exotic beemites Cucumber green mottlemosaicvirus Banana pestsurveillance Red importedfire ant Red bandedcaterpillar National BeePestSurveillanceProgram Myrtle rust Mango pulpweevil Mango malformationdisease Grapevine leafrust Giant Africansnail Apiarist cooperatorbeepestsurveillance Citrus pestsurveillance Chickpea virussurveys Cape York Peninsulasurveys Banana bunchytopsurveillance Avocado pestsurveillance Target hosts Citrus Citrus Bananas Horticulture Pinus Exotic beeswarms Exotic beeswarms Cucurbit hosts Bananas unclean machinery All nurserystockexQueensland, Mangoes European honeybees Melaleuca spp.,Eucalyptusspp. Myrtaceae spp.,Callistemon Mangoes Mangoes Grapevines Soil, importedcargo European honeybees Citrus Chickpeas Various Bananas Avocados spp. Target pests Citrus canker(Xanthomonascitrisubsp. Citrus gallwasp(Bruchophagusfellis) Banana freckle (Guignardiamusae) Needle blight(Dothistromepini) Papaya fruitfly(Bactrocerapapayae capitata) ), melonfruitfly(BactroceracucurbitaeMediterraneanCeratitis Queensland fruitfly(Bactroceratryoni Asian honeybee(Apiscerana(exoticspecies)) Varroa mite(Varroa destructor),Tropilaelaps mite(Tropilaelaps clareae),trachealmite(Acarapiswoodi) Cucumber greenmottlemosaicvirus( Banana bractmosaicdisease(virus Red importedfire ant(Solenopsisinvicta) Red-banded mangocaterpillar(Deanolissublimbalis) T. clareae), red dwarfhoneybee(Apisflorea),trachealmiteAcarapiswoodiTropilaelaps mites(Tropilaelaps mercedesae , Asian honeybee(Apiscerana),exoticEuropean honeybee(Apismellifera),giantdorsata Eucalyptus rust(Pucciniapsidiisensulato(exoticvariants)) Mango pulpweevil(Sternochetusfrigidus) Mango malformation(Fusariummangiferae) Grapevine leafrust(Phakopsoraeuvitis) Giant Africansnail(Achatinafulica) f. sp.cubense), leaf spot(Mycosphaerellamusicola),mokoRalstoniasolanacearumPanamadisease Fusarium oxysporum ( banana skipperbutterfly(Erionotathrax),stemweevilOdoiporuslongicollis ), BlackSigatoka Exotic external mites(VarroaExotic external destructor , Exotic pestsofcitrus Various viruses,especially aphidtransmittedPoleroviruscomplex A rangeofpests Banana bunchytopvirus( ( Cercospora leafspot(Pseudocercosporapurpurea),avocadoscabSphacelomaperseaeseedmoth ), Mycosphaerella fijiensis),eumusaeleafspot( ), leafspeckle(Mycosphaerella musae Stenoma catenifer) Northern TerritoryNorthern Queensland Varroa Periconiella musae, mites (Varroa destructor, Babuvirus) Veronaea musae * ), Philippinefruitfly(Bactroceraphilippinensis Tobamovirus) V. jacobsoni)andTropilaelaps citri) V. jacobsoni)

Potyvirus)), mites (Tropilaelapsclareae, Banana bunchytopvirus( * ) ), Babuvirus), T. mercedesae)

Table 43.Australia’s plantbiosecuritysurveillanceprograms Name Endemic andexoticvirusesofcottonsurveys Endemic andexoticdiseasesofcottonsurveys CropSafe Coffee berryborer surveillance Grow HelpAustraliadiagnosticserviceproject Green snailarea freedom surveillance processors/exporters Grains On-farmandgrainspackers/ Grains Insectpestmanagement Grains FarmBiosecurityProgram Grain bulkhandling Fruit flymonitoringandsurveillance Fruit flymonitoringandsurveillance Fruit flymonitoringandsurveillance Exotic fruitflytrapping National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National ElectricAntEradicationProgram Multiple PestSurveillance Melon thripssurveillance Mango pestsurveillance Gypsy mothsurveillance Target hosts Cotton Cotton Cereal andlegumegrains Coffee and gardens crops andplantsinnationalparks Fruit, vegetableandornamental Multiple hosts Stored grains fababeans, canola,maize cereals, sorghum,chickpea, Winter Grains Grains Horticulture Horticulture Horticulture Fruits andvegetables Amenity trees Amenity andenvironment fruit guava andtropical andsubtropical species, sugarcane, citrus,lychee, Plantation andnativeforest Multiple Mangoes Multiple Target pests Cotton bunchytopvirus, Endemic cottondiseases,includingFusariumspp.andVerticillium spp. European wheatstemsawfly(Cephuspygmeus) wilt (Fusariumoxysporumf.sp.conglutinans),chickpeaf.sp.ciceris noxia), Khaprabeetle(Trogoderma granarium),canolaVerticillium wilt(Verticillium longisporum),canolaFusarium rust (Uromycesviciae-fabae),lentilanthracnoseColletotrichumtruncatumRussianwheataphidDiuraphis moth(Agrotissegetum),barleystriperustPucciniastriformisf.sp.hordeilentil midge (Mayetiolahordei),turnip bunt(Tilletia indica),lupinanthracnose(Colletotrichumlupinibarleystemgall leaf miner(Liriomyzatrifolii),Karnal Maize leafhopper(Cicadulinambila),cabbageseedpodweevilCeuthorhynchusassimilisAmericanserpentine Coffee berryborer (Hypothenemushampei) exotic viruses pathogens (e.g.Tospovirus, Colletotrichum spp.,AlternariaRhizoctoniaPythiumRalstonia spp.,Erwinia enthusiastic homegardeners. Commonlyencountered pathogensincludePhytophthoraspp.,Fusarium All pestsandpathogensthatcanaffect horticulturalcrops, nationalparks,gardens, hobbygrowers and Green snail(Helixaperta) bunt(Tilletia indica),khaprabeetle(TrogodermaRange ofendemicgrainstoragepests,Karnal granarium) Rhopalosiphum spp.,MythimnaHelicoverpaspp. indica), khaprabeetle(Trogoderma granarium) bunt(Tilletia Russian wheataphid(Diuraphisnoxia),barleystriperustPucciniastriiformisf.sp.hordeiKarnal bunt(Tilletia), khaprabeetle(Trogoderma indica Karnal granarium ) ) Queensland fruitfly(Bactroceratryoni Exotic fruitflies(variousspecies) Mediterranean fruitfly(Ceratitiscapitata) Exotic fruitflies(Bactroceraspp.,Ceratitisspp.) Dutch elmdisease(Ophiostomanovo-ulmi ) Electric ant(Wasmannia auropunctata) gigas) bark beetles(Ipsspp.),pine Dendroctonus spp.),woodwasps(SiricidUroceris e.g. beetle(Stromatiumbarbatum),ambrosia rubus), sawyerbeetles(Monochamus spp.),drywoodlongicorn beetles ( beetle buqueti ), Asianandcitruslonghorn A rangeofspecies,includingsugarcanebeetle(Dorysthenes longhorn Melon thrips(Thripspalmi) ( Red-banded mangocaterpillar(Deanolissublimbalis),leafhopper Idioscopus spp.),mangoleafgallmidge Gypsy moths(Lymantria spp.) Bactocera beetle(Bactocera beetle(Aristobiatestudo),lateral-bandedmangolonghorn Anoplophora spp.),lycheelongicorn Procontarinia spp. implicated in mango malformation disease) spp.), mangomalformationdisease(Fusariumspp.implicatedindisease) Cotton leafrolldwarfvirus( Geminivirus and Potyvirus) Polerovirus), Cotton leafcurlvirus( ) and all other Begomovirus) andallother spp. and viral spp. andviral

133 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 134

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Table 43.Australia’s plantbiosecuritysurveillanceprograms Name variety trialsandgeneralpestsurveys Sugar industrysurveys,seedcaneinspections, Sucking pestmanagementincotton Silverleaf whitefly resistance management Potato cystnematodesoilsampling Plant PestDiagnosticService(broadacre) National response toincursioninNT National ResistanceMonitoringProgram Program National RedImportedFire AntEradication National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram Gypsy moths Grapevine rust Codling mothsurvey Clover root weevil Brown rot Brown marmoratedstinkbug Exotic fruitflies West Indiandrywoodtermitesurveys targetedsurveillance Victorian Urban surveillanceprogram Tomato pestsurveillance Survey ofnematodesattackinggraincrops Silverleaf whitefly Silverleaf whitefly Warehouse beetlesurvey Target hosts Sugarcane Various Cotton Potatoes Various Curcurbitae Postharvest grains Amenity andenvironment Multiple hosts Forest andamenitytrees Forestry andpomefruit grapevines Grapevines, wildandnative Apples Clover (primarilywhiteclover) Commercial orchards some fieldcrops Fruit trees,and woodyornamentals Fruit trees structures Timber Amenity, general citrus andmangoes vegetables includingbananas, andfruit Ornamentals Tomatoes Wheat andothergraincrops Nursery stock Nursery stock Stored grains Queensland Target pests Ratoon stuntingdisease(Leifsoniaxylisubsp.),leafscaldXanthomonasalbilineans Solenopsis mealybug(Phenacoccussolenopsis) Silverleaf whitefly(Bemisiatabaci(b-type)) Potato cystnematode(Globoderapallida, All pathogensthatcanaffect broadacre crops (grain,cotton,pastures) Cucumber green mottlemosaicvirus(Tobamovirus) surinamensis ) ferrugineus),sawtoothedgrainbeetle(Oryzaephilus castaneum), rustygrainbeetle(Cryptolestes Lesser grainborer), rust-red (Rhyzoperthadominica),riceweevilSitophilusoryzae flourbeetle(Tribolium Red importedfire ant(Solenopsisinvicta) Suzuki fly(Drosophilasuzukii) Asian gypsymoth(Lymantra spp.) ( ( Gyspy moths(Lymantria disparasiatica, Grapevine rust(Phakopsoraeuvitis ) Cherry codlingmoth(Cydiapomonella) Clover root weevil(Sitonalepidus) Brown rot (Moniliniafructigena) Brown marmoratedstinkbug(Halyomorphahalys) ), Mediterraneanfruitfly( Ceratitis capitata),melonfruitfly(B.cucurbitae) Queensland fruitfly(Bactroceratryoni West brevis) Indiandrywoodtermite(Cryptotermes Tramp ants,including red importedfire ant(Solenopsisinvicta) A rangeofpests roll virus(Polerovirus) includingTomatoViruses, spottedwiltvirus( Mainly root-lesion nematodes(PratylenchusthorneiandP. neglectus),stuntnematode(Merliniusbrevidens) L. postalba, L. atameles, Silverleaf whitefly(Bemisiatabaci) Warehouse beetle(Trogoderma variable) Puccinia melanocephala, Potyvirus), Fijileafgall(diseasevirus Tasmania L. xylina, L. fumida) continued L.monachal, P. kuehnii),yellowspot(Mycovellosiellakoepkeiexoticpestsanddiseases L. pulverea, L. dispar, Fijivirus)), sugarcane smut(Sporisoriumscitamineum),sugarcane rust G. rostochiensis) Tospovirus), L. minomonis, Tomato yellowleafcurlvirus( L. disparjaponica, L. concolor, L. dissolute, L.umbrosa, ), Potato leaf Begomovirus), Potatoleaf L. sinica, sugarcane mosaicvirus L.albescens, L. marginate,

Table 43.Australia’s plantbiosecuritysurveillanceprograms Fruit fly monitoring and surveillance Fruit flymonitoringandsurveillance Name European houseborer Cucumber green mottlemosaicvirus Banana freckle Codling mothsurveillance European waspsurveillance Multiple PestSurveillanceProgram surveillance Western Australianon­ Queensland fruitflysurveillance Plant pesthotline–WA National beepestsurveillanceprogram MedFly area freedom surveillanceintheORIA Area (ORIA) Joint DAFWA-NAQS surveyOrd RiverIrrigation Grain pest(phosphineresistance) testing Ports ofentry Tomato yellowleafcurlvirus Bacterial wiltofpotato Onion smut Myrtle rust European houseborer -farm biosecurity and -farm biosecurityand Horticulture atmarkets Target hosts European Cucurbitaceae Bananas Pome fruits Amenity, grape,stonefruit Solanaceous spp.,insecttraps Potato, citrus,grapevine, Grains Horticulture Amenity, grape,Pinusspp. Exotic pestbees Fruit Horticultural andgraincrops Cereals Insect traps Tomatoes Potatoes Allium species Myrtaceae spp radiata pine Douglas fir, bunya pine, hoop Pinus spp. Australian CapitalTerritory ) Queensland fruitfly(Bactroceratryoni Target pests Cucumber green mottlemosaicvirus(Tobamovirus) Banana freckle (Phyllostictacavendishii) Codling moth(Cydiapomonella) European houseborer (Hylotrupesbajulus) European wasp(Vespula germanica) Oryzaephilus surinamensis) grain beetle(Oryzaephilus borer (Rhyzoperthadominica),red flourbeetle(Tribolium ), sawtooth castaneum),riceweevil(Sitophilusoryzae fastidiosa), ( ( ( beetle( Anoplophora glabripennis),bacterialringrot huanglongbing (CandidatusLiberibacterspp.),Asianlonghorn Bacterial wiltofpotato(Pseudomonassolanacearum),lateblight Phytophthora infestans), Khapra beetle(Trogoderma granarium) ) Queensland fruitfly(Bactroceratryoni ( European houseborer (Hylotrupesbajulus),European wasp(Vespula germanica),red importedfire ant ( Asian honeybee(Apiscerana),giantA.dorsatared dwarfhoneybee(A.florea),bumblebees Mediterranean fruitfly(Ceratitiscapitata) Multiple Confused flourbeetle(Tribolium confusum), ( Asian gypsymoth(Lymantria dispar ), exoticfruitflies(Bacroceraspp.,Ceratatisspp.) Tomato yellowleafcurlvirus(Begomovirus) Bacterial wiltofpotato(Pseudomonassolanacearum ) Onion smut(Urocystiscepulae) Myrtle rust(Uredorangelii) European houseborer (Hylotrupesbajulus) Homalodisca vitripennis),Japanesepinesawyerbeetle(Monochamusalternatus ), Pierce’s Xyllella disease( Xanthomonas citrisubsp.),citrusvariegatedchlorosis (Xylellafastidiosa),glassy-wingedsharpshooter Clavibacter michiganensissubsp.sepedonicus),brownbeetle( Apriona germari),citruscanker mulberrylonghorn Solenopsis invicta) Bombus spp.) Candidatus Liberibactersolanacearum) Western Australia South Australia Potato spindletuberviroid( ), zebra chip Pospiviroidae), tomato/potatopsyllid(Bactericeracockerellizebrachip ), lesser grain spp.,granaryweevil(Sitophilusgranaries),lessergrain Cryptolestes

135 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 136

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Table 43.Australia’s plantbiosecuritysurveillanceprograms * ThisspecieshasbeensynonymisedwithBactroceradorsalis Name SA GrainsSurveillance CropSafe Fruit flymonitoringandsurveillance National response toincursioninNT Potato cystnematodesoilsampling Green snailarea freedom surveillance National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram Exotic plantpestresponse Chestnut blighteradicationprogram Giant pinescale Target hosts Grains andPulses Cereal andlegumegrains Horticulture Curcurbitae Potatoes Multiple hosts Forest andamenitytrees blueberries Mytaceae spp.,Pinusspp, Chestnuts pine Radiata pine,aleppostone Target pests ( ( American serpentineleafminer(Liriomyzatrifolii),barleystemgallmidgeMayetiolahordeistriperust Fusarium wiltofchickpea(F. oxysporumf.sp.ciceris ), Fusariumwiltoflentil(F. oxysporumf.sp.lentis), oxysporum f.sp.conglutinansrace1,F. oxysporum f.sp.fabae, ), bryoniae serpentine leafminer(Liriomyzahuidobrensis),sunnpestEurogasterintegricepstomato Rhizoctonia solaniAG4,Russianwheataphid(Diuraphisnoxia),rustoffieldpeaUromycespisi(fieldstrain)), lupinicola), lupinrust(Uromycesrenovatus ( spot offieldpea(Alternariahumicola),lentilanthracnose(CollelupinrustUromyceslupinicola)), beetle (Trogoderma granarium),leafminers(Agromyzidaespp.),spotoffieldpeaAlternariahumicola ), leaf wilt oflupin(F. bunt(Tilletia indica),khapra oxysporumf.sp.lupini),Hessianfly(MayetioladestructorKarnal miner (Liriomyzasativae) European wheatstemsawfly(Cephuspygmeus) wilt (Fusariumoxysporumf.sp.conglutinans),chickpea Fusarium oxysporumf.sp.ciceris), noxia), Khaprabeetle(Trogoderma granarium ), canolaVerticillium wilt(Verticillium longisporum ), canolaFusarium rust (Uromycesviciae-fabae),lentilanthracnoseColletotrichumtruncatum ), Russianwheataphid(Diuraphis moth(Agrotissegetum ), barleystriperust(Pucciniastriformisf.sp.hordeilentil midge (Mayetiolahordei),turnip bunt(Tilletia indica ), lupinanthracnose(Colletotrichumlupinibarleystemgall leaf miner(Liriomyzatrifolii),Karnal Maize leafhopper(Cicadulinambila),cabbageseedpodweevilCeuthorhynchusassimilis ), Americanserpentine ) Mediterranean fruitfly(Ceratitiscapitata),exoticflies(variousspecies),Queensland Bactrocera tryoni Cucumber green mottlemosaicvirus(Tobamovirus ) Potato cystnematode(GloboderapallidaandG.rostochiensis) Green snail(Helixaperta) novo-ulmi), Asiangypsymoth(Lymantra Wood wasp(Symphytaspp.),woodborer beetle(Lyctus andMinthea Myrtle rust(Pucciniapsidii),giantpinescaleMarchalinahellenicablueberryThekopsoraminima) parasitica) Chestnut blight(Cryphonectria Giant pinescale(Marchalinahellenica) Liriomyza cicerina),downymildew(Peronosporaviciae-fabae, Puccinia striiformisf.sp.hordei),cabbageseedpodweevil(Ceutorhynchusassimilischickpealeafminer Uromyces Colletotrichum truncatum(lentilstrain)),lentilrust(Uromycesviciae-fabaestrain),lupin Victoria Totrichum moth(Agrotissegetum ), truncatum(lentilstrain),turnip spp.), suzukifly(Drosophilasuzukii) ), Mycosphaerella lupini,pealeafminer(Chromatomyiahorticola), Fusarium avenaceumf.sp.fabae, F. oxysporumf.sp.lupini, Ophiostoma spp.), Dutchelmdisease(Ophiostoma , vegetable leaf Uromyces lupinicolus,vegetableleaf F. solanif.sp.fabae), F.

inflexum, Fusarium .F.

BeeAware website www.beeaware.org.auBeeAware providing themwiththelatest informationandnewsabouthoneybeespollination. In additiontothewebsite,visitorscansignupformonthlyBeeAware e-newsletter, pollinator reliant. Eachcrop hasapageofitsownonBeeAware. by honeybees.Broadacre crops suchasfababeans,sunflowersandcanolaare also cherries, stonefruit,melons,avocadosandsomevegetablesbenefitfrom pollination A widevarietyofcrops includingalmonds,passionfruit,applesandpears,berries, even whenoutinthefieldcheckingfruitset,orhives. The websiteismobileandtabletcompatible,makingiteasytoaccesstheinformation services forgrowers. and exoticpests,aswellwhatbeekeeperscandotoprovide betterpollination specific pestpagescontainingimagesandfactsheetsaboutthemajorestablished For beekeepers,itprovides detailedbiosecurityinformationforkeepinghiveshealthy, a pollinationagreement withabeekeeper. to promote ahealthypollinator ecosysteminafarmororchard, andwhattoincludein how itworksforaparticularcrop, howpesticidescanbesafelyusedwithbees, BeeAware provides alloftheinformationthatgrowers needtoknowaboutpollination: the world,andputsitatfingertipsofAustralianbeekeeperscrop producers. website bringstogetherthebestresearch andinformation from Australia,andaround precisely thebenefitsofhoneybeesfortheirparticularcrop. howtoharness The dual purposeofhelpingbeekeeperskeephiveshealthyandlettingfarmersknow BeeAware, anewwebsitedevelopedbyPHA,waslaunchedinJuly2014withthe managed andthatcrop producers knowhowtomake themostoftheirservices. quality andyieldformanycrops, soit’s importantthathivesofhoneybeesare well Pollination ofcrops bytheEuropean honeybeebringslargebenefitsintermsof thepowerofhoneybeesforcropHarnessing pollination Bee onavocadoflower. ImagecourtesyofSamMalfroy

Figure 77.Surveillanceprograms bytargetpesttype Figure 76.Surveillanceprograms bytargethost Surveillance programs undertakenin2014–summarydata Invertebrate -insect Amenity/environment Invertebrate -other Cotton Forestry Multiple Grains Pathogen -bacteria Honey bees Pathogen -fungi 17% 37% 12% 11% 11% 15% 64% 2% 2% 3% 2% 3% 4% 4% 7% 8% 1% 3% 6% Not applicable Multiple Nursery Horticulture –viticulture Horticulture –vegetables Horticulture –general Horticulture –fruit Honey bees Grains Forestry Cotton Amenity/environment Pathogen –virus Pathogen –multiple Pathogen –fungi Pathogen –bacteria Multiple Invertebrate –other Invertebrate –insect Horticulture -fruit Pathogen -multiple Horticulture -general Pathogen -virus Horticulture -vegetables

137 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Horticulture -viticulture Multiple Not applicable 138

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS • • • • • • Significant improvements were madetotheNBPSP in2014,including: implementing along-termfundingagreement fortheNBPSPfrom July2015. research are anddevelopmentagencies,governments currently workingtowards the program since2012.PHA,thehoneybeeindustry, pollination-reliant plantindustries, 7  6 Australia bee industry, industriesthatrely onpollination(represented byHorticulture Innovation In July2013,theNBPSPbecameacost-shared initiativefortwoyearsbetweenthehoney eradicating anincursion,andlimitingthesizecostoferadicationprogram. and trachealmite(Acarapiswoodi).Earlydetectionoftheseexoticpestsiscriticalto destructor andV. jacobsoni),TropilaelapsTropilaelaps mites( clareae andT.) mercedesae detect newincursionsofpestbeesandexoticbeepests,particularlyVarroa mites(Varroa The NationalBeePestSurveillanceProgramsystemto (NBPSP)isanearlywarning National BeePestSurveillanceProgram for thelikelihood forbeestoestablish ateachportoffirst call on interception data,shippingmovements, shippingoriginand duration,portberthing locations,aswell theportreceptivity The CSIROreport identifiedhighriskportsinAustralia fortheentryandestablishmentofexotic beesand/orbeepestsbased Previously Horticulture AustraliaLimited mat andamiticidestrip.Thisisin anincrease from 128sentinelhivesin2013. hives hadbeenestablishedandwere beingmonitored everyeightweekswithasticky Increasing thenumberofsentinelhives;byend2014, more than146sentinel high-risk ports. methods suchassugarshaking and alcoholwashingonhivesinareas surrounding pests, suchasVarroa mite.This involvesbeekeepersconductingsimpledetection Increasing theinvolvement ofhobbybeekeepersincoordinated surveillanceforexotic species. undertaken everytwomonthstodeterminethepresence orabsenceofthesepestbee maps documentthefloral resource intheportareais andfloralsweepnetting cerana), red dwarfhoneybee( A. florea)andgianthoneybee(dorsata).Thesefloral considered alikelyentrypoint forexoticpestbees,suchasAsianhoneybee(Apis Developing floralmapsandinitiatingsweepnettinginhighrisk portswhich are national trialofthisnewsurveillancemethod. Deploying 20remote surveillance hives(catchboxeswithcameras)inportsaspartofa of surveillanceatsomeexistinghigh-riskports. including additionalhigh-riskportsaspartoftheNBPSPwellincreasing thelevel Adopting therecommendations from theCSIROportriskassessmentreport reporting ofpestsaswellhowtorespond intheevent ofdetection. PHA tosummarisesurveillancemethods,diagnosticinformation,detectionand Publication oftheNBPSPOperationsManual.This140-pagemanualwasdevelopedby 6 ) and the Australian Government Department ofAgriculture. ) andtheAustralianGovernment PHAhasmanaged 7 and and

and other surveillance activities. and othersurveillanceactivities. Tables 44and45showsampledata from sentinelhiveslocated atAustralianportsin2014 For more informationabouttheNBPSPgotowww.nbpsp.planthealthaustralia.com.au to supporthealthcertificationfor exportsofqueenbeesandpackagedbees. As wellasproviding earlydetection ofbeepestsandpestbees,theNBPSPsuppliesdata giant honeybee). mites, andofexoticbeesthatoccurinAsia(Asianhoneybee,red dwarfhoneybeeand The revised NBPSPwillincrease theefficiency andexotic ofdetectionbothinternal transition toamore broadly basedsurveillanceprogram forbeepestsandpestbees. early detectionofpestbeesandexoticbeepests.Thesechanges reflect anongoing techniques, andmore surveillance athighriskports,are beingpromoted toassist inthe These changes,someofwhichincludetheincorporationadditional surveillance PHA isnegotiatingwithallstakeholderstocontinueimplement changes totheNBPSP. WA,absent, aswellsouthern where SHBisconfinedtoKarrathainthenorthofstate. oil trapswascontinuedonsentinelhivesintheNTandTasmania, where SHBiscurrently continued. SurveillanceusingAPITHOR™traps(whichcontaintheinsecticidefipronil) and Formalised surveillanceforsmallhivebeetle(SHB;Aethinatumida)across Australia the trialsoftheseare completed. working withstakeholderstograduallyreplace themwithremote surveillancehivesonce swarms intheportarea and testthebeesforexoticpests,suchasVarroa mite.PHAis ports asanadditionalsurveillancemeasure. Thesecatchboxesare usedtodetectbee During 2014,more than50 catchboxes(emptyhives)were deployedatmanysouthern Remote surveillance hivesforpestbeesandbeepestsatPortBrisbane.ImagecourtesyofSamMalfroy Remote surveillance

Table 44. Samples examined for pests of bees, by state and territory, 2014

State or territory Specimens examined New South Wales 150 Northern Territory 125 Queensland 124 South Australia 73 Tasmania 108 Victoria 140 Western Australia 148 TOTAL 868

Table 45. Samples examined for pests of bees and pest bees, by agent, 2014

Agent Specimens examined Pest bees (A. cerana, A. florea, A. dorsata) 138 Tracheal mite 1569 Small hive beetle 14210 Varroa and Tropilaelaps mites11 55712 TOTAL 868 MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING

Swarm of bees collected at an airport. Image courtesy of Department of Agriculture

8 The development of floral maps and coordinated floral sweep netting for the detection of pest bees began in late 2014. This figure is the number of floral sweep netting surveillance runs conducted. 9 30-60 bees from sentinel hives were randomly selected and morphologically dissected to determine Tracheal mite presence. 10 Samples from APITHOR™ traps, oil traps and inspection of sentinel hives in WA, NT and Tasmania. 11 In addition, 800 samples were checked by sugar shaking, alcohol washing and drone uncapping. 12 The number of sentinel hives examined for Varroa and Tropilaelaps with an acaricide and a sticky mat.

Image courtesy of Department of Agriculture 139 140

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Diagnostic expertiseunderpins plantbiosecurity. ImagecourtesyofPHA activities thatfocusonspecificpestsofconcern. required. Diagnosticoperationsare oftenperformedaspartofcollaborativeresearch Services are provided onanadhoc,commercial andnationallycoordinated basis,as museums, theCSIROanduniversities(Table 46). commercial theAustralianGovernment, andprivatediagnosticlaboratories, governments, Diagnostic servicesare delivered byarangeofagencies, includingstateandterritory and are availablethroughout mostmajoragricultural and horticulturalproduction areas. These criticaldiagnosticservicesare distributedacross everystateandterritoryinAustralia markets bothdomesticallyandinternationally. supports quarantineprocesses, suchasmaintainingpestfree areas, allowingaccessto farm chemicals,rely ontheaccurateidentificationofpests.Rapidalso of plantproducts. Pestmanagementprograms, including theselectionandapplicationof supports muchoftheeverydaymanagementpracticesinvolvedinproduction andtrade Diagnostic capacityisnotonlyanessentialcomponentofanyeradicationeffort, italso been eradicated. programs. Diagnosticsalsoprovides theevidencenecessary toclaimthatthepesthas factor indeterminingwhetherapestiseradicable),andtoallowsubsequentsurveillance to identifyaninitialdetection,assessthemagnitudeofincursion(whichisacritical appropriate andtimelymanner. Intheeventofanincursion,diagnosticexpertiseisrequired Diagnostic expertiseunderpinsAustralia’s abilitytodetectandrespond tonewpestsinan Diagnostic servicesare equallyimportantforbothendemicandexoticplantpests. production industries,environment andcommunityfrom thenegativeeffects ofplantpests. surveillance activitiesundertakenforthepurposesofsafeguarding Australia’s plant The accuratediagnosisofplantpestsisavitalcomponentallmanagementand DIAGNOSTICS • • • • • • Key achievementsforSPHDin2014include: • • • • • • include: quality andreliability ofplant diagnosticsinAustralia.Keyroles andresponsibilities ofSPHD The SubcommitteewasestablishedinDecember2004byPHCtosustainandimprove the Subcommittee onPlantHealthDiagnostics More information ontheNPBDNcanbefound atwww.plantbiosecuritydiagnostics.net.au. providing surge capacityduringincursions. services, preventing anyduplicationofeffort oridentifyingandaddressing anygaps,and An integrated,nationalnetworkhas numerous benefits,including more efficientof delivery knowledge, aswellidentifyfuture activities. the Diagnosticians’Workshop bringsmembersofthenetwork togethertoshare ideas and of diagnosticresources, aswelloffering professional developmentactivities. Eachyear The NPBDNimproves capacitybyfacilitatingcommunication betweenexpertsandsharing scientists. bacteriologists, molecularbiologists,mycologists,nematologists, botanists andweed Members includeentomologists,generalplantpathologists,virologists, phytoplasmologists, Zealand MinistryforPrimaryIndustries. CSIRO,PBCRC,PHA,universities andtheNew theAustralianGovernment, governments, organisations involvedinthedeliveryofplantpestdiagnostics,including stateandterritory SPHD tobuilddiagnosticcapacityforAustralasia.Networkmembers are from arangeof The formationoftheNationalPlantBiosecurityDiagnosticNetwork (NPBDN)wasdrivenby were developedin2011and 2012. National PlantBiosecurityDiagnosticStrategyandanationalnetwork ofdiagnosticians In order tostrengthen connectionsbetweenstakeholders inplantpestdiagnostics,a National coordination of plantbiosecuritydiagnostics national endorsement by PHC of a charter and governance rulesfortheNPBDN. national endorsementbyPHCofacharterandgovernance delivery ofninelaboratoryexchangesforNPBDNmembers delivery ofthree trainingworkshops(twoonphylogenticsandonebeetleidentification) delivery oftheAnnualDiagnosticians’Workshop 2014 completion ofround twoofthenationalproficiency testing program national endorsementforsixNDPs diagnostic laboratories. driving developmentanduptakeofaccreditation andqualitymanagementsystemsfor coordinating nationalcapabilitybuildingthrough aprofessional developmentframework coordinating andfosteringtheNationalPlantBiosecurityDiagnosticNetwork(NPBDN) endorsing NationalDiagnosticProtocols (NDPs)(seepage146) reviewing anddevelopingstrategiestoaddress national capabilityandcapacityissues reviewing anddevelopingdiagnosticpolicies,protocols andstandards Table 46.Australia’s diagnosticservices,theircapabilitiesandaccreditations Black MountainLaboratories,Canberra Laboratory andlocation Black MountainLaboratories,Canberra Black MountainLaboratories,Canberra Black MountainLaboratories,Canberra Narrabri Australian CottonResearch Institute, Australian Museum,Sydney Orange AgriculturalInstitute, Agricultural ScientificCollectionsUnit, CSIRO CottonResearch Unit,Narrabri Institute, Menangle Elizabeth MacarthurAgricultural West PennantHills Forest HealthManagementLaboratory, Macleay Museum,Sydney Advisory Station,Grafton Grafton AgriculturalResearch and Agriculture, Crewe Place,Rosebery Operational Science,Departmentof Plant Quarantine Station, Eastern CreekPlant QuarantineStation,Eastern Royal BotanicGarden, Sydney Tamworth AgriculturalInstitute,Tamworth The Cereal RustLaboratory, Cobbitty Wagga Wagga Wagga Wagga AgriculturalInstitute, Yanco AgriculturalInstitute,Yanco CSIRO BiosecurityFlagship, Organisation CSIRO BiosecurityFlagship, CSIRO (AustralianNationalHerbarium) National Research CollectionsAustralia, CSIRO (AustralianNationalInsectCollection) National Research CollectionsAustralia, NSW DPI/CSIRO Australian Museum NSW DPI CSIRO NSW DPI NSW DPI University ofSydney Agriculture Departmentof Australian Government Agriculture Departmentof Australian Government Heritage Heritage NSW DPI,Office ofEnvironment and NSW DPI,DepartmentofPrimaryIndustries University ofSydney, NSW DPI,DepartmentofPrimaryIndustries, Department ofPrimaryIndustries Charles SturtUniversity, NSWDPI, NSW DPI Australian CapitalTerritory Bee pathogens Diagnostic capability Fungal identification Fungal identification Insect, nematodeandmiteidentification bacteriology) Cotton pathology(e.g.mycology, virology, mite identification(mycologyandentomology) Invertebrates andpathogens,specialistinsect Entomology and mycology) Invertebrates andpathogens(virology, bacteriology Internal routineInternal diagnostics Insect pests pathology investigationtodeterminecausalagent rearing ofimmature stagesofarthropods, Pest anddiseaseidentification,collection quarantine imported cereal seedforopenpost-entry testing forfungalpathogens.Wash water testingof basedproducts. seed feeds andcorn Lucerne eliminationincitrus.Fungaltestingofanimal Virus citrus, grape,clonalgrassesandornamentals. Plant pathogenscreening, stonefruit,pome methods Plant pathogensusingbothclassicalandmolecular pathology broadacre crops) Invertebrates andpathogens(entomology, plant Rust pathology biology Plant pathology, nematodeidentification,molecular pathology) Invertebrates and pathogens(vegetablesandrice New SouthWales Accreditation ISO9001 IEC 17025:2005) NATA accreditation (ISO/ IEC 17025:2005) NATA accreditation (ISO/ Containment 5.2/7.2 accredited quarantine Department ofAgriculture Australian Government

Collections collections collections Herbarium andfungi collections collections Herbarium andfungi Entomology arthropods Fungi, bacteriaand Entomology Entomology

141 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 142

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Table 46.Australia’s diagnosticservices,theircapabilitiesandaccreditations Laboratory andlocation Centre, Darwin CSIRO Tropical EcosystemsResearch Agricultural Laboratories,Berrimah DPIF EntomologyLaboratory, Berrimah Berrimah Berrimah AgriculturalLaboratories, DPIF PlantPathologyLaboratory, Flora andFauna Entomologist/Conservation Biologist, Management, Palmerston Department ofLandResource Herbarium, FloraandFaunaDivision, and Museums,Darwin Territory,Northern DepartmentofArts Museum andArtGalleriesofthe Regional Laboratory, Darwin AustraliaQuaratineStrategy Northern Eagle Farm Maroochy Research Station,Nambour Department ofAgriculture andFood, Regional Laboratory, Cairns AustraliaQuaratineStrategy Northern Organisation CSIRO DPIF DPIF Management NT, DepartmentofLandResource Management NT, DepartmentofLand Resource Department ofArtsandMuseums Agriculture Departmentof Australian Government Agriculture Departmentof Australian Government QDAF Agriculture Departmentof Australian Government Diagnostic capability purposes Ant identificationforgeneralpublicandbiosecurity Insects andmites mycology, diagnostics Plant pathology, virology, bacteriology, PCR, Lepidoptera, particularly butterflies Lepidoptera, particularlybutterflies commercial purposes Plant identificationforgeneralpublicand commercial purposes Insect identificationforgeneralpublicand molecular capacity. Botany:microscopy. PCR). Entomology:microscopy andlimited serology andmolecular(conventionalreal time Tropical plantpests.Plantpathology:microscopy, molecular capacity. PCR). Entomology:microscopy andlimited pathology: microscopy andmolecular(conventional Temperate andtropical plantpests.Plant Plant pathology molecular capacity. Botany:microscopy. PCR). Entomology:microscopy andlimited serology andmolecular(conventionalreal time Tropical plantpests.Plantpathology:microscopy, Northern TerritoryNorthern Queensland Accreditation scientific specimens (export andimport)of Registration forexchange scientific specimens (export andimport)of Registration forexchange Containment 5.2/7.2 accredited quarantine Department ofAgriculture Australian Government Collections collection Research Centre ant Tropical Ecosystems Reference Collection Economic Insect TerritoryThe Northern Plant PathologyHerbarium Australian Darwin Northern the NT Native plantcollectionof native species Insects withafocuson collections. collections. insect andherbarium collections. Extensive virus /virus-likedisease specimens anddesiccated Plant pathology:herbarium and insectcollections Limited plantpathogen collections. collections. insect andherbarium collections. Extensive virus /virus-likedisease specimens anddesiccated Plant pathology:herbarium Table 46.Australia’s diagnosticservices,theircapabilitiesandaccreditations Laboratory andlocation QDAF Applethorpe QDAF, Ayr Research Station,Ayr Centre, Oxley QDAF, BiosecurityQueenslandControl QDAF, Bowen QDAF, Cairns Mareeba QDAF, Centre forTropical Agriculture, Park QDAF, EcosciencesPrecinct, Dutton QDAF, Gatton Research Station, Gatton Station, SouthJohnstone QDAF, SouthJohnstoneResearch QDAF, Toowoomba Woodford, MackayandTully Sugar Research Australia,Indooroopilly, Queensland Museum,Brisbane Development Institute,Adelaide South AustralianResearch and University ofQueensland,Brisbane Waite Institute,Adelaide School ofAgriculture, FoodandWine, Sciences, Adelaide School ofEarthandEnvironmental South AustralianMuseum,Adelaide Organisation QDAF QDAF QDAF QDAF QDAF QDAF QDAF QDAF QDAF QDAF Sugar Research Australia Queensland Museum Institute South AustralianResearch andDevelopment University ofQueensland University ofAdelaide University ofAdelaide Department ofPremier andCabinet Queensland Diagnostic capability Entomology, plantpathology Entomology, horticulture Myrtle rust(Pucciniapsidii)diagnosis Entomology pathology triage Exotic fruitflyscreening, entomology, plant bacteriology Entomology, plantpathology, molecular, mycology andnematology Molecular, entomology, virology, bacteriology, Vegetable pestsanddiseases Nematology, entomology, plantpathology entomology, virology, nematology, andmycology Field crop pestsanddiseases,molecular, Sugarcane pests and diseases surveillance nematology, virology, taxonomy),entomologyand Molecular diagnostic,plantpathology(mycology, Nematology andviticulture virology Entomology Entomology South Australia continued Accreditation virus testing. accredited forpotato Biologicals. NATA accredited under Laboratory isNATA Molecular Diagnostics

Collections Puccinia psidii Entomology Entomology entomology Plant pathology, Entomology Adelaide University Entomology collection, Entomology

143 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 144

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Table 46.Australia’s diagnosticservices,theircapabilitiesandaccreditations Forestry Tasmania, Hobart Laboratory andlocation Peracto, Devonport Devonport andLaunceston) (satellite entomologylaboratoriesat Plant HealthLaboratories,NewTown Gallery, Launceston MuseumandArt Queen Victoria Seed AnalysisLaboratory, MtPleasant Hobart Tasmanian Museumand ArtGallery, Campus, Burnie University ofTasmania CradleCoast AgriBio, Bundoora Campus, Hobart University ofTasmania SandyBay Forest HealthLaboratory, Heidelberg Horsham Research Centre, Horsham Irymple Research Centre, Irymple Tullamarine Airport Operational ScienceLaboratory, Forestry Tasmania Organisation Peracto DPIPWE DPIPWE Queen Victoria MuseumandArtGallery Queen Victoria DPIPWE DPIPWE Tasmanian Museumand ArtGallery Institute ofAgriculture University ofTasmania and Tasmanian DEPI Institute ofAgriculture University ofTasmania and Tasmanian University ofMelbourne DEPI DEPI Agriculture Departmentof Australian Government testing forPhytophthoracinnamomi Limited diagnosticsinpathology, mainfocusison Diagnostic capability Plant pathology (virology) and bacteriology),TASAG ELISAtestingservices Entomology, plantpathology(virology, mycology Insect identificationforthegeneralpublic species species Feed grainquarantineassessmentsfordeclared insect identificationforthegeneralpublic Entomology (specialisinginbeetlesandmoths), Plant pathology, nematology diagnostics, weeds insect taxonomy, high throughput molecular bacteriology, general plantpathology, fungaland Entomology, mycology, virology, nematology, Entomology, forest pathology, molecularlaboratory Forest pathologyandentomology General plantpathologyandvirology (grainsfocus) General plantpathologyandentomology Entomology andplantpathology Tasmania Victoria Accreditation approved Agriculture Biosecurity Laboratory Departmentof 17025:2005) accreditation (ISO/IEC laboratories haveNATA approved, TASAG Agriculture Biosecurity Laboratory Departmentof ISTA accredited identification fruit flyandphylloxera nematode identification; testing, potatocyst accredited forpotatovirus Biologicals. NATA NATA accredited under certification. Laboratoryis NSZ 9001:2000/QA Biosecurity approved AS/ Department ofAgriculture approved Agriculture Biosecurity Laboratory Departmentof Containment 5.2/7.2 accredited quarantine Department ofAgriculture Australian Government collection Tasmanian forest insect Collections Insect reference collection groups includinginsects. collection coveringmost Invertebrate reference seed reference collection quarantinable species Prohibited and including weedsandfungi collection, herbarium Small insectreference pathogens Limited collectionoffungal invertebrates, limitedvirus Fungi, bacteria,nematode, Table 46.Australia’s diagnosticservices,theircapabilitiesandaccreditations Laboratory andlocation Plant QuarantineCentre, Knoxfield Melbourne Royal BotanicGardens Melbourne, Rutherglen Research Centre, Rutherglen AGWEST PlantLaboratories,Perth Tatura Research Centre, Tatura Laboratories, Perth Western Australia,AnimalHeatlh Department ofAgriculture andFood Western Australia,Crop Protection Department ofAgriculture andFood Western Australia,Entomology Department ofAgriculture andFood Pathology Laboratory, Perth Western Australia,QuarantinePlant Department ofAgriculture andFood Perth Department ofEnvironmental Biology, Broome AustraliaQuaratineStrategy,Northern Agriculture Airport ,PerthInternational Operational Science,Departmentof Phytophthora Laboratory, Murdoch Biotechnology Centre Western AustralianStateAgricultural Western AustralianMuseum,Kewdale Organisation Agriculture Departmentof Australian Government Royal BotanicGardens Melbourne DEPI DAFWA DEPI DAFWA DAFWA DAFWA DAFWA Curtin UniversityofTechnology Agriculture Departmentof Australian Government Agriculture Departmentof Australian Government Murdoch University Murdoch University Western AustralianMuseum Diagnostic capability General plantpathology Mycology andweeds Entomology virology, bacteriology, mycology pathogen identification,entomology, nematology, Commercial diagnosticlaboratoryforplant Entomology Limited numberofbeepathogens on broadacre andhorticulturalcrops Broadacre fieldpathology, virology andnematology Entomology ofbroadacre andhorticulturalcrops identifications Biosecurity andemergencyplantpest Mycology mostly exoticpests Identification ofquarantineintercept samples, bacteria andviruses mostly exoticpestsincludingarthropods, fungi, Identification ofquarantineintercept samples, laboratory Commercial andresearch Phytophthoradiagnostic laboratory forplantpathogenidentification Commercial andresearch molecular biology Insect identificationforgeneralpublic Western Australia Accreditation Containment 5.2/7.2 accredited quarantine Department ofAgriculture Australian Government Collections Collection, Perth Australia InsectReference and FoodWestern Department ofAgriculture fungi, bacteriaandvirus pathogen collection– Western Australianplant mostly exoticinvertebrates Small reference collection, seed andcultures with alimitedcollectionof mostly exoticinvertebrates Small reference collection, Western Australia Largest insectcollectionin

145 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Figure 78. National Diagnostic Protocol endorsement process

Assessment process

Does an approved national protocol already exist?

Yes No Facilitate development of new protocol

Is there an Australian or international protocol?

Does it follow SPHDS RS No. 2?

Yes No Adapt protocol

Protocol verification

Yes No Verification facilitated 5 year review process

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Protocol review

Yes No Review facilitated

SPHDS approval

Yes No Facilitate revision

ACCEPT NATIONAL DIAGNOSTIC PROTOCOL

PHC endorsement No

Yes

146 • • • • Current SPHDReference Standards include: Figure 80.NDPs,bothunderdevelopmentandendorsed include theprocesses ofpeerreview, verificationandendorsementbyPHCasshownin 13 • • • • • • management ofestablishedandexoticpests,including: pest orrelated group ofpests,relevant toitsdiagnosis.Suchinformationiscrucialforthe Diagnostic protocols are documentsthatcontaindetailedinformationaboutaspecificplant National DiagnosticProtocols through SPHD.NDPsare developedaccording toSPHD Australia hasacoherent and effective systemforthedevelopmentofNDPsplantpests identification. procedures anddataonthepest,itshosts,taxonomic information,detectionand when comparingdiagnosticresults betweenlaboratories.NDPsincludediagnostic have beennationallyendorsedforuseintheeventofanincursion,providing transparency a mannerconsistentwithISPMNo.27—DiagnosticProtocols forRegulatedPests.They NDPs are diagnosticprotocols fortheunambiguous taxonomic identificationofapestin 14 Endorsed NDPsare availableatplantbiosecuritydiagnostics.net.au/resource-hub/priority-pest-diagnostic-resources/ SPHD Reference Standards canbefoundatwww.plantbiosecuritydiagnostics.net.au/resource-hub/documents/ Guidelines forVerification andPeerReviewReports(Version 3). Guidelines fortheApproval Process ofNationalDiagnostic Protocols (Version 4) Development ofDiagnosticProtocols—Technical Procedures (Version 4) Glossary ofTerms (Version 3) detection ofapestinanarea where itisnotknownto occur. routine diagnosisforpestsfoundinimportedconsignments pest diagnosticoperationsassociatedwithphytosanitarycertification surveillance aspartofanofficial control oreradicationprogram testing ofmaterialforcompliancewithcertificationprocedures general surveillanceforpeststatus 13 14 Reference Standards 1–4which , are listedinTable 47.

Assessing agumleafforsignsofpinkpsyllid. ImagecourtesyofLaTrobe University

147 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Table 47. National diagnostic protocols

Scientific name Common name Status13 Adoxophyes orana Summer fruit tortrix Draft Agrilus planipennis Emerald ash borer Draft Anastrepha spp., Bactrocera spp., Fruit flies (exotic and endemic FF handbook, Ceratitis spp., Dacus spp., Dirioxa species of priority to Australia) Lucid key spp. and Rhagoletis spp. Bactericera cockerelli Potato tomato psyllid Endorsed (NDP 20) Banana bract mosaic virus Banana bract mosaic disease Draft (Potyvirus) Bemisia tabaci Silver leaf white fly Lucid key Blood disease bacterium Blood disease Draft Broad bean mottle virus Broad bean mottle virus Draft Broad bean stain virus (Comovirus) Broad bean stain virus Draft Broad bean true mosaic Broad bean true mosaic virus Draft (Comovirus) Burkholderia glumae Panicle blight, bacterial grain rot of Draft rice Bursaphelenchus spp. including Pine wilt nematode, pinewood Draft B. xylophilus nematode species complex Candidatus Liberobacter asiaticus Huanglongbing, Citrus greening Endorsed (NDP 25) Candidatus Liberobacter Zebra chip Endorsed (NDP 18)

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING solanacearum Ceratosystus ulmi Dutch elm disease Draft Ceratovacuna lanigera Sugarcane woolly aphid Draft Cherry leaf roll virus (Nepovirus) Blackline Endorsed (NDP 10) Chilo auricilius Sugarcane internode borer Draft Chilo infuscatellus Sugarcane yellow top borer Draft Chilo partellus Spotted stalk borer Draft Chilo polychrysus Stem borer Draft Chilo sacchariphagus Dark headed stipe borer Draft Chilo terrenellus Sugarcane stem borer Draft Cicadulina mbila South African maize leafhopper Draft Citripestis eautraphera Mango fruit borer Draft Citripestis sagittiferella Citrus fruit borer Draft

13 Endorsed – the standard has been assessed by SPHD and endorsed by PHC as a National Diagnostic Protocol Draft – the standard has not yet been assessed and verified by SPHD Image courtesy of PBCRC FF handbook – included in the Australian Handbook for the Identification of Fruit Flies 148 Lucid key – only a lucid key for this species exists Table 47.Nationaldiagnosticprotocols Fusarium oxysporumf. sp.ciceris Fusarium circinatum mosaic virus) spindle streak,and Chinese mosaicvirus,Wheat (Wheat mosaic,Cereal Furoviruses Flavescence doréephytoplasma Exotic aphids phytoplasma European stonefruityellows Erwinia amylovora Erionota thrax Endocronartium harknessii Echinothrips americanus Dysaphis plantaginea Diuraphis noxia Diaporthe helianthi Diaphorina citri Dendroctonus valens Dendroctonus ponderosae Dendroctonus frontalis Deanolis sublimbalis Daktulosphaira vitifolii/viteus parasitica Cryphonectria Cotton leafcurlvirus(Begomovirus) tristis Coryphodema strain) Colletotrichum truncatum(lentil sepedonicus Clavibacter michiganensissubsp. nebraskensis Clavibacter michiganensissubsp. Scientific name Bymoviruses and Bymoviruses Wheat yellow Wheat yellow

Fusarium wiltofchickpea Pine pitchcanker viruses Wheat soilborne Flavescence dorée Exotic aphids European stonefruityellows Fireblight Banana skipperbutterfly Pine gallrust Poinsettia thrips Rosy appleaphid Russian wheataphid Sunflower stemcanker Citrus psyllid Red turpentinebeetle pinebeetle Southern Mountain pinebeetle Red bandedmangocaterpillaradult Grape phylloxera,typeB Chestnut blight Cotton leafcurldisease South Africancossidmoth Lentil anthracnose Bacterial ringrot of potato Goss's bacterialwilt,blightofcorn Common name Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Endorsed (NDP12) Draft Draft Draft Endorsed (NDP4) Draft Draft Draft Draft Endorsed (NDP24) Draft Draft Draft Draft Endorsed (NDP11) Draft Draft Draft Endorsed (NDP8) Draft Status 13 Peronosclerospora sacchari Pepino mosaicvirus(Potexvirus) (Enamovirus) Pea enationmosaicvirus (Tobravirus) Pea earlybrowningvirus Pantoea stewartiisubsp. Orthaga euadrusalis Neonectria ditissima Mycosphaerella fijiensis Mycosphaerella eumusae Monilinia fructigena Mayetiola destructor (Potyvirus) Maize dwarfmosaicvirus Magnaporthe grisea Lymantria dispar Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Liriomyza trifolii Liriomyza sativae Liriomyza huidobrensis Liriomyza cicerina Liriomyza bryoniae Leptinotarsa decemlineata Homalodisca vitripennis Guignadia bidwellii Globodera rostochiensis Globodera pallida Gibberella fujikuroi cubense tropical Race4 Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. Scientific name steartii Sugarcane downymildew Pepino mosaicvirus Pea enationmosaicvirus Pea earlybrowning virus Stewart's wiltofmaize Mango leafwebber European canker Black sigatoka Eumusae leafspot Brown rot Hessian fly Maize dwarfmosaicvirus Rice blast complex Asian gypsymoth,moth Rice waterweevil American serpentineleafminer American leafminer Serpentine leafminer Chickpea leafminer Tomato leafminer Colorado potatobeetle Glassy wingedsharpshooter Black rot Potato cystnematode Potato cystnematode Bakanae Panama disease Common name Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft 21) Endorsed (NDP Draft Draft Endorsed (NDP1) Draft Draft Endorsed (NDP14) Draft Draft Draft Lucid key Draft Draft Lucid key Endorsed (NDP22) Endorsed (NDP23) Endorsed (NDP13) Draft Draft Draft Draft Status 13

149 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 150

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Table 47.Nationaldiagnosticprotocols Phakopsora euvitis Scientific name Tetranychidae spp. Synchytrium endobioticum Sugarcane whiteleafphytoplasma Sternochetus frigidus Stagonospora sacchari Sitobion avenae Sesamia grisescens Semiaphis dauci Scolytines Scirtothrips perseae Scirtothrips aurantii Scirpophaga nivella Scirpophaga excerptalis Roesleria subterranea (Carlavirus) Red cloverveinmosaicvirus Ralstonia solanacearumRace2 Ralstonia solanacearum Raffaelea lauricola Pulvinaria iceryi Puccinia striiformisf. sp.hordei Puccinia psidii papulans Pseudomonas syringaepv. Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Pospiviridae) Potato spindletuberviroid Potato moptopvirus(Pomovirus) Pomacea canaliculata Plum poxvirus(Potyvirus) Phytophthora ramorum Phymatotrichum omnivorum Phoma tracheiphila Spidermites Potato wart Sugarcane whiteleaf Mango pulpweevil Leaf scorch Wheat aphid Stem borer Carrot aphid Bark beetles Avocado thrips South Africancitrusthrips White riceborer Top borer; topshootborer Grape root rot Red cloverveinmosaicvirus Moko andbugtok Bacterial brown rot ofpotatoes Laurel wilt(andbeetlevector) Pulvinaria scale Barley striperust Guava rust,eucalyptusrust Blister spotofapples Pyriform scale Potato spindletuberviroid Potato moptopvirus Golden applesnail Plum poxvirus Sudden oakdeath Texas root rot Mal secco Grapevine leafrust Common name Lucid key Endorsed (NDP16) Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Endorsed (NDP3) Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Endorsed (NDP7) Endorsed (NDP15) Draft Endorsed (NDP2) Endorsed (NDP5) Draft Endorsed (NDP26) Draft Status 13 Xylophilus ampelina Xylella fastidiosa musacearum Xanthomonas vasicolapv. Xanthomonas fragariae malvacearum Xanthomonas citrisubsp. musacearum Xanthomonas campestrispv. citri Xanthomonas axonopodissubsp. Xanthomonas ampelina X diseasephytoplasma (Bymovirus) Wheat spindlestreakmosaicvirus Verticillium dahliae Uromyces vicia-fabae Unknown Trioza erytreae Tilletia indica Tilletia horrida(neebarclayana) Tilletia controversa Tetranychus turkestani Tetranychus piercei Tetranychus pacificus Tetranychus lombardinii Tetranychus desertorum Scientific name

Bacterial blight Pierce’s disease Banana bacterialwilt Angular leafspot cotton Hypervirulent bacterialblightof Bacterial wilt Citrus canker Bacterial blight Peach Xdisease Wheat spindlestreak mosaicvirus Verticillium wilt(defoliatingstrain) Lentil rust Ramu stunt African citruspsyllid bunt Karnal smutofrice Kernel Dwarf buntofwheat Strawberry spidermite Spider mites Pacific spidermite Crimson spidermite Prickly pearspidermite Common name Draft Endorsed (NDP6) Draft Draft Draft Draft Endorsed (NDP9) Draft Endorsed (NDP17) Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Endorsed (NDP19) Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Status 13 of reference fornationalcommitteesandotherbodies asrequired. timber services,amenitypestsorforest pestincursions,theSNFHprovides afirstpoint other subcommittees.Intheeventofanyemergingforest biosecurityissuesincluding SNFH alsoproduces theannualPest,Disease&QuarantineStatusReportforPHCand preparedness, andprovides specialistforest biosecurityinputtoSNPHSandSPHD. Through PHC,SNFHadvisesonemergingstrategicforest healthresearch needsand issues inthecommercial, environmental andamenity forest sectors. and provides afocalpointfortheidentificationofnationallysignificantforest biosecurity andotheragenciesonforest governments healthissues.Itfacilitatesstrategicleadership as asubcommitteein2012toadviseandcollaboratewithindustrypeakbodies, Forest Products Committee’s Research Working Group 7,SNFHwasformallyestablished SNFH isoneoffoursubcommitteesestablishedbyPHC.Havingevolvedfrom Forest and Subcommittee onNationalForest Health(SNFH) resolve theseissues. health issueswere re-examined andanindustrysubcommittee hassincecontinuedto associated impactsisimportanttoensure aviableindustryismaintained.In2012,forest through theimplementation ofriskmitigationpractices.Minimisingtheserisksandtheir Australia’s forest industryismanagedandprotected from exoticandendemicpests FOREST HEALTH

Image courtesy ofAFPA

151 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 152

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • crop production include: spread ofpests,diseasesandweeds.Bestpracticefarmbiosecuritymeasures relating to Farm biosecurityisasetofmeasures designedtoprotect aproperty from theentryand minimise theimpactofendemicandexoticplantpests. establishment ofpracticesthatprotect individualproducers andfacilitateearlydetectionto biosecurity system.Effective communicationofbiosecurityissuesenhancesthe Communication andcollaborationwithgrowers isanimportantaspectofAustralia’s plant ON-FARM BIOSECURITY Encouraging goodhivebiosecuritypracticesbypollinationservice providers. schemes. Including farmbiosecurityinindustrybestmanagementpracticeand qualityassurance Reporting suspectpeststoappropriate authorities. Keeping avisitorregister. Training familyandstaff aboutbiosecurityrisksandstepstotakeminimisethem. Disposal ofcrop residues. Controlling hosts. pestvectorsand alternative Regular monitoringforpests. Controlling volunteerorneglected plantsthatcouldharbourpests. Isolating andinspectingnewlypurchased plantmaterial. Sourcing certifiedpestfree propagation materialandseed. Use ofdedicatedequipmentinhighriskareas. Cleaning ofequipment,vehiclesandfootwearbetweenproperties. Restriction ofpeopleandvehiclemovementinproduction areas. andinformationsignsto improveUse ofwarning awareness ofbiosecurity. from bothnewandestablishedpests. incorporated intoday-to-dayoperationstoimprove biosecurityandhelpprotect theirfarm tailored forgrowers andconsultants,outliningsimple andeffective measures thatcanbe number ofcrop-specific biosecurity manuals(Table 48).Thesebookletsare specifically PHA, inpartnershipwithplantproductionhasreleased a industriesandgovernments, Biosecurity manualsforproducers Table 48.Biosecuritymanualsforproducers ofvariousindustries practices; ferals,pests&weeds;andtrain,planrecord. producers needtoconsider:farminputs;people,vehicles&equipment;production biosecurity planner. Farmbiosecurityactivitiesare categorisedintosixessentials,that gate signsforsale,industryspecificinformation,videos,apersonalprofile a builderand provides anarrayofinformation,includingbiosecuritymanuals,templatesforrecords, pestsandweeds.Theprogram websitewww.farmbiosecurity.com.diseases, by posed au The program aimstohelpproducers identifyandreduce theriskstotheirenterprises which provides biosecurityadviceforbothcrop and livestock producers. partnered withAHAinajointcommunicationandawareness campaign,FarmBiosecurity, Recognising theincreasing numberofmixedfarmingenterprisesinAustralia,PHAhas The FarmBiosecurityProgram Biosecurity Manual fortheViticulture Industry Orchard BiosecurityManual fortheSummerfruitIndustry Biosecurity ManualforthePapaya Industry Farm BiosecurityManualfortheOrganic GrainsIndustry AdelaidePlainsVegetableFarm BiosecurityManualfortheNorthern Growers Biosecurity ManualfortheNursery Production Industry Orchard Biosecurity ManualfortheMangoIndustry Biosecurity ManualfortheHoneyBeeIndustry Biosecurity ManualforGrainProducers Farm BiosecurityManualfortheCottonIndustry Biosecurity ManualforCitrusProducers Orchard BiosecurityManualfortheCherryIndustry Biosecurity InductionManualforBundabergHorticulturalFarms Biosecurity ManualfortheBananaIndustry Orchard BiosecurityManualfortheAvocado Industry Orchard BiosecurityManualfortheAppleandPearIndustry Orchard BiosecurityManualfortheAlmond Industry Manual 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 3.2 1.1 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Version

Shannon PatonandSarahSchultzofPaton's Exotics withstand diseaseupfront. with you.Prevention isbetterthancure, soputpractices inplaceonyourfarmto One tipfrom Shannonforotherproducers isthatbiosecurity onyourfarmstarts grow. Workers tobecautiousandtakethisknowledgewiththem. learn down onbasicbiosecurityandtherisksassociatedwithbananavarietiesthey and howtoprevent thishappening.Anyonewhoneedsabriefingisgivenrun and neighbours–maynotknowhoweasilydiseases,pestsweedscanspread Anyone workingorhelping-outontheproperty –includingfamilymembers,friends material isfrom cleansources. It isalsotransmittedviainfectedplantmaterial,sotheymakesure theirplanting has comeintocontactwithsoilwouldminimisetheriskofintroducing thedisease. Shannon andSarahdecidedthatexcludingorcleaninganythinghassoilonit entering theproperty. how thediseaseisspread, thecouplecouldfocusonactionstoprevent itfrom Panama diseasefrom affecting hisbananaplantation.Armedwithinformationabout Shannon wasmotivatedtoimplementbiosecuritybyadesire tokeepRace1 of bananaswhichare senttomarketsinfivestates. Farmer oftheYear Award. Together theyrunPaton’s Exotics,growing sevenvarieties Shannon PatonandSarahSchultzwere thewinnersof2014PlantBiosecurity Award winnerwithstandsdiseasethreat tobananas Driessen ofPHAattheawardsceremony Sarah SchultzandShannonPatonwithSusanna

coordinates theresponse,andindustryparties. whichusuallyincludesgovernment agency. Howevermessagesare determinedbytheConsultativeCommitteethat Information duringaplantpestemergencyisdelivered tothepublicbyaffected state the ground. They useavarietyofcommunicationtoolsincluding,increasingly, biosecurityofficers on heightened awareness aboutplantpestsandimproving thepracticesoftheirproducers. playingasupportingrole.governments Plantindustriestrytomitigaterisksthrough by industrybodiesandtheFarmBiosecurityprogram (runjointlybyPHAandAHA),with Information forproducers andothersalongthesupplychainisgenerallycommunicated disseminate informationaboutbiosecurityintheirregions.state andterritorygovernments about nationalborder protection,requirements international andpre-border initiatives,while isprimarilyresponsible TheAustralianGovernment formessages among governments. Efforts relating tocommunicationandawareness raisingreflect jurisdictionalboundaries PLANT BIOSECURITYCOMMUNICATION of onlinebiosecurityinformationfor easeofaccess,seebiosecurityportal.org.au. The BiosecurityPortal,developed byPHA,waslaunchedin2014.Itbringstogetherasuite Atlas ofLivingAustralia. to improve theirusabilityand value,suchastheAustralianPlantPestDatabaseand devices. There are alsoanumberoftoolsthatconnectsystemsanddatasources together such ashandheldwireless microscopes, unmannedaerialvehiclesandotherdetection Linking withtherangeofinformationtechnologytoolsare newandimproved accessories, technologies, improving the tools’accessibilityandintegrationintobiosecurityoperations. plant pests.Localandwebbasedtoolsare rapidlybeingsupplementedwithmobile are beingdevelopedforeverything from production managementthrough todiagnosing Information technologytoolsare increasingly central totheplantbiosecuritysector, and Plant biosecurityITtools,databasesandnetworks preparedness andprevention awareness activitieswhere anational approach iswarranted. on informationarisingfrom ConsultativeCommitteemeetings.TheNCNalsoworkson during responses topestanddiseaseoutbreaks and animalwelfare incidents,based including PHA.TheNCNworkstoproduce nationallyconsistentpublicinformation stateandterritoryagencies,biosecurityorganisations the AustralianGovernment, The NationalCommunicationNetwork(NCN)consistsofcommunicationmanagersfrom Biosecurity IncidentNationalCommunicationNetwork

153 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 154 Chapter 4 Responding to plant pest incursions 156

CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES the plant production sector is the EPPRD, a legal document the plantproduction sectoristheEPPRD,alegaldocument that coverscoordinated plantpestemergencyresponses. mechanisms inplacetorapidlyandeffectively respond to available atwww.planthealthaustralia.com.au/epprd. through capitalisation.Forthefulllistofdefinitions, refer toclause1oftheEPPRD Defined termsundertheEPPRDare usedthroughout thischapter, identified not includeweeds. excludes GeneticallyModifiedOrganisms.TheEPPRDdefinitionofaPlantPestdoes Products orBees,providedthatitisdiscrete,identifiableandgenetically stablebut strain ofinvertebratepestorpathogeninjurioustoPlantHealth,Unprocessed Plant This chapterusestheEPPRDdefinitionofaPlantPest: The main arrangement in place for plant pests that affect The mainarrangementinplaceforplantpeststhataffect with swiftly, providing thebestchanceofcontainingand The agreement ensures thatanynewdetectionisdealt plant pests in order to minimise any negative impacts. plant pestsinorder tominimiseanynegativeimpacts. that newplantpestswillenterthecountry. Arrivalsof including strong border controls, there isstilltherisk passengers and goods and natural entry pathways passengers andgoodsnaturalentrypathways such as wind and water currents can bring exotic such aswindandwatercurrents canbringexotic To dealwithexoticpestincursions,Australiahas Even with a highly effective biosecurity system, Even withahighlyeffective biosecuritysystem, any species, biotype or any species,biotypeor eradicating the pest. eradicating thepest. pests to our shores. pests toourshores.

Only EPPRDsignatoriescantake anactivepartinthesedecisionmakinggroups. andindustryPartiesthataregovernment likelytobeAffected bythePlantPest. assembled toagree actions.Thesecommitteesare madeupofrepresentatives from making aboutaresponse toaPlantPestincursion.Instead, formalcommitteesare The termsoftheEPPRDensure thatnosinglePartyisexclusively responsible fordecision the relative privateandpublicbenefitsoferadication. andindustryPartieswillshare how government thecosts,basedonanassessmentof Parties’ roles inthedecision makingandoperationalprocesses oftheEPPresponse and and toprovide certaintyon themanagementandfundingofthatresponse. Itspecifies The EPPRDisdesignedtoensure arapidandeffective response toaplantpestincursion, industry wouldalsoaffect plantindustriesthatbenefitfrom pollination. Honey beesandtheirpestsalsofallundertheEPPRD,sinceapest affecting thehoneybee Parties. determination thatitmeetsoneoftheabovecriteriaandthisisapproved byrelevant A pestisnotformallydesignatedtobeanEPPuntiltheCategorisation Group makesthe • • • • criteria: response actionmaycommenceifitisreasonably believed tomeetoneofthefollowing in schedule13oftheEPPRD.Ifthere isanIncidentofuncategorisedplantpestthe For apesttobecovered bytheEPPRD,itmustbeanEPP, withcategorisedEPPslisted to EmergencyPlantPests(EPP). which PHAisthecustodian,coversmanagementandfundingoferadicationresponses and 30plantindustrypeakbodies.TheEPPRD,of all stateandterritorygovernments, The EPPRDisaformal,legallybindingagreement betweenPHA,theAustralianGovernment, Response Deed 4.1 present there orbeingofficially controlled. A PlantPestofpotentialeconomicimportancetothearea endangered andnotyet Plant Pest. A seriousPlantPestofunknownoruncertainoriginwhichmaybeanentirely new nationally ifestablishedinAustralia. investigative methods,andcouldhaveanadverseeconomicimpactregionally and A variantformofanestablishedPlantPestwhichcanbedistinguishedbyappropriate nationally ifestablishedinAustralia. A knownexoticPlantPestthatcouldhaveanadverseeconomicimpactregionally and The Emergency Plant Pest The EmergencyPlantPest

Parties, aneconomicexpertand an independentChairfrom PHA. Industry Parties,relevant andindustry technicalexpertsnominatedbygovernment Each CategorisationGroup comprisesnominatedrepresentatives from theAffected category recommended by theCategorisationGroup. categories are showninTable 49.RelevantPartiesmustagree unanimouslytothe byAffected of eradicationandassignstheCostSharingsplitborne Parties.Thefour that eachPartywillpay. Eachcategoryisbasedonthepublicversusprivatebenefit purposes ofapplyingtheprovisions oftheEPPRD,includingproportion ofcosts The CategorisationGroup is assembledtodetermineacategoryforanEPPthe CATEGORISATION GROUP technical matters. be convenedbytheCCEPPonanadhocbasis,toreview andprovide adviceonspecific technical adviceneededfortheNMGtomakedecisions.AScientificAdvisoryPanelmay The CCEPPisresponsible forassessingthegrounds foreradicationandproviding the representatives from eachAffected IndustryParty. Protection Officer, allstateandterritoryChiefPlantHealthManagers,PHA,nominated detected orsuspectedtobepresent. ThecommitteeconsistsoftheAustralianChiefPlant EPP incursionresponses. AswiththeNMG,CCEPPisformedwhenanEPP The CCEPPisatechnicalcommitteesetuptomakerecommendations totheNMGon PESTS CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEEONEMERGENCYPLANT technical mattersbytheConsultativeCommitteeonEmergencyPlantPests(CCEPP). agreed thateradicationistechnicallyfeasibleandcostbeneficial.TheNMGadvisedon The group isresponsible forapproving aResponsePlan,includingthebudget,ifitis representatives from PHAandallAffected PartiestotheEPPRD. under theEPPRD.Thegroup isformedwhenanIncidentidentified.Itconsistsof The NMGisresponsible formakingthekeydecisionsinresponse toanEPPincursion NATIONAL MANAGEMENT GROUP

Table 49.EPPcategoriesandtheassociatedAffected PartyCostSharingsplits • • These are EPPs,whichifnoteradicated,would: and80percentbyAffected would befunded20percentbygovernments IndustryParties. The eradicationofCategory4EPPswouldmainly, ifnotwholly, haveprivatebenefitsand • EPPs, whichifnoteradicated,would: and50 percentbyAffectedfunded 50percentbygovernments Industry Parties.Theseare The eradicationofCategory3EPPswouldhavemoderatepublicbenefits andwouldbe • • which ifnoteradicated,would: and20percentbyAffected80 percentbygovernments IndustryParties.Theseare EPPs, The eradicationofCategory2EPPswouldhavehighpublicbenefitsandsobefunded plants, and/orisamajornuisance,ifnothealthrisktohumans. and towhatextent,inanycasetheincursionprimarilyaffects nativefloraand/oramenity it isalmostimpossibletoproperly determinewhichCropping Sectorsbenefitfrom eradication native flora,andthere isconsiderableuncertaintyastothe relative impactsonCrops. Inshort, This categoryalsocoverssituationswhere theEPPhasawiderangeofhosts,including • • • • funded.Theseare100 percentgovernment EPPswhich,ifnoteradicated,would: The eradicationofCategory1EPPswouldhaveveryhighpublicbenefitsandbe economies. generally there wouldbenosignificanttradeissuesthat affect nationaland regional costs ofproduction, extracontrol costs,ornuisancecosts;and The Affected Cropping Sectorswouldbeadverselyaffected primarilythrough additional have littleornopubliccostimplications andlittleornoimpactsonnaturalecosystems. though moderatetradeimplicationsand/ornationalandregional economicimplications. affect publicamenities,householdsortheenvironment, and/orcouldhavesignificant, costs aswell(thatis,moderatepublicbenefitsfrom eradication).TheEPPcouldadversely primarily harmtheAffected Cropping Sectors,butthere wouldalsobesomesignificantpublic would benefitsignificantly from eradication. impose majorcostsontheAffected Cropping SectorssuchthattheCropping Sectors with flowoneffects through theeconomy;and economic impactsonregions andthenationaleconomy, through largetradelosses environmental values and/oreffects onhouseholds; orindirectly through verysevere cause significantpubliclosseseitherdirectly through seriouslossofamenity, and/or have relatively littleimpactoncommercial Crops. cause significantdamagetoamenityflora;and/or potentially affect humanhealthorcauseamajornuisancetohumans;and/or cause majorenvironmental damagetonaturalecosystems;and/or Category 2 Category 4 Category 3 Category 1

157 CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES Ginger industry signs the EPPRD, bringing the total number of industry Parties to 30 The ginger industry has become the latest plant industry to sign up to the EPPRD, providing certainty for growers in the event of an incursion of an EPP that affects ginger.

The Australian Ginger Industry Association (AGIA) became signatories to the EPPRD at the Plant Health Australia (PHA) EPPRD meeting in November 2014, bringing the total number of plant industry signatories to 30. All Australian Governments and PHA are also signatories to the agreement.

PHA is the custodian of the agreement, which sets out how Plant Pest incursions are dealt with and how the cost of an eradication response is shared.

Since there will never be zero risk of new Plant Pests entering the country with trade, people movement and wind and water currents capable of transporting pests, the EPPRD was enshrined in 2005 as the best means of achieving rapid and coordinated responses to incursions.

Government and industry Parties agree that the mix of obligations and incentives under the legal agreement gives the best chance of minimising the impact of a new pest and maximising the prospects of eradication. CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES

Greg Fraser (PHA), Anthony Rehbein (AGIA) and PHA’s Chairman Tony Gregson at the signing of the 30th plant industry to the EPPRD

158 4.2 available onlineatwww.planthealthaustralia.com.au/plantplan. Parties endorsedanumberofnewandrevised supportingdocuments,allofwhichare make accesstoinformationeasierintrainingandemergencyresponse situations.In2014 PLANTPLAN issupportedbyanumberofdocumentspr • It provides nat responding toaPlantPestIncidentdealtwit • • • • freckle response. Keyareas virus 2Incident,thesuccessfullycomplet The 2014review ofPLANTPLAN manages theco each yeartoincorporatethe of thesephases.ItincorporatesbestpracticeinEPPresponses andisfurt as wellthekeyroles and outlining the underpins theEP PLANTPLAN ist communication. accounting andr Response Planr movement r feasibility oferadication changes. to commencetheprocess toformallyvarytheEPPRDincorporate therequired subsequent toafailederadication. InNovember2014,Partiesagreed forPHA variations toextendtheEPPRD includeaTransition toManagementPhase, At theMay2014EPPRDmeeting, Partiesgavein-principlesupporttoproposed process, madeincollaborationwithParties. The trialhasresulted incontinued finetuningandfurtherimprovements tothe more rigorous andsounddecisionmakingwas trialledforthefirsttimein2014. each decisionpointbeingaspecificquestiontoanswer. Thenewprocess supports under trialthatusesadichotomouskeytodeterminethecategory oftheEPP, with In November2013,Partiesagreed tothetrialofanewcategorisationprocess Emergency response changesin2014

P p L hases ofanincursion(investigationandalert,operatio ionally consistentguidelines estrictions A nt he agreed technicalResponsePlan usedby PRD asparto inued developmentofPLANT NTP eview triggerpoints eporting responsibilit o fi LAN f thedocument ndings ofIncidentdebriefsandsimulationexercises. PHA f schedule5 incorporated ies of industry and government Partiesduring ies ofindustryandgovernment ed for response procedures under h inaccordance withtheEPPRD. PLANTPLAN cocoa podbo and isendorsed updated were: improvements arisingfrom thelit P LAN onbehalfofEPPRDParties. oviding detail on specific topics to oviding detailonspecifictopicsto rer response andtheNTbanana b g y allEPPRDsig o vernments andindustriesin vernments nal andstanddo the EPPRD, her updated natories. tle cherry

wn), each

that have been developed by industries and governments inAustralia. that havebeendevelopedbyindustriesandgovernments Table 50provides alistingofcontingencyplansforover90plantpestsandpestgroups event ofanincursion. a contingencyplanallowsaneffective ResponsePlantobedevelopedquickly, inthe control anddestruction,before anyincursionoccurs.Theinformationcontainedwithin to collateinformationaboutapestanddevisethebeststrategiesforsurveillance, Each contingencyplanisavaluablepreparedness initiative. Expertsare brought together CONTINGENCY PLANNING

159 CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES 160

CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES Table 50.Contingencyplans * Thisspecieshasbeen synonymised withBactroceradorsalis Pest scientificname Chilo Chilo partellus Ceutorhynchus assimilis,Dasineura brassicae Ceratocystis ulmi Cephus pygmeus Cantareus apertus Ca. L.asiaticus,DiaphorinacitriandTrioza erytreae Candidatus Liberibacterafricanus,Ca.L.americanus, Ca. Candidatus Ca Candidatus Burkholderia glumae Braula coeca Bipolaris spicifera ( virus chlorosis virus( Beet pseudo-yellowsvirus( Barley stripemosaicvirus( Ceratitiscapitataandexoticspecies Bactrocera tryoni, andCeratitiscapitata Bactrocera tryoni Bactrocera papayae solanacearum Bactericera cockerelliandCandidatusLiberibacter Atherigona soccata Anoplophora chinensis Alternaria triticina Alternaria humicola Agrotis segetum and Cerodontha denticornis, Agromyza ambigua,A.megalopsis, Acarapis woodi Begomovirus) L. asiaticus,Diaphorinacitriand L. asiaticus,Diaphorinacitriand Chromatomyia nigra ( spp. Crinivirus) Liberibacter africanus,Ca.L.americanus, Liberibacter africanus,Ca.L.americanus, Crinivirus)

and Tomato yellowleafcurlvirus * , B. tryoni andCeratitiscapitata , B.tryoni Chromatomyia fuscula , Lettuce infectious yellows , Lettuceinfectiousyellows Hordeivirus) Closterovirus) Trioza erytreae

Trioza erytreae , Diodia vein , Diodiavein

Pest commonname Spotted stemborer Cabbage seedpodweevilandBrassica podmidge Dutch elmdisease European wheatstemsawfly Green snail Huanglongbing andvectors Huanglongbing andvectors Huanglongbing andvectors Panicle blight Braula fly Leaf blotchofcereals Whitefly-transmitted viruses Sugarcane stemborer Barley stripemosaicvirus Fruit flies Queensland fruitflyandMediterranean fruit fly Papaya fruitfly, QueenslandfruitflyandMediterranean Zebra chipcomplex Sorghum shootfly beetle Citrus longicorn Leaf blightofwheat Leaf spotoffieldpea Turnip moth Cereal leafminers Tracheal mite Year 2009 2011 2001 2008 2012–13 2014 2009 2013 2008 2012 2009 2011 2008 2009 bi-annually Updated 2013 bi-annually Updated 2011 2008 2009 2009 2009 2011 2009 2012 Location ofdocument PHA Department ofAgriculture DEDJTR Vic PHA DEDJTR Vic HIA, PHA HIA QDAF, NGIA PHA PHA PHA PHA SRA PHA PIRSA DPIPWE PIRSA HIA, PHA PHA PHA PHA PHA Department ofAgriculture PHA PHA Scope National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry State National –grainsindustry State industries (underreview) National –citrusandnursery industries (underreview) National –citrusandnursery National –production nurseries National –riceindustry National –honeybeeindustry National –grainsindustry National –production nurseries National –sugarcane industry National –grainsindustry State State State industries National –vegetableandpotato National –grainsindustry National –production nurseries National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –honeybeeindustry Table 50.Contingencyplans L. huidobrensis,sativaeandtrifolii L.cicerina, Chromatomyia horticola,Liriomyzabryoniae, Pest scientificname H. filipjevi Heterodera avenae, H.latiponsandfilipjevi Helicoverpa zea Harpophora maydisandPlasmoparahalstedii Globodera rostochiensis Globodera pallida Gibberella fujikuroi Gibberella fujikuroi Fusarium oxysporumf.sp.conglutinans f. sp.lentis Fusarium oxysporumf.sp.ciceris,F. oxysporum Fulmekiola serrata Eurogaster integriceps Eumetopina flavipes Erwinia papayae Erwinia amylovora(anditsimpactonhoneybees) Erwinia amylovora Erwinia amylovora Eoreuma loftini Eldana saccharina Echinothrips americanus buqueti Dorysthenes Diuraphis noxia Diatraea Deanolis sublimbalis Daktulosphaira vitifolii parasitica Cryphonectria Colletotrichum truncatum(lentilstrain) Tomato spottedwiltvirus( Pelargonium flowerbreakvirus( Impatiens necroticringspotvirus( stemnecrosisvirus( Chrysanthemum Chortoicetes terminifera spp. and F. oxysporumf.sp.lupini Tospovirus) Carmovirus) Tospovirus), Tospovirus),

and

Agromyzid leafminers Pest commonname Cereal cyst nematodes earworm Corn pathogensofgrains Exotic soil-borne Potato cystnematode Potato cystnematode Bakanae Bakanae Fusarium wiltofcanola Fusarium wiltofchickpea,lentilandlupin Oriental sugarcane thrips Sunn pest Island sugarcane planthopper Bacterial crown rot Fire blight Fire blight Fire blight Mexican riceborer African sugarcane mothborer Poinsettia thrips Sugarcane stemborer longhorn Russian wheataphid Sugarcane borer Red-banded mangocaterpillar Grape phylloxera Chestnut blight Lentil anthracnose Thrips-transmitted viruses Plague locusts 2008 Year 2012 2009 2013 2002 2001 2008 2005 2007 2009 2009 2008 2009 2011 2004 2007 2002 2008 2008 2010 2009 2012 2008 2008 bi-annually Updated 2010 2008 2011 2010 PHA Location ofdocument PHA PHA PHA DEDJTR Vic DPIPWE PHA NSW DPI PHA PHA SRA PHA SRA PHA DPIPWE HIA, PHA DEDJTR Vic SRA SRA PHA SRA PHA SRA PHA PIRSA DEDJTR Vic PHA PHA PIRSA National –grainsindustry Scope National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National State National –riceindustry National –riceindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –sugarcane industry National –grainsindustry National –sugarcane industry National –papayaindustry State –honeybeeindustry National –appleandpearindustry State National –sugarcane industry National –sugarcane industry National –production nuseries National –sugarcane industry National –grainsindustry National –sugarcane industry State State –viticulture industry State –chestnutindustry National –grainsindustry National –production nuseries State

161 CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES 162

CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES Table 50.Contingencyplans Pest scientificname teres Pyrenophora teres f.sp.teres Puccinia striiformis f.sp.hordei Puccinia psidiisensulato Puccinia graminisf.sp.tritici(pathotypeUg99) Psila rosae Potato spindletuberviroid Pomacea canaliculata ( Plum poxvirus( Phytophthora ramorum Phyllophaga Phakopsora euvitis Peronosclerospora philippinensisandP. sorghi Paracoccus marginatus Nysius huttoni Meromyza americanaandM.saltatrix Mayetiola hordei Mayetiola destructor Maize dwarfmosaicvirus( Magnaporthe grisea Magnaporthe grisea Lymantria dispar Lymantria dispar Lygus lineolaris Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Liriomyza huidobrensis and Chromatomyiahorticola L.huidobrensis,sativa,trifolii Liriomyza bryoniae, Hylotrupes bajulus Hylotrupes bajulus Homalodisca vitripennis Heterodera ciceri,H.glycinesandzeae Heterodera carotae Potyvirus) spp. Potyvirus) andTobacco etchvirus Potyvirus) Pest commonname Net formofnetblotch Barley striperust Eucalyptus rust Stem rustofwheat Carrot rustfly Potato spindletuberviroid (PSTVd) Golden applesnail Aphid-transmitted viruses Sudden oakdeath May beetle Grapevine leafrust Downy mildewofmaizeandsorghum Papaya mealybug Wheat bug Wheat stemmaggots Barley stemgallmidge Hessian fly Maize dwarfmosaicvirus Rice blast Rice blast Gypsy moth(AsianandEuropean strains) Asian gypsymoth/gypsymothcomplex Tarnished plantbug Rice waterweevil Rice waterweevil Serpentine leafminer Agromyzid leafminers European houseborer European houseborer Glassy-winged sharpshooter Exotic nematodesofgrains Carrot cystnematode Year 2009 2010 2009 2009 2009 2012–13 2008 2011 2010 2008 2006 2009 2011 2008 2009 2008 2005 2011 2008 2005 2009 2002 2011 2008 2005 2009 2008 2011 2006 2009 2013 2008 Location ofdocument PHA NSW DPI,PHA PHA PHA DAFWA, HIA DEDJTR Vic PHA PHA PHA PHA QDAF PHA PHA PHA PHA PHA DAFWA, PHA PHA PHA DAFWA, NSWDPI PHA NSW DPI Department ofAgriculture, PHA PHA NSW DPI PHA QDAF, HIA QDAF DAFWA PHA PHA DAFWA, HIA Scope National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –production nurseries National –grainsindustry National –vegetableindustry State –eradicationplan National –riceindustry National –production nurseries National –production nurseries National –grainsindustry National National –grainsindustry National –papayaindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –riceindustry National –riceindustry National –production nurseries National National –production nurseries National –riceindustry National –riceindustry National –production nurseries National State State National –production nurseries National –grainsindustry National –vegetableindustry * Table 50.Contingencyplans

Pest scientificname Uromyces pisiand Uredo rangelii Uredo rangelii Tropilaelaps clareaeandT. mercedesae Trogoderma granarium Tilletia indica Tilletia indica Tilletia indica Tilletia contraversa Tilletia barclayana Thekopsora minima Solenopsis invicta Solenopsis invicta Sitona Sitobion avenae Sesamia Scirpophaga spp. Red cloverveinmosaicvirus( Xyllela fastidiosa Xylella fastidiosa X. translucenspv. Xanthomonas translucenspv. Xanthomonas citrisubsp. Wasmannia auropunctata Verticillium longisporum Venturia inaequalis Varroa destructorandV. jacobsoni Ustilago scitaminea This specieshasbeensynonymisedwithBactroceradorsalis spp. complex,especiallyS.lineatus spp. undulosa U. viciae-fabae U. viciae-fabae and translucensand Carlavirus)

Pest commonname Myrtle rust Myrtle rust Tropilaelaps mites Khapra beetle bunt Karnal bunt Karnal bunt Karnal Dwarf buntofwheat smutofrice Kernel Blueberry rust Red importedfire ant Red importedfire ant Pea leafweevil Wheat aphid Sugarcane andMaize borers Top borer Red cloverveinmosaicvirus Pierce’s disease Pierce’s disease Bacterial leafstreak Citrus canker Electric ant Verticillium wiltofcanola Apple scabfungus Varroa mites Sugarcane smut Field peaandlentilrust Year 2011 2012–13 2012 2005 2005 draft 2013–14 2006 2007 2008 2014 2013 2013 2005 2009 2008 2008 2008 2002 2011 2011 2006 2013 2011 1992 2012 1997 2009 Location ofdocument PIRSA DEDJTR Vic PHA DAFWA, PHA PHA PIRSA DAFWA, NSWDPI DAFWA, PHA PHA DEDJTR Vic QDAF, TACC QDAF, NBC DAFWA, PHA PHA SRA SRA PHA DEDJTR Vic PHA PHA QDAF QDAF, TACC PHA DAFWA PHA SRA PHA Scope State State National –honeybeeindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry State National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –riceindustry State State National National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –sugarcane industry National –sugarcane industry National –grainsindustry National –viticulture industry National –production nurseries National –grainsindustry State –citrusindustry State National –grainsindustry State National –honeybeeindustry National –sugarcane industry National –grainsindustry

163 CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES TRAINING For an emergency response to an EPP to work effectively there must be a sufficient biosecurity emergency response training across the country meets the desired standard. number of appropriately trained people who understand their role ahead of time. Trained personnel are required at all levels of a response, including representatives from both Qualifications available are: industry and government, from members of the national decision making committees • PUA33112 – Certificate III in Public Safety (Biosecurity Response Operations) through to the surveillance officers carrying out field activities. • PUA42912 – Certificate IV in Public Safety (Biosecurity Response Leadership) Delivery of this specialist training in emergency responses is provided by PHA, the • PUA52412 – Diploma of Public Safety (Biosecurity Response Management). Australian Government, state and territory governments, the PBCRC and peak plant industry bodies. Training is offered in a variety of forms, from short presentations National EPP Training Program and e-learning courses, through to complete qualifications. PHA conducts the National EPP Training Program on behalf of its Members, delivering training to industry and government representatives, growers and other biosecurity In addition to emergency response training, a range of skills-based training is offered to stakeholders. The aim is to highlight the key elements of the EPPRD and PLANTPLAN, members of the plant biosecurity system. For example, plant pest diagnostic training is ensuring that Members have the ability to deliver on their roles and obligations as available to members of the National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network to address any EPPRD Parties. identified gaps in skills or capacity. Under the agreement, EPPRD Parties are obliged to maintain trained personnel, allowing Biosecurity Emergency Training Working Group them to engage appropriately in the response to EPP detections that impact on their The Biosecurity and Emergency Training Working Group (BETWG) is a skills-based industry or organisation. working group that guides training to enhance Australia’s biosecurity emergency The National EPP Training Program is delivered through a combination of face-to-face preparedness, response and initial recovery arrangements. In its national capacity, sessions and simulation exercises, which are supported by the e-learning platform BOLT. BETWG identifies risks, gaps and duplication in biosecurity emergency training, and Access to BOLT is open to all plant biosecurity stakeholders and can be accessed through CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES provides advice and support to those undertaking delivery. BETWG also ensures that www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/bolt. biosecurity emergency training is consistent with contemporary emergency management practices. Plant Biosecurity Program BETWG reports to the Biosecurity Emergency Preparedness Working Group (BEPWG) and Online training also extends to postgraduate studies with the Plant Biosecurity Program supports delivery of Schedule 7 of IGAB. www.plantbiosecurity.edu.au, which is coordinated by the PBCRC and supported by the Department of Agriculture. Students can undertake a Graduate Certificate, Graduate Biosecurity emergency response qualifications Diploma or Masters in Plant Biosecurity. BETWG has developed three biosecurity emergency response qualifications, which have The Plant Biosecurity Program is delivered through five Australian universities: Charles been nationally endorsed as part of the Public Safety Training Package. These qualifications Darwin University, La Trobe University, Murdoch University, the University of Queensland align with the emergency response role training already delivered by jurisdictions, allowing and the University of Adelaide. personnel undertaking this training to achieve formal qualifications based on their work experience and training achievements.

These qualifications put biosecurity response personnel on the same footing as those in other emergency response areas, such as police and firefighters. The system ensures that

164 CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES

Image courtesy of PBCRC 165 166 Chapter 5 Research, development and extension Research findings from projects conducted in Australia underlie many improvements in plant biosecurity so a significant investment is made in plant biosecurity research, development and extension (RD&E). Extension is the term for communicating research and development outcomes to allow uptake of the newly developed knowledge, process or product.

This investment ensures that researchers are addressing the specific challenges faced by Australia’s plant industries.

RD&E activities are conducted by CSIRO, Research CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION and Development Corporations, Cooperative Research Centres, the Australian Government, state and territory agencies as well as universities and private organisations.

Recently the National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy was developed to ensure that valuable research funding is spent efficiently and effectively.

This chapter summarises the involvement of the key organisations involved in plant biosecurity RD&E and lists the projects active in 2014.

Cross pollinating canola. Image courtesy of Carl Davies

168 5.1 National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy

Plant biosecurity RD&E is conducted by a wide variety of research organisations across Australia, including universities, government organisations, botanic gardens, museums, plant industries and other private organisations which are described in this chapter. In 2013, the National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy, an overarching framework to coordinate plant biosecurity research, was developed to enhance collaboration and increase coordination of RD&E, with expected efficiency and effectiveness dividends. It was developed under the National Primary Industries RD&E Framework along with other sector specific and cross sector strategies being implemented by the Agriculture Senior Officials’ Committee (AGSOC). To put this strategy into action, in 2014 an Implementation Committee was formed, with representatives from the Australian Government, state governments, PHA, HIA, and research organisations Council of Rural Research and Development Corporations, GRDC, CSIRO and PBCRC, with an independent chair. The committee formally reports to the AGSOC Research and Innovation Committee. The objective of the strategy is to enable effective management of economic, environmental and social risks posed by pests that may enter, emerge, establish or spread within Australia, by strengthening biosecurity research, development and extension for Australia’s plant CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION industries (and those dependent on them). Drawing on the approved strategy, the committee has developed a strategic framework identifying the outcomes sought, key focus areas and specific activities to commence implementation and delivery of the strategy. This implementation plan will guide the work effort and progress monitoring of the committee over the next 2-3 years.

Plant biosecurity research at the Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, one of the research organisations that will benefit from the implementation of the RD&E Strategy 169 5.2 Australian Government RD&E

The Australian Government currently contributes to a variety of plant biosecurity related CSIRO's successes include: RD&E activities. This occurs predominantly through the Department of Agriculture as well • diagnosing devastating pests and diseases in plants as the Department of Industry, the Department of Environment and the Department of • designing integrated strategies to manage invasive pests in agriculture Foreign Affairs and Trade. • providing rigorous risk analysis protocols • and delivering biological control for many exotic weeds that are found in production AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND landscapes and the wider environment. STATUTORY AUTHORITIES Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTRES www.aciar.gov.au CRCs are formed through a collaboration of businesses, the community, government The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established to organisations and researchers. Essential participants within a CRC must include at least help identify agricultural problems in developing countries, and to commission collaborative one Australian end user (from either the private, public or community sector) and one RD&E, focusing on fields where Australia has special research competence. Its mission is Australian higher education institution (or a research institution affiliated with a university). to achieve more productive and sustainable agricultural systems for the joint benefit of The CRC program is an Australian Government funded initiative. developing countries and Australia through international agricultural research partnerships. The Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre (PBCRC) is the one CRC that is directly ACIAR’s biosecurity projects are spread across several program areas, including crop related to plant production. protection, horticulture, agricultural systems, economics and management, crop CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION improvement and management, forestry, agricultural development, support for market Plant Biosecurity CRC driven adaptive research, soil management and crop nutrition. www.crcplantbiosecurity.com.au The PBCRC undertakes research to develop and deploy scientific knowledge, Australian Research Council tools, resources and capacity to safeguard Australia, its plant industries and regional www.arc.gov.au communities from economic, environmental and social consequences of damaging invasive The Australian Research Council (ARC) is a statutory agency within the Australian plant pests and diseases. The PBCRC’s objectives are achieved through its four research Government. The ARC advises the government on research matters and manages the programs – Early Warning, Effective Detection and Response, Safeguarding Trade and National Competitive Grants Program which is a significant component of Australia’s Secure Future – with education and delivery embedded throughout the programs. investment in research and development. ARC also has a responsibility for the Excellence in Research for Australia initiative. The PBCRC also operates a postgraduate program which offers certificate, diploma and masters courses in plant biosecurity through five Australian university partners. Areas of The outcomes of ARC-funded research are to deliver cultural, economic, social, and expertise within the PBCRC include plant biosecurity risk, pest pathway analysis, incursion environmental benefits to all Australians. impact management, insect resistance, plant health policy, economic analysis, modelling and agricultural engineering. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation www.csiro.au The PBCRC engages in international collaborative research with organisations in China, The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) is Australia's Timor-Leste, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, New Zealand, Thailand, United Kingdom, national science agency and one of the largest and most diverse research organisations in the United States and Vietnam. The PBCRC commenced its six year term on 1 July 2012, the world. Through a proud history of biosecurity research, CSIRO – through its Biosecurity as an extension CRC from the Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, and Agriculture Flagships – has had a profound impact on Australia's plant biosecurity status. which began operating in November 2005.

170 Diagnosing a serious plant pest Australia’s Spotted Anything Unusual? campaign asks farmers and agronomists to report any unusual pests to the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline. But once reported, who examines the suspicious pest to decide if it is a commonplace species or something more serious? This challenge is presented to diagnosticians from across the National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network (NPBDN) every day.

Dr Jamie Davies, an entomologist with Biosecurity Tasmania, is a part of the NPBDN, tasked with making precise identifications of all kinds of plant pests found in Tasmania. Keeping Tasmania free of exotic pests is important for plant industries, the economy and individual producers. Tasmanian farmers have a significant advantage that allows them to sell their produce to many markets around the world, often at a premium price, because their island state is free of many significant pests.

To maintain this advantage, Tasmanians are keen to keep on top of any developing pest problems. Each week the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (DPIPWE) lab in Hobart receives a whole host of flying insects, infested plant samples and fruit containing maggots for identification. Samples are sent in by concerned members of the public, plant industries, Tasmanian biosecurity officers who intercept produce or suspect pests at the border, and biosecurity officers conducting surveys for exotic pests of biosecurity concern.

Jamie and his colleagues examine each sample closely, check the scientific literature and CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION often try to match the pest to an existing specimen, either in the department’s entomology collection of around 150,000 specimens, or by comparing it to information in online databases.

Diagnosticians decide if it is a commonplace species or something more serious, in part by comparison to known specimens in collections

Should he need a second opinion, Jamie can contact another expert based elsewhere in Tasmania or interstate through the NPBDN. Australia’s remote microscopy capability allows the other diagnostician to see what’s under Jamie’s microscope making collaboration easy, even at a distance. The NPBDN, established over the past few years, has proven a highly successful way of boosting Australia’s diagnostic capacity by connecting experts across the country.

Jamie has two messages for travellers and producers around the state: always abide by quarantine rules and don’t hesitate to report a pest if you’ve spotted anything unusual.

Jamie Davies identifies insects sent in to Biosecurity Tasmania

171 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATIONS Cotton Research and Development Corporation www.crdc.com.au There are 15 rural RDCs in operation, covering almost all of Australia’s agricultural industries, seven of which focus on Australia’s plant production industries. RDCs do not The Cotton Research and Development Corporation (CRDC) was established in 1990 conduct research but provide funding and support to research providers such as state and is a partnership between the Australian Government and the Australian cotton industry. governments, universities, CSIRO industry associations and research organisations in the CRDC’s purpose is to invest in RD&E projects that support the performance of the cotton private sector. industry, helping to increase both productivity and profitability.

RDCs bring together industry and researchers to establish the strategic directions for The cotton industry has always placed great emphasis on the value of its RD&E and the RD&E and to fund projects that provide industries with the innovation and productivity results speak for themselves. Over the past 10 years alone, RD&E has helped cotton tools to complete in global markets. growers reduce their pesticide use by 87 per cent, and increase their water use efficiency by 40 per cent. Thanks to RD&E, Australian cotton growers are now growing more cotton RDCs of particular relevance to Australia’s plant industries are described in this section. The on less land and with less impact upon the environment. Biosecurity is a key focus of RDCs represent a mixture of industry owned companies and statutory corporations. The CRDC’s investment. industry owned RDCs have statutory funding agreements with the Australian Government which lay out the general principles that must be observed when investing levy funds and Forest and Wood Products Australia reporting obligations to levy payers and the Australian Government. www.fwpa.com.au Forest and Wood Products Australia (FWPA) is an industry service company that provides a national integrated strategy to increase demand for forest and wood products and reduce the impediments to their supply. Owned by industry, FWPA is committed to helping industry grow through targeted RD&E investments, generic promotion and other services as requested by members.

CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION These services include direct and collaborative investment in RD&E to provide innovative solutions for the industry and promotion of the industry’s products, services and values. FWPA provides services to the industry that are designed to increase the sustainability and international competiveness of forest and wood products. FWPA is funded by private companies and government agencies within the Australian forest and wood products sector, with the exception of pulp and paper manufacturers.

Grains Research and Development Corporation www.grdc.com.au The GRDC is a leading grains research organisation, responsible for planning, investing in, and overseeing RD&E across the Australian grains industry. Funding is provided through a levy on grain growers, which is matched (up to a specified limit) by the Australian Government.

GRDC’s research portfolio covers 25 leviable crops, spanning temperate and tropical cereals, oilseeds and pulses, which are worth over $10 billion a year in farm production. The GRDC investment scheme ‘Protecting Your Crop’ is identified as part of the GRDC’s five year RD&E plan. This five year plan targets genetic, cultural management and pesticide options for root and foliar crop diseases; increased farmer awareness and adoption of invertebrate and weed integrated management practices; and biosecurity and stewardship of genetic and pesticide technologies. Image courtesy of Department of Agriculture

172 Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation www.gwrdc.com.au www.rirdc.gov.au The Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation (GWRDC) was formed Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) was set up by the in 1991 and operates to support a competitive Australian wine sector, investing in Australian Government to work closely with Australian rural industries regarding the and directing RD&E programs along the whole production chain ‘from vine to glass'. organisation and funding of their RD&E needs. The focus of RIRDC is on new and The GWRDC supports the development of the Australian wine industry by planning emerging industries as a way to diversify rural enterprises in Australia. This role is and funding collective research and development programs, and then facilitating the enhanced by responsibility for the RD&E for a range of established rural industries dissemination, adoption and commercialisation of the results throughout the industry. and for key generic issues concerning the rural sector.

GWRDC’s RD&E revenue comes from levies on the annual wine grape harvest with RIRDC is involved in a number of investments with their industries in biosecurity RD&E, contributions matched by the Australian Government. GWRDC collaborates with key including: stakeholders to coordinate and direct investments to best address the RD&E priorities • incursion risk analysis of the wine industry. • biosecurity planning • pest management Horticulture Innovation Australia (HIA) • weed management www.horticulture.com.au • resistance breeding Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited (HIA) is a not-for-profit, grower-owned RDC for • containment Australia’s $9.5 billion horticulture industry. HIA invests more than $100 million in research, development and marketing programs annually. • adoption of knowledge • emergency response. HIA’s key functions are to:

• Provide leadership to and promote the development of the Australian horticulture sector. Sugar Research Australia CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION • Increase the productivity, farm gate profitability and global competiveness of the www.sugarresearch.com.au horticultural industries by investing grower levies and government funds in research, SRA was launched in August 2013 bringing together the assets of BSES Limited, the development, extension and marketing funds, programs and services Sugar RDC, and some activities of the Sugar Research Institute. SRA invests in and manages a portfolio of RD&E projects that drive the productivity, profitability and • Provide information, services and products related to project outcomes. sustainability of its levy payers and the Australian sugarcane industry. • Promote the interests of horticultural industries overseas including the export of Australian horticultural products. In its role as the industry services body, SRA is entitled to receive the statutory levies paid by growers and milling businesses, and matching funds from the Australian Government. HIA was established following the acceptance of the recommendations of an independent SRA’s own team of in-house researchers conduct research in the areas of plant breeding, review of Horticulture Australia Limited (HAL) 2014. The financial and other assets of HAL trait development, biosecurity and farming systems. were transferred to HIA under the Horticulture Marketing and Research and Development services (Transfer of Industry Assets and Liabilities) Regulation 2014. The SRA Breeding Program and SRA Biosecurity Program collaborate to breed disease- and pest-resistant crop varieties and support quarantine and disease-free seed cane programs. Cooperating with government departments to prevent entry of these pests and to prepare for possible incursions is also a high priority.

173 CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION

174 Plant tissue culture experiment. Image courtesy of PBCRC 5.3 State and territory government RD&E

Most of Australia’s state and territory agricultural departments have dedicated RD&E divisions that undertake research, including aspects of plant biosecurity that are a priority for that region. These organisations carry out a significant proportion of Australia’s agricultural RD&E. As well as research projects done to meet state and territory government needs, projects are often commissioned by commercial clients. CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION

5.4 University and private research institution RD&E

In every state and territory, Australia has a number of universities that provide research and education services for the community. Within universities, research often compliments local and regional issues. Research is funded by governments, industry, domestic or international sources, and is often carried out in partnership with other organisations.

Private research institutions are often established in collaboration with a university to provide research facilities and services in specific subject areas. These organisations generate and contain specialist knowledge and research skills in areas of particular significance to the Australian community and plant production industries. Glenn Marsh, a CSIRO scientist, working at the highest level of quarantine containment. Image courtesy of CSIRO

175 5.5 Plant biosecurity RD&E in 2014 FigureInsect 80. R,D&EOther projects invertebrateBacteria by pest typeFungi Nematode Virus Other pathogenWeed Multiple Other

A listing of plant biosecurity related research projects active during 2014 is presented in 34% Insect Table 51. More than 550 projects that directly support the development and enhancement 1% Other invertebrate of the national plant biosecurity system are described. 2% Bacteria Research projects covered the spectrum of crops and pest types relevant to Australian 19% Fungi plant production industries, with a similar distribution to the RD&E projects captured in the 3% Nematode 2013 edition of this report. The highest proportion of projects were categorised as pest management. 4% Virus 3% Other pathogen RD&ECotton projectsGrains are presentedSugarcane by affected cropOther type, broadacre pestFruit type, crops biosecurityNuts area, researchVegetables Other horticulturalForestry crops Nursery cropsNatural environment type and project size in the following graphs (Figures 79-83). 7% Weed 27% Multiple 1% Other Figure 79. RD&E projects by crop type

7% Cotton 22% Grains CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION 6% Sugarcane FigurePest management 81. RD&ECrop projects improvement Surveillanceby biosecurityDiagnostics area Emergency responseRisk analysis andPrevention modellingSystem approachesCommunicationMarket and access awarenessInformation support management 2% Other broadacre 11% Fruit 41% Pest management 1% Nuts 11% Crop improvement 7% Vegetables 9% Surveillance 9% Other horticultural crops 12% Diagnostics 1% Forestry 1% Emergency response 9% Risk analysis and <1% Nursery crops modelling 7% Natural environment 2% Prevention <1% Urban 5% System approaches 24% Multiple 4% Market access support 4% Other 1% Information management 3% Training and awareness 3% Other

176 FigureField-based 82. RD&E (ecology)Field-based projects (other) Laboratory-basedby research Laboratory-basedtype or(molecular) locationPolicy (non-molecular) or o ce-basedMultiple Other Research, development and extension projects

13% Field based (ecology) CROP PAGE 17% Field based (other) Broadacre 176 16% Laboratory based Cotton 176 (molecular) Grains 176 11% Laboratory based Sugarcane 179 (non-molecular) Forestry 180 13% Policy or office based Horticulture 180 Fruit 180 27% Multiple Nuts 183 2% Other Other 183 Vegetables 185 Natural environment 187 Multiple 188 Other crops 192 CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION FigureSmall 83. RD&EMedium projects Largeby project sizeVery large

7% Small (<$20,000) 23% Medium ($20,000-$100,000) 28% Large ($100,000-$250,000) 43% Very large (>$250,000)

Image courtesy of Carl Davies

177 Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Broadacre – Cotton Networking remote diagnostics for the Australian PBCRC CRDC, QDAF, cotton industry Queensland Australian cotton production and best practice QDAF CRDC University of web documentaries Technology Biosecurity training for growers and agronomists Cotton Australia CRDC Review of the content in and between the myBMP CRDC CRDC Crop protection development specialist QDAF CRDC modules Developing the capacity to manage cotton viral QDAF CRDC Review of the Industry Biosecurity Plan for the PHA CRDC, Plant diseases Cotton Industry Health Australia Diseases of cotton XI NSW DPI CRDC, NSW DPI Scientific exchange – invitation to four cotton QDAF CRDC Ecology of Helicoverpa punctigera revisited – University of New CRDC pathology experts to attend an international migration, overwintering and implications for Bt England FUSCOM Workshop resistance Silverleaf whitefly insecticide resistance monitoring QDAF CRDC, QDAF Efficacy of Bollgard III cotton against Helicoverpa CSIRO CRDC, CSIRO Staying ahead of weed evolution in changing University of CRDC, QDAF Enhancing IPM in cotton systems CSIRO CRDC, CSIRO cotton systems Queensland, QDAF, Queensland Establishing southern cotton – integrated pest NSW DPI CRDC, NSW DPI Alliance for management Agriculture and Food Innovation

CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Fusarium wilt management in cotton QDAF CRDC, QDAF Helicoverpa punctigera in inland Australia – what University of New CRDC, University Surveillance and monitoring for endemic and QDAF CRDC, QDAF has changed? England of New England exotic virus diseases of cotton Identification of beneficials attacking silverleaf CSIRO CRDC Surveillance for exotic cotton viruses – multiple QDAF CRDC, QDAF whitefly and green vegetable bug targets in and nearby Australia Investigating the risk of mycotoxin contamination NSW DPI CRDC Sustainable resistance management of mites, NSW DPI CRDC, NSW DPI in Australian cotton production systems aphids and mirids in Australian cotton Management of mirids and stink bugs in Bollgard QDAF, CRDC CRDC Updating and expanding Weedpak in support of NSW DPI CRDC, NSW DPI the cotton industry and myBMP Management of mirids, stinkbugs and Solenopsis QDAF CRDC, QDAF mealybug Viruses, vectors and endosymbionts – exploring University of CRDC interactions for control whitefly transmitted cotton Queensland, QDAF Management of Solenoposis mealybug, mirids QDAF CRDC viruses and apple dimpling bug in Bollgard cotton Visit key researchers and consultants in the US QDAF CRDC Molecular genetic methods to detect neonicotinoid NSW DPI CRDC – glyphosate resistance resistance in cotton aphid Broadacre – Grains Monitoring to manage resistance to Bt toxins CSIRO CRDC, CSIRO A synthetic biology approach for mining the Australian National ARC Multiple host use and gene flow in green vegetable University of CRDC secondary metabolomes of fungal University bug relative to cotton crop Queensland phytopathogens National cotton extension development and QDAF CRDC, QDAF Accelerating the utilisation and deployment of University of GRDC delivery – crop protection durable adult plant resistance to leaf rust in barley Sydney National cotton extension development and CRDC CRDC Australian cereal rust control program 3 – durable University of GRDC delivery – stewardship of biotechnologies genes Sydney

178 Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Australian cereal rust control program 3 – University of GRDC Diagnostic services for pulse germplasm DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, molecular genetics Sydney enhancement and breeding programs GRDC Australian cereal rust control program 3 – national University of GRDC Digital systems for pest identification and PBCRC PBCRC breeding support Sydney surveillance in grains Australian cereal rust control program 3 – rust University of GRDC Disease screening QDAF QDAF surveillance Sydney Disease screening service (fee for service) DEDJTR Vic Fee-for-service Adult plant resistance and strategic fungicide QDAF, University of GRDC provider to use for integrated management of cereal rust, Sydney Australian S. nodorum blotch and yellow spot in wheat Horticultural An integrated statistical genetics framework for CSIRO ARC Industries breeding superior wheat varieties Durable rust resistance in wheat (phase 2) University of Cornell University Australia-India Strategic Collaboration Fund grand University of Australia-India Sydney challenge – ensuring food security Queensland, QDAF Strategic Ecology of Sitophilus and Cryptolestes species Kansas State PBCRC Collaboration Fund University, NSW Australian grains genebank (post entry quarantine) DEDJTR Vic GRDC DPI, QDAF, University of Australian herbicide resistance initiative (phase 4) QDAF, University of GRDC Queensland, Western Australia DAFWA, Viterra Ltd Barley germplasm progression QDAF GRDC CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Evaluating chlorine dioxide (PhD scholarship) Kansas State PBCRC Breaching the defences – the role of hydrophobin University of ARC University protein monolayers in rice blast fungal infections Sydney Evaluation of chlorine dioxide and ozone to control Kansas State PBCRC Characterisation of a major quantitative trait locus University of ARC stored product insects University on wheat chromosome 3BL responsible for Western Australia Fusarium crown rot resistance Functional characterisation of the necrotrophic Australian National ARC effector proteins Tox1 and Tox3 from the wheat University Chemical residues of stored grain Murdoch University PBCRC pathogen Stagonospora nodorum Combining monitoring and incursion surveillance NSW DPI PBCRC Fungus and rust red flour beetles – identifying the University of PBCRC for grains fungal volatiles attractive to Tribolium castaneum Queensland Crop sequences to manage soil pathogens and CSIRO, QDAF GRDC (PhD scholarship) increase northern grain production Genetic options for nematode control QDAF GRDC Curtailing managing exotic fungal spore incursion University of PBCRC Genetic options for nematode control in the SARDI GRDC into Australia (PhD scholarship) Western Australia southern region Phosphine distribution modelling (PhD scholarship) Kansas State PBCRC Germplasm enchangement for yellow spot DEDJTR Vic, DEDJTR Vic, University resistance Western Australian GRDC Deployment of a synthetic amorphous silica PBCRC PBCRC Agricultural product for the control of grain storage pests Authority Developing tools for in-field surveillance of SARDI PBCRC Germplasm enhancement for crown rot resistance QDAF GRDC pathogens in wheat Development and assessment of a remote PBCRC, QDAF, PBCRC Germplasm enhancement for yellow spot DAFWA, QDAF GRDC identification system for stored grain insects QUT, SARDI resistance in wheat

179 Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Broadacre – Grains continued Modelling VaporPhos and ProFume distribution in Kansas State PBCRC bulk storages to improve efficacy against insects University Grain crop disease management in Victoria DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, GRDC Molecular diagnostics centre for delivery of training DAFWA, DEDJTR GRDC and diagnostics for soilborne disease Vic, NSW DPI, Grain economic analyses for biosecurity University of PBCRC management QDAF Western Australia Molecular markers for broadening the genetic University of ACIAR Grain industry delivery sites PBCRC PBCRC base of stem rust resistance genes effective Sydney Grain storage extension QDAF GRDC against strain Ug99 Grains surveillance and diagnostic tools SARDI PBCRC National Barley Foliar Pathogen Variety QDAF GRDC Improvement Program Grains surveillance strategy and chemical supply PHA PBCRC National Barley Foliar Pathogen Variety DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, Herbicide tolerance screening in the northern QDAF GRDC Improvement Program GRDC region (phase 4) National chickpea pathology project DEDJTR Vic, DEDJTR Vic, Improved management of snails and slugs SARDI GRDC GRDC, NSW DPI GRDC, NSW DPI Improving grower surveillance, management, QDAF, SARDI GRDC National crown rot epidemiology and management DAFWA, DEDJTR DAFWA, DEDJTR epidemiology knowledge and tools to manage Vic, NSW DPI, Vic, GRDC, NSW crop disease SARDI, QDAF DPI, SARDI, QDAF

CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Improving integrated weed management practices University of GRDC National improved molecular diagnostics for DEDJTR Vic, GRDC, DEDJTR in the northern region Queensland, disease management QDAF, SARDI, Vic, QDAF, SARDI, QDAF, NSW DPI DAFWA, NSW DPI DAFWA, NSW DPI Increasing skills in cereal rust pathology and University of Bill & Melinda National monitoring program for resistance to QDAF PBCRC genetics in the developing world Sydney Gates Foundation chemicals in stored grain pests Insecticidal surface coatings to control pests of DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, National nematode epidemiology and QDAF GRDC stored grains PBCRC management program Insecticidal surface coatings to control pests of QDAF PBCRC National nematology project DAFWA, DEDJTR DAFWA, DEDJTR stored grains Vic, NSW DPI Vic, GRDC, NSW Integrated strategy to manage phosphine QDAF PBCRC QDAF, SARDI DPI, QDAF, SARDI resistance National pathogen management modelling and DAFWA, DEDJTR DAFWA, DEDJTR Integration of control methods and information on GrainCorp, NSW PBCRC delivery of decision support Vic, NSW DPI Vic, GRDC, NSW ecology of insects of stored grain into a systems DPI, QDAF QDAF, SARDI DPI, QDAF, SARDI, approach for insect control on farm and in bulk University of storages Western Australia Investigation of new control options for phosphine University of PBCRC National surveillance of grains to manage food and SARDI GRDC resistant pests of stored grain Queensland feed safety market risks Integrated pest management training QDAF GRDC National variety trials service agreement QDAF GRDC Knowledge transfer and uptake of new practices Charles Darwin PBCRC National variety trials pathology screening SARDI GRDC for pest management in irrigated rice University New fungicide technologies for crown rot SARDI GRDC Maintaining a barley prebreeding capability in QDAF GRDC management Queensland New technologies to control insects in grain Murdoch University PBCRC

180 Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research New tools for field grains surveillance of high QDAF PBCRC The effect of insect–virus interactions on the wheat La Trobe University, La Trobe University priority exotic pests metabolome under increasing atmospheric carbon DEDJTR Vic dioxide Northern pulse and grains integrated pest QDAF GRDC management The identification of Mycosphaerella graminicola Australian National ARC effectors that promote pathogenicity on wheat University Novel coatings to control grain pests QDAF PBCRC Towards genome methylation based crop University of ARC Novel techniques for grains surveillance SARDI PBCRC improvement Queensland National variety trials – increasing grower DEDJTR Vic GRDC Use of ProFume gas fumigant in Australian grain QDAF Dow AgroSciences management of crop diseases through resistance storages knowledge Victorian field crop nematology project DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, Network analysis of post-border pest spread Lincoln University PBCRC GRDC (PhD scholarship) White grain disorder in wheat SARDI GRDC Non-chemical method for stored grain Murdoch University PBCRC (PhD scholarship) Yield loss response curves for host resistance to QDAF GRDC diseases Non chemical technologies to protect grain Kansas State PBCRC (PhD scholarship) University Broadacre – Sugarcane Post entry quarantine grains surveillance and DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, A novel polyphasic framework to resolve yellow University of SRA, QDAF

diagnostic tools PBCRC canopy syndrome paradox Western Sydney CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Reduced impact of nematodes on crop DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, Developing an alternative herbicide management SRA SRA, QDAF production in south eastern Australia GRDC strategy to replace photosystem II herbicides in the Wet Tropics area Reducing the impact of the parasitic root lesion Charles Sturt GRDC nematode on cereal crops University, Lincoln Developing cytogenetic and molecular tools to SRA SRA, QDAF University, SARDI improve selection for soil-borne pathogen Reliable Rhizoctonia control through innovative use SARDI GRDC, South resistance in wild hybrids of fungicides Australian Grain Development of controlled release formulations of SRA SRA, Nufarm Industry Trust imidacloprid for canegrub control Smart trap design and deployment strategies Kansas State PBCRC Diagnostic laboratory for ratoon stunting disease SRA SRA (PhD scholarship) University General pathology diagnostic, training and SRA SRA Soil micro testing for nematodes on grain farms QDAF QDAF technical advice – Tully Starting closer to home – disease control and the University of ARC General pathology diagnostic, training and SRA SRA nonhost resistance paradigm in plants Sydney technical advice – Woodford Strategies to reduce white grain on Eyre Peninsula SARDI South Australian General pest management – central Queensland SRA SRA Grain Industry Trust General pest management – north Queensland SRA SRA Strength and spatio-temporal dynamics of QDAF, NSW DPI, PBCRC General pest management – south Queensland SRA SRA resistance to phosphine and contact insecticides DAFWA, Kansas in key stored grain pests in Australia and USA State University, Innovative approaches to identifying the cause of SRA QDAF, SRA PHA, Graincorp chlorotic streak and new management strategies Suppressive soils – can we find a microbial DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, International and domestic quarantine for SRA SRA finger-print using ‘omics’ technology? GRDC sugarcane germplasm

181 Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Broadacre – Sugarcane continued Forestry Investigation of smut resistance mechanisms in CSIRO SRA Evolution and function of terpenes in Eucalyptus Australian National ARC sugarcane University Mass production of the Adelina disease to better SRA SRA Illegal logging sampling strategy CEBRA Department of manage greyback canegrubs Agriculture, University of New germplasm to develop more productive CSIRO, SRA CSIRO, QDAF, Melbourne varieties with enhanced resistance to nematodes, SRA Pachymetra root rot and smut Impact of stem defect agent defects on hardwood QDAF Plantation wood quality Hardwood Pachymetra awareness project for Condong mill NSW SRA Research Fund, area CANEGROWERS QDAF Preparing the Australian sugar industry for threats SRA QDAF, SRA, Ramu Plantation forest biosecurity manual PHA FWPA from exotic pests and diseases Agri-Industries Psyllids as biosecurity threats to plantation and La Trobe University ARC Rapid detection of ratoon stunting disease CSIRO QDAF, SRA native eucalypts in Australia and internationally Regenerating a soil food web capable of improving Biological Crop SRA Horticulture – Fruit soil health and reducing losses from soil borne Protection Pty Ltd pests and pathogens of sugarcane Agrichemical residue monitoring program for Citrus Australia HIA Australian citrus exports CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Remote sensing to implement an effective pest SRA QDAF, SRA management strategy for cane grubs Alternative fruit fly treatment for interstate market QDAF HIA access for strawberries – winter window options Review of the Industry Biosecurity Plan for the PHA SRA Apple and pear productivity project DEDJTR Vic, Plant DEDJTR Vic, HIA, Sugar Cane Industry and development of a grower & Food Research Plant & Food biosecurity manual Research Screening clones for disease resistance for the SRA SRA An analysis of fruitspotting bug activity in avocado University of HIA SRA breeding program – Tully crops from fruit set to harvest Queensland Screening clones for disease resistance for the SRA SRA Assessing the potential of reduced cold treatments QDAF HIA SRA breeding program – Woodford for Shepard avocado SmutBuster – accelerated breeding of smut SRA SRA Assessment of nutritional profile and fruit quality of NSW DPI HIA resistant sugarcane varieties irradiated passionfruit Soil diagnostic assay laboratory – nematodes and SRA SRA Avocado disease management QDAF, University of HIA Pachymetra root rot Queensland Solving the yellow canopy syndrome SRA QDAF, SRA (Queensland Alliance for Strategies to limit the impact of nematode Isis Productivity SRA Agriculture and pressure on sugarcane productivity in the Isis Limited Food Innovation) Validation of LSB-PCR diagnostic for ratoon NSW Sugar SRA Banana plant protection program QDAF, University of HIA stunting disease and characterisation of non-Lxx Queensland strains of Leifsonia associated with sugarcane Blends versus pure chemicals – understanding the Queensland PBCRC What biological factors causes or drive the SRA SRA mechanisms of host fruit location by Queensland University of development of yellow canopy syndrome fruit fly (PhD scholarship) Technology

182 Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Brown rot (phase 2) DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, HIA Detection and prevention of scab disease (PhD La Trobe University PBCRC Carnarvon banana biosecurity industry protection Western Australian HIA scholarship) plan Agriculture Engaging communities in biosecurity strategies University of PBCRC Authority (PhD scholarship) Western Australia Correlating fruit fly threat with cherry production NSW DPI HIA Entomopathogenic nematodes as biocontrol University of University of and climate agents against Queensland fruit fly (PhD scholarship) Western Sydney Western Sydney Creating a novel lure and kill device for Queensland PBCRC Farm wide fruit fly management systems for the QDAF HIA Queensland fruit fly University of east coast of Australia Technology Final proof of zero infestation in cherries for export NSW DPI HIA Decision intelligence – determining pest natal Bio-Protection PBCRC origins Research Centre Harnessing soil biological functions to improve DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, NZ grapevine management AGWA Definition of the major pest species in the Dorsalis Griffith University International High density mass Queensland fruit fly trapping NSW DPI, SARDI PBCRC complex of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) – an Atomic Energy Improved insect pest control through University of ARC advanced molecular approach Agency understanding mechanisms of insecticide action Melbourne Desk audit of the Fruit Fly Body of Knowledge – NSW DPI PBCRC Improvement and implementation of brown rot DEDJTR Vic HIA identifying the gaps and strengths of past fruit fly disease forecasting for improving decision making

research CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION on fungicide use Detection and prevention of scab disease in Asian La Trobe University La Trobe University, Improving efficacy of lure based tactics to enhance Macquarie Brazilian and European pears PBCRC area wide management of Queensland fruit fly University Government, Determination of cold tolerance in immature QDAF HIA Scientists without stages of Australian pest fruit fly species Borders Developing virus molecular diagnostics for post DEDJTR Vic HIA Improving efficacy of male annihilation technology Macquarie HIA entry quarantine and certification of strawberry to enhance area wide management of Queensland University runners fruit fly Development of a diagnostic protocol for DEDJTR Vic AGWA, Increasing market access, profitability and Research and HIA Flavescence doree phytoplasma Department of sustainability through integrated approaches to Development for Agriculture fungal disease control Primary Industries Development of molecular diagnostic tools to DEDJTR Vic HIA Pty Ltd detect endemic and exotic pathogens of Prunus Integrated crop management strategies for papaya QDAF ACIAR species for Australia in the Phillipines and Australia Effect of preharvest fungicides of postharvest QDAF HIA Integrated crop production of bananas QDAF ACIAR decay of papaya Joint Florida and Australia citrus black spot University of HIA Effects of domestication on fruit fly pheromones – Macquarie Mexican research initiative Queensland implications for sterile insect technique University Government - CONACYT Larval diets for high productivity mass rearing of Macquarie HIA Queensland fruit fly for SIT University Evaluate the potential for low dose methyl bromide QDAF HIA as a postharvest disinfestation treatment for citrus Literature review of papaya dieback in Australia QDAF HIA Exploring alternatives for managing Phytophthora University of HIA Low dose methyl bromide against fruit flies to QDAF HIA root rot in avocado Queensland improve market access for summerfruit

183 Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Horticulture – Fruit continued Raspberry ketone as a dietary supplement for Macquarie Macquarie Queensland fruit fly SIT University University Male only sterile Queensland fruit fly (SITplus) SARDI HIA Scoping herbicide impacts on banana production QDAF HIA Management of soil health in Australian viticulture DEDJTR Vic, DEDJTR Vic, and soil health CSIRO, SARDI AGWA Sex determination and Wolbachia in Queensland University of Australian Managing citrus gall wasps in southern citrus regions NSW DPI HIA fruit fly and other Australian fruit fly species Western Sydney Postgraduate Market access and biosecurity program HIA HIA (PhD scholarship) Awards Maximum residue limits risk analyses and risk AKC Consulting HIA Social and institutional aspects of grower Charles Darwin PBCRC management options for major citrus export Pty Ltd participation in area-wide fruit fly management University markets programs in Australian horticultural industries Maximum residue limits risk analyses for major AKC Consulting HIA (PhD scholarship) export markets of the pome fruit industry Pty Ltd SPLAT Cuelure based management of SARDI HIA Mechanically transmitted DNA virus control of Plant & Food PBCRC Queensland fruit fly Botrytis Research The cause and management of crown rot of QDAF HIA Methoprene as a prerelease treatment for use in Macquarie Macquarie banana Queensland fruit fly SIT University University Towards sustainable pheromone based integrated DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, HIA Microwave disinfestation of avocado scoping study CSIRO CSIRO pest management in orchards CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION National Citrus Postharvest Science Program SARDI HIA Horticulture – Nuts National Fruit Fly Research, Development and PBCRC PBCRC A model for industry planning and preparedness PHA HIA Extension Plan for an incursion of Varroa mite New and improved fruit fly lures for border security Macquarie HIA Biological husk spot research Biocontrol Australia HIA and management University Pty Ltd Oils and semiochemicals as potential fruit fly Macquarie Endeavour Biology, species and genetic diversity of University of New HIA toxicants University Fellowships macadamia lace bugs South Wales Optimal management of preharvest rot in sweet Tasmanian Institute HIA Desktop analysis and literature review of University of HIA cherry of Agriculture, chestnut rot Sydney University of Tasmania Disease management in the macadamia industry The University of HIA Queensland Overcoming passionfruit viruses QDAF HIA Fruit and foliar diseases in Australian pistachio Crop Protection HIA Pheromone component of a multi target approach NSW DPI, QDAF HIA orchards Research Pty Ltd to fruitspotting bug management Improved almond pest and microbial management DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, HIA Probiotics for enhancing fruit fly SIT NSW DPI, PBCRC (PhD scholarship) University of Improved almond pest management – carob moth DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, HIA Western Sydney Improvement of cashew crop in East Timor Charles Darwin Timor Leste - Protecting Australia’s citrus industry from PHA HIA University Ministry of biosecurity threats Agriculture and Fisheries Protecting Australian citrus germplasm through NSW DPI HIA improved diagnostic tools Managing carob moth in almonds DEDJTR Vic HIA Rapid molecular DNA identification method for the CSIRO Biosecurity AGWA Review of Phytophthora root rot of chestnuts University of the HIA European invasive grapevine moth Lobesia botrana Flagship Sunshine Coast 184 Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Horticulture – Other Developing virus molecular diagnostics for post DEDJTR Vic HIA entry quarantine and certification of strawberry A generic approach to improving spray coverage University of AGWA runners Queensland Development of an industry biosecurity plan for the PHA Australian Truffle Alternative fruit fly treatment for interstate market QDAF HIA Australian truffle industry Growers access for strawberries – winter window option Association, RIRDC Australian potato research program (phase 2) – AgriFood Canada, AgriFood Canada, Development of capacity in molecular detection of Tasmanian Institute Tasmanian Institute pathology DEDJTR Vic, DEDJTR Vic, HIA fungicide resistance using fungal pathogens of of Agriculture, of Agriculture Flinders University, pyrethrum as a model system University of Tasmanian Institute Tasmania of Agricultural Research, University Development of effective and sustainable disease NSW DPI HIA management for blueberry production in Australia of Melbourne, Victorian Seed Development of melon industry biosecurity plan PHA HIA Potato Association Development of soil disinfestation systems for Victorian Strawberry HIA Australian potato research program (phase 2) – DEDJTR Vic, DEDJTR Vic, HIA production of certified strawberry runners Industry international diagnostics SARDI, Tasmanian Certification Institute of Authority Agricultural Discovery of genetic resistance markers to myrtle Australian National Australian Native

Research rust in Myrtaceae University Food Industry, CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Assessment of fungal rots of grapes and their National Wine and AGWA Australian Tea impact on wine quality Grape Industry Tree Industry Centre Association, RIRDC Assessment of Pythium diversity in ginger University of RIRDC Entomopathogenic fungi as potential biocontrol Charles Sturt AGWA agents of grape phylloxera University Queensland Evaluating native insectary plant species to boost University of AGWA Biology and control of the systemic form of poppy Tasmanian Institute DPIPWE beneficial arthropod populations in vineyards Adelaide downy mildew of Agriculture, University of Genetic transformation of grapevine to test CSIRO AGWA Tasmania significant abiotic stress and pest resistance genes Biology, epidemiology and management of Elsinoe NSW DPI Australian Tea Identification and management strategies for true Tasmanian Institute HIA leaf spot in tea tree Tree Industry bugs in Tasmanian strawberries of Agriculture, Association, RIRDC University of Tasmania Controlling plant and fruit diseases in strawberry QDAF HIA fields Identification and marker assisted selection of CSIRO AGWA genes for reducing the susceptibility of new wine Descriptions of, and identifications keys to, QDAF Australian grape cultivars to fungal pathogens fungus-feeding Australian species in five genera of Biological Tubulifera (Insecta: Thysanoptera) Resources Study Improving soil health to suppress soilborne Australian Ginger RIRDC diseases in ginger Growers Developing a threat specific contingency plan for SARDI AGWA Association, QDAF, the exotic pest angular leaf scorch Rob Abbas Consulting Developing and updating diagnostic protocols for DEDJTR Vic AGWA key viticulture industry high priority exotic pest Improving soil health to suppress soilborne QDAF RIRDC threats diseases of ginger

185 Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Horticulture – Other continued Review of the Industry Biosecurity Plan for the PHA AGWA Viticulture Industry and development of a farm Improving the sustainability of cocoa production in La Trobe University ACIAR, La Trobe biosecurity manual for the viticulture industry eastern Indonesia through integrated pest, disease University and soil management in an effective extension and Risk and management of exotic and endemic DEDJTR Vic AGWA policy environment phylloxera Integrated approach for control of foliar diseases QDAF HIA Risks and management of exotic and endemic DEDJTR Vic AGWA in strawberry runner nurseries and management phylloxera of chemical resistance Sampling strategies for phylloxera area freedom PGIBSA, SARDI PBCRC Integrated pest disease management in tea tree Tony Larkman Australian Tea oil – monitoring and extension Tree Industry Sampling strategies for sensitive, accurate and PCIBSA AGWA Association, RIRDC cost effective detections of phylloxera for quantifying area freedom status Interactions of Pseudomonas syringae and Charles Sturt AGWA Botrytis cinerea with the grapevine defence system University Tan spot disease an emerging threat to pyrethrum Tasmanian Institute Tasmanian Institute production of Agriculture, of Agriculture Investigating control options for myrtle rust in NorthEast RIRDC, Australian University of native foods Agricultural Services Native Food Industry Tasmania Investigating management of green stink bugs in NSW DPI HIA The effect of organic, biodynamic and University of AGWA raspberry crops conventional vineyard management inputs on Adelaide Management of girdling moth in blueberries NSW DPI HIA growth and susceptibility of grapevines to Botrytis CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION rot and powdery mildew Management of new industry minor use permits Agaware RIRDC – a transition to industry ownership The effects of different species of true bugs on IPM Technologies HIA strawberries Pty Ltd Managing dieback and extending postharvest Applied HIA storage life of pomegranates in Australia Horticultural The use of bees to deliver biological control in University of AGWA Research Pty Ltd Botrytis bunch rot Adelaide Measurement of powdery mildew on grape berries University of AGWA Thresholds for plague thrips in the Victorian IPM Technologies HIA Adelaide strawberry industry Pty Ltd Molecular and genetic strategies to reduce the CSIRO AGWA Towards elite mildew resistant selections suitable CSIRO AGWA susceptibility of wine grapes to fungal pathogens for industry use Myrtle rust screening in lemon myrtle provenance Sunshine Coast RIRDC Tropical sandalwood silviculture management to Forest Products Elders, RIRDC plantings (phase 2) University minimise fungal attack Commission New tools for insect surveillance and eradication Plant & Food PBCRC Understanding fungicide resistance in powdery SARDI AGWA Research and downy mildew Objective measures for powdery mildew University of AGWA Understanding the evolution of fungicide Tasmanian Institute Australian Adelaide resistance for durable control of fungal pathogens of Agriculture, Research Council On farm DNA surveillance for grape growers Phylloxera and PBCRC in pyrethrum University of Grape Industry Tasmania Board of South Understanding the infection and population Tasmanian Institute HIA Australia biology of poppy downy mildew for improved of Agriculture, Practical management of grapevine trunk diseases SARDI AGWA crop resistance University of Tasmania Provision of independent technical and secretarial PHA AGWA services to the National Working Party for Wind spread of plant viral pathogens into northern DAFWA, University PBCRC Pesticide Application Australia of Western Australia

186 Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Horticulture – Vegetables Identification of potential alternatives to metham RM Consulting HIA sodium Group Area wide management in Bowen of major QDAF Bowen Gumlu diseases to ensure continuity of tomatoes and Growers Importance of tuber borne inoculum on seed Tasmanian Institute HIA capsicums for Australian consumers Association potato health of Agriculture, University of A review of knowledge gaps and compilation of HIA HIA Tasmania R&D outputs from the Australian potato research programs Improving productivity of fruiting solanaceous QDAF HIA crops through area wide management of insect A scoping study of potato virus Y in potato Western Australian HIA vectored viruses in Bowen Agriculture Authority Innovating new virus diagnostics and planting bed Australian HIA Assessing and managing iris yellow spot virus in NSW DPI HIA management in the Australian sweet potato Sweetpotato onion production regions of Australia industry Growers Broad spectrum resistance to tuber invading Tasmanian Institute University of Association, QDAF diseases of potato of Agriculture, Tasmania Integrated crop management to enhance NSW DPI, QDAF ACIAR University of vegetable profitability and food security Tasmania Integration of crop and soil insect management in Australian HIA Classification of the onion rust complex and University of HIA sweet potatoes Sweetpotato development of rapid diagnostic assays Queensland Growers CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Detection and management of bacterial diseases QDAF HIA Association, QDAF in Australian allium crops IPM implementation for silverleaf whitefly in melons QDAF Rapisarda Determination of factors responsible for aphid- University of ARC and pumpkin – Rapisarda borne pea seed-borne mosaic virus epidemics in Western Australia Low dose methyl bromide treatment of capsicum QDAF HIA peas and development of effective virus to control fruit fly management tools Low dose methyl bromide treatment of tomato to QDAF HIA Developing sustainable management strategies for NSW DPI HIA control fruit fly western flower thrips in tomatoes Management and detection of bacterial leaf spot in QDAF HIA Development of a pilot mushroom farm disease Australian HIA capsicum and chilli crops monitoring scheme Mushroom Growers Management of virus diseases in vegetables QDAF HIA Association Ltd Managing soilborne diseases of onions SARDI HIA Development of a tomato industry biosecurity plan PHA HIA Managing the nematode threat Tasmanian Institute HIA of Agriculture, Disinfestation of tomatoes against Mediterranean Western Australian HIA University of fruit fly for interstate market access Agriculture Authority Tasmania Double knock low dose fenthion treatment of NSW DPI HIA Monitoring of Australian potato crops for psyllids Tasmanian Institute HIA zucchinis as a quarantine treatment against of Agriculture, cucumber fly University of Engagement in resilience in indigenous Plant & Food PBCRC Tasmania communities Research Monitoring psyllids and psyllid predators in Tasmanian Institute HIA Evaluation of molecular technologies for the Victorian Certified HIA Australian potato crops of Agriculture, routine detection of potato cyst nematode in field Seed Potato University of soil in Australia Authority Inc Tasmania 187 Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Native psyllid populations and the distribution of Tasmanian Institute HIA Natural environment Candidatus phytoplasma australiense of Agriculture, Acacia gall rust (PhD scholarship top up) University of PBCRC University of Tasmania Queensland Assessing the distribution and population University of Blacktown City New end-point treatment solutions to control fruit NSW DPI HIA fly (1) dynamics of the lace lerp infestation in the Western Sydney Council Research endangered Cumberland Plain woodland in Partnership New end-point treatment solutions to control fruit QDAF HIA western Sydney Program, University fly (2) of Western Sydney New in field treatment solutions to control fruit fly (1) QDAF HIA Assessment of biocontrol agents for parkinsonia CSIRO Meat and Livestock Improved detection and identification of La Trobe University PBCRC Australia Xanthomonads affecting vegetable crops Beating the weeds menace CSIRO NZ AgResearch (PhD scholarship) Belowground predator–prey interactions University of University of Perceptions towards biosecurity threats across Charles Darwin PBCRC (PhD scholarship) Western Sydney Western Sydney Vietnamese farming communities in Australia University (PhD scholarship) Biodiversity fund weed threats biodiversity CSIRO Department of corridors Environment Plant health plan implementation for the vegetable RM Consulting HIA industry Group Biological control of broom DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, Goulburn Murray CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Postharvest microwave disinfestation of CSIRO HIA Rural Water vegetables Corporation Potato spindle tuber viroid and related posiviroids University of HIA, PBCRC Biological control of fireweed CSIRO University of New in Australia Western Australia England Reducing virus and weevil losses in sweet potato QDAF ACIAR Biological control of Sagittaria DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, in Papua New Guinea and Australia Murrumbidgee Soil borne disease management diagnostics Tasmanian Institute HIA Irrigation of Agriculture, University of Biological control of weeds CSIRO United States Tasmania Department of Agriculture Spongospora infection of potato roots – ecology Tasmanian Institute HIA epidemiology and control of Agriculture, Bitou bush eradication in Western Australia CSIRO CSIRO University of Distribution and impact of broom rust for the DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic Tasmania biological control of broom in Victoria Strengthening biosecurity for the Australian AUSVEG HIA Ecological impact of myrtle rust Macquarie PBCRC vegetable industry University Technical support, extension and minor use Australian Ginger RIRDC, AGIA Ecological impact of myrtle rust (Puccinia psidii) NSW DPI, PBCRC development for the ginger industry Industry Association in native and managed ecosystems (PhD Macquarie Tomato potato psyllid and Liberibacter ecology Plant & Food PBCRC scholarship) University Research Effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide on University of Australian Understanding effects of damage and repair of University of ARC insect herbivory and its regulation in a Eucalyptus Western Sydney Postgraduate fungal DNA on animal and plant diseases Melbourne tereticornis woodland (PhD scholarship) Awards Weed management for the vegetable industry – University of New HIA Environmental weeds in low resource Macquarie Macquarie scoping study England environments University University

188 Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Eradication of Phytophthora cinnamomi from Murdoch University ARC The effect of aerial spraying of two pesticides on University of ARC infested haul roads and rehabilitated bauxite mine semi-arid grasslands Wollongong sites in the Eucalyptus marginata forest The roles viruses play in the decline of terrestrial Murdoch University ARC Factors regulating population dynamics of University of Australian orchids in Australia’s hotspot of global biodiversity eucalypt psyllids in Australia (PhD scholarship) Western Sydney Postgraduate Understanding the dieback phenomenon in weeds CSIRO CSIRO Awards Understanding the underlying causes and Murdoch University ARC Genotypic and chemotypic diversity of Eucalyptus University of Bjarne K Dahl Trust moluccana and its role in psyllid caused dieback Western Sydney practical management solutions to marri (Corymbia calophylla) decline in the south west Improved management of submerged aquatic DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, of Western Australia weeds and alligator weed Murrumbidgee Water Using export of alligator weed fragments from DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic stream reaches as a key performance indicator Invasive plant success and multi-trophic level Charles Sturt ARC chemical ecology using Paterson’s curse as a University Multiple model A multi target approach to fruitspotting bug NSW DPI HIA Invasive plants in the Interim Biogeographic CSIRO DAFWA management Regionalisation for Australia Chichester region Area wide integrated pest management using the NSW DPI HIA Invasive species in wet tropics CSIRO National sterile insect technique to control the Queensland Environmental fruit fly CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Research Program Characterisation and management of Fusarium DPIF (NT) HIA Investigating the susceptibility of native vegetation University of ARC wilt of watermelon edges to alien plant invasion – a quantitative study Melbourne Comanagement of the Greater Sunraysia Pest DEDJTR Vic HIA to help prevent and control invasive species Free Area for market access Lake Benalla cabomba control DEDJTR Vic Goulburn Broken Developing the business case for the SITplus facility PIRSA HIA Catchment Management Development of mass trapping methods for DEDJTR Vic HIA Authority codling moth females in disrupted orchards Management of blackberry CSIRO Warren Catchment Establishment of areas of low pest prevalence of Western Australian HIA Council Mediterranean fruit fly for market access Agriculture Authority Managing myrtle rust and its impact in Australia QDAF PBCRC Establishment of systems to validate pest free DEDJTR Vic HIA Murrumbidgee Irrigation Endothal DEDJTR Vic Murrumbidgee place of production for Queensland fruit fly in the Irrigration Yarra Valley Office of Environment and Heritage crofton weed CSIRO Office of Fruit fly quarantine technical discussions – China, HIA HIA rust – first release Environment and October-November 2013 Heritage National Fruit Fly Strategy Implementation Advisory PHA HIA Psyllid microflora – implications for Liberibacter La Trobe University PBCRC Group disease surveillance and pest control (PhD scholarship) National honey bee pest surveillance program PHA HIA Release of the parkinsonia looper into Western CSIRO DAFWA, Cattle Protecting pollination for the Australian horticultural HIA HIA Australia Industry industry (stage 3) Riparian weeds and restoration Macquarie Macquarie SPLAT Cuelure based management of SARDI HIA University University Queensland fruit fly

189 Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Multiple continued Citizen science to surveillance CSIRO PBCRC Sunraysia Pest Free Area – Queensland fruit fly DEDJTR Vic HIA Collaborative planning and shared decision CSIRO, Plant & PBCRC response and market access program making amongst stakeholders Food Research, QDAF Sustainable management of Mediterranean fruit fly Western Australian HIA without cover sprays Agriculture Conventional insecticide resistance in Helicoverpa NSW DPI CRDC, NSW DPI Authority Cool plasma disinfestation of seed borne pathogens CSIRO CSIRO Adaptive management for weed control DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, Crop hygiene – biosecurity services DEDJTR Vic Fee-for-service Department of provider to Suntainability and Australian Environment (Vic) Horticultural Adding value to ‘ant manure’ – from chemical Charles Darwin Aarhus University Industries interactions to ecosystem effects University Data mining to improve biosecurity risk profiling CEBRA, MPI NZ Department of Advancing collaborative knowledge systems for CSIRO PBCRC Agriculture, plant biosecurity surveillance University of Melbourne An evolutionary approach to understanding University of ARC chemical cues used in mate choice Western Australia Deciphering the role of microRNAs during University of ARC pathogen attack – new concepts for disease Queensland An infrared camera for hyperspectral imaging and Griffith University Griffith University resistance in plants CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION environmental informatics Decision making for eradication and quarantine Queensland PBCRC Analytical assessment of leakage surveys CEBRA Department of University of Agriculture, Technology University of Melbourne Design and evaluation of biosecurity surveillance University of PBCRC systems Western Australia Automated insect monitoring for pest management CSIRO CRDC Design and evaluation of targeted biosecurity University of PBCRC Autonomous application for biosecurity surveillance CSIRO CSIRO surveillance systems Western Australia Autonomous fruit fly trap development CSIRO CSIRO Designing polymer additives to control breakup of Monash University ARC Bacterial spot of tomatoes (PhD scholarship) DEDJTR Vic, PBCRC jets and impacting drops La Trobe University Development of a code of practice and national PHA RIRDC Big data analytics for biosecurity CSIRO DPIPWE, bee biosecurity program Houston’s Farm Development of an Australian bee health and PHA RIRDC Biological adaptation under natural and Australian National ARC management website anthropogenic conditions University Development of diagnostic tools for exotic and La Trobe University, HIA Biopesticide use and insect resistance in University of ARC endemic pathogens of Prunus DEDJTR Vic Australian agriculture Adelaide Development of eco-friendly alternatives for crop University of ARC Biosecurity risk analysis CSIRO CSIRO pest management Queensland Buffel grass CSIRO PBCRC Development of novel pest management tools for University of New ARC major insect pests England Can genetic diversity predict the potential for University of CRDC emergent glyphosate resistance? Queensland Disease and pest testing technology SARDI PIRSA Characterising Ilarviruses of Prunus species DEDJTR Vic, La Trobe University Economic analysis of gene deployment strategies QDAF, University of PBCRC (PhD scholarship) La Trobe University for exotic pests Western Australia

190 Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Enabling improved plant biosecurity practices in PBCRC ACIAR Identifying the biochemical and molecular bases of University of ARC Cambodia, Laos and Thailand 2,4-D herbicide resistance in the economically Western Australia important weed Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish) Establishing the current prevalence of honeybee CSIRO RIRDC pathogens in Australia Improved integrated weed management systems Monsanto, NSW CRDC, GRDC in transgenic farming landscapes DPI, Nufarm, Evaluation of arrival pathways and species CEBRA Department of QDAF, University distribution models Agriculture, of Queensland University of Melbourne Improved postharvest market access treatment for NSW DPI, Plant & PBCRC horticultural commodities Food Research, Evolution of aerial robotics CSIRO CSIRO QDAF Evolution of multiple herbicide resistance is University of ARC Improving soil health in support of sustainable QDAF ACIAR widespread in Lolium rigidum in Australia Western Australia development in the Pacific Evolution of resistance in Brassica species to University of ARC Increasing value of African mango and cashew Charles Darwin Aarhus University Leptosphaeria maculans Queensland production University Evolution of resistance to organophosphate Australian National ARC Insecticide resistance and alternative chemistries University of CSIRO, GRDC insectides University for mite control Western Australia Feasibility study on novel lures for pest fruit flies QDAF ACIAR Insecticide resistant green peach aphid CSIRO HAL/GRDC that are non-responsive to known male attractants Intelligence gathering and analysis CEBRA Department of CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION From individuals to mass organisation – University of ARC Agriculture, aggregation, synchronisation and collective Sydney University of movement in locusts Melbourne Gamba grass CSIRO National Intelligent image retrieval from distorted and partial Griffith University ARC Environmental queries for rapid mobile identification of pests Research Program threatening food and the environment Genome wide determination of Puccinia psidii University of ARC Investigating the use of NASA Terrestrial DEDJTR Vic PBCRC s.l. rust resistance in eucalypts Melbourne Observation and Prediction System for Global network risk pathways for emerging University of ARC management of emergency plant pest incursions invasive species Adelaide IPPC technical panel for diagnostic protocols – DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic Grand challenge designing aphid resistant crops CSIRO University of expertise in plant virology and bacteriology Melbourne Isolation and functional characterisation of a Australian National ARC Handling uncertainty in the risk–return resource CEBRA Department of pathogen meta effector able to inhibit detection of University allocation model Agriculture, multiple disease effectors by resistant plants University of Managing myrtle rust and its impacts in Australia QDAF, NSW DPI PBCRC Melbourne Market based incentives for biosecurity CEBRA Department of Hard to control weeds in northern farming systems NSW DPI CRDC, NSW DPI compliance Agriculture, University of Helicoverpa armigera threats to the USA CSIRO Cotton Incorporated Melbourne How to measure biosecurity impact DAFWA PBCRC Mobile ecologies, complex landscapes – cultural University of ARC Identification of the molecular targets on La Trobe University ARC environmental research to understand and Wollongong filamentous fungi that lead to specific recognition enhance invasive plant management in high and killing by an antifungal plant defensin amenity rural areas

191 Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Multiple continued Reproduction and Wolbachia in thrips species University of Australian (PhD scholarship) Western Sydney Postgraduate Model imaging collaboration with Australian PBCRC PBCRC Awards National University Plant biosecurity diagnostic and surveillance Murdoch University PBCRC Modelling the spread of skeleton weed in Western University of DAFWA, Skeleton web-based bioinformatics toolkit Australia Western Australia Weed Committee Plant laboratory diagnostics services DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, Nanoassembling agrochemicals – a new paradigm Monash University ARC Fee-for-service in delivery for enviro-friendly crop treatment Plant product pathways and the continuous CEBRA Department of National bee pest surveillance program (2013-15) PHA RIRDC sampling plan Agriculture, and facilitator University of Natural disperal scoping study DEDJTR Vic, Plant DEDJTR Vic, Melbourne & Food Research PBCRC, Plant & Population fluctuations – models, mechanisms University of ARC Food Research and management Queensland New and improved fruit fly lures for border security Eastern Mennonite HIA Predicting the liklihood of eradication Plant & Food PBCRC and management University – Virginia, Research Macquarie University, NSW Providing data packages for new fruit fly control QDAF HIA DPI, QDAF technology

CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION New approaches for diagnosing bacterial DEDJTR Vic, DEDJTR Vic, Provision of plant biosecurity capacity PBCRC ACIAR pathovars Kansas State PBCRC development services for the sub-Saharan Africa University, La Trobe Psyllid microflora (PhD scholarship) DEDJTR Vic, PBCRC University La Trobe University New approaches for pest control and maintaining University of ARC Rates of pathogen accumulation on host plants Lincoln University, Tertiary Education healthy environments under climate change Melbourne University of Commission, Norfolk Island plant pest surveys QDAF Department of Canberra New Zealand Agriculture Real-time plant discrimination and weed detection Edith Cowan ARC Novel biological methods of crop protection DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic platform University against soilborne pathogens Revision of Gynaikothrips on Ficus trees in QDAF Australian Pathway analysis and priorties CSIRO PBCRC Australia, utilising morphological and molecular Biological data Resources Study Pathways and risk assessment framework for high CSIRO PBCRC impact species RNAi sterile insect CSIRO HIA Pest and Disease Image Library PBCRC PBCRC, Shopping for tenants – does co-evolutionary University of Hermon Slade Department of addiction and symbiont meltdown leave jumping Western Sydney Foundation Agriculture plant lice in need of new microbial partners? Analysis of plant pest establishment failure (PhD Lincoln University PBCRC Sterol interference as a new approach to the University of ARC scholarship) control of insect pests of crops Western Australia Do informal networks represent a biosecurity risk? Murdoch University PBCRC Strategies for area wide fruit fly management in QDAF ACIAR (PhD scholarship) Indonesia and Australia New Zealand psyllids (PhD scholarship) Lincoln University PBCRC Tool for assessing pest and pathogen aerial spread CSIRO CSIRO

192 Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Taxonomy collection and biosystematics DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic Upgrading knowledge on pathogens (particularly CSIRO RIRDC viruses) of Australian honey bees Testing compliance based inspection protocols CEBRA Department of Agriculture, Using spatial analysis and robust surveillance DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic University of strategies to optimise weed management Melbourne Viruses, vectors and endosymbionts – whitefly CSIRO CRDC The culture of weeds – invasion biology, identity Australian National ARC transmitted cotton viruses and aesthetics in Australia University Viruses, vectors and endosymbionts – exploring University of CRDC The ecology and evolution of invasiveness – University of Hawkesbury interactions for control Queensland dispersal, establishment and persistence of fireweed Western Sydney Institute Allocation Weed risk assessment DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic from the core introduction to the invasion fronts What makes some genotypes invasive? CSIRO CSIRO The evolutionary origin, cellular response and University of ARC genetic impact of insecticide resistance mutations Adelaide With the benefit of hindsight – a bioeconomic University of PBCRC in agricultural pests analysis of past pest incursions Western Australia The role of auxin in root organ specification – from Australian National ARC Other symbiont to parasite University Asian honey bee auto reporting trap – proof of QDAF PBCRC The use of citizen science as a surveillance tool CSIRO PBCRC concept – better management, incursion response and Cocoa rehabilitation in the South Pacific CSIRO Secretariat of the area freedom Pacific Community CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Tools and approaches for invasive species CEBRA Department of Comparative Genomics of Puccinia psidii s.l. Tasmanian Institute PHA distribution modelling for surveillance Agriculture, of Agriculture, University of University of Melbourne Tasmania Torres Strait risk and resource allocation project CEBRA Department of Deciphering the regulation and function of the University of ARC Agriculture, epigenome in eukaryotic development and stress Western Australia University of response Melbourne DECO pilot – Defence Trade Controls Act 2012 PBCRC Defence Export Tradescantia biocontrol CSIRO Department of Control Office, Environment PBCRC Transcriptome analysis of Phytophthora–plant Australian National ARC Defence gene expression in Arabidopsis linked University of ARC interactions – characterisation of plant inhibitor University to metabolic perturbation and oxidative signalling Western Australia proteins targeting Phytophthora extracellular via dsr1 effectors Detection of Rosellinia sp. on Maquarie Island Tasmanian Institute DPIPWE Transfer of Herbarium Ustilaginales Vánky from QDAF PBCRC of Agriculture, Germany University of Tasmania Understanding and management of resistance to QDAF, University of GRDC group M, L and I herbicides Adelaide Get tough, get toxic or get a bodyguard – how University of ARC root herbivores shape grass defences Western Sydney Understanding the biochemical and molecular University of ARC mechanisms of glyphosate and glufosinate Western Australia Molecular basis of rust infection and host plant Australian National ARC resistance in Eleusine indica resistance University

193 Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects

Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body research Novel community engagement in plant biosecurity NSW DPI PBCRC Curtailing exotic fungal spore incursions into University of PBCRC Australia (PhD scholarship) Western Australia Plant immune receptors – what are the first steps CSIRO ARC that trigger defence signalling? Reducing the impact of red headed cockchafer DEDJTR Vic Gardiner Foundation, GippsDairy, DEDJTR Vic Systematic gene silencing in Arabdiposis and University of ARC relevance to plant biology Queensland Tracing the evolutionary history of plant Monash University ARC developmental mechanisms Understanding the molecular function of plant University of ARC disease resistance proteins, pathogen effectors Queensland and their interaction to protect Australian agriculture CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION

194 CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION

195 196 Appendices

Image courtesy of PBCRC Organisation contact details

Organisation For more information Organisation For more information ABARES www.agriculture.gov.au/abares Australian Olive Association www.australianolives.com.au 1800 900 090 or +61 3 8318 6700 +61 8 8573 6545 Almond Board of Australia www.australianalmonds.com.au Australian Pesticides and Veterinary www.apvma.gov.au +61 8 8582 2055 Medicines Authority +61 2 6210 4701 Apple and Pear Australia www.apal.org.au Australian Processing Tomato Research www.aptrc.asn.au +61 3 9329 3511 Council +61 3 5825 4633 Atlas of Living Australia www.ala.org.au Australian Research Council www.arc.gov.au +61 2 6246 4431 +61 2 6287 6600 Australasian Plant Pathology Society www.appsnet.org Australian Society for Microbiology www.theasm.org.au +61 7 4632 0467 +61 1300 656 423 Australian Agency for International www.aid.dfat.gov.au Australian Table Grape Association www.australiangrapes.com.au Development – Department of Foreign +61 2 6178 4000 +61 3 5021 5718 Affairs and Trade

ORGANISATION CONTACT DETAILS CONTACT APPENDIX 1: ORGANISATION Australian Banana Growers’ Council www.abgc.org.au Australian Walnut Industry Association www.walnut.net.au +61 7 3278 4786 +61 418 664 672 Australian Centre for International www.aciar.gov.au AUSVEG www.ausveg.com.au Agricultural Research +61 2 6217 0500 +61 3 9882 0277 Australian Entomological Society www.austentsoc.org.au Avocados Australia www.industry.avocado.org.au +61 3 9895 4462 +61 7 3846 6566 Australian Forest Products Association www.ausfpa.com.au Canegrowers Australia www.canegrowers.com.au +61 2 6285 3833 +61 7 3864 6444 Australian Grape and Wine Authority www.research.agwa.net.au Canned Fruits Industry Council of Australia +61 3 5825 3700 +61 8 8228 2000 Australian Honey Bee Industry Council www.honeybee.org.au Central Queensland University www.cqu.edu.au +61 7 5467 2265 +61 7 4930 9777 Australian Lychee Growers Association www.australianlychee.com.au Charles Darwin University www.cdu.edu.au +61 417 639 927 +61 8 8946 7766 Australian Macadamia Society www.australian-macadamias.org Charles Sturt University www.csu.edu.au +61 2 6622 4933 +61 1800 334 733 Australian Mango Industry Association www.industry.mangoes.net.au Cherry Growers of Australia www.cherrygrowers.org.au +61 7 3278 3755 +61 3 6231 1229 Australian National University Research www.researchservices.anu.edu.au Chestnuts Australia www.chestnutsaustralia.com.au Services + 61 2 6125 9569 +61 3 5751 1466

198 Dried FruitsAustralia Water, Population andCommunities Department ofSustainability, Environment, Water andEnvironment, Tasmania Department ofPrimaryIndustries,Parks, South Wales Department ofPrimaryIndustries,New Regions, SouthAustralia Department ofPrimaryIndustriesand TerritoryFisheries, Northern Department ofPrimaryIndustriesand Department ofForeign Affairs andTrade Jobs, Transport andResources, Victoria Department ofEconomicDevelopment, Western Australia Department ofAgriculture andFood, Department ofAgriculture Deakin University Council ofAustralasianWeed Societies Corporation Cotton Research andDevelopment Cotton Australia CSIRO Citrus Australia Organisation +61 350235174 www.driedfruitsaustralia.org.au +61 262741111 www.environment.gov.au +61 1300368550 www.dpipwe.tas.gov.au +61 1800808095 www.dpi.nsw.gov.au +61 882260995 www.pir.sa.gov.au +61 889992044 www.nt.gov.au +61 262611111 www.dfat.gov.au +61 392083333 http://economicdevelopment.vic.gov.au +61 893683333 www.agric.wa.gov.au 1800 900090or+61383186700 www.agriculture.gov.au +61 352271100 www.deakin.edu.au +64 746398856 www.caws.org.au +61 267924088 www.crdc.com.au +61 296695222 www.cottonaustralia.com.au +61 1300363400 www.csiro.au +61 350236333 www.citrusaustralia.com.au For more information Monash University Macquarie University La Trobe University James CookUniversity PlantProtectionInternational Convention Horticulture InnovationAustralia Hazelnut Growers ofAustralia Growcom Griffith University Development Corporation Research and Grape andWine GRDC Grains Producers Australia Flinders University Farm Biosecurity Exotic PlantPestHotline Edith CowanUniversity Organisation +61 263723224 +61 399026000 www.monash.edu.au +61 298507111 www.mq.edu.au +61 394791111 www.latrobe.edu.au +61 747814111 www.jcu.edu.au www.ippc.int +61 282952300 www.horticulture.com.au

+61 7 3620 3844 +61 736203844 www.growcom.com.au +61 737357111 www.griffith.edu.au +61 882730500 www.gwrdc.com.au +61 261664500 www.grdc.com.au +61 262733000 www.grainproducers.com.au +61 882013911 www.flinders.edu.au +61 262157700 www.farmbiosecurity.com.au +61 1800084881 +61 134328 www.ecu.edu.au For more information www.hazelnuts.org.au

199 APPENDIX 1: ORGANISATION CONTACT DETAILS Organisation contact details

Organisation For more information Organisation For more information Murdoch University www.murdoch.edu.au South Australian Research and www.sardi.sa.gov.au +61 1300 687 362 Development Institute +61 8 8303 9400 New South Wales State Forests www.forestrycorporation.com.au Strawberries Australia www.strawberriesaustralia.com.au +61 1300 655 687 Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, www.agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity/ Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine www.domesticquarantine.org.au Department of Agriculture quarantine/naqs and Market Access 1800 900 090 or +61 3 8318 6700 Subcommittee on National Plant Health http://www.daff.gov.au/plant/health/ Surveillance committees/snphs Nursery and Garden Industry Australia www.ngia.com.au +61 2 6272 3933 +61 2 8861 5100 Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostic www.agriculture.gov.au/ plant/health/ Onions Australia www.onionsaustralia.org.au Standards committees/snphs +61 8 8725 8862 +61 2 6272 3933 Passionfruit Australia www.passionfruitaustralia.org.au Sugar Research Australia www.sugarresearch.com.au +61 7 5485 4402

ORGANISATION CONTACT DETAILS CONTACT APPENDIX 1: ORGANISATION +61 7 3331 3333 Pistachio Growers Association www.pgai.com.au Summerfruit Australia www.summerfruit.com.au +61 3 5024 2264 +61 2 6041 6641 Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research www.crcplantbiosecurity.com.au Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture www.tia.tas.edu.au Centre +61 2 6201 2882 +61 3 6226 6368 Plant Breeding Institute, University of www.sydney.edu.au/agriculture/ Territory and Municipal Services, Australian www.tams.act.gov.au Sydney plant_breeding_institute/index.shtml Capital Territory +61 13 22 81 +61 2 9351 8800 Trade and Market Access Division, http://www.agriculture.gov.au/market-access- Plant Health Australia www.planthealthaustralia.com.au Department of Agriculture trade +61 2 6215 7700 1800 900 090 or +61 3 8318 6700 Queensland Department of Agriculture and www.daf.qld.gov.au University of Adelaide www.adelaide.edu.au Fisheries, +61 13 25 23 +61 8 8313 4455 Queensland University of Technology www.qut.edu.au University of Canberra www.canberra.edu.au +61 7 3138 2000 +61 2 6201 5111 Raspberries and Blackberries Australia www.arga.com.au University of Melbourne www.unimelb.edu.au +61 3 5964 3350 +61 3 9035 5511 Ricegrowers’ Association of Australia www.rga.org.au University of New England www.une.edu.au +61 2 6953 0433 +61 2 6773 3333 Rural Industries Research and www.rirdc.gov.au University of New South Wales www.unsw.edu.au Development Corporation +61 2 6271 4100 +61 2 9385 1000

200 Organisation For more information University of Queensland www.uq.edu.au +61 7 3365 1111 University of Sydney www.sydney.edu.au +61 2 9351 2222 University of Tasmania www.utas.edu.au +61 3 6226 2999 University of Western Australia www.uwa.edu.au +61 8 6488 6000 University of Western Sydney www.uws.edu.au +61 2 9852 5222 University of Wollongong www.uow.edu.au +61 2 4221 3555

Weeds of National Significance www.weeds.org.au/WoNS DETAILS CONTACT APPENDIX 1: ORGANISATION +61 3 6344 9657 Wine Grape Growers Australia www.wgga.com.au +61 8 8133 4400

Image courtesy of Willem van Aken 201 Glossary

Term Definition Term Definition Appropriate Level of Protection The level of protection deemed appropriate by a Emergency response The actions undertaken to contain and /or eradicate country establishing a sanitary or phytosanitary an exotic pest after its detection measure to protect human, animal and plant life Endemic pests Pests that are known to occur naturally in Australia or health within its territory. Established pests Non-endemic pests that have established in Australia Area freedom Absence of a specific pest in a specified location. Exotic pests Pests not currently present in Australia Biosecurity The protection of the economy, environment and human health from the negative impacts associated High Priority Pest A pest that has been identified to have the greatest

APPENDIX 2: GLOSSARY with entry, establishment or spread of exotic pests. potential economic impact to a particular plant industry and is listed in an Industry Biosecurity Biosecurity activities Activities undertaken to manage biosecurity risks. Plan or in Schedule 13 of the EPPRD. Biosecurity continuum The range of biosecurity activities and arrangements International Standard for An international standard adopted by the commission that are undertaken in offshore, border and onshore Phytosanitary Measures on Phytosanitary Measures, established under the locations. International Plant Protection Convention Border In relation to the biosecurity continuum: airports, National Diagnostic Protocols Diagnostic protocols for the official taxonomic seaports and land borders that represent the potential identification of a pest in a manner consistent with point of entry for a pest into Australia. ISPM No. 27 – Diagnostic protocols for regulated Commonwealth The Commonwealth of Australia, including its external pests. National Diagnostic Protocols include territories. diagnostic procedures and data on the pest, its hosts, Contingency plans Management plans that outline specific information taxonomic information, detection and identification required in the event of an emergency response. Offshore In relation to the biosecurity continuum: regions Diagnostic protocols Protocols that describe the procedures and methods outside Australia's border for the identification of a pest to a Onshore In relation to the biosecurity continuum: regions inside defined level. Australia's border Diagnostics Processes and standards associated with the Pest Any insect, mite, snail, nematode, pathogen (disease) accurate identification of a pest. and weed that is injurious to a plant Disinfestation Post-harvest management measures focused on or plant product eliminating the presence of pests within plants and Pest Free Area An area in which a pest does not occur as plant products. demonstrated by scientific evidence and in which, Domestic quarantine Activities designed to prevent the movement and where appropriate, this condition is being officially spread of pests within Australia maintained Emergency Plant Pest A pest that is included in Schedule 13 of the Phytosanitary measure Any legislation, regulation or official procedure having Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed or which is the purpose to prevent the introduction determined by the Categorisation Group to meet one and/or spread of quarantine pests, or to limit the or more of the EPP criteria listed in Clause 1 economic impact of regulated non-quarantine pests of the EPPRD Plant biosecurity The protection of plants or plant products from pests Emergency Plant Pest Response A pre-agreed Cost Sharing and response that may impact on production or market access Deed framework for dealing with an incursion of an Plant production industries All plant industries in the agricultural, horticultural and Emergency Plant Pest forestry sectors

202 Term Definition PLANTPLAN The national contingency planning framework for the management of plant pest emergencies in Australia Quarantine The system of measures which are used to minimise risks associated with the entry of pests Regionalised pests Pests contained within a geographic region due to specific quarantine and/or management arrangements Response Plan An integrated plan for undertaking a response to an APPENDIX 2: GLOSSARY EPP incident Risk analysis The process of evaluating scientific and economic evidence to determine the risk posed by a pest to Australia's environment, plant production industries and economy State and territory governments The state and territory governments of Australia Surveillance Processes which collect and record data on pest occurrence or absence by survey, monitoring or other procedures Weeds of National Significance Weeds considered to currently pose serious threats at a national level

The genus Acacia is the largest genus in the Australian flora. Image courtesy of Carl Davies 203 Acronyms

Acronym Full name Acronym Full name ABARES Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics and Sciences HPP High Priority Pest ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics IBP Industry biosecurity plan ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research ICA Interstate Certification Assurance AGSOC Agriculture Senior Officials Committee ICON Import Conditions Database AHA Animal Health Australia IGAB Inter-Governmental Agreement on Biosecurity ALA Atlas of Living Australia IPPC International Plant Protection Convention APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ISPM International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures APVMA Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority LVP Local value of production BEPWG Biosecurity Emergency Preparedness Working Group MICoR Manual of Importing Country Requirements BERT Biosecurity Emergency Response Team NAQS Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy BETWG Biosecurity Emergency Training Working Group NBC National Biosecurity Committee NBPSP APPENDIX 3: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS BOLT Biosecurity Online Training National Bee Pest Surveillance Program CCEPP Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests NDP National Diagnostic Protocol CCEPI Consultative Committee on Exotic Plant Incursions NEBRA National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna NFFS National Fruit Fly Strategy and Flora NMG National Management Group CRC Cooperative Research Centre NPBDN National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network CRDC Cotton Research and Development Corporation NPBDS National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation NPBS National Plant Biosecurity Strategy DAFWA Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia NPSRT National Plant Surveillance Reporting Tool DEDJTR Vic Victorian Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and NSW DPI New South Wales Department of Primary Industries Resources NT DPIF Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Northern Territory DFAT Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade PBCRC Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre DPIPWE Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania PHA Plant Health Australia EPP Emergency Plant Pest PHC Plant Health Committee EPPRD Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed PIRSA Department of Primary Industries and Regions, South Australia FAO Food and Agriculture Organization QDAF Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries GRDC Grains Research and Development Corporation RD&E Research, development and extension GWRDC Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation RDC Research and Development Corporation HIA Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited RIRDC Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation

204 Acronym Full name SAP Scientific Advisory Panel SARDI South Australian Research and Development Institute SDQMA Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access SNPHS Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance SPHD Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics SPS Sanitary and phytosanitary SRA Sugar Research Australia TAMS Territory and Municipal Service Directorate, ACT WTO World Trade Organisation ORGANISATION CONTACT DETAILS CONTACT APPENDIX 1: ORGANISATION

205 206 Index

Image courtesy of Index

A chestnuts, 43 E ABARES, 20 see also nut industry education and awareness, 110f, 153, 164 Agriculture Senior Officials Committee (AGSOC), 16, 169 citrus, 44-45 Emergency Plant Pest Categorisation Group, see almonds, 32 committees, 16, 17f Categorisation Group see also nut industry CSIRO, 20, 170 Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed, 17f, 27, 29, 89, Pest diagnostic services, 140, 141t apples, 33 102, 156-157, 158 communication and awareness, 153 Emergency Plant Pests, 102, 103t, 156-157 Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission, 112 Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests, 17f, emergency responses, 21, 29, 88, 102, 103t Asian honey bee, 138, 154, 157 157 Australian Capital Territory consultative committees, 17f exports, 114 biosecurity services, 22 contingency plans, 89, 159, 160t F pest diagnostic services, 141t cooperative research centres, 170, Farm biosecurity manuals, 29, 152t Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, cotton industry, 46 Farm Biosecurity Program, 25, 145, 152 research, development and extension, 176f, 178t 170, 180t Farmer of the Year Award for plant biosecurity, 153 Cotton Research and Development Corporation, 172, Australian Government, 18 Forest and Wood Products Australia, 172 information systems, 153 178t crop production summary, 30 Forestry, see Plantation forests legislation, 14, 114, 116 fruit ORGANISATION CONTACT DETAILS CONTACT APPENDIX 1: ORGANISATION pest diagnostic services, 140, 141t D crop production summary, 30f research, development and extension, 169-173 Department of Agriculture research, development and extension, 176f, 182t risk assessments, 120 border activities, 18, 110f, 122 G surveillance, 131t exports, 116 imports, 114 ginger, 48, 158 Australian Plant Pest Database, 153 legislation, 14 Grains Farm Biosecurity Program, 50, 131t Australian Research Council, 170, 179t pest diagnostic services, 141t grains industry, 50-52 Australian Weeds Committee, 17f pre-border activities, 18, 110f, 120 contingency plans, 160t avocados, 34-35 research, development and extension, 170 crop production summary, 30f B responsibilities, 18 research, development and extension, 169, 172, surveillance, 130, 131t bananas, 36 176f, 178t training, 164 banana freckle eradication response, 97, 102, 103t Department of Environment, 20 surveillance, 131t bees, see honey bees legislation, 14 Grains Research and Development Corporation, 172 berries, 37 research, development and extension, 170, 189t Grape and Wine Research and Development biological control, 128 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 20 Corporation, 172 Biosecurity Online Training (BOLT), 164 diagnostics, 140 grapes, see Viticulture Biosecurity Portal, 153 National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network, 140 growers, 30 breeding, 89, 130 National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy, 140 protocols, 145, 146f, 147, 148t H broadacre crops hazelnuts, 54 research, development and extension, 176f pest app, 51 services and laboratories, 141t, 171 see also nut industry C see also Subcommittee on Plant Health High Priority Pests, 89, 90t Canberra Agreement, 112 Diagnostic Standards honey bees, 55, 137 canned fruits, 39 domestic quarantine, 110f, 126 surveillance, 131t, 137-139 Categorisation Group, 157 see also Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine horticulture and Market Access cherries, 40-41 research, development and extension, 182t dried fruit, 47 chestnut blight, 102, 103t surveillance, 131t see also Viticulture Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited (HIA), 172 208 Note: f = figure, t = table I National Fruit Fly Strategy Advisory Committee, 127 pistachios, 67 ICON (import conditions database), 114 National Management Group, 17f, 157 see also nut industry identification of pests, 140 National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy, 140 plantation forestry, 68, 151 import risk analysis, 110f, 114, 120 National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network, 140, 171 crop production summary, 30f INDEX imports, 114 National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy, 130 research, development and extension, 176t, 182t market access, 111 National Plant Biosecurity Strategy see also Subcommittee on National Forest Health policy advice, 110, 114t National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy, 169 surveillance, 131f industry biosecurity planning, 127 National Plant Surveillance Reporting Tool, 130 Plant Biosecurity Program, 164 Industry Biosecurity Plans, 127t natural pathways, 120 Plant Health Australia, 27 industry profiles, 31-85 natural resource management regions, 105 biosecurity plans and manuals, 127t, 152 industry representative bodies, 30 NCN (Biosecurity Incident National Communications National Emergency Plant Pest Training Program, 164 Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity (IGAB), 13, Network), 153 members, 28t 16, 17f New South Wales pest risk mitigation, 29 international agreements, 111-112 biosecurity services, 22 role, 27 International Plant Protection Convention, 112 pest diagnostic services, 141t Plant Health Committee, 16, 17f International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, regionalised pests, 99t plant pests 111-112 surveillance programs, 131t contingency plans, 158, 159t Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, 123 international trade, 111-122 definition, 8, 156 Northern Territory interstate certification, 126 diagnostics, 140, 176f biosecurity services, 22 emergency responses, 17f, 21, 29, 88, 102-104, 156 pest diagnostic services, 142t K regionalised pests, 98, 99t regionalised pests, 99t see also High Priority Pests L surveillance programs, 132t surveillance, 130, 131t legislation, 14, 22-24, 114, 116 nursery and garden industry, 60-61 Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, 120, lychees, 56 crop production summary, 30f 124, 170 research, development and extension, 176f, 185t PLANTPLAN, 156, 159 M nut industry post-entry quarantine, 122, 124 macadamias, 57 crop production summary, 30f pre-emptive breeding, 130 see also nut industry research, development and extension, 176f, 182t private consultants, 26 mangoes, 58 see also almonds, chestnuts, hazelnuts, processing tomatoes, 70 manuals, 152 macadamias, pistachios, walnuts market access, 110f, 114, 117t, 126 production values, 30f see also Subcommittee in Domestic Quarantine O professional associations, 26 and Market Access olives, 62 Q on-farm biosecurity, 152 quarantine N onions, 63 National Bee Pest Surveillance Program, 138 facilities, 122 National Biosecurity Committee, 16, 17f P legislation, 15t, 114, 116 national committee structure, 16, 17f passionfruit, 64 Queensland National Diagnostic Protocols, 146-150 pears, 33, 39 biosecurity services, 23 National Emergency Plant Pest Training Program, 164 pesticide application, 21, 26, 128, 129 pest diagnostic services, 142t National Environmental Biosecurity Response pest management, 128 regionalised pests, 99t Agreement (NEBRA), 13, 125 phytosanitary measures and standards, 111-112 surveillance programs, 132t National Fruit Fly Strategy, 127 pineapples, 66 209 R sugarcane industry 76-77 W regional biosecurity, 125, 126 research, development and extension, 181t walnuts, 82 boundaries for biosecurity, 19f surveillance, 130 see also nut industry INDEX regionalised pests, 98, 99t honey bee, 138, 139t weeds research, development and extension, 168 Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, 123 managing weeds in Australia, 105 Australian Government agencies, 170 programs, 131f, 137t research, development and extension, 176f, 189t cooperative research centres, 170 see also National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance Western Australia industry, 177 Strategy biosecurity services, 24 National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy, 169 see also Subcommittee on National Plant Health pest app, 51 overview, 176f-177f Surveillance pest diagnostic services, 145t research and development corporations, 172-173 Sugar Research Australia, 173 regionalised pests, 100t research, development and extension projects, 178t surveillance programs, 135t state and territory governments, 175 T wine grapes, 84 universities and private institutions, 175 table grapes, 78 see also viticulture rice, 72 see also viticulture World Trade Organization, 111 risk assessments, 88-89, 114, 120 Tasmania Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, 173 biosecurity services, 23 pest diagnostic services, 144t, 171 S surveillance programs, 134t screening and inspection, 122 tomatoes, 70 South Australia tools, databases and networks, 153 biosecurity services, 23 trade agreements, 111, 114t pest diagnostic services, 143t training, 27, 164 regionalized pests, 100t surveillance programs, 135t U SPS Agreement, 111-112, 120 Unmanned aerial vehicles, 21 state and territory governments Universities, 175 biosecurity services, 17f, 21-24 research, development and extension, 178t diagnostic services, 141t V legislation, 15 vegetables, 80-81 regionalised pests, 98, 99t research, development and extension, 185t research, development and extension, 175 Victoria surveillance programs, 131t biosecurity services, 24 stone fruit, 74 pest diagnostic services, 144t strawberries, 75 regionalised pests, 100t Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market surveillance programs, 136t Access, 16, 17f, 126 viticulture Subcommittee on National Forest Health, 16, 17f, 151 contingency plans, 160t Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance, 16, crop production summary, 47, 78, 84 17f, 130 research, development and extension, 182t Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostic Standards, 15, 16, 17f, 140, 146

210 ORGANISATION CONTACT DETAILS CONTACT APPENDIX 1: ORGANISATION

211

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