Biosecurity Risk Assessment

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An Invasive Risk Assessment Framework for New Animal and Plant-based Production Industries

RIRDC Publication No. 11/141

RIRDCInnovation for rural Australia

An Invasive Risk Assessment Framework for New Animal and Plant-based Production Industries

by Dr Robert C Keogh

February 2012

RIRDC Publication No. 11/141 RIRDC Project No. PRJ-007347

ISBN 978-1-74254-320-8 ISSN 1440-6845

An Invasive Risk Assessment Framework for New Animal and Plant-based Production Industries Publication No. 11/141 Project No. PRJ-007347

The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances.

While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication to ensure that information is true and correct, the Commonwealth of Australia gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any information in this publication.

The Commonwealth of Australia, the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), the authors or contributors expressly disclaim, to the maximum extent permitted by law, all responsibility and liability to any person, arising directly or indirectly from any act or omission, or for any consequences of any such act or omission, made in reliance on the contents of this publication, whether or not caused by any negligence on the part of the Commonwealth of Australia, RIRDC, the authors or contributors.

The Commonwealth of Australia does not necessarily endorse the views in this publication.

This publication is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. However, wide dissemination is encouraged. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the RIRDC Publications Manager on phone 02 6271 4165.

Researcher Contact Details

Dr Robert C Keogh Pachyrhizi Consulting Pty Ltd, 62/3 Park Avenue, CRAWLEY, WA 6009

Phone: 08 9386 4410 Email: [email protected]

In submitting this report, the researcher has agreed to RIRDC publishing this material in its edited form.

RIRDC Contact Details

Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 2, 15 National Circuit BARTON ACT 2600

PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604

Phone: 02 6271 4100 Fax: 02 6271 4199 Email: [email protected]. Web: http://www.rirdc.gov.au

Electronically published by RIRDC in February 2012 Print-on-demand by Union Offset Printing, Canberra at www.rirdc.gov.au or phone 1300 634 313

Foreword

Poor biosecurity management that results in the introduction, establishment and spread of weeds pests and diseases adds costs to and threatens market access for Australia’s rural industries.

The development of new animal or plant based rural industries carries the risk that the subject organisms, once within Australia, might become weeds or pests and/or be the agents for the introduction or spread of other pests, weeds or diseases.

Part of RIRDC’s mandate is to support research and development for new rural industries. Therefore, RIRDC has a particular responsibility to ensure that activities which it supports do not result in Australia’s biosecurity status being compromised.

Biosecurity planning and management based on science-based risk assessment processes focuses the commitment of available resources on areas of greater threat, or opportunity. The understanding and application of risk-based assessment processes to weed and pest management is well advanced in Australia. RIRDC has the opportunity to use this knowledge and experience to assist in the discharge of its responsibility to ensure that activities which it supports do not contribute to the introduction or spread of pest, weeds and diseases to the detriment of Australia’s rural industries and environmental values.

The “An invasive risk assessment framework New Animal and Plant-based Production Industries” that has been developed as part of this study accesses existing information to provide RIRDC, and researchers seeking support from RIRDC, with a simple-to-use process for determining the acceptability of the plant or animal subject of the research from a biosecurity standpoint.

It is recommended that RIRDC incorporate the model proposed here into its research proposal and evaluation processes. By doing so RIRDC would, first, reduce the risk of adverse biosecurity outcomes arising from research activities it supports, and, second, increase awareness of the importance of sound biosecurity management within RIRDC and the research community it supports.

This study was commissioned and funded by RIRDC and is an addition to RIRDC’s diverse range of over 2100 research publications. It forms part of our New Animal Products R&D program, which aims to accelerate the development of viable new animal industries.

Most of RIRDC’s publications are available for viewing, free downloading or purchasing online at www.rirdc.gov.au. Purchases can also be made by phoning 1300 634 313.

Craig Burns Managing Director Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation

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Acknowledgements

Advice and information provided by David Dall, John Thorp, Mary Bomford, Kim James and Daniel Keogh is gratefully acknowledged.

Abbreviations

AHA Animal Health Australia

APAS Australian Pest Animal Strategy

AQIS Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service

BSE Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

CISEH Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health at the University of Georgia (USA)

DAFF (Australian) Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry

DEWR (Australian) Department of Environment Water and Rivers

GRDC Grains Research and Development Corporation

GVP Gross Value of Production

ISSG Invasive Species Specialist Group

MLA Meat and Livestock Australia

NRMMC Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council

NRMSC Natural Resource Management Standing Committee

NFF National Farmers Federation

PHA Plant Health Australia

PRA Pest Risk Assessment

SPS (WTO) Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement

VDPI Victorian Department of Primary Industries

VPC Vertebrate Pests Committee

WONS Weeds of National Significance

WRA Weed Risk Assessment

WRM Weed Risk Management process

WTO World Trade Organisation

Contents

Foreword ...... iii Acknowledgements ...... iv Abbreviations ...... iv Executive Summary...... vii Introduction ...... 1 Australia’s biosecurity status ...... 1 RIRDC’s exposures and obligations ...... 8 Objectives ...... 9 Methodology ...... 9 Biosecurity Risk Assessment ...... 10 Background ...... 10 Risk-based assessment models...... 11 Weeds ...... 12 Implications ...... 24 Recommendations...... 25 Appendices ...... 26 Appendix A. The pre-border Australian Weed Risk Assessment system ...... 26 Appendix B. Score sheet for Australian Bird and Mammal risk assessment model for assigning VPC threat category (Bomford 2008) ...... 27 Appendix C. Database of Potential Pest Animals for use in the "Process for determining the biosecurity status of the subject organisms of RIRDC research proposals" ...... 28 Appendix D. Established Commercial Species in Australia ...... 84 Appendix E. Examples of completed Biosecurity Status Assessment Checklists ...... 85 Appendix E1. Completed Biosecurity Status Assessment Checklist – Barbados Nut (Jatropha curcas) ...... 86 Appendix E2. Completed Biosecurity Status Assessment Checklist for Sable (Martes zibellina) ...... 87 References ...... 88

Tables

Table 1: Weeds of National Significance ...... 2

Table 2: Annual cost of pest animal impacts on red meat industries (MLA 2011) ...... 4

Table 3: Impact of invasive animals on cropping, horticulture and livestock industries (Gong et al; 2009) ...... 5

Table 4: Cost impacts of key pest groups (Gong et al 2009) ...... 5

Table 5: Sharing of costs of invasive animal management programs and related administration (Gong et al 2009)...... 6

Table 6: Cost of Weeds, Pests and Diseases to Australia’s Agricultural and Horticultural Industries ...... 6

Table 7: Process for determining the biosecurity status of the subject organisms of RIRDC research proposals ...... 18

Table 8: Biosecurity Status Assessment Checklist ...... 20

Executive Summary

What the report is about In recent decades the foundation of biosecurity management in Australia, as in other leading agricultural economies and international regulatory agencies, has progressively moved to science and risk-based assessment, planning and action. This study reviews this trend as it applies in particular to pest and weed threat assessment and management. Based on this review, the report proposes a process whereby RIRDC, and people seeking to have RIRDC support research and development projects, can apply the outcomes of risk-based pest and weed threat assessment. This will ascertain whether organisms proposed as the subject of a particular project represent an unacceptable threat to Australia’s biosecurity status.

Who is the report targeted at? This report and the recommendations arising from it are targeted at RIRDC and its current and future client industries, researchers and collaborators. It seeks to substantiate a case, and provide a mechanism, for RIRDC to minimise the risk that research and development it supports might lead to the introduction or spread of weeds, pests and diseases harmful to Australia’s agricultural industries or environmental values.

If adopted, these recommendations and the assessment process that has been developed as part of the work, would have application to all plant and animal industries (existing and new) in all areas that are supported by RIRDC through research and development funding. The benefits, in terms of the protection of the national biosecurity status, would equally apply to all agricultural industries and regions.

Aims/objectives The objectives are:

• To minimise the risk that the establishment or development of animal- or plant-based production industries supported by RIRDC result in the introduction and/or spread of new pests, weeds or diseases to Australia. • To provide RIRDC with a convenient and robust means of assessing the pest, weed and disease potential in Australia of the plants or animals that constitute the basis of production industries supported by RIRDC.

Methods used The approach has been to:

• verify the relevance of protocols and the assessments made using them, for RIRDC’s purposes; • in the case of potential weeds, identify appropriate sources of information upon which assessments can be made, • in the case of potential pest animals, assemble and collate relevant but dispersed information into an accessible database, and • develop an easily applied process whereby RIRDC and/or parties proposing research and development projects to be supported by RIRDC, can use this information to determine the biosecurity status of the proposed plant or animal.

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Results/key findings A sound biosecurity status is of importance and advantage to Australia’s agricultural industries and environmental values. The country’s comparatively low pest and weed burden, and the absence of many important plant and animal diseases, reduces the costs of production and improves the market access of Australian farmers compared to their international competitors.

This advantageous position has not been achieved without great effort by producers, governments and others with an interest in the prosperity of Australia’s agricultural industries. Further, these advantages could be compromised if vigilance in excluding harmful exotic organisms and limiting the spread of those already here is not maintained.

RIRDC must ensure that in pursuing its mandate to promote new agricultural industries that it does not unwittingly support actives that lead to Australia’s biosecurity status being compromised.

Implications for relevant stakeholders: If adopted and applied, the recommendations and process contained in this report should assist the continuing national effort to increase awareness of the importance of biosecurity to Australia’s agricultural industries. The Framework will also encourage best practice biosecurity management at all levels in industry value chains, including research and development, in the interests of protecting Australia’s advantageous pest and weed status.

Application of the proposed assessment methodology would marginally increase the work required to be done by proponents of research proposals in preparing those proposals, and that required by RIRDC Project Managers in assessing them.

Recommendations As a result of the research and analysis that has been undertaken in the course of compiling this report, it is recommended that RIRDC:

1. Revise its “Preliminary Research Proposal and Budget” documentation, a sample of which appears at http://www.rirdc.gov.au/shadomx/apps/fms/fmsdownload.cfm?file_uuid=7F0975E3- F1FE-4F78-A31C-8C30C60004EA&siteName=RIRDC, to include as part of the “Background and Expected Outcomes” section, a “Biosecurity Risk Analysis and Management” element of equal status to, and preferably immediately following, the “Social Benefits” element. 2. Have the Program Manager assigned to any “Preliminary Research Proposal and Budget” assessment that involves a plant or animal species as the subject complete the “Process for determining the biosecurity status of the subject organism of a research proposal” assessment which has been developed and reported as part of the present project. 3. Only support research which is determined by application of the “Process for determining the Biosecurity status of the subject organism of a research proposal” to represent an acceptable biosecurity risk, and which is subject to a biosecurity management or monitoring plan that adequately addresses the residual biosecurity risks associated with the proposal. 4. Ensure that it has amongst its staff or contractors people who are trained and competent to undertake Weed Risk Assessments and Pest Risk Assessments of the type and to the standard applied by Australian Weeds Committee and Vertebrate Pests Committee (VPC) respectively, or, if this is not practical, 5. Put in place other arrangements whereby RIRDC Program Managers can access the required skills and experience to undertake such assessments of the type and to the standard applied by Weeds Australia and VPC respectively.

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Introduction

Australia’s biosecurity status By virtue of its geographical isolation, its relatively short agricultural history, and its strong commitment to excluding pests and diseases and eradicating incursions when they occur, Australia has a favourable biosecurity status when compared to most other developed countries. In particular, Australia has been fortunate to avoid incursions of many of the most severe and disruptive pests and diseases of agricultural crops and livestock, including BSE, foot and mouth disease, screw-worm fly, Karnal bunt, Russian wheat aphid and Varroa mite. As a result, Australia’s agricultural industries generally enjoy a competitive advantage over most of their international competitors. This competitive advantage is manifest in two principal ways:

1. Favourable access to domestic and international markets due to absence of many of the pests and diseases that afflict plants and animals in other countries, and that affect the quality, safety and shelf-life of the products of these plants and animals, and

2. Lower costs of production due to lower losses to pests, weeds and diseases. There is also a reduced need for inputs to control and manage the pests, weeds and diseases that do occur.

In the interests of preserving this advantage, Australia has been active and innovative in developing its biosecurity management arrangements in a resource-constrained environment. Two such developments are worthy of note. First is the widespread adoption of risk-based biosecurity planning and management techniques that ensure consistency with developments in international trade arrangements over the past 10 to 15 years. Second is the progressive integration of the agricultural industries into the development and implementation of biosecurity policy and planning, the funding of biosecurity research, and specific pest and disease management programs. This advantage, however, is only relative. In absolute terms, Australian agriculture is subject to the costs and losses associated with a wide range of both vertebrate and invertebrate pests, a diversity of weeds, and a number of significant plant and animal diseases. The Australian Weeds Committee of the Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council (NRMMC) is the body that has been established to affect this coordination for weeds, and as part of this effort, has developed the Australian Weed Strategy (DEWR, 2007). In this strategy, the committee estimates the annual impact of weeds on Australian agriculture at $4 billion, this being made up of the direct costs of weed control and losses due to yield reductions from weeds competing with agricultural plants, adversely affecting the health and productivity of livestock, and from contamination of agricultural products. The committee attributes a cost of a further $4 billion to the impact of weeds on conservation values and landscape amenity. In the strategy, it is noted that 2700 exotic plant species have become established in Australia. By 2007, some 429 of these had been declared noxious, or notifiable, by one or more jurisdictions. In addition, it is observed in the strategy that some hundreds of native Australian plant species growing outside their normal range have become weeds in these areas. As part of the Strategy, the Committee has identified, a list of 20 “Weeds of National Significance” (WONS).

Table 1: Weeds of National Significance a) Inaugural list (June 1999) Alligator Weed Mesquite Athel pine Mimosa Bitou bush / Boneseed Parkinsonia Blackberry Parthenium weed Bridal creeper Pond apple Cabomba Prickly acacia Chilean needle grass Rubber vine Gorse Salvinia Hymenachne Serrated tussock Lantana Willow

b) Additional list (April 2012)

African boxthorn Catsclaw creeper Sagittaria Fireweed Asparagus weeds (six species) Gamba grass Bellyache bush Madera vine Brooms: Opuntoid cacti (three genera) Scotch Silverleaf nightshade Montpellier Water hyacinth Flax leaf

Of the combined lists of WONS, 21 have been identified as threats to the pastoral industry, 15 as threats to the cropping industry, and 13 as threats to water quality and supplies (Weeds Australia, 2011; Thorp, pers. comm.). In addition to the WONS there is a complementary list of 17 “sleeper weeds”, a term applied to non-native plants that have naturalised but are believed to have not yet reached their potential to form large and widespread populations in Australia (DEWR 2007; DAFF 2010). Most of these species presently occur in just one or two jurisdictions. Australia is now home to about 50 species of non-native vertebrate animals that have become naturalised and have deleterious impacts on agricultural and/or environmental values (MLA 2011). In parallel with the Australian Weeds Committee, the Vertebrate Pests Committee (VPC), which reports to the National Biosecurity Committee, is responsible for developing national strategies and policies to help manage pest animals in Australia. As part of its activities, the VPC has produced the Australian Pest Animal Strategy (APAS) (NRMMC, 2007). The APAS is a national framework plan agreed by all Australian governments, and endorsed by the COAG Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council. The APAS sets out how governments will work with each other, and with business, industry and the community to manage the issues and problems associated with vertebrate pest animals in Australia.

The major impacts of many of these invasive animals are on environmental and amenity values, cane toads and feral cats being two such pests. A sub-set, however have significant impacts on important food producing industries. Meat and Livestock Australia (2011) considers five species of invasive animals to be of particular importance to the principal extensive red-meat industries (beef, sheep-meats and farmed goats). The pests and their costs and impacts as detailed in the MLA web-page are summarised below:

Table 2: Annual cost of pest animal impacts on red meat industries (MLA 2011) Pest Annual Impacts Animal Cost

Rabbit $110 Reduce the carrying capacity of farms by competing with livestock million for feed. Damage emerging crops. Reduce plant biodiversity by eating seedlings and killing shrubs. Reduce animal biodiversity by competing with native animals for food and shelter. Contribute to soil erosion by removing plant cover.

Feral pig $100** Contribute to lamb losses. million Contribute to managed goat losses. Damage fences and dams. Compete with stock for feed. Damage grain and cane crops. Are potential hosts of diseases. Damage the environment by competing with and feeding on native animals, damaging water sources and spreading weeds. Fox $35 Contribute to lamb losses. million Are potential hosts of diseases. Are Australia's top predators and threaten several native animals.

Wild dog $65 Contribute to lamb and sheep losses. million Contribute to calf losses. (Including Contribute to managed goat losses. Dingo) Harass livestock. Are potential hosts of exotics diseases. Feral goat $7 Compete with sheep for feed. million Compete with managed goats for feed. Interfere with controlled goat breeding programs. Carry and potentially spread diseases to managed goats and sheep. Reduce biodiversity by damaging soils and vegetation in the pastoral zone. * Attributed to Counting the Cost: Impact of Invasive Animals in Australia, 2004. Ross McLeod **This estimate is an order of magnitude higher than that of Gong, Sinden, Braysher and Jones (2009)

Gong et al (2009) considered the impacts of invasive animals on the cropping, horticultural and livestock industries and, as detailed below, put the cost of these pests to Australia’s food and fibre producing industries at $621 million, with a further $123 spent on management and administration. This study considered birds and mice which are important pests of grain and horticultural crops, in addition to those covered in the MLA (2011) summary. It also accounts for impacts on the wool industry.

Table 3: Impact of invasive animals on cropping, horticulture and livestock industries (Gong et al; 2009)

Industry Cost of invasive animals ($ million/year) Beef 187.7

Wool 71.3

Lamb 20.3

Grains 5.9

Wine/grape 120.8

Pome fruit 85.0

Stone fruit 58.4

Nut 48.9

TOTAL 598.3

The summary of the cost of the impacts of key pest groups provided by Gong et al, (2009) is shown below.

Table 4: Cost impacts of key pest groups (Gong et al 2009)

Pest Impact ($ million/year) Birds 313.1

Rabbits 206.0

Wild Dogs 48.5

Mice 22.8

Foxes 21.2

Feral pigs 9.2

TOTAL 620.8

The costs of the management of invasive animals and administration of related programs are shared as indicated below (Gong et al, 2009).

Table 5: Sharing of costs of invasive animal management programs and related administration (Gong et al 2009). Expenditure Party ($ million/year)

Commonwealth 12.6

States and territories 75.5

Landholders 34.6

Total 122.7

The impacts of pest birds are felt predominantly in the horticultural and the wine/grape industries. Tracey and Saunders (2003) considered 20 species of birds that impact grapes in NSW. Nine of these were species of Australian parrots; seven were other native birds including the silver-eye, which probably causes more damage to grapes than any other species, and four species of introduced bird (starlings, sparrows, mynas and blackbirds).

There are a number of other invasive animals including feral cats, camels, horses, donkeys and buffalo that have primarily environmental and amenity impacts. In the event of an incursion of an exotic animal disease they could enhance the impact of that disease on food production from livestock sources due to their capacity to harbour and spread diseases.

A consolidation of reasonably current and accessible information suggests that collectively current endemic pests, diseases and weeds cost Australia’s agricultural industries about $8 billion per year (see table below), representing about 20 % of the $40 billion GVP for those industries (NFF 2011).

Table 6: Cost of Weeds, Pests and Diseases to Australia’s Agricultural and Horticultural Industries

Agent Cost ($ Reference billion/year) Pests and disease impact on livestock 1.75 Lloyd 2008 industries Pest and disease impact on wheat and 1.15 Murray, G; Brennan J barley industries (2009a & b) Pest and disease impact on vegetable 0.5 By extrapolation industry Pest and disease impact on fruit 0.3 By extrapolation industry Impact of invasive animals 0.74 Gong et al, (2009)

Impact of weeds 4.0 DEWR, 2007

Total 8.44

(By way of rough comparison Rosenzweig, Iglesias, Yang, Epstein and Chivian (2000) estimated that during the decade of the 1990’s the cost of plant diseases to the North American wheat industry was equivalent to 12% of GVP and pests 13% (that is 25% compared to the GRDC’s estimate of 19% for Australia (Murray and Brennan,2009a & b)). Rosenweig et al, (2000) attributed a further cost equivalent to 13% of GVP to the impact of weeds on the North American wheat industry.)

While no detailed investigation of how these different pests, weeds and diseases came to be introduced into Australia has been undertaken as part of this study, it is safe to assume that with few, if any exceptions, their entry and establishment has occurred in the last 230 years and was mediated by humans.

In some instances, these introductions were unintentional and unwitting, such as with weed seeds contaminating fodder or other plant materials, and mice and rats that came as unintended cargo on ships. In many, if not most cases, the introductions have been deliberate, with little regard for the possibility that the organism being introduced might become a weed or pest in this environment.

Among the many deliberate introductions that have “gone wrong” were organisms introduced:

• for recreational purposes, such as with rabbits, the red fox and various fish species to provide game for hunters and anglers

• for “amenity” reasons, such as the many plants introduced to provide variety in home and public gardens, and some European birds introduced to make Australia more like “home”

• as companion animals or domestic pets which escaped or were released, and subsequently established feral populations, including cats and a variety of cage birds

• as working animals or beasts of burden that escaped, or were released, as steam and the internal combustion engine displaced animal transport and traction power, including camels, horses and donkeys

• as grazing animals, such as goats and cattle raised for their food and fibre products that gave rise to feral populations

• as commercial crop or pasture plants that spread to infest agricultural and wilderness lands as weeds, including veldt grass, rye-grass, brome grass, olive trees and date palms

• as intended biological control agents for pests or weeds that then became pests in their own right, such as the cane toad.

The risk, and potentially severe consequences of such introductions, and other accidental incursions, were exacerbated by increased human mobility and global trade over recent decades. Surveillance and protection activities need to be maintained across the biosecurity spectrum, and be continuously adapted to address the ever-changing range of threats and modes of entry.

RIRDC’s exposures and obligations Charged as it is, under the Primary Industries and Energy Research and Development Act 1989, to achieve results from research and development investments in areas that include new and emerging industries, RIRDC has a particular exposure to the pest and weed risks associated with the introduction of new organisms, or new germplasm, to Australia for the purposes of developing the country’s agricultural industries.

This exposure obliges RIRDC to take all reasonable steps to ensure that the research and development it supports does not compromise Australia’s biosecurity status. The risks that RIRDC must manage are that:

• a new species or new variety of plant or animal introduced to Australia as part of a RIRDC research and development program may become a weed or pest in the Australian environment

• a species or variety of plant or animal already present in Australia becomes a weed or pest as a result of a RIRDC-funded program introducing it to an area and environment outside its previous range

• a plant or animal that is the subject of RIRDC-supported research and development activity acts as the agent for the introduction, spread or persistence of some other pest, weed or disease organism.

No review has been undertaken in compiling this report to ascertain whether any activities supported by RIRDC in the past have been associated with or resulted in the introduction of a new weed pest or disease.

It is recognised that at both State and Commonwealth government levels in Australia have well established importation controls and quarantine arrangements intended to minimise the risks and mitigate the consequences of pest and weed incursions.

Objectives

The objectives of work undertaken in researching and preparing the present report are:

1. To minimise the risk that the establishment or development of animal- or plant-based production industries supported by RIRDC result in the introduction and/or spread of pests, weeds or diseases to, or within, Australia. 2. Provide RIRDC with a convenient and robust means of assessing the pest, weed and disease potential in Australia of the plants or animals that constitute the basis of production industries supported by RIRDC.

Methodology

The work reported herein was undertaken as a desktop study and involved:

1. An extensive review of relevant Australian and international literature and websites;

2. Interrogation of a range of databases containing information on invasive species and/or reporting on assessments of the threat posed by potentially invasive species;

3. Consultation with a number of people with specialist knowledge in the fields of invasive species and assessment of invasive potential;

4. Compilation of a spread-sheet database consolidating information drawn from the sources referred to above to provide an extensive, if not fully comprehensive, checklist of potentially invasive animal species, and;

5. Development of flow charts describing a process by which RIRDC, and parties seeking support from RIRDC for research and development projects, might ascertain the biosecurity risk potential of a plant or animal species that is the subject of a research proposal and, if necessary, undertake an assessment of the threat posed to Australia’s biosecurity status by that species.

Biosecurity Risk Assessment

Background In recent decades, the management of biosecurity both within Australia and internationally, has increasingly become a risk-based process. Indeed, the World Trade Organisation Sanitary and Phytosanitory (WTO SPS) arrangements which now set the standards for international trade rely heavily on risk-based assessments in determining whether or not trade between countries can be prevented for biosecurity reasons (WTO 2011).

There are a number of international organisations that have accumulated databases of invasive plants and animals. Included amongst these are the Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) which has established and maintains the Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) (http://www.issg.org/database/welcome/), and the Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health at the University of Georgia, which publishes a compendium of Invasive and Exotic Species Profiles (http://www.invasive.org/species.cfm). Both of these sources have been used extensively in the development of this report.

At a national level Biosecurity Plant and Animal divisions within the Commonwealth Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF), is responsible for recommendations for the development of Australia's biosecurity policy. The Biosecurity Plant and Animal divisions undertakes science-based risk assessments and provides quarantine policy advice to protect Australia’s animal and plant health status and natural environment (http://www.daff.gov.au/ba/about).

The Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) is the national authority charged with responsibility for implementing Australia’s biosecurity policy at the border, to minimise the risk of exotic pests and diseases entering the country. AQIS applies a risk- based approach, albeit a highly precautionary one, when dealing with applications to import biological materials into Australia. Of particular relevance to this report are the processes that AQIS applies to requests for permits to import live animals and animal reproductive materials (http://www.daff.gov.au/aqis/import/live-animals), and plants, grains and horticulture (http://www.daff.gov.au/aqis/import/plants-grains-hort). In both cases the approach is precautionary, and assessments are science- and risk-based in their conduct.

Within Australia, plant and livestock industries are required under the terms of the Emergency Plant Pest and Disease Response Deed and the Emergency Animal Disease Response Agreement, respectively, to develop and maintain risk-based biosecurity plans for their industries. They are also required to devolve these plans through their industries to producers with the objective of progressively improving biosecurity at the enterprise level. The development of these biosecurity plans has been coordinated by Animal Health Australia (AHA) and Plant Health Australia (PHA). AHA and PHA also monitor the devolution of these plans within the relevant industries.

State government authorities are responsible for regulating the introduction from other jurisdictions, keeping and management/control of plants and animals, including pests and weeds, within their jurisdiction. Increasingly, decisions and the deployment of available resources in regards to these responsibilities, are determined on the outcome of risk-based assessment of candidate species. For instance, the Victorian Department of Primary Industries in its “Invasive Plants and Animals Policy Framework” (VDPI 2011), states that “A strategic biosecurity approach will be used to deliver a whole-of-government response to invasive species management. A biosecurity approach uses risk management to identify threats and then assess their relative risk to determine the most appropriate intervention to maximise public benefit.”

As far as plants are concerned, all jurisdictions have listings of, and regulations relating to the management of noxious weeds within their jurisdiction. Many of the declarations within these listings pre-date the development of risk-based assessment. In the light of recent trends referred to above, it should be anticipated that a risk-based approach will be progressively applied as legislation and regulations are updated. As an example, the draft NSW Non-Indigenous Animals Regulation 2011 (NSW Government 2011) which is currently under discussion, and which has been incorporated in the database developed as part of this study, applies a risk-based approach.

Complementing the roles of Biosecurity Australia and AQIS has been the significant work undertaken by the Australian Weeds Committee (Weeds Australia) (http://www.weeds.org.au/ ), the Vertebrate Pests Committee (VPC) (http://www.feral.org.au/policy/vpc/), the Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre (http://www.invasiveanimals.com/), as well as others, in developing and applying methodologies for assessing the risk to Australia’s agriculture and environment that would arise if certain exotic plants or animals were introduced to this country.

Weeds Australia and the VPC both have Terms of Reference defined by the Natural Resources Management Standing Committee (NRMSC), and report to it through the National Biosecurity Committee (NBC). Both include representatives from each state and the Australian Government amongst its membership, and have other relevant parties as official observers.

Risk-based assessment models While it is clear that plants and animals are widely divergent organisms with great differences between the constituents of each group, the risk assessment processes applied to each have much in common, in principle at least.

A fundamental issue to be understood in considering risk assessment models, as observed in Bomford (2008), is that “A risk assessment model cannot absolutely determine whether or not an introduced exotic species will establish and if it does what impact it will have. The best that can be achieved is to estimate the likelihood that a species will establish and estimate its potential to cause harm. Likewise, a risk assessment model cannot determine the acceptable risk level. What risk, or how much risk is acceptable, depends on how an agency perceives that risk. Risk levels are value judgments that are characterised by variables beyond the systematic evaluation of information.”

There is always uncertainty in risk assessments, and these uncertainties can be divided into three types: 1. Uncertainty of the process (methodology). 2. Uncertainty of the assessor(s) (human error). 3. Uncertainty about the organism (biological and environmental unknowns).

The goal is to reduce the levels of uncertainty as much as possible. Basing the risk assessment methodology on robust scientific knowledge and statistical analyses of past introductions will do much to minimise the first source of uncertainty.

Uncertainty of the assessor(s) is best handled by having appropriately qualified people with an objective approach conducting the assessments. The quality of the risk analysis will, to some extent, always reflect the quality of the individual assessor(s) Some of the information used in performing a risk assessment is scientifically defensible, some of it is anecdotal or based on experience, and all of it is subject to the filter of perception.

Hence, all risk assessments contain a subjective component. Ensuring the assessors have no vested interest in the outcome (leading to a conflict of interest) and that they are appropriately qualified will reduce errors introduced by this second source of uncertainty.

The calibre of a risk assessment is related to the quality of data available, so ensuring that a thorough and comprehensive literature review is undertaken for each species assessed, and that the risk assessment is reviewed by scientists familiar with the species being assessed, can reduce the third source of error.

Species for which little biological data are available represent a potential risk. Although this risk may be small for individual species, the risk becomes much higher if lack of ‘demonstrated risk’ is used as grounds to import large numbers of species.”

These observations, which were made in relation to pest animal risk assessment models, are consistent with those applying to weed risk assessment in DAFF (2008), where it is recognised that a first step in any assessment is a precise and unequivocal identification of the species under consideration, and assignment of a valid taxonomic name. The credibility of any risk assessment is the competence of the assessor, and their access to libraries, literature search facilities, the internet and databases (DAFF 2008).

Weeds

The Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) process that has become the de facto standard in Australia, is a three-tiered system, sometimes called the Pheloung WRA system (DAFF, 2008). The first tier involves the determination of the plant’s status in Australia, whether it is present in Australia and not under official control, or listed on AQIS’s import conditions database (ICON) and/or listed on AQIS’s permitted seeds list.

If the plant is not present in Australia it must be subjected to a WRA, the tool for which is an extensive questionnaire (Appendix A) that considers:

• History and Biogeography, including whether it has been subject to domestication or cultivation, its preferred climatic conditions, its current distribution, and whether it is a weed elsewhere. • Biology and Ecology, including any undesirable traits, the type of plant that it is, the method/s and nature of its reproduction, its dispersal mechanisms, and finally its persistence attributes.

As shown in Appendix A, “the WRA process ascribes a score to each of the 49 responses that the questionnaire elicits. The WRA system is an additive model, and questions are mostly answered as ‘yes’, ‘no’ or ‘don’t know,’ with a ‘+1’ score for a weedy attribute and a ‘−1’ score for a non-weedy attribute. Hence, a species is predicted to be a weed if it accumulates a certain number of risk factors. A minimum number of questions from each of three main sections (Biogeography, Undesirable attributes and Biology/ecology) must be answered to generate a score. The total score determines whether a plant is accepted for import (score of <1), rejected for import (score of >6), or requires further evaluation (score of 1 to 6)” (NRMSC 2005).

Where the evaluation process does not allow a definitive assessment to be made, the WRA system provides for a third tier of assessment to allow more information to be gathered and further assessment to be undertaken.

Each of the states and territory governments have a requirement that introductions to the jurisdiction be subject to a Weed Risk Management (WRM) process, and each maintains a

specialist capability to undertake WRMs. The underlying principles applied in the WRM processes used in states and territories are conceptually similar to the WRA process applied by DAFF Biosecurity with modifications to reflect the particular circumstances and requirements of the particular jurisdiction (Thorp pers comm).

Pest Animals

As far as pest animals, and particularly vertebrates are concerned, a risk assessment process that has wide acceptance in Australia (and which has been adapted to applications elsewhere), is that developed by Dr Mary Bomford (Bomford 2003; Bomford, 2008). This is the model that has been applied by the VPC. The model recognises that the risk of an animal becoming a pest has two major components.

1. Risk of establishment, which in turn has four contributory elements:

• Propagule pressure — the release of large numbers of animals at different times and places enhances the chance of successful establishment. • Climate match — exotic species have a greater chance of establishing if they are introduced to an area with a climate that closely matches that of their original range. • History of establishment elsewhere — a history of previous successful establishment is a strong predictor for all vertebrate taxa. • Taxonomic group — species that belong to families and genera that have high establishment success are more likely to be successful than other species, all else being equal (Bomford, 2008).

2. Risk of adverse impact. Bomford, (2008) classifies the potential impacts of exotic vertebrates into three main categories:

• Economic impacts, including reduced agricultural productivity or increased production costs, flow-on effects on subsidiary industries, trade effects, damage control costs, decline in property values, and injuries to people or domestic animals. • Environmental impacts, including ecosystem destabilisation, reduced biodiversity, reduced or eliminated keystone species, ecosystem destabilisation, loss of habitats, and effects of control measures (an indirect effect) Bomford, (2008) notes that costs to biodiversity may be difficult or even impossible to quantify.

• Social and political impacts, including aesthetic damage, impacts on cultural heritage, injuries to people and potential health impacts, reduced quality of life, consumer concerns and political repercussions.

Bomford (2008) also identifies that increased risks of adverse impacts are likely to be associated with exotic species that:

• have adverse impacts elsewhere • have close relatives with similar behavioural and ecological strategies that cause adverse impacts elsewhere • are generalist feeders • are predatory • destroy or modify vegetation or otherwise cause major habitat changes • have the potential to cause physical injury • harbour or transmit harmful diseases or parasites • have potential to hybridise with close relatives among native species, or • are known to spread rapidly following their release into new environments.

Whilst the scoring system for the Vertebrate Pest Risk Assessment model as indicated in Appendix B appears as simple as that applying to weeds, the information and calculations required to produce the numbers used in Appendix B are highly complex, and would certainly be beyond an untrained layperson.

Categorisation of assessment outcomes

The Weed Risk Assessment model referred to above produces four simple outcomes (NRMSC 2005):

• accepted, and added to the permitted list • rejected • further evaluation required, or • insufficient information available for assessment.

The VPC applies a different type of categorisation approach to pest risk assessments with a focus on the severity of the threat posed by the organism, as well as the outcome of the assessment. The four categories and their implications are as below (Lapidge et al 2011).

E – Extreme Threat Category These animals should not be allowed to enter, nor be kept in any State or Territory. Special consideration may be given to scientific institutions on a case-by-case basis. Any species that has not been assessed previously should be considered to be in the Extreme Threat Category, and should be treated accordingly, until a risk assessment is conducted.

S – Serious Threat Category These animals may be introduced, and/or should be kept only in collections approved by the relevant State/Territory authority as being primarily kept for (1) public display and education purposes, and/or for (2) genuine scientific research approved by the relevant State/Territory authority, and as meeting best practice for the purposes of keeping the species concerned.

M – Moderate Threat Category These animals should be restricted to collections approved and registered by the relevant State/Territory authority for the keeping of Moderate Threat Species. States/Territories may continue to impose any additional restrictions on acquisition and keeping of Moderate Threat Species.

L – Low Threat Category Animals which, relative to other species, have a low risk of becoming a problem for the environment, primary industry or public safety.

The Government of NSW is in the process of updating its Non-Indigenous Animals Regulation 2011 under the Non-Indigenous Animals Act, 1987, and proposes to apply the following categories, having undertaken risk assessments using the Bomford model.

• Category 1a (animals of extreme pest potential, the importation and keeping of which is generally not permitted) • Category 1b (animals that have not been classified as belonging to any particular category, the importation and keeping of which is generally not permitted) • Category 2 (animals that pose an extreme or serious threat to the environment, agriculture or persons, that are of extreme pest potential and that are restricted to statutory exhibitors or limited restricted collections in high security institutions) • Category 3a (animals that pose a serious or moderate threat to the environment, agriculture or persons and that are restricted to being kept primarily for the purposes of exhibition, education, entertainment or conservation in high security institutions) • Category 3b (animals that have the potential to establish in the wild a population that would present a new threat to the environment, agriculture or persons or aggravate an existing threat and that may be kept in private collections only under licence subject to special conditions) • Category 4 (animals that would be unlikely to present a threat to the environment, agriculture or persons or greatly worsen an existing threat if they escaped into the wild, the importation and keeping of which are not restricted) • Category 5 (animals that are already widespread pests and which, if they escaped into the wild, would be unlikely to greatly worsen an existing threat). (NSW Government, 2011).

Assessments of the risks posed by particular animals reported by Lapidge et al (2011), for the VPC, Bomford (2008), and included in the draft NSW Non-Indigenous Animals Regulation 2011 (NSW Government, 2011), have been included as significant components of the database that constitutes a principle element of the Biosecurity Risk Assessment Model (Appendix C) proposed in this report for use by RIRDC in determining whether to support activities relating to new industries where animals are involved.

Also included in Appendix C are rankings applied in Bomford (2008) to the risk of establishment of exotic birds introduced to New Zealand. The rankings took into account scores relating to climate match, whether the species was exotic elsewhere and migration potential. By this scoring risks were ranked as Low, Moderate, High or Extreme.

These sources, however, confine their assessments to vertebrate animals, and it is conceivable that RIRDC may be approached with proposals to cover invertebrate species. To cover a wider, but not exhaustive range of animals, information from other sources has also been included in Appendix C.

Principal amongst these is information sourced from the Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health (CISEH) at the University of Georgia in the USA (http://www.invasive.org/species.cfm). CISEH (2009) defines an invasive species as “a non-native species (including seeds, eggs, spores, or other propagules) whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic harm, environmental harm, or harm to human health. The term "invasive"; is used for the most aggressive species.”

While the CISEH list represents a collation of the records of invasive species from various authorities within the USA rather than any risk-based assessment of the threat posed by the species listed, as such it satisfies one of the significant determinants of threat applied in the risk-based assessment models used in Australia, namely, that a species is known to be invasive elsewhere. Further, the CISEH list is backed by extensive referencing for the basis on which an organism is included on the list, which would assist in the conduct of a risk assessment should one be required.

Some other species, included in Appendix C have been sourced from the Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), website http://www.issg.org/database/welcome/. By contrast with the CISEH list, the ISSG database does take into account elements of risk and threat. Indeed, ISSG maintains a list of “100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species” (ISSG, 2011) (http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?st=100ss&fr=1&str=&lang=EN), the compilation of which has a strong risk assessment and comparison component. As with the CISEH website, listings on the ISSG database are substantiated with extensive, referenced background information.

A process for determining the biosecurity status of the subject organism of a research proposal The following step-by-step checklist constitutes a process by which the proponents of a research proposal, working together with the relevant RIRDC Project Manager, can determine whether or not the species that is the subject of the proposal represents an acceptable biosecurity risk to Australia1.

The process has been designed on the basis that the questions will be addressed in numerical order, unless the outcome to a question directs otherwise. It has also been designed on the basis that except where a particular outcome directs otherwise, the process should not require a person with specialist plant, animal or biosecurity knowledge to complete it.

By contrast, however, and for the reasons outlined in the previous chapter, where a pest or weed risk assessment is specified, a person with specialist knowledge in the relevant area and one familiar with the relevant risk assessment process should undertake, or oversight, the assessment.

Finally, in regards to the process that follows, a precautionary approach has been applied, such that the outcomes specified will, where there is doubt, specify rejection over acceptance.

Given this, if a proponent or RIRDC believes that an outcome that recommends rejection is unwarranted, such as may be the case where rejection is recommended on the basis of the biosecurity risk posed by another species of the same genus as the subject organism, then a detailed WRA, WRM or Pest Risk Assessment (PRA) of the particular species should be completed by a person recognised as expert in the relevant area and familiar with an appropriate risk assessment protocol.

1 Acceptance of the biosecurity status of the subject organism of a research proposal does not infer that the proposal is acceptable on any or all of the other criteria by which RIRDC might determine whether or not a proposal should be supported.

Table 7: Process for determining the biosecurity status of the subject organisms of RIRDC research proposals Step Criterion Outcome if Yes Outcome if No A Is it a Plant? Refer A1 Refer B1 A1 Is the species one for which there already exists in Australia a commercial Refer A2 Refer A3 industry as listed in Appendix D? A2 Is the germplasm to be sourced within Australia? ACCEPT subject to an acceptable WRM ACCEPT subject to an acceptable WRA of the of the source germplasm germplasm source and an AQIS Import Permit A3 Is the species included in the Weeds Australia listing of noxious, notifiable REJECT Refer A4 or prohibited species in any jurisdiction in Australia (http://www.weeds.org.au/docs/weednet6.pdf ) current at the date of assessment? A4 Is the species listed in “A Global Compendium of Weeds” (Randall 2002) REJECT Refer A5 as a Weed, Sleeper Weed, Quarantine Weed, Noxious Weed, Native Weed or Environmental Weed? Please contact Senior Research Manager at RIRDC on 02 6271 4100 to find this answer A5 Has a Weed Risk Assessment (WRM) been completed by the designated Refer A6 Have a WRM completed by the designated

18 Weeds Australia contact in the jurisdiction/s in which the research is person/s then refer A6

proposed to be undertaken (http://www.weeds.org.au/contacts.htm )? A6 Was the outcome of the WRM “REJECT”? REJECT Refer A7 A7 Was the outcome of the WRM “ACCEPT”? Refer A8 Refer A9 A8 Is the germplasm to be sourced from within Australia? ACCEPT subject to an acceptable ACCEPT Subject to an acceptable Biosecurity Biosecurity assessment of the source and a assessment of the source germplasm, AQIS Biosecurity Management Plan Import Permit and a Biosecurity Management Plan A9 Was the outcome of the WRA “FURTHER EVALUATE” or Refer A10 Not applicable “INSUFFICIENT INFORMATION”? A10 Was the outcome of the further evaluation or WRA using additional Refer A11 REJECT information “ACCEPT? A11 Is the germplasm to be sourced from within Australia? ACCEPT subject to an acceptable ACCEPT Subject to an acceptable Biosecurity Biosecurity assessment of the source assessment of the source germplasm, AQIS germplasm and a Biosecurity Monitoring Import Permit and a Biosecurity Monitoring Plan Plan B1 Is the species one for which there already exists in Australia a commercial Refer B2 Refer B3 industry as listed in Appendix D?

Step Criterion Outcome if Yes Outcome if No B2 Is the organism to be sourced from within Australia? ACCEPT subject to an acceptable ACCEPT subject to an acceptable biosecurity biosecurity assessment of the source assessment of the source and AQIS Import Permit B3 Is the species listed in the Database of Potential Pest Animals (Appendix Refer B4 Refer B11 C)? B4 Is it listed in Appendix C as being rated as a MODERATE, SERIOUS or REJECT Refer B5 EXTREME threat by VPC or Bomford? B5 Is it listed in Appendix C as included in Categories 1a, 1b, 2, 3a or 3b in REJECT Refer B6 the NSW draft Non-Indigenous Animals Regulation 2011? B6 Is it listed in Appendix C as included in Category 4 in the NSW draft Non- ACCEPT subject to a Biosecurity Refer B7 Indigenous Animals Regulation 2011? Monitoring Plan B7 Is it listed in Appendix C as included in Category 5 in the NSW draft Non- Refer B8 Refer B10 Indigenous Animals Regulation 2011? B8 Is the organism to be sourced from within Australia? ACCEPT subject to an acceptable Have a competent person complete a Pest Risk biosecurity assessment of the source and a Assessment and refer B9 Biosecurity Monitoring Plan 19

B9 Is the organism an acceptable risk? ACCEPT subject to an acceptable REJECT biosecurity assessment of the source, an AQIS Import Permit and a Biosecurity Management Plan

B10 Is the species recorded in Appendix C as being invasive in any other REJECT or have a competent person Refer B11 country? complete a Pest Risk Assessment and refer B9

B11 Is another species of the genus or family of which the species is a member Refer B12 Have a competent person complete a Pest Risk listed in the Appendix C? Assessment and refer B9

B12 Is a member of the same genus or family listed in Appendix C as REJECT Have a competent person complete a Pest Risk SERIOUS or EXTREME by VPC or Bomford or included in Categories Assessment and refer B9 1a, 1b, 2, 3a or 3b in the NSW draft Non-Indigenous Animals Regulation 2011?

The Checklist that appears below should be used to record the completion of the process detailed above. The “Comment” cells should be used as and when appropriate. Examples of completed Checklists for a plant (Barbados Nut, Jatropha curcas), and an animal (Sable, Martes zibellina) appear in Appendix E.

Table 8: Biosecurity Status Assessment Checklist Step Y/N Outcome Comment A A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 B12 Proponent

Project Manager

Date

In all instances where the outcome of the “Process for determining the biosecurity status of the subject organisms of RIRDC research proposals” is to accept the biosecurity status of the proposal, acceptance is always qualified by one or more of the following requirements:

• Weed Risk Assessment (WRA), Weed Risk Management (WRM). These are formal assessment protocols developed by DAFF Biosecurity Plant (WRA) for assessment of plant materials proposed for importation into Australia and used, with variations in most States and Territories (WRM) for assessment of plant materials proposed for introduction from other jurisdictions. Where required a WRM should be undertaken, for preference, by the designated Australian Weeds Committee contact in the state/s in which it is proposed to undertake the proposed research, or by the RIRDC research Manager, if trained. (The name and contact details of the designated state contacts can be accessed through the weeds Australia website, http://www.weeds.org.au/contacts.htm).

• Pest Risk Assessment (PRA). This is an assessment to be undertaken using the protocol applied by the VPC, or that reported in Bomford (2008). The VPC and Bomford assessment protocols are specifically designed for application to vertebrate animals, but the principal risk factors referred to in the previous chapter are equally relevant in assessing the pest threat posed by invertebrate animals. Whatever the protocol used, the assessment should be undertaken by someone familiar with both the assessment protocol, and the species in question.

• Biosecurity Assessment of the Source. This is a lower order assessment than either of the two referred to above, and is one that has a focus on the risks associated with the source of the particular organisms to be used in the research, and their background, rather than the general characteristics of the species they represent. A Biosecurity Assessment of the Source should address the following issues:

- Is the organism truly of the species (and variety) specified and intended?

- Is it infected or infested with any pest or disease?

- Particularly if it is a plant seed, is it contaminated with other seeds?

As a general observation, the source of materials for use in research should be able to provide evidence that its operations are subject to a credible, current, comprehensive, and preferably independently audited biosecurity management plan. Most livestock and plant industry bodies develop, and promote, appropriate enterprise biosecurity planning and management programs, or broader Quality Assurance arrangements, that include appropriate biosecurity elements.

• AQIS Import Permit. Any biological material sourced from overseas will require approval to import from AQIS. The processes for, and conditions of, approval to import are specified on the AQIS website at www.daff.gov.au/aqis/import/biological/products/.

• A Biosecurity Management Plan should anticipate and address any risks arising from those aspects of the subject organism that gave rise to it having a biosecurity status other than “NEGLIGIBLE”. Such a plan should incorporate:

- consideration of potential biosecurity issues in designing the research and selecting sites for any trials

- appropriate control of access to the site and the organism

- appropriate Occupation Health and Safety planning and training, where the organism has the potential to impact human health or safety

- confinement or containment of the organism, in particular, propagules where plants are involved

- close monitoring to ensure the organism is behaving as anticipated, during the course of the research

- recovery and disposal of the organism, and its propagules, at the conclusion of the research

- monitoring of the research site and surroundings for a reasonable period following the conclusion of the project.

• A Biosecurity Monitoring Plan should be implemented where an organism is being introduced to an area outside its normal range, even though its biosecurity risk status is determined to be “NEGLIGIBLE”, and should include:

- assessment of the proposed site of any trials from a biosecurity perspective

- surveillance of the site during the course of the research, with a particular focus on any excursions by the organism outside the trial site

- follow-up monitoring of the site after the research is completed to ensure that the organism has not remained at the site or in the surrounding area without being subject to appropriate management

- recording and reporting of all relevant observations and activities.

Conclusion A sound biosecurity status is of importance and advantage to Australia’s agricultural industries, and environmental values. The effort that has been invested to maintain and enhance this status, and the costs to the country of the biosecurity incursions that have occurred, dictate that RIRDC, whose mandate to promote new agricultural industries brings with it a particular exposure, should take all reasonable steps to ensure that the research and development activities it supports do not compromise the national biosecurity status.

As part of its portfolio of biosecurity management initiatives, Australia, through its constituent governments, research institutions and agricultural industries have put significant effort into the development and application of risk-based approaches to managing pests, weeds and diseases in agricultural and environmental settings. Amongst these developments has been the establishment of protocols for assessing the risk of a plant or animal becoming a weed or pest. As well as being the benchmark for use in Australia, the threat assessment protocols employed by Weeds Australia and the VPC have found application, albeit with relevant modifications, in other countries.

The approach adopted in undertaking this work has been to:

• verify the relevance of the protocols, and assessments to RIRDC’s purposes

• identify appropriate sources of information, or

• assemble and collate relevant but dispersed information into an easily accessible database

• develop an easily applied process whereby RIRDC, and/or parties proposing research and development projects to be supported by RIRDC, can access existing information and arrangements to determine the biosecurity status of plant and animal species proposed as the subjects of RIRDC funded research and development projects.

Ancillary to this principal undertaking, and on advice that RIRDC is in the process of reviewing the structure and content of its research proposal application and assessment documentation, the present work has been extended to assess the current documentation from a biosecurity and risk management perspective and to make recommendations as to how these aspects might be better addressed in any revised documentation.

The recommendations that follow are intended to ensure that RIRDC adequately manages the significant exposures and obligations its mandate imposes upon it in regards to risk management in general, and biosecurity planning and management in particular.

Implications

Consistent with the objectives of this project, the main implication of this study, and the recommendations arising from it, is minimisation of the likelihood that a weed pest or disease will be introduced to, or spread within Australia, as a result of research or development activities supported by RIRDC in its pursuit of its mandate to promote new agricultural industries in Australia.

A corollary of this is that a research proposal that has associated with it a risk of the introduction or spread of a pest, weed or disease, and the lack of a biosecurity management plan that would mitigate such a risk, may not be supported by RIRDC.

Ancillary implications of this study include:

• heightened awareness of the importance of effective biosecurity management to Australia’s agricultural industries within RIRDC, and amongst its current and potential client researchers and R&D organisations

• heightened awareness, within RIRDC and amongst its current and potential client researchers and R&D organisations, of Weeds Australia and the VPC, their activities, national Strategies and weed and pest risk assessment processes.

Acceptance of the recommendations arising from this study and application of the “Process for determining the biosecurity status of the subject organisms of RIRDC research proposals” developed as part of this study, would add a small cost in terms of staff time for both RIRDC and the proponent, to the preparation and evaluation of research and development proposals. It is considered that this marginal impost will be more than offset by the reduction in the likelihood of biosecurity incidents, the heightened focus on biosecurity and the defensibility of RIRDC’s position as it pursues its operational mandate, which is not without inherent biosecurity risks.

Recommendations

As a result of the research and analysis that has been undertaken in the course of compiling this report, it is recommended that RIRDC:

• Revise its “Preliminary Research Proposal and Budget” documentation, a sample of which appears at http://www.rirdc.gov.au/shadomx/apps/fms/fmsdownload.cfm?file_uuid=7F0975E3-F1FE- 4F78-A31C-8C30C60004EA&siteName=RIRDC, to include as part of the “Background and Expected Outcomes” section, a “Biosecurity Risk Analysis and Management” element of equal status to, and preferably immediately following the “Social Benefits” element.

• In considering all “Preliminary Research Proposals and Budgets” that involve a plant or animal species as the subject of the proposal, have the Program Manager complete the “Process for determining the Biosecurity status of the subject organism of a research proposal,” which was developed and reported as part of the present project.

• Support only research which is determined by application of the “Process for determining the Biosecurity status of the subject organism of a research proposal” to represent an acceptable biosecurity risk, and which is subject to a biosecurity management or monitoring plan that adequately addresses the residual biosecurity risks associated with the proposal.

• Ensure that RIRDC has staff or contractors who are trained and competent to undertake Weed Risk Assessments, Weed Risk Management processes and Pest Risk Assessments of the type and to the standard applied by Weeds Australia and VPC respectively

• Alternatively, put in place other arrangements whereby RIRDC Program Managers can access the required skills and experience to undertake such assessments of the type and to the standard applied by Weeds Australia and VPC respectively.

Appendices Appendix A. The pre-border Australian Weed Risk Assessment system Answer yes (y) or no (n), or don’t know (leave blank or ?), unless otherwise indicated Botanical name: Outcome: Common name: Score: Family name Your name: History/Biogeography A 1 Domestication/ 1.01 Is the species highly domesticated. If answer is ‘no’ got to question 2.01 C cultivation 1.02 Has the species become naturalised where grown C 1.03 Does the species have weedy races 2 Climate and 2.01 Species suited to Australian climates (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) 2 Distribution 2.02 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) 2 C 2.03 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) C 2.04 Native or naturalised in regions with extended dry periods 2.05 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range C 3 Weed 3.01 Naturalised beyond native range E elsewhere 3.02 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed A 3.03 Weed of agriculture/horticulture/forestry E 3.04 Environmental weed 3.05 Congeneric weed Biology/Ecology A 4 Undesirable 4.01 Produces spines, thorns or burrs C traits 4.02 Allelopathic C 4.03 Parasitic A 4.04 Unpalatable to grazing animals C 4.05 Toxic to animals C 4.06 Host for recognised pests and pathogens C 4.07 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans E 4.08 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems E 4.09 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle E 4.10 Grows on infertile soils E 4.11 Climbing or smothering growth habit E 4.12 Forms dense thickets E 5 Plant type 5.01 Aquatic C 5.02 Grass E 5.03 Nitrogen fixing woody plant C 5.04 Geophyte C 6 Reproduction 6.01 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat C 6.02 Produces viable seed C 6.03 Hybridises naturally C 6.04 Self-fertilisation C 6.05 Requires specialist pollinators C 6.06 Reproduction by vegetative propagation C 6.07 Minimum generative time (years) 1 A 7 Dispersal 7.01 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally C mechanisms 7.02 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people A 7.03 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant C 7.04 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal E 7.05 Propagules buoyant E 7.06 Propagules bird dispersed C 7.07 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) C 7.08 Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) C 8 Persistence 8.01 Prolific seed production A attributes 8.02 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) A 8.03 Well controlled by herbicides C 8.04 Tolerates or benefits from mutilation, cultivation or fire E 8.05 Effective natural enemies present in Australia A= agricultural, E = environmental, C= combined Accessed via http://www.daff.gov.au/ba/reviews/weeds/system/weed_risk_assessment#answer 17June 2011

Appendix B. Score sheet for Australian Bird and Mammal risk assessment model for assigning VPC threat category (Bomford 2008)

Factor Score

A1. Risk to people from individual escapees (0–2) A2. Risk to public safety from individual captive animals (0–2) A. Risk to public safety from captive or released individuals: A = A1 + A2 (0–4) B1. Degree of climate match between species overseas range and Australia (1–6) B2. Exotic population established overseas (0–4) B3. Overseas range size (0–2) B4. Taxonomic Class (0–1) B5. Diet (0–1) B6. Habitat (0–1) B7. Migratory behaviour (0–1) B. Establishment Risk Score: B = B1 + B2 + B3 + B4 + B5 + B6 + B7 (1–16) C1. Taxonomic group (0–4) C2. Overseas range size (0–2) C3. Diet and feeding (0–3) C4. Competition with native fauna for tree hollows (0–2) C5. Overseas environmental pest status (0–3) C6. Climate match to areas with susceptible native species or communities (0–5) C7. Overseas primary production pest status (0–3) C8. Climate match to susceptible primary production (0–5) C9. Spread disease (1–2) C10. Harm to property (0–3) C11. Harm to people (0–5) C. Pest Risk Score: C = C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 + C5 + C6 + C7 + C8 + C9 + C10 + C11 (1–37)

Appendix C. Database of Potential Pest Animals for use in the "Process for determining the biosecurity status of the subject organisms of RIRDC research proposals" AMPHIBIANS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Alytidae Discoglossus pictus LOW Bomford 2008 Ambystomatidae Ambystoma mavortium Western Tiger EXTREME VPC 2011 Salamander Ambystomatidae Ambystoma mexicanum Axolotl; Mexican SERIOUS VPC 2011 Walking Fish Ambystomatidae Ambystoma tigrinum axolotyl LOW Bomford 2008 Bombinatoridae Bombina bombina EXTREME Bomford 2008 Bufonidae Bufo marinus Cane toad EXTREME VPC 2011 Bufonidae Bufo melanostictus Black spined toad EXTREME Bomford 2008 Bufonidae Bufo melanostictus SERIOUS VPC 2011 Bufonidae Bufo viridus MODERATE Bomford 2008 Cryptobranchidae Andrias japonicus Japanese Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Salamander; Dendrobatidae Dendrobates auratus Green Poison-arrow Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 frog Dendrobatidae Dendrobates tinctorius Dyeing Poison- Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 arrow frog Hylidae Hyla arborea SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Hylidae Hyla meridionalis LOW Bomford 2008 Hylidae Hyla wrightorum MODERATE Bomford 2008 Hylidae Litoria ewingii MODERATE Bomford 2008 Hylidae Osteopilus septentrionalis SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Hylidae Pseudacris regilla LOW Bomford 2008 Hylidae Scinax rubra MODERATE Bomford 2008 Leptodactylidae Eleutherodactylus coqui coqui SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Leptodactylidae Eleutherodactylus johnstonei SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Leptodactylidae Eleutherodactylus planirostris greenhouse frog SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Megophryidae Megophrys montana Javan Horned Frog - VPC 2011 Microhylidae Kaloula pulchra Malayan Narrow- SERIOUS VPC 2011 mouthed Toad; Indian Bullfrog; Beautiful Kaloula; Asiatic Painted Frog Pelobatidae Pelobates fuscus MODERATE Bomford 2008 Pipidae Xenopus laevis African clawed frog EXTREME VPC 2011 Ranidae Pyxicephalus adspersus African Bullfrog SERIOUS VPC 2011 Ranidae Pyxicephalus adspersus African Bullfrog Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Ranidae Rana berlandieri MODERATE Bomford 2008 Ranidae Rana catesbeiana EXTREME Bomford 2008 Ranidae Rana (Pelophylax) esculenta Edible frog EXTREME Bomford 2008 Ranidae Rana (Pelophylax) lessonae Pool Frog SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Ranidae Rana perezi EXTREME Bomford 2008 Ranidae Rana pipiens EXTREME Bomford 2008 Ranidae Rana (Pelophylax) ridibunda Marsh Frog SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Ranidae Rana sphenocephala EXTREME Bomford 2008 Rhacophoridae Chirixalus romeri Romer’s Tree Frog SERIOUS VPC 2011 Rhacophoridae Philautus romeri Romer’s Tree-frog Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Salamandridae Cynops pyrrhogaster SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Salamandridae Cynops pyrrhogaster Japanese Newt; red- Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 bellied Newt Salamandridae Notophthalmus viridescens MODERATE Bomford 2008 Salamandridae Salamandra salamandra EXTREME Bomford 2008 Salamandridae Taricha granulosa rough-skinned newt - VPC 2011

AMPHIBIANS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Salamandridae Taricha granulosa Rough-skinned Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Newt Salamandridae Trituris alpestris LOW Bomford 2008 Salamandridae Triturus carnifex SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Salamandridae Triturus cristatus Warty Newt; Crested Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Newt Salamandridae Triturus vulgaris Smooth Newt - VPC 2011 Salamandridae Triturus vulgaris Common Newt; Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Smooth Newt

BIRDS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Alaudidae Alauda arvensis Skylark HIGH Bomford 2008 NZ Alaudidae Lullula arborea* Wood lark LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Anatidae Aix galericulata Mandarin Duck Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Anatidae Aix sponsa* American wood duck LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Anatidae Alopochen aegyptiacus Goose, Egyptian MODERATE VPC 2011 Anatidae Anas acuta* Common pintail LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Anatidae Anas Penelope* European widgeon LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Anatidae Anas platyrhynchos Mallard and all strains of EXTREME VPC 2011 domestic ducks Anatidae Anser anser* Greylag and all domestic LOW Bomford 2008 NZ strains of geese Anatidae Anser caerulescens* Snow goose LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Anatidae Anser cygnoides Goose, Swan; Chinese MODERATE VPC 2011 Goose Anatidae Aythya ferina* Common pochard LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Anatidae Aythya fuligula* Tufted duck LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Anatidae Aythya novaeseelandiae New Zealand Scaup LOW VPC 2011 Anatidae Branta canadensis Canada Goose MODERATE VPC 2011 Anatidae Branta sandvicensis* Hawaiian goose LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Anatidae Cairina moschate Muscovy Duck Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Anatidae Cereopsis Cape Barren goose LOW Bomford 2008 NZ novaehollandiae* Anatidae Cygnus olor Mute swan HIGH Bomford 2008 NZ Anatidae Tadorna ferruginea Ruddy Shelduck Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Anatidae Tadorna variegata Paradise Shelduck Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Apterygidae Apteryx australis Kiwi, Brown MODERATE VPC 2011 Ardeidae Ardeola ibis Cattle egret EXTREME Bomford 2008 NZ Ardeidae Nycticorax caledonicus* Nankeen night heron MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ Cardinalidae Piranga rubra* Summer tanager LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Cathartidae Vultur gryphus Andean Condor SERIOUS VPC 2011 Charadriidae Pluvialis apricaria* Golden plover LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Charadriidae Pluvialis squatarola* Grey plover LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Charadriidae Vanellus vanellus* Lapwing MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ Columbidae Caloenas nicobarica Nicobar Pigeon Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Columbidae Columba livia Rock dove EXTREME Bomford 2008 NZ

Columbidae Columbina talpacoti Talpacoti; Ruddy Ground- Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 dove Columbidae Gallicolumba jobiensis White Bibbed Ground- Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 dove Columbidae Gallicolumba luzonica Luzon Bleeding-heart Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Columbidae Goura victoria Victoria Crowned-pigeon Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Columbidae Hemiphaga New Zealand Pigeon Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 novaeseelandiae Columbidae Leucosarcia melanoleuca* Wonga pigeon LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Columbidae Ocyphaps lophotes* Crested pigeon LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Columbidae Oena capensis Masked Dove; Harlequin Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Dove Columbidae Streptopelia bitorquata* Javan turtledove LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Columbidae Streptopelia chinensis Spotted turtledove HIGH Bomford 2008 NZ Columbidae Streptopelia decaocto Collared Dove; Collared MODERATE VPC 2011 Turtle-dove; Indian Ring Dove; Barbary Dove (fawn or white variations) Columbidae Streptopelia risoria Ringed Turtle Dove; Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Barbary Dove Columbidae Streptopelia roseogrisea African Collared Dove MODERATE VPC 2011

BIRDS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Columbidae Streptopelia senegalensis Laughing Dove Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Columbidae Streptopelia tranquebarica Red Collared-dove Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Corvidae Corvus frugilegus Rook MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ Corvidae Corvus monedula* Jackdaw MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ Corvidae Corvus splendens House Crow; Indian or EXTREME VPC 2011 Ceylon Crow Corvidae Psilorhinus morio Brown Jay SERIOUS VPC 2011 Cracidae Mitu tuberosa Razor-billed Curassow Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Emberizidae Emberiza cirlus Cirl bunting MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ Emberizidae Emberiza citrinella Yellowhammer HIGH Bomford 2008 NZ Emberizidae Emberiza hortulanus* Ortolan bunting LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Emberizidae Emberiza shoeniclus* Reed bunting MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ Emberizidae Volatinia jacarina Blue-black Grassquit; SERIOUS VPC 2011 Jacarini Finch Estrididae Lonchura punctulata* Nutmeg mannikin MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ Estrildidae Amandava amandava Munia, Red; Red EXTREME VPC 2011 Strawberry Finch; Red or Indian Avadavat; Tiger Finch; Red Waxbill Estrildidae Emblema guttata* Diamond firetail LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Estrildidae Estrilda astrild Common Waxbill; St EXTREME VPC 2011 Helena Waxbill Estrildidae Lonchura cantans African Silverbill SERIOUS VPC 2011 Estrildidae Lonchura castaneothorax* Chestnut-breasted finch MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ Estrildidae Lonchura malacca Black-headed Munia; EXTREME VPC 2011 Black-headed Nun Estrildidae Padda oryzivora Java Sparrow; Paddy MODERATE VPC 2011 Finch Estrildidae Uraeginthus bengalus Red-cheeked Cordon- SERIOUS VPC 2011 bleu Estrildidae Uraeginthus granatina Violet-eared Waxbill; MODERATE VPC 2011 Common Grenadier Fringillidae Acanthis cannabina* Linnet MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ Fringillidae Acanthis flammea Redpoll LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Fringillidae Acanthis flavirostris* Twite MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ Fringillidae Carduelis cannabina Eurasian Linnet Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Fringillidae Carduelis carduelis Goldfinch; Eurasian LOW VPC 2011 Goldfinch Fringillidae Carduelis chloris Greenfinch EXTREME Bomford 2008 NZ Fringillidae Carduelis chloris European Greenfinch Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Fringillidae Carduelis cucullata Red Siskin Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Fringillidae Carduelis flammea Common Redpoll Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Fringillidae Carduelis magellanica Black-headed Siskin Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Fringillidae Carduelis notata Black-headed Siskin Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Fringillidae Carduelis sinica Oriental Greenfinch Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Fringillidae Carduelis spinoides Yellow-breasted Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Greenfinch Fringillidae Carduelis spinus* Siskin LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Fringillidae Carduelis uropygialis Yellow-rumped Siskin Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Fringillidae Carpodacus mexicanus House Finch Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Fringillidae Carpodacus purpureus Purple Finch Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Fringillidae Coryphospingus cucullatus Red-crested Finch Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Fringillidae Emberiza citrinella Yellowhammer Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Fringillidae Fringilla coelebs Chaffinch EXTREME Bomford 2008 NZ Fringillidae Fringilla coelebs Chaffinch Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Fringillidae Fringilla montifringilla* Bramble finch LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Fringillidae Paroaria coronata Red-crested Cardinal Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011

BIRDS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Fringillidae Pyrrhula pyrrhula* Bullfinch MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ Fringillidae Serinus atrogularis Southern Yellow-rumped Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 seedeater Fringillidae Serinus canarius* Canary LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Fringillidae Serinus dorsostriatus White-bellied Canary Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Fringillidae Serinus dorsostriatus x White-bellied Canary x Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Serinus xanthopygius Yellow Rumped seedeater Fringillidae Serinus flaviventris Yellow Canary Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Fringillidae Serinus leucopygius White-rumped Seedeater Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Fringillidae Serinus mozambicus Yellow-fronted Canary Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Fringillidae Serinus serinus European Serin Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Fringillidae Serinus xanthopygius Abyssinian Yellow Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Rumped seedeater Fringillidae Sicalis flaveola Saffron Finch Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Fringillidae Tiaris canora Cuban Grassquit Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Fringillidae Volatinia jacarina Jacarina; Blue-black Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Grassquit Gruidae Balearica regulorum Crane, Grey-crowned LOW VPC 2011 Halcyonidae Dacelo novaeguineae Kookaburra EXTREME Bomford 2008 NZ Icteridae Agelaius phoeniceus* Red-winged blackbird LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Icteridae Sturnella neglecta* Western meadowlark MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ Muscicapidae Copsychus malabaricus White-rumped Shama Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Muscicapidae Copsychus saularis Oriental Magpie-robin Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Muscicapidae Erithacus rebecula* European robin MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ Muscicapidae Leiothrix argentauris Silver-eared Mesia SERIOUS VPC 2011 Muscicapidae Leiothrix lutea Pekin Robin; Red-billed EXTREME VPC 2011 Leiothrix Muscicapidae Luscinia megarhynchos* Nightingale LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Muscicapidae Turdus merula Common Blackbird; MODERATE VPC 2011 Eurasian Blackbird Muscicapidae Turdus philomelos Song Thrush Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Musophagidae Tauraco leucotis White-cheeked Turaco EXTREME VPC 2011 Numididae Numida meleagris* Helmeted guineafowl MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ Odontophoridae Oreortyx pictus* Mountain quail MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ Passeridae Amadina erythrocephala Red-headed Finch Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Amadina fasciata Cut-throat Finch Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Amandava amandava Red Avadat Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 amandava Passeridae Amandava amandava Red Strawberry Finch Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 punicea Passeridae Amandava formosa Green Avadavat Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Amandava subflava Zebra Waxbill Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Erythrura cyaneovirens Red-headed Parrotfinch Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Erythrura hyperythra Tawny-breasted Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Parrotfinch Passeridae Erythrura pealii Fiji Parrotfinch Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Erythrura prasina Pin-tailed Parrotfinch Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Erythrura psittacea Red-throated Parrotfinch; Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 red faced Parrotfinch Passeridae Erythrura trichroa Blue-faced Parrotfinch Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 (excluding Erythrura sigillifera) Passeridae Erythrura trichora x Blue Faced Parrotfinch x Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Erythrura tricolor; Tricolored Parrotfinch Passeridae Erythrura tricolor Tricolored Parrotfinch Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Estrilda astrild St Helen Waxbill Common Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011

BIRDS Family Species Common Name Threat Source wax bill Passeridae Estrilda melpoda Orange-cheeked Waxbill Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Estrilda troglodytes Black-rumped Waxbill Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Euplectes afer Yellow-crowned Bishop Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011

Passeridae Euplectes axillaris Red-shouldered Whydah, Category NSW draft regs 2011 Fan-tailed widow Bird Passeridae Euplectes orix franciscana Orange Bishop Weaver Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Euplectes orix orix Red Bishop Weaver; Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Grenadier Passeridae Euschistospiza dybowskii Dybowskis Twinspot Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Foudia eminentissima Red-headed Fody Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Foudia madagascariensis Madagascar Fody Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Hypargos niveoguttatus Peters’s Twinspot Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Lagonosticta rubricata African Firefinch Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Lagonosticta senegala Red-billed Firefinch Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Lonchura bicolor Rufous-backed Munia Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Lonchura cantans Silverbill Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Lonchura domestica Bengalese Mannikin Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Lonchura griseicapilla Grey-headed Silverbill Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Lonchura leucogastroides White-bellied Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Munia;Javan Munia Passeridae Lonchura maja White-headed Munia Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Lonchura malabarica White-throated Silverbill Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Lonchura malacca Southern Black Headed Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 atricapilla Munia Passeridae Lonchura malacca Chestnut Munia Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 ferruginosa Passeridae Lonchura malacca Black-headed Munia; Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 malacca Black Headed Nun Passeridae Lonchura punctulata Spice Finch; Scaly- Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 breasted Munia Passeridae Lonchura striata White-rumped Munia Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Mandingoa nitidula Green-backed Twinspot Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Padda oryzivora Java Sparrow Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Passer domesticus House Sparrow Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Passer flaveolus Plain-backed Sparrow Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Passer luteus Sudan Golden sparrow Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Pytilia hypogrammica Yellow-winged Pytilia Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Pytilia hypogrammica Red-faced Aurora Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 lopezi Passeridae Pytilia melba Green-winged Pytilia; Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Melba Finch Passeridae Pytilia phoenicoptera Red-winged Pytilia; Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Aurora finch Passeridae Uraeginthus angolensis Blue-breasted Cordonbleu Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Uraeginthus bengalus Red-cheeked Cordonbleu Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Uraeginthus cyanocephala Blue-capped Cordonbleu Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Uraeginthus granatina Common Grenadier Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Uraeginthus ianthinogaster Purple Grenadier Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Passeridae Vidua macroura Pin-tailed Whydah Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Phasianidae Alectoris chukar Chukar Partridge Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Phasianidae Alectoris graeca Chukar partridge EXTREME Bomford 2008 NZ Phasianidae Alectoris rufa* Red-legged partridge HIGH Bomford 2008 NZ Phasianidae Chrysolophus amherstiae Lady Amherst’s Pheasant Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011

BIRDS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Phasianidae Chrysolophus pictus Golden Pheasant Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Phasianidae Colinus virginianus Bobwhite Quail; Northern SERIOUS VPC 2011 Bobwhite Phasianidae Coturnix australis Brown quail HIGH Bomford 2008 NZ Phasianidae Coturnix chinensis King Quail; Chinese Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Painted quail Phasianidae Coturnix coturnix Common Quail Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Phasianidae Coturnix japonica Japanese Quail MODERATE VPC 2011 Phasianidae Coturnix pectoralis* Stubble quail LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Phasianidae Francolinus francolinus Black Francolin Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Phasianidae Gallus gallus* Red jungle fowl MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ Phasianidae Gallus varius Green Junglefowl MODERATE VPC 2011 Phasianidae Lagopus lagopus* Willow grouse LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Phasianidae Lophophorus impejanus Himalayan Monal SERIOUS VPC 2011 Pheasant; Impeyan Pheasant Phasianidae Lophortyx californicus California quail MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ Phasianidae Lophura diardi Siamese Fireback SERIOUS VPC 2011 Pheasant Phasianidae Lophura edwardsi Edwards Pheasant MODERATE VPC 2011 Phasianidae Lophura leucomelanos Kalij Pheasant Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Phasianidae Lophura nycthemera* Silver pheasant LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Phasianidae Lophura swinhoii Swinhoe’s Pheasant Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Phasianidae Meleagris gallopavo Turkey Category NSW draft regs 2011 Phasianidae Mitu tuberosa Razor-billed Curassow EXTREME VPC 2011 Phasianidae Pavo cristatus Indian Peafowl Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Phasianidae Pavo muticus Green Peafowl Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Phasianidae Pediocetes phasianellus* Sharp-tailed grouse LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Phasianidae Perdix perdix* European partridge HIGH Bomford 2008 NZ Phasianidae Phasianus colchicus Ring-necked Pheasant; SERIOUS VPC 2011 Common Pheasant Phasianidae Polyplectron emphanum Palawan Peacock- EXTREME VPC 2011 pheasant Phasianidae Syrmaticus reevesii Reeves’ Pheasant MODERATE VPC 2011 Phasianidae Tetrao tetrix* Black grouse LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Phasianidae Tympanuchus cupido* Greater prairie chicken LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Phoenicopteridae Phoenicopterus chilensis Chilean Flamingo EXTREME VPC 2011 Phoenicopteridae Phoenicopterus ruber Greater Flamingo MODERATE VPC 2011 Ploceidae Padda oryzivora* Java sparrow MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ Ploceidae Passer domesticus House Sparrow MODERATE VPC 2011 Ploceidae Passer montanus* Tree sparrow MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ Prunellidae Prunella modularis Hedge sparrow MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ Psittacidae Agapornis fischeri Fischer’s Lovebird Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Agapornis lilianae Nyasa Lovebird Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Agapornis nigrigenis Black-cheeked Lovebird Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Agapornis personata Masked Lovebird Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Agapornis roseicollis Peach-faced Lovebird EXTREME VPC 2011 Psittacidae Alisterus amboinensis Aboina Parrot; Moluccan MODERATE VPC 2011 King-parrot Psittacidae Amazona aestiva Blue-fronted Parrot Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Amazona albifrons White-fronted Parrot Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Amazona amazonica Orange-winged Parrot Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Amazona auropalliata Yellow-naped Parrot Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Amazona autumnalis Red-lored Amazon Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Amazona finschi Lilac-crowned Parrot Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Amazona leucocephala Amazon, Cuban; Cuban LOW VPC 2011 Parrot

BIRDS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Psittacidae Amazona ochrocephala Yellow-crowned Amazon; SERIOUS VPC 2011 Yellow-headed Amazon; Yellow-fronted Amazon; Yellow-naped Amazon Psittacidae Amazona ochrocephala Yellow-headed Amazon Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Amazona ocrocephala Amazon, Yellow-naped EXTREME VPC 2011 auropalliata Psittacidae Amazona oratrix Yellow-headed Parrot Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Amazona pretrei Red-spectacled Parrot Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Amazona viridigenalis Red-crowned Parrot Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Amazona xanthops Yellow-faced Parrot Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Anodorhynchus Macaw, Hyacinth SERIOUS VPC 2011 hyacinthinus Psittacidae Ara ambigua Great Green Macaw Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Ara ararauna Blue-and-gold Macaw Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Ara auricollis Yellow-collared Macaw Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Ara chloropterus Green-winged Macaw Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Ara macao Scarlet Macaw Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Ara manilata Red-bellied Macaw Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Ara maracana Blue-winged Macaw Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Ara militaris Military Macaw Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Ara nobilis Red-shouldered Macaw Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Ara rubrogenys Macaw, Red-fronted EXTREME VPC 2011 Psittacidae Ara severa Chestnut-fronted Macaw Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Aratinga acuticaudata Blue-crowned Parakeet Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Aratinga aurea Golden-crown Conure Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Aratinga auricapilla Golden-capped Conure Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Aratinga auricapilla x Golden-capped Conure x Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Aratinga jandaya Jandaya Conure Psittacidae Aratinga guarouba Golden Parakeet Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Aratinga jandaya Janday Conure Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Aratinga solstitialis Sun Conure; Sun MODERATE VPC 2011 Parakeet Psittacidae Aratinga weddellii Dusky-headed Conure Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Bolborhynchus lineola Barred Parakeet Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Cacatua alba White Cockatoo MODERATE VPC 2011 Psittacidae Cacatua goffini Tanimbar Cockatoo Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Cacatua moluccensis Salmon-crested Cockatoo Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Cacatua sulphurea Yellow-crested Cockatoo Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Chalcopsitta atra Black Lory Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Chalcopsitta atra x Black Lory x Rainbow Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Trichoglossus haematodus lorikeet Psittacidae Chalcopsitta cardinalis Cardinal Lory Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011

Psittacidae Chalcopsitta cardinalis x Cardinal Lory x Rainbow Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Trichoglossus haematodus Lorikeet Psittacidae Chalcopsitta duivenbodei Brown Lory EXTREME VPC 2011 Psittacidae Chalcopsitta sintillata Yellow-streaked Lory Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Charmosyna papou Papuan Lorikeet Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Cyanoliseus patagonus Burrowing Parakeet Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Cyanoramphus auriceps auriceps Yellow-fronted Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 kakariki Psittacidae Cyanoramphus Red-fronted Kakariki Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 novaezelandiae novaezelandiae Psittacidae Cyanoramphus unicolor Antipodes Parakeet Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Deroptyus accipitrinus Red-fan Parrot Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011

BIRDS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Psittacidae Eclectus roratus Eclectus Parrot Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Eclectus roratus Red-sided Electus Parrot Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 polychloros Psittacidae Eclectus roratus Solomon island Electus Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 solomonensis Parrot Psittacidae Eclectus roratus vosmaeri Vosmaer’s Electus Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Eos bornea Red Lory Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Eos cyanogenia Black-winged Lory Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Eos histrio Red-and-blue Lory Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Eos reticulata Blue-streaked Lory Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Eos semilarvata Blue-eared Lory Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Eos squamata Violet-necked Lory Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Forpus coelestis Pacific Parrotlet Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Loriculus galgulus Blue-crowned Hanging- Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 parrot Psittacidae Lorius chlorocercus Yellow-bibbed Lory EXTREME VPC 2011 Psittacidae Lorius domicella Purple-naped Lory Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Lorius garrulus Chattering Lory EXTREME VPC 2011 Psittacidae Lorius lory Black-capped Lory SERIOUS VPC 2011 Psittacidae Myiopsitta monachus Monk Parakeet; Quaker EXTREME VPC 2011 Parrot Psittacidae Nandayus nenday Nanday Conure MODERATE VPC 2011

Psittacidae Neopsittacus Yellow-billed Lorikeet Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 musschenbroekii Psittacidae Nestor notabilis Kea Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Phigys solitarius Collared Lory Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Pionites leucogaster White-bellied Parrot Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Pionites melanocephala Black-headed Parrot Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Pionus chalcopterus Bronze-winged Parrot Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Pionus senilis White-crowned Parrot Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Poicephalus gulielmi Red-fronted Parrot Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Poicephalus meyeri Meyers Parrot Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Poicephalus robustus Brown-necked Parrot Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Poicephalus rufiventris Red-bellied Parrot Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Poicephalus senegalus Senegal Parrot Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Prosopeia personata Masked Shining-parrot Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Prosopeia tabuensis Red Shining-parrot Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Pseudeos fuscata Dusky Lory SERIOUS VPC 2011 Psittacidae Psittacula alexandri Red-breasted Parakeet Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Psittacula columboides Malabar Parakeet Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Psittacula cyanocephala Plum-headed Parakeet Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Psittacula derbiana Derbyan Parakeet Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Psittacula eupatria Alexandrine Parakeet SERIOUS VPC 2011 Psittacidae Psittacula himalayana Slaty-headed Parakeet Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Psittacula krameri Rose-ringed Parakeet; EXTREME VPC 2011 Indian or African Ringneck Parrot or Parakeet Psittacidae Psittacus erithacus Grey Parrot; African Grey EXTREME VPC 2011 Parrot Psittacidae Pycnonotus jocosus Red-whiskered Bulbul EXTREME VPC 2011 Psittacidae Pyrrhura frontalis Maroon-bellied Conure MODERATE VPC 2011 Psittacidae Trichoglossus haematodus Rainbow lorikeet Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Psittacidae Trichoglossus ornatus Ornate Lorikeet EXTREME VPC 2011 Pteroclididae Pterocles alchata* Pintailed sandgrouse LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus jocosus Red-whiskered Bulbul Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011

BIRDS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Rheidae Rhea americana Greater Rhea LOW VPC 2011 Struthionidae Struthio camelus Ostrich EXTREME VPC 2011 Sturnidae Acridotheres tristis Myna, Common; Indian EXTREME VPC 2011 Myna(h); Indian House Myna(h) Sturnidae Leucopsar rothschildi Bali Myna or Starling EXTREME VPC 2011 Sturnidae Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling; EXTREME VPC 2011 European Starling Sylviidae Leiothrix argentauris Silver-eared Mesia Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Sylviidae Leiothrix lutea Red-billed Leiothrix Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Sylviidae Sylvia atricapilla* Blackcap MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ Sylviidae Sylvia communis* Whitethroat MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ Turdidae Turdus merula Blackbird EXTREME Bomford 2008 NZ Turdidae Turdus philomelos Song thrush EXTREME Bomford 2008 NZ Tytonidae Athene noctua Little owl EXTREME Bomford 2008 NZ Tytonidae Strix aluco* Tawny owl MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ Tytonidae Tyto alba* Barn owl EXTREME Bomford 2008 NZ Zosteropidae Zosterops lateralis Silvereye HIGH Bomford 2008 NZ

*Introduced to New Zealand but failed to establish

CRUSTACEANS Family Species Common name Threat Source Artemiidea Artemia franciscana American brine Not assessed - Invasive ISSG 2011 2011 shrimp in other countries Astacidae Pacifastacus Californian crayfish Not assessed - Invasive ISSG 2011 2011 leniusculus in other countries Balanidae Elminius modestus Australian barnacle Not assessed - Invasive ISSG 2011 2011 in other countries

Balanidae Megabalanus titan acorn barnacle Not assessed - Invasive CISEH 2009 coccopoma in other countries Cambaridae Orconectes palmeri gray-speckled Not assessed - Invasive CISEH 2009

creolanus crayfish in other countries Cambaridae Orconectes rusticus rusty crayfish Not assessed - Invasive ISSG 2011 2011 in other countries Cambaridae Orconectes virilis virile crayfish Not assessed - Invasive ISSG 2011 2011 in other countries Cambaridae Procambarus clarkii red swamp crayfish Not assessed - Invasive ISSG 2011 2011 in other countries Cercopagididae Bythotrephes Eurasian spiny water Not assessed - Invasive ISSG 2011 2011 longimanus flea in other countries Cercopagididae Cercopagis pengoi fishhook waterflea Not assessed - Invasive ISSG 2011 2011 in other countries Chthamalidae Chthamalus proteus Atlantic barnacle Not assessed - Invasive ISSG 2011 2011 in other countries Daphniidae Daphnia lumholtzi water flea Not assessed - Invasive ISSG 2011 2011 in other countries Grapsidae Eriocheir sinensis Chinese river crab Not assessed - Invasive ISSG 2011 2011 in other countries Mysidae Hemimysis anomala bloody red shrimp Not assessed - Invasive CISEH 2009 in other countries Panopeidea Rhithropanopeus estuarine mud crab Not assessed - Invasive ISSG 2011 2011 harrisii in other countries Parastacidae Cherax albidus common yabby Not assessed - Invasive CISEH 2009 crayfish in other countries Parastacidae Cherax destructor common yabby Not assessed - Invasive CISEH 2009 crayfish in other countries Parastacidae Cherax red claw crayfish Not assessed - Invasive CISEH 2009 quadricarinatus in other countries Penaeidae Litopenaeus blue shrimp Not assessed - Invasive CISEH 2009 stylirostris in other countries Penaeidae Litopenaeus vannamei whiteleg shrimp Not assessed - Invasive CISEH 2009 in other countries Penaeidae Penaeus monodon Giant Tiger Prawn Not assessed - Invasive CISEH 2009 in other countries

Porcellanidae Petrolisthes armatus green porcelain crab Not assessed - Invasive CISEH 2009 in other countries Porcellionidae Porcellio scaber woodlouse Not assessed - Invasive ISSG 2011 2011 in other countries Portunidae Callinectes bocourti Bocourt swimming Not assessed - Invasive CISEH 2009 crab in other countries Portunidae Carcinus maenas European green crab Not assessed - Invasive ISSG 2011 2011 in other countries Portunidae Charybdis hellerii Indo-Pacific Not assessed - Invasive ISSG 2011 2011 swimming crab in other countries Portunidae Charybdis japonica Asian paddle crab Not assessed - Invasive ISSG 2011 2011 in other countries Pseudodiaptomidae Pseudodiaptomus Asian calanoid Not assessed - Invasive ISSG 2011 2011 inopinus copepod in other countries

Sphaeromatidae Paradella dianae isopod Not assessed - Invasive CISEH 2009 in other countries

CRUSTACEANS Family Species Common name Threat Source Sphaeromatidae Sphaeroma quoianum Australasian isopod Not assessed - Invasive ISSG 2011 2011 in other countries Varunidae Hemigrapsus Asian shore crab, Not assessed - Invasive ISSG 2011 2011 sanguineus in other countries

FISH Family Species Common Name Threat Source Acanthuridae Acanthurus sohal Sohal surgeonfish Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Acanthuridae Naso lituratus Orangespine Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 Unicorn fish North America Acipenseridae Acipenser baerii LOW Bomford M 2008 Acipenseridae Acipenser medirostris green sturgeon Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Acipenseridae Acipenser ruthenus LOW Bomford M 2008 Acipenseridae Acipenser transmontanus LOW Bomford M 2008 Amiidae Amia calva bowfin Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Anguillidae Anguilla japonica LOW Bomford M 2008 Atherinidae Odontesthes bonariensis SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Belontiidae Macropodus chinensis Chinese Paradise SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Fish Callichthyidae Callichthys callichthys armoured catfish Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Callichthyidae Hoplosternum littorale brown hoplo Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Catostomidae Carpiodes cyprinus SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Catostomidae Ictiobus cyprinella LOW Bomford M 2008 Catostomidae Ictiobus niger LOW Bomford M 2008 Centrarchidae Ambloplites rupestris EXTREME Bomford M 2008 Centrarchidae Lepomis auritus redbreast sunfish EXTREME Bomford M 2008 Centrarchidae Lepomis cyanellus green sunfish SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Centrarchidae Lepomis gibbosus EXTREME Bomford M 2008 Centrarchidae Lepomis gulosus EXTREME Bomford M 2008 Centrarchidae Lepomis humilis orangespotted Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 sunfish North America Centrarchidae Lepomis macrochirus EXTREME Bomford M 2008 Centrarchidae Lepomis microlophus SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Centrarchidae Lepomis punctatus spotted bass MODERATE Bomford M 2008

Centrarchidae Micropterus dolomieu SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Centrarchidae Micropterus salmoides American Black EXTREME Bomford M 2008 Bass Centrarchidae Morone chrysops white bass Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Centrarchidae Pomoxis annularis SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Centrarchidae Pomoxis nigromaculatus SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Centropomidae Lates niloticus Nile Perch SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon lunula redstriped Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 butterflyfish North America Chaetodontidae Heniochus intermedius Red Sea Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 bannerfish North America Channidae Channa argus northern Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 snakehead North America Channidae Channa bleheri rainbow Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 snakehead North America Channidae Channa gachua dwarf snakehead Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Channidae Channa maculata snakehead mullet Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Channidae Channa marulius bullseye Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 snakehead North America Channidae Channa punctata green snakehead Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America

FISH Family Species Common Name Threat Source Channidae Channa spp. Asian snakeheads Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Channidae Channa striata striped snakehead Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Channidae Parachanna spp. snakehead fish Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Characidae Colossoma macropomum tambaquí Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Characidae Gymnocorymbus ternetzi SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Characidae Metynnis spp. Silver Dollar Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 species North America Characidae Piaractus brachypomus red-bellied pacu Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Characidae Piaractus mesopotamicus small-scaled pacu Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Characidae Piaractus spp. pacus Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Characidae Pygocentrus spp. piranha Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Characidae Rosseveltiella spp. piranhas Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Characidae Serrasalmus spp. piranha Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cichlidae Amphilophus citrinellus Midas cichlid Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cichlidae Archocentrus convict cichlid Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 nigrofasciatus North America Cichlidae Astronotus ocellatus oscar Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cichlidae Cichla ocellaris butterfly peacock Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 bass North America Cichlidae Cichlasoma bimaculatum black acara Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cichlidae Cichlasoma festae Guayas cichlid Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cichlidae Cichlasoma octofasciata Jack Dempseys Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cichlidae Cichlasoma salvini yellowbelly cichlid Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cichlidae Cichlasoma urophthalma Mayan cichlid Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cichlidae Geophagus surinamensis redstriped Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 eartheater North America Cichlidae Hemichromis letourneuxi African jewelfish Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cichlidae Heros severus banded cichlid Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cichlidae Oreochromis aureus blue tilapia Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cichlidae Oreochromis macrochir SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Cichlidae Oreochromis Mozambique Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 mossambicus tilapia; Common North America tilapia Cichlidae Oreochromis hybrid tilapia Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 mossambicus x hornorum North America Cichlidae Oreochromis niloticus Nile tilapia EXTREME Bomford M 2008 Cichlidae Oreochromis spp. blue tilapias Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America

FISH Family Species Common Name Threat Source Cichlidae Parachromis jaguar guapote Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 managuensis North America Cichlidae Sarotherodon galilaeus SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Cichlidae Sarotherodon blackchin tilapia SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 melanotheron Cichlidae Sarotherodon spp. brushtooth tilapias Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 Rüppell, 1852 North America Cichlidae Thorichtys meeki firemouth cichlid SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Cichlidae Tilapia mariae spotted tilapia Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cichlidae Tilapia sparrmanii EXTREME Bomford M 2008 Cichlidae Tilapia spp. speckled tilapias Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cichlidae Tilapia zillii redbelly tilapia Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Clariidae Clarias batrachus walking catfish; Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 freshwater catfish North America Clariidae Clarias gariepinus SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Clariidae airbreathing Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 catfish North America Clupeidae Alosa aestivalis blueback herring Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Clupeidae Alosa pseudoharengus alewife Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Clupeidae Dorosoma petenense threadfin shad Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cobitidae Misgurnus oriental Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 anguillicaudatus weatherfish North America Cyprinidae Aristichthys nobilis MODERATE Bomford M 2008 Cyprinidae Barbodes schwanenfeldii MODERATE Bomford M 2008 Cyprinidae Barbus barbus SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Cyprinidae Carassius auratus goldfish Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cyprinidae Carassius carassius SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Cyprinidae Catla catla SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Cyprinidae Ctenopharyngodon idella grass carp SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Cyprinidae Cyprinella lutrensis red shiner Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cyprinidae Cyprinus carpio common carp Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cyprinidae Gila orcuttii MODERATE Bomford M 2008 Cyprinidae Gobio gobio SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Cyprinidae Hypophthalmichthys silver carp SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 molitrix

Cyprinidae Hypophthalmichthys bighead carp Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 nobilis North America Cyprinidae Labeo rohita SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Cyprinidae Leucaspius delineatus SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Cyprinidae Leuciscus idus ide SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Cyprinidae Megalobrama MODERATE Bomford M 2008 amblycephala Cyprinidae Mylopharyngodon piceus black carp MODERATE Bomford M 2008 Cyprinidae Pachychilon pictum SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Cyprinidae Pseudorasbora parva EXTREME Bomford M 2008 Cyprinidae Rhodeus ocellatus SERIOUS Bomford M 2008

FISH Family Species Common Name Threat Source Cyprinidae Rhodeus sericeus SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Cyprinidae Scardinius rudd EXTREME Bomford M 2008 erythrophthalmus Cyprinidae Tinca tinca tench Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Ephippidae Platax orbicularis orbiculate batfish Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Esocidae Esox lucius American Pike SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Esocidae Esox masquinongy LOW Bomford M 2008 Esocidae Esox niger SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Fundulidae Fundulus lineolatus lined topminnow Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Gasterosteidae Culaea inconstans brook stickleback Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Gasterosteidae Gasterosteus aculeatus EXTREME Bomford M 2008 Gobiidae Neogobius melanostomus round goby Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Ictaluridae Ameiurus melas EXTREME Bomford M 2008 Ictaluridae Ameiurus natalis EXTREME Bomford M 2008 Ictaluridae Ameiurus nebulosus catfish; bullhead SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Ictaluridae Ictalurus furcatus blue catfish Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Ictaluridae Ictalurus punctatus SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Ictaluridae Pylodictis olivaris flathead catfish Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Lepisosteidae gars Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Loricariidae Hypostomus plecostomus suckermouth Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 catfish North America Loricariidae Pterygoplichthys vermiculated Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 disjunctivus sailfin catfish North America Loricariidae Pterygoplichthys Orinoco sailfin Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 multiradiatus catfish North America

Mastacembelidae Macrognathus siamensis peacock eel Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Moronidae Morone americana white perch Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Moronidae Morone chrysops MODERATE Bomford M 2008 Moronidae Morone mississippiensis yellow bass Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Moronidae Morone saxatilis MODERATE Bomford M 2008 Moronidae Morone spp. striped bass Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 hybrids North America Notopteridae Chitala ornata clown knifefish Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Osmeridae Osmerus mordax rainbow smelt Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Osphronemidae Osphronemus goramy LOW Bomford M 2008 Osteoglossidae Arapaima gigas LOW Bomford M 2008 Osteoglossidae Osteoglossum arawana Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 bicirrhosum North America Percidae Gymnocephalus cernuus Eurasian ruffe Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Percidae Sander lucioperca Zander EXTREME Bomford M 2008 Poeciliidae Belonesox belizanus pike killifish Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 (Kner, 1860) North America Poeciliidae Gambusia affinis western EXTREME Bomford M 2008

FISH Family Species Common Name Threat Source mosquitofish Poeciliidae Gambusia holbrooki eastern Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 mosquitofish North America Poeciliidae Xiphophorus hellerii green swordtail Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Poeciliidae Xiphophorus maculatus southern platyfish Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Poeciliidae Xiphophorus variatus variable platyfish Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Polyodontidae Polyodon spathula paddlefish Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus asfur Arabian angel Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America

Salmonidae Coregonus autumnalis LOW Bomford M 2008 Salmonidae Coregonus clupeaformis LOW Bomford M 2008 Salmonidae Coregonus lavaretus SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Salmonidae Coregonus oxyrhynchus SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Salmonidae Coregonus peled MODERATE Bomford M 2008 Salmonidae Hucho hucho SERIOUS Bomford M 2008 Salmonidae Oncorhynchus clarki LOW Bomford M 2008 Salmonidae Oncorhynchus kisutch MODERATE Bomford M 2008 Salmonidae Oncorhynchus nerka MODERATE Bomford M 2008

Salmonidae Oncorhynchus rhodurus LOW Bomford M 2008 Salmonidae Salvelinus alpinus MODERATE Bomford M 2008 Salmonidae Salvelinus namaycush Great Lakes Char MODERATE Bomford M 2008 Salmonidae Thymallus baicalensis LOW Bomford M 2008 Salmonidae Thymallus thymallus LOW Bomford M 2008 Scorpaenidae Pterois volitans lionfish Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Serranidae Cephalopholis argus peacock hind Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Serranidae Chromileptes altivelis panther grouper Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Siluridae Silurus glanis EXTREME Bomford M 2008

Synbranchidae Monopterus albus Asian swamp eel Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Umbridae Umbra krameri LOW Bomford M 2008 Umbridae Umbra pygmaea SERIOUS Bomford M 2008

INSECTS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Acrididae Chondracris rosea Cotton or citrus locust On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Adelgidae Acantholyda balsam woolly adelgid Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 erythrocephala North America Adelgidae Acantholyda hemlock woolly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 erythrocephala adelgid North America Adelgidae Pineus strobi pine bark adelgid Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Agaonidae Eupristina masoni Agaonid wasp Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Agaonidae Parapristina verticillata fig wasp Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Agonoxenidae Blastodacna atra apple pith moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Agromyzidae Agromyza oryzae japanese rice Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 leafminer North America Agromyzidae Liriomyza huibdodbrensis Pea leaf miner On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Agromyzidae Liriomyza sativae Cabbage leafminer On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Agromyzidae Ophiomyia phaseoli bean fly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Agromyzidae Phytomyza rufipes cabbage leafminer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Aleyrodidae Aleurocanthus spiniferus orange spiny whitefly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Aleyrodidae Aleurocanthus woglumi Citrus blackfly On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Aleyrodidae Aleurolobus barodensis* Sugarcane whitefly On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009

Aleyrodidae Aleurotuberculatus Coral whitefly, On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 aucubae or Aleuroclava Japanese laurel aucubae whitefly, Aucuba whitefly Aleyrodidae Bemisia tabaci silverleaf whitefly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Aleyrodidae Dialeurodes chittendeni rhododendron Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 whitefly North America Aleyrodidae Neomaskellia bergii Sugarcane whitefly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Aleyrodidae Orchamoplatus citri australian citrus Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 whitefly North America Aleyrodidae Orchamoplatus croton whitefly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 mammaeferus North America Aleyrodidae Parabemisia myricae Bayberry whitefly On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Aleyrodidae Siphoninus phillyreae ash whitefly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Alydidae Leptocorisa acuta slender rice bug Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Anobiidae Ernobius mollis pine bark anobiid Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Aphelinidae Encarsia inaron ash whitefly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 parasitoid North America Aphididae Aphis glycines soybean aphid Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Aphididae Aphis gossypii cotton aphid Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Aphididae Ceratovacuna lanigera Sugarcane woolly On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 aphid Aphididae Cinara cupressivora cypress aphid Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009

INSECTS Family Species Common Name Threat Source North America Aphididae Diuraphis noxia Russian wheat aphid Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Aphididae Toxoptera citricida brown citrus aphid Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Aphididae Toxoptera odinae mango aphid Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Apidae Apis cerana Asian honeybee, On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Eastern hive bee Apidae Apis dorsata Giant honeybee On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Apidae Apis florea Dwarf honeybee On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Apidae Apis mellifera honey bee Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Apidae Apis mellifera capensis Cape honey bee Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Apidae Apis mellifera scutella Africanized honey Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 bee North America Apidae Bombus impatiens bumble bee Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Aradidae Aradus cinnamomeus pine flat bug Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Asterolecaniidae Russellaspis pustulans Oleander pit scale On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 ssp. pustulans Blattellidae Blattella asahinai Asian cockroach Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Blattellidae Blattella germanica German cockroach Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Blattidae Blatta orientalis oriental cockroach Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Blissidae Dimorphopterus pilosus pacific rice chinch Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 bug North America Bostrichidae Heterobostrychus Oriental wood borer On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 aequalis Bostrichidae Sinoxylon perforans vine borer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Brachyceridae Brachycerus spp. lily weevils Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Buprestidae Agrilus auroguttatus goldspotted oak borer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Buprestidae Agrilus biguttatus oak splendour beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Buprestidae Agrilus planipennis emerald ash borer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Buprestidae Buprestis flat headed Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 novemmaculata woodborer North America Carposinidae Carposina niponensis peach fruit moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cecidomyiidae Contarinia nasturtii swede midge Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cecidomyiidae Orseolia oryzae rice stem gall midge Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America

Cecidomyiidae Orseolia oryzee asian rice gall midge Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cecidomyiidae Procontarinia matteiana Mango leaf-gall On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 midge

INSECTS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Cecidomyiidae Sitodiplosis mosellana wheat midge Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cerambycidae Aeolesthes sarta city longhorn beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cerambycidae Anoplophora chinensis citrus long-horned Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 beetle North America Cerambycidae Anoplophora glabripennis Asian long-horned Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 beetle North America Cerambycidae Apomecyna binubila melon stem borer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cerambycidae Aromia moschata musk beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cerambycidae Callidiellum rufipenne Japanese cedar Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 longhorn beetle North America Cerambycidae Callisphyris leptopus branch borer of Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 coigue North America Cerambycidae Calydon submetallicum bark boring beetle of Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 dead and dying North America coigue Cerambycidae Cheloderus childreni wood borer of coigue Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cerambycidae Chlorophorus annularis bamboo borer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cerambycidae Chlorophorus strobilicola pine cone cerambycid Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cerambycidae Dokhtouroffia long-horned beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 baeckmanni North America Cerambycidae Eryphus laetus long-horned beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cerambycidae Hesperophanes Chinese longhorned Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 campestris beetle North America Cerambycidae Holopterus chilensis wood borer of coigue Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cerambycidae Monochamus alternatus Japanese pine Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 sawyer North America Cerambycidae Monochamus impluviatus Siberian speckled Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 sawyer North America Cerambycidae Monochamus saltuarius Sakhalin pine sawyer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cerambycidae Monochamus sutor small white- Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 marmorated long- North America horned beetle Cerambycidae Neocolobura alboplagiata long-horned beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cerambycidae Palaeocallidium brown fir long-horned Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 villosulum beetle North America Cerambycidae Rhytidodera simulans Mango branch borer On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Cerambycidae Saperda carcharias poplar borer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cerambycidae Saperda populnea small poplar borer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cerambycidae Sibylla coemeterii long-horned beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cerambycidae Stictoleptura dichroa Asian conifer borer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cerambycidae Stromatium barbatum kulsi teak borer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009

INSECTS Family Species Common Name Threat Source North America Cerambycidae Tetropium castaneum black spruce beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cerambycidae Tetropium fuscum brown spruce Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 longhorn beetle North America Cerambycidae Tetropium gracilicorne thin-antenna spruce Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 borer North America Cerambycidae Tetropium staudingeri seven-river spruce Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 borer North America Cerambycidae Xylotrechus altaicus Altai larch longhorn Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 beetle North America Cerambycidae Xylotrechus colonus rustic borer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cerambycidae Xylotrechus pantherinus long-horned beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cerambycidae Xylotrechus spp. long-horned beetles Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cerambycidae Xylotrechus undulatus spruce zebra beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Ceratopogonidae Culicoides nudipalpis Disease vector On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 (Bluetongue) Ceratopogonidae Culicoides orientalis Disease vector On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 (Bluetongue) Choreutidae Choreutis pariana apple-and-thorn Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 skeletonizer North America Chrysididae Chrysis spp. cuckoo wasps Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Chrysomelidae Agelastica alni alder leaf beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Chrysomelidae Agelastica alni Oriental leaf beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Chrysomelidae Aphthona euphorbiae large flax flea beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Chrysomelidae Aulacophora abdominalis plain pumpkin beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Chrysomelidae Aulacophora hilaris pumpkin beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Chrysomelidae Chelymorpha cribraria tortoise beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Chrysomelidae Diabrotica speciosa cucurbit beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Chrysomelidae Dicladispa armigera rice hispa Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Chrysomelidae Exosoma lusitanica leaf beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Chrysomelidae Gonioctena fornicata lucerne beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Chrysomelidae Neogalerucella tenella strawberry leaf beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America

Chrysomelidae Oulema melanopus cereal leaf beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Chrysomelidae Phyllotreta nemorum striped turnip flea Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 beetle North America Chrysomelidae Pyrrhalta viburni viburnum leaf beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America

INSECTS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Chrysomelidae Xanthogaleruca luteola elm leaf beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cicadellidae Amrasca devastans Indian cotton On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 leafhopper Cicadellidae Empoasca devastans indian cotton jassid Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cicadellidae Empoasca lybica cotton jassid Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America

Cicadellidae Erythroneura ziczac Virginiacreeper Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 leafhopper North America Cicadellidae Exitianus exitiosus gray lawn leafhopper Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cicadellidae Homalodisca vitripennis glassy-winged Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 sharpshooter North America Cicadellidae Nephotettix nigropictus rice leafhopper Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cicadellidae Yamatotettix flavovittatus On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Coccidae Ceroplastes ceriferus soft scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Coccidae Ceroplastes destructor soft wax scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Coccidae Ceroplastes japonicus Japanese wax scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Coccidae Ceroplastes rusci fig wax scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Coccidae Coccus celatus Wax scale or coffee On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 green scale Coccidae Coccus viridis green scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Coccidae Eulecanium cerasorum calico scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Coccidae Philephedra broadwayi soft scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Coccidae Planchonia stentae euphorbia pit scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Coccidae Protopulvinaria soft scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 longivalvata North America Coccidae Pulvinaria polygonata cottony citrus scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Coccidae Kilifia acuminata Acuminate Scale, On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 mango shield scale Coccinellidae Coccinella sevenspotted lady Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 septempunctata beetle North America Coccinellidae Epilachna paenulata South American Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 ladybird beetle North America Coccinellidae Epilachna varivestis Mexican bean beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America

Coccinellidae Henosepilachna elaterii melon ladydird beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Coreidae Amblypelta cocophaga Coconut bug On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Coreidae Leptoglossus chilensis brown Chilean leaf- Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 footed bug North America Cossidae Chilecomadia valdiviana carpenter worm Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America

INSECTS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Cossidae Dyspessa ulula onion carpenter worm Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cossidae Zeuzera coffeae Red borer On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Crambidae Chilo partellus spotted stalk borer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Crambidae Chilo suppressalis Asiatic rice borer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Crambidae Crocidolomia pavonana cabbage cluster Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 caterpillar North America Crambidae Diaphania perspectalis box-tree pyralid Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Crambidae Dichocrocis punctiferalis Yellow peach moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Crambidae Maruca vitrata legume pod borer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Crambidae Omphisa anastomosalis sweetpotato vine Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 borer North America Crambidae Ostrinia furnacalis Asian corn borer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Crambidae Scirpophaga incertulas yellow stem borer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cryptophagidae Atomaria linearis pigmy mangold beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Culicidae Aedes aboriginis northwest coast Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 mosquito North America Culicidae Aedes albopictus Asian tiger mosquito Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Culicidae Anoplolepis gracilipes Yellow crazy ant On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Curculionidae Amnemus amnemus weevil Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 quadrituberculatus North America Curculionidae Amorphoidea lata cotton flower weevil Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Anthonomus grandis boll weevil Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Anthonomus grandis boll weevil Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Anthonomus pomorum apple blossom weevil Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Anthonomus rectirostris stone fruit weevil Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Callirhopalus bifasciatus twobanded Japanese Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 weevil North America Curculionidae Conotrachelus small avocado seed Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 aguacatae weevil North America Curculionidae Conotrachelus nenuphar plum curculio Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Conotrachelus spp. weevils Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Copturus aguacatae avocado stem weevil Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Cryptorhynchus lapathi poplar-and-willow Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 borer North America Curculionidae Curculio elephas European chestnut Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 weevil North America Curculionidae Curculio nucum nut weevil Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America

INSECTS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Curculionidae Cyrtepistomus castaneus Asiatic oak weevil Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Dendroctonus micans great spruce bark Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 beetle North America Curculionidae Diaprepes abbreviatus Diaprepes root weevil Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Dryoxylon onoharaensis bark beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Elytroteinus subtruncatus Fijian ginger weevil Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Epicaerus cognatus potato weevil Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Euscepes postfasciatus West Indian sweet Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 potato weevil North America Curculionidae Eutinobothrus cotton root borer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 brasiliensis North America Curculionidae Euwallacea fornicatus tea shot-hole borer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Euwallacea validus bark beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Geniocremnus chilensis tuberous pine weevil Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Heilipus lauri avocado seed weevil Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Hylastes ater black pine bark beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Hylobius abietis large brown trunk Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 beetle North America Curculionidae Hylobius albosparsus big larch weevil Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Hylurgops palliatus bark beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Hylurgus ligniperda goldenhaired bark Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 beetle North America Curculionidae Hypera postica alfalfa weevil Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Hypomeces squamosus Gold dust weevil On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Curculionidae Hypothenemus hampei Coffee berry borer On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Curculionidae Ips acuminatus engraver beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Ips cembrae large larch bark Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 beetle North America Curculionidae Ips hauseri Hauser's engraver Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Ips sexdentatus six-spined engraver Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 beetle North America

Curculionidae Ips subelongatus larch engraver beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Ips typographus European spruce Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 bark beetle North America Curculionidae Listroderes subcinctus Chilean vegetable Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 weevil North America Curculionidae Myllocerus undatus Sri Lanka weevil Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Naupactus spp. whitefringed beetles Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009

INSECTS Family Species Common Name Threat Source North America Curculionidae Naupactus fruit tree weevil Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 xanthographus North America Curculionidae Odoiporus longicollis Banana stem weevil On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Curculionidae Orthotomicus erosus Mediterranean pine Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 engraver beetle North America Curculionidae Otiorhynchus dieckmanni wingless weevil Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Pissodes castaneus small banded pine Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 weevil North America Curculionidae Pityogenes bidentatus two-toothed pine Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 beetle North America Curculionidae Pityogenes six-toothed spruce Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 chalcographus bark beetle North America Curculionidae Pityogenes spessivtsevi spiral bark beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Pityophthorus juglandis walnut twig beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Platypus quercivorus oak ambrosia beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Platypus spp. ambrosia beetles Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Premnotrypes spp. Andean potato Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 weevils North America Curculionidae Rhabdoscelus obscurus New Guinea Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 sugarcane weevil North America Curculionidae Rhyephenes gayi bark weevil Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Rhyephenes humeralis Chilean pine spider Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 weevil North America Curculionidae Rhyephenes lateralis spotted tree weevil Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Rhyephenes maillei black tree weevil Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Rhynchophorus American palm weevil Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 palmarum North America Curculionidae Scolytus intricatus European oak bark Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 beetle North America Curculionidae Scolytus mali larger shothole borer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Scolytus morawitzi larch sapwood beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Scolytus multistriatus smaller European elm Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 bark beetle North America Curculionidae Scolytus rugulosus shothole borer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Scolytus schevyrewi banded elm bark Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 beetle North America Curculionidae Scolytus scolytus large elm beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Sternochetus frigidus Mango pulp weevil On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Curculionidae Sternochetus mangiferae mango seed weevil Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America

Curculionidae Tanymecus dilaticollis maize leaf weevil Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America

INSECTS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Curculionidae Tomicus destruens pine shoot beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Tomicus minor lesser pine shoot Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 beetle North America Curculionidae Tomicus piniperda common pine shoot Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 beetle North America Curculionidae Trypodendron European hardwood Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 domesticum ambrosia beetle North America Curculionidae Xyleborinus saxeseni Asian ambrosia Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 beetle North America Curculionidae Xyleborus affinis ambrosia beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Xyleborus atratus ambrosia beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Xyleborus californicus bark beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Xyleborus celsus ambrosia beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Xyleborus dispar European shot-hole Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 borer North America Curculionidae Xyleborus glabratus redbay ambrosia Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 beetle North America Curculionidae Xyleborus maiche bark beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Xyleborus pelliculosus ambrosia beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Xyleborus pfeili bark beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Xyleborus similis bark beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Xyleborus spp. bark beetles Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Xyleborus xylographus ambrosia beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Xylosandrus compactus Black twig borer On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Curculionidae Xylosandrus granulate ambrosia Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 crassiusculus beetle North America Curculionidae Xylosandrus germanus ambrosia beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Curculionidae Xylosandrus mutilatus camphor shot borer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Cynipidae Dryocosmus kuriphilus oriental chestnut gall Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 wasp North America Delphacidae Eumetopina flavipes Island sugarcane On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 planthopper Delphacidae Perkinsiella saccharicida sugarcane delphacid Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Delphacidae Perkinsiella vastatrix Sugarcane On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 planthopper Delphacidae Perkinsiella vitiensis Sugarcane On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 planthopper

Dermestidae Trogoderma granarium khapra beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Diaspididae Aspidiotus nerii oleander scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America

INSECTS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Diaspididae Aulacaspis yasumatsui cycad aulacaspis Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 scale North America Diaspididae Aulacaspis yasumatsui Asian Cycad Scale On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Diaspididae Carulaspis juniperi juniper scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Diaspididae Carulaspis minima bermuda cedar scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Diaspididae Chrysomphalus aonidum Florida red scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Diaspididae Fiorinia externa elongate hemlock Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 scale North America Diaspididae Fiorinia theae tea scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Diaspididae Furcaspis oceanica coconut red scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Diaspididae Hemiberlesia rapax greedy scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Diaspididae Lepidosaphes ulmi oystershell scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Diaspididae Lopholeucaspis japonica Japanese maple Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 scale North America Diaspididae Oceanaspidiotus armored scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 araucariae North America Diaspididae Parlatoria ziziphi black parlatoria scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Diaspididae Parlatoria ziziphi Black parlatoria scale On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Diaspididae Pinnaspis strachani hibiscus snow scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Diaspididae Pseudaonidia duplex camphor scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Diaspididae Pseudaonidia paeoniae peony scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Diaspididae Pseudaulacaspis white peach scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 pentagona North America Diaspididae Pseudaulacaspis white prunicola scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 prunicola North America Diaspididae Quadraspidiotus San Jose scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 perniciosus North America Diaspididae Unaspis euonymi euonymus scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Diaspididae Unaspis yanonensis arrowhead scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Diprionidae Diprion pini conifer sawfly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Diprionidae Diprion similis introduced pine Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 sawfly North America Dryophthoridae Metamasius callizona Mexican bromeliad Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 weevil North America Dryophthoridae Metamasius spp. bromeliad weevils Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Dryophthoridae Rhynchophorus red palm weevil Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 ferrugineus North America Dryophthoridae Sipalinus gigas Japanese giant Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 weevil North America Elachistidae Stenoma catenifer avocado seed moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America

INSECTS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Elateridae Agriotes lineatus lined click beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Elateridae Agriotes mancus wheat wireworm Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Elateridae Agriotes obscurus click beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Elateridae Agriotes sputator click beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Elateridae Heterderes rufangulus click beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Erebidae Eudocima fullonia fruit piercing moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Erebidae Pericyma cruegeri poinciana looper Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Eriococcidae Cryptococcus fagisuga beech scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Eriococcidae Eriococcus azaleae azalea bark scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Eriococcidae Gossyparia spuria European elm scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Eulophidae Quadrastichus erythrinea Erythrina gall wasp On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Eurytomidae Bruchophagus muli Gall wasp On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Formicidae Atta sexdens leaf-cutting ant Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Formicidae Cryptotermes dudleyi Termite On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Formicidae Linepithema humile Argentine ant Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Formicidae Monomorium pharaonis pharaoh ant Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Formicidae Paratrechina longicornis crazy ant Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Formicidae Solenopsis invicta red imported fire ant Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Formicidae Solenopsis richteri black imported fire Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 ant North America Formicidae Tapinoma ghost ant Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 melanocephalum North America Formicidae Technomyrmex albipes white-footed ant Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Formicidae Wasmannia little fire ant Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 auropunctata North America Galacticidae Homadaula anisocentra mimosa webworm Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Gelechiidae Dichomeris marginella juniper webworm Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Gelechiidae Pectinophora gossypiella pink bollworm Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Gelechiidae Pectinophora scutigera pink-spotted bollworm Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Gelechiidae Phthorimaea operculella tobacco splitworm Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Gelechiidae Tecia solanivora Central American Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 tuber moth North America Gelechiidae Tuta absoluta tomato leafminer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Geometridae Erannis defoliaria mottled umber moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009

INSECTS Family Species Common Name Threat Source North America Geometridae Erannis jacobsoni Jacobson's Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 spanworm North America Geometridae Operophtera brumata winter moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Gracillariidae Cameraria ohridella horse chestnut Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 leafminer North America Gracillariidae Conopomorpha cocoa pod borer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 cramerella North America Gracillariidae Phyllocnistis citrella citrus leafminer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Gracillariidae Phyllonorycter apparella aspen blotchminer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Gryllotalpidae Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa European mole Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 cricket North America Gryllotalpidae Scapteriscus vicinus tawny mole cricket Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Hesperiidae Erionota thrax* Banana skipper On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Kalotermitidae Aedes albopictus Mosquito On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Kalotermitidae Cryptotermes brevis west indian Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 powderpost drywood North America termite Kalotermitidae Cryptotermes spp. drywood termite Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Kalotermitidae Neotermes chilensis dampwood termite Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Kerriidae Paratachardina lobate lac scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 pseudolobata North America Lasiocampidae Dendrolimus pini Pine-tree lappet Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Lasiocampidae Dendrolimus punctatus pine caterpillar Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Lasiocampidae Dendrolimus superans Siberian silk moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Lasiocampidae Gastropacha quercifolia lappet moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Lasiocampidae Malacosoma parallela mountain tent Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 caterpillar North America Libellulidae Crocothemis servilia scarlet skimmer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Libellulidae Erythemis plebeja pin-tailed pondhawk Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Libellulidae Micrathyria aequalis spot-tailed dasher Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Libellulidae Micrathyria didyma three-striped dasher Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Limacodidae Darna pallivitta nettle caterpillar Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Limacodidae Parasa lepida Blue-striped nettle On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 grub Limacodidae Setora nitens Nettle grub On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Lycaenidae Lampides boeticus Bean butterfly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Lygaeidae Nysius caledoniae Caledonia seed bug Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Lygaeidae Nysius huttoni wheat bug Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009

INSECTS Family Species Common Name Threat Source North America Lygaeidae Nysius vinitor rutherglen bug Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Lymantriidae Dasychira albodentata Siberian white- Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 toothed moth North America Lymantriidae Euproctis chrysorrhoea browntail moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Lymantriidae Euproctis karghalica Turkestan brown-tail Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 moth North America Lymantriidae Leucoma salicis white satin moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Lymantriidae Lymantria dispar gypsy moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Lymantriidae Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Lymantriidae Lymantria mathura rosy gypsy moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Lymantriidae Lymantria monacha nun moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Lymantriidae Lymantria ninayi Tussock moth On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Lymantriidae Sarsina violascens purple moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Lyonetiidae Leucoptera malifoliella pear leaf blister moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Margarodidae Icerya aegyptiaca Egyptian fluted scale Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Megachilidae Coelioxys spp. cuckcoo bees Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Miridae Dionconotus cruentatus orange blossom bug Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Miridae Helopeltis spp. Mirids On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Miridae Plesiocoris rugicollis apple caspid Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Muscidae Musca domestica house fly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Nitidulidae Aethina tumida small hive beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Noctuidae Agrotis segetum turnip moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Noctuidae Autographa gamma silver Y moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Noctuidae Chlumetia transversa Mango shoot borer On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Noctuidae Chrysodeixis chalcites tomato looper Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Noctuidae Copitarsia spp. leaf worm Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Noctuidae Diparopsis castanea red bollworm Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Noctuidae Earias insulana spiny boliworm Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Noctuidae Earias vittela spotted bollworm Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Noctuidae Helicoverpa armigera old world bollworm, Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 cotton bollworm North America Noctuidae Mamestra brassicae cabbage moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America

INSECTS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Noctuidae Noctua pronuba large yellow Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 underwing North America Noctuidae Panolis flammea pine beauty moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Noctuidae Sesamia grisescens* Pink stalk borer On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Noctuidae Sesamia inferens Purple stem borer On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Noctuidae Spodoptera littoralis Egyptian cottonworm Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Noctuidae Spodoptera litura cotton leafworm, Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 tobacco cutworm North America Nolidae Erschoviella musculana Asian walnut moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Notodontidae Stauropus alternus Lobster caterpillar On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Notodontidae Thaumetopoea pine processionary Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 pityocampa moth North America Notodontidae Thaumetopoea oak processionary Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 processionea moth North America Oestridae Dermatobia hominis torsalo Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Opostegidae Notiopostega atrata cambium miner of Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 coigue North America Oxycarenidae Oxycarenus cottonseed bug Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 hyalinipennis North America Pamphiliidae Acantholyda Pine false webworm Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 erythrocephala North America Papilionidae Papilio demoleus lime swallowtail Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Pentatomidae Aelia rostrata wheat stink bug Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Pentatomidae Eurydema oleracea cabbage bug Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Pentatomidae Halyomorpha halys brown marmorated Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 stink bug North America Pentatomidae Tibraca limbativentris rice stink bug Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Phlaeothripidae Haplothrips chinensis thrips Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Phylloxeridae Daktulosphaira vitifoliae grape phylloxera Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America

Pieridae Aporia crataegi black-veined white Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 butterfly North America

Pieridae Pieris brassicae large white butterfly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Piesmatidae Piesma quadratum beet bug Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Plataspidae Megacopta cribraria bean plataspid Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Plutellidae Acantholyda leek moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 erythrocephala North America Pseudococcidae Cataenococcus hispidus cocoa mealybug Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Pseudococcidae Dysmicoccus Pineapple mealybug On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 neobrevipes Pseudococcidae Exallomochlus hispidus cocoa mealybug Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009

INSECTS Family Species Common Name Threat Source North America Pseudococcidae Maconellicoccus hirsutus pink hibiscus Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 mealybug North America Pseudococcidae Palmicultor lumpurensis bamboo mealybug Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Pseudococcidae Phenococcus manihoti cassava mealybug Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Pseudococcidae Planococcus ficus vine mealybug Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Pseudococcidae Planococcus lilacinus Coffee mealy bug On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Pseudococcidae Planococcus minor passionvine Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 mealybug North America Pseudococcidae Pseudococcus comstocki Comstock mealybug Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Pseudococcidae Pseudococcus cryptus Citrus mealy bug On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Pseudococcidae Rastrococcus iceryoides Mango mealy bug On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Pseudococcidae Rastrococcus invadens Mango mealy bug On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Pseudococcidae Rastrococcus spinosus Mango mealy bug On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Pseudococcidae Rastrococcus spinosus Mango mealy bug On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Pseudococcidae Maculicoccus malaitensis On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Pseudococcidae Pseudococcus comstocki Comstock's mealy On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 bug Psychidae Thanatopsyche chilensis bagworm, basket bug Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Psyllidae Trioza erytreae citrus psylla Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Psyllidea Diaphorina citri* Asian citrus psylla On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Pyralidae Cactoblastis cactorum prickly pear moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Pyralidae Chilo auricilius Sugarcane internode On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 borer Pyralidae Chilo infuscatellus Shoot borer On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Pyralidae Chilo partellus Spotted stalk borer On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Pyralidae Chilo polychrysus Dark headed rice On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 borer Pyralidae Chilo sacchariphagus Spotted borer On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Pyralidae Chilo terrenellus Stem borer On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Pyralidae Deanolis sublimbalis* Red banded mango On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 caterpillar Pyralidae Ozamia lucidalis cactus moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Pyralidae Scirophaga excerptalis Sugarcane top borer On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Pyralidae Scirophaga nivella Top borer On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Pyrrhocoridae Dysdercus peruvianus peruvian cotton Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 stainer North America Rhinotermitidae Coptotermes formosanus formosan Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 subterranean termite North America Sarcophagidae Wohlfahrtia magnifica spotted flesh fly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Saturniidae Ormiscodes cinnamomea spiny caterpillar Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Saturniidae Samia cynthia cynthia silkmoth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Scarabaeidae Adoretus sinicus Chinese rose beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Scarabaeidae Adoretus spp. mangrove scarab Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009

INSECTS Family Species Common Name Threat Source beetles North America Scarabaeidae Anisoplia austriaca wheat chafer Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Scarabaeidae Anomala nazarena winter wheat scarab Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Scarabaeidae Anomala sulcatula chafer beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Scarabaeidae Brachysternus prasinus white grub Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Scarabaeidae Heteronychus arator African black beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Scarabaeidae Holotrichia mindanaona white grub Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Scarabaeidae Hylamorpha elegans white grub Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Scarabaeidae Orycetes rhinoceros Rhinoceros beetle On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Scarabaeidae Phyllophaga helleri June beetle On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Scarabaeidae Popillia japonica Japanese beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Scarabaeidae Scapanes australis Rhinoceros beetle On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Scarabaeidae Sericoides germaini white grub Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Scutelleridae Eurygaster integriceps sunn pest Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Sesiidae Paranthrene tabaniformis dusky clearwing Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Sesiidae Synanthedon small red-belted Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 myopaeformis clearwing North America Siricidae Eriotremex formosanus Siricid woodwasp Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Siricidae Sirex juvencus Siricid woodwasps Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Siricidae Sirex noctilio Sirex woodwasp Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Siricidae Tremex fuscicornis Tremex wasp Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Siricidae Urocerus gigas yellow-horned horntail Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Siricidae Urocerus gigas giant wood wasp Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Sminthuridae Sminthurus viridis Lucerne flea Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Sphingidae Sphinx morio larch hawk moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tenebrionidae Omophlus lepturoides alleculid beetle Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tenthredinidae Athalia rosae turnip sawfly, beet Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 sawfly North America Tenthredinidae Pristiphora abietina small spruce fly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tephritidae Anastrepha fraterculus South American fruit Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 fly North America Tephritidae Anastrepha grandis South American Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 cucurbit fly North America Tephritidae Anastrepha ludens Mexican fruit fly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America

INSECTS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Tephritidae Anastrepha obliqua west indian fruit fly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tephritidae Anastrepha serpentina sapote fruit fly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tephritidae Anastrepha striata guava fruit fly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tephritidae Anastrepha suspensa Caribbean fruit fly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tephritidae Bactrocera atrisetosa On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Tephritidae Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Tephritidae Bactrocera correcta Guava fruit fly On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Tephritidae Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fly On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Tephritidae Bactrocera decipiens On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Tephritidae Bactrocera dorsalis* Oriental fruit fly On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Tephritidae Bactrocera kirki On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Tephritidae Bactrocera latifrons Malaysian fruit fly On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Tephritidae Bactrocera occipitalis On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Tephritidae Bactrocera oleae olive fruit fly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tephritidae Bactrocera papayae Asian papaya fruit fly On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Tephritidae Bactrocera passiflorae Fijian fruit fly On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Tephritidae Bactrocera philippinensis Philippines fruit fly On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Tephritidae Bactrocera tau On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Tephritidae Bactrocera trilineola On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Tephritidae Bactrocera trivialis New Guinea fruit fly On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Tephritidae Bactrocera tryoni Queensland fruit fly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tephritidae Bactrocera tsuneonis Japanese orange fly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tephritidae Bactrocera umbrosa Breadfruit fly On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Tephritidae Bactrocera xanthodes On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Tephritidae Bactrocera zonata Peach fruit fly On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Tephritidae Ceratitis capitata Mediterranean fruit Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 fly, Medfly North America Tephritidae Ceratitis rosa natal fruit fly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tephritidae Ceratitis spp. fruit flies Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tephritidae Euleia heraclei celery fly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tephritidae Platyparea poeciloptera asparagus fly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tephritidae Pterandrus spp. fruit flies Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tephritidae Rhagoletis pomonella apple maggot Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tephritidae Toxotrypana curvicauda papaya fruit fly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Termitidae Nasutitermes costalis tree termite Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Termopsidae Porotermes adamsoni damp wood termite Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Termopsidae Porotermes quadricollis damp wood termite Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tettigoniidae Pterophylla beltrani katydid Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America

INSECTS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Thripidae Chaetanaphothrips banana rust thrips Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 leeuweni North America Thripidae Frankliniella australis Chilean flower thrips Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Thripidae Frankliniella occidentalis western flower thrips Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Thripidae Retithrips syriacus black vine thrips Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Thripidae Scirtothrips dorsalis chilli thrips Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Thripidae Stenchaetothrips biformis rice thrips Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Thripidae Thrips angusticeps cabbage thrips Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Thripidae Thrips palmi melon thrips Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Thripidae Thrips pini thrips Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tineidae Opogona sacchari banana moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tipulidae Tipula oleracea common crane fly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tipulidae Tipula paludosa European crane fly Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tipulidae Tipula spp. european crane flies Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tortricidae Acantholyda strawberry tortrix Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 erythrocephala North America Tortricidae Adoxophyes orana summer fruit tortrix Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 moth North America Tortricidae Archips fuscocupreanus apple tortrix Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America

Tortricidae Archips podana large fruit-tree tortrix Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tortricidae Archips xylosteanus variegated golden Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 tortrix North America Tortricidae Argyrotaenia ljungiana polyphagous leaf Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 roller North America Tortricidae Capua tortrix leafroller Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tortricidae Crocidosema aporema Neotropical soybean Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 budborer North America Tortricidae Cryptophlebia leucotreta Tortricid moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tortricidae Cydia fabivora Tortricid moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tortricidae Cydia funebrana plum fruit moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tortricidae Cydia splendana nut fruit tortix Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tortricidae Cydia spp. seed worms Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tortricidae Enarmonia formosana cherry bark tortix Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tortricidae Epichoristodes acerbella South African Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009

INSECTS Family Species Common Name Threat Source carnation tortrix North America Tortricidae Epiphyas postvittana light brown apple Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 moth North America Tortricidae Eupoecilia ambiguella european grape berry Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 moth North America Tortricidae Grapholita funebrana plum fruit moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tortricidae Grapholita molesta Oriental fruit moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tortricidae Lobesia botrana grape berry moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tortricidae Pammene fasciana chestnut leafroller Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tortricidae Pandemis cerasana barred fruit-tree tortrix Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tortricidae Proeulia spp. Tortricid moths Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tortricidae Rhyacionia buoliana European pine shoot Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 moth North America Tortricidae Thaumatotibia leucotreta false codling moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America

Tortricidae Tortrix viridana European oak leaf Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 roller North America Vespidae Polistes dominula paper wasp Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Vespidae Vespa crabro European hornet Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Vespidae Vespa orientalis oriental hornet Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Vespidae Vespula germanica German yellowjacket Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Yponomeutidae Argyresthia conjugella apple fruit moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Yponomeutidae Prays citri citrus flower moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Yponomeutidae Prays endocarpa Citrus pock caterpillar On NAQS Target List AQIS 2009 Yponomeutidae Yponomeuta malinellus apple ermine moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Yponomeutidae Yponomeuta padellus cherry ermine moth Not Assessed - Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America

MAMMALS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Agoutidae Dasyprocta leporina Brazilian Agouti Not Assessed - CISEH 2009 Invasive in North America Bovidae Addax nasomaculatus Addax Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Bovidae Ammotragus lervia Barbary Sheep Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Bovidae Antidorcas marsupialis Springbok; Angolan Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Springbuck Bovidae Antilope cervicapra Blackbuck 3a Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Bovidae Bison bison Bison, American EXTREME VPC 2011 Bovidae Bos grunniens Domestic Yak Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Bovidae Bos javanicus Banteng Cattle EXTREME VPC 2011 Bovidae Bos javanicus Banteng Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Bovidae Bos taurus feral cattle SERIOUS Bomford 2008 NZ Bovidae Bos taurus Domestic Cattle Category 4 & 5 NSW draft regs 2011 Bovidae Boselaphus tragocamelus Nilgai Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Bovidae Bubalus bubalis Domestic Water Category 3b NSW draft regs 2011 Buffalo Bovidae Capra hircus Domestic Goat Category 4 & 5 NSW draft regs 2011 Bovidae Capra hircus Feral Goat EXTREME VPC 2011 Bovidae Gazella dama Addra Gazelle Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Bovidae Gazella granti Grant’s Gazelle Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Bovidae Hemitragus jemlahicus Himalayan tahr SERIOUS Bomford 2008 NZ Bovidae Hippotragus niger Sable Antelope Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Bovidae Kobus ellipsiprymnus Waterbuck Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Bovidae Kobus leche Lechwe SERIOUS VPC 2011 Bovidae Oryx dammah Scimitar Oryx Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Bovidae Oryx gazella Gemsbok Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Bovidae Oryx leucoryx Arabian Oryx Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Bovidae Ovis aries Merino sheep breed MODERATE VPC 2011 Bovidae Ovis aries feral sheep SERIOUS Bomford 2008 NZ Bovidae Ovis aries Damara sheep breed EXTREME VPC 2011 Bovidae Ovis aries Domestic sheep (no LOW VPC 2011 breeds distinguished) Bovidae Ovis aries Dorper sheep breed MODERATE VPC 2011 Bovidae Ovis orientalis Domestic sheep’s LOW VPC 2011 ancestor – mouflon Bovidae Pseudois nayaur* bharal (blue sheep) MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ Bovidae Rupicapra rupicapra Chamois SERIOUS Bomford 2008 NZ Bovidae Rupicapra rupicapra Chamois Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Bovidae Syncerus caffer Congo Buffalo; Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 African Buffalo Bovidae Taurotragus oryx Common Eland Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Bovidae Tragelaphus angasii Lowland Nyala Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Bovidae Tragelaphus eurycerus Bongo Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Bovidae Tragelaphus spekii Sitatunga Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Bovidae Tragelaphus strepsiceros Greater Kudu Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Callitrichidae Callithrix jacchus Marmoset, Common; EXTREME VPC 2011 White-tufted-ear Marmoset Callitrichidae Callithrix pygmaea Pygmy Marmoset Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Callitrichidae Leontopithecus rosalia Golden Lion Tamarin EXTREME VPC 2011 Callitrichidae Saguinus fuscicollis Saddle-backed Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Tamarin; weddell's tamarin Callitrichidae Saguinus imperator Emperor Tamarin Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011

MAMMALS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Callitrichidae Saguinus labiatus Red-bellied Tamarin; Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 White-lipped Tamarin Callitrichidae Saguinus midas Red-handed Tamarin; Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Golden-haired Tamarin Callitrichidae Saguinus mystax Moustached Tamarin Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Callitrichidae Saguinus oedipus Cotton-top Tamarin Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Camelidae Camelus bactrianus Camel, Bactrian EXTREME VPC 2011 Camelidae Camelus dromedarius Camel, Feral EXTREME VPC 2011 Camelidae Lama glama Llama EXTREME VPC 2011 Camelidae Lama guanicoe Guanaco Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Camelidae Lama guanicoe Guanaco EXTREME VPC 2011 Camelidae Lama pacos Alpaca EXTREME VPC 2011 Camelidae Lama vicugna* alpaca LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Camelidae Vicugna vicugna Vicuña; Vicugna Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Canidae Canis familiaris dog (feral) Not Assessed - CISEH 2009 Invasive in North America Canidae Canis familiaris Domestic Dog Category 4 & 5 NSW draft regs 2011 Canidae Canis latrans Coyote Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Canidae Canis lupus (excluding Canis Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Lupus Dingo) Wolf Canidae Canis mesomelas Black-backed Jackal MODERATE VPC 2011 Canidae Chrysocyon brachyurus Maned Wolf Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Canidae Cuon alpinus Dhole; Red Dog Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Canidae Lycaon pictus Dog, African Hunting; EXTREME VPC 2011 African Wild Dog; Wild Dog Canidae Nyctereutes procyonoides Racoon-dog EXTREME VPC 2011 Canidae Vulpes vulpes Red Fox EXTREME VPC 2011 Canidae Vulpes zerda Fennec Fox Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Castoridae Castor canadensis American Beaver Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Caviidae Cavia porcellus* Guinea pig SERIOUS Bomford 2008 NZ Caviidae Dolichotis patagonum Patagonian Cavy Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Cebidae Aotus trivirgatus Northern Night- Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 monkey; Northern Grey Necked Owl- monkey Cebidae Ateles belzebuth Long-haired Spider- Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 monkey; White-bellied Spider-monkey; Cebidae Ateles fusciceps Brown-headed Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Spider-monkey Cebidae Ateles geoffroyi Black-handed Spider- Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 monkey Cebidae Ateles paniscus Black Spider-monkey Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011

Cebidae Cebus albifrons Brown Pale-fronted Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Capuchiin; White fronted Capuchin Cebidae Cebus apella Black-capped Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Capuchin; tufted Capuchin Cebidae Saimiri boliviensis Bolivian Squirrel- Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 monkey

MAMMALS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Cebidae Saimiri sciureus South American Not Assessed - CISEH 2009 squirrel monkey Invasive in North America Cebidae Saimiri sciureus Common Squirrel- Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 monkey Cercopithecidae Cercopithecus diana Diana Monkey Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Cercopithecidae Cercopithecus mitis Blue Monkey; Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 diademed Monkey; Gentle Monkey; Syke's Monkey Cercopithecidae Cercopithecus neglectus De Brazza’s Monkey Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Cercopithecidae Cercopithecus petaurista Lesser Spot-nosed Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Guenon Cercopithecidae Chlorocebus aethiops Savannah Monkey; Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Vervet; Green Monkey; Grivet Cercopithecidae Colobus guereza Eastern Black-and- Category NSW draft regs 2011 white Colobus; Abyssinian Guereza; Guereza Cercopithecidae Erythrocebus patas Patas Monkey Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Cercopithecidae Lophocebus albigena Black Mangabey; Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Crested Mangabey White-cheeked Mangabey Cercopithecidae Macaca arctoides Bear Macaque; Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 stump-tailed Macaque Cercopithecidae Macaca fascicularis Crab-eating Macaque; Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Long-tailed Macaque Cercopithecidae Macaca fuscata Japanese Macaque Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Cercopithecidae Macaca maura Moor Macaque; Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Celebes Moor Cercopithecidae Macaca mulatta Rhesus Macaque Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Cercopithecidae Macaca nemestrina Pig-tailed Macaque; Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Pigtail Macaque Cercopithecidae Macaca nigra Celebes Ape; Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Celebes Black Ape Cercopithecidae Macaca radiata Bonnet Macaque Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Cercopithecidae Macaca silenus Liontail Macaque; Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Lion tailed Macaque Cercopithecidae Macaca tonkeana Tonkean Macaque Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Cercopithecidae Mandrillus sphinx Mandrill Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Cercopithecidae Miopithecus talapoin Talapoin Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Cercopithecidae Papio hamadryas Baboon; Hamadryas Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Baboon; Olive Baboon Cercopithecidae Presbytis femoralis Banded Leaf-monkey Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Cercopithecidae Semnopithecus entellus Entellus Langur; Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Hanuman Langur Cercopithecidae Theropithecus gelada Gelada; Gelada Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Baboon Cercopithecidae Trachypithecus auratus Ebony Langur; ebony Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Leaf-monkey Cercopithecidae Trachypithecus cristatus Silvered Leaf- Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 monkey; Silvered Langur

MAMMALS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Cercopithecidae Trachypithecus obscurus Dusky Leaf-monkey Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Cercopithecidae Trachypithecus vetulus Purple-faced Leaf- Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 monkey Cervidae Alces alces* moose MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ Cervidae Axis axis Chital Deer; Axis Deer EXTREME VPC 2011 Cervidae Axis porcinus Hog Deer Category 4 & 5 NSW draft regs 2011 Cervidae Cervus elaphus Red Deer; Wapiti; Elk EXTREME VPC 2011 Cervidae Cervus nippon Sika deer SERIOUS Bomford 2008 NZ Cervidae Cervus timorensis Rusa Deer; Timor EXTREME VPC 2011 Deer Cervidae Cervus unicolor Samba deer SERIOUS Bomford 2008 NZ Cervidae Dama dama Fallow Deer EXTREME VPC 2011 Cervidae Muntiacus muntjak Muntjak; Indian Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Munjak Cervidae Odocoilus hemionus* mule deer MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ Cervidae Odocoilus virginianus white-tailed deer EXTREME Bomford 2008 NZ Cervidae Rusa timorensis Rusa Deer; timor Category 45 NSW draft regs 2011 Deer Cervidae Rusa unicolor Sambar Category 4 & 5 NSW draft regs 2011 Dasypodidae Chaetophractus villosus Big Hairy Armadillo; EXTREME VPC 2011 Large Hairy Armadillo Dasypodidae Dasypus novemcinctus nine-banded armadillo Not Assessed - CISEH 2009 Invasive in North America Dasyproctidae Dasyprocta azarae Green Agouti Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Dasyproctidae Dasyprocta leporina Brazilian Agouti Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011

Dasyuridae Antechinus melanurus Black-tailed Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Antechinus Dasyuridae Antechinus naso Long-nosed Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Antechinus Dasyuridae Dasyurus albopunctatus New Guinea Quoll Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Dasyuridae Murexia longicaudata Short-haired Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Marsupial Mouse Dasyuridae Myoictis melas Three-striped Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Dasyure Dasyuridae Neophascogale lorentzi Speckled Dasyure Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Dasyuridae Phascolosorex dorsalis Narrow-striped Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Marsupial Shrew Didelphidae Monodelphis domestica Grey Short-tailed Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Oppossum Echimyidae Myocastor coypus nutria Not Assessed - CISEH 2009 Invasive in North America Elephantidae Elephas maximus Asian Elephant; Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Asiatic Elephant Elephantidae Loxodonta africana African Elephant Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Equidae Equus asinus Donkey Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Equidae Equus burchelli Burchell’s Zebra EXTREME VPC 2011 Equidae Equus caballus feral horse EXTREME Bomford 2008 NZ Equidae Equus caballus Domestic Horse Category 4 & 5 NSW draft regs 2011 Equidae Equus ferus przewalskii Przewalski’s Horse Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Equidae Equus grevyi Grevy’s Zebra Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Equidae Equus onager Onager Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Erinaceidae Erinaceus europaeus European Hedgehog; Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 west European

MAMMALS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Hedgehog Erinaceidae Erinaceus europaeus Western European MODERATE VPC 2011 Hedgehog Felidae Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah 3a Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Felidae Caracal caracal Caracal Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Felidae Catopuma temminckii Asian Golden cat Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Felidae Felis catus feral cat EXTREME Bomford 2008 NZ Felidae Felis catus Domestic Cat Category 4 & 5 NSW draft regs 2011 Felidae Felis chaus Jungle Cat Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Felidae Herpailurus yaguarondi Jaguaroundi Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Felidae Leopardus pardalis Ocelot Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Felidae Leopardus wiedii Margay Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Felidae Leptailurus serval Serval Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Felidae Lynx lynx Eurasian Lynx SERIOUS VPC 2011 Felidae Lynx rufus Bobcat Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Felidae Neofelis nebulosa Clouded Leopard Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Felidae Oncifelis geoffroyi Geoffroy’s Cat Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Felidae Otocolobus manul Pallas’s Cat Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Felidae Panthera leo Lion Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Felidae Panthera onca Jaguar Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Felidae Panthera pardus Leopard EXTREME VPC 2011 Felidae Panthera tigris Tiger Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Felidae Prionailurus bengalensis Leopard Cat Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Felidae Prionailurus viverrinus Fishing Cat EXTREME VPC 2011 Felidae Puma concolor Puma Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Felidae Puma yaguarondi Jaguarundi Not Assessed - CISEH 2009 Invasive in North America Felidae Uncia uncia Snow Leopard Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Galagonidae Galago senegalensis Northern Lesser Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Bushbaby Galagonidae Otolemur crassicaudatus Thick-tailed Greater Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Bushbaby Giraffidae Giraffa camelopardalis Giraffe 3a Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Herpestidae Helogale parvula Dwarf Mongoose Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Herpestidae Herpestes javanicus Indian mongoose Not Assessed - CISEH 2009 Invasive in North America Herpestidae Suricata suricatta Meerkat EXTREME VPC 2011 Hippopotamidae Hexaprotodon liberiensis Pygmy Hippopotamus Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Hippopotamidae Hippopotamus amphibius Common Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Hippopotamus Hominidae Gorilla gorilla Gorilla Pan Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 troglodytes Chimpanzee Hominidae Pongo pygmaeus Orang-utan; Orang- Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 hutan Hyaenidae Crocuta crocuta Spotted Hyena; Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Spotted Hyena Hyaenidae Hyaena hyaena Striped Hyena; Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Striped Hyena Hydrochaeridae Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris Capybara Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Hylobatidae Hylobates agilis Dark-handed Gibbon; Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Agile Gibbon Hylobatidae Hylobates concolor Black Gibbon; crested Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Gibbon

MAMMALS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Hylobatidae Hylobates hoolock Hoolock Gibbon; Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 white Browed Gibbon Hylobatidae Hylobates klossi Kloss’s Gibbon Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Hylobatidae Hylobates lar White-handed Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Gibbon; Common gibbon Hylobatidae Hylobates leucogenys White-cheeked Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Gibbon Hylobatidae Hylobates moloch Javan Gibbon; Silvery Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Gibbon Hylobatidae Hylobates muelleri Bornean Gibbon; Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Muller's Gibbon Hylobatidae Hylobates syndactylus Siamang Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Hylobatidae Symphalangus syndactylus Siamang EXTREME VPC 2011

Hystricidae Hystrix cristata Crested Porcupine; EXTREME VPC 2011 North African Crested Porcupine Hystricidae Hystrix indica Indian Crested Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 porcupine Lemuridae Eulemur fulvus Brown Lemur Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Lemuridae Eulemur macaco Black Lemur Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Lemuridae Eulemur mongoz Mongoose Lemur Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Lemuridae Lemur catta Ring-tailed Lemur Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Lemuridae Varecia variegata Ruffed Lemur Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Leporidae Lepus americanus Snowshoe Hare LOW VPC 2011 Leporidae Lepus californicus black-tailed jack rabbit Not Assessed - CISEH 2009 Invasive in North America Leporidae Lepus europaeus European Hare EXTREME VPC 2011 Leporidae Oryctolagus cuniculus European Rabbit (wild EXTREME VPC 2011 rabbit only with wild- type brown colouring; not domestic or commercial breed) Leporidae Oryctolagus cuniculus European Rabbit Category 4 & 5 NSW draft regs 2011 Loridae Loris tardigradus Slender Loris Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Loridae Nycticebus coucang Slow Loris; Sunda Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Loris Macropodidae Dendrolagus dorianus Doria’s Tree- Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 kangaroo Macropodidae Dendrolagus goodfellowi Goodfellow’s Tree- Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 kangaroo Macropodidae Dendrolagus matschiei Matschie’s Tree- Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 kangaroo Macropodidae Dorcopsis luctuosa Grey Dorcopsis Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Marcopodidiae Dorcopsis luctuosa Grey Dorcopsis MODERATE VPC 2011 Megalonychidae Choloepus hoffmanni Two-toed Sloth; Category NSW draft regs 2011 Hoffman's Sloth Molossidae Molossus molossus Pallas's mastiff bat Not Assessed - CISEH 2009 Invasive in North America Muridae Acomys cahirinus Cairo Spiny Mouse Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Muridae Cricetomys gambianus Gambian rat Not Assessed - CISEH 2009 Invasive in North

MAMMALS Family Species Common Name Threat Source America Muridae Cricetus cricetus Common Hamster Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Muridae Mesocricetus auratus Golden Hamster Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Muridae Mus domesticus house mouse EXTREME Bomford 2008 NZ Muridae Mus musculus house mouse Not Assessed - CISEH 2009 Invasive in North America Muridae Rattus exulans Pacific Rat; EXTREME VPC 2011 Polynesian Rat Muridae Rattus norvegicus Norway rat EXTREME Bomford 2008 NZ Muridae Rattus rattus black rat EXTREME Bomford 2008 NZ Mustelidae Aonyx (Amblonyx) cinerea Small-clawed otter Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Mustelidae Aonyx cinereus Oriental Small-clawed EXTREME VPC 2011 Otter Mustelidae Eira barbara Tayra Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Mustelidae Lontra canadensis North American otter Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Mustelidae Lutrogale perspicillata Smooth-coated Otter Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Mustelidae Meles meles Eurasian Badger; Old Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 World Badger Mustelidae Mephitis mephitis Striped Skunk Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Mustelidae Mustela erminea Ermine; Stoat EXTREME VPC 2011 Mustelidae Mustela nivalis weasel SERIOUS Bomford 2008 NZ Mustelidae Mustela putorius polecat, ferret EXTREME Bomford 2008 NZ Mustelidae Mustela putorius furo Ferret; Domestic EXTREME VPC 2011 Ferret Myrmecophagidae Myrmecophaga tridactyla Giant Anteater Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Orycteropodidae Orycteropus afer Aardvark Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Otariidae Zalophus californianus Californian Sea-lion Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Pedetidae Pedetes capensis Spring Hare EXTREME VPC 2011 Peramelidae Microperoryctes longicauda Striped Bandicoot Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Petauridae Dactylopsila megalura Great-tailed Trioch Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Petauridae Petaurus breviceps Sugar Glider Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 papuanus Phalangeridae Strigocuscus gymnotis Ground Cuscus Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Phocidae Phoca vitulina Harbour Seal Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Procaviidae Procavia capensis Rock Hyrax Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Procyonidae Nasua narica White-nosed Coati Not Assessed - CISEH 2009 Invasive in North America Procyonidae Nasua nasua Coati Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Procyonidae Potos flavus Kinkajou Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Procyonidae Procyon Iotor Common Raccoon; MODERATE VPC 2011 Northern Raccoon Procyonidae Procyon lotor* Racoon SERIOUS Bomford 2008 NZ Rhinocerotidae Ceratotherium simum White Rhinoceros Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Rhinocerotidae Diceros bicornis Black Rhinoceros Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Rhinocerotidae Rhinoceros unicornis Indian Rhinoceros Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Sciuridae Callosciurus spp Giant Squirrels Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Sciuridae Cynomys ludovicianus black-tailed prairie Not Assessed - CISEH 2009 dog Invasive in North America Sciuridae Cynomys ludovicianus Black-tailed Prairie- Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 dog Sciuridae Funambulus pennantii Northern Palm- Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 squirrel Sciuridae Sciurus aureogaster Mexican gray squirrel Not Assessed - CISEH 2009

MAMMALS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Invasive in North America Sciuridae Spermophilus beecheyi* California ground MODERATE Bomford 2008 NZ squirrel Sciuridae Tamais striatus* eastern chipmonk LOW Bomford 2008 NZ Sciuridae Tamias spp Chipmunks Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Suidae Babyrousa babyrussa Babirusa MODERATE VPC 2011 Suidae Babyrousa spp Babyrusa Category 3b NSW draft regs 2011 Suidae Sus domesticus Domestic Pig Category 4 & 5 NSW draft regs 2011 Suidae Sus scrofa Wild Boar; Feral pig EXTREME VPC 2011 Tachyglossidae Zaglossus spp Long-beaked Category NSW draft regs 2011 Echidnas; Tapiridae Tapirus indicus Malayan Tapir Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Tapiridae Tapirus terrestris Brazilian Tapir Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Tayassuidae Pecari tajacu Collared Pecari EXTREME VPC 2011 Tupaiidae Tupaia belangeri Northern Treeshrew Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Tupaiidae Tupaia glis Common Tree-shrew Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Ursidae Ailuropoda melanoleuca Panda, Giant SERIOUS VPC 2011 Ursidae Ailurus fulgens Red Panda; Lesser Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Panda Ursidae Helarctos malayanus Malayan Sun Bear; EXTREME VPC 2011 Sun Bear Ursidae Ursus americanus American Black Bear Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Ursidae Ursus arctos Brown bear; Grizzly EXTREME VPC 2011 bear Ursidae Ursus arctos Brown Bear Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Ursidae Ursus maritimus Polar Bear Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Ursidae Ursus thibetanus Asiatic Black Bear Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Viverridae Arctictis binturong Binturong Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Viverridae Arctogalidia trivirgata Three-striped Palm- Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 civet; Viverridae Genetta maculata Rusty-spotted Genet Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011

MOLLUSCS Family Species Common Name Threat Source Achatinidae Achatina fulica giant East African snail High Risk Pest AQIS 2010 Ampullariidae Marisa cornuarietis giant ramshorn snail Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Ampullariidae Pomacea bridgesi spiketop applesnail Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Ampullariidae Pomacea channeled apple snail Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 canaliculata North America Ampullariidae Pomacea diffusa spiketop applesnail Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Ampullariidae Pomacea insularum island applesnail Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Arionidae Arion lusitanicus Spanish slug Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Arionidae Arion rufus European red slug Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Arionidae Arion spp. slugs Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Arionidae Arion subfuscus dusky slug Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Bithyniidae Bithynia tentaculata mud bithynia Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Camaenidae Caracolus marginella banded caracol Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Chromodorididae Glossodoris sedna marine nudibranch Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Corbiculidae Corbicula fluminea Asian clam Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Dreissenidae Dreissena bugensis quagga mussel Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Dreissenidae Dreissena zebra mussel Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 polymorpha North America Dreissenidae Mytilopsis salleii black-striped mussel Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Gryphaeidae Hyotissa hyotis giant coxcomb oyster Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Helicarionidae Ovachlamys fulgens Ovachlamys fulgens Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Helicidae Candidula intersecta wrinkled helicellid Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Helicidae Cochlicella acuta pointed snail Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Helicidae Cochlicella spp. A. pointed snail Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Helicidae Cornu aspersum European brown snail Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Helicidae Helix pomatia roman snail Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Helicidae Otala lactea milk snail Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Helminthoglyptidae Cepolis varians Caribbean land snail Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Hygromiidae Cernuella cisalpina, snail Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Hygromiidae Cernuella spp. snails Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Hygromiidae Cernuella virgata vineyard snail Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009

MOLLUSCS Family Species Common Name Threat Source North America Hygromiidae Hygromia cinctella girdled snail Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Hygromiidae Monacha cantiana kentish gardensnail Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Hygromiidae Monacha cartusiana Cartusian snail Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Hygromiidae Monacha syriaca Hygromiid snail Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Littorinidae Littorina littorea common periwinkle Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America

Muricidae Rapana venosa veined rapa whelk Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Mytilidae Musculista green mussel Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 senhousia North America

Mytilidae Mytella charruana Charua mussel Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Mytilidae Perna perna brown mussel Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Mytilidae Perna viridis green mussel Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Pteriidae Pinctada Pacific pearl-oyster Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 margaritifera North America Succineidae Calcisuccinea amber snail Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 dominicensis North America Teredinidae Lyrodus Indo-Pacific shipworm Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 mediolobatus North America Teredinidae Lyrodus pedicellatus blacktip shipworm Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Tergipedidae Cuthona perca lake merritt cuthona Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Thiaridae Melanoides red-rim melania Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 tuberculatus North America Trochidae Cittarium pica West Indian topsnail Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Viviparidae Bellamya chinensis Chinese mysterysnail Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Viviparidae Bellamya japonica Japanese mysterysnail Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 North America Viviparidae Cipangopaludina Chinese mystery snail Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 chinensis malleata North America Viviparidae Cipangopaludina Japanese mysterysnail Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 japonica North America Viviparidae Cipangopaludina mysterysnails Not assessed -Invasive in CISEH 2009 spp. North America

REPTILES Family Species Common Name Threat Source Acrochordidae Acrochordus javanicus Javan File-snake Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Agamidae Agama agama African redhead SERIOUS Bomford 2008 agama Agamidae Calotes mystaceus White-lipped Calotes Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 in North America Agamidae Calotes versicolor Oriental Garden SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Lizard Agamidae Hydrosaurus pustulatus Philippine Water- Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 lizard; Sail fin Agamidae Laudakia stellio SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Agamidae Leiolepis belliana Butterfly lizard Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 in North America Agamidae Pogona vitticeps bearded dragon Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 in North America Alligatoridae Alligator mississipiensis American Alligator SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Alligatoridae Alligator mississippiensis American Alligator Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Alligatoridae Caiman crocodilus common caiman; MODERATE Bomford 2008 Brown Caiman Alligatoridae Caiman crocodilus Brown Caiman Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Ambystomatidae Ambystoma mexicanum Axolotl Category 4 NSW draft regs 2011 Boidae Apodora papuana (Liasis Papuan Python Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 maximus, Liasis papuanus) Boidae Boa constrictor common boa EXTREME VPC 2011 Boidae Boa dumerili Dumeril's boa Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 in North America Boidae Candoia spp Pacific Boas Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Boidae Corallus caninus - VPC 2011 Boidae Corallus caninus LOW Bomford 2008 Boidae Corallus caninus Emerald Tree-boa Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Boidae Corallus Garden Tree-boa Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 hortulanus/enydris Boidae Epicrates cenchria Colombian Rainbow Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 Boa in North America Boidae Epicrates cenchria Rainbow Boa Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Boidae Eunectes murinus green anaconda Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 in North America Boidae Eunectes notaeus yellow anaconda Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 in North America Boidae Eunectes murinus Anaconda; Green Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 anaconda Boidae Eunectes notaeus Yellow Anaconda Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Boidae Gongylophis colubrinus Kenyan sand boa Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 in North America Boidae Morelia boa Ringed Python Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011

REPTILES Family Species Common Name Threat Source Boidae Morelia boeleni Black Python; Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Boelen's Python Boidae Python curtus Blood Python; Short Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Python Boidae Python molurus Indian Python Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Boidae Python regius Ball Python Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Boidae Python reticulatus Reticulated Python Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Boidae Python sebae African Python Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Boidae Python timoriensis Timor Python Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Chamaeleonidae Chamaeleo calyptratus Veiled Chameleon Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Chamaeleonidae Chamaeleo jacksonii Jackson’s Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Chameleon Chelidae Chelus fimbriatus Matamata Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Chelidae Hydromedusa tectifera South American Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Snake-necked turtle Chelidae Platemys platycephala Twist-necked Turtle Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Chelydridae Chelydra serpentina common snapping EXTREME Bomford 2008 turtle Chelydridae Chelydra serpentina Common Snapping- Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 turtle; Common snapping Turtle Chelydridae Macrochelys temminckii Alligator Snapping- MODERATE Bomford 2008 turtle; Chelydridae Macroclemys temminckii Alligator Snapping- Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 turtle; alligator Turtle Colubridae Boiga irregularis brown tree snake Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 in North America Colubridae Boiga dendrophila Mangrove Snake Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Colubridae Drymarchon corais SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Colubridae Drymarchon corais Cribos Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Colubridae Elaphe carinata Taiwan Stink snake Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Colubridae Elaphe guttata SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Colubridae Elaphe guttata Corn Snake; red Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Rat-snake Colubridae Elaphe obsoleta Black Rat-snake Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Colubridae Elaphe quatorlineata Four-lined Rat- Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 snake Colubridae Elaphe schrenkii Russian Rat-snake Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Colubridae Elaphe taeniura - VPC 2011 Colubridae Elaphe taeniurus Black-tailed Rat- Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 snake; Taiwan Rat- snake Colubridae Heterodon simus Southern Hog-nosed Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 snake Colubridae Lampropeltis alterna Grey-banded Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Kingsnake Colubridae Lampropeltis getulus King Snake Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Colubridae Lampropeltis mexicana Grey-banded Snake Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011

REPTILES Family Species Common Name Threat Source Colubridae Lampropeltis triangulum Milk Snake Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Colubridae Leptodeira annulata SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Colubridae Leptophis depressirostris LOW Bomford 2008 Colubridae Lycondon capucinus Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Colubridae Natrix maura SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Colubridae Natrix tessellate SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Colubridae Nerodia fasciata SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Colubridae Pituophis melanoleucus Bull Snake; Pine Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 snake Colubridae Thamnophis sauritus LOW Bomford 2008 Colubridae Thamnophis sirtalis SERIOUS Bomford 2008

Colubridae Zamenis longissima SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Cordylidae Gerrhosaurus validus Giant Plated-lizard Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Corytophanidae Basiliscus vittatus brown basilisk Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 in North America Crocodylidae Crocodylus mindorensis Philippine Crocodile Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Crocodylidae Tomistoma schlegelii False Gavial; false Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Gharial; Malayan Gharial Crotalidae Agkistrodon bilineatus Cantil Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Crotalidae Agkistrodon contortrix Northern Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Copperhead Crotalidae Agkistrodon piscivorus Water Moccasin Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Crotalidae Bothriechis schlegeli Eye-lash Viper Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Crotalidae Bothrops alternatus Urutu Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Crotalidae Crotalus adamanteus Eastern Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Diamondback Crotalidae Crotalus atrox Western Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Diamondback Crotalidae Crotalus basiliscus Mexican Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Rattlesnake Crotalidae Crotalus lepidus Rock Rattlesnake Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Crotalidae Crotalus ruber Red Rattlesnake Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Crotalidae Crotalus viridis Prairie Rattlesnake Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Crotalidae Sistrurus catenatus Massasauga 2 Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Cryptobranchidae Andrias japonicus Japanese Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Salamander; Dendrobatidae Dendrobates auratus Green Poison-arrow Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 frog Dendrobatidae Dendrobates tinctorius Dyeing Poison- Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 arrow frog Elapidae Hemachatus haemachatus Ringhal’s Cobra Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Elapidae Laticauda crockeri Crocker’s Sea Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Snake; Banded Sea snake

REPTILES Family Species Common Name Threat Source Elapidae Laticauda schistorhynchus Flat-tailed Sea Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Snake; Banded Sea snake Elapidae Loveridgelaps elapoides Orange-banded Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Snake Elapidae Micropechis ikaheka Pacific Coral Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Elapidae Naja haje Egyptian Cobra Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Elapidae Naja melanoleuca Forest Cobra; Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 White-lipped Cobra Elapidae Naja mossambica Mozambique Cobra Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Elapidae Naja naja Indian Cobra Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Elapidae Ophiophagus hannah King Cobra Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Elapidae Parapistocalamus hedigeri Hediger’s Snake Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Elapidae Pseudechis papuanus Papuan Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 BrownSnake Elapidae Salomonelaps par Solomon Islands Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Brown Snake Emydidae Chinemys reevesii Reeve’s Turtle; Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Chinese Three- keeled Turtle Emydidae Chrysemys picta Painted Turtle Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Emydidae Cistoclemmys Yellow-margined Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 flavomarginata Box-turtle Emydidae Clemmys guttata Spotted Turtle Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Emydidae Clemmys insculpta Wood Turtle Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Emydidae Clemmys marmorata Pacific Pond-turtle; Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 western Pond-turtle Emydidae Cuora amboinensis Malayan Box-turtle Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Emydidae Cuora trifasciata Chinese Three- Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 striped Box turtle Emydidae Emys orbicularis SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Emydidae Glyptemys muhlenbergii LOW Bomford 2008 Emydidae Graptemys geographica Common Map-turtle Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Emydidae Graptemys FALSE Map-turtle; Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 pseudogeographica eaatern Map-turtle Emydidae Graptemys versa Texas Map-turtle Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Emydidae Heosemys spinosa Spiny Turtle; Spiny Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Terrapin Emydidae Malaclemys terrapin LOW Bomford 2008 Emydidae Mauremys caspica Caspian Turtle Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Emydidae Pseudemys concinna SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Emydidae Pseudemys floridana Common Cooter; Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Florida Slider Emydidae Rhinoclemmys Painted Wood-turtle; Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 pulcherrima Mexican wood Turtle Emydidae Terrapene carolina Common Box-turtle Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Emydidae Terrapene ornata SERIOUS VPC 2011 Emydidae Terrapene ornata Ornate Box Turtle; Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011

REPTILES Family Species Common Name Threat Source Western Box Turtle Emydidae Trachemys scripta red-eared slider EXTREME VPC 2011 Emydidae Trachemys scripta Red-eared Slider; Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Common Slider; Yellow Bellied Slider Emydidae Trachemys stejnegeri LOW Bomford 2008 Gekkonidae Chondrodactylus bibronii EXTREME Bomford 2008 Gekkonidae Cosymbotus platyurus flat-tailed house SERIOUS Bomford 2008 gecko Gekkonidae Eublepharis macularius Leopard Gecko; Fat- Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 tailed Gecko Gekkonidae Eurydactylodes vieillardi Bavay’s Gecko Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Gekkonidae Gehyra mutilata MODERATE Bomford 2008 Gekkonidae Gekko gecko Tokay; Tokay Gecko Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Gekkonidae Gekko vittatus Lined Gecko; Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Striped Gecko Gekkonidae Gonatodes albogularis yellow-headed SERIOUS Bomford 2008 gecko Gekkonidae Gonydactylus Guadalcanal Bow- Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 (Cyrtodactylus) biordinis fingered Gecko Gekkonidae Hemidactylus mabouia Tropical House Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 Gecko in North America

Gekkonidae Hemidactylus turcicus Mediterranean Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 gecko in North America

Gekkonidae Hemidactylus frenatus Cheechak; House Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Gecko Gekkonidae Hemidactylus garnotii Indopacific Gecko; Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Spiny Gecko Gekkonidae Hemidactylus mabouia EXTREME Bomford 2008 Gekkonidae Hemidactylus turcicus Mediterranean EXTREME Bomford 2008 gecko Gekkonidae Hemiphyllodactylus typus MODERATE Bomford 2008 Gekkonidae Lepidodactylus lugubris Mourning gekko SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Gekkonidae Nactus (Cyrtodactylus) Pelagic Gecko Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 pelagicus Gekkonidae Pachydactylus bibronii Bibron's Gecko Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 in North America

Gekkonidae Phelsuma Giant day gecko SERIOUS Bomford 2008 madagascariensis Gekkonidae Phelsuma Madagascar Gecko Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 madagascariensis Gekkonidae Rhacodactylus auriculatus Eared Caledonian Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Gecko Gekkonidae Rhacodactylus ciliatus Guichenot’s Giant Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Gecko Gekkonidae Rhacodactylus leachianus Cuvier’s Caledonian Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Gecko

Gekkonidae Rhacodactylus Roux’s Giant Gecko Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011

REPTILES Family Species Common Name Threat Source sarasinorum Gekkonidae Sphaerodactylus argus Ocellated Gecko SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Gekkonidae Tarentola annularis Ashy gecko Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 in North America

Gekkonidae Tarentola mauritanica White-spotted Wall Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 Gecko in North America

Gekkonidae Tarentola delalandii LOW Bomford 2008 Gekkonidae Tarentola mauritanica Moorish Wall Gecko SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Geoemydidae Cuora trifasciata - VPC 2011 Geoemydidae Heosemys spinosa - VPC 2011 Geoemydidae Malayemys subtrijuga LOW Bomford 2008 Geoemydidae Mauremys caspica LOW Bomford 2008 Geoemydidae Mauremys reevesii LOW Bomford 2008 Helodermatidae Heloderma suspectum Gila Monster Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Iguanidae Anolis carolinensis EXTREME Bomford 2008 Iguanidae Anolis chlorocyanus Hispaniolan green SERIOUS Bomford 2008 anole Iguanidae Anolis cristatellus Puerto Rican SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Crested Anole Iguanidae Anolis cybotes Largehead anole SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Iguanidae Anolis distichus SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Iguanidae Anolis equestris Cuban knight anole SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Iguanidae Anolis garmani MODERATE Bomford 2008 Iguanidae Anolis porcatus Cuban Green Anole SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Iguanidae Anolis sagrei brown anole EXTREME Bomford 2008 Iguanidae Basiliscus plumifrons Double-crested Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Basilisk Iguanidae Basiliscus vittatus brown basilisk EXTREME Bomford 2008 Iguanidae Brachylophus spp Fijian Iguanas Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Iguanidae Ctenosaura pectinata Mexican Spiny-tailed SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Iguana Iguanidae Ctenosaura similis black spiny-tailed SERIOUS Bomford 2008 iguana Iguanidae Cyclura nubila Cuban Rock Iguana Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 in North America

Iguanidae Cyclura cornuta Rhinoceros Iguana Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Iguanidae Iguana iguana green iguana EXTREME Bomford 2008 Iguanidae Iguana iguana Common Iguana; Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Green Iguana Iguanidae Phrynosoma cornutum Texas horned lizard SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Iguanidae Sceloporus poinsettii SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Iguanidae Sceloporus serrifer SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Kinosternidae Kinosternidae Kinosternon flavescens Yellow Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011

REPTILES Family Species Common Name Threat Source Mud Turtle Kinosternidae Kinosternon subrubrum Common Mud-turtle Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Kinosternidae Staurotypus triporcatus Mexican Musk-turtle; Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Mexicaan Mud-turtle Kinosternidae Sternotherus minor Loggerhead Musk- Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 turtle; Lacertidae Lacerta bilineata SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Lacertidae Lacerta lepida Jewelled Lizard; Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Ocellated Lizard Lacertidae Lacerta viridis Green Lizard; Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Emerald Lizard Lacertidae Podarcis dugesii Giant day gecko MODERATE Bomford 2008 Lacertidae Podarcis muralis common wall lizard SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Lacertidae Podarcis sicula Italian wall lizard SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Lacertidae Timon lepidus MODERATE Bomford 2008 Pelomedusidae Podocnemis unifilis LOW Bomford 2008 Phrynosomatidae Phrynosoma cornutum Texas horned lizard Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 in North America

Pipidae Xenopus laevis Clawed Toad Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Polychrotidae Anolis chlorocyanus Hispaniolan green Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 anole in North America

Polychrotidae Anolis cristatellus Puerto Rican Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 Crested Anole in North America

Polychrotidae Anolis cybotes Largehead anole Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 in North America

Polychrotidae Anolis equestris Knight anole Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 in North America

Polychrotidae Anolis extremus Barbados anole Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 in North America

Polychrotidae Anolis porcatus Cuban Green Anole Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 in North America

Polychrotidae Anolis sagrei brown anole Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 in North America

Polychrotidae Ctenonotus cristatellus Puerto Rican Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 crested anole in North America

Polychrotidae Ctenonotus distichus bark anole Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 in North America

Polychrotidae Norops garmani Jamaican giant Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 anole in North America

Pythonidae Python curtus Blood python Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 in North America

Pythonidae Python molurus Burmese python MODERATE Bomford 2008 Pythonidae Python regius ball python LOW Bomford 2008

REPTILES Family Species Common Name Threat Source Pythonidae Python reticulatus Reticulated Python MODERATE Bomford 2008 Pythonidae Python sebae African rock python Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 in North America Scincidae Chalcides ocellatus EXTREME Bomford 2008 Scincidae Emoia flavigularis Yellow-throated Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Emo Skink Scincidae Geomyersia glabra Greer’s Island Skink Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Scincidae Geoscincus haraldmeieri Scincid Skink Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Scincidae Mabuya multifasciata many-striped skink SERIOUS Bomford 2008 Scincidae Prasinohaema virens Green Tree Skink Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Scincidae Sphenomorphus Scincid Skink Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 concinnatus Scincidae Tiliqua scincoides Moorish Wall Gecko Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 in North America

Scincidae Tiliqua gigas Giant Blue-tongued Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Skink Scincidae Tribolonotus gracilis Crocodile Skink Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Scincidae Tropidoscincus aubrianus Scincid Lizard Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Scincidae Tropidoscincus rohssii Scincid Lizard Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Scincidae Tropidoscincus variabilis Scincid Lizard Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Sphenodontidae Sphenodon punctatus Cook Strait tuatara; Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Stephen island tuatara Teiidae Ameiva ameiva South American Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 ground lizard in North America

Teiidae Aspidoscelis motaguae giant whiptail Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 in North America

Teiidae Cnemidophorus rainbow Whiptail SERIOUS Bomford 2008 lemniscatus Teiidae Tupinambis merianae red-eared slider Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 in North America

Teiidae Tupinambis rufescens red tegu Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 in North America

Teiidae Tupinambis teguixin black and white tegu MODERATE Bomford 2008 Testudinidae Aldabrachelys elephantina Aldabra Tortoise; Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Aldabra Giant Tortoise Testudinidae Chersine angulata Bowsprit Tortoise Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Testudinidae Geochelone pardalis Leopard Tortoise Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 in North America Testudinidae Geochelone sulcata African Spurred Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 Tortoise in North America

Testudinidae Geochelone carbonaria LOW Bomford 2008 Testudinidae Geochelone chilensis Chaco Tortoise Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011

REPTILES Family Species Common Name Threat Source Testudinidae Geochelone denticulata Brazilian Giant Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Tortoise forest Tortoise; South American Tortoise; South American Yellow-footed Tortoise; Yellow- footed Tortoise Testudinidae Geochelone elegans Indian Star-tortoise Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Testudinidae Geochelone nigra Galapagos Tortoise Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Testudinidae Geochelone pardalis Leopard Tortoise Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Testudinidae Geochelone radiata Radiated Tortoise Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Testudinidae Geochelone sulcata Spurred Tortoise Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Testudinidae Gopherus agassizii Desert Tortoise Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Testudinidae Indotestudo elongata Elongated Tortoise Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Testudinidae Kinixys belliana Bell’s Hingeback- Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 tortoise Testudinidae Manouria emys Asian Brown-tortoise Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Testudinidae South American Yellow-footed Category NSW draft regs 2011 Testudinidae Testudo graeca Spur-thighed Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Tortoise Testudinidae Testudo hermanni Hermann’s Tortoise; Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 greek Tortoise Testudinidae Testudo horsfieldii Horsfield’s Tortoise Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Trionychidae Apalone ferox Florida Softshell- Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 turtle Trionychidae Apalone spinifera spiny softshell turtle EXTREME Bomford 2008 Trionychidae Lissemys punctata MODERATE Bomford 2008 Trionychidae Palea steindachneri MODERATE Bomford 2008 Trionychidae Pelodiscus sinensis Chinese Softshell Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Tortoise Tropiduridae Leiocephalus carinatus Northern Curly-tailed Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 Lizard in North America

Tropiduridae Leiocephalus personatus Haitian Curlytail Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 Lizard in North America Tropiduridae Leiocephalus schreibersii Red-sided Curly- Not assessed - invasive CISEH 2009 tailed Lizard in North America

Typhlopidae Ramphotypholps braminus brahminy blind EXTREME VPC 2011 snake Varanidae Varanus exanthematicus MODERATE Bomford 2008 Varanidae Varanus Peachthroat Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 jobiensis/karlschmidti Monitor; Schmidt's Monitor Varanidae Varanus komodoensis Komodo Dragon Category 3a NSW draft regs 2011 Varanidae Varanus niloticus EXTREME Bomford 2008 Varanidae Varanus salvadorii Salvadori’s Monitor; Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Pauan Monitor

REPTILES Family Species Common Name Threat Source Varanidae Varanus salvator LOW Bomford 2008 Viperidae Bitis arietans SERIOUS VPC 2011 Viperidae Bitis gabonica Gaboon Viper Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Viperidae Bitis nasicornis Rhinoceros Viper Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Viperidae Crotalus vegrandis Uracoan Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011 Rattlesnake Viperidae Daboia russelli Russell’s Viper Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Viperidae Vipera ammodytes Sand Adder; Sand Category 2 NSW draft regs 2011 Viper Viperidae Vipera latestei Lataste’s Viper Category 1a NSW draft regs 2011

Appendix D. Established Commercial Species in Australia

Appendix E. Examples of completed Biosecurity Status Assessment Checklists Appearing below are completed examples of the Biosecurity Status Assessment Checklists for:

Barbados Nut (Jatropha curcas) which is number nine on the list of 55 “species of most interest” on the Australian New Crops Web Site (http://www.newcrops.uq.edu.au/Species_of_most_interest.htm updated 2009)

Sable (Martes zibellina), a relative of the Mink which is native to and hunted and farmed in the northern hemisphere for its highly valued fur (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sable updated April 2011).

Appendix E1. Completed Biosecurity Status Assessment Checklist – Barbados Nut (Jatropha curcas) Step Y/N Outcome Comment A Y Refer A1 A1 N Refer A3 A2 na

Listed for WA P1-Prohibits movement of declared plants and/or their seeds through the prevention of trade, sale or movement of plants into A3 Y REJECT the State or that area of the State and P5 Infestations must be controlled on public land or land under the control of a local government and NT Class A Declared Weeds - to be eradicated Class C Declared Weeds - not to be introduced to the Territory A4 Y REJECT Listed as Weed, Quarantine weed, Noxious weed, Environmental weed, cultivated escapee A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 B12 Proponent

Project Manager

Date 21 06 11

Appendix E2. Completed Biosecurity Status Assessment Checklist for Sable (Martes zibellina) Step Y/N Outcome Comment A N Refer B1 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 B1 N Refer B3 B2 B3 N Refer B11 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 Y Refer B12 Martes zibellina is a member of the Mustelidae family B12 Y REJECT Four members of Mustelidae family rated as EXTREME or SERIOUS by VPC or Bomford Proponent

Project Manager

Date 21 06 11

References

AQIS (2009) Target lists of weeds, insects, plant and animal pests and diseases - Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries Website http://www.daff.gov.au/aqis/quarantine/naqs/target-lists#apd AQIS NAQS Last reviewed: 16 Sep 2009 Accessed 15 June 2011

AQIS (2010) Giant african snail – Webpage Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry http://www.daff.gov.au/aqis/import/cargo/pests/most- unwanted/giant_african_snail accessed 15 June 2011

Bomford, M. (2008) Risk assessment models for establishment of exotic vertebrates in Australia and New Zealand. Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra.

CISEH (2009) Invasive and Exotic Species Profiles; Webpage Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health at the University of Georgia http://www.invasive.org/species.cfm Last updated: August 30, 2009. Accessed 15 June 2011

DAFF (2008) The weed risk assessment proces; Webpage Australian Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry Canberra ACT http://www.daff.gov.au/ba/reviews/weeds/system 22 October 2008 Accessed 15 June 2011

DAFF (2010) Sleeper Weeds Webpage Australian Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry Canberra ACT http://www.weeds.gov.au/weeds/lists/sleeper.html

DEWR (2007) The Australian Weed Strategy – A national strategy for weed management in Australia – Australian Weeds Committee of Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Department of Environment and Water Resources Canberra

Gong, W; Sinden, J; Braysher, M and Jones, R; (2009) The economic Impact of Vertebrate Pests in Australia Invasive Animals cooperative Reasearch Centre Canberra

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ISSG (2011); The Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) The Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) http://www.issg.org/database/welcome/ Accessed 15 June 2011

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89 An Invasive Risk Assessment Framework for New Animal and Plant-based Production Industries

by Dr Robert C Keogh

Publication No. 11/141

Poor biosecurity management that results in the RIRDC is a partnership between government and industry introduction, establishment and spread of weeds pests to invest in R&D for more productive and sustainable rural and diseases adds costs to and threatens market access for industries. We invest in new and emerging rural industries, a Australia’s rural industries. suite of established rural industries and national rural issues.

In recent decades the foundation of biosecurity management Most of the information we produce can be downloaded for free in Australia, as in other leading agricultural economies and or purchased from our website . international regulatory agencies, has progressively moved to science and risk-based assessment, planning and action. This RIRDC books can also be purchased by phoning study reviews this trend as it applies in particular to pest and 1300 634 313 for a local call fee. weed threat assessment and management.

Contact RIRDC: Level 2 15 National Circuit Ph: 02 6271 4100 Most RIRDC publications can be viewed and purchased at Barton ACT 2600 Fax: 02 6271 4199 our website: Email: [email protected] PO Box 4776 web: www.rirdc.gov.au www.rirdc.gov.au Kingston ACT 2604 Bookshop: 1300 634 313

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