The National Plant Biosecurity Status Report

2012 © Plant Health Australia 2013 Disclaimer: This publication is published by Plant Health Australia for information purposes only. Information in the document is drawn from a variety of sources outside This work is copyright. Apart from any use as Plant Health Australia. Although reasonable care was taken in its preparation, Plant Health permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part Australia does not warrant the accuracy, reliability, completeness or currency of the may be reproduced by any process without prior information, or its usefulness in achieving any purpose. permission from Plant Health Australia. Given that there are continuous changes in trade patterns, pest distributions, control Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction measures and agricultural practices, this report can only provide a snapshot in time. and rights should be addressed to: Therefore, all information contained in this report has been collected for the 12 month period from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2012, and should be validated and Communications Manager confirmed with the relevant organisations/authorities before being used. A list of Plant Health Australia contact details (including websites) is provided in the Appendices. 1/1 Phipps Close DEAKIN ACT 2600 To the fullest extent permitted by law, Plant Health Australia will not be liable for any loss, damage, cost or expense incurred in or arising by reason of any person relying on the ISSN 1838-8116 information in this publication. Readers should make and rely on their own assessment An electronic version of this report is available for and enquiries to verify the accuracy of the information provided. download from the Plant Health Australia website. Print copies can be ordered by contacting Plant Health Australia.

In referencing this document, the preferred citation is: National Plant Biosecurity Status Report (2012). Plant Health Australia, Canberra, ACT. Contents

Overview 7 The importance of plant biosecurity 8 Chapter 1 Organisation of plant biosecurity systems in Australia 11 1.1 plant health policy and legislation 12 Reforming Australia’s biosecurity system 12 Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity 13 National Plant Biosecurity Strategy 14 Biosecurity legislation 14 1.2 national committees 16 Primary industries committees 16 Plant Health Committee 16 1.3 australian Government plant health services 18 Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry 18 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 20 Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities 20 The Australian Customs and Border Protection Service 20 Other government organisations 20 1.4 state and territory plant biosecurity services 21 1.5 industry and private sector plant biosecurity services 25 Industry representative bodies 25 Growers and landholders 25 Private consultants and reseller agronomists 25 Professional associations 25 1.6 australia’s plant production industries 26 Crop production summary 26 1.7 plant Health Australia 76 Plant Health Australia and Australia’s plant biosecurity system 76 Chapter 2 Threats to Australia’s plant production 79 2.1 australia’s High Priority Pests 81 2.2 australia’s regionalised pests 90 2.3 responses to Emergency Plant Pests 93 2.4 managing weed threats in Australia 97 Chapter 3 maintaining Australia’s plant biosecurity status 101 3.1 international trade 103 International agreements 104 Imports 106 Exports 106

Image courtesy of Glynn Maynard, DAFF 3.2 Offshore activities 112 Risk assessments 112 Verifications, inspections and audits 112 International plant health 113 Asia-Pacific egionr capacity building 113 Intelligence 113 3.3 at the border activities 114 Screening and inspection 114 Post-entry plant quarantine 115 Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy 115 Education and awareness 116 3.4 Onshore activities 117 Domestic Quarantine 118 Industry biosecurity planning 118 Pre-emptive breeding 120 Surveillance 120 Diagnostics 128 Forest Health 138 On-farm biosecurity 139 Communication and awareness 140 Information technology tools and networks supporting the plant biosecurity system 140 Chapter 4 managing plant biosecurity emergencies 145 4.1 The Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed 146 National Management Group 147 Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests 147 Categorisation Group 147 4.2 PLANTPLAN 150 Contingency planning 150 Training 154 Biosecurity Surveillance, Incident, Response and Tracing Program 155 Chapter 5 research, development and extension 157 5.1 research, development and extension in association with the Australian Government 158 Australian government statutory authorities and agencies involved in research and development 159 Cooperative Research Centres 160 Research and Development Corporations 163 5.2 state and territory governments research and development 166 5.3 universities and private research institutions 166 5.4 Overview of plant biosecurity related research, development and extension in 2012 168 Appendices 193 Appendix 1: Organisational and initiative contact details 194 Appendix 2: Glossary 198 Appendix 3: Acronyms and abbreviations 200 Index 203 Image courtesy of Summerfruit Australia Tables and figures Case Studies

Tables Chapter 1 Delivering the biosecurity message to cherry growers 37 Table 1. Plant biosecurity related legislation 15 Biosecurity in the cotton industry – The “Come clean, Tables 2-30. Industry specific High Priority Pest lists 28-75 Go clean” campaign 43 Table 31. Plant Health Australia’s Members 77 Mapping stakeholders and biosecurity risks in the fodder Table 32. High Priority Pests of Australia’s plant production industries 82 and pasture industries 48 Table 33. Australia’s regionalised pests 91 Keeping a look out for biosecurity risks to honey bees Table 34. Emergency responses to plant pests under EPPRD – The National Bee Pest Surveillance Program 51 arrangements 94 Chapter 2 Taking biosecurity to students – The Scientists and Table 35. Pest detections notified under EPPRD arrangements that Mathematicians in Schools program 89 did not result in a formal cost-shared emergency response 95 Containing Bitou bush along NSW beaches 96 Table 36. Australia’s Weeds of National Significance 99 Leaf-mining jewel beetle – A biological control of Cat’s Table 37. DAFF finalised and draft import policy advice 108 claw creeper 99 Table 38. Market access acheivements for plant production industries International cooperation – Australia and East Timor 109 since 2000 110 Table 39. Post entry quarantine facilities 115 Chapter 3 Training border inspectors to spot pests 113 Table 40. List of current IBPs 118 Farm Biosecurity Program – Helping farmers to boost biosecurity 119 Table 41. Australia’s plant biosecurity surveillance programs 122 Plant Biosecurity Farmer of the Year 121 Table 42. Diagnostic services 129 Timing is essential – How a national diagnostics database helps 135 Table 43. National Diagnostic Protocols 136 Honey bee biosecurity – An exemplary model of the biosecurity Table 44. Biosecurity Manuals 139 partnership in action 142 Table 45. Contingency plans 151 Chapter 4 When pests can’t be eradicated – Transition to management Table 46. Plant biosecurity related research projects 170 programs 148

Figures Chapter 5 A national research strategy to coordinate plant biosecurity Figure 1. National governmental consultative committees 17 science 159 Figure 2. DAFF regional boundaries 19 The end of two CRCs – Accomplishments and legacies 162 Figure 3. Comparative value of Australia’s plant production industries 26 Figures 4-69. Industry production data 28-75 Figure 70. Key components of Australia’s plant biosecurity continuum 103 Figure 71. DAFF import risk analysis flowchart 107 Figure 72. NAQS surveillance 116 Figure 73. NAQS Torres Strait 116 Figure 74. Surveillance programs by target host 121 Figure 75. Surveillance programs by target pest 121 Figure 76. NDP endorsement process 134 Figure 77-81. R,D&E project summaries 168

Image courtesy of AUSVEG

Foreword

Australia has gained an international reputation as a supplier of high quality clean produce; The National Plant Biosecurity Status Report is a vital reference source for anyone a reputation that grants access to lucrative domestic and international markets for our interested in Australia’s plant biosecurity system and how it functions to maintain producers of food, fibre and forestry products. Australia’s plant pest status, which is envied around the world.

This reputation has been built on Australia’s relative freedom from many plant pests that Plant Health Australia is grateful for the cooperation it receives every year in putting it trouble producers overseas, and an associated reduction in the need to use chemicals together. The National Plant Biosecurity Status Report couldn’t be compiled without to control them. contributions, input and advice from Australia’s key plant biosecurity stakeholders.

A great deal of effort is put into ensuring that our good reputation, and the flow-on I am proud to recommend this publication to you. benefits, are maintained. Australia’s plant biosecurity system is second to none, an accomplishment that results from Australia’s unique partnership model for biosecurity. Under this arrangement, the traditional role of governments in managing plant biosecurity is complemented by a close association with plant production industries. National plant biosecurity priorities are determined in consultation with a wide range of industry stakeholders, who participate in policy development, support targeted activities and contribute to emergency responses. Dr Tony Gregson AM, FTSE This 5th edition of the National Plant Biosecurity Status Report describes Australia’s plant Chairman biosecurity system and explains how the partners in biosecurity work together to protect plant production, worth some $29.4 billion annually1,2. All information reflects the status of the system for the calendar year 2012.

The report includes sections on: • The organisations and processes involved in managing the pest status of Australia’s agricultural, horticultural and forestry industries offshore, onshore and at the border. • The more than 730 plant biosecurity research and development projects active in Australia. • Honey bee biosecurity to provide protection for pollination-reliant industries. • Weeds management across the nation, from local councils and utility providers to state and national government initiatives, the first systematic audit. • The lists of contingency plans, regionalised pests and National Diagnostic Protocol used to aid plant biosecurity. • The multi-faceted role the Australian government plays in maintaining Australia’s unique biodiversity.

1 Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (2012) Australian forest and wood product statistics (2012), March and June quarters 2012. 2 ABARES (2012) Agricultural commodity statistics 2012. 6 Overview

Image courtesy of Cotton Australia The importance of plant biosecurity

Australia’s plant production industries3 are in the One of the major challenges for the national biosecurity system is protecting the vast range enviable position of being free from many of the of plant based industries present in Australia. These range from pineapples and sugarcane in the tropical north to cherries and onions in the southern temperate zones, with each

VERVIEW serious pests that impact on industries overseas.

O commodity providing its own biosecurity challenges. Freedom from these pests is primarily due to a combination of Australia’s geographic isolation and One of the key reasons that Australia prioritises biosecurity is because the agricultural a strong history of effective quarantine measures. production industry it protects is an important element of the economy. The gross value of Australia’s plant production industries has increased by 3 per cent to $29.4 billion1, 2 in 2011–12. More than half of this produce was exported, which indicates the strong To maintain this favourable situation, Australia places reliance Australia’s plant production industries have on access to international markets a high priority on plant biosecurity, which in turn, has to remain viable. driven the development of an internationally recognised The effects of new plant pests establishing in Australia are wide-ranging and potentially plant biosecurity system. The strength of the Australian devastating. In addition to damaging the livelihoods of producers and others along the biosecurity system lies in its cooperative approach, which value chain, new pests could also jeopardise trade, damage regional economies, deplete is characterised by industry–government partnerships. amenity values and affect food security for the broader Australian community.

To minimise potential impacts from established and exotic pests, Australia’s comprehensive biosecurity system extends along the ‘biosecurity continuum’, mitigating and managing The definition of apest 4 used in this report covers all insects, mites, snails, nematodes, threats offshore, onshore and at the border. Governments and plant production industries pathogens (diseases) and weeds that are injurious to plants, plant products or bees. share responsibility for the biosecurity system, covering funding and decision making. As Exotic pests are those not currently present in Australia. Established or endemic well as focusing on preventing the establishment and spread of exotic pests, the system pests are those present within Australia. encompasses domestic biosecurity arrangements which limit the spread of regionalised pests within Australia.

A strong biosecurity system not only protects Australia’s plant production industries, but protects Australia’s unique and highly valued natural ecosystems. Many native species are threatened by competition and predation from invasive exotic pests and the presence of these species can significantly alter the natural ecosystem5. Similarly, the social value of public amenities, such as parklands and private non-commercial plantings (e.g. fruit trees and gardens), can be reduced through the impacts of new pests.

3 In this document, the term ‘plant production industries’ is used to cover all plant industries in the agricultural, horticultural and forestry sectors. 4 International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) No. 5 (Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms) describes a pest in the context of plant health as ‘Any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products’. ISPMs can be found at www.ippc.int/?id=13399. 5 Pimintel D., McNair S., Janecka J., et. al., (2001) Economic and environmental threats of alien plant, animal, and microbe invasions, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 84:1-20. 8 In Australia, it is estimated that previously introduced invertebrates cost over $5 billion6 in agricultural production losses, while the total cost of weeds on agriculture is a further $4 billion6. In this context, the successful eradication of Papaya fruit fly from Cairns (after it VERVIEW

was detected in 1995) has been estimated to provide ongoing benefits of approximately O $74 million per year7.

Consequently, Australia remains committed to maintaining a world class plant biosecurity system in an environment where pest population levels and distribution are influenced by climate variability, with increasing levels of trade and tourism, and where export markets are taking a more stringent view of plant pest status.

6 Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (2012) Australia’s agriculture, fisheries and forestry at a glance 2012, Canberra, May 2012. 7 Australian Bureau of Agricultural Resource Economics (1995) Papaya fruit fly: Cost-benefit analysis of the proposed eradication program, consultancy report to Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, Canberra.

Image courtesy of DAFWA 9 10 Chapter 1 Organisation of plant biosecurity systems in Australia

Image courtesy of AUSVEG 1.1 plant health policy and legislation

Australia’s economy and environment benefit significantly This chapter provides an overview of the different roles and responsibilities of the from a strong biosecurity system. Australia has enjoyed a organisations and individuals within Australia’s plant biosecurity system and how the high degree of protection from biosecurity risks, based on partnerships have evolved to keep pace with the new challenges and demands of Australia in an increasingly globalised marketplace. natural advantages of relative geographical isolation, the absence of shared land borders and a border-focused system of biosecurity. These advantages have meant that Reforming Australia’s biosecurity system the environment has been free of many pests common The Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF) continues to implement elsewhere and has positioned Australia well to prevent reform of Australia’s biosecurity system to deliver a modern system that is responsive their entry into our ecosystem. The continuation of high and targeted at addressing pest risks. quality Australian exports depends on the sector’s Australia’s biosecurity system has been subject to review several times. Recommendations freedom from the most destructive pests. made for improvements to the way it operates started with the Nairn Review in 1995, and culminated in the 2008 independent review of Australia’s quarantine and biosecurity arrangements – One Biosecurity: A Working Partnership (the Beale review)8. The Beale The changing global environment means there is a need review found that Australia’s biosecurity system operated well, but could be improved. for a greater emphasis on managing the whole biosecurity Beale proposed significant reforms to strengthen the system by revising legislation, continuum – offshore, at the border, and onshore – rather targeting resources to the areas of greatest risk, sharing responsibility between than focusing primarily on interventions at the border. government, businesses and the community, and improving transparency, timeliness Effective biosecurity management requires risk mitigation and operations across the continuum. activities offshore to prevent pests reaching the border, The changes to the biosecurity system that are being undertaken focus efforts on the actions at the border to intercept pests, and onshore greatest risks to ensure the system is effective and sustainable into the future. Five key initiatives to prevent and respond to incursions. It means principles underpin Australia’s modern biosecurity system and drive changes to how it is managed: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION allocating resources to target the areas that pose the highest biosecurity risks. • Implementing a risk-based approach to biosecurity management. • Managing biosecurity risk across the continuum – offshore, at the border and onshore. Our biosecurity system is strengthened by the • Strengthening partnerships with clients and stakeholders. cooperative partnerships between government, • Using robust science, being intelligence-led and evidence-based. industry and the public; working together to manage • Supported by modern legislation, technology, funding and business systems. risk across the biosecurity continuum and protect our industries and the environment from plant pests. Through these themes, the focus on the continuum better supports consistent service delivery onshore, at the border and offshore, provides effective biosecurity risk National plant biosecurity priorities are determined in management underpinned by sound evidence and policy, improves the efficiency consultation with a wide range of industry stakeholders, and responsiveness of operations through the application of modern legislation and who participate in policy development, support targeted technology systems, and strengthens relationships. activities and contribute to emergency responses.

8 Beale, Fairbrother, Inglis and Trebeck (2008) One Biosecurity: A Working Partnership, Canberra.

12 The benefits of the modern biosecurity system are realised by industry, government and the community, with positive flow through effects to the economy more generally. This is through streamlined business processes, productivity improvements and reduced regulatory burden in a seamless and lower cost business environment; emphasising risk-based decision making, the use of intelligence, a single point of regulatory contact and robust partnerships.

Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity Within government, Australia’s partnership approach to biosecurity is underpinned by the Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity (IGAB)9, signed in January 2012. The IGAB strengthens the working partnership between the Australian Government and state and territory governments by defining the roles and responsibilities of governments and outlining priority areas for collaboration and to improve the national biosecurity system.

Key aspects of the national biosecurity system are being addressed under the IGAB including decision making and investment, information sharing; surveillance and diagnostics, established pests, communication and engagement, preparedness and response, and research, development and extension.

Reforms are underway with progress on building a national surveillance and diagnostic system, mechanisms to allow emergency response information to be shared between

governments, and measures to improve the transparency and rigour of national decision OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA er 1: ORGANISATION making processes10. A national framework with standardised tools to assist with t communication and stakeholder engagement has also been developed and agreed. Chap

As responsibility for biosecurity management is shared, the agreement also provides opportunities for industries, natural resource managers and the community to work together to achieve some of the reforms outlined in the IGAB. This includes Plant Health Australia, which has been an active contributor to this process, and has aligned the National Plant Biosecurity Strategy (NPBS) with the goals and objectives of the agreement.

The National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement (NEBRA)11 is the first deliverable of IGAB, and sets out emergency response arrangements, including cost- sharing, for biosecurity incidents that primarily impact the environment and social amenity. It is yet to be formally activated to respond to an exotic pest incursion. The principles, however, have been used when managing pests such as Red imported fire ants. It has since been amended to include additional schedule attachments, including a national framework for the conduct of biosecurity related benefit-cost analyses.

9 IGAB is available at http://www.coag.gov.au/node/47. 10 Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (2012) Reform of Australia’s biosecurity system: An update since the publication of One Biosecurity: a working partnership, Canberra. 11 NEBRA is available at www.coag.gov.au/node/74. Image courtesy of the Almond Board of Australia 13 National Plant Biosecurity Strategy The National Plant Biosecurity Strategy (NPBS)12 outlines strategies to strengthen Australia’s plant biosecurity system to 2020. To develop these strategies, the views of stakeholders across Australia’s plant biosecurity system were drawn together, in a process facilitated by PHA.

With endorsement from PHA members, the NPBS was finalised in December 2010, and the process of implementing the recommendations began in 2011. Responsibility for guiding the implementation process has been divided among organisations and committees, based on their expertise. The government aspects of implementation are overseen by the Plant Health Committee (PHC), with specific input from the Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostic Standards (SPHDS) and the Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance (SNPHS) on implementing the diagnostic and surveillance aspects, respectively.

Through its implementation, the NPBS is continuing to provide the focus and strategic direction for national plant biosecurity activities and in doing so, strengthening the current plant biosecurity system.

Biosecurity legislation Australia’s biosecurity system operates under Commonwealth, state and territory legislation administered and managed by the respective agricultural and environmental agencies (Table 1). The legislation covers a range of activities involving domestic and international movement of people and goods into and around the country, and the export of agricultural commodities. Also contained within the legislation are other ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA er 1: ORGANISATION t relevant functions relating to biosecurity incident response and reporting. Chap

12 NPBS is available at http://www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/NPBS.

14 Image courtesy of GROWCOM Table 1. Plant biosecurity related legislation (as at 31 December 2012)

Jurisdiction Administering authority Legislation Commonwealth Department of Agriculture, Quarantine Act 1908 Fisheries and Forestry Quarantine Regulations 2000 Quarantine Proclamation 1998 Export Control Act 1982 Export Control (Orders) Regulations 1982 Commonwealth Department of Sustainability, Environment Protection and Environment, Water, Population Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and Communities Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000 Commonwealth Office of the Gene Technology Gene Technology Act 1989 Regulator Gene Technology Regulations 2001 ACT Environment ACT Plant Disease Act 2002 Pest Plants and Animals Act 2005 NSW Department of Primary Industries Plant Diseases Act 1924 Plant Diseases Regulation 2008 Noxious Weeds Act 1993 Noxious Weeds Regulation 2008 NT Department of Primary Industry Plant Health Act 2008 ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA er 1: ORGANISATION and Fisheries Plant Health Regulations 2011 t Qld Department of Agriculture, Plant Protection Act 1989 Chap Fisheries and Forestry Plant Protection Regulation 2002 SA Primary Industries and Regions Plant Health Act 2009 Plant Health Regulations 2010 Tas Department of Primary Industries, Plant Quarantine Act 1997 Parks, Water and Environment Weed Management Act 1999 Vic Department of Primary Industries Plant Biosecurity Act 2010 Plant Biosecurity Regulations 2012 WA Department of Agriculture and Plant Diseases Act 1914 Food Plant Diseases Regulations 1989 Biosecurity and Agricultural Management Act 2007

Image courtesy of PIRSA 15 1.2 national committees

The Australian Government has primary responsibility for offshore and border biosecurity activities, including international phytosanitary obligations, export certification, trade negotiation and quarantine; while the states and territories are responsible for biosecurity matters affecting their rural industries, environment and community, including surveillance, incursion and response (described further in Chapter 3). This division of powers, coupled with a desire on the part of the Australian, state and territory governments to work collaboratively in developing national approaches to primary industries issues and plant biosecurity, was the catalyst for establishing the national committee framework (Figure 1).

The national committees provide the mechanism for consideration and decision-making of key primary industry and plant biosecurity issues. Additional linkages to other organisations involved in plant biosecurity are provided by PHA and via other established consultation mechanisms.

Primary industries committees The Standing Council on Primary Industries (SCoPI) is the peak government forum for consulting, coordinating and integrating government action on national primary industry issues such as biosecurity reform, promoting productivity and sustainability of our primary industries and strengthening Australia’s long term food security. The membership of SCoPI includes ministers from the Australian Government, Australian state and territory governments, and the New Zealand Government, who are responsible for agriculture, food, fibre, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture industries, and rural adjustment policy.

SCoPI is supported by the Primary Industries Standing Committee (PISC), which comprises the heads of the Australian national, state and territory and New Zealand government departments concerned with agriculture, as well as representatives of the Bureau of Meteorology and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA er 1: ORGANISATION t PISC is in turn supported by the National Biosecurity Committee (NBC). NBC is responsible for managing a national strategic approach to emerging and ongoing biosecurity policy issues across jurisdictions and sectors (primary production and the Chap environment). It also monitors development and implementation of the IGAB. The committee provides leadership to a range of supporting sectoral committees, including the PHC, which collectively cover all pest risks to terrestrial and aquatic (inland water and marine) animals and plants and the environment.

Plant Health Committee PHC is the peak government plant biosecurity policy forum. Its role is to maintain or improve plant health in Australia in support of the economy, environment and community. PHC provides strategic policy, technical and regulatory advice and national leadership on plant biosecurity matters and has responsibility for overseeing the implementation of the government aspects of the NPBS.

Through its subcommittees, currently SPHDS, SNPHS, Domestic Quarantine and Market Access working group and Subcommittee on National Forest Health, PHC also guides a range of organisations through the establishment of national standards and facilitates a consistent national approach to legislative outcomes and standards within the plant biosecurity sector. PHC’s membership comprises representatives from the Australian Government and state and territory governments. The Ministry of Primary Industries New Zealand, PHA, CSIRO, the Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre (PBCRC), and the Australian Plague Locust Commission have observer status.

16 Image courtesy of the Australian Macadamia Society Figure 1. National governmental consultative committees (as at 31 December 2012)*

KEY SCoPI NEP&RWG NBIFWG BWG NS&DWG Environment focus

Primary industries focus

Plant biosecurity focus PISC NEP&DWG NBRDEWG NDM&IWG NECWG NSEG Emergency response (EPPRD)

Emergency response (outside EPPRD)

NBC Working Groups NBC

Reporting lines

AHC AWC MPSC PHC VPC

NMG CCEPP SAP DQMAWG SNFH SNPHS SPHDS SAPs CCs NMGs (EPPRD) (EPPRD) (EPPRD) (Outside EPPRD) (Outside EPPRD) (Outside EPPRD) ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION Abbreviations Abbreviations Abbreviations AHC Animal Health Committee NBRDEWG National Biosecurity Research, Development NSEG National Stakeholder Engagement Group and Extension Working Group AWC Australian Weeds Committee PHC Plant Health Committee NDM&IWG National Decision Making and Investment PISC Primary Industries Standing Committee BWG Benchmarks Working Group Working Group SAP Scientific Advisory Panel CCs Consultative Committees NECWG National Engagement and Communication CCEPP Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Working Group SCoPI Standing Council on Primary Industries Pests NEP&DWG National Established Pest and Diseases SNFH Subcommittee on National Forest Health DQMAWG Domestic Quarantine and Market Access Working Group SNPHS Subcommittee on National Plant Health Working Group NEP&RWG National Emergency Preparedness and Surveillance MPSC Marine Pest Sectoral Committee Response Working Group SPHDS Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostic NBC National Biosecurity Committee NMG National Management Group Standards NBIFWG National Biosecurity Information Framework NS&DWG National Surveillance and Diagnostic VPC Vertebrate Pest Committee Working Group Working Group

* Only working groups specific to plant biosecurity are shown. 17 1.3 australian Government plant health services

The plant biosecurity responsibilities of the Australian Government are delivered principally through the Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry portfolio, in collaboration with other relevant agencies.

Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Australia’s approach to managing the risk of incursions of exotic pests is multi-layered, involving complementary measures applied along the biosecurity continuum: offshore, at the border and onshore. The DAFF core priorities in managing biosecurity are to: • Effectively identify risks and target resources to the areas of greatest return from a risk management perspective. • Partner with other governments, industry, clients and stakeholders to manage Australia’s biosecurity. • Deliver biosecurity services to support access to overseas markets and protect the economy and the environment from the impacts of unwanted pest. • Support Australia’s reputation as a competitive exporter of agricultural goods and products.

Offshore activities seek to prevent biosecurity risks reaching Australia by understanding global risks, working with international trading partners, the private sector and engaging with travellers about Australia’s biosecurity requirements. Specific offshore activities include cooperation in multilateral forums, import risk analyses, intelligence gathering and audit activities.

Border activities seek to intercept biosecurity risks that present at airports, seaports, mail centres and along Australia’s coastline. Border activities include import permit decisions, inspection of passengers, goods, vessels and mail, audit

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA er 1: ORGANISATION activities, monitoring and surveillance activities for exotic animal and plant pests and post-entry quarantine. Rather than t being based on state and territory boundaries, five consolidated regions have been established to provide the most

Chap effective biosecurity services possible for clients and stakeholders (Figure 2).

Onshore, the department works cooperatively with other Australian Government agencies, state and territory governments and industry partners to detect and respond to plant pest emergencies that may adversely impact on Australia’s agriculture, fisheries and forestry industries and the environment. Examples of onshore activities include national policy development, enhancing surveillance and diagnostic capability, and facilitation of emergency preparedness and response plans. Formal national arrangements exist for managing responses to Emergency Plant Pests (EPPs) (see page 146).

The department also pursues international market access for Australia’s portfolio industries and access to the Australian market for our trading partners through bilateral, regional and multilateral engagement. Priority is given to: • Working to remove distortions to international trade. • Progressing and resolving market access issues for portfolio industries. • Facilitating targeted technical assistance and agricultural cooperation in support of portfolio interests. • Assisting the development of international standards for portfolio products/industries.

DAFF’s work is supported and enhanced by a network of agricultural counsellors located in China, Europe, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, the Middle East, Thailand and the USA. At each stage of the continuum, success is dependent on partnerships between governments, industry and the community. 18 Figure 2. DAFF regional boundaries (effective 1 July 2009) ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION

Northern Includes Torres Strait and south to Cardwell, Northern Territory, west to Broome and the Indian Ocean territories South West From south of Broome, includes South Australia (including Broken Hill – excluding Riverland) South East Includes Tasmania, Riverland and extends north to Riverina and east coast NSW to Eden Central East Includes NSW with the exception of Eden and areas south, Riverina and far north coast North East Extends from Cardwell to far north coast NSW, south to Grafton 19 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) has a role in advancing Australia’s national interest by making the most of opportunities in Australia’s regional and global environment. This includes providing foreign and trade policy advice to the Australian Government, government agencies and stakeholders. In relation to plant biosecurity, DFAT provides policy and strategic advice on market access and trade issues across the various bilateral and multilateral trade agreements that Australia has with its international trading partners.

Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities The Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPaC) is responsible for contributing to the development of national policy on pests and invasive plants that cause harm to the environment. The department is also responsible under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 for assessing the environmental impact associated with proposals to import live species (except plants, the approvals of which are done in accordance with the Quarantine Act 1908) and ensuring that Australia complies with its obligations under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It also provides advice to DAFF on environmental issues in relation to risk assessments.

The Australian Customs and Border Protection Service The Australian Customs and Border Protection Service manage the security and integrity of Australia’s borders. It works closely with other government and international agencies, in particular the Australian Federal Police, DAFF, the Department of Immigration and Citizenship and the Department of Defence, to regulate and control the movement of goods and people across the Australian border.

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA er 1: ORGANISATION In 2011, DAFF and Customs entered into a Memorandum of Understanding to underpin the strategic working relationship t between the two agencies. It seeks to ensure that both agencies continue to look for opportunities to improve effectiveness

Chap and efficiency in managing common border protection and biosecurity functions.

Other government organisations The Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES), within DAFF, support the plant biosecurity system through collaboration with other government agencies, to ensure that decision makers receive current scientific and economic advice.

Other Australian Government agencies that contribute to maintaining Australia’s plant biosecurity system include the Department of Health and Ageing (DoHA), CSIRO, the Office of the Gene Technology Regulator (OGTR), the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) and the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID).

20 Image courtesy of DAFWA 1.4 state and territory plant biosecurity services

Under the Australian Constitution, state and territory governments are responsible for plant biosecurity services within their respective borders. Delivery of these services is primarily provided through their respective agriculture or primary industry departments. A national approach to the management of plant biosecurity in Australia is maintained through the national committees framework (Figure 1, page 17) and PHA membership (Table 31, page 77).

Each state and territory has a different approach to delivering plant biosecurity operations, arising from the range of climatic conditions across Australia and differing legislative frameworks. Nonetheless, a number of common services are provided by all state and territory governments, including: • Science based risk analysis to identify pest threats and inform plant biosecurity policy and operations. • State quarantine services for the clearance of passengers, cargo, mail, plants and plant products moving interstate. • Export and market access support, including plant health certification services, the accreditation and auditing of export compliance arrangements, and surveys and inspections to support area freedom. • Emergency response services, involving activities to prepare for, and respond to, a plant pest incursion. Where applicable, these activities draw on the arrangements in place under the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD) (page 146). • Surveillance and monitoring for the early detection of pest incursions, maintaining area freedom from pests and delimiting the extent of pests already present, in partnership with industry surveillance. • Development and administration of plant biosecurity legislation and policies. • Communication programs to raise awareness of biosecurity. ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA er 1: ORGANISATION

• The development and maintenance of information systems to support routine and emergency plant t biosecurity management.

• Diagnostic services to identify plant pests (both endemic and exotic) found on a broad range of crops. Chap • Research and development to support the continued improvement of pest management and protection capabilities.

Image courtesy of DAFWA 21 Australian Capital Territory Northern Territory Lead agency: Department of Territory and Municipal Services (TAMS) Lead agency: Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries (NT DPIF) www.tams.act.gov.au www.nt.gov.au/d

ACT Government manages plant biosecurity through TAMS, together with the Environment Plant biosecurity in the NT is managed by Plant Biosecurity Branch, within NT DPIF’s and Sustainable Development Directorate (ESDD). TAMS is responsible for the operational Biosecurity and Product Integrity Group. The Plant Biosecurity Branch is responsible implementation of Biosecurity initiatives and ESDD is responsible for policy development. for the development and implementation of plant biosecurity policies, programs and procedures aimed at maintaining NT’s freedom from plant pests that could adversely Although the ACT does not have many plant production industries, the government impact on trade, market access, public health and the environment. is represented on national committees during plant pest emergency responses and participates in the development of associated national frameworks and strategies. The objectives of the Plant Biosecurity Branch include: • Maintaining and improving the plant health status of the plant and plant product Plant biosecurity activities in the ACT are underpinned by the Plant Diseases Act 2002, industries of NT. the Pest Plants and Animals Act 2005, the Magistrates Court (Plant Diseases Infringement Notices) Regulation 2005 and the Nature Conservation Act 1980. • Ensuring that plant and plant products that enter NT comply with the Plant Health Act 2008 and Plant Health Regulations 2011. New South Wales • Minimise the risk of exotic pests entering NT through compliance and surveillance. • Ensuring preparedness for effective emergency response mechanisms in the event Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries (NSW DPI) of an EPP incursion. www.dpi.nsw.gov.au The Plant Biosecurity Branch: NSW DPI is the principal agency responsible for plant biosecurity in NSW, ensuring policies, • Facilitates interstate trade of plant and plant products through certification, inspection procedures and management are in place to minimise the impact of existing, invasive and and the Interstate Certification Assurance program. emergency pests. NSW DPI maintains rapid response mechanisms for pest incursions in order to protect trade and market access, agricultural resources, regional economies and • Conducts active and passive pest surveillance to support market access nationally and the environment. The NSW Biosecurity Strategy defines how NSW DPI, in partnership with within NT. other government agencies, industry and the public, manages biosecurity risks to NSW. • Conducts active surveillance for the early detection of a range of EPPs. • Prepares for effective emergency response mechanisms in the event of an EPP

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION Within NSW DPI, the Plant Biosecurity Branch develops plant pest policy directions and incursion. has oversight of operational responses to Emergency Plant Pests (Section 4.1, page 146) in NSW. The group provides advice to, and participates actively in, national decision making • Develops, implements and reviews NT’s plant health policy and legislation. forums for plant pests of national significance. Within NSW, investigations, diagnosis, The Plant Biosecurity Program is underpinned by the Plant Health Act 2008 and the Plant surveillance and operational activities are implemented by the Plant Health Diagnostic Health Regulations 2011. The Act and Regulations aim to minimise the risk of plant pests Service at Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, the Australian Scientific Collections entering and establishing in the NT through movement and importation controls on plants Unit at Orange Agricultural Institute, the state wide network of compliance officers and and plant products. They also provide the powers to ensure appropriate action can be the emergency management First Response Team. Close collaboration is established taken for the control of pests if an incursion were to occur. with entomology and plant pathology researchers and with the statewide networks of district horticulturists and agronomists.

Current legislation underpinning the NSW Government’s plant biosecurity activities are the Plant Diseases Act 1924 No.38, the Plant Diseases Regulation 2008, the Noxious Weeds Act 1993 No.11 and the Noxious Weeds Regulation 2008, all of which are administered by NSW DPI.

22 Queensland Tasmania Lead agency: Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Qld DAFF) Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and www.daff.qld.gov.au Environment (DPIPWE) www.dpiw.tas.gov.au Biosecurity Queensland, a division of Queensland DAFF, develops policy, standards, delivery systems and services to reduce the threat of invasive plant pests and to preserve The DPIPWE Biosecurity and Product Integrity Division manages biosecurity policy and and expand market access for Queensland’s plant industries. Within Biosecurity programs for plant pests. Branches within this division are responsible for the development Queensland, the Plant Biosecurity and Product Integrity program has responsibility and implementation of policies on barrier control, surveillance and monitoring, risk analysis, for plant biosecurity, diagnostics and implementing programs for the detection, control EPP response and incursion management, and plant biosecurity communications. and prevention of spread of certain plant pests. Central to biosecurity emergency preparedness in Tasmania is the Biosecurity Emergency Agri-Science Queensland, a division of Queensland DAFF, undertakes research, Preparedness program. This program features an all-hazard approach, and all Biosecurity development and extension on a wide range of plant pests in the cropping, horticultural Emergency Response Team (BERT) members receive the same training regardless of and forestry industries. The group provides additional diagnostic capability, undertakes whether they are from animal, plant, fisheries or other natural resources areas. At present surveillance and develops integrated management packages to limit the impacts of BERT consists of 120 registered volunteers and delivery of the training continuum is pests within farming systems. ongoing.

Plant biosecurity management in Queensland is underpinned by the Plant Protection Act The Tasmanian Government’s Biosecurity Policy and the Tasmanian Biosecurity Strategy 1989 and Plant Health Regulations 2011, which are focused on preventing, controlling provide the state framework for all government biosecurity actions and decision making and removing pest infestations of plants and related purposes. This legislation is also processes, including EPP responses. complemented by a number of other acts, including the Agricultural Standards Act 1994 and the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (Queensland) Act 1994. Plant biosecurity in Tasmania is underpinned by the Plant Quarantine Act 1997. When needed, this is complemented by the Emergency Service Act 1976. This legislation has been shown to provide an appropriate range of specific and general legislative functions South Australia and powers to deal with prevention, monitoring, control and eradication of plant pests. Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries and Regions (PIRSA) In addition the various Tasmanian Government agency responsibilities are detailed in the www.pir.sa.gov.au Tasmanian Emergency Management Plan, which includes details of biosecurity emergency response arrangements.

Biosecurity SA, a division within PIRSA, is responsible for the development and OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION implementation of plant biosecurity policies, programs and procedures aimed at maintaining South Australia’s freedom from pests that could adversely impact on trade, market access, public health and food safety, the rural economy and the environment.

Given South Australia’s freedom from fruit flies of economic significance, PIRSA has a strong focus on operations aimed at preventing their entry and establishment. These activities include a dedicated state wide fruit fly trapping grid, targeted awareness and education campaigns, and specific measures to effectively respond to, and eradicate, any fruit flies detected.

Plant biosecurity programs in SA are underpinned by the Plant Health Act 2009 and Plant Health Regulations 2009. In addition, the Plant Quarantine Standard South Australia has been established under the Act to identify the relevant conditions of entry for fruit, vegetables, plants, plant products, machinery or equipment of biosecurity concern. Image courtesy of Passionfruit Australia

23 Victoria Western Australia Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries (Vic DPI) Lead agency: Department of Agriculture and Food (DAFWA) www.dpi.vic.gov.au www.agric.wa.gov.au

The Biosecurity Victoria (BV) division of Vic DPI delivers biosecurity and product integrity DAFWA manages investment in agricultural biosecurity services which contribute to market programs across the terrestrial and aquatic plant and animal sectors. Activities are guided competitiveness, profitability and sustainability in WA. Biosecurity services are delivered by the state’s Biosecurity Strategy. The aim is to minimise the impact of emergency pest through a network of dedicated and skilled staff throughout the state. incidents on the environment and production systems, maintain access to local and overseas markets, and ensure food safety and public health. Plant biosecurity in WA is governed mainly by the Plant Diseases Act 1914, the Agriculture and Related Resources Protection Act 1976 and the Beekeepers Act 1963. These are due The Plant Biosecurity and Product Integrity Branch of BV is responsible for the to be replaced by the Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007 in time. This new development, review and monitoring of policies, protocols and procedures in accordance Act seeks to establish a modern biosecurity regulatory system to prevent serious animal with national and international obligations. Branch staff work closely with PHA and national and plant pests from entering the state and becoming established, and to minimise the agencies to ensure Victoria fulfils its obligations as a signatory to the EPPRD across a spread and impact of any that are already present. range of functions.

The Animal, Plant and Chemical Operations Branch of BV delivers operational functions from a number of regional centres according to legislative and technical standards and protocols, which are underpinned by the state Plant Biosecurity Act 2010. Opportunities are provided under the legislation for producers and marketers to adopt quality assurance arrangements, which are subject to regular audit and improvement.

Scientific and diagnostic support is provided by the Biosciences and Research Division of Vic DPI.

Recently, BV staff have focused prevention and preparedness activities on developing response capability with the development of PLANTPLAN training and a tramp ant emergency response exercise. Training on disease prevention and mitigation of Myrtle rust has been delivered to Vic DPI, other government agency staff as well as foresters, ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION local council and nursery staff. BV officers have continued with farm biosecurity awareness programs for the grains, chestnut and viticultural industries. Restructuring of BV operations groups has enhanced capacity to deliver emergency responses, which included fruit fly, Chestnut blight, Green snail, Potato spindle tuber viroid, Myrtle rust and Mango malformation over the past year.

Image courtesy of DAFWA

24 1.5 industry and private sector plant biosecurity services

In addition to activities performed by the Australian and state and territory governments, Private consultants and reseller agronomists industry and the private sector contribute considerably to plant biosecurity services through Private consultants and advisers in Australia provide a wide range of professional services a variety of mechanisms, as described below. to plant production industries and their growers. Across a range of crop types, and in most key production areas, consultants provide extensive plant biosecurity extension advice. Industry representative bodies Dissemination of this information at the farm level provides an effective mechanism for uptake. A large number of Australia’s plant production industries have representative bodies, many of which are listed in Section 1.6. These bodies act on behalf of the members of the In addition to private consultants, commercial agronomists work across a wide range of industry on a range of activities, including biosecurity. Industry representative bodies may Australian plant production industries, providing local services through the major distribution provide funding at regional, state or national levels for specific plant biosecurity activities, chains. They are backed by national technical networks which provide a comprehensive such as research and development, management initiatives and emergency responses. suite of services to agricultural industries. This group of professional agriculturalists supply Through these bodies, industries can also set biosecurity priorities that deliver outcomes a variety of free and consultative (fee based) services across the spectrum of crops grown specific to their needs. in Australia including specialty services for plant biosecurity issues.

Industry representative bodies also perform the critical role of providing a voice for growers Many consultants and agronomists are members of professional organisations. The entry at forums and on committees that determine the direction of plant biosecurity in Australia. criterion for these organisations ensures that consultants and advisers are professionals Furthermore, industry representative bodies negotiate and work with government who provide a high standard of advice and abide by a code of ethics. departments on biosecurity issues ranging from international market access negotiations through to pest surveillance activities. Personnel from these bodies also represent their industries in EPP response activities. Professional associations A number of Australian societies and associations whose membership includes scientific Growers and landholders professionals are linked with plant biosecurity. These organisations contribute to the development and international recognition of Australia’s plant biosecurity system through Landowners, managers and farm employees play a vital role in Australia’s plant biosecurity a range of activities including:

system. Growers have a responsibility to maintain good biosecurity practices on their farms OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION to protect their crops, livelihood and industry from both endemic and exotic pests. • Peer review and publication of research findings. • Provision of pest, disease and weed notes. Individual growers and businesses also contribute through: • Scientific reviews. • The treatment of produce to ensure compliance with necessary quarantine • Convening of forums for the communication of plant biosecurity research. regulations (e.g. interstate certification assurance and export protocols). • Independent comment and input into the development and implementation of plant • On-farm management practices aimed at reducing pest prevalence and biosecurity policy and the development of international phytosanitary standards. produce damage. • Encouraging professionalism amongst plant scientists and technicians. • Pest surveillance, which contributes to the early detection of exotic pests and significantly increases the likelihood of eradication. Key associations include the Australasian Plant Pathology Society, the Australian Society for Microbiology, the Australian Entomological Society and the Council of Australian Weed Societies.

25 1.6 australia’s plant production industries

Plant production industries are an important aspect of Australia’s economy. Whilst Crop production summary fundamentally based on broadacre production, there is increasing diversification into horticultural and forestry activities. There has also been an increase in the value of exports. Australian agriculture, of which plant production industries make up over half, remains an In the 2011–12 period the total value of Australian crop exports exceeded $21 billion. integral part the nation’s economy. Over half of Australia’s land area is used for agriculture Overall, primary plant production has, in the last 15 years, consistently had a higher gross and it has contributed about 2.5 per cent of GDP over the past five years. Plant production 1, 2 value in comparison to that of livestock production in Australia. industries contributed over $29.4 billion in 2011–12 to annual agricultural production.

Crops are produced in every state and territory in Australia, and with the wide variety of The 2011–12 period saw some significant changes in production values for a number of soils, geography and climate, this has resulted in some of the most diverse production in key plant production industries. For instance, cotton production increased by 60 per cent the world. This diversity is demonstrated in the crop production summaries presented in toCotton $1,864 millionForestry from the previousFruit and year. nuts ThisGrains period alsoGrapes saw an increaseNursery in the productionPasture and haySugarcane Vegetables the following pages. of olives which increased 67 per cent to $167 million. However, not all plant production values increased, for example the value of pineapple production decreased by 16 per cent In spite of Australia’s generally harsh environment, agriculture is the most extensive and cherry production decreased by 41 per cent. Figure 3 shows the contribution of each form of land use. During 2011–12, the estimated total area of businesses with agricultural of the main plant production industries in 2010–11. activity was 409 million hectares2, representing 52 per cent of the total land area – 6 per cent of which had been cropped. Farms in Australia have traditionally been family businesses that have been passed on from generation to generation. Since the 1950s, Figure 3. Comparative value of Australia’s plant production industries (2010–11) international economic factors and changes in farming methods have led to an increase in farm size, both in terms of physical area and the value of operations. Despite the number of farms in Australia decreasing by about a quarter since the 1980s, agriculture is still dominated by farms of less than 500 ha. 7% Cotton

In 2012, Australia celebrated the Australian Year of the Farmer which acknowledged the 5% Forestry hard work of everyone involved in producing, processing, handling and selling products 12% Fruit and nuts from the 136,000 farms across the country. The Australian Year of The Farmer aimed to

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION 46% Grains highlight the fresh food and quality materials our farmers produce to keep us fed, clothed and sheltered as well as reminding the public that our farmers sustain the Australian way 4% Viticulture of life and the economy. 5% Nursery This section provides an overview of plant production industries in Australia (PHA industry 4% Pasture and hay Members only), showing trends in production value, a list of High Priority Pests (HPPs) 4% Sugarcane specific to each industry and current distribution of production between the states and territories. 13% Vegetables

Production value data has been sourced from the Australian Bureau of Statistics or appropriate peak industry bodies. Biosecurity Manuals listed in this section can be found at www.planthealthaustralia.com.au. More information on Industry Biosecurity Plans (IBPs) is also available at that site and copies of the plans are available from the relevant industry body.

26 Industry profiles crop Page Broadacre crops Cotton 42 Grains 46 Rice 65 Sugarcane 68 Horticulture Almonds 28 Apple and pears 29 Avocados 30 Bananas 32 Berries (raspberries and blackberries) 34 Canned fruits 35 Cherries 36 Chestnuts 38 Citrus 40 Hazelnuts 49 Lychees 52 Macadamias 53 Mangoes 54 Olives 56 Onions 57 Passionfruit 58 ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA er 1: ORGANISATION

Pineapples 60 t Pistachio 61

Processing tomatoes 64 Chap Stone fruit 66 Strawberries 67 Vegetables 72 Walnuts 74 Honey bees 50 Nursery and garden 55 Plantation forestry 62 Viticulture Dried fruit 45 Table grapes 70 Wine grapes 75

Image courtesy of Apple and Pear Australia 27 Almonds Represented by the Almond Board of Australia Inc. Figure 4. Annual value of almond production, 2006–11 (Local value of production www.australianalmonds.com.au (LVP))

The Australian almond industry is concentrated in NSW, SA and Victoria and, more recently, 180 limited cultivation has been undertaken in WA. A total of 30,259 ha are cultivated with almond trees. Starting off small, the Australian almond industry has dramatically expanded 150 over the past four decades. Production has grown over this time from 790 tonnes in 1960 120 to approximately 50,000 tonnes in 2012 and, based on current plantings, yield projections of more than 89,000 tonnes are predicted by 2017. Dominant varieties include Nonpareil 90

(51 per cent of plantings), Carmel (33 per cent) and Price (12 per cent). $ (MILLIONS) 60 In 2012, the industry had an estimated current farm gate value of more than $250 million with exports greater than $100 million. Approximately 70 per cent of Australian almonds 30 are exported each year to over 40 countries. India is the largest export market by value, 0 accounting for 36 per cent of Australian export value. 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11

FINANCIAL YEAR The almond industry is covered by the Nut IBP Version 2.0, which includes the HPPs of the industry (see Table 2)13 and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Almond Industry Version 1.0. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Table 2. High Priority Pests of the almond industry Figure 5. Distribution of almond production by state and territory, 2010–11 (based on LVP) Scientific name Common name Amyelois transitella Navel orangeworm Cydia latiferreana Filbertworm Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION 0% Australian Capital Territory 6% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 0% Queensland 29% South Australia 0% Tasmania

Navel orangeworm. Image courtesy of Jack Kelly Clark, UC Pierce’s disease. Image courtesy of J. K. Uyemoto, UC 65% Victoria Statewide IPM Program Statewide IPM Program 0% Western Australia

13 This table only includes the nut HPPs that impact on the almond industry.

28 Apples and Pears Represented by Apple and Pear Australia Ltd Figure 6. Annual value of apple and pear production, 2006–11 (LVP) www.apal.org.au

900 The apple and pear industry is Australia’s largest single fruit industry, valued at $775.7 million in 2012. The gross value of apple production in 2012 was $595.3 million and 750 pears $175 million. 600 The major production area for the Australian apple and pear industry is in Victoria, primarily in the Goulburn Valley and southern Victoria. This area produces 43 per cent 450 and 88 per cent of Australia’s apples and pears respectively. In addition, product is grown $ (MILLIONS) 300 in Stanthorpe in Queensland, Batlow and Orange in NSW, the Huon and Tamar Valleys in Tasmania, the Adelaide Hills in SA, and Donnybrook, Manjimup and the Perth Hills in WA. 150

The most popular varieties of apple are Cripps Pink (Pink LadyTM), Royal Gala and 0 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 Granny Smith, whilst for pears Packham and Williams dominate. The majority of apple production is consumed domestically, with less than 5 per cent exported to the premium FINANCIAL YEAR markets of the United Kingdom and Europe and the bulk markets of South East Asia.

The apple and pear industry is covered by the Apple and Pear IBP Version 2.01, which ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA identifies the HPPs of the industry (see Table 3), and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Apple and Pear Industry Version 2.0. Figure 7. Distribution of apple and pear production by state and territory, 2010–11 (based on LVP) Table 3. High Priority Pests of the apple and pear industry

Scientific name Common name Apple proliferation phytoplasma Apple proliferation

Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly 0% Australian Capital Territory OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION Conotrachelus nenuphar Plum curculio 11% New South Wales Drosophila suzukii Spotted winged drosophila 0% Northern Territory Dysaphis plantaginea Rosy apple aphid 8% Queensland Erwinia amylovora Fire blight 6% South Australia Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Cedar apple rust 4% Tasmania Asian gypsy moth complex Lymantria dispar 65% Victoria Neonectria ditissima European canker 5% Western Australia Rhagoletis pomonella Apple maggot

29 Avocados Represented by Avocados Australia Ltd www.avocado.org.au

Queensland dominates Australia’s avocado production, with the north, central and south east areas of the state producing over half of the fruit in 2011–12. Other avocado producing states include NSW, SA, Victoria and WA. The Hass variety is the most predominant and accounts for approximately 84 per cent of production, but Reed, Sharwil, Shepard and Wurtz are also favoured varieties. Australia produced 51,113 tonnes of avocados in 2011–12 with gross value of production reaching $183 million.

Avocado exports have been steadily increasing over the past five years, with exports worth more than $8.1 million in 2011–12. Key international markets include Singapore, Thailand, the United Arab Emirates and Hong Kong.

The avocado industry is covered by the Avocado IBP Version 2.01, which identifies the HPPs of the industry (see Table 4), and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Avocado IndustryACT VersionNSW 1.0. NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Figure 8. Distribution of avocado production by state and territory, 2010–11 (based on LVP) ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA er 1: ORGANISATION

t 0% Australian Capital Territory 14% New South Wales Chap 0% Northern Territory 50% Queensland 4% South Australia 0% Tasmania 3% Victoria 29% Western Australia

30 Image courtesy of Avocados Australia Figure 9. Annual value of avocado production, 2006–11 (LVP) Table 4. High Priority Pests of the avocado industry

Scientific name Common name 150 Avocado sunblotch viroid Avocado sunblotch (asymptomatic) 125 (asymptomatic strains) Avocado sunblotch viroid (symtomatic strains) Avocado sunblotch (symptomatic) 100 Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly 75 Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fruit fly $ (MILLIONS) 50 Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly Tropical fruit fly 25 Bactrocera facialis Bactrocera kandiensis Fruit fly 0 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 Bactrocera kirki Fijian fruit fly FINANCIAL YEAR Bactrocera melanotus Fruit fly Bactrocera papayae Papaya fruit fly Bactrocera passiflorae Fijian fruit fly Bactrocera philippinensis Philippine fruit fly Bactrocera xanthodes Pacific fruit fly Conotrachelus aguacatae Small avocado seed weevil Conotrachelus perseae Small seed weevil Erwinia herbicola (exotic strains) Avocado blast Heilipus lauri Large seed weevil Oligonychus perseae Persea mite ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION Phytophthora kernoviae Phytophthora blight Phytophthora mengei Bark canker Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death Pseudomonas syringae Blister spot of apples Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Avocado blast (exotic strains) Raffaelea lauricola Laurel wilt Scirtothrips perseae Avocado thrips Sphaceloma perseae Avocado scab Stenoma catenifer Avocado seed moth Xanthomonas campestris (avocado strain) Bacterial canker

Avocado seed moth. Image courtesy of Mark S. Hoddle, University of California

31 Bananas Represented by the Australian Banana Growers’ Council Inc. Figure 10. Annual value of banana production, 2006–11 (LVP) www.abgc.org.au

900 The majority of banana production in Australia is in far north Queensland from Cardwell through to Tully, Innisfail through to Babinda, on the Atherton Tablelands, and in Lakeland 750 Downs making up some 90 per cent of national production. Banana production also occurs further south, from Bundaberg in Queensland to just south of Coffs Harbour 600 in NSW. In WA, bananas are grown at Carnarvon and Kununurra and, in the NT, around 450 Darwin. $ (MILLIONS) 300 Bananas are produced the whole year around in Australia. Cavendish bananas account for 95 per cent of commercial production, with Lady Fingers and other varieties making 150 up the remainder. Almost all bananas produced in Australia are consumed domestically 0 with no fresh bananas imported to Australia. 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 There are currently about 13,800 ha of bananas grown in Australia with around 300,000 FINANCIAL YEAR tonnes per year going to market. The gross value of production was estimated to be $488 million in 2009/2010 prior to the devastating Tropical Cyclone Yasi in February 2011. It has taken time for the industry to recover, but it is now similar to pre-Yasi production ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA levels.

The banana industry is covered by the Banana IBP Version 2.0, which identifies the HPPs Figure 11. Distribution of banana production by state and territory, 2010–11 of the industry (see Table 5) and the Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Banana Industry (based on LVP) Version 1.0. The Australian Banana Growers’ Council board and staff will be undertaking preparedness training with Plant Health Australia in May 2013.

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION Table 5. High Priority Pests of the banana industry 0% Australian Capital Territory 6% New South Wales Scientific name Common name 2% Northern Territory Abaca bunchy top virus (Babuvirus) Abaca bunchy top virus Banana bract mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Banana bract mosaic disease 89% Queensland Banana bunchy top virus (Nanovirus) Banana bunchy top virus 0% South Australia Blood disease bacterium Blood disease 0% Tasmania Erionota thrax Banana skipper butterfly 0% Victoria Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Panama disease, tropical race 4 4% Western Australia Guignardia musae Banana freckle Mycosphaerella eumusae Eumusae leaf spot Mycosphaerella fijiensis Black sigatoka Ralstonia solanacearum, race 2 Moko Tetranychus piercei Spider mite

32 ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA er 1: ORGANISATION t Chap

Image courtesy of the Australian Banana Growers’ Council 33 Berries (Raspberries and Blackberries) Represented by Raspberries and Blackberries Australia Inc. Figure 12. Annual value of berry production, 2006–11 (LVP) www.arga.com.au

60 The major growing regions for rubus crops are Victoria (30 per cent), NSW (25 per cent), Tasmania (25 per cent) and Queensland (15 per cent). Small quantities of fruit are grown 50 in SA and WA. In the last three years, there have been substantial increases in raspberry production in northern NSW and south east Queensland focusing on winter production 40 and in Tasmania for spring – autumn production. 30

The major varieties of rubus grown in Australia are Floricane and Primocane raspberries $ (MILLIONS) 20 and hybrid blackberries. The peak production period continues to be the traditional summer to autumn seasons, however fresh Australian raspberries are now available 10 all year-round. 0 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 There is currently over 250 ha of land under cultivation with rubus varieties and approximately 1,200 tonnes of fresh fruit were produced in the 2011–12 period. FINANCIAL YEAR Production is expected to double by 2014, compared with 2010 levels.

The industry is currently worth $35 million in Australia. Most of the raspberries and ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA blackberries produced in Australia are consumed locally with little to no export of fresh fruit.

An IBP that identifies the HPPs is in the process of being developed for this industry, using rubus levy funds matched by the Australian government. Figure 13. Distribution of berry production by state and territory, 2010–11 (based on LVP)

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION 0% Australian Capital Territory 6% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 22% Queensland 0% South Australia 30% Tasmania 41% Victoria 1% Western Australia

Image courtesy of Raspberries and Blackberries Australia 34 Canned fruits Represented by the Canned Fruits Industry Council of Australia Figure 14. Annual value of canned fruit production, 2006–11 (LVP)

The canned fruits industry, which is based in the Goulburn–Murray Valleys region of Victoria, 60 primarily processes peaches, pears, apricots and plums. 50 In 2012, there were a total of 225 growers supplying the canned fruits industry with an annual farm gate value of production of $37 million. Approximately 3 per cent of the 40 canned fruits produced in 2012 were exported to New Zealand. The export market is valued at less than $1 million annually at the farm gate. 30 $ (MILLIONS) An IBP which includes HPPs has not yet been developed for this industry. 20

10

0 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11

FINANCIAL YEAR

ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Figure 15. Distribution of canned fruit production by state and territory, 2010–11 (based on LVP)

0% Australian Capital Territory OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION 2% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 0% Queensland <1% South Australia 0% Tasmania 97% Victoria <1% Western Australia

Image courtesy of Summerfruit Australia 35 Cherries Represented by Cherry Growers Australia Inc. Figure 17. Annual value of cherry production, 2006–11 (LVP) www.cherrygrowers.org.au

150 The Australian cherry industry is concentrated in the following regions: 800 ha in NSW (Hillston/Narromine, Orange and Young, and Batlow/Tumut), 800 ha in Victoria (Swan Hill/ 125 Sunraysia, Goulburn Valley, NE Victoria, Yarra Valley/Dandenongs), 600 ha in Tasmania (Huon Valley/Channel, Derwent Valley, Coal Valley, Tamar Valley and NW Tasmania), 600 ha 100 in SA (Adelaide Hills, Riverland and South East SA), 70 ha in WA (Perth Hills, Donnybrook/ 75 Manjimup and Mt Barker) and 25 ha in Queensland (Stanthorpe/Granite Belt). $ (MILLIONS) 50 In 2012 the value of the Australian cherry industry was approximately $120 million with main varieties grown being Lapin, Sweetheart, Sweet Georgia, Merchant, Stella, Bing, 25 Van, Simone, Regina, Samba, Rons and many more. Production is on the increase around 0 the country and growers are looking to get 15–20 plus tonnes per ha. Cherries are 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 produced over the period from late October to mid-February. FINANCIAL YEAR Cherries are mostly supplied to domestic markets, with about 20 per cent of the national crop exported. This export market currently contains 30 countries, with Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore accounting for 65 per cent of the total exports. There is significant potential for growth in all export markets.

The Australian cherry industry is covered by the Cherry IBP Version 2.01, which includes HPPs of the industry (see Table 6) and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Cherry IndustryACT VersionNSW 1.0. NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Figure 16. Distribution of cherry production by state and territory, 2010–11

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION (based on LVP)

0% Australian Capital Territory 20% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 0% Queensland 19% South Australia 30% Tasmania 29% Victoria 2% Western Australia

Image courtesy of SARDI 36 Table 6. High Priority Pests of the cherry industry

Case study: Delivering the biosecurity message Scientific name Common name to cherry growers Cherry leaf roll virus (Nepovirus) Blackline The cherry industry in Australia is increasing in size every year, with 15,000 tonnes Choristoneura rosaceana Oblique banded leafroller expected to be produced in 2016–17. In order to sell the fruit around Australia and Plum curculio overseas, cherries must be clean, high quality fruit. To achieve this, growers across Conotrachelus nenuphar the country must consistently practice good biosecurity in their orchards. Ctenopseustis obliquana Brown headed leafroller Drosophila suzukii Spotted winged drosophila To encourage cherry growers to implement best practice at all times, PHA, in partnership with Cherry Growers Australia and Horticulture Australia, delivered European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma European stone fruit yellows a series of on-farm biosecurity workshops to growers in Victoria, South Australia, Little cherry virus 1 (Unassigned) Little cherry virus 1 Western Australia, New South Wales and Tasmania in 2012. Little cherry virus 2 (Ampelovirus) Little cherry virus 2 The workshops were based on the recently updated Orchard Biosecurity Manual Monilinia fructigena Brown rot for the Cherry Industry, which explains the simple measures that growers need to Neonectria ditissima European canker take to maintain high standards. Pandemis cerasana Cherry brown tortrix Growers first completed self-assessment questionnaires to identify areas where Phymatotrichum omnivorum Texas root rot they could improve their practices. Workshop facilitators then worked with them Planotortrix octo Green headed leafroller to devise appropriate measures that they could take to reduce the risks in their Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus orchard. Podosphaera clandestina var. clandestina Powdery mildew of cherry Measures that were recommended include collecting any waste plant material in (exotic strains) the orchard and disposing of it away from nursery and orchard areas and water Rhagoletis fausta Black cherry fruit fly sources, since waste material can harbour unwanted pests. Similarly, any spoiled Rhagoletis indifferens Western cherry fruit fly fruit or fruit by-products need quick removal or pest treatment. Vehicles, bins and Rhagoletis pomonella Apple maggot other equipment used in the orchard such as hand tools used for pruning must be OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION kept clean. X disease phytoplasma Peach X disease Pierce’s disease U-pick businesses, where members of the public come to the orchard and pick Xylella fastidiosa their own fruit, were of particular concern among growers at the workshops, since any visitors to an orchard and any vehicle coming onto a property can bring unwanted pests with them. Growers learned that they could reduce the risks by providing designated parking for pickers and by limiting access to other parts of the property.

These workshops, in conjunction with the distribution of the Orchard Biosecurity Manual to growers across the country, are ensuring that the Australian cherry industry is well placed to limit the impact of pests on production and maintain access to markets, both domestic and international.

Cherry biosecurity workshop. Images courtesy of PHA 37 Chestnuts Represented by Chestnuts Australia Incorporated Figure 18. Annual value of chestnut production, 2006–11 (LVP) www.chestnutsaustralia.com.au

30 The Australian chestnut industry operates principally in the southern states of Australia, including NSW, Tasmania and Victoria, plus southern areas of SA and the south western 25 area of WA. Approximately 70 per cent of the national crop is grown in north east Victoria. 20 The main varieties grown are Red Spanish, Purtons Pride and De Coppi Marone. Chestnuts flower during November and December and are harvested from March through to May. 15 $ (MILLIONS) In June 2012 there were around 1,000 ha containing approximately 200,000 trees with 10

production estimated to be 2,000 tonnes. The 2012 crop was an increase in production 5 from 2011, mostly due to favourable growing conditions with the 2012 production valued at $9 million. Further increases will occur in coming years due to increased plantings. The 0 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 industry is primarily focused on the domestic market with approximately 2 per cent exported mainly to Asian markets. FINANCIAL YEAR

The chestnut industry has always been aware of the possible biosecurity issues it faced, the main threats being Chestnut blight, Chestnut weevil and Chestnut gall wasp. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA The depth of knowledge and preparedness was made very evident in 2010 when there was an outbreak of Chestnut blight. This outbreak was reported swiftly due to grower knowledge and biosecurity training. Chestnuts Australia Inc. in conjunction with the Figure 19. Distribution of chestnut production by state and territory, 2010–11 Vic DPI, were able to inform all growers of the immediate measures that were needed (based on LVP) to heighten the level of biosecurity. An Industry Development Officer will be appointed in February 2013 to further improve biosecurity vigilance.

The chestnut industry is covered by the Nut IBP Version 2.0, which identifies the HPPs of the industry (see Table 7)14. ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION 0% Australian Capital Territory 28% New South Wales Table 7. High Priority Pests of the chestnut industry 0% Northern Territory 0% Queensland Scientific name Common name 2% South Australia Cryphonectria parasitica Chestnut blight Cydia latiferreana Filbertworm 2% Tasmania 65% Victoria 2% Western Australia

Filbertworm. Image courtesy of Larry R. Barber, USDA Forest Chestnut blight. Image courtesy of Vic DPI 14 This table only includes the nut HPPs that impact on the chestnut industry. Service, Bugwood.org 38 ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA er 1: ORGANISATION t Chap

Image courtesy of Chestnuts Australia 39 Citrus Represented by Citrus Australia Ltd www.citrusaustralia.com.au

Citrus fruits (oranges, mandarins, lemons, limes and grapefruit) are grown throughout Australia, with the exception of Tasmania and the ACT. Major growing areas include the Riverina (NSW), Central Burnett and Emerald (Queensland), Riverland (SA) and Murray Valley (Victoria/NSW). Production also occurs in WA and there are a small number of plantings in NT. Currently, there are about 29,000 ha of citrus plantings nationally.

In 2010 –11, production of citrus was in excess of 450,000 tonnes. The Australian citrus industry was valued at approximately $540 million in 2010–11.

The Australian citrus industry is the largest fresh fruit exporting industry in Australia. In 2011, 145,000 tonnes of citrus, valued at $149 million, was exported. Major export markets include Japan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, USA, the Middle East and Singapore.

The citrus industry is covered by the Citrus IBP Version 2.0, which includes the HPPs of the industry (see Table 8), and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual Version 1.0 for the CitrusACT Industry.NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Figure 20. Distribution of citrus production by state and territory, 2010–11 (based on LVP) ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA er 1: ORGANISATION t

0% Australian Capital Territory Chap 27% New South Wales <1% Northern Territory 33% Queensland 23% South Australia 0% Tasmania 13% Victoria 4% Western Australia

40 Figure 21. Annual value of citrus production, 2006–11 (LVP) Table 8. High Priority Pests of the citrus industry

Scientific name Common name 600 Anastrepha fraterculus South American fruit fly 500 Anastrepha ludens Mexican fruit fly 400 Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera invadens Fruit fly 300

$ (MILLIONS) Bactrocera minax Chinese citrus fly 200 Bactrocera occipitalis Fruit fly 100 Bactrocera papayae Papaya fruit fly Philippine fruit fly 0 Bactrocera philippinensis 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 Bactrocera trivialis New Guinea fruit fly FINANCIAL YEAR Bactrocera tsuneonis Japanese orange fly Candidatus Liberibacter africanus Huanglongbing (African strain) Candidatus Liberibacter americanus Huanglongbing (American strain) Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Huanglongbing (Asiatic strain) Citripestis sagittiferella Citrus fruit borer Citrus leprosis virus (Unassigned) Citrus leprosis disease Citrus tristeza closterovirus Mandarin stem-pitting (mandarin stem-pitting strain) Colletotrichum acutatum (SGO strain) Post bloom fruit drop Dialeurodes citri Citrus whitefly ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION Diaphorina citri Asian citrus psyllid Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter Oidium citri Powdery mildew Oidium tingitanium Powdery mildew Scirtothrips aurantii South African citrus thrips Spiroplasma citri Stubborn Xanthomonas alfalfae subsp. citrumelonis Bacterial spot Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Citrus canker Xylella fastidiosa Citrus variegated chlorosis

Citrus canker. Image courtesy of Qld DAFF

41 Cotton Represented by Cotton Australia Ltd www.cottonaustralia.com.au

Cotton is grown in most of the major inland river valleys of eastern Australia, in a belt stretching from central Queensland in the north, to the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area and Menindee Lakes in south west NSW. Cotton is generally grown as an irrigated crop in fertile alluvial floodplain soils, although in some seasons rain grown cotton can represent up to 25 per cent of the planted area.

On average, Australia has a large influence in the world cotton market, accounting for 10 per cent of export trade. Due to a wet year and adequate irrigation allocations in the 2012 season (September 2011 to May 2012), a record cotton crop of 5.3 million bales (1,216,000 tonnes) was harvested with a value of $2.8 billion. The vast majority of the Australian cotton crop (approximately 99 per cent) is exported, primarily to spinning mills in South East Asia.

The cotton industry, through Cotton Australia, continues to work with PHA to develop a comprehensive national approach to managing biosecurity risks in the cotton industry. Valuable assistance is received from researchers and staff from CSIRO, NSW DPI, Qld DAFF, Cotton Research and Development Corporation, Cotton Seed Distributors and DAFF. See Case Study: Biosecurity in the cotton industry on page 43.

The cotton industry is covered by the Cotton IBP Version 2.01, which identifies the HPPs of the industry (see Table 9) and the Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Cotton Industry ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Version 1.1. ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA er 1: ORGANISATION t

Figure 22. Distribution of cotton production by state and territory, 2010–11 Chap (based on LVP)

0% Australian Capital Territory 59% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 41% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria <1% Western Australia

42 Image courtesy of Cotton Australia Figure 23. Annual value of cotton production, 2006–11 (LVP) Case study: Biosecurity in the cotton industry – The “Come clean, Go clean” campaign 2400 The Australian cotton industry is a leader in promotion of on-farm hygiene. Farm biosecurity, promoted through the concept of Come Clean, Go Clean is a core 2000 element of both the best practice program, myBMP and the industry’s extension

1600 program, delivered through The Cotton Industry Development and Delivery team.

1200 The industry’s Come clean, Go clean slogan was first coined amidst an incursion

$ (MILLIONS) of Fusarium in the 1990s. The industry launched an intense campaign as the soil 800 borne pathogen had the potential to reduce crop yields, as well as threatening property values and neighbourhood relations among farmers. 400 While the losses due to Fusarium are now better managed through plant 0 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 variety selection and farm practices, the slogan is still used. The focus is now

FINANCIAL YEAR on preventing the spread of problems that already exist such as known soil borne pathogens, hard to control weeds including those that are herbicide-resistant and new pests such as mealybugs. Beyond that, it is also about reducing the risk of future incursions. Table 9. High Priority Pests of the cotton industry Come Clean, Go Clean is a clear simple message for industry – make sure that Scientific name Common name people, equipment and vehicles are free of dirt and plant debris before coming Amrasca devastans Cotton jassid on to the farm, and then provide them with opportunity to wash down before Anthonomus grandis Boll weevil they leave, so they can arrive at their next destination clean. Aphis gossypii (exotic strains) Cotton aphid For the 2012–13 season the industry has negotiated for AgriRisk Insurance to Bemisia tabaci (exotic strains) Silverleaf whitefly provide free Come Clean, Go Clean farm gate signs and equipment stickers to remind users to clean down between farms. Leveraging support from agribusiness Cotton leaf curl virus (Begomovirus) Cotton leaf curl disease helps to have industry ownership of the concept, and helps growers to recognise OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum Fusarium wilt the link between Come Clean, Go Clean farm biosecurity practices and managing (exotic races) risks to protect their farming enterprise. Luteovirus (suspected) Blue disease Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug Phymatotrichum omnivorum Texas root rot Tetranychus turkestani Strawberry spider mite Verticillium dahliae (defoliating strain) Verticillium wilt Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum Angular leaf spot

43 ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA er 1: ORGANISATION t Chap

44 Image courtesy of Dried Fruits Australia Dried fruit Represented by Dried Fruits Australia Inc. Figure 24. Annual value of dried fruit production, 2006–11 (LVP) www.driedfruitsaustralia.org.au

60 In Australia, grapes are grown for the dried fruit industry in the Sunraysia region which spans north west of Victoria and south west NSW around the Murray River, and to a 50 lesser extent, in the SA Riverland. 40 The industry covers the production of sultanas, currants, raisins and sunmuscats. The production of grapes for drying in recent years decreased to less than 50,000 (wet) 30 tonnes in 2010–11 due to the very difficult seasonal conditions that year. With more $ (MILLIONS) 20 suitable conditions in 2011–12, production rose again to about 60–65,000 (wet) tonnes. With a reasonable drying season, the total production figure will rise again in 2012/13. 10

When product is available, the main export markets for dried fruit are dominated by 0 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 Germany (40 per cent), the United Kingdom (25 per cent) and New Zealand (11 per cent). FINANCIAL YEAR The dried fruit industry regularly distributes biosecurity information and guidelines from PHA to its members via a quarterly publication, The Vine. The industry has also recently undertaken EPPRD training in order to understand the roles and responsibilities of their ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA officers in the event of a pest incursion.

The dried fruit industry is covered by the Viticulture IBP Version 2.0, which identifies the HPPs of the industry (see Table 10). Figure 25. Distribution of dried fruit production by state and territory, 2010–11 (based on LVP)

Table 10. High Priority Pests of the dried fruit industry

Scientific name Common name

0% Australian Capital Territory OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic strains) Grapevine phylloxera 16% New South Wales Eotetranychus carpini Yellow vine mite 0% Northern Territory Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma Flavescence dorée 0% Queensland Guignardia bidwellii Black rot Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter 4% South Australia Phakopsora euvitis Grapevine leaf rust 0% Tasmania Planococcus ficus Vine mealybug 78% Victoria Platynota stultana Omnivorous leafroller 2% Western Australia Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug Pseudopezicula tetraspora Angular leaf scorch Pseudopezicula tracheiphila Rotbrenner Xanthomonas ampelina Bacterial blight Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease

45 Grains Represented by Grain Producers Australia Limited Figure 26. Annual value of grains production, 2006–11 (LVP) www.grainproducers.com.au

12000 The grains industry produces a diverse range of crops. The majority of production is located in Australia’s wheat belt from central Queensland through NSW, Victoria, 10000 Tasmania, SA and southern WA. 8000 The primary grain crops grown in Australia are wheat, barley, sorghum, oats, canola and lupins. Wheat is the largest crop, accounting for more than half the value of grain 6000

production. Grain producing enterprises commonly incorporate livestock (cattle in the $ (MILLIONS) 4000 north and sheep in the south) as part of a mixed enterprise. 2000 In 2010–11, over 50 million tonnes of grain were produced in Australia with a gross value of approximately $11 billion. Most of the grain produced in Australia is exported, 0 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 predominantly to Asian markets, including China, Indonesia, India, Japan and Korea. In 2010–11, grain exports were valued at $8.5 billion. FINANCIAL YEAR

The grains industry invests in an on-farm biosecurity program to raise awareness. GPA funds the Grains Farm Biosecurity Program which includes the deployment of five Grains ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Biosecurity Officers embedded in state departments in NSW, Queensland, SA, Victoria and WA. The program managed by PHA conducts a range of extension, monitoring and preparedness activities. Specifically these activities target raising awareness of Figure 27. Distribution of grains production by state and territory, 2010–11 the importance of biosecurity through the supply chain, collation of surveillance data (based on LVP) for early detection and evidence of absence, and assisting producers with identification and implementation of biosecurity best practice for grain farms.

The grains industry is covered by the Grains IBP Version 2.04, which includes the HPPs of the industry (see Table 11), and the Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Grains Industry ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION <1% Australian Capital Territory Version 3.2. 33% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 7% Queensland 23% South Australia <1% Tasmania 17% Victoria 20% Western Australia

Soya bean harvest 46 Table 11. High Priority Pests of the grains industry

Scientific name Common name Scientific name Common name Agrotis segetum Turnip moth Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Stem rust of wheat (pathotype Ug99) Alternaria triticina Leaf blight Puccinia recondita (exotic strains) Durum leaf rust Atherigona soccata Sorghum shoot fly Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei Barley stripe rust Bean common mosaic virus (Potyvirus), Bean common mosaic virus peanut stripe strain Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (exotic strains) Wheat stripe rust Cephus pygmeus European wheat stem sawfly Puccinia triticina (exotic strains) Leaf rust Ceutorhynchus assimilis Cabbage seedpod weevil Red clover vein mosaic virus (Carlavirus) Red clover vein mosaic virus Chilo partellus Spotted stalk borer Sitobion avenae Wheat aphid Chromatomyia horticola Leafminer Tilletia indica Karnal bunt Colletotrichum truncatum (lentil strain) Lentil anthracnose Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle Diuraphis noxia Russian wheat aphid Uromyces viciae-fabae (lentil strain) Lentil rust Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris Fusarium wilt of chickpea Verticillium longisporum Canola verticillium wilt Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans Fusarium wilt of canola Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis Fusarium wilt of lentil Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lupini Fusarium wilt of lupin Heterodera avenae (exotic strains) Cereal cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi (exotic strains) Cereal cyst nematode Heterodera glycines Soybean cyst nematode Heterodera latipons (exotic strains) Cereal cyst nematode Karnal bunt. Image courtesy of FAO Hessian fly. Image courtesy of FAO ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION Homoeosoma electellum Sunflower moth Liriomyza trifolii American serpentine leafminer Maize dwarf mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Maize dwarf mosaic virus Mayetiola destructor Hessian fly Mayetiola hordei Barley stem gall midge Meromyza saltatrix Wheat stem maggot Barley stripe rust. Image courtesy of Jack Kelly Clark, UC Fusarium wilt of chickpea. Image courtesy of Kurt Lindbeck, Peronosclerospora philippinensis Philippine downy mildew of maize Statewide IPM Program NSW DPI Peronosclerospora sorghi Downy mildew of sorghum Phomopsis helianthi Sunflower stem canker Plasmopara halstedii Sunflower downy mildew Puccinia coronata f. sp. hordei Crown rust of barley Puccinia graminis f. sp. hordei (exotic strains) Barley stem rust

47 Case study: Mapping stakeholders and biosecurity risks in the fodder and pasture industries Fodder production is a large industry in Australia underpinning much agricultural production, yet not much attention has been paid to fodder and pasture biosecurity. In 2012, RIRDC provided funding for PHA to investigate the status of biosecurity planning for fodder and pasture industries in Australia and find out which industries would be affected if there was an exotic plant pest incursion that disrupted production.

PHA developed a Stakeholder Map that outlines stakeholders within the lucerne and oaten hay, rye grass and subterranean clover pasture supply chains. Stakeholders proved to be highly diverse, including dairy producers, the meat and livestock industry, wool producers, the horse industry and to a lesser extent stock feed manufacturers and mushroom producers. There is also a valuable export industry.

The complexity of fodder and pasture industries is demonstrated by the finding that more than 30 stakeholder groups would have involvement in the event of an incursion of a plant pest affecting lucerne, oaten hay, ryegrass or subterranean clover pasture production. These fell into three overarching groups: • Direct stakeholders who represent producers of these crops, eg. the Australian Fodder Industry Association and Lucerne Australia. • Linked stakeholders who are associated with species production and rely on their production for their livelihood, eg. Stock Feed Manufacturers Council of Australia. • Reliant stakeholders who use these species for livestock production, eg. Cattle Council of Austrlaia and Wool Producers Australia. ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA er 1: ORGANISATION t A lucerne, oaten hay, ryegrass and subterranean clover Industry Biosecurity Plan was devised based on the model developed for individual PHA Member industries Chap to identify biosecurity pest threats as well as mitigation measures to better manage potential risks.

While many of Australia’s plant industries recognise that their health status can be protected and improved through the implementation of biosecurity measures that maintain freedom from exotic pests, the IBP revealed that fodder and pasture stakeholders overall have a low level of awareness.

Many of the key stakeholders are left vulnerable to the introduction of a new pest as they lack representation in PHA and AHA, and are not signatories to either the EPPRD or the Emergency Animal Disease Response Agreement (EADRA). This means that they are without representation in the case of a new plant pest incursion affecting them.

This initial work on stakeholders and biosecurity risks in fodder and pasture opens the way for improvements in biosecurity in these fundamentally important agricultural industries.

48 Hazelnuts Represented by Hazelnut Growers of Australia Incorporated Figure 28. Annual value of hazelnut production, 2006–11 (LVP)* www.hazelnuts.org.au

1.2 The Australian hazelnut industry has changed significantly in the past decade, and is set for rapid expansion from a small base. At the turn of last century the majority of groves 1.0 were small, clustered in high rainfall areas in Tasmania and Victoria, and grew principally local selections for local in-shell markets. Interest to supply the kernel market was spurred 0.8 by funded research on five trial sites in NSW, Victoria and Tasmania, and, after 10 years of 0.6 variety trials, have released ‘Evaluation of Hazelnut Varieties for South-eastern Australia’ by $ (MILLIONS) B. Baldwin. 0.4

In 2012 there were approximately 110 ha planted, consisting of 80,000 trees of which 0.2 70 per cent are not bearing or early bearing. Annual production was 100 tonnes with a 0.0 value of $0.4 million. Kernel imports (chiefly from Turkey) have been static at 2,500 tonnes 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 per year since 2000. FINANCIAL YEAR Well managed irrigated groves come into production 3–4 years after planting and continue to crop every year for up to 50 years. Compared to other vine and orchard crops, hazelnuts are safe (low chemical), reliable (frost, hail, rain), non-perishable and provide healthy gross ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA margins.

The hazelnut industry made an application to become a member of PHA during 2012. Figure 29. Distribution of hazelnut production by state and territory, Biosecurity is a major industry portfolio for the recently appointed Hazelnut Growers of 2010–11 (based on LVP) Australia Communications Project Officer with priority being given to the development of exotic pest and disease fact sheets, a Hazelnut IBP, a Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Hazelnut Industry and industry training.

The hazelnut industry is covered by the Nut IBP Version 2.0, which identifies the HPPs 0% Australian Capital Territory OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION of the industry (see Table 12)15. 50% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory Table 12. High Priority Pests of the hazelnut industry 0% Queensland Scientific name Common name 0% South Australia Anisogramma anomala Hazelnut blight 0% Tasmania Cydia latiferreana Filbertworm 50% Victoria 0% Western Australia

15 This table only includes the nut HPPs that impact on the hazelnut industry. * Data not available for 06-09. Graph does not indicate an LVP of 0. 49 Honey Bees Represented by Australian Honey Bee Industry Council Inc. Figure 30. Annual value of honey and beeswax production, 2006–11 (LVP) www.honeybee.org.au

120 Managed honey bees are found Australia wide, most often in conjunction with crop production. There are approximately 673,000 registered hives in Australia.On average, 100 30,000 tonnes of honey is produced each year, with the gross value of production over all sectors of the industry estimated at $85–95 million per annum, of which $50–60 million 80 comprises honey production. In addition, pollination benefits are estimated to have a total 60 paid and unpaid value of around $1.2 billion per year. $ (MILLIONS) 40 The honey bee industry is currently a member of Animal Health Australia (AHA) and PHA simultaneously due to the potential for honey bees to act as a vector for plant pests, as well 20 as the benefits provided by bees to pollination-dependent plant industries. Pest emergency 0 responses relating to honey bees are now covered under the EPPRD. In 2012, a biosecurity 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 manual for honey bees was completed and posted to every registered beekeeper in FINANCIAL YEAR Australia. A port surveillance program using sentinel hives at various ports in Australia has been reviewed and the revised expanded programme is in place. Industry is awaiting applications for shelf registration of three chemicals to have them ready if Varroa mites are found in Australia. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

The honey bee industry is covered by the Honey Bee IBP Version 1.0, which identifies the HPPs of the industry (see Table 13) and the Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Honey Bee Figure 31. Distribution of honey and beeswax production by state and territory, Industry Version 1.0. 2010–11 (based on LVP)

Table 13. High Priority Pests of the honey bee industry

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION Scientific name Common name 0% Australian Capital Territory Acarapis woodi Tracheal mite 45% New South Wales Apis cerana (exotic strains, genotypes Asian honey bee 0% Northern Territory and sub-species) 12% Queensland Apis mellifera capensis Cape honey bee Apis mellifera scutellata African honey bee 12% South Australia Apis mellifera scutellata (hybrid) Africanised honey bee 4% Tasmania Deformed wing virus (Iflavirus) Deformed wing virus 19% Victoria Hoplostoma fuligineus Large hive beetle 8% Western Australia Slow paralysis virus (Iflavirus) Slow paralysis virus Tropilaelaps clareae Tropilaelaps mite Tropilaelaps mercedesae Tropilaelaps mite Varroa destructor Varroa mite Varroa jacobsoni Varroa mite Vespa spp. (exotic species) Hornets 50 Case study: Keeping a look out for biosecurity risks to honey bees – The National Bee Pest Surveillance Program

The best protection from an incursion of bee pests from overseas is to set up hives It was also agreed that other surveillance techniques, such as the remote surveillance of honey bees near entry points into Australia and check them regularly for any signs of hives, a greater number of catchboxes and floral sweep netting should be included of exotic pests, with early detection providing a chance to eradicate the pest before at high risk ports. This increases the likelihood of quickly detecting the arrival of any it spreads further. pest bees including exotic strains of Asian honey bee (Apis cerana), and other Asian honey bees such as the Red Dwarf honey bee (Apis florea) and the Giant honey bee The National Bee Pest Surveillance Program (NBPSP) does exactly that. It follows on (A. dorsata), as well as exotic strains of Apis mellifera, including Africanised honey bees from the National Sentinel Hive Program which was established in 2000 to improve (Apis mellifera scutellata) and Cape honey bees (Apis mellifera capensis). post-border monitoring around Australia for exotic pests of honey bees, including Varroa mites (Varroa destructor and V. jacobsoni), Tropilaelaps mites (Tropilaelaps Each jurisdiction also agreed to increase sentinel hive numbers to six hives, tested clareae and T. mercedesae) and Tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi), three nasty pests every two months with a miticide, at the three highest risk ports in each state and of bees that have so far been kept out of Australia. territory, greatly increasing the chances of detecting any of the exotic mites early.

In January 2012, the management and administration of the old National Sentinel As a result there are now 92 sentinel hives used for checking for bee pests and pest Hive Program changed from AHA to PHA. This followed the transfer in responsibilities bees at sea ports and airports across Australia – a large increase from 26 sentinel for honey bees at a national level from the Office of the Australian Chief Veterinary hives under the old program. The ports chosen are those that receive large volumes Officer to the Australian Chief Plant Protection Officer. Upon transfer to PHA, the of imported cargo or those that have regular berthing of vessels from international name of the surveillance program was changed to the National Bee Pest Surveillance locations where exotic pests of honey bees are known to occur. Program to reflect a transition to a more broadly based surveillance program for bee pests and pest bees. PHA is currently in negotiation to formally implement these changes to the National Bee Pest Surveillance Program with state and territory governments by 1 July 2013, As part of these new arrangements a national workshop was convened to decide bringing a welcome boost to honey bee biosecurity in Australia. how to best protect Australia’s honey bees through a national surveillance program. The workshop, held in June 2012 was funded by Horticulture Australia Limited (HAL) who represents many of Australia’s pollination-reliant industries. The two day workshop brought together honey bee scientists, representatives from every state and territory government, DAFF, the Australian Honey Bee Industry Council (AHBIC), ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), HAL, and representatives from pollination-reliant industries.

It was agreed that the National Bee Pest Surveillance Program would be co-funded from July 2013 onwards in a government- industry partnership, with contributions from DAFF, AHBIC, and pollination-reliant industries through HAL.

Image courtesy of Carly Housley

51 Lychees Represented by Australian Lychee Growers Association Figure 32. Annual value of lychee production, 2006–11 (LVP) www.australianlychee.com.au

30 The Australian lychee industry is a relatively new industry and small by Australian agricultural standards with an estimated 250 growers, most of whom cultivate fewer than 4,000 25 trees. Production is spread along the east coast of Australia from Cooktown in far north Queensland to Coffs Harbour in northern NSW. Volume production concentrations are in 20 the regions of Sunshine Coast, Bundaberg, Rockhampton, Mackay, Ingham, Tully and the 15 Atherton Tablelands. Backyard trees or small plantings also exist in most other states in $ (MILLIONS) Australia, but without commercial prospects. 10

In 2012 there were 800 ha of land under cultivation by lychee trees producing between 5 3,500– 4,000 tonnes. New plantings are expected to come into production in coming 0 years. Some orchards in far north Queensland suffered extensive damage from Cyclone 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 Yasi in 2011 and are not expected to be replanted. Currently the industry is valued at FINANCIAL YEAR $20 million with 88 per cent of production currently consumed domestically. The export market is valued at approximately $2.4 million in annual production. Australian lychee exports are primarily to southeast Asian countries, which includes Hong Kong and Singapore. Lychees are also exported to the United Arab Emirates, the Pacific Islands ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA and Canada. Market access to New Zealand was achieved in 2009 using irradiation for disinfestation. Figure 33. Distribution of lychee production by state and territory, 2010–11 Currently eight varieties of lychees are grown in Australia with the small-seeded varieties (based on LVP) able to attract a price premium, as does the north Queensland early-season production. New varieties are being sourced through an industry and government funded selection program plus imports of elite overseas cultivars. These are expected to take six to ten years before being freely available on the market.

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION 0% Australian Capital Territory The lychee industry is covered by the Lychee IBP Version 1.1, which identifies the HPPs 1% New South Wales of the industry (see Table 14). 0% Northern Territory 99% Queensland Table 14. High Priority Pests of the lychee industry 0% South Australia Scientific name Common name 0% Tasmania Aristobia tetsudo Lychee longicorn beetle 0% Victoria Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly 0% Western Australia Conopomorpha sinensis Lychee fruit borer Paradasynus longirostris Hong Kong stink bug Peronophythora litchii Brown blight Pseudotheraptus wayi Coconut bug Unknown (suspected phytoplasma) Longan and lychee witches’ broom disease

52 Macadamias Represented by the Australian Macadamia Society Ltd Figure 34. Annual value of macadamia production, 2006–11 (LVP) www.macadamias.org

150 Australian macadamia production stretches from Coffs Harbour on the NSW north coast to Mackay on the north Queensland coast. There are around 18,000 ha under cultivation 125 comprising approximately 5.5 million trees. Annual production is approximately 35–40,000 tonnes of nut in shell or 12,000 tonnes of kernel. The farm gate value in 2012 was around 100 $160 million. 75

The northern rivers district of NSW is the largest production area comprising about $ (MILLIONS) 50 60 per cent of production, however the majority of macadamia plantings are in northern NSW and south east Queensland. The fastest growth in production is occurring in the 25 Bundaberg area. 0 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 Approximately 70 per cent of production is exported, principally to the United States, Japan and Europe, although China is an increasingly important market. Australia is FINANCIAL YEAR currently the world’s largest producer and exporter of macadamia nuts, followed by South Africa and Hawaii. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Almost all trees (98 per cent) are the commercially preferred varieties of the Macadamia integrifolia species. Of these about 80 per cent are Hawaiian selections with the remainder being Australian varieties. Harvest commences in March and runs through to August. Figure 35. Distribution of macadamia production by state and territory, 2010–11 (based on LVP) In order to encourage biosecurity awareness within the industry, approximately 70 per cent of orchards employ professional pest scouts and the Australian Macadamia Society convenes an annual forum where any new pest and disease sightings are reviewed.

The macadamia industry is covered by the Nut IBP Version 2.0, which identifies the HPPs

0% Australian Capital Territory OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION of the industry (see Table 15)16. 56% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory Table 15. High Priority Pests of the macadamia industry 44% Queensland Scientific name Common name 0% South Australia Hypothenemus obscurus Tropical nut borer 0% Tasmania Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease <1% Victoria <1% Western Australia

Pierce’s disease. Image courtesy of J. K. Uyemoto, UC Pierce’s disease. Image courtesy of John Hartman, University 16 This table only includes the nut HPPs that impact on the macadamia industry. Statewide IPM Program of Kentucky, Bugwood.org 53 Mangoes Represented by the Australian Mango Industry Association Ltd Figure 36. Annual value of mango production, 2006–11 (LVP) www.industry.mangoes.net.au

150 In Australia, the majority of mangoes are grown in Queensland and the NT, with smaller but significant production in regions throughout WA and other states. Mangoes in Australia 125 are grown for both the fresh and processing markets. On average, 80 per cent of total fruit produced is consumed fresh and 20 per cent of fruit is processed. The proportion 100 processed is influenced by crop production and fresh market price. The most abundant 75 variety, Kensington Pride, accounts for approximately 60 per cent of Australian production. TM $ (MILLIONS) Other varieties include B74 (Calypso ), Brooks, Honey Gold, Keitt, Palmer, Pearl and 50 R2E2, as well as green eating varieties, Keo Savoy and Nam Doc Mai. There are a range of other varieties that are also produced in smaller volumes. 25

0 In 2012 the mango industry was valued at approximately $140 million. The industry 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 supplies the Australian market with the majority of production occurring from September FINANCIAL YEAR to March each year. Each year approximately 8 per cent of Australian mangoes are exported to countries such as Hong Kong, New Zealand, China, Singapore, the Middle East, Japan and Canada. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA The mango industry is covered by the Mango IBP Version 2.1, which includes the HPPs of the industry (see Table 16) and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Mango Industry Version 1.0. Figure 37. Distribution of mango production by state and territory, 2010–11 (based on LVP)

Table 16. High Priority Pests of the mango industry

Scientific name Common name

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly 0% Australian Capital Territory Bactrocera papayae Papaya fruit fly <1% New South Wales Ceratocystis fimbriata sensu lato Mango sudden death syndrome 41% Northern Territory Ceratocystis manginecans Mango sudden death syndrome 52% Queensland Ceratocystis omanensis Mango sudden death syndrome <1% South Australia Deanolis sublimbalis Red-banded mango caterpillar 0% Tasmania Fusarium mangiferae Mango malformation disease 0% Victoria Fusarium mexicanum Mango malformation disease 7% Western Australia Fusarium proliferatum Mango malformation disease Fusarium sterilihyphosum Mango malformation disease Parasa lepida Blue-striped nettle grub Procontarinia spp. (exotic species) Mango gall midge Sternochetus frigidus Mango pulp weevil Xylosandrus compactus Black twig borer 54 Nursery and Garden Represented by the Nursery and Garden Industry Australia Ltd Figure 38. Annual value of nursery and garden production, 2006–11 (LVP) www.ngia.com.au

900 The nursery and garden industry operates in all states and territories of Australia. It is one of the largest and most diverse plant industries. The nursery and garden industry includes 750 propagation stock, bedding plants, bulbs and seeds, indoor plants, trees and shrubs. 600 The industry has an annual gross production value of approximately $800 million (production nurseries only) and also supports a number of other plant production sectors 450 in Australia, including revegetation, cut flower production and forestry. The industry has a $ (MILLIONS) 300 limited export focus of around $18 million annually; however there is ample opportunity for export growth. 150

The industry released a Policy Position on Quarantine and Biosecurity in 2012 which details 0 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 six key priorities for industry to address, and industry is working to introduce a levy system to deal with biosecurity incursions and to meet obligations under the EPPRD. A suite of FINANCIAL YEAR biosecurity resources is available to growers including BioSecure HACCP, the industry on-farm biosecurity program and the Australian Nursery Industry Myrtle Rust Management Plan. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

The nursery and garden industry is covered by the Biosecurity Manual for the Nursery Production Industry Version 1.0 and the Nursery and Garden IBP Version 2.0. An updated Figure 39. Distribution of production nurseries by state and territory, 2010–11 IBP (Version 3.0) will be available in May 2013. (based on LVP)

0% Australian Capital Territory OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION 25% New South Wales <1% Northern Territory 24% Queensland 6% South Australia <1% Tasmania 34% Victoria 10% Western Australia

Image courtesy of Nursery and Garden Industry Australia 55 Olives Represented by the Australian Olive Association Ltd Figure 40. Annual value of olive production, 2006–11 (LVP) www.australianolives.com.au

180 The Australian olive industry began in earnest in 1990 with the majority of large groves planted between 1996 and 2004. The olive industry is now regarded as mainstream 150 agriculture and remains an important employer in regional Australia. 120 Australian olive oil production reached 11,000 tonnes in 2012, which was a decrease from the prediction of 16,000 tonnes. The high Australian dollar and difficult market 90

conditions saw growers undertake heavy pruning and removal of unviable areas of $ (MILLIONS) 60 their orchards. 30 The olive industry in Australia (including exports) is valued at around $380 million annually. National crop distribution reflects the adaption of the olive tree to the more Mediterranean 0 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 climates. In 2012, Victoria produced 63 per cent of the national crop, 17 per cent from WA, and 12 per cent from SA with the remainder in NSW, Queensland and Tasmania. FINANCIAL YEAR

The 2013 forecast of production is 18,000 tonnes of mostly extra virgin olive oil. Consumption of olive oil in Australia is increasing as health conscious consumers ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA are becoming aware of the proven health benefits.

The olive industry is covered by the Olive IBP Version 1.0 which includes the HPPs of the industry (see Table 17). Figure 41. Distribution of olive production by state and territory, 2010–11 (based on LVP)

Table 17. High Priority Pests of the olive industry

Scientific name Common name ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION 0% Australian Capital Territory Bactrocera oleae Olive fly 8% New South Wales Liothrips oleae Olive thrips 0% Northern Territory Prays oleae Olive moth <1% Queensland Verticillium dahliae (defoliating strain) Verticillium wilt 11% South Australia <1% Tasmania 76% Victoria 5% Western Australia

Olive fly. Image courtesy of Lorraine Graney, Bartlett Tree Olive fly. Image courtesy of Natasha Wright, Florida Experts, Bugwood.org Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org

56 Onions Represented by Onions Australia Figure 42. Annual value of onion production, 2006–11 (LVP) www.onionsaustralia.org.au

300 Around 5000 ha are sown each year in Australia with about 250,000 tonnes of onions harvested. About 85 per cent are brown varieties, 10 per cent are red varieties and 250 5 per cent are white varieties. The main growing areas in each state include the Lockyer Valley, St George & Darling Downs in Queensland, Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area in NSW, 200 Adelaide Plains, Riverlands & south east of SA, Manjimup & Pemberton in WA, Werribee, 150 Cranbourne in Victoria and north west to northern midlands of Tasmania. $ (MILLIONS) 100 Sowing starts in Queensland during February (short day types) and finishes in the southern states in August (long day types). Harvest starts in Queensland during September and 50 finishes during April in the southern states. 0 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 The Australian onion industry was worth $274 million in 2011–12 and exported $26 million of fresh onions. Domestic consumption of onions is approximately 9 kg per person per FINANCIAL YEAR annum.

The onion industry is covered by the Onion IBP Version 2.0, which identifies the HPPs ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA of the industry (see Table 18).

Table 18. High Priority Pests of the onion industry Figure 43. Distribution of onion production by state and territory, 2010–11 (based on LVP) Scientific name Common name Botryotinia squamosa Leaf blight Cladosporium allii Leaf spot

0% Australian Capital Territory OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION Delia antiqua Onion fly 5% New South Wales Delia florilega Bean fly Eumerus amoenus Onion bulb fly <1% Northern Territory Eumerus strigatus Lesser bulb fly 13% Queensland Liriomyza sativae American leafminer 50% South Australia Phytomyza gymnostoma Allium leaf miner 13% Tasmania Puccinia spp. (exotic species) Rusts 9% Victoria Rhizoglyphus callae Bulb mite 11% Western Australia Rhizoglyphus setosus Bulb mite Thrips tabaci (exotic strains/biotypes) Onion thrips Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. allii Xanthomonas leaf blight

57 Passionfruit Represented by Passionfruit Australia Incorporated www.passionfruitaustralia.org.au

There are currently 250 ha of passionfruit under cultivation in Australia with about 300,000 passionfruit vines. In 2012, a total of 3,200 tonnes of passionfruit were produced. The industry is currently worth approximately $14.5 million.

About two thirds of passionfruit is grown in Queensland and around one quarter in NSW. Passionfruit is grown year round but main supply times to market are December to September and lighter supply September to December. The main purple passionfruit varieties grown in Australia are Misty Gem and Sweetheart and the major Panama passionfruit varieties are Pandora and McGuffie’s Red.

At present, there is no export market for Australian passionfruit, however there is an application pending consideration for exports to New Zealand.

The passionfruit industry is covered by the Passionfruit IBP Version 1.0, which includes theACT HPPs of theNSW industry (seeNT Table 19). QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Figure 44. Distribution of passionfruit production by state and territory, 2010–11 (based on LVP) ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA er 1: ORGANISATION t 0% Australian Capital Territory Chap 29% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 70% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria <1% Western Australia

58 Figure 45. Annual value of passionfruit production, 2006–11 (LVP) Table 19. High Priority Pests of the passionfruit industry

Scientific name Common name 30 Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly 25 Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fruit fly

20 Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera facialis Tropical fruit fly 15

$ (MILLIONS) Bactrocera kandiensis Fruit fly 10 Bactrocera kirki Fijian fruit fly 5 Bactrocera melanotus Fruit fly Papaya fruit fly 0 Bactrocera papayae 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 Bactrocera passiflorae Fijian fruit fly FINANCIAL YEAR Bactrocera philippinensis Philippine fruit fly Bactrocera psidii South Sea guava fruit fly Bactrocera xanthodes Pacific fruit fly East Asian Passiflora virus (Potyvirus) East Asian Passiflora virus Passiflora chlorosis virus (Potyvirus) Passiflora chlorosis virus Passionfruit crinkle virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit crinkle virus Passionfruit ringspot virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit ringspot virus Passionfruit severe leaf distortion virus Passionfruit severe leaf distortion (Begomovirus) virus Passionfruit Sri Lankan mottle virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit Sri Lankan mottle potyvirus ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION Passionfruit vein clearing virus (Rhabdovirus) Passionfruit vein clearing rhabdovirus Passionfruit yellow mosaic virus (Tymovirus) Passionfruit yellow mosaic virus Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae Bacterial blight

Melon fruit fly. Image courtesy of Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org

59 Pineapples Represented by GROWCOM Figure 46. Annual value of pineapple production, 2006–11 (LVP) www.growcom.com.au

150 Australian pineapples are available year round, with approximately 46,000 tonnes of

fresh fruit and 43,000 tonnes of processed fruit marketed in 2011–12. There are about 125 80 commercial pineapple enterprises, all based in Queensland, with key growing districts in Beerwah, Cawarral, Elimbah, Glasshouse Mountains, Hervey Bay, Maryborough, Mary 100 Valley, Nambour, north Queensland, Wamuran and Yeppoon. 75

Australia contributes 0.5 per cent to the world’s fresh pineapple production, almost all for $ (MILLIONS) 50 the domestic market. More than 70 per cent of fresh pineapples are packed and marketed

through four primary pack houses. The primary pineapple processor, Golden Circle, has 25 recently been acquired by Heinz Australia. 0 Approximately 55 per cent of pineapple plantings are Smooth Cayenne and Queen (Rough 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 leaf) varieties. The remaining 45 per cent of plantings are new hybrid varieties which appeal FINANCIAL YEAR more to the fresh market and this proportion is expected to increase.

Biosecurity has been a key area of focus for the pineapple industry throughout 2012 due ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA to an application to import fruit from Malaysia. The industry will continue its focus on this issue and has formed a biosecurity sub-committee.

The pineapple industry is covered by the Pineapple IBP Version 1.0, which identifies the Figure 47. Distribution of pineapple production by state and territory, 2010–11 (based on LVP) HPPs of the industry (see Table 20).

Table 20. High Priority Pests of the pineapple industry

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION 0% Australian Capital Territory Scientific name Common name 0% New South Wales Cryptophlebia leucotreta False codling moth Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Grey pineapple mealybug 0% Northern Territory Erwinia chrysanthemi (distinct pathovar) Bacterial fruit collapse 100% Queensland Fusarium guttiforme Fusariosis 0% South Australia Strymon megarus Pineapple fruit borer 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria 0% Western Australia

False codling moth. Image courtesy of Pest and Diseases Grey pineapple mealybug. Image courtesy of William M. Image Library, Bugwood.org Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, Bugwood.org 60 Pistachios Represented by Pistachio Growers’ Association Incorporated Figure 48. Annual value of pistachio production, 2006–11 (LVP) www.pgai.com.au

30 The main pistachio production areas of Australia are along the Murray River Valley between Swan Hill in Victoria and Waikerie in SA. Small amounts are produced in Pinnaroo SA and 25 in WA. 20 In 2012, 950 ha were under cultivation with pistachio trees and a total of 550 tonnes of pistachio nuts were produced. Currently the pistachio industry is worth approximately 15

$6.5 million. $ (MILLIONS) 10

Australian pistachio production only meets 40 per cent of domestic consumption, with 5 the remainder imported from countries of major production including Iran and the USA. The domestic production of pistachio is expected to increase to 3,000 tonnes by 2020. 0 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11

The pistachio industry is covered by the Nut IBP Version 2.0, which identifies the HPPs FINANCIAL YEAR of the industry (see Table 21)17.

ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Table 21. High Priority Pest of the pistachio industry

Scientific name Common name Figure 49. Distribution of pistachio production by state and territory, 2010–11 Amyelois transitella Navel orangeworm (based on LVP)

0% Australian Capital Territory OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION 50% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory

Navel orangeworm. Image courtesy of Jack Kelly Clark, UC Navel orangeworm. Image courtesy of Jack Kelly Clark, UC 0% Queensland Statewide IPM Program Statewide IPM Program 19% South Australia 0% Tasmania 31% Victoria 0% Western Australia

17 This table only includes the nut HPP that impacts on the pistachio industry.

61 Plantation Forestry Represented by the Australian Forest Products Association Limited www.ausfpa.com.au

Australia’s total plantation forest estate was slightly over two million ha in 2011–12, with a softwood plantation estate (mainly Pinus spp.) of 1.025 million ha and a hardwood plantation estate (mainly Eucalyptus spp.) of approximately 0.980 million ha. These plantations are grown mainly in the higher rainfall zones (greater than 700 mm) along the east coast and southwest corner of mainland Australia, as well as in Tasmania and Bathurst Island NT. Hardwood plantations are predominately short rotation, producing pulp logs and woodchip which are often exported. Softwood plantations are predominately long rotation and produce saw, peeler and pulp logs for a range of products including sawn timber, wood-based panels, engineered wood products, paper and paperboard.

Over 20 million cubic metres of logs were harvested from Australia’s plantations in 2011–12, with an estimated gross value of $1.33 billion. This supports a domestic wood processing sector valued at over $22 billion and woodchip exports valued at over $884 million.

In 2012, the plantation forest sector restored its membership to PHA and became a signatory to the EPPRD. A review of the IBP was undertaken in 2012 and the Plantation Forest IBP Version 2.0 will be released in January 2013 which identifies the HPPs of the industryACT (see TableNSW 22). NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Figure 50. Distribution of forestry production by state and territory, 2010–11 ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA er 1: ORGANISATION

t (based on LVP) Chap

<1% Australian Capital Territory 22% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 10% Queensland 13% South Australia 11% Tasmania 23% Victoria 22% Western Australia

62 Image courtesy of AFPA Figure 51. Annual value of forestry production, 2006–11 (LVP) Table 22. High Priority Pests of the forestry industry

Scientific name Common name 1800 Bursaphelenchus spp. including B. xylophilus Pinewood nematode species complex 1500 Chrysoporthe austroafricana Eucalyptus canker disease

1200 Coptotermes formosanus Formosan subterranean termites Coptotermes gestroi Asian subterranean termites 900

$ (MILLIONS) Dendroctonus ponderosae Mountain pine beetle 600 Dendroctonus valens Red turpentine beetle 300 Endocronartium harknessii Western gall rust Pitch canker 0 Fusarium circinatum 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 Hylesia nigricans Burning moth FINANCIAL YEAR Ips typographus Spruce bark beetle Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth complex Lymantria monacha Nun moth Monochamus spp. including M. alternatus, Longhorn beetles M. galloprovinicialis, M. titillator, M. scutellatus Orgyia thyellina White spotted tussock moth Phytophthora pinifolia Dano foliar del Pino Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death Puccinia psidii sensu lato (exotic strains) Guava rust/Eucalyptus rust Teratosphaeria gauchensis Coniothyrium eucalyptus canker ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION Teratosphaeria zuluensis Coniothyrium eucalyptus canker Tomicus piniperda Pine shoot beetle Urocerus gigas Giant wood wasp

Sudden oak death. Image courtesy of Bruce Moltzan, Missouri Department of Conservation, Bugwood.org

63 Processing tomatoes Represented by the Australian Processing Tomato Research Council Inc. Figure 52. Annual value of processing tomato production, 2006–11 (LVP) www.aptrc.asn.au

60 Production of tomatoes for processing is split between NSW and northern Victoria. A total of 183,960 tonnes of tomatoes from 16 growers were delivered for processing 50 during 2011–12. Around 39,000 tonnes were produced in NSW, with the remainder in Victoria. This is more than 50 per cent less than the peak of almost 380,000 tonnes 40 recorded in 2000–01. 30

The main varieties grown in Australia are dominated by Heinz cultivars and 90 per cent $ (MILLIONS) 20 of the production area is irrigated using sub-surface drip. 10 Production is mainly focused on domestic demand, with around 2,400 ha planted in 2011–12, although only about 2,000 ha were actually harvested due to unfavourable 0 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 climatic conditions. Australia consumes approximately 550,000 tonnes of processed tomatoes, with the majority of the imports during 2011 coming from Italy and the USA. FINANCIAL YEAR

An IBP that identifies the HPPs has not yet been developed for this industry. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Figure 53. Distribution of processing tomato production by state and territory, 2010–11 (based on LVP)

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION 0% Australian Capital Territory 24% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 2% Queensland <1% South Australia 0% Tasmania 71% Victoria 2% Western Australia

Image courtesy of the Australian Processsing Tomato Research Council

64 Rice Represented by the Ricegrowers’ Association of Australia Inc. Figure 54. Annual value of rice production, 2006–11 (LVP) www.rga.org.au

300 The Australian rice industry is predominantly located in the temperate climatic region of the Riverina in southern NSW. The major varieties grown are temperate Japonica varieties 250 which are planted in October and harvested from March to May of the following year. 200 With improved irrigation water availability post-drought, full rice production has resumed and around 104,000 ha were planted in 2011–12 yielding 963,000 tonnes. Around 110,000 ha 150 were planted in October 2012 and this crop will be harvested from March to May 2013. $ (MILLIONS) 100 The vast majority of Australia’s rice is exported to international destinations, including Papua New Guinea, Hong Kong, Japan, the Middle East and many nations in the Pacific. 50

In recent years, trial crops of rice have been grown in northern areas of Australia including 0 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 in the Ord River Irrigation Area (ORIA) of WA and the Burdekin and Mackay regions in north Queensland. Three commercial crops were grown in the ORIA in the winter of 2011 but the FINANCIAL YEAR fungal disease Rice blast was detected in those crops. Strict biosecurity measures were put in place to ensure the disease did not spread to the major rice growing area in NSW. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA The rice industry is covered by the Rice IBP Version 2.0, which identifies the HPPs of the industry (see Table 23). Figure 55. Distribution of rice production by state and territory, 2010–11 (based on LVP) Table 23. High Priority Pests of the rice industry

Scientific name Common name Burkholderia glumae Panicle blight

0% Australian Capital Territory OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION Gibberella fujikuroi Bakanae 99% New South Wales Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast 0% Northern Territory Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail <1% Queensland Tilletia barclayana Kernel smut of rice 0% South Australia Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle 0% Tasmania <1% Victoria <1% Western Australia

Bacterial panicle blight. Image courtesy of Donald Groth, Kernel smut. Image courtesy of Donald Groth, Louisiana Louisiana State University AgCenter, Bugwood.org State University AgCenter, Bugwood.org

65 Stone fruit Represented by Summerfruit Australia Limited Figure 56. Annual value of stone fruit production, 2006–11 (LVP) www.summerfruit.com.au

300 The stone fruit industry (comprising fresh apricots, nectarines, peaches and plums) is mainly located in subtropical and temperate Australia, and is considered to be a major 250 rural and regional employer. Victoria produces around 60 per cent of Australia’s stone fruit (in the order of 110,000 tonnes) with the remaining production spread between NSW, 200 Queensland, SA, WA and Tasmania. In 2012, nectarines and peaches dominated 150 production, followed by plums and apricots. $ (MILLIONS) 100 Production of stone fruit has grown considerably over the past 10 years, with the majority of this growth directly attributable to prospective export demand. Around $26 million worth 50 of stone fruit was exported in 2011–12, an increase of 16 per cent. The 2011–12 seasons 0 follows a period of unfavourable weather events that occurred in 2010 and 2011. 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 The stone fruit industry is covered by the Summerfruit IBP Version 1.0, which identifies the FINANCIAL YEAR HPPs of the industry (see Table 24) and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Summerfruit Industry Version 1.0. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Table 24. High Priority Pests of the stone fruit industry Figure 57. Distribution of stone fruit production by state and territory, 2010–11 Scientific name Common name (based on LVP) Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera papayae Papaya fruit fly

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION Conotrachelus nenuphar Plum curculio 0% Australian Capital Territory Cryptophlebia leucotreta False codling moth 13% New South Wales Cydia funebrana Plum fruit moth 0% Northern Territory Drosophila suzukii Spotted winged drosophila 6% Queensland European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma European stone fruit yellows 9% South Australia Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter 4% Tasmania Monilinia fructigena Brown rot 53% Victoria Monilinia polystroma Asiatic brown rot 14% Western Australia Peach rosette mosaic virus (Nepovirus) Peach rosette mosaic virus Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus Popillia japonica Japanese beetle X disease phytoplasma Peach X disease Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease

66 Strawberries Represented by Strawberries Australia Inc. Figure 58. Annual value of strawberry production, 2006–11 (LVP) www.strawberriesaustralia.com.au

240 Strawberries are grown in all states of Australia by an estimated 500 growers. Production in 2012–13 was concentrated in the Sunshine Coast area of Queensland, the Yarra Valley and 200 the Mornington Peninsula in Victoria, Wannaroo and Albany in WA, the Adelaide Hills in SA, the Camden region in NSW and around Launceston in Tasmania. 160

Strawberries are grown throughout the year. Florida varieties are grown in subtropical 120 locations (May–October) and Californian varieties are grown in temperate climate areas $ (MILLIONS) 80 (October–June). The industry is investing in the breeding of Australian varieties and these have gradually entered the market in 2012, although only about 5 per cent of Australian 40 varieties are available to the buying public. 0 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 The industry is primarily focused on the domestic market with around 5 per cent exported overseas. The increase in production (on average) over the past several years is due FINANCIAL YEAR primarily to rising per capita consumption, driven by higher planting numbers, improved Australian varieties that have been developed using the best varieties from Europe and the United States, and better cool chain management. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

The strawberry industry is covered by the Strawberry IBP Version 2.0, which includes the HPPs of the industry (see Table 25). Figure 59. Distribution of strawberry production by state and territory, 2010–11 (based on LVP)

Table 25. High Priority Pests of the strawberry industry

Scientific name Common name

Lygus hesperus Western plant bug 0% Australian Capital Territory OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug <1% New South Wales Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae Red steele root rot 0% Northern Territory Raspberry ringspot virus (Nepovirus) Raspberry ringspot virus 33% Queensland Strawberry latent ringspot virus (Nepovirus) Strawberry latent ringspot virus 11% South Australia Tomato black ring virus (Nepovirus) Tomato black ring virus 2% Tasmania Tomato ringspot virus (Nepovirus) Tomato ringspot virus 42% Victoria Xanthomonas fragariae Strawberry angular leaf spot 11% Western Australia

67 Sugarcane Represented by CANEGROWERS Figure 60. Annual value of sugarcane production, 2006–11 (LVP) www.canegrowers.com.au

1500 Australia’s sugarcane is grown in high-rainfall and irrigated areas along coastal plains and river valleys on 2100 km of Australia’s eastern coastline between Mossman in far 1250 north Queensland and Grafton in NSW. Queensland accounts for about 95 per cent of Australia’s raw sugar production. 1000

Australia is the world’s third largest exporter of raw sugar, with approximately 80 per cent 750

of production sold to international markets. Major export customers include East Asia, $ (MILLIONS) 500 China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan, the USA and New Zealand. 250 The sugarcane industry is covered by the Sugarcane IBP Version 2.01, which identifies the HPPs of the industry (see Table 26). 0 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11

FINANCIAL YEAR

ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Figure 61. Distribution of sugarcane production by state and territory, 2010–11 (based on LVP)

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION 0% Australian Capital Territory 5% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 95% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria 0% Western Australia

Image courtesy of CANEGROWERS

68 Table 26. High Priority Pests of the sugarcane industry

Scientific name Common name Scientific name Common name Aleurolobus barodensis Sugarcane whitefly Pyrilla perpusilla Sugarcane pyrilla Ceratovacuna lanigera Sugarcane woolly aphid Scirpophaga excerptalis Top shoot borer Cercospora longipes Brown spot Sesamia grisescens Stem borer Chilo auricilius Sugarcane internode borer Sesamia inferens Pink stem borer Chilo infuscatellus Yellow top borer of sugarcane Sorghum mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Sorghum mosaic virus Chilo sacchariphagus Sugarcane internode borer Stagonospora sacchari Leaf scorch Chilo terrenellus Sugarcane stem borer Sugarcane grassy shoot phytoplasma Grassy shoot Cicadulina mbila South African maize leafhopper Sugarcane mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Sugarcane mosaic virus (exotic strains) Dorysthenes buqueti Sugarcane longhorn stem borer Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (Unassigned) Sugarcane streak mosaic Fulmekiola serrata Oriental sugar cane thrips Sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma White leaf Lepidiota blanchardi Blanchard’s canegrub Tetramoera schistaceana Sugarcane shoot borer Lepidiota discedens Canegrub Unknown Ramu stunt disease Lepidiota pruinosa Pruinose canegrub Lepidiota reuleauxi Ramu canegrub Lepidiota stigma White canegrub Leucopholis near armata Canegrub Perkinsiella bicoloris Sugarcane sidewinder Perkinsiella diagoras Sugarcane sidewinder

Perkinsiella lalokensis Sugarcane sidewinder OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION Sugarcane pyrilla. Image courtesy of Natasha Wright, Florida Sugarcane longhorn stem borer. Image courtesy of BSES Perkinsiella papuensis Sugarcane sidewinder Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org Perkinsiella rattlei Sugarcane sidewinder Perkinsiella saccharivora Sugarcane sidewinder Perkinsiella vastatrix Sugarcane sidewinder Perkinsiella vitiensis Sugarcane sidewinder Peronosclerospora philippinensis Philippine downy mildew of maize Peronosclerospora sacchari Sugarcane downy mildew Peronosclerospora spontanea Downy mildew Sugarcane downy mildew. Image courtesy of Christian Sugarcane stem borer. Image courtesy of PaDIL (Amy Cumagun, University of the Philippines, Los Banos Carmichael) Pulvinaria iceryi Pulvinaria scale

69 Table grapes Represented by Australian Table Grape Association Inc. Figure 62. Annual value of table grape production, 2006–11 (LVP) www.australiantablegrapes.com.au/industry

300 Green, red and blue/black varieties of table grapes are produced by 1,200 growers in the major growing regions of Sunraysia and the Murray Valley in Victoria, the Riverina in NSW 250 and in south east Queensland. 200 The Australian table grape industry was valued at approximately $250 million in 2010–11. Excessive rain and flooding events in the season resulted in decreased yield and also 150

impacted on the quality of fruit, which in turn resulted in decreased demand from both $ (MILLIONS) 100 domestic and export markets. Exports of Australian table grapes were very low in 2010–11 with almost the entire crop being sold on the domestic market. 50

The table grape industry is covered by the Viticulture IBP Version 2.0, which includes 0 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 the HPPs of the industry (see Table 27). FINANCIAL YEAR

Table 27. High Priority Pests of the table grape industry ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Scientific name Common name Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic strains) Grapevine phylloxera Eotetranychus carpini Yellow vine mite Figure 63. Distribution of table grape production by state and territory, 2010–11 Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma Flavescence dorée (based on LVP) Guignardia bidwellii Black rot Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter Phakopsora euvitis Grapevine leaf rust

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION 0% Australian Capital Territory Planococcus ficus Vine mealybug 11% New South Wales Platynota stultana Omnivorous leafroller 1% Northern Territory Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug 12% Queensland Pseudopezicula tetraspora Angular leaf scorch Pseudopezicula tracheiphila Rotbrenner 2% South Australia Xanthomonas ampelina Bacterial blight 0% Tasmania Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease 68% Victoria 6% Western Australia

Grapevine phylloxera. Image courtesy of Jack Kelly Clark, UC Glassy winged sharpshooter. Image courtesy of Johnny 70 Statewide IPM Program N. Dell, Bugwood.org ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA er 1: ORGANISATION t Chap

71 Vegetables (Including potatoes) Represented by AUSVEG Limited www.ausveg.com.au

Vegetables are grown in all states and territories of Australia, with high concentrations in regions with optimal seasonal conditions and sufficient access to water. The Australian vegetable industry supplies most of the fresh vegetables that are consumed in Australia, and also contributes products to the processed vegetable sector, which are either sold domestically or exported. While many vegetable crops are produced on a seasonal basis, the diverse climate conditions across Australia ensure that these products can be supplied all year round.

With a production value in 2011–12 of $553 million, potatoes make up approximately 20 per cent of the total value of Australian vegetable production. Other major crops include lettuce, with a production value in 2011–12 of $164 million, as well as broccoli, sweet corn, carrots, capsicums and pumpkins. The gross production value of vegetables has remained at around $2.8 billion since 2005–06.

The Australian vegetable industry continues to engage with several governmental departments, committees and bodies on a range of biosecurity related areas. This includes participation in technical meetings with DAFF and PHA. The industry is committed to staying at the forefront of biosecurity issues in Australia, to ensure that it is prepared for, and can effectively respond to, potential biosecurity threats that could impact heavily on the industry’s viability or competitiveness.

The vegetable industry is covered by the Vegetable IBP Version 2.0 and Potato IBP Version ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA er 1: ORGANISATION

t 1.0, which includes the HPPs of the industry (see Table 28) and the Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Northern Adelaide Plains Vegetable Growers Version 1.0. Chap

72 Image courtesy of AUSVEG Figure 64. Annual value of vegetable production, 2006–11 (LVP) Table 28. High Priority Pests of the vegetable industry

Scientific name Common name 2400 Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fruit fly 2000 Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Bacterial ring rot sepedonicus 1600 Globodera pallida Potato cyst nematode 1200 Groundnut bud necrosis (Tospovirus) Bud necrosis disease $ (MILLIONS) 800 Heterodera carotae Carrot cyst nematode Colorado potato beetle 400 Leptinotarsa decemlineata Liriomyza bryoniae Tomato leaf miner 0 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leafminer FINANCIAL YEAR Liriomyza sativae American leafminer Liriomyza trifolii American serpentine leafminer Phytophthora infestans A2 mating type Potato late blight ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Potato mop top virus (Pomovirus) Potato mop top virus Potato spindle tuber viroid (Pospiviroidae) Potato spindle tuber viroid Figure 65. Distribution of vegetable production by state and territory, 2010–11 Psila rosae Carrot rust fly (based on LVP) Synchytrium endobioticum Potato wart Watermelon bud necrosis virus (Tospovirus) Watermelon bud necrosis Watermelon silver mottle virus (Tospovirus) Watermelon silver mottle virus

<1% Australian Capital Territory OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION 11% New South Wales <1% Northern Territory 33% Queensland 16% South Australia

7% Tasmania Melon fruit fly. Image courtesy of Florida Division of Plant Serpentine leafminer larvae. Image courtesy of Merle Industry Archive, Florida Department of Agriculture and Shepard, Gerald R.Carner, and P.A.C Ooi, Bugwood.org 24% Victoria Consumer Services. Bugwood.org 9% Western Australia

73 Walnuts Represented by the Australian Walnut Industry Association Figure 66. Annual value of walnut production, 2006–11 (LVP) www.walnut.net.au

18 The Australian walnut industry operates in most states of Australia. The industry has grown significantly in recent years due to growth in the establishment of large scale commercial 15 plantings. The area currently under cultivation is approximately 2,800 ha. Production is expected to increase dramatically in the next five years as new orchards mature and come 12 into bearing. 9

In 2011–12, the production of Australian walnuts was in excess of 4,800 tonnes (in shell). $ (MILLIONS) 6 The industry is valued at approximately $16 million, with an export market valued at $11 million. 3

Walnut production in Australia has been steadily increasing, but local production 0 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 satisfies less than 6 per cent of domestic consumption. There is a great opportunity for both import replacement and export of good quality Australian walnuts. Demand FINANCIAL YEAR for exports for in shell walnuts is primarily from China, Turkey and Italy, with about 70 per cent of Australia’s walnut production being exported. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA The walnut industry is covered by the Nut IBP Version 2.0, which includes the HPPs of the industry (see Table 29)18. Figure 67. Distribution of walnut production by state and territory, 2010–11 (based on LVP) Table 29. High Priority Pests of the walnut industry

Scientific name Common name Amyelois transitella Navel orangeworm

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION Cydia latiferreana Filbertworm 0% Australian Capital Territory Rhagoletis completa Walnut husk fly 75% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 0% Queensland 2% South Australia 15% Tasmania 8% Victoria

Filbertworm. Image courtesy of Larry R. Barber, USDA Forest Walnut husk fly. Image courtesy of E. Mani, Swiss Federal 0% Western Australia Service, Bugwood.org Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Bugwood.org

18 This table only includes the nut HPPs that impact on the walnut industry. 74 Wine grapes Represented by the Wine Grape Growers Australia Figure 68. Annual value of wine grape production, 2006–11 (LVP) www.wgga.com.au

1800 Wine grapes are grown principally in south eastern Australia. SA grew almost half (48 per cent) of Australia’s wine grapes in 2012, with 29 per cent from NSW and 18 per 1500 cent from Victoria. Of the other states, WA has a sizeable premium grape growing industry accounting for about 4 per cent of national production.The dominant red varieties grown in 1200 Australia are Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Merlot while the dominant white varieties are 900 Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc and Semillon. Shiraz (23 per cent), Chardonnay (22 per cent) $ (MILLIONS) and Cabernet Sauvignon (13 per cent) accounted for the main varieties of grape 600 production in 2012. 300 There has been a net removal of vines in the industry each year since 2007– 08. It is 0 estimated that the national vineyard has reduced in size by around 9 per cent. During 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 2012, wine grapes were cultivated on about 150,000 ha which resulted in a total of FINANCIAL YEAR 1.58 million tonnes of fruit.

A total of 130 million cases of Australian wine were sold in 2011–12. Of this, 79 million cases were exported with a value of $1.86 billion. The major export markets by volume ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA were the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, China and Germany. By value they were the United States, the United Kingdom, China, Canada, and New Zealand. Figure 69. Distribution of wine grape production by state and territory, 2010–11 The wine grape industry is covered by the Viticulture IBP Version 2.0, which includes the (based on LVP) HPPs of the industry (see Table 30).

Table 30. High Priority Pests of the wine grape industry

0% Australian Capital Territory OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION Scientific name Common name 19% New South Wales Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic strains) Grapevine phylloxera 0% Northern Territory Eotetranychus carpini Yellow vine mite <1% Queensland Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma Flavescence dorée Guignardia bidwellii Black rot 52% South Australia Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter 2% Tasmania Phakopsora euvitis Grapevine leaf rust 14% Victoria Planococcus ficus Vine mealybug 12% Western Australia Platynota stultana Omnivorous leafroller Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug Pseudopezicula tetraspora Angular leaf scorch Pseudopezicula tracheiphila Rotbrenner Xanthomonas ampelina Bacterial blight

Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease 75 1.7 plant Health Australia

PHA is the national coordinator of the government-industry partnership for plant biosecurity Fostering, strengthening and expanding this partnership are primary roles for PHA. Through in Australia. As a not-for-profit company, PHA services the needs of its Members and PHA, current and future needs of the plant biosecurity system can be mutually agreed independently advocates on behalf of the national plant biosecurity system. upon, issues identified, and solutions to problems found. PHA’s independent and impartial approach to servicing Member needs, acts to put the interests of the plant biosecurity PHA achieves this by: system first and support a longer-term view. • Enhancing the commitment of governments and industries to work together. • Enhancing the operation and integrity of Australia’s plant pest emergency response Strategic perspective arrangements. PHA’s independence and standing enable it to take a lead in monitoring performance of • Assisting national management of biosecurity risks. the national biosecurity system and determining its future needs. In close consultation with stakeholders, PHA formulates the strategies, plans and reports that direct Member efforts • Monitoring performance and promoting continual improvement of Australia’s plant to meet those needs, contribute to government and industry policy development, facilitate biosecurity system. improved national coordination and collaboration, and target investment to best effect. The • Determining future needs of Australia’s plant biosecurity system. National Plant Biosecurity Strategy (Section 1.1, page 14) and this report are examples of • Facilitating improved national investment in plant biosecurity. this work.

PHA’s efforts help to: Emergency responses • Minimise plant pest impacts. Another central role for PHA is the establishment of funding and management arrangements • Enhance Australia’s plant health status. for effective responses to EPP incursions. PHA undertakes this role through its custodianship • Assist trade. and administration of the EPPRD and PLANTPLAN, the agreed operational response plan • Safeguard the livelihood of producers. (Chapter 4, page 150). PHA convenes regular meetings of signatories to the EPPRD and facilitates modifications to take account of new information and procedural improvements • Support the sustainability and profitability of plant industries and the communities that gleaned through post-EPP incident reviews.To assist Members to meet their obligations rely upon them. as signatories to the EPPRD and improve their emergency response preparedness, PHA

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 1: ORGANISATION • Preserve environmental health and amenity. provides a range of services including contingency planning, surveillance and diagnostic systems support, response training and simulation exercises. All Australian governments and most major plant-based agricultural industries are members of PHA (Table 31). Being a member enables parties to work together on biosecurity issues. It also gives members the option of being a signatory to the Pest risk mitigation EPPRD, providing an avenue for protection in the event of a plant incursion. Beyond its contribution to response arrangements, PHA supports the national plant biosecurity system by coordinating and assisting efforts to reduce the risks posed by EPPs. This is achieved in large part by supporting industries and governments to develop strategies Plant Health Australia and Australia’s plant and plans that improve biosecurity standards and assisting with their implementation. IBPs, biosecurity system Biosecurity Manuals and personnel extension services are examples of PHA’s risk mitigation activities. Partnerships Plant biosecurity in Australia operates as a partnership between governments and Funding industries. Through this partnership, responsibilities for maintaining the integrity and PHA’s main activities are funded from annual subscriptions paid by Members. A range performance of the plant biosecurity system are shared. The partnership recognises that of separately funded projects are also undertaken for individual and groups of Members. the wider Australian community, as well as plant producers, are beneficiaries of better Key publications released by PHA in 2012 included: Farm Biosecurity Manuals for the biosecurity outcomes in the form of improved productivity, product quality, market access, summerfruit and honey bee industries, the Australian Handbook for the Identification of trade, profitability, sustainability and environmental preservation. Fruit Flies and Industry Biosecurity Plans for the mango, onion and honey bee industries. 76 Table 31. Plant Health Australia’s Members (as at 31 December 2012)

Industry Members Government Members Almond Board of Australia Inc. Commonwealth of Australia Apple and Pear Australia Ltd Australian Capital Territory Government Australian Banana Growers’ Council Inc. New South Wales Government Australian Forest Products Association Limited Northern Territory Government Australian Honey Bee Industry Council Inc. Queensland Government Australian Lychee Growers’ Association South Australian Government Australian Macadamia Society Ltd Tasmanian Government Australian Mango Industry Association Ltd Victorian Government Australian Olive Association Ltd Western Australian Government Australian Processing Tomato Research Council Inc. Australian Table Grape Association Inc. Australian Walnut Industry Association Associate Members AUSVEG Limited Australasian Plant Pathology Society Avocados Australia Ltd BSES Ltd CANEGROWERS Plant Biosecurity CRC Canned Fruit Industry Council of Australia Cotton Research and Development Corporation Cherry Growers of Australia Inc. CSIRO Chestnuts Australia Incorporated Grains Research and Development Corporation ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA er 1: ORGANISATION Citrus Australia Ltd Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation t Horticulture Australia Limited

Cotton Australia Ltd Chap Dried Fruits Australia Inc. New Rural Industries Australia Grain Producers Australia Limited GROWCOM Hazelnut Growers of Australia Incorporated Nursery and Garden Industry Australia Ltd Onions Australia Passionfruit Australia Incorporated Pistachio Growers Association Incorporated Raspberries and Blackberries Australia Inc. Ricegrowers’ Association of Australia Inc. Strawberries Australia Inc. Summerfruit Australia Limited Wine Grape Growers Australia

Image courtesy of NT DPIF 77 78 Chapter 2 Threats to Australia’s plant production Australian plant production industries have an enviable ion t plant pest status compared to their counterparts around the world. This is a result of natural geographic isolation

produc accompanied by a strong focus on biosecurity across t the continuum. On top of this, Australia’s environmental extremes limit the ability of many pests to establish. ralia’s plan ralia’s

t Nonetheless, there are many established and endemic us

A plant pests that impact on plant production and the o

t natural environment. And no matter how good Australia’s s t protection, new pests continue to arrive and establish in this country.

To provide a snapshot of this situation, this chapter provides information about the threats to Australia’s

Chapter 2: Threa plant production.

Image courtesy of the Australian Walnut Industry Association 80 2.1 australia’s High Priority Pests

The basis of any risk mitigation system begins with identifying the threats. For Australia’s plant and bee production industries, this includes pests of significant quarantine concern

that could have an impact on production or trade should they establish in particular regions uction of Australia. d pro

The development of IBPs (page 118) including the threat summary tables containing lists of High Priority Pests (HPPs), provide one mechanism for identifying and prioritising plant

s

(primarily exotic) pests of quarantine concern. The threat summary tables are developed ’ through consultation with industry and government experts and estimate the level of risk associated with each pest. This takes into account the pest’s likelihood of entry,

establishment and spread, as well as the economic impact it would have should it become ustralia established in Australia19. From this pest risk assessment, pests which pose the greatest A to risk and potential economic impact to the industry are identified as the industry’s HPPs.

The identification of HPPs assists with a range of biosecurity preparedness activities reats such as surveillance, awareness programs, maintenance of capacity and capability, and the development of diagnostic protocols, contingency plans, and pre-emptive breeding er 2: Th

programs. All IBPs, once finalised, are subject to formal review on a regular basis, ensuring t that the pest lists and details accurately reflect the most up-to-date information. Chap Table 32 lists all 309 HPPs as identified in each of the 25 IBPs developed by PHA in conjunction with industries and governments to date, and those listed in Schedule 13 of the EPPRD (page 146). Whilst this list predominantly contains pests which are exotic to Australia, it does contain some species that are already present in Australia. These pests are usually controlled through active management programs, they are still of significant quarantine concern nationally.

19 This process is not intended as a definitive mechanism to identify all threats to Australia’s plant production industries or as a formal mechanism for international quarantine arrangements.

Image courtesy of NT DPIF 81 Table 32. High Priority Pests of Australia’s plant production industries (as at 31 December 2012)

Scientific name Common name Source20 Scientific name Common name Source20 Abaca bunchy top virus Abaca bunchy top virus Banana Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fruit fly Avocado, Papaya, (Babuvirus) Passionfruit, Summerfruit, ion

t Vegetables Acarapis woodi Tracheal mite Honey bee Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly EPPRD, Apple and Pear, Acleris comariana Strawberry tortrix EPPRD Avocado, Citrus, Lychee,

produc Adoxophyes orana Summer fruit tortrix EPPRD Papaya, Passionfruit, t Summerfruit Agrotis segetum Turnip moth Grains Bactrocera facialis Tropical fruit fly Avocado, Passionfruit Aleurolobus barodensis Sugarcane whitefly EPPRD, Sugarcane Bactrocera invadens Fruit fly Citrus Alternaria triticina Leaf blight Grains

ralia’s plan ralia’s Bactrocera kandiensis Fruit fly Avocado, Passionfruit t Amrasca devastans Cotton jassid Cotton

us Bactrocera kirki Fijian fruit fly Avocado, Passionfruit A Amyelois transitella Navel orangeworm EPPRD, Nuts o

t Bactrocera melanotus Fruit fly Avocado, Passionfruit South American fruit fly Citrus

s Anastrepha fraterculus t Bactrocera minax Chinese citrus fly Citrus Anastrepha ludens Mexican fruit fly Citrus Bactrocera occipitalis Fruit fly Citrus Anisogramma anomala Hazelnut blight EPPRD, Nuts Bactrocera oleae Olive fly Olive Anthonomus bisignatus Strawberry bud weevil EPPRD Bactrocera papayae Papaya fruit fly EPPRD, Avocado, Citrus, Anthonomus grandis Boll weevil EPPRD, Cotton Mango, Papaya, Passionfruit, Aphis gossypii (exotic strains) Cotton aphid Cotton Summerfruit Chapter 2: Threa Apiosporina morbosa Black knot EPPRD Bactrocera passiflorae Fijian fruit fly Avocado, Papaya, Passionfruit Apis cerana (exotic strains, Asian honey bee Honey bee genotypes and sub-species) Bactrocera philippinensis Philippine fruit fly EPPRD, Avocado, Citrus, Papaya, Passionfruit Apis mellifera capensis Cape honey bee Honey bee Bactrocera psidii South Sea guava fruit fly Passionfruit Apis mellifera scutellata African honey bee Honey bee Bactrocera trivialis New Guinea fruit fly Citrus Apis mellifera scutellata Africanized honey bee Honey bee (hybrid) Bactrocera tsuneonis Japanese orange fly Citrus Apple proliferation Apple proliferation Apple and Pear Bactrocera xanthodes Pacific fruit fly Avocado, Passionfruit phytoplasma Banana bract mosaic virus Banana bract mosaic EPPRD, Banana Aristobia tetsudo Lychee longicorn beetle Lychee (Potyvirus) disease Atherigona soccata Sorghum shoot fly Grains Banana bunchy top virus Banana bunchy top Banana (Nanovirus) virus Avocado sunblotch viroid Avocado sunblotch Avocado (asymptomatic strains) Bean common mosaic virus Bean common mosaic Grains (Potyvirus), peanut stripe virus Avocado sunblotch viroid Avocado sunblotch Avocado strain (symptomatic strains) Bemisia tabaci (exotic strains) Silverleaf whitefly Cotton Bactericera cockerelli Tomato/potato psyllid EPPRD Blood disease bacterium Blood disease EPPRD, Banana Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly Avocado, Mango, Papaya, Passionfruit Botrytis squamosa Leaf blight Onion Burkholderia glumae Panicle blight Rice 20 ‘EPPRD’ indicates the pest is listed under Schedule 13 of the EPPRD. 82 Where a crop is listed, the HPP has been sourced from that industry’s IBP. Table 32. High Priority Pests of Australia’s plant production industries (as at 31 December 2012)

Scientific name Common name Source20 Scientific name Common name Source20 Bursaphelenchus spp. Pinewood nematode species Plantation forest Citrus leprosis virus Citrus leprosis disease Citrus including B. xylophilus complex (Unassigned) ion Candidatus Liberibacter Huanglongbing Citrus Citrus tristeza virus Mandarin stem-pitting Citrus t africanus (african strain) Closterovirus (mandarin stem-pitting strain) Candidatus Liberibacter Huanglongbing Citrus produc

americanus (american strain) Cladosporium allii Leaf spot Onion t Candidatus Liberibacter Huanglongbing EPPRD, Citrus Cladosporium caryigenum Pecan scab Nuts asiaticus (asiatic strain) Clavibacter michiganensis Bacterial ring rot EPPRD, Potato Candidatus Liberibacter Zebra chip EPPRD subsp. sepedonicus

psyllaurous plan ralia’s Colletotrichum acutatum Post bloom fruit drop Citrus t

Cephus pygmeus European wheat stem sawfly Grains (SGO strain) us A o

Ceratocystis fimbriata sensu Mango sudden death Mango Colletotrichum truncatum Lentil anthracnose Grains t

syndrome s lato (lentil strain) t Ceratocystis manginecans Mango sudden death Mango Conopomorpha sinensis Lychee fruit borer Lychee syndrome Conotrachelus aguacatae Small avocado seed weevil Avocado Ceratocystis omanensis Mango sudden death Mango Plum curculio EPPRD, Apple and Pear, syndrome Conotrachelus nenuphar Cherry, Summerfruit Ceratocystis ulmi Dutch elm disease EPPRD Conotrachelus perseae Small seed weevil Avocado Ceratovacuna lanigera Sugarcane woolly aphid Sugarcane Chapter 2: Threa Coptotermes formosanus Formosan subterranean Plantation forest Cercospora longipes Brown spot Sugarcane termites Ceutorhynchus assimilis Cabbage seedpod weevil Grains Coptotermes gestroi Asian subterranean termites Plantation forest Cherry leaf roll virus Blackline EPPRD, Cherry Cotton leaf curl virus Cotton leaf curl disease EPPRD, Cotton (Nepovirus) (Begomovirus) Chilo auricilius Sugarcane internode borer Sugarcane Cryphonectria parasitica Chestnut blight EPPRD, Nuts Chilo infuscatellus Yellow top borer of Sugarcane Cryptophlebia leucotreta False codling moth EPPRD, Pineapple, sugarcane Summerfruit Chilo partellus Spotted stalk borer Grains Ctenopseustis obliquana Brown headed leafroller Cherry Chilo sacchariphagus Sugarcane internode borer Sugarcane Cydia funebrana Plum fruit moth Summerfruit Chilo terrenellus Sugarcane stem borer Sugarcane Cydia latiferreana Filbertworm Nuts Choristoneura rosaceana Oblique banded leafroller Cherry Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Grape phylloxera type B EPPRD (biotype B) Chromatomyia horticola Leafminer Grains Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Grapevine phylloxera Viticulture Chrysoporthe austroafricana Eucalyptus canker disease Plantation forest (exotic strains) Ciborinia camelliae Camellia petal blight EPPRD Deanolis sublimbalis Red-banded mango EPPRD, Mango Cicadulina mbila South African maize Sugarcane caterpillar leafhopper Deformed wing virus (Iflavirus) Deformed wing virus Honey bee Citripestis sagittiferella Citrus fruit borer Citrus Delia antiqua Onion fly Onion

83 Table 32. High Priority Pests of Australia’s plant production industries (as at 31 December 2012)

Scientific name Common name Source20 Scientific name Common name Source20 Delia florilega Bean fly Onion Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium wilt of canola Grains f. sp. conglutinans

ion Dendroctonus ponderosae Mountain pine beetle Plantation forest t Fusarium oxysporum Panama disease, tropical EPPRD, Banana Dendroctonus valens Red turpentine beetle Plantation forest f. sp. cubense race 4 Dialeurodes citri Citrus whitefly Citrus Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium wilt of lentil Grains produc

t Diaphorina citri Asian citrus psyllid EPPRD, Citrus f. sp. lentis Diuraphis noxia Russian wheat aphid EPPRD, Grains Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium wilt of lupin Grains f. sp. lupini Dorysthenes buqueti Sugarcane longhorn stem Sugarcane borer Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Fusarium wilt Cotton

ralia’s plan ralia’s vasinfectum (exotic races) t Drosophila suzukii Spotted winged drosophila Apple and Pear, Cherry,

us Summerfruit Fusarium proliferatum Mango malformation disease Mango A o

t Dysaphis plantaginea Rosy apple aphid Apple and Pear Fusarium sterilihyphosum Mango malformation disease Mango s t Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Grey pineapple mealybug Pineapple Gibberella fujikuroi Bakanae Rice East Asian Passiflora virus East Asian Passiflora virus Passionfruit Globodera pallida Potato cyst nematode Potato (Potyvirus) Globodera rostochiensis Potato cyst nematode EPPRD Western gall rust Plantation forest Endocronartium harknessii Grapevine flavescence dorée Flavescence dorée Viticulture Eotetranychus carpini Yellow vine mite Viticulture phytoplasma

Chapter 2: Threa Erionota thrax Banana skipper butterfly EPPRD, Banana Groundnut bud necrosis virus Bud necrosis disease Vegetables (Tospovirus) Erwinia amylovora Fire blight EPPRD, Apple and Pear Guignardia bidwellii Black rot EPPRD, Viticulture Erwinia chrysanthemi Bacterial fruit collapse Pineapple (distinct pathovar) Guignardia musae Banana freckle EPPRD, Banana Erwinia herbicola Avocado blast Avocado Gymnosporangium Cedar apple rust Apple and Pear (exotic strains) juniperi-virginianae Erwinia papayae Bacterial crown rot Papaya Heilipus lauri Large seed weevil Avocado Erwinia spp. Mushy canker Papaya Heterodera avenae Cereal cyst nematode Grains (exotic strains) Eumerus amoenus Onion bulb fly Onion Heterodera carotae Carrot cyst nematode Vegetables Eumerus strigatus Lesser bulb fly Onion Heterodera filipjevi Cereal cyst nematode Grains European stone fruit yellows European stone fruit yellows EPPRD, Cherry, Summerfruit (exotic strains) phytoplasma Heterodera glycines Soybean cyst nematode Grains Fulmekiola serrata Oriental sugar cane thrips Sugarcane Heterodera latipons Cereal cyst nematode Grains Fusarium circinatum Pitch canker Plantation forest (exotic strains) Fusarium guttiforme Fusariosis Pineapple High plains virus (Unassigned) High plains virus EPPRD Fusarium mangiferae Mango malformation disease EPPRD, Mango Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter Citrus, Summerfruit, Fusarium mexicanum Mango malformation disease Mango Viticulture Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium wilt of chickpea Grains Homoeosoma electellum Sunflower moth Grains f. sp. ciceris

84 Table 32. High Priority Pests of Australia’s plant production industries (as at 31 December 2012)

Scientific name Common name Source20 Scientific name Common name Source20 Hoplostoma fuligineus Large hive beetle Honey bee Monilinia fructigena Brown rot EPPRD, Cherry, Summerfruit

Hylesia nigricans Burning moth Plantation forest Monilinia polystroma Asiatic brown rot Summerfruit ion t Hypothenemus obscurus Tropical nut borer Nuts Monochamus spp. Longhorn beetles Plantation forest including M. alternatus, Ips typographus Spruce bark beetle Plantation forest M. galloprovinicialis, produc

Lepidiota blanchardi Blanchard’s canegrub Sugarcane M. titillator, M. scutellatus t Lepidiota discedens Canegrub Sugarcane Mycosphaerella eumusae Eumusae leaf spot Banana Lepidiota pruinosa Pruinose canegrub Sugarcane Mycosphaerella fijiensis Black sigatoka EPPRD, Banana Lepidiota reuleauxi Ramu canegrub Sugarcane Mythimna unipuncta Armyworm EPPRD ralia’s plan ralia’s t Lepidiota stigma White canegrub Sugarcane Neonectria ditissima European canker Apple and Pear, Cherry us A

Leptinotarsa decemlineata Colorado potato beetle EPPRD, Potato Numonia pirivorella Pear fruit moth EPPRD o t

Powdery mildew Citrus s Leucopholis near armata Canegrub Sugarcane Oidium citri t Liothrips oleae Olive thrips Olive Oidium tingitanium Powdery mildew Citrus Liriomyza bryoniae Tomato leaf miner Vegetables Oligonychus perseae Persea mite Avocado Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leafminer Vegetables Orgyia thyellina White spotted tussock moth Plantation forest Liriomyza sativae American leafminer EPPRD, Onion, Vegetables Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus Rough strawberry weevil EPPRD

Liriomyza trifolii American serpentine Grains, Vegetables Pandemis cerasana Cherry brown tortrix Cherry Chapter 2: Threa leafminer Paracoccus marginatus Papaya mealy bug Papaya Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil EPPRD, Rice Paradasynus longirostris Hong Kong stink bug Lychee Little cherry virus 1 Little cherry virus 1 Cherry Parasa lepida Blue-striped nettle grub Mango (Unassigned) Passiflora chlorosis virus Passiflora chlorosis virus Passionfruit Little cherry virus 2 Little cherry virus 2 Cherry (Potyvirus) (Ampelovirus) Passionfruit crinkle virus Passionfruit crinkle virus Passionfruit Luteovirus (suspected) Blue disease Cotton (Potyvirus) Lygus hesperus Western plant bug EPPRD, Strawberry Passionfruit ringspot virus Passionfruit ringspot virus Passionfruit Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug Cotton, Strawberry (Potyvirus) Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth complex Apple and Pear, Passionfruit severe leaf Passionfruit severe leaf Passionfruit Plantation forest distortion virus (Begomovirus) distortion virus Lymantria monacha Nun moth Plantation forest Passionfruit Sri Lankan mottle Passionfruit Sri Lankan mottle Passionfruit potyvirus Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast EPPRD, Rice virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit vein clearing Passionfruit Maize dwarf mosaic virus Maize dwarf mosaic virus Grains Passionfruit vein clearing virus rhabdovirus (Potyvirus) (Rhabdovirus) Passionfruit yellow mosaic Passionfruit Mayetiola destructor Hessian fly EPPRD, Grains Passionfruit yellow mosaic virus (Tymovirus) virus Mayetiola hordei Barley stem gall midge Grains Peach rosette mosaic virus Peach rosette mosaic virus Summerfruit Meromyza saltatrix Wheat stem maggot Grains (Nepovirus)

85 Table 32. High Priority Pests of Australia’s plant production industries (as at 31 December 2012)

Scientific name Common name Source20 Scientific name Common name Source20 Peridroma saucia Variegated cutworm EPPRD Podosphaera clandestina Powdery mildew of cherry Cherry var. clandestina (exotic strains)

ion Perkinsiella bicoloris Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane t Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail EPPRD, Rice Perkinsiella diagoras Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane Popillia japonica Japanese beetle Summerfruit Perkinsiella lalokensis Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane

produc Potato mop top virus Potato mop top virus Potato t Perkinsiella papuensis Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane (Pomovirus) Perkinsiella rattlei Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane Potato spindle tuber viroid Potato spindle tuber viroid EPPRD, Potato Perkinsiella saccharivora Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane (Pospiviroidae) Perkinsiella vastatrix Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane Prays oleae Olive moth Olive ralia’s plan ralia’s t Perkinsiella vitiensis Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane Procontarinia spp. Mango gall midge Mango us

A (exotic species)

o Peronophythora litchii Brown blight Lychee t Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug Viticulture s

t Peronosclerospora Philippine downy mildew Grains, Sugarcane philippinensis of maize Pseudomonas syringae Avocado blast Avocado pv. syringae (exotic strains) Peronosclerospora sacchari Sugarcane downy mildew EPPRD, Sugarcane Pseudopezicula tetraspora Angular leaf scorch Viticulture Peronosclerospora sorghi Downy mildew of sorghum Grains Pseudopezicula tracheiphila Rotbrenner Viticulture Peronosclerospora spontanea Downy mildew Sugarcane Pseudotheraptus wayi Coconut bug Lychee Phakopsora euvitis Grapevine leaf rust EPPRD, Viticulture Chapter 2: Threa Psila rosae Carrot rust fly Vegetables Phoma tracheiphila Mal Secco EPPRD Puccinia asparagi Asparagus rust EPPRD Phomopsis helianthi Sunflower stem canker Grains Puccinia coronata f. sp. hordei Crown rust of barley Grains Phymatotrichum omnivorum Texas root rot EPPRD, Cherry, Cotton Puccinia graminis f. sp. hordei Barley stem rust Grains Phytomyza gymnostoma Allium leaf miner Onion (exotic strains) Phytophthora fragariae Red steele root rot EPPRD, Strawberry Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Stem rust of wheat Grains var. fragariae (pathotype Ug99) Phytophthora infestans Potato late blight Potato Puccinia psidii sensu lato Eucalyptus rust Plantation forest A2 mating type (exotic strains) Phytophthora kernoviae Phytophthora blight Avocado Puccinia recondita Durum leaf rust Grains Phytophthora mengei Bark canker Avocado (exotic strains) Phytophthora pinifolia Dano foliar del Pino Plantation forest Puccinia spp. (exotic species) Rust Onion Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death EPPRD, Avocado, Puccinia striiformis Barley stripe rust Grains Plantation forest f. sp. hordei Planococcus ficus Vine mealybug Viticulture Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Wheat stripe rust Grains (exotic strains) Planotortrix octo Green headed leafroller Cherry Puccinia triticina Leaf rust Grains Plasmopara halstedii Sunflower downy mildew Grains (exotic strains) Platynota stultana Omnivorous leafroller Viticulture Pulvinaria iceryi Pulvinaria scale Sugarcane Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus EPPRD, Cherry, Summerfruit Pyrilla perpusilla Sugarcane pyrilla Sugarcane 86 Table 32. High Priority Pests of Australia’s plant production industries (as at 31 December 2012)

Scientific name Common name Source20 Scientific name Common name Source20 Raffaelea lauricola Laurel wilt Avocado Sugarcane streak mosaic Sugarcane streak mosaic EPPRD, Sugarcane virus (Unassigned)

Ralstonia solanacearum, Moko EPPRD, Banana ion race 2 Sugarcane white leaf White leaf EPPRD, Sugarcane t phytoplasma Raspberry ringspot virus Raspberry ringspot virus Strawberry (Nepovirus) Synchytrium endobioticum Potato wart Potato produc Red clover vein mosaic virus Red clover vein mosaic virus Grains Teratosphaeria gauchensis Coniothyrium eucalyptus Plantation forest t (Carlavirus) canker Rhagoletis completa Walnut husk fly Nuts Teratosphaeria zuluensis Coniothyrium eucalyptus Plantation forest canker Rhagoletis fausta Black cherry fruit fly Cherry ralia’s plan ralia’s

Tetramoera schistaceana Sugarcane shoot borer Sugarcane t Rhagoletis indifferens Western cherry fruit fly Cherry us

Tetranychus piercei Spider mite EPPRD, Banana A

Rhagoletis pomonella Apple maggot Apple and Pear, Cherry o Tetranychus turkestani Strawberry spider mite Cotton t Bulb mite Onion s Rhizoglyphus callae t Thrips tabaci (exotic strains/ Onion thrips Onion Rhizoglyphus setosus Bulb mite Onion biotypes) Roesleria subterranea Grape root rot EPPRD Tilletia barclayana Kernel smut of rice EPPRD, Rice Scirpophaga excerptalis Top shoot borer Sugarcane Tilletia indica Karnal bunt EPPRD, Grains Scirtothrips aurantii South African citrus thrips EPPRD, Citrus Tomato black ring virus Tomato black ring virus Strawberry

Scirtothrips perseae Avocado thrips Avocado (Nepovirus) Chapter 2: Threa Sesamia grisescens Stem borer EPPRD, Sugarcane Tomato ringspot virus Tomato ringspot virus Strawberry (Nepovirus) Sesamia inferens Pink stem borer Sugarcane Tomicus piniperda Pine shoot beetle Plantation forest Sitobion avenae Wheat aphid Grains Toxotrypana curvicauda Papaya fly Papaya Slow paralysis virus (Iflavirus) Slow paralysis virus Honey bee Tribolium castaneum Rust red flour beetle EPPRD Sorghum mosaic virus Sorghum mosaic virus Sugarcane (phosphine resistant) (Potyvirus) Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle EPPRD, Grains, Rice Sphaceloma perseae Avocado scab Avocado Tropilaelaps clareae Tropilaelaps mite Honey bee Spiroplasma citri Stubborn Citrus Tropilaelaps mercedesae Tropilaelaps mite Honey bee Stagonospora sacchari Leaf scorch EPPRD, Sugarcane Unknown Ramu stunt disease EPPRD, Sugarcane Stenoma catenifer Avocado seed moth Avocado Unknown (suspected Longan and lychee witches’ Lychee Sternochetus frigidus Mango pulp weevil EPPRD, Mango phytoplasma) broom disease Strawberry latent ringspot Strawberry latent ringspot Strawberry Uredo rangelii Myrtle rust EPPRD virus (Nepovirus) virus Urocerus gigas Giant wood wasp Plantation forest Strymon megarus Pineapple fruit borer Pineapple Uromyces viciae-fabae Lentil rust Grains Sugarcane grassy shoot Grassy shoot Sugarcane (lentil strain) phytoplasma Varroa destructor Varroa mite Honey bee Sugarcane mosaic virus Sugarcane mosaic virus Sugarcane (Potyvirus) (exotic strains) Varroa jacobsoni Varroa mite Honey bee

87 Table 32. High Priority Pests of Australia’s plant production industries (as at 31 December 2012)

Scientific name Common name Source20 Verticillium dahliae Verticillium wilt EPPRD, Cotton, Olives (defoliating strain)

uction Verticillium longisporum Canola verticillium wilt Grains d Vespa spp. (exotic species) Hornets Honey bee pro

Watermelon bud necrosis Watermelon bud necrosis Vegetables virus (Tospovirus) plant

s ’ Watermelon silver mottle virus Watermelon silver mottle Vegetables (Tospovirus) virus Wheat spindle streak mosaic Wheat spindle streak mosaic EPPRD

ustralia virus (Bymovirus) virus A

to X disease phytoplasma Peach X disease EPPRD, Cherry, Summerfruit

Xanthomonas alfalfae subsp. Bacterial spot Citrus citrumelonis reats Xanthomonas ampelina Bacterial blight Viticulture Xanthomonas axonopodis Xanthomonas leaf blight Onion er 2: Th

t pv. allii Xanthomonas axonopodis Bacterial blight Passionfruit Chap pv. passiflorae Xanthomonas campestris Bacterial canker Avocado (avocado strain) Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Citrus canker EPPRD, Citrus Xanthomonas citri subsp. Angular leaf spot EPPRD, Cotton malvacearum Xanthomonas fragariae Strawberry angular leaf spot EPPRD, Strawberry Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease EPPRD, Cherry, Citrus, Nuts, Summerfruit, Viticulture Xylosandrus compactus Black twig borer Mango

88 Case study: Taking biosecurity to students – The Scientists and Mathematicians in Schools program The Scientists and Mathematicians in Schools (SMiS) program has been working uction

in schools to raise awareness of biosecurity among the next generation. Seeking d to bring the practice of real world science and mathematics to children, SMiS pro brings together scientists or mathematicians and teachers and students in primary and secondary schools across Australia. plant

s In 2012, SMiS organised for a senior research ecologist in the Northern Territory ’ to teach students about pest ant invasions and the use of native ants as bio-indicators. Students trapped and identified ants, contributing to ant data worldwide as part of the School of Ants project. ustralia A to In north Queensland, a plant health scientist involved high school students in practical fruit fly and ant surveillance activities. This raised their awareness of the impact of invasive pests and diseases that threaten Queensland’s primary reats industries and the natural environment. Students were able to visit Biosecurity Queensland’s facilities in Cairns, to see science in action in their local community. er 2: Th t Since the SMiS program began in July 2007, over 3,000 partnerships have been established in 1,300 schools across Australia. Chap

In addition to inspiring teachers and students, the program aims to broaden awareness of the variety of careers available in science and maths.

Scientists and Mathematicians in Schools is funded by the Australian Government Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations and managed by CSIRO Education. For further information visit www.scientistsinschools.edu.au.

Queensland students learning about fruit flies during their visit to Biosecurity Queensland facilities. Image courtesy of Scientists in Schools Image courtesy of Cotton Australia 89 2.2 australia’s regionalised pests

Despite Australia’s relative freedom from many serious pests, some have found their way into the country and are now under active management to limit their impact. Australia’s

uction geographic size and varied climatic zones create internal barriers that limit the spread of d pests. Of particular significance are Australia’s arid interior (which separates WA from the pro eastern states) and Bass Strait (which separates Tasmania from mainland Australia).

These natural geographic and climatic barriers together with active ongoing management plant

s ’ programs have resulted in many pest species being effectively contained in regionalised areas. These areas are often defined by state boundaries, production zones or geographic regions. Pests under active management are carefully monitored to ensure that

ustralia management remains effective and that the pests do not move out of these defined A boundaries. This means that although the pest is no longer exotic to Australia, many to of the country’s production areas are still classified as free from the pest and therefore meet export phytosanitary requirements. reats Most management activities for regionalised pests are undertaken by state and territory governments. However, for many pests, effective management depends upon industry er 2: Th

t and national government participation.

Chap Table 33 lists the pests that are presently being regulated or contained within each state or territory. This list is not inclusive of all pests found within Australia.

90 Image courtesy of Raspberries and Blackberries Australia Table 33. Australia’s regionalised pests (as at 31 December 2012)

Scientific Name Common Name Area of Regionalisation Scientific Name Common Name Area of Regionalisation New South Wales Selenothrips rubrocinctus Red-banded thrips Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Adelaide River, Pine Creek, Katherine Bactrocera tryoni Queensland fruit fly Endemic within all of NSW excluding the Fruit Fly Exclusion Zone and the Pest Free Sternochetus mangiferae Mango seed weevil Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Area of NSW – regulated via Order 0434 Batchelor, Adelaide River uction d and Order 0437 Tetranycus gloveri Glovers mite Darwin rural area pro Banana bunchy top virus Banana bunchy Far North Coast, NSW – regulated via Order Thrips palmi Melon thrips Darwin rural area (Babuvirus) top virus 77 under the Plant Diseases Act 1924

Queensland plant Grapevine Present within the NSW Phylloxera Infested Daktulosphaira vitifolii s phylloxera Zone, comprised of the Sydney and the Aleurodicus dispersus Spiraling whitefly Torres Strait Islands, Cape York Peninsula, ’ Albury/Corowa region as defined in Mareeba, Charters Towers, coastal towns Proclamation P176 of the NSW Plant south to Bundaberg

Diseases Act 1924 No.38 Anoplolepis gracilipes Yellow crazy ant Populations dotted in various locations ustralia A Fusarium oxysporum Panama disease Far North Coast, NSW – as defined in spanning Cairns to the Gold Coast to

f. sp. cubense Proclamation P204 under the Plant Apis cerana Asian honey bee Known infested area of the Asian honey (race 4 subtropical) Diseases Act 1924 bee is restricted to around Cairns, north to reats Ralstonia solanacearum Bacterial wilt in Endemic in NSW excluding the NSW Seed Bonnie Doon (near Mossman), west of potatoes Protected Areas as defined in Proclamation Atherton and Mareeba and south to South P128 of the NSW Plant Diseases Act 1924 Johnstone er 2: Th No.38 Banana bunchy top virus Bunchy top Noosa south to the NSW border t Spongospora subterranea Powdery scab in Endemic in NSW excluding the NSW Seed (Babuvirus) Chap potatoes Protected Areas as defined in Proclamation Deanolis sublimbalis Red banded Far northern Cape York Peninsula P128 of the NSW Plant Diseases Act 1924 mango caterpillar No.38 Fusarium oxysporum Panama disease Race 1 – endemic throughout banana Northern Territory f. sp. cubense (race 1, growing regions Aleuroides dispersus Spiraling whitefly Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, race 2, race 4 subtropical) Race 2 – South Johnstone and Cairns Katherine Race 4 (subtropical) – South-East Queensland as far north as Rosedale Queensland fruit fly Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Bactrocera tryoni (approx 30 km north of Bundaberg) Katherine, Tennant Creek, Alice Springs Idioscopus clypealis, Mango leafhopper Idioscopus clypealis – Cape York Peninsula Bemisia tabaci Silver leaf whitefly Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area. Idioscopus nitidulus and Mareeba area, Idioscopus nitidulus Katherine – Cape York Peninsula only Brontispa longissima Palm leaf beetle Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area Mycosphaerella fijiensis Black sigatoka Some northern and eastern Torres Strait Citripestis eutrapera Mango Fruit Borer Darwin, Darwin rural area, Katherine Islands Fusarium mangiferae Mango Darwin, Darwin rural area, Adelaide River Papaya ringspot virus Papaya ringspot South-East Queensland as far north as malformation (Potyvirus) virus Bundaberg area disease Procontarinia sp. Mango leaf gall Torres Strait and northern tip of Cape York Fusarium oxysporum Panama disease Darwin rural area midge Peninsula f. sp. cubense Solenopsis invicta Red imported fire South East Queensland (parts of Brisbane, (race 4 tropical) ant Ipswich, Lockyer, Redland, Logan, Idioscopus nitidulus Mango leaf hopper Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Somerset and Scenic Rim councils) Adelaide River, Pine Creek, Katherine Sugarcane Fiji disease Fiji disease Sugarcane Pest Quarantine Areas (PQAs) Parlatoria blanchardi Date palm scale Alice Springs virus (Fijivirus) 4, 5, 6, and 7

91 Table 33. Australia’s regionalised pests (as at 31 December 2012)

Scientific Name Common Name Area of Regionalisation Scientific Name Common Name Area of Regionalisation Queensland continued Fusarium oxysporum Panama disease Present in Carnarvon WA. Host material f. sp. cubense (race 1) restricted from movement to rest of State

ion Sugarcane mosaic virus Sugarcane mosaic Sugarcane PQAs 5 and 6 t (Potyvirus) virus Hylotrupes bajalus European house Perth – urban and peri-urban. Under borer surveillance Sugarcane striate mosaic Sugarcane striate Sugarcane PQA 3 virus (Carlavirus) mosaic virus Oryzaephilus surinamensis Sawtooth grain Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for produc

t beetle insecticide resistant strains Thrips palmi Melon thrips South-East Queensland as far north as Bundaberg area. North Queensland Pentalonia nigronervosa Banana aphid Present in Carnarvon. Host material – coastal areas from Ayr to Mossman, restricted from movement to rest of the and Atherton Tablelands State

ralia’s plan ralia’s Ustilago scitaminea Sugarcane smut Sugarcane PQAs 2, 4, 5 and 6 Plodia interpunctella Indian meal moth Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for t insecticide resistant strains

us Wasmannia auropunctata Electric ant Far north Queensland, Cairns region and A Bingle Bay Potato spindle tuber viroid PSTVd Present in Carnarvon o t

s Victoria Pythium tracheiphilum Lettuce blight Gingin and Perth metropolitan area t Bactrocera tryoni Queensland fruit fly Permanent fruit fly zone (refer to specific Rhyzopertha dominica Lesser grain borer Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for orders) insecticide resistant strains Daktulosphaira vitifolii Grape phylloxera Phylloxera infested zone (PIZ) (refer to Sitophilus granarius Granary weevil Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for specific orders) insecticide resistant strains Globodera rostochiensis Potato cyst Control Area (CA) and Plant Protection Sitophilus oryzae Rice weevil Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for nematode District (PPD) (refer to specific orders) insecticide resistant strains Chapter 2: Threa Western Australia Sitotroga cerealella Angoumois grain Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for moth insecticide resistant strains Aethina tumida Small hive beetle Present in Kimberley region WA. Host material restricted from movement to rest Thrips palmi Melon thrips Present in Kimberley – northern WA (low of state pest prevalence area) Bactrocera tryoni Queensland fruit fly Incursions in Perth metropolitan area Tribolium castaneum Rust red flour Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Bemisia tabaci (B biotype) Silverleaf whitefly Present in Perth and Carnarvon. Host material restricted from movement to Tribolium confusum Confused flour Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for Kununurra beetle insecticide resistant strains Brontispa longissima Palm leaf beetle Present in Broome. Host material restricted Trogoderma variabile Warehouse beetle Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for from movement to rest of the state insecticide resistant strains Ceratitis capitata Mediterranean Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for Vespula germanica European wasp Incursions in Perth metropolitan area fruit fly movement and control in specified areas Cosmopolites sordidus Banana weevil Present in Kununurra. Host material borer restricted from movement to rest of the State Cryptolestes ferrugineus Fat grain beetle Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Cryptolestes pusillus Flat grain beetle Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains

92 2.3 responses to Emergency Plant Pests

With increasing global trade and tourism (there was a record 29.8 million arrivals and uction departures in Australia in 201221, up from 17.2 million 10 years ago) and the potential for d

pests to enter via natural routes, it is unrealistic to establish policy around a ‘zero likelihood pro of entry’. plant Pest incursions occur despite best preventative efforts, and will continue to do so. Such s ’ incursions can have a significant impact on the economic viability of Australia’s plant production industries.

Coordinated, rapid and comprehensive responses to pest incursions provide the best ustralia A

approach to minimising the direct and associated impacts of plant pests. The ratification to of the EPPRD in October 2005 significantly increased Australia’s capacity to prepare for, and respond to, incursions by providing both a policy and operational framework for EPP reats responses. Pests covered under the EPPRD are classified as EPPs (Section 4.1, page 146) and are considered to be of national significance. er 2: Th Table 34 (page 94) identifies the status of emergency responses to EPPs and other t significant pests as at 31 December 2012. In addition, there were a number of new pests detected in Australia in 2012 for which no further action was required or for which initial Chap investigations are still ongoing (Table 35, page 95).

21 Australian Bureau of Statistics (2012) Overseas Arrivals and Departures, Australia, Dec 2012, cat. no. 3401.0. ABS, Canberra.

Image courtesy of PHA 93 Table 34. Emergency responses to plant pests under EPPRD arrangements

Scientific name Common name Industry Affected Region Past Action Current situation and status Cantereus aperta Green snail Lucerne, leafy vegetables, Cobram, Vic A technical discussion paper was prepared CCEPP was last convened on 9 August cereal crops, lupins, in 2012 that assessed eradication and 2012 and recommended that active ion

t pasture grasses and management options. containment be maintained by Victoria until native plants categorisation completed. Categorisation Group convened in September 2012; however unanimous agreement was produc

t not reached by Relevant Parties on the recommendations in relation to the defintion of Green snail as an EPP, the open pathway for movement of material from WA and anticipated economic impacts. The matter

ralia’s plan ralia’s has been referred to the PHA Board for t determination (as required under the us

A EPPRD). o t

s Conopomorpha Cocoa pod borer Cocoa, rambutan Mossman, Qld Detected June 2011. Queensland detected The NMG agree to the response plan in t cramerella Cocoa pod borer on a commercial cocoa August 2011, and the eradication program plantation near Port Douglas. is stil continuing. Cryphonectria parasitica Chestnut blight Chestnuts Eurobin, Vic Eradication commenced in September The eradication program is continuing. 2010. The NMG agreed to a Response Chestnut blight has been detected on Plan in November 2010. eleven properties. All affected trees have been destroyed.

Chapter 2: Threa Fusarium mangiferae Mango malformation Mango Childers and Dimbulah, Eradication is deemd successful in Humpty CCEPP is considering a draft national disorder Qld and NT Doo, NT and Caboolture, Qld. Affected management plan for Mango malformation trees in other areas have been destroyed. disorder. Fusarium Mango malformation Nursery and garden Melbourne, Vic CCEPP convened on 4 September 2012 Work is underway to determine the sterilihyphosum disease in mangoes; and agreed that the impact of this detection pathogenicity of F.sterilihyphosum on no common name in be considered on the wider mango mangoes and its relationship to other Tibouchina malformation disorder complex. Fusarium in the mango malformation disorder complex. Potato spindle tuber Potato spindle tuber Wild gooseberry, tomatoes, Kununurra WA, Virginia First detected in September 2009 in Due to the increasing number of detections viroid (Pospiviroidae) viroid capsicum, white potoato SA, Carnarvon WA (2), Carnarvon WA. Response activities involved a national surveillance program was vine Toowoomba Qld, destroying all infected plants and undertaken in 2012 to determine the Mansfield Vic implementing strict quarantine and hygiene status of the pest. measures. Xanthomonas fragariae Strawberry angular leaf Strawberry Bundaberg, Qld Detected in May 2010. Infected plants have A proposal for declaring eradication is being spot been destroyed and delimiting surveys have prepared. been undertaken.

94 Table 35. Pest detections notified under EPPRD arrangements that did not result in a formal cost-shared emergency response*

Scientific name Common name Region Scientific name Common name Region Acalox ptychocarpi Chadstone, Vic Golovinomyces biocellatus Powdery mildew on thyme Mareeba, Qld

Acrae terpsicore Tawny coster Wagait and Dundee, NT Golovinomyces c.f. orontii Powdery mildew clitoria Palmerston, NT ion t Aloephagus myersi Aloe aphid Quinns Rock, WA Helicotylenchus dihystera Spiral nematode Leongatha South, Vic Aphelenchoides fragariae Foliar nematode Leongatha South, Vic Heterodera schachtii Cyst nematode Cranbourne, Vic produc Aphthona bicolorata Leaf beetle Mabuiag Island, Qld High plains virus (Unassigned) High plains virus Corrigin and Kulin, WA t Ascochyta hyalospora Leaf spot of quinoa South Perth, WA Kuehneola garugae Rust on garuga Claudie River Crossing, Qld Calonectria pteridis Leaf spot on golden cane Gordonvale, Qld Leucostoma persoonii Leucostoma canker Donnybrook, WA palm Microdiplodia pittosporum Leaf spot on Pittosporum Hastings, Vic plan ralia’s t Calonectria sulawesiensis Blight Biboorah Tablelands, Qld ralphii us

of custard apple A

Narcissus degeneration virus Narcissus degeneration virus Perth, WA o Candidatus Phytoplasma sp. Potato phytoplasma Knoxfield, Vic t s

cv. White Lady Nerine latent virus Nerine latent virus Perth, WA t Cannococcus ikshu Mealybug Kununurra, WA Oidium clitoriae Powdery mildew clitoria Parada, far North Queensland, Qld Cerotelium fici Leaf rust Glandore, SA Oligonychus ununguis Spruce spider mite Lockleys, SA Citrus exocortis viroid Citrus exocortis viroid Somerset, Tas Paratrichodorus lobatus Stubby root nematode Forestdale, WA Colletotrichum asianum Narangba, Qld and C. queenslandicum Paratrichodorus minor Stubby root nematode Wanilla, Southern Eyre Chapter 2: Threa Peninsula, SA Coniella fragariae Kendenup, WA Pleonectria pinicola Bombala, NSW Corynespora cassiicola Corynespora leaf spot Carnarvon, WA Pratylenchus penetrans Root lesion nematode Cranbourne, Vic Corynespora cassiicola Corynespora leaf spot Leongatha, Vic Pseudomonas syringae Bacterial blight of leek Gatton, Qld Corythucha ciliata Sycamore lace bug Barnawartha, Rutherglen, pv. porri Shepparton, Wodonga, Yarrawonga, Vic Pythium camurandrum Devon Meadows and Clyde, Vic Cryptolestes cornutus Bark beetle Willie Creek/Kununurra, WA Pythium rostratifingens Devon Meadows Diplodia seriata Harcourt North, Vic and Clyde, Vic Echinothrips americanus Poinsettia Thrips Daintree, Qld Pythium tracheiphilum Devon Meadows and Clyde, Vic Erisyphe diffusa Powdery mildew on soybean Bowenville, Qld Pythium vanterpoolii Devon Meadows Fusarium brachygibbosum Perth, WA and Clyde, Vic Fusarium sterilihyphosum Melbourne, Vic Rotylenchulus reniformis Reniform nematode Theodore, QLD Fusarium tricinctum Wellstead, WA Saissetia miranda Mexican black scale Hammond Island/Torres Fusarium venenatum Mt Barker, WA Strait, Qld Fusicladium sp. Leaf spot on Ash Glenroy, Vic Garlic virus X Garlic virus X Perth, WA * Some pests listed in this table are still under investigation and an emergency response may be undertaken. These pests may be new detections, extensions of range or new host records.

95 Table 35. Pest detections notified under EPPRD arrangements that did not result in a formal cost-shared emergency response Case study: Containing Bitou bush along NSW Scientific name Common name Region beaches Schizotetranychus baltazari Citrus green mite Angurugu and Umbakumba Bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata) is a highly invasive plant ion t on Groote Eylandt and from South Africa commonly seen along beaches in NSW. From 1945 to 1968, Bickerton Island, NT Bitou bush was planted in large parts of coastal NSW to stabilise sand dunes Sclerophthora macrospora Crazy top of maize Bairnsdale, Vic and revegetate dunes after sand mining. Deliberate planting ceased in 1968 due produc

t to increasing concerns about its invasive potential, but Bitou bush went on to Septoria sp. Septoria leaf spot Cobram, Vic colonise large areas of coastal NSW, parts of south-east Queensland and eastern Sphaeropsis sapinea Diplodia blight of pine Melbourne, Vic Victoria. Stenchaeothrips biformis Oriental rice thrips Gordenvale, Qld Bitou bush was categorised as a noxious weed in NSW and Queensland in

ralia’s plan ralia’s Thekopsora minima Blueberry leaf rust Bundaberg, Qld t 1981 and Victoria in 1997. In 2000, it was listed as one of the original 20 Weeds

us Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid Tomato chlorotic dwarf Semaphore, SA of National Significance (Table 36, page 99) and a national strategy for addressing A

o disease the problem was devised. t s

t Verticillium tricorpus Verticillium wilt Leongatha, Vic In 1995, a northern Bitou bush containment line was established along the Tweed Vialaea minutella Mutchilba, Qld River on the NSW-Queensland border in an effort to prevent further spread into Vryburgia amaryllidis Lily bulb mealybug Atwell and Currambine, WA Queensland. In 2002, the southern containment line was established at Tuross Heads in southern NSW. Xanthogaleruca luteola Elm leaf beetle Kingston, ACT Over the past two decades a collaborative group of land managers has

Chapter 2: Threa strategically controlled Bitou bush and moved the northern containment line 35 kilometres south to the boundary of the Tweed and Byron Shires, and the Southern containment line 105 kilometres northward, to a point just south of Sussex Inlet.

The management of Bitou bush by the National Bitou bush and Boneseed Management Group and the National Bitou bush and Boneseed Strategic Plan, has put an emphasis on maintaining and improving the containment lines, eradicating all outlier infestations, reducing the density of infestations and protecting key assets within the core infestations.

Bitou bush invasion of coastal sand dunes. Image courtesy of H. Cherry

Bridal creeper. Image courtesy of CSIRO 96 2.4 managing weed threats in Australia

The scope of Australia’s biosecurity system covers more than invertebrates and pathogens with a range of activities in place to address the threat posed by weeds22. Weeds are among the most serious threats to Australia’s natural environment and plant production industries. They displace native species, contribute to land degradation, and uction d reduce productivity. Many are also developing herbicide resistance, making their management even more difficult. pro

While there are many potential weed species that have not yet become established in Australia, an estimated 2,300 species currently impact the natural environment and a further 1,000 impact plant production. The total economic cost plant

23 s of these weeds has been estimated at over $4 billion annually . Managing and responding to weed threats involves all ’ levels of government, industry and the community. Legislation across the country sets out varying roles for governments to manage weeds on public and private lands. ustralia A to Weed prevention The Australian Government, through DAFF, develops and operationalises quarantine policy for plant imports through Weed Risk Assessments (WRAs) for all exotic plant species before importation and to use when conducting border inspections. reats Plant import policies have been considerably tightened over the last 15 years with the implementation of mandatory WRAs and the development of the Permitted Seeds List. Weeds are also an integral part of the Northern Australian Quarantine er 2: Th Strategy (NAQS) surveillance activities in Australia’s north and neighbouring countries. t

State, territory and local governments have responsibility for weed management within their jurisdictions, which is Chap exercised through the primary industries and environmental departments. Each state and territory has herbaria that house collections of weed species to support weed management activities. The herbaria generally also conduct weed identifications and provide other services to state agencies and the community.

At the local level, weed surveillance is undertaken by most local governments, which report new weed incursions in their areas. Plant production industries and their growers manage weeds on their properties to reduce the impact on plant production playing an integral part of the weed detection and reporting network.

Community-based weed spotter programs are in place in many states and local areas. Volunteers in these groups actively report new weed detections in their local areas, and are generally supported in their activities by government agencies.

22 Cattanach, G., Harris, A and Horne, J. (2012) Mapping Australia’s Weed Management System. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, June 2012. 23 Sinden, J., Jones, R., Hester, S.M., et. al. (2005) The economic impact of weeds in Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly 20 (1): 25-32.

Image courtesy of PHA 97 Eradication and containment The Australian Government, state and territory governments manage and coordinate Local councils are responsible for weed management on lands that they own, control national cost-shared invasive weed eradication programs through SCoPI, the Consultative or manage, which includes conservation reserves and roadside verges, and some Committee on Exotic Plant Incursions (CCEPI) and the Australian Weeds Committee jurisdictions conduct weed inspections on private land.

ion (AWC). t Local community groups support the activities of industry and governments in weed Currently these programs target four weed species in Australia24: management. Formal organisations such as Landcare, Conservation Volunteers Australia and Greening Australia together with smaller informal groups such as local ‘friends of’

produc • Koster’s curse (Clidemia hirta)

t groups, organise volunteers to restore and maintain local bushland. • Limnocharis (Limnocharis flava) • Mikania Vine (Mikania micrantha) Partnerships between governments, local industry and the community are facilitated through the establishment of 56 Natural Resource Management regions across Australia. • Miconia (Miconia calvescens, M. racemosa, M. nervosa) These regions are based on catchments or bioregions and allow the management of ralia’s plan ralia’s t Branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) was removed from these eradication programs investment in the natural resources of these areas, including weeds. us

A in July 2012. It was nationally agreed that Branched broomrape can’t be eradicated, with

o In addition, the Australian Government provides funding for natural resource management t a Transition to Management program implemented for two years. The aim of the transition

s through the Caring for our Country program. In 2010–11, over $91 million was provided t to management program is to contain Branched broomrape while industries, businesses to regional bodies for weed management. and individuals prepare and adopt risk management measures with a goal of long term management. Coordination of weed management In alignment with other pest responses, state and territory governments have primary responsibility for the delivery of the eradication and containment activities within their The AWC provides national coordination and strategic direction of weed management jurisdictions. in Australia. To support these activities, AWC developed the Australian Weeds Strategy, Chapter 2: Threa which provides a strategic framework and identifies priorities for weed management across Eradication and containment programs for weeds generally remain dependent on early Australia, with the aim of minimising the impact of weeds on environmental, economic and detection and a rapid response from governments and industry stakeholders. For instance, social assets. the majority of successful weed eradication campaigns occurred when the infested area was less than four hectares25. The Weeds of National Significance (WoNS) initiative, which is overseen by AWC, is a program that nationally coordinates the management of specific high impact weeds. In 2009, a transition to a rolling list of WoNS species, which would allow for the phasing Weed management down of species being effectively managed, was implemented. Given the reduced need Combating weeds at the farm level is an integral part of most farming systems. Problem for national coordination of the original 20 WoNS, 12 additional weeds were added to weeds and their management differ greatly between industries and regions, but most the WoNS list in 2012, and will be managed within the current capacity (see Table 36). production systems use chemical, non-chemical and cultural control methods. Some plant production industry peak bodies produce integrated weed management manuals or strategies and conduct extension, and the larger industry organisations conduct weed surveillance and research.

In Australian broadacre plant production industries, weeds are most commonly managed through competition with other plants, herbicide sprays, tillage, slashing, grazing, burning, or a combination of these measures through Integrated Weed Management. In horticulture based production systems, weeds control focus on mechanical cultivation and herbicide applications. No-till production systems, which use herbicides to control weeds, are now commonly implemented in Australia. 24 www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/weeds/weeds/lists/eradication.html. 25 Woldendorp, G., and Bomford, M. (2004) Weed eradication: Strategies, timeframes and costs. Australian Government Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra. 98 Table 36. Australia’s Weeds of National Significance

Common names Scientific name Common names Scientific name Inaugural WoNS – from 1999 WoNS added in April 2012 continued

Alligator weed Alternanthera philoxeroides Sagittaria Sagittaria platyphylla ion t Athel pine Tamarix aphylla Silverleaf nightshade Solanum elaeagnifolium Bitou bush/Boneseed Chrysanthemoides monilifera Water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes produc

Blackberry Rubus fruticosus agg. t Cabomba Cabomba caroliniana Chilean needle grass Nassella neesiana Gorse Ulex europaeus Case Study: Leaf-mining jewel beetle – A biological plan ralia’s t Hymenachne Hymenachne amplexicaulis control of Cat’s claw creeper us Lantana A Lantana camara o

New methods of weed control are constantly being sought in Australia. The Cat’s t

Mesquite Prosopis spp. s claw creeper (Dolichandra unguis-cati) is an aggressive climber that is endemic to t Mimosa Mimosa pigra tropical America and now is a target for biological control. This weed was originally used as an ornamental species in Queensland gardens, but has now spread and is Parkinsonia Parkinsonia aculeata a declared pest plant under Queensland legislation. Parthenium weed Parthenium hysterophorus Pond apple Annona glabra To support an integrated weed management approach to control this weed a Leaf-mining jewel beetle, Hylaeogena jureceki, that feeds on creeper plants in Prickly acacia Acacia nilotica subsp. indica Chapter 2: Threa South America has been undergoing host specificity testing for Australian species Rubber vine Cryptostegia grandiflora since 2009. Salvinia Salvinia molesta The Leaf-mining jewel beetle feeds on the leaves of Cat’s claw creeper, chewing Serrated tussock Nassella trichotoma holes in the leaves and laying their eggs on the leaf edges. The larvae then develop Willows, except Weeping willow, Pussy Salix spp. except S. babylonica, S. calodendron and feed within the leaves, reducing plant vigour and eventually causing plant willow and Sterile pussy willow and S. reichardtii death. WoNS added in April 2012 Trials conducted in Australia at the Alan Fletcher Research Station on 38 plant African boxthorn Lycium ferocissimum species from 11 families, support the results gained from South African studies Asparagus weeds Asparagus aethiopicus, A. africanus, A. which indicated that the Leaf-mining jewel beetle is highly host-specific and does asparagoides, A. declinatus, A. plumosus, not pose a risk to any non-target plant species in Australia. A. scandens Bellyache bush Jatropha gossypiifolia Following on from the Brooms Cytisus scoparius, Genista monspessulana, specificity trials, the Genista linifolia Leaf-mining jewel bug was approved for release Cat’s claw creeper Macfadyena unguis-cati in May 2012, with field Fireweed Senecio madagascariensis releases occurring in Gamba grass Andropogon gayanus Queensland in October Madeira vine Anredera cordifolia 2012. Opuntioid cacti Opuntia spp. (excludes O. ficus-indica), Cylindropuntia spp., Austrocylindropuntia spp. Cat’s claw creeper. Image courtesy of Bugwood.org 99 100 Chapter 3 Maintaining Australia’s plant biosecurity status The strength of Australia’s biosecurity system is built on its approach of ensuring action is taking place offshore, at the border and onshore (Figure 70). This approach not only reduces the threat of pests reaching and entering the country, but also ensures that Australia can mount a response to any exotic pest that enters the country.

The system has also evolved to one where the responsibility for biosecurity rests with the whole community, including government, industry and the wider public. Through this shared responsibility approach, all members of the Australian community play their part in maintaining our plant biosecurity status and contribute through their actions and funding. MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING

Image courtesy of NT DPIF

102 3.1 international trade

Australia gains significant economic benefits as a major net exporter of agricultural products, with around two-thirds of national agricultural production exported to overseas markets. Australia also benefits from importing a range of goods from overseas. Imports provide Australia access to a wide range of products, technology and services which enable economic growth in multiple sectors. The Australian tourism and education sectors are major industries and benefit from facilitating the safe movement of people across the border.

Figure 70. Key components of Australia’s plant biosecurity continuum

Offshore (Primary responsibility – DAFF)

• Risk analysis and import approvals (including import risk analysis & policy, risk management & communication) • Export market access negotiations • Offshore assessment, audit and verification • International standards development • Capacity building in overseas countries • Gathering global pest intelligence MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S 3: MAINTAINING ER At the border T (Primary responsibility – DAFF) HAP C • Implementation of risk management system • Policy implementation • Education & awareness • Inspection & monitoring • Enforcement & compliance

Onshore (Primary responsibility – DAFF, state & territory governments, PHA, plant industries and producers)

• Emergency preparedness • Practice/simulations • Education & awareness • Monitoring & surveillance • National coordination & response to pest incursions • Domestic quarantine • Pest management • Pre-emptive breeding

103 International agreements Consistent with its status as an active trading nation, Australia has entered into a number of multilateral and bilateral trade agreements that influence its plant biosecurity system. On a multilateral level, Australia’s rights and obligations in relation to plant biosecurity are set out under World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements, particularly the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement)26, although others, such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 199427, may apply in certain circumstances.

The SPS Agreement provides WTO Member countries with the right to use sanitary and phytosanitary measures to protect human, animal and plant life or health. The agreement also imposes a number of obligations, including that sanitary and phytosanitary measures cannot be used to inhibit trade where there is no danger to human, animal or plant health.

The WTO allows members to specify the level of protection that they consider appropriate to protect human, animal or plant life or health within their territory (this is known as the appropriate level of protection or acceptable level of risk) provided it is science based, is applied consistently and takes into account the objective of minimising negative trade effects. Australia’s appropriate level of protection, which reflects community expectations through Australian Government policy, is expressed as: ‘providing a high level of sanitary and phytosanitary protection aimed at reducing risk to a very low level, but not to zero.’28 All state and territory governments have agreed to this statement as the basis for the

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S 3: MAINTAINING national biosecurity system. Consistent with these requirements, Australia’s policy is to ER

T reduce biosecurity risk to a very low level, but not to zero, through the use of science- based risk assessments. HAP C Australia has a number of bilateral free trade agreements29 with other countries, each of which deals with biosecurity issues in a slightly different way. However, all agreements are consistent with the SPS Agreement and Australia does not negotiate on specific quarantine measures within its free trade agreements.

There are also multilateral agreements on plant protection to which Australia is a party that outline a number of responsibilities and obligations to members. These agreements also adopt standards to help harmonise phytosanitary measures.

26 The SPS agreement can be found at www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/spsagr_e.htm. 27 The GATT can be found at www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/06-gatt.pdf. 28 Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Import Risk Analysis Handbook 2011 available at www.daff.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/1897554/import-risk-analysis-handbook-2011.pdf. 29 Free trade agreements can be found at www.dfat.gov.au/fta/index.html.

104 Image courtesy of the Ricegrowers’ Association of Australia The International Plant Protection Convention Canberra Agreement The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) is an international agreement Australia is also a member of a second RPPO, the Pacific Plant Protection Organisation specifically protecting the world’s plant resources from the spread of serious pests (PPPO), which is an auxiliary body established under the then South Pacific Commission (including diseases and invasive species) in international trade. The IPPC is a body of the Canberra Agreement. The PPPO provides advice on phytosanitary measures to of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), from which it facilitate international trade whilst protecting the plant health status of parties. The Pacific receives program funding sourced from FAO assessed contributions. Other funding region covers Pacific island countries and US and French territories, together with Australia comes from donors. The IPPC is recognised by the SPS Agreement as the body and New Zealand. responsible for the establishment of phytosanitary standards relating to plants and plant products in international trade, as well as to anything that can act as a vector During 2012, the PPPO developed its strategic framework and then initiated its standards for the spread of plant pests. setting process. The first standard is now under development.

These standards, known as International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs)30, provide specific guidelines for the management of biosecurity issues, such as the development of pest risk analyses or guidelines for surveillance. Importantly, these standards are a means by which governments can harmonise their phytosanitary regulations. The standards not only reduce the number of pests moved through international trade, but also help facilitate safe trade. Australia, through DAFF, provides input into the: • Commission on Phytosanitary Measures, which oversees implementation of the IPPC. • IPPC Strategic Planning Group, which determines strategic priorities for IPPC activities. • IPPC Standards Committee and associated working groups responsible for the development of ISPMs.

In addition, Australia represented the South West Pacific region on several IPPC bodies in the first half of 2012. MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Reporting and exchange of information, including on pest status of parties, is available on the International Phytosanitary Portal at www.ippc.int.

The Plant Protection Agreement for the Asia and Pacific Region The Agreement establishes the Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission (APPPC), a Regional Plant Protection Body (RPPO) recognised under the IPPC. The APPPC covers phytosanitary issues relating to movement of pests in trade, pesticide use and regulation, and integrated pest management. Australia makes an annual, mandatory contribution to the APPPC following acceptance of amendments introducing this funding mechanism for the APPPC. The funding helps to support the work program of the APPPC.

The APPPC develops Regional Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (RSPMs) that deal with specific regional issues and support the region’s trade; they may also form the basis of an international standard. Australia is an active participant in the APPPC and its standards setting development. It implements relevant RSPMs, for example on training requirements for plant quarantine inspectors. Image courtesy of PHA

30 ISPMs are available at www.ippc.int/?id=13399. 105 Imports The importation of plants and plant products into Australia are regulated by the Australian The risk management measures recommended in risk assessments often become Government under the Quarantine Act 1908 and the Environment Protection and conditions required as part of import permits to manage the level of biosecurity risk to an Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, and where relevant, the Gene Technology Act 1989 acceptably low level. In some cases the recommended measures require arrangements and subordinate legislation. Import conditions must be met, and in many cases import that extend beyond the scope of conditions on an import permit. For example, a risk permits are required, under the Quarantine Proclamation 1998 for the importation of plant assessment may identify risk management measures that require preparatory work to and plant products. Permits may also be required under the Environment Protection and be undertaken by the exporting country to allow trade to occur. Australia has in place Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 in relation to the import of internationally endangered a comprehensive system of audit and compliance. This includes that before trade from species (CITES) and live specimens. an overseas country can commence, Australia must be confident that the required risk management measures have been properly implemented and can be maintained. The Import Conditions Database (ICON)31 contains the Australian import conditions for more than 20,000 foreign plant, animal, mineral and human commodities. It can be used by prospective importers to determine if a commodity intended for import requires a Exports quarantine permit and/or treatment, or if there are any other quarantine prerequisites. The provisions of the Export Control Act 1982 and its subordinate legislation provide the legal framework by which Australian producers can export their products. Exporters must Periodically, existing import conditions may require adjustments to reflect changes in risk meet both the requirements of the Act and any quarantine requirements of the importing status due to new information. In some circumstances a risk assessment is required if risk country. DAFF provides export and phytosanitary inspection, verification, and certification management measures have not been established. If a risk status for a similar good and services for plant and plant products in accordance with importing country requirements pest combination do exist, but the likelihood and/or consequences of entry, establishment and Australia’s international obligations. DAFF also has responsibility for the Australian or spread of pests or diseases could differ significantly from those previously assessed, a Wood Packaging Certification Scheme which enables Australia to provide ISPM 15 risk assessment may also be required. compliant wood packaging material for export. Risk assessment is an important part of Australia’s biosecurity protection. It helps the The Export Control (Plant and Plant Products) Orders 2011 provide standards for the Australian Government to consider the level of biosecurity risk that may be associated with export of: fresh fruits; fresh vegetables; dried fruits; prescribed grain; and plants or plant the importation of animals, plants and their products. Risk assessments are conducted by products for which a phytosanitary certificate, or any other official certificate, is required technical and scientific experts and can take several forms, such as import risk analyses, MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING by an importing country authority. Strong linkages are maintained with clients through pest risk assessments and policy reviews. For regulated imported risk analyses, there is a industry consultative committees, ensuring efficient and effective service delivery. The specified timeframe for completion of an assessment and a number of required actions, Grain and Plant Products Export Industry Consultative Committee and Horticulture including public consultation and a formal appeal process (Figure 71)32. Exports Consultative Committee are instrumental in developing effective operational Assessments are conducted in accordance with Australia’s obligations under the SPS responses to government policy and legislation. Agreement. For plant products, guidance is provided in ISPMs30, in particular ISPM 2 To assist exporters, the Manual of Importing Country Requirements (MICoR)33 provides (Framework for Pest Risk Analysis) and ISPM 11 (Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine information on export conditions required to export plants and plant products, including Pests, including analysis of environmental risks and living modified organisms). A pest fruit, vegetables, seeds, grains, cut flowers and timber from Australia. This includes details risk assessment is ‘the process of evaluating biological or other scientific and economic on import permits, phytosanitary certificates, additional declarations and/or treatments, evidence to determine whether an organism is a pest, whether it should be regulated and and also any other relevant export information and documentation. Information in MICoR the strength of any phytosanitary measures to be taken against it’ (ISPM 5, Glossary of is intended as a guide only and exporters should make their own enquiries in relation to Phytosanitary Terms). Where biosecurity risks are found to exceed the level acceptable to the importing country’s requirements. Australia, risk management measures are proposed to reduce risks to an acceptable level. Table 37 (page 108) details policy advice finalised to 31 December 2012, as well as draft The Export Documentation system supports the preparation of export documentation for policy advice that is currently in progress. primary produce prescribed under the Export Control Act 1982 and associated legislation. The system provides certification for grain and horticulture exports, as well as for meat, dairy, fish, hides, skins & wool. It accepts details of proposed exports from exporters, links 31 ICON is available at www.daff.gov.au/icon. these with the results of product inspections, and where the product is eligible, issues 32 Quarantine Regulations 2000, as outlined in the Import Risk Analysis Handbook 2011 available at www.daff.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/1897554/import-risk-analysis-handbook-2011.pdf. export permits, health certificates, certificates as to condition and phytosanitary certificates 33 MICoR is available at http://www.daff.gov.au/micor. to enable export. 106 Figure 71. DAFF import risk analysis flowchart

DAFF consults DAFF consults with state and territory with and seeks input from departments, SEWPaC and, applicant, industry and other where relevant, DHA relevant stakeholders

1. DAFF announces scope and approach to import risk analysis including formation of specialist risk analysis team if required

Note: Numbered steps occur 2. DAFF develops issues within overall regulated timeframe paper (where required for expanded IRAs) Steps with a specific regulated timeframe

SEWPaC Department of Sustainability, 3. DAFF publishes Environment, Water, Population and Communities the issues paper and consults DHA Department of Health and Ageing formally with stakeholders on ESG Eminent Scientific Group issues paper (where required IRA Import Risk Analysis for expanded IRAs) IRAAP Import Risk Analysis Appeals Panel

DAFF consults 4. DAFF undertakes with and seeks input from risk analysis and applicant, industry and other prepares draft report relevant stakeholders

5. DAFF publishes the draft report and consults formally with stakeholders MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S 3: MAINTAINING ER T

6. Draft report revised HAP

and finalised C

7. For expanded IRAs, the ESG reviews the revised draft IRA report, considers all stakeholder submissions and any relevant new information brought to its attention, assesses conflicting scientific views provided to it and reports to the Director of Quarantine

Yes Revision required?

No

8. DAFF prepares and Input from state publishes the provisional and territory departments final IRA report

Yes IRAAP considers appeal Appeal? and reports to the Director of Quarantine

No

Final report published Outcome addressed

107 Table 37. DAFF finalised and draft import policy advice

Policy Country (from) Year released Policy Country (from) Year released Finalised policy advice Mangosteen Indonesia 2012 Apple/pear (budwood) Generic 2002 Olive (plants approved sources) Generic 2003 Apples New Zealand 2007 Oranges (sweet) Italy 2005 Apples China 2010 Papaya Fiji 2002 Apples New Zealand (review) 2011 Pears Korea 1999 Apples (Fuji) Japan 1998 Pears China 2005 Avocado (revision) New Zealand 2007 Pears (Asian) China 2003 Bananas Philippines 2009 Pears (Ya) China 1998 Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous New Zealand, USA 2009 Permitted seeds All 2006 (capsicum, nursery stock, potato Persimmon Israel, Japan, Korea 2004 tubers, tamarillo fruit, tomato) Pineapple Philippines, Solomon 2002 Capsicum Korea 2009 Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand Cherries (to Western Australia) New Zealand 2003 Pineapple (de-crowned) Malaysia 2012 Citrus Egypt 2002 Pineapple (modification) Philippines, Solomon 2003 Citrus (revision) Israel 2003 Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand Durian Thailand 1999 Pome fruit testing China, Japan, Korea 2003 Durian (supplement) Thailand 2000 Seed contaminants (review of tolerances) All 2000 Ginger Fiji 2012 Stone fruit USA 2010 Grains Various 2006, 2007, 2008 Stone fruit (Western Australia) New Zealand 2006 MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Grapes (table) USA 2002 Sweet corn (seed) USA 2003 Grapes (table) Chile 2005 Tomato (truss) Netherlands 2003 Grapes (table) Korea 2011 Tomato (truss, review) New Zealand 2002 Grapes (table) China 2011 Wood packaging Generic 2006 Grapes (table; revisions) USA 2003, 2006 Draft policy advice (in progress) Lentil (seed and human consumption) All 2002 Apples USA 2009 Lettuce (re­instatement) New Zealand 2007 Drosophila suzukii (Spotted wing drosophila) All countries 2010 Limes (Tahitian) New Caledonia 2006 Fruit fly Pest Free Areas China 2009 Lychee/longan China, Thailand 2004 Grapes (table) India 2010 Maize (bulk) USA 2003 Lilium spp. Taiwan 2012 Mandarin (Unshu) Japan 2009 Lychee/Longan Taiwan, Vietnam 2012 Mangoes Philippines 1999 Phalaenopsis orchids (nursery stock) Taiwan 2009 Mangoes Taiwan 2006 Potato propogative material All countries 2012 Mangoes India 2008 Potatoes for processing New Zealand 2012 Mangoes Philippines (additional areas) 2010 Salacca Indonesia 2012 Mangoes India (revised conditions) 2011 Mangosteen Thailand 2004 108 Technical market access negotiations between Australia and its trading partners, in Case study: International cooperation – Australia close consultation with industry stakeholders, facilitate access to markets for Australian and East Timor producers by addressing phytosanitary issues. These include pest status and the availability of an effective measure to mitigate the introduction of pests. Pest status, the emergence of Two officers from East Timor’s (Timor-Leste) National Directorate for Quarantine new research and technology to support improved treatment rates, and trading partners’ and Biosecurity were hosted by the DAFWA for five weeks in 2012, to receive review of their import conditions mean that negotiations surrounding market improvement training in plant biosecurity activities. and market maintenance are increasingly the focus of technical market access activities to Sharing expertise on plant biosecurity activities through this collaborative training ensure that Australia can continue to export. allows the southeast Asian nation to improve biosecurity measures. This boosts Table 38 details market access achievements since 2000, including the creation of new biosecurity in the region generally, since an effective biosecurity system in East markets, improving opportunities in existing markets and maintenance of existing market Timor reduces the likelihood of pests of plant production industries being spread access. to the Australian mainland. “There are mutual benefits in strengthening biosecurity in both countries,” said For horticulture, the Office of Horticultural Market Access, an industry managed committee, DAFWA plant biosecurity director, Dr Shashi Sharma. “Strong efficient global supports the priorities of market access requests on behalf of Australia’s horticultural biosecurity is essential given the movement of vast numbers of people and goods industries. For grains, oilseeds, pulses, fodder, seeds and nuts, the Grains Industry Market around the world.” Access Forum provides a conduit between government and industry to ensure market access decisions are informed and prioritised in line with overall industry benefit. The five week program incorporated a broad range of biosecurity related training, including pest identification, entry quarantine protocols and screening of plant materials, lodging and maintaining herbarium and culture collection specimens, passenger and fresh commodities quarantine inspections, and incident management and response strategies.

The training program was funded by the Crawford Fund, a non-profit, non- government organisation dedicated to raising awareness of the benefits of MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING international agricultural research to Australia and developing countries.

Visiting East Timorese scientists Joaquim Cabral Joaquim and Abel learn DNA extraction techniques and Abel Ximenes receiving training certificates from with DAFF molecular biologist Vera Andjic in the Perth Dr Darryl Hardie and Dr Vincent Lanoiselet (DAFWA) Laboratory. Images courtesy of The Crawford Fund

Image courtesy of PHA 109 Table 38. Market access acheivements for plant production industries since 2000

Country Commodity Year Achieved Country Commodity Year Achieved Market access gained and restored South Korea Multiple products 2007 Bolivia Sunflower seed – sowing 2012 South Korea Mangoes 2007 Brazil Lychees – nursery stock 2004 South Korea Lupins 2008 Chile Grapevine – nursery stock 2012 South Korea Cherries (Tasmania) 2010 China Mangoes 2004 Taiwan Cherries – access reinstated for non-pest free areas 2010 China Citrus 2005 Taiwan Carrots 2012 China Table grapes 2010 Taiwan Whole lupins – processing 2012 Egypt Honey 2012 Thailand Seed potatoes (Victoria and Western Australia) 2006 European Union Citrus 2010 Thailand Potatoes – brushed ware 2006 India Kiwifruit 2010 United States Tomatoes – greenhouse 2003 India Pearl millet seed – sowing 2012 United States Cherries (Mainland) 2008 India Peanuts – processed 2009 United States Cottonseed – stockfeed 2012 Indonesia Table grapes, summerfruits and cherries 2012 Uruguay Hemp seeds – sowing 2012 Japan Cherries (Tasmania) 2005 Improvements in market access Japan Apples 2006 China Citrus – revised protocol 2009 Japan Citrus (Sunraysia) – seasonal freedom 2009 China Mangoes – revised protocol 2009 Japan Citrus – grapefruit 2010 China Apples (Tasmania) – improved conditions 2010 Morocco Olive – rooted cuttings 2004 India Oats 2008

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING New Zealand Multiple products (Goulburn Valley) – pest free area 2003 India Mangoes – irradiated 2008 New Zealand Mangoes – irradiated 2004 India Macadamia nuts 2011 New Zealand Bananas – resumption of trade 2006 India Citrus (unspecified) – more favourable temperatures and 2012 flexible conditions New Zealand Papaya 2006 India Citrus (unspecified) – 3 degree in-transit cold treatment 2012 New Zealand Lychees 2008 Indonesia Table Grapes – in-transit cold disinfestation 2008 Peru Olive – rooted cuttings 2003 Indonesia Citrus – in-transit cold disinfestation 2008 Peru Wax flower – rooted cuttings 2012 Indonesia Table grapes – in-transit cold disinfestation from 2011 Peru Paulowina – rooted cuttings 2012 non-pest free areas Peru Sorghum seed – sowing 2012 Indonesia Citrus – in-transit cold disinfestation from non-pest free 2011 Peru Chia seed – sowing 2012 areas Saudi Arabia Lentils 2011 Japan Citrus – 2-3 degree cold disinfestation 2007 South Africa Seed potatoes – micro-tubers 2005 Japan Cherries (Tasmania) – revised protocol 2008 South Korea Oranges 2000 Japan Mangoes – reduced inspection rate 2008 South Korea Lemons 2000 Japan Grapefruit 2010 South Korea Mangoes 2005 Malaysia Mangoes – new phytosanitary requirements 2006 South Korea Citrus (unspecified) 2005

110 Table 38. Market access acheivements for plant production industries since 2000

Country Commodity Year Achieved Country Commodity Year Achieved New Zealand Zucchini – removal of Queensland fruit fly from the pest 2005 Taiwan Summerfruit – peach and nectarine 2011 list Taiwan Summerfruit – plums 2012 New Zealand Tomatoes – improved conditions 2006 Thailand Citrus 2004 New Zealand Citrus (unspecified) – in-transit cold treatment 2012 Thailand Multiple products 2009 New Zealand Pears – in-transit cold treatment 2012 Thailand Multiple products 2011 New Zealand Table grapes – in-transit cold treatment 2012 Thailand Table grapes 2011 New Zealand Avocado – in-transit cold treatment 2012 Thailand Citrus 2011 South Korea Carrots – freedom from nematode 2006 Thailand Apples 2012 South Korea Citrus – 3 degree cold disinfestation 2006 Thailand Pears 2012 South Korea Citrus 2010 Thailand Avocado 2012 Taiwan Multiple products (Tasmania) – reinstatement of 2006 Thailand Kiwifruit 2012 Queensland fruit fly area freedom Thailand Strawberries 2012 Taiwan Multiple products – 2-3 degree cold disinfestation 2008 Thailand Persimmon 2012 Thailand Citrus – 2-3 degree cold disinfestation 2005 Various Citrus 2004 UAE Multiple products – removal of SOPP requirement 2008 Vietnam Multiple products 2011 United States Cherries (Mainland) – stand alone cold treatment 2010 Vietnam Multiple products 2012 United States Citrus – 3 degree cold disinfestation 2011 United States Apples 2012 Maintained market access MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Canada Summerfruit 2007 China Citrus (unspecified) 2007 China Table grapes 2012 India Grain 2007 India Pome fruit 2012 Indonesia Multiple products 2006 Indonesia Multiple products 2012 Malaysia Cut & dried flowers 2004 Mauritius Citrus 2007 Mauritius Potatoes 2008 New Zealand Mangoes 2010 New Zealand Papaya 2010 New Zealand Lychees 2010 South Korea Potatoes 2004 South Korea Barley (malting) – processing 2012

Image courtesy of Summerfruit Australia 111 3.2 Offshore activities

Offshore, biosecurity activities are focused on minimising the likelihood of exotic pests reaching our border and entering Australia, while facilitating the movement of people and goods across the border. Offshore activities are primarily the responsibility of the Australian Government and include: • Conducting risk assessments to consider the level of biosecurity risk that may be associated with imports and identify risk management measures. • Conducting offshore verifications, inspections and audits. • Collaborating with international partners on plant health issues and standards. • Regional capacity building to improve plant health through collaborative activities. • Intelligence gathering to determine and assess potential biosecurity risks.

Risk assessments Biosecurity risks are managed in keeping with Australia’s legislative framework for biosecurity and international obligations; in particular, obligations under the SPS Agreement. Refer to section 3.1 for further information on the role of risk assessments in assessing biosecurity risks associated with imports. MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S 3: MAINTAINING ER T Verifications, inspections and audits HAP C A range of offshore verification, inspections and audits are undertaken to manage risks prior to import to Australia, and to ensure that exporting countries can meet Australia’s biosecurity requirements, provide export systems for safe trade and prevent the arrival of non-compliant consignments at the border.

Some horticultural exports from China, the United States, Chile and New Zealand are subject to or have the option of offshore pre-shipment inspection by DAFF officers. Regular offshore verifications and audits are also undertaken on overseas phytosanitary systems to ensure compliance of fresh produce and plant exports with prescribed risk management procedures. Controls also extend to production areas and for stockfeed processing facilities to ensure compliance with Australia’s import permit requirements.

112 International plant health Australia engages in international activities to gather national and international plant pest Case study: Training border inspectors to spot pests information which is made available to regional plant health practitioners through a variety During 2012 there were 2.6 million containers imported into Australia via sea cargo of sources (such as published records, surveillance data, insect and herbarium collections and air freight, posing an enormous biosecurity challenge for inspectors on our and networks). This work contributes to the early detection of exotic plant pests that may borders. enter and establish in Australia by providing state and territory governments and other relevant stakeholders with intelligence assessments targeted at high priority exotic plant Within DAFF, the Operational Science Program (OSP) delivers pest technical pests. training to those inspectors to ensure that they’re able to spot any pests that might be amongst the imports. The OSP’s entomologists and plant pathologists provide Australia also participates in the international and regional standard setting bodies (refer to risk mitigation advice and technical training to around 1,800 DAFF officers and section 3.1). This cooperative approach boosts Australia’s ability to actively monitor pests external industry representatives who play a key role in the biosecurity continuum, offshore, limit their spread, and reduce their impact on the agricultural systems of regional each year. neighbours and trading partners. Significant effort is also invested in gaining intelligence and promoting Australia’s interests in the evolution of trade regulations, codes and Inspections have revealed some 20,000 potentially pest contaminated consignments standards. at the border each year. As the table below shows, some pests of significance to Australia’s plant production industries were among them. These detections were referred to the relevant DAFF program for appropriate follow-up and action. Asia-Pacific region capacity building Asia-Pacific region capacity building activities are coordinated and delivered for a range Pest identified In or upon Imported from of international organisations that are close in proximity to Australia. These include the Loose smut (Ustillago tritici) Wheat USA Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia – Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Citrus canker (Xanthomonas axonopodis Kaffir lime leaves Indonesia countries and the Pacific region, often with the assistance of AusAID funding. Capacity pv. citri) building activities are aimed at gaining a better understanding of the plant pest risks in Giant African snail (Achatina fulica) Container Malaysia, Vanuatu, the region, improving regional biosecurity, building regional diagnostic networks and capabilities and fostering links among Australian and regional plant health and biosecurity PNG agencies and experts. These programs also help Australia to meet its formal international Asian subterranean termite (Coptotermes Tug vessel PNG PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING obligations to assist developing countries. gestroi) Asian Honey Bee (Apis cerana) Cars Thailand Intelligence Bark beetles (Phloeotribus sp.) Timber souvenir France Plumeria rust (Coleosporium sp.) Plumeria sp. Indonesia A range of sophisticated technologies and approaches including research, shared international resources and intelligence are used to anticipate exotic plant pest threats Korean round snail (Acusta despecta) Portable toilets China and to help prevent their introduction and spread. Work is undertaken with domestic and international partners to inform responses to emerging risks and to risks associated During 2012, OSP’s technical experts also provided expertise on the design of the with deliberate and inadvertent non-compliance. Information and intelligence is shared new post entry quarantine facility being built in Victoria as well as a new diagnostic between partners through legislative requirements, memorandums of understanding and system using next-generation DNA sequencing. They also worked on using GPS agreements with international bodies. The intelligence is used to develop cargo profiles and Google maps to plot potential mosquito breeding sites. and campaigns, and to support identification and management of non-compliance, enabling resources to be targeted at the areas of greatest risk.

Both Citrus canker and the Giant African snail have been detected on imports to Australia. Image (left) courtesy of Qld DAFF, (right) courtesy of Bugwood.org

113 114

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Image courtesy ofNAQS • • • • biosecurity system.Biosecurityactivitiesattheborder are focusedon: Australian border, arole thatisperformedbyDAFF, remains acriticalelementoftheplant everincreasingtravelandtrade,thedetectionofthreats levelsofinternational atthe With 3.3 facilities. high riskplantsarepost-entry quarantine sentto either Australianorstategovernment and screened forexoticpests inprivatelyoperatedquarantineapproved facilities,whereas items are examinedandtreated asrequired. Lowandmediumriskplantscanbeimported requirements. Allplantsorplantparts,fruits,seeds,cuttings,bulbsandwoodbamboo Audits are alsoundertaken onindustryparticipantstoensure compliancewithbiosecurity container depotstoscreen andinspectincominggoodspeople. airports,seaports,mailexchangesand surveillance andinspectionatinternational A rangeoftechniquesare used includingriskprofiling, detectordogs,x-raymachines, • • • • In 2011–12,thedepartmentscreened more than: vesselsandpassengers, cargoandmailastheyarriveatportsofentry.of international DAFF employsmore than3,500officers, manyofwhom contributetotheinspection Sc biosecurity requirements. Raising awareness oftravellers,importersandindustryoperatorsAustralia’s Australia. Identifying andevaluatingtheuniquebiosecurityrisksfacingnorthern and/or treatment atquarantinefacilities. Managing thehighbiosecurityrisksofliveplantsthrough containment,observation plants, andplantproducts arrivinginAustralia. Screening vessels,passengers,cargo,mail,animals, andinspectionofinternational 15,000 international seavessels. 15,000 international 11 millionconsignmentsofcargoimportedviaairandseafreight airandseapassengers 15 millioninternational 165 millionmailitems reening andinspe a t theborder activities ct i o n

Post-entry plant quarantine Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy All imported plant material and high risk seeds are subject to a biosecurity risk assessment Since 1989, NAQS has been meeting the unique biosecurity challenges facing Australia’s to determine the most appropriate import requirements. Australia maintains a Post-Entry northern coastline, stretching from Cairns to Broome and including the Torres Strait (Figure Plant Quarantine Program that enables high and medium nursery stock and restricted 72). The primary risk presented to Australia is the close proximity of Indonesia, Timor-Leste seeds to be grown and disease screened in an approved post-entry quarantine facility and especially Papua New Guinea to our mainland. These countries have many insect (Table 39). pests, plant diseases and weeds not present in Australia which have the potential to arrive through human activities or wind currents. NAQS focuses on early detection of such incursions which would permit eradication before they became established further south. Table 39. Post-entry quarantine facilities The region is vast and sparsely populated, and commercial plantings are few and far between, making surveillance difficult. Location Australian State Scientific Privately Scientific Government government & privately operated research operated operated operated facilities facilities NAQS also regulates the biosecurity aspects of the southwards movement of people, facilities facilities facilities approved approved for vessels, aircraft and goods through the Torres Strait to the mainland. A key to the success approved for approved for for holding holding high holding high holding high medium risk & medium risk of NAQS has been the ongoing cooperation and goodwill of the indigenous people who live risk plant risk plant plant material plant material material material in the NAQS region. This includes active involvement of local ranger groups in NAQS survey activities. ACT 1 (S) 1 NSW 1 1 1 (S), 1 (P) 11 NAQS delivers on its objectives through a program that involves: NT • Scientific surveys and monitoring. Qld 1 1 (S), 2 (P) 11 2 • Border regulation of southward movements of people and goods through the Torres SA 1 2 (S) 1 Strait Islands (from the Torres Strait Protected Zone to the Special Quarantine Zone, and from either zone to the mainland as seen in Figure 73). Tas 1 1 (S) 1 • Public awareness activities to encourage local people and communities to report Vic 1 3 1 (P) 13 4 unusual pests and disease. WA 1 2 (P) 6 1 • Contributing to DAFF’s capacity building activities in Papua New Guinea, Indonesia PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING S = scientific P = privately owned and Timor-Leste.

The high and medium risk plant material and restricted seed must be grown for a specified period of time, where the plant material is monitored for the presence of pest and disease symptoms. Through this process, DAFF ensures that the plant material is not infected with any exotic pests that could threaten Australia’s biosecurity status.

Imported plant products range from high risk material to lower risk material. High risk material can include cereal grains, stone fruit, grapevine, citrus, pome, berry fruit, clonal grasses and ornamental viral hosts. Medium and low risk material can include live orchids in tissue culture flasks. High risk material generally requires extended periods of growth for visual assessment through several stages of growth, and/or post-entry pest testing. These processes ensure that all plant material is screened and found free of quarantine pests before they are released to the importer.

Image courtesy of NAQS 115 Figure 72. NAQS surveillance Education and awareness Communication, education and awareness of biosecurity issues at the border are integral Jayapura parts of the continuum and are an essential tool in maintaining biosecurity awareness Vanimo among stakeholders and the community. • The Biosecurity Bulletin is published monthly to provide a range of information on Indonesia Papua activities of relevance to industry clients and the community. Kiunga New Guinea • The Incoming Passenger Card, which must be completed by all passengers arriving in Australia, is published in a number of languages. Moorehead Dili • Biosecurity awareness brochures, pamphlets and signs targeted at international (both Merauke Daru Port Moresby returning Australians and visitors), cargo importers, international mail recipients, Timor Leste Torres Strait students, the travel industry and rural industries such as those dealing with animals and Thursday Island horticulture, are available in many languages and on the DAFF website.

Nhulunbuy • DAFF News is the weekly email newsletter that provides a snap–shot of news, Darwin Lockhart River publications and events from across the portfolio.

Cairns Australia Karumba Broome

Figure 73. NAQS Torres Strait MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Parama Island Papua New Guinea Ture Ture Daru Island Bramble Cay Buji Mari Tais Boigu Island Saibai Island Ugar (Stephen Island) Dauan Island Erub (Damley Island) Masig (Yorke Island) Mabuiag Island Iama (Yam Island) Mer (Murray Island) Torres Strait Badu Island Poruma (Coconut Island) Protected Moa Island Warraber (Sue Island) Zone

Thursday Island Group Special Bamaga Quarantine Zone

Jardine Northern River National Peninsula Park Area Aboriginal Reserve

Mapoon Australia

Image courtesy of DAFF 116 3.4 Onshore activities

Australia’s biosecurity system aims to maintain a very low risk of plant pests entering and establishing in Australia. This does not imply zero risk, and as a result, Australia has a range of onshore measures aimed at limiting the impact of a pest should it be detected within Australia. Onshore activities range from planning and preparedness through to everyday pest management operations, and include: • Developing policies and programs to deliver plant biosecurity outcomes in the national interest. • Enhancing Australia’s preparedness to respond to pest incursions by promoting and supporting improvements in capacity and capability. • Managing established pests to minimise impacts on the agricultural sector. • Developing nationally consistent standards for inter- and intra-state trade. • Working with industry on biosecurity plans to identify and prioritise pest threats relevant to their industry. • Coordinating national surveillance to assess and monitor Australia’s plant pest status. • Diagnosing exotic and established plant pests to support decision making. • Promoting the adoption of on-farm biosecurity practices to protect properties from the

entry and spread of pests and weeds. PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S 3: MAINTAINING ER

• Communication and engagement activities to raise awareness and compliance. T HAP

When a biosecurity incident occurs, formal emergency response arrangements ensure C timely decisions and actions. For signatories to the EPPRD, there are formal arrangements to share the cost of responding to an incursion between the Australian Government, state and territory governments and industry partners (see page 146).

Similarly, there are a range of activities aimed at minimising the impact of Australia’s established pests. Significant variations in plant pest status exist across the country so domestic quarantine arrangements are in place to reflect these variations and underpin access to both domestic and international markets.

Image courtesy of Nursery and Garden 117 Domestic Quarantine Industry biosecurity planning Newly established and regionalised pests (Section 2.2, page 90) can be easily spread from Industry biosecurity planning provides a mechanism for plant production industries, in one part of Australia to another through the movement of plants, plant products, people or collaboration with governments and other relevant stakeholders, to actively identify and equipment. Therefore, restrictions on the movement of high risk items apply in each state prioritise plant pest threats that could have a significant impact on their crops. The highest and territory to reduce this threat. These domestic quarantine restrictions operate under priority threats are consolidated and shown in Section 2.1 (page 82). state and territory legislation (Table 1, page 15) to complement and support the national quarantine legislation that governs the export and import of goods to and from Australia. This process allows the development of IBPs which provide a framework for individual industries to focus future biosecurity activity. It provides an opportunity for industries to implement a program of risk mitigation and enhances their ability to prevent, and respond Interstate certification effectively to, pest incursions. Through this pre-emptive planning process, industries are The interstate certification scheme is used to govern the movement of plant products under better placed to maintain domestic and international trade, negotiate access to new the different state and territory quarantine regulations. The certificate provides a harmonised overseas markets, and reduce the social and economic costs of pest incursions to approach for interstate movement of plant products and provides evidence that the growers and the wider community. regulations of the importing state or territory have been met. In many instances this may require pre-export conditions to be met including produce to be grown under specified PHA facilitates the development of each IBP in consultation with an Industry Biosecurity conditions (e.g. under cover), or to undergo disinfestation treatments after harvest (e.g. Group (IBG), to ensure the IBPs are accurate and cover all the key aspects of the industry’s fumigation). biosecurity. The IBG is comprised of representatives from industry, government, and research and development organisations. IBPs, including the list of HPPs, are reviewed There are two types of certificates that may be issued: and updated every three to four years. • A Plant Health Certificate, which is issued by a government officer of the exporting state. Currently, 25 IBPs have been developed, covering 30 of Australia’s major plant industries • A Plant Health Assurance Certificate, which is supplied by an approved business on an (Table 40). Further information on IBPs can be found at www.planthealthaustralia.com.au. Interstate Certification Assurance (ICA) arrangement. In order to issue Plant Health Assurance Certificates, a business must meet specific requirements and undergo regular audits by the state or territory government accreditation authority. Table 40. List of current IBPs (as at 31 December 2012) MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING The Domestic Quarantine and Market Access Working Group The Domestic Quarantine and Market Access Working Group (DQMAWG) is a national Apple and Pear IBP (Version 2.01) Onion IBP (Version 2.0) committee that sits under PHC (Section 1.2, page 17). Consisting of senior regulators from Avocado IBP (Version 2.01) Papaya IBP (Version 1.0) the Australian Government and state and territory governments, the committee oversees Banana IBP (Version 2.0) Passionfruit IBP (Version 1.0) the development of domestic market access conditions for plants and plant products in Australia. In doing so it ensures the conditions are: Cherry IBP (Version 2.01) Pineapple IBP (Version 1.0) Citrus IBP (Version 2.0) Plantation Forest IBP (Version 2.0) • Technically justified to minimise regulatory burdens on industry. Cotton IBP (Version 2.01) Potato IBP (Version 1.0) • Coordinated and harmonised, where possible, across the country and regions. Grains IBP (Version 2.04) Rice IBP (Version 2.0) • Consistent with Australia’s international market access conditions and policies. Honey bee IBP (Version 1.0) Strawberry IBP (Version 2.0) DQMAWG works closely with state and national plant health quarantine agencies and plant Lychee IBP (Version 1.1) Sugarcane IBP (Version 2.01) industries to develop and implement new treatment arrangements and to support market Mango IBP (Version 2.1) Summerfruit IBP (Version 1.0) access for continued trade in both domestic and international markets. Nursery and Garden IBP (Version 2.0) Vegetable IBP (Version 2.0) Nut IBP (Version 2.0) Viticulture IBP (Version 2.0) Olive IBP (Version 1.0)

118 Case study: Farm Biosecurity Program – Helping farmers to boost biosecurity

Producers play a key role in protecting Australian plant and livestock industries One of the key messages of the campaign is that biosecurity makes good business from pests and diseases by implementing proactive biosecurity measures on-farm. sense. If a new pest or disease becomes established on a farm, it can affect the business through increased costs (for monitoring, production practices, additional The Farm Biosecurity awareness campaign is a joint initiative of PHA and AHA chemical use and labour), reduced productivity (in yield and/or quality) or loss of on behalf of their members. The goal of the program is to help producers reduce markets. the risks posed by diseases, pests and weeds to crops and livestock. Producers are also encouraged to strengthen local biosecurity efforts by including The program recognises the growing diversification of farms in Australia with many biosecurity issues and activities in community or regional meetings. If on-farm producers running mixed ventures to ensure their viability. Farm Biosecurity provides measures are supported by community-based measures, a coordinated regional information about plant and animal biosecurity practices to farmers. framework for biosecurity can be achieved. Farm Biosecurity has the strong commitment of AHA and PHA members, who are instrumental to the program’s implementation and who actively contribute to the initiative.

An essential part of the awareness campaign is the program website (www.farmbiosecurity.com.au) which has recently been redesigned to include additional functionality and content. The site provides information about on-farm biosecurity measures, encouraging producers to identify risks to their crops and livestock, to minimise those risks through best practice, and to report anything unusual.

The website focuses on six essential management areas:

• risks posed by people, vehicles and equipment PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING • inputs • outputs • production practices • ferals and weeds • training, planning and recording.

A biosecurity ‘toolbox’ contains biosecurity plans, manuals, self-assessment sheets and records to help producers implement and record activities on-farm.

The new site also includes sections for specific crop and livestock producers, which tailors advice to their differing needs.

Every month four news items are posted on the website news page and distributed in the Farm Biosecurity newsletter, using case studies and farmer profiles to highlight biosecurity practices specific to crop or livestock producers.

119 Pre-emptive breeding Many Australian industries prepare for a potential exotic pest incursion through pre-emptive Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance breeding of crops to incorporate or improve pest tolerance or resistance characteristics PHC has commissioned SNPHS to progress the establishment of the National Plant Health that can reduce the impacts of the target pest species. Pre-emptive breeding programs Surveillance framework including the development of a nationally coordinated plant pest may utilise offshore testing of new Australian varieties or use pest resistant genetic markers surveillance system in collaboration with jurisdictions and industry. SNPHS comprises linked with other traits that allow for the selection of resistance in a pest’s absence. representatives from the Australian Government, state and territory governments, PHA, the Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre and many other organisations including In the event of an incursion, pre-emptive breeding allows growers to select new pest the Ministry for Primary Industries New Zealand. resistant varieties of their crop, thus reducing the negative impact on production. Programs in Australia include the Australian Cereal Rust Control Program and pre-emptive breeding The principal focus of the Subcommittee’s activity is to maintain and improve plant health for Russian wheat aphid resistance. surveillance capacity and capability in Australia in support of its economy, environment and community. The Subcommittee coordinates national surveillance programs through the Surveillance implementation of national surveillance strategies including IGAB and NPBS, improving surveillance record management, capability and methods of detection, as well as securing Onshore surveillance activities for exotic plant pests are carried out by governments, ongoing resource commitment and monitoring the cost effectiveness of programs. industries and the wider community to provide information for: • Early detection: this type of surveillance is designed to detect new pest incursions National Plant Surveillance Reporting Tool before they become widely established, increasing the chance of an eradication or In 2006, DAFF, in partnership with PHA, developed an online National Plant Surveillance containment response being successful. Reporting Tool (NPSRT). This tool allows state, territory and industry surveillance • Market access: surveillance to demonstrate the absence of a pest from the country coordinators across Australia to enter plant pest survey summary data into a web enabled (i.e. ‘evidence of absence’), state or region to support access to international and database. Through this database, surveillance data captured at a national level can be used domestic markets. to address domestic and international market access issues, identify surveillance activities • Delimiting surveys: following a pest incursion, delimiting surveys provide information for particular plant pests and crops (Figures 74 and 75), and track surveillance activities on the distribution and spread of pests for use in response management activities or across Australia in a standardised and consistent manner. Currently, the database holds

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING to confirm the successful eradication of the pest. over 463 surveillance programs from all states and territories. • Improved pest management: management of established pests requires regular inspections to determine population levels to improve management decisions.

The ongoing identification of high risk pathways and high risk areas in order to focus future surveillance efforts.

Australia uses a mix of targeted (i.e. specific) and general surveillance programs. General surveillance programs work through raising awareness of specific pests to growers and the wider community and rely on these stakeholders looking for and reporting these pests during their day-to-day activities. To ensure all detections of new pests through passive surveillance are reported, all states and territories run an Exotic Plant Pest Hotline (1800 084 881). Calls to this hotline are directed to the relevant state or territory agriculture department.

The majority of onshore targeted surveillance is undertaken by state and territory governments. Several national programs are also supported by the Australian Government and some industries undertake targeted surveillance for their pests of concern.

Table 41 (page 122) details the targeted surveillance programs undertaken across Australia in 2012, with summary information presented in Figure 74 and Figure 75. Image courtesy of NAQS 120 Amenity/EnvironmentBroadacre - GrainsBroadacre - SugarcaneBroadacre - OtherForestry General/Unspeci edHoney bees Horticulture -Horticulture Fruit -Horticulture Vegetables -Horticulture Viticulture - Other Surveillance programs – summary data Case study: Plant Biosecurity Farmer of the Year Murraylands onion grower Steve Rathjen is a fourth generation farmer whose Figure 74. Surveillance programs by target host biosecurity efforts led to him winning the plant category of the Biosecurity Farmer of the Year Award in 2012. This annual award provides an opportunity to recognise farmers who are biosecurity focused and demonstrate initiative and motivation to 8% Amenity/environment address potential pest threats to their enterprises. 11% Broadacre - Grains As President of the peak industry body, Onions Australia, from 2006 to 2008, Steve 2% Broadacre - Sugarcane was involved in the development of the onion industry strategic plan. He has been an 1% Broadacre - Other Onion Industry Advisory Committee member for South Australia since 2008 and was a member of the Industry Biosecurity Group that worked on devising the Industry Forestry 5% Biosecurity Plan for the Onion Industry. 5% Honey bees Steve has worked tirelessly with government representatives in an attempt to 30% Horticulture - Fruit eradicate Onion smut which was last detected in South Australia in 2002. This has 13% Horticulture - Vegetables ensured that markets have remained open to all South Australian producers, who grew nearly half of the 250,000 tonnes of onions harvested in Australia in 2011. 2% Horticulture - Viticulture 2% Horticulture - Other He is a valuable ambassador for the Farm Biosecurity Program due to his active participation in trialling new biosecurity measures, such as displaying clear gate 21% Multiple signs and restricting vehicle and equipment movements on his property. He was instrumental in setting up the onion research and development levy, and took part in its recent review. He has also hosted field trials as part of the Onion mallee stunt Invertebrate Invertebrate- Insect Multiple- Other Other/Unspeci edPathogen - FungiPathogen - VirusPathogen - OtherWeeds project, working closely with SARDI on the pre-sowing preparation of crops to hinder Figure 75. Surveillance programs by target pest the disease. PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING

Future planning and preparedness is high on Steve’s agenda. A number of years ago he suffered up to 60 per cent damage to his onion crops from Heliothis and had to use an extensive range of chemicals to combat the pest. To improve practices, he introduced integrated pest management on his property and within four years he 53% Invertebrate - Insect no longer needed to use chemicals to control this pest. 4% Invertebrate - Other The judges of the award were 18% Multiple impressed with the way Steve 13% Pathogen - Fungi integrates biosecurity practices into his everyday activities as well 6% Pathogen - Virus as his continuing work to improve 7% Pathogen - Other practices to meet new biosecurity challenges.

Greg Fraser (PHA) with Steve Rathjen. Image courtesy of Kondinen

121 Table 41. Australia’s plant biosecurity surveillance programs

Name Target hosts Target pests Australian Government Australian Plague Locust Commission Generally open grasslands Australian plague locust (Chortoicetes terminifera), Spur-throated locust (Austracris guttulosa), surveillance and control programs Migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) National Asian gypsy moth trapping program Forestry, fruit, vines Asian gypsy moth (Lymantria spp.) National exotic fruit fly trapping program Horticulture Fruit flies (Bactrocera spp., Dacus spp., Ceratitis capitata and, in WA only, C. rosa, as well as – ports of entry other exotic species). Specific surveillance targets and activities vary by state and territory. NAQS exotic fruit fly trapping program Horticulture Exotic fruit flies (Bactrocera spp.) – Torres Strait NAQS pest and disease surveys Broad range of tropical horticultural and 126 high priority exotic pests (multiple surveillance programs) agricultural species grown in home gardens and communities across northern Australia Multiple pest surveillance program Amenity, forestry, horticulture, stored grains Specific surveillance targets and activities vary by state and territory New South Wales American foul brood Honey bees American foul brood (Paenibacillus larvae) Aphids Field crops, horticulture Many species Asian honey bee Horticulture Asian honey bee (Apis cerana) Asiatic citrus psylid Horticulture Asiatic citrus psylid (Diaphorina citri) Banana surveillance Banana Banana bunchy top virus (Banana bunchy top virus) Chestnut blight Chestnuts Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica)

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Citrus longhorn beetle Horticulture Citrus longhorn beetle (Anoplophora chinensis) Diseases of cotton Cotton Exotic strains of Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris), Blue disease (Luteovirus [suspected]), Cotton leaf curl virus (Cotton leaf curl virus), Texas root rot (Phymatotrichum omnivorum) and Exotic strains of Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae) Elm leaf beetle surveillance Elms Elm leaf beetle (Pyrrhalta luteola) Exotic honey bee mites Honey bees Exotic honey bee mites Exotic fruit flies Horticulture Exotic fruit flies Forest pest surveillance exotic and endemic Pine and native forest Exotic and endemic pests Fruit fly exclusion zone – Medfly Horticulture Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) Fruit fly exclusion zone – Papaya fruit fly Horticulture Papaya fruit fly (Bactrocera papayae) Fruit fly exclusion zone activities – surveillance Citrus, other susceptible fruit Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) and exotic fruit flies attracted to cuelure Grapevine phylloxera Horticulture Grapevine phylloxera (Dakulosphaira vitifoliae) Melon thrips Field crops, horticulture Melon thrips (Thrips palmi) Myrtle and Guava rust Field crops, horticulture Myrtle rust and Guava rust (Puccinia psidii) National grain insect resistance monitoring Cereals Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica), Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium)

122 Table 41. Australia’s plant biosecurity surveillance programs

Name Target hosts Target pests Plant health surveillance general Field crops, horticulture Various Potato spindle tuber viroid Horticulture Potato spindle tuber viroid (Potato spindle tuber viroid) Solenopsis mealy bug Field crops, horticulture Soleonopsis mealy bug (Phenacoccus solenopsis) South African citrus thrips Citrus, other susceptible fruit South African citrus thrips (Scirtothrips aurantii) Tracheal mite Honey bees Tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi) Tramp ants Field crops, horticulture Tramp ants (Solenopsis spp.) Urban hazard site surveillance Multiple Rusts (Coleosporium spp.), Fire blight (Erwinia amylovora), Glassy winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis), and Malaysian fruit fly (Bactrocera latifrons) Varroa mite Honey bees Varroa mite (Varroa jacobsoni) Whitefly Field crops, horticulture White fly (Aleuridicus dispersus, Bemisia tabaci) Northern Territory Banana surveillance – Black sigatoka Banana Black sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis) and Panama disease (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense) Bean spider mite Vegetables and ornamentals Bean spider mite (Tetranychus ludeni) Citrus surveillance Citrus Citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri), Huanglongbing (Candidatus Liberibacter africanus) and Asiatic citrus pysllid (Diaphorina citri) European house borer surveillance Imported pine dunnage European house borer (Hylotrupes bajulus) Exotic ant surveillance Various Exotic ants (Anoplolepsis gracillipes, Opsisthopsis sp. and Solenopsis invicta) Exotic honey bee and mites surveillance Honey bees Exotic honey bees and mites

Exotic timber borers and termites Forestry, native trees and shrubs, wooden Timber borers (Bostrychidae spp., Cerambycidae spp., Kalotermitidae spp., Lyctidae spp. PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING items and Rhinotermitidae) and termites (Termitidae spp.) Fruit fly monitoring – endemics Horticulture, suburbs Fruit flies (Bactrocera cucumis, B. musae and B. neohumeralis) Fruit fly monitoring – exotics Horticulture, suburbs Exotic fruit flies (Bactrocera spp. and Ceratitis spp.) Giant African snail surveillance Amenity, various Giant African snail (Achatina fulica) Grapevine leaf rust surveillance Grapes Grapevine leaf rust (Phakopsora euvitis) Melon Thrips Vegetables and ornamentals Melon thrips (Thrips palmi) Mango surveillance Mango Mango malformation disease (Fusarium mangiferae), Mango fruit borer (Citripestis eutraphera), Mango leaf hoppers (Idioscopus clypealis and I. nitidulus), Mango bud mite (Aceria mangiferae) and Red banded mango caterpillar (Deanolis sublimbalis) Nursery industry surveillance Nursery stock Myrtle Rust (Puccinia psidii), Purple scale (Lepidosaphes beckii) and San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus peniciosus) Papaya mealy bug Pawpaw Papaya mealy bug (Paracoccus marginatus) Thrips surveillance Vegetables Melon thrips (Thrips palmi) and Western flower thrips Frankliniella( occidentalis) Whitefly surveillance Nursery stock Silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci B type) and Spiralling whitefly (Aleurodicus dispersus)

123 Table 41. Australia’s plant biosecurity surveillance programs

Name Target hosts Target pests Queensland Asian honey bee response surveillance Honey bees Asian honey bee (Apis cerana) Banana pest surveillance Banana Banana bract mosaic disease (Banana bract mosaic virus), Banana bunchy top virus (Banana bunchy top virus), Banana skipper butterfly (Erionota thrax), Banana stem weevil (Odoiporus longicollis), Black sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis), Eumusae leaf spot (M. eumusae), Leaf speckle (M. musae), Leaf spot (M. musicola), Moko (Ralstonia solanacearum), Panama disease (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense), Periconiella musae (Periconiella musae), Veronaea musae (Veronaea musae) Cape York Peninsula surveys Various A range of pests Cocoa pod borer response surveillance Cocoa, rambutan Cocoa pod borer (Conopomorpha cramerella) Electric ant response surveillance Amenity/environment Electric ant (Wasmannia auropunctata) Exotic fruit fly trapping Fruits and vegetables Exotic fruit flies (Bactrocera spp. and Ceratitis spp.) Forest pest surveillance Abies and larix spp. European house borer (Hylotrupes bajulus) Grain bulk handling Grains Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica) and Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) Grains Farm Biosecurity Program Grains Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia), Barley stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei), Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica) and Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) Mango malformation disease response Mango Mango malformation disease (Fusarium spp.) surveillance Mango pest surveillance Mango Red-banded mango caterpillar (Deanolis sublimbalis), Mango leafhopper (Idioscopus spp.), Mango leaf gall midge (Procontarinia spp.), Mango pulp weevil (Sternochetus frigidus) and Mango malformation disease (Fusarium spp.) MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Myrtle rust response surveillance Myrtaceace spp. Myrtle rust (Puccinia psidii) National grain insect resistance monitoring Cereals Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica) and Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) Papaya ringspot virus surveillance Papaya, cucurbits Papaya ringspot virus – type P (Papaya ringspot virus) Potato spindle tuber viroid surveillance Tomato, ornamental Potato spindle tuber viroid (Potato spindle tuber viroid) Red imported fire ant surveillance Amenity/environment Red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) Strawberry angular leaf spot surveillance Strawberry Strawberry angular leafspot (Xanthomonas fragariae) Sugar industry surveys, seed cane inspections Sugarcane Ratoon stunting disease (Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli), Leaf scald (Xanthomonas albilineans), and variety trials Sugarcane mosaic virus (Sugarcane mosaic virus), Fiji leaf gall (Fiji disease virus), Sugarcane smut (Sporisorium scitamineum), Sugarcane rust (Puccinia melanocephala and P. kuehnii), Yellow spot (Mycovellosiella koepkei), exotic pests and diseases Sugarcane pest and disease surveillance Sugarcane Pink stalk borer (Sesamia grisescens), Top borers/top shoot borers (Sesamia griscensens and Scirpophaga excerptalis), Sugarcane stem borers (Chilo auricilius and C. terrenellus), Sugarcane woolly aphid (Ceratovacuna lanigera), Sugarcane leafhopper (Eumetopina flavipes), Sugarcane planthopper/sidewinder (Perkinsiella saccharivora, P. vastatrix and P. vitiensis), Sugarcane pyrillia/ Sugarcane leafhopper (Pyrilla perpusilla), Downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sacchari), Ramu stunt (Tenuivirus sp.), Sugarcane grassy shoot phytoplasma (Sugarcane grassy shoot phytoplasma) and Sugarcane streak mosaic (Sugarcane streak mosaic virus)

124 Table 41. Australia’s plant biosecurity surveillance programs

Name Target hosts Target pests Urban surveillance program Ornamentals and fruit and vegetables including A range of pests and diseases banana, citrus, and mango West Indian drywood termite surveys Timber structures West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis) South Australia Asian gypsy moth Horticulture crops and ornamental plants Asian Gypsy Moth (Lymantria spp.) Bacterial wilt of cucurbits Cucurbits Bacterial wilt of cucurbits (Erwinia tracheiphila) Bacterial wilt of potatoes Potato Bacterial wilt of potatoes (Pseudomonas solanacearum) Citrs canker Citrus spp. Citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri) Citrus black spot Citrus spp. Citrus black spot (Guignardia citricarpa) Citrus greening Citrus spp. Huanglongbing (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and C. Liberibacter africanus) Citrus red mite Citrus spp. Citrus red mite (Panonychus citri) Colorado potato beetle Potato Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) European canker Apple, pear European canker (Nectria spp.) European house borer Timber (softwood) European house borer (Hylotrupes bajulus) Fire blight Flowering quinces, hawthorns, Cydonia spp., Fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) Eriobotrya spp., Malus spp., Mespilus spp., Prunus spp., Pyrus spp., Sorbus spp. Fruit fly surveillance Fruit Exotic fruit flies (Bactrocera spp.) Grapevine phylloxera Grapes Grapevine phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, including type B) MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Melon Thrips Vegetables and ornamentals Melon thrips (Thrips palmi) Myrtle rust Myrtaceae spp, nurseries Myrtle rust (Puccinia psidii) National grain insect resistance monitoring Cereals Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica) and Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) Onion smut Allium spp. Onion smut (Urocystis cepulae) Potato cyst nematode Potato Potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis) Potato spindle tuber viroid Tomato, capsicums Potato spindle tuber viroid d (Potato spindle tuber viroid) Silver leaf whitefly Tomato, capsicums Silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci B type) Spiralling whitefly Horticultural crops, ornamental plants Spiralling whitefly (Aleurodicus dispersus) and shade trees Tomato potato psyllid Tomato, potato Tomato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli) Tomato yellow leaf curl virus Tomato, capsicum Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (Tomato yellow leaf curl virus) Vegetable leaf miner Horticultural crops and ornamental plants Vegetable leaf miner (Liriomyza sativae) Western flower thrips Vegetables and ornamentals Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis)

125 Table 41. Australia’s plant biosecurity surveillance programs

Name Target hosts Target pests Tasmania Codling moth survey Horticulture Codling moth (Cydia pomonella) and Brown rot (Monilinia fructicola) Exotic ant trapping survey Various Ants Fireblight Public host trees Fireblight (Erwinia amylovora) Fruit fly trapping program Horticulture Fruit flies (Bactrocera tryoni and Ceratitis capitata) Myrtle rust survey Myrtaceae spp, nurseries and roadsides Myrtle rust (Puccinia psidii) Oriental fruit moth Apricot Oriental fruit moth (Grapholitha molesta) Red imported fire ant surveillance Amenity/Environment Red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) Strawberry angular leaf spot survey Strawberry Strawberry angular leaf spot (Xanthomonas fragariae) Warehouse beetle survey Grains Warehouse beetle (Trogoderma variable) Victoria Birchip cropping group trials Grains Barley stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei), Branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa), Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) and Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) Chestnut blight eradication program Chestnuts Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica) Exotic plant pest response Mytaceae spp. Myrtle rust (Puccinia psidii) Exotic plant pest response Forest trees Wood wasp (Symphyta spp.) Exotic plant pest response Forest trees Wood borer beetle (Lyctus and Minthea spp.) Fruit fly monitoring and surveillance Horticulture Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) and Queensland fruit fly Bactrocera( tryoni) MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Grapevine phylloxera Grapes Grapevine phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae type B) Green snail area freedom surveillance Multiple hosts Green snail (Helix aperta) National grain insect resistance monitoring Cereals Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica) and Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) National Plant Health Surveillance Program Multiple hosts Exotic fruit flies and Sycamore lace bug (Corythucha ciliata) National variety trials – in crop inspections Grains Barley stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei), Branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa), Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) and Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) Potato cyst nematode soil sampling Potato Potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis) PSTVd national surveillance Tomato Potato spindle tuber viroid (Potato spindle tuber viroid) PVY surveillance in seed potato districts Potato Potato Y potyvirus (Potato Y potyvirus spp.) Western Australia Citrus greening Citrus Citrus greening (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus) Citrus longhorn beetle Citrus Citrus longhorn beetle (Anoplophora chinensis) Codling moth surveillance Horticulture – Fruit Codling moth (Cydia pomonella) DAFWA National variety trials trials (in-crop) Broadacre – Grains Barley stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei), Branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) and Wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis) European house borer Forestry European house borer (Hylotrupes bajulus) 126 Table 41. Australia’s plant biosecurity surveillance programs

Name Target hosts Target pests European wasp surveillance Multiple European wasp (Vespula germanica) Fruit fly surveillance in ORIA Horticulture – Fruit Fruit flies (Bactrocera spp., Dacus spp.) Grain pest resistance testing Broadacre – Grains Confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum and Cryptolestes spp.), Granary weevil (Sitophilus granaries), Lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica), Red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum), Rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) and Sawtooth grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) GrainGuard passive surveillance Broadacre – Grains Barley stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei), Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica), Stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) and Colletotrichum truncatum (Lentil strain) HortGuard passive surveillance Horticulture – Vegetables Bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum), Pierce’s disease (Xylella fastidiosa), Potato blight (Phytophthora infestans), Potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis), Potato spindle tuber viroid (Potato spindle tuber viroid) and Potato virus Y necrotic strain (Potato virus y) Joint DAFWA-NAQS survey ORIA Multiple Multiple MedFly area freedom surveillance in the ORIA Horticulture – Fruit Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) Myrtle rust surveillance Multiple Myrtle rust (Puccinia psidii sensu lato) National grain insect resistance monitoring Cereals Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica) and Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) National variety trials (in-crop) Broadacre – Grains Barley stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei), Branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) and Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) Plant pest hotline – WA Multiple European house borer (Hylotrupes bajulus), European wasp (Vespula germanica) and Red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) Potato cyst nematode surveillance Horticulture – Vegetables Potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) Potato spindle tuber viroid Horticulture – Vegetables Potato spindle tuber viroid (Potato spindle tuber viroid) MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Queensland fruit fly surveillance Horticulture – Other Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) Western Australian on-farm biosecurity and Broadacre – Grains Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) surveillance

Image courtesy of the Australian Lychee Growers’ Association 127 Diagnostics The accurate diagnosis of plant pests is a vital component of all management and surveillance activities undertaken for the purposes of safeguarding Australia’s plant production industries, environment and community from the negative effects of plant pests. These diagnostic services are equally important for both endemic and exotic plant pest species.

For new pests that are detected in Australia, diagnostic expertise provides the ability to quantify the magnitude of an incursion (critical for determining whether a pest is eradicable) so that an appropriate response can be determined and executed in a timely manner.

Diagnostic capacity is not only an essential component of any eradication effort, it also underpins much of the everyday management practices involved in the production and trade of plant products. Pest management programs, including the selection and application of farm chemicals, rely on the accurate identification of pests. Rapid identification also supports quarantine processes, such as maintaining pest free areas, which allows access to markets both domestically and internationally.

These critical diagnostic services are distributed across every state and territory in Australia and are available throughout most major agricultural and horticultural production areas.

Diagnostic services are delivered by a range of agencies, including state and territory governments, the Australian Government, commercial and private diagnostic laboratories, MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S 3: MAINTAINING museums, CSIRO and universities (Table 42). Services are provided on an ad hoc, ER T commercial and nationally coordinated basis, as required. Diagnostic operations

HAP are often performed as part of collaborative research activities that focus on specific C pests of concern.

128 Image courtesy of PBCRC Table 42. Diagnostic services

Laboratory and location Organisation Diagnostic capability Accreditation Collections Australian Capital Territory Ecosystem Sciences, Canberra CSIRO Bee pathogens Ecosystem Sciences, Canberra CSIRO Fungal identification National Collections Facility, Australian CSIRO Insect, nematode, mite identification Entomology, nematology, acarology National Insect Collection, Canberra National Collections Facility, Australian CSIRO Fungal identification Fungi National Herbarium, Canberra New South Wales Agricultural Scientific Collections Unit, NSW DPI Invertebrates and pathogens, specialist insect NATA accreditation Fungal, bacterial and insects Orange Agricultural Institute, Orange and mite identification (mycology and entomology) (ISO/IEC 17025:2005) Australian Cotton Research Institute, NSW DPI, CSIRO Cotton pathology Narrabri Australian Museum, Sydney Australian Museum Entomology CSIRO Cotton Research Unit, Narrabri CSIRO Entomology Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural NSW DPI Invertebrates and pathogens (virology, bacteriology NATA accreditation Institute, Menangle and mycology) (ISO/IEC 17025:2005) Forest Health Management Laboratory, NSW DPI Internal routine diagnostics West Pennant Hills Grafton Agricultural Research Insect pests and Advisory Station, Grafton

Macleay Museum, Sydney University of Sydney Entomology PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Operational Science DAFF, DAFF Pest and disease identification, collection Entomology Crewe Place, Rosebery and rearing of immature stages of arthropods, pathology investigation to determine causal agent Plant Quarantine Station, DAFF Plant pathogen screening, stone fruit, pome fruit, Eastern Creek citrus, grape, clonal grasses and ornamentals. Virus elimination in citrus. Fungal testing of animal feeds and corn based products. Lucerne seed testing for fungal pathogens. Wash water testing of imported cereal seed for open post-entry quarantine Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney Office of Environment and Plant pathogens using both classical and molecular Heritage NSW methods Tamworth Agricultural Institute, NSW DPI Invertebrates and pathogens (entomology, plant Tamworth pathology broadacre crops) The Cereal Rust Laboratory, Cobbitty NSW DPI, University of Rust pathology Sydney Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Charles Sturt University, Plant pathology, nematode identification Wagga Wagga NSW DPI Yanco Agricultural Institute, Yanco NSW DPI Invertebrates and pathogens (vegetables and rice pathology) 129 Table 42. Diagnostic services

Laboratory and location Organisation Diagnostic capability Accreditation Collections Northern Territory CSIRO Tropical Ecosystems Research CSIRO Ant identification for general public and biosecurity Tropical Ecosystems Research Centre Centre, Darwin purposes ant collection DPIF Plant Pathology Laboratory, NT DPIF Plant pathology, virology, bacteriology, PCR, mycology, Darwin Northern Australian Plant Berrimah Agricultural Laboratories, diagnostics Pathology Herbarium Berrimah Entomologist/Conservation Biologist, Department of Land Lepidoptera, particularly butterflies Flora and Fauna Resource Management Herbarium, Flora and Fauna Division, Department of Land Plant identification for general public and commercial Registration for exchange Native plant collection of the NT Department of Land Resource Resource Management purposes (export and import) of Management, Palmerston scientific specimens Museum and Art Galleries of Department of Arts and Insect identification for general public and commercial Registration for exchange Insects with a focus on native species the Northern Territory, Department Museums purposes (export and import) of of Arts and Museums, Darwin scientific specimens NAQS Regional Laboratory, Darwin DAFF Tropical plant pests. Plant pathology: microscopy, Plant pathology: herbarium specimens serology and molecular (conventional and real time and desiccated virus/virus-like disease PCR). Entomology: microscopy and limited molecular collections. Extensive insect and capacity. Botany: microscopy. herbarium collections NT DPIF Entomology Laboratory, NT DPIF Insects and mites The Northern Territory Economic Insect Berrimah Agricultural Laboratories, Reference Collection Berrimah Queensland

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Australian Government DAFF, Eagle DAFF Temperate and tropical plant pests. Plant pathology: Limited plant pathogen and insect Farm microscopy and molecular (conventional PCR). collections Entomology: microscopy and limited molecular capacity BSES, Indooroopilly, Woodford, BSES Sugarcane pests and diseases Mackay and Tully NAQS Regional Laboratory, Cairns DAFF Tropical plant pests. Plant pathology: microscopy, Plant pathology: herbarium specimens serology and molecular (conventional and real time and desiccated virus/virus-like disease PCR). Entomology: microscopy and limited molecular collections. Extensive insect and capacity. Botany: microscopy. herbarium collections. Qld DAFF, Applethorpe Qld DAFF Entomology Qld DAFF, Ayr Research Station, Ayr Qld DAFF Entomology, horticulture Qld DAFF, Cairns Qld DAFF Exotic fruit fly screening, entomology, plant pathology Entomology triage Qld DAFF, Centre for Tropical Qld DAFF Entomology, molecular, bacteriology Entomology Agriculture, Mareeba Qld DAFF, Ecosciences Precinct, Qld DAFF Molecular, entomology, virology, bacteriology, Plant pathology, entomology Dutton Park mycology and nematology Qld DAFF, Gatton Research Station, Qld DAFF Vegetable pests and diseases Gatton 130 Table 42. Diagnostic services

Laboratory and location Organisation Diagnostic capability Accreditation Collections Qld DAFF Maroochy Research Station, Qld DAFF Entomology, horticulture Nambour Qld DAFF South Johnstone Research Qld DAFF Nematology, entomology, plant pathology Station, South Johnstone Qld DAFF, Toowoomba Qld DAFF Field crop pests and diseases, molecular, entomology, virology, nematology, and mycology Qld DAFF, Biosecurity Queensland Qld DAFF Myrtle rust (Puccinia psidii) diagnosis Puccinia psidii Control Centre, Oxley Queensland Museum, Brisbane Queensland Museum Entomology University of Queensland, Brisbane University of Queensland Entomology South Australia SARDI, Adelaide SARDI Molecular diagnostic, plant pathology (mycology, Molecular Diagnostics Entomology collection, University of nematology, virology, taxonomy), entomology and Laboratory is NATA accredited Adelaide surveillance under Biologicals. NATA accredited for potato virus testing School of Earth and Environmental University of Adelaide Entomology Sciences, Adelaide South Australian Museum, Adelaide Department of Premier Entomology and Cabinet Waite Institute, Adelaide University of Adelaide Nematology and viticulture virology

Tasmania PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Forestry Tasmania, Hobart Forestry Tasmania Limited diagnostics in pathology, main focus is on Tasmanian forest insect collection testing for Phytophthora cinnamomi Peracto, Devonport Peracto Plant pathology Laboratory DAFF Biosecurity approved Plant Health Laboratories, New Town DPIPWE Entomology, plant pathology (virology, mycology Laboratories DAFF Biosecurity Insect reference collection (satellite entomology laboratories at and bacteriology), TASAG ELISA testing services approved, TASAG laboratories Devonport and Launceston) (virology) have NATA accreditation (ISO/ IEC 17025:2005) Queen Victoria Museum and Art Queen Victoria Museum Insect identification for the general public Invertebrate reference collection Gallery, Launceston and Art Gallery covering most groups including insects. Seed Analysis Laboratory, Mt Pleasant DPIPWE Feed grain quarantine assessments for declared ISTA accredited Prohibited and quarantinable species species seed reference collection Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Tasmanian Museum and Entomology (specialising in beetles and moths), insect Small insect reference collection, Hobart Art Gallery identification for the general public herbarium including weeds and fungi University of Tasmania Cradle Coast University of Tasmania Plant pathology, nematology Limited collection of fungal pathogens Campus, Burnie and Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture University of Tasmania Sandy Bay University of Tasmania Entomology, forest pathology, molecular laboratory Laboratory DAFF Biosecurity Campus, Hobart and Tasmanian Institute approved of Agriculture 131 Table 42. Diagnostic services

Laboratory and location Organisation Diagnostic capability Accreditation Collections Victoria AgriBio, Bundoora Vic DPI Entomology, mycology, virology, nematology, DAFF Biosecurity approved Fungal, bacterial, nematode, bacteriology, general plant pathology, fungal and insect AS/NSZ 9001:2000/QA invertebrates, limited virus taxonomy, high throughput molecular diagnostics, certification weeds Forest Health Laboratory, Heidelberg University of Melbourne Forest pathology and entomology Horsham Research Centre, Horsham Vic DPI General plant pathology and virology (grains focus) Irymple Research Centre, Irymple Vic DPI General plant pathology and entomology Operational Science Laboratory, DAFF Entomology and plant pathology Tullamarine Airport Plant Quarantine Centre, Knoxfield DAFF General plant pathology Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, Royal Botanic Gardens Mycology and weeds Melbourne Melbourne Rutherglen Research Centre, Vic DPI Entomology Rutherglen Tatura Research Centre, Tatura Vic DPI Entomology Western Australia AGWEST Plant Laboratories, Perth DAFWA Commercial diagnostic laboratory for plant pathogen identification, entomology, nematology, virology, bacteriology, mycology DAFWA, Crop Protection DAFWA Broadacre field pathology, virology and nematology on MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING broadacre and horticultural crops DAFWA, Entomology DAFWA Entomology of broadacre and horticultural crops DAFWA Insect Reference Collection, Perth DAFWA, Quarantine Plant Pathology DAFWA Biosecurity and emergency plant pest identifications Western Australian plant pathogen Laboratory, Perth collection – fungal, bacterial and viral Department of Environmental Biology, Curtin University of Mycology Perth Technology NAQS, Broome DAFF Identification of quarantine intercept samples, mostly Small reference collection, mostly exotic pests exotic invertebrates Operational Science DAFF, Perth DAFF Identification of quarantine intercept samples, mostly DAFF Biosecurity accredited Small reference collection, mostly International Airport exotic pests including arthropods, fungi, bacteria and quarantine Containment exotic invertebrates with a limited viruses 5.2/7.2 collection of seed and cultures Phytophthora Laboratory, Murdoch Murdoch University Commercial and research Phytophthora diagnostic laboratory Saturn Biotech, Murdoch Murdoch University Commercial molecular biology laboratory for plant pathogen identification Western Australian Museum, Kewdale Western Australian Insect identification for general public Largest insect collection in WA Museum

132 Diagnostic protocols Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostic Standards Diagnostic protocols are documents that contain detailed information about a specific plant SPHDS was established in December 2004 by PHC to sustain and improve the pest, or related group of pests, relevant to its diagnosis. Such information is crucial for the quality and reliability of plant diagnostics in Australia. Key roles of SPHDS include: management of established and exotic pests, including: • Providing advice to PHC on matters relating to plant diagnostics. • General surveillance for pest status. • Developing and maintaining SPHDS Reference Standards. • Testing of material for compliance with certification procedures. • Development of protocols consistent with SPHDS Reference Standards. • Surveillance as part of an official control or eradication program. • Facilitating professional development for plant diagnosticians. • Pest diagnostic operations associated with phytosanitary certification. • Facilitating quality management systems for plant health laboratories. • Routine diagnosis for pests found in imported consignments. • Enhancing an integrated national diagnostic network ensuring that appropriate • Detection of a pest in an area where it is not known to occur. capability can be deployed to quickly and reliably identify plant pests of both endemic and exotic origin. National Diagnostic Protocols (NDPs) are diagnostic protocols for the unambiguous taxonomic identification of a pest in a manner consistent with ISPM No. 27 – Diagnostic Protocols for Regulated Pests. NDPs include diagnostic procedures and data on the pest, its hosts, taxonomic information, detection and identification. Australia has a coherent and effective system for the development of NDPs for plant pests through the Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostic Standards (SPHDS). NDPs are developed according to SPHDS34 Reference Standards 1–4 which include the processes of peer review, verification and endorsement by PHC as shown in Figure 76. NDPs, both in production and endorsed35, are listed in Table 43 (page 136).

Current SPHDS Reference Standards are: • SPHDS Reference Standard No. 1 Glossary of Terms (Version 3).

• SPHDS Reference Standard No. 2 Development of Diagnostic Protocols – Technical PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Procedures (Version 4). • SPHDS Reference Standard No. 3 Guidelines for the Approval Process of National Diagnostic Protocols (Version 4). • SPHDS Reference Standard No. 4 Guidelines for Verification and Peer Review Reports (Version 3). Asian gypsy moth. Image courtesy of Bugwood.org

34 SPHDS Reference Standards can be found at www.plantbiosecuritydiagnostics.net.au/resource-hub/documents/. 35 Endorsed NDPs can be accessed at www.plantbiosecuritydiagnostics.net.au/resource-hub/protocols/national- diagnostic-protocols.

133 Figure 76. NDP endorsement process

Assessment process

Does an approved national protocol already exist?

Yes No Facilitate development of new protocol

Is there an Australian or international protocol?

Does it follow SPHDS RS No. 2?

Yes No Adapt protocol

Protocol verification

Yes No Verification facilitated 5 year review process

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Protocol review

Yes No Review facilitated

SPHDS approval

Yes No Facilitate revision

ACCEPT NATIONAL DIAGNOSTIC PROTOCOL

PHC endorsement No

Yes

134 Case Study: Timing is essential – How a national diagnostics database helps When a suspicious pest is found, quick access to diagnostic information is vital for fast identification. To enable this, the PBCRC developed two important diagnostic tools to speed up the process: the Remote Microscope Network (RMN) and the Plant Biosecurity Toolbox (PBT).

The RMN allows species experts to view and identify specimens in real time via a microscope and internet connection. This tool facilitates access to experts both nationally and internationally to support fast and inexpensive diagnostics via the internet using basic microscopes equipped with digital cameras. It allows both the user and expert to use an interactive white board, communicate via audio or built-in messenger as well as capture, annotate, store and log species data.

The RMN has 58 nodes located in 26 different locations, including all Australian states and territories, New Zealand, Thailand, Malaysia, East Timor, Vietnam, Singapore, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Laos and the Solomon Islands.

The RMN is coupled with a comprehensive diagnostic information database, the PBT. The PBT provides quick and easy online access to reference material to help determine the identification, potential threat level and global geographic distribution of pests. It also holds a series of high quality images to assist in diagnosis, view PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S 3: MAINTAINING ER species specific variation, symptoms and damage levels. The PBT can be found T at http://old.padil.gov.au/pbt/ – the Pest and Disease Image Library (PaDIL) HAP website. C

Prior to the RMN, specimens were sent or taken to experts for identification, slowing the process and increasing the risks posed by potential harmful pests and diseases. The RMN was pivotal in managing an outbreak of exotic mealy bug in cotton fields in Queensland during 2010. It allowed identification of the pest by an expert in California within a matter of hours. An incursion management response was triggered, which helped limit the impact on Australia’s cotton production, worth some $685 million in 2008– 09.

In 2011 this PBCRC project was awarded a Cooperative Research Centre Association Award for Excellence in Innovation, the Queensland Premier’s Award (Green category) and The Australian Innovation Award (Agriculture and Food category).

Image courtesy of NT DPIF 135 Table 43. National Diagnostic Protocols (as at 31 December 2012)

Scientific name Common name Status36 Scientific name Common name Status36 Adoxophyes orana Summer fruit tortrix Draft Citripestis eautraphera Mango fruit borer Draft Agrilus planipennis Emerald ash borer Draft Citripestis sagittiferella Citrus fruit borer Draft Anastrepha spp., Bactrocera spp., Fruit flies (exotic and endemic FF handbook, Clavibacter michiganensis Goss’s bacterial wilt and Blight of Draft Ceratitis spp., Dacus spp., Dirioxa species of priority to Australia) Lucid key subsp. nebraskensis corn spp. and Rhagoletis spp. Clavibacter michiganensis Bacterial ring rot of potato Endorsed (NDP8) Bactericera cockerelli Potato tomato psyllid Endorsed (NDP20) subsp. sepedonicus Banana bract mosaic virus Banana bract mosaic disease Draft Colletotrichum truncatum Lentil anthracnose Draft (Potyvirus) (lentil strain) Bemisia tabaci Silver leaf white fly Lucid key Coryphodema tristis South African cossid moth Draft Blood Disease Bacterium Blood disease Draft Cotton leaf curl virus (Begomovirus) Cotton leaf curl disease Draft Broad bean mottle virus Broad bean mottle virus Draft Cryphonectria parasitica Chestnut blight Endorsed (NDP11) Broad bean stain virus (Comovirus) Broad bean stain virus Draft Daktulosphaira vitifolii Grape Phylloxera type B Draft Broad bean true mosaic Broad bean true mosaic virus Draft Deanolis sublimbalis Red banded mango caterpillar Draft (Comovirus) adult Burkholderia glumae Panicle blight, Bacterial grain rot Draft Dendroctonus frontalis Mountain pine beetle Draft of rice Dendroctonus ponderosae Southern pine beetle Draft Bursaphelenchus spp. including Pine wilt nematode, Pinewood Draft Dendroctonus valens Red turpentine beetle Draft B. xylophilus nematode species complex Diaphorina citri Citrus psyllid Draft Candidatus Liberobacter asiaticus Huanglongbing, Citrus greening Draft Russian wheat aphid Draft Zebra chip Endorsed (NDP18) Diuraphis noxia

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Candidatus Liberobacter solanacearum Dysaphis plantaginea Rosy apple aphid Draft Ceratosystus ulmi Dutch elm disease Draft Echinothrips americanus Poinsettia thrips Endorsed (NDP4) Ceratovacuna lanigera Sugarcane woolly aphid Draft Erionota thrax Banana skipper butterfly Draft Cherry leaf roll virus (Nepovirus) Blackline Endorsed (NDP10) Erwinia amylovora Fireblight Draft Chilo auricilius Sugarcane internode borer Draft European stone fruit yellows European stone fruit yellows Endorsed (NDP12) phytoplasma Chilo infuscatellus Sugarcane yellow top borer Draft Exotic aphids Exotic aphids Draft Chilo partellus Spotted stalk borer Draft Furoviruses and Bymoviruses Wheat soilborne viruses Draft Stem Borer Draft Chilo polychrysus (Wheat mosaic, Cereal mosaic, Chilo sacchariphagus Dark headed stipe borer Draft Chinese mosaic virus, Wheat spindle streak, and Wheat yellow Sugarcane stem borer Draft Chilo terrenellus mosaic virus) South African maize leafhopper Draft Cicadulina mbila Fusarium circinatum Pine pitch canker Draft Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris Fusarium wilt of chickpea Draft Panama disease Draft 36 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Endorsed: the standard has been assessed by SPHDS and endorsed by PHC as a National Diagnostic Protocol. cubense tropical race 4 Draft: the standard has not yet been assessed and verified by SPHDS. FF handbook: included in the Australian Handbook for the Identification of Fruit Flies. Gibberella fujikuroi Bakanae Draft Lucid key: only a lucid key for this species exists. 136 Table 43. National Diagnostic Protocols (as at 31 December 2012)

Scientific name Common name Status36 Scientific name Common name Status36 Globodera pallida Potato cyst nematode Draft Potato mop top virus (Pomovirus) Potato mop top virus Endorsed (NDP15) Globodera rostochiensis Potato cyst nematode Draft Potato spindle tuber viroid Potato spindle tuber viroid Endorsed (NDP7) (Pospiviridae) Guignadia bidwellii Black rot Endorsed (NDP13) Pseudomonas syringae pv. Blister spot of apples Draft Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter Draft papulans Leptinotarsa decemlineata Colorado potato beetle Draft Puccinia psidii Guava rust, Eucalyptus rust Draft Liriomyza bryoniae Tomato leaf miner Lucid key Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei Barley stripe rust Draft Liriomyza cicerina Chickpea leafminer Draft Ralstonia solanacearum Bacterial brown rot of potatoes Draft Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leafminer Draft Ralstonia solanacearum race 2 Moko and Bugtok Draft Liriomyza sativae American leafminer Lucid key Red clover vein mosaic virus Red clover vein mosaic virus Draft Liriomyza trifolii American serpentine leafminer Draft (Carlavirus) Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil Draft Roesleria subterranea Grape root rot Draft Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth, Gypsy moth Draft Scirtothrips aurantii South African citrus thrips Draft complex Scirpophaga excerptalis Top borer; Top shoot borer Draft Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast Endorsed (NDP14) Scirpophaga nivella White rice borer Draft Mayetiola destructor Hessian fly Draft Scirtothrips perseae Avocado thrips Endorsed (NDP3) Maize dwarf mosaic virus Maize dwarf mosaic virus Draft Semiaphis dauci Carrot aphid Draft (Potyvirus) Sesamia grisescens Stem borer Draft Monilinia fructigena Brown rot Endorsed (NDP1)

Sitobion avenae Wheat aphid Draft PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Mycosphaerella eumusae Eumusae leaf spot Draft Stagonospora sacchari Leaf scorch Draft Mycosphaerella fijiensis Black sigatoka Draft Sternochetus frigidus Mango pulp weevil Draft Neonectria ditissima European canker Draft Sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma Sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma Draft Orthaga euadrusalis Mango leaf webber Draft Synchytrium endobioticum Potato wart Endorsed (NDP16) Pantoea stewartii subsp. steartii Stewart’s wilt of maize Draft Tetranychidae spp. Spidermites Draft Pea early browning virus Pea early browning virus Draft (Tobravirus) Tetranychus desertorum Prickly pear spider mite Draft Pea enation mosaic virus Pea enation mosaic virus Draft Tetranychus lombardinii Crimson spider mite Draft (Enamovirus) Tetranychus pacificus Pacific spider mite Draft Pepino mosaic virus (Potexvirus) Pepino mosaic virus Draft Tetranychus piercei Spider mites Draft Peronosclerospora sacchari Sugarcane downy mildew Draft Tetranychus turkestani Strawberry spider mite Draft Phakopsora euvitis Grapevine leaf rust Draft Tilletia controversa Dwarf bunt of wheat Draft Phoma tracheiphila Mal Secco Draft Tilletia horrida (nee barclayana) Kernel smut of rice Draft Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death Endorsed (NDP5) Tilletia indica Karnal bunt Endorsed (NDP19) Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus, Sharka Endorsed (NDP2) Trioza erytreae African citrus psyllid Draft Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail Draft

137 Table 43. National Diagnostic Protocols (as at 31 December 2012) Forest Health

Scientific name Common name Status36 The management of endemic pests and the implementation of risk mitigation practices to reduce the threat of introducing exotic pests are integral to Australia’s forestry industry. Unknown Ramu stunt Draft Verticillium dahliae Verticillium wilt (defoliating strain) Draft Minimising these risks, and the associated impacts, is important to ensure a viable industry Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus Draft is maintained. In 2012, forest health issues were re-examined and a subcommittee was (Bymovirus) formed to resolve these issues. X disease phytoplasma Peach X disease Endorsed (NDP17) Subcommittee on National Forest Health Xanthomonas ampelina Bacterial blight Draft The Subcommittee on National Forest Health (SNFH) is one of four subcommittees Xanthomonas campestris Bacterial wilt Draft pv. musacearum established by PHC. Having evolved from Forest and Forest Products Committee’s Research Working Group 7, SNFH was formally established as a subcommittee in 2012 Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Citrus canker Endorsed (NDP9) to advise and collaborate with industry peak bodies, governments and other agencies on Xanthomonas fragariae Angular leaf spot Draft forest health issues. It facilitates strategic leadership and provides a focal point for the Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease Endorsed (NDP6) identification of nationally significant forest biosecurity issues in the commercial, environmental and amenity forest sectors.

Through PHC, SNFH advises on emerging strategic forest health research needs and preparedness, and provides specialist forest health input to SNPHS and SPHDS. In the event of any emerging forest health issues or forest pest incursions the SNFH provides a first point of reference to the Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests (CCEPP) and other bodies as required. MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING

Image courtesy of NT DPIF

National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy A National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy (NPBDS) was released in 2012. Action 8.5 from the NPBS called for the development of both diagnostic and surveillance strategies under the NPBS framework. In line with this action SPHDS, in collaboration with PHA, reviewed and updated relevant NPBS recommendations and underpinning actions to reflect the ongoing development of the national plant biosecurity system. The NPBDS aligns with the diagnostic related recommendations from the NPBS (Recommendations 8, 9, 10 and 15) as well as the diagnostic aspects of Schedule 4 of the IGAB and will guide the progress of plant diagnostics in Australia up until 2020. The NPBDS was endorsed by PHC in October 2012. Image courtesy of the Australian Forest Products Association

138 On-farm biosecurity Table 44. Biosecurity manuals (as at 31 December 2012)

Communication and collaboration with grower groups is an important aspect of Australia’s Manual Version plant biosecurity system. Effective communication of key biosecurity issues enhances the Biosecurity Induction Manual for Bundaberg Horticultural Farms 1.0 establishment of practices that protect individual producers and facilitate early detection to minimise the impact of exotic plant pests. Biosecurity Manual for the Honey Bee Industry 1.0 Biosecurity Manual for the Nursery Production Industry 1.0 Farm biosecurity is a set of measures designed to protect a property from the entry and Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Banana Industry 1.0 spread of pests, diseases and weeds. Best practice biosecurity procedures relating to plant production at the farm level include: Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Cotton Industry 1.1 Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Grains Industry 3.2 • Regular monitoring for pests. Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Northern Adelaide Plains Vegetable Growers 1.0 • Use of warning and information signs for biosecurity awareness. Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Almond Industry 1.0 • Limiting visitor entry to production areas. Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Apple and Pear Industry 2.0 • Cleaning of equipment, vehicles and footwear between properties. Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Avocado Industry 1.0 • Sourcing certified pest free propagation material. Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Cherry Industry 1.0 • Isolating and inspecting newly purchased plant material. Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Citrus Industry 1.0 • Controlling volunteer or neglected plants that could harbour pests. Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Mango Industry 1.0 • Use of chemical control measures to control pest vectors and alternative hosts. Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Summerfruit Industry 1.0 • Controlled disposal of crop residues. • Integration of biosecurity awareness into staff training, postharvest handling and

transport procedures. PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S 3: MAINTAINING ER

• Use of dedicated equipment in high risk areas. T

• Restriction of people and vehicle movement in production areas. HAP C • Record keeping monitoring movement of people and equipment. • Reporting suspect pests to appropriate authorities. • Including farm biosecurity in industry best management practice and quality assurance schemes. • Encouraging good hive biosecurity practices by pollination service providers.

PHA, in partnership with plant production industries and governments, has released a number of crop-specific biosecurity manuals (Table 44). These manuals are specifically tailored for growers and consultants, outlining simple and effective measures that can be incorporated into day-to-day operations that will improve biosecurity and help protect their industry from new and invasive pests.

Recognising the predominance of mixed farming in Australia, PHA has partnered with AHA in a joint communication and awareness campaign known as the Farm Biosecurity Program, which includes biosecurity advice for both plants and animals. The program aims to help producers identify and reduce the risks posed by exotic pests. The program website, www.farmbiosecurity.com.au, provides an array of information including ways in which risks to farm production can be identified and minimised through simple farm management practices (see Case study: Farm Biosecurity Program, page 119). Image courtesy of Qld DAFF

139 Communication and awareness Responsibilities for biosecurity communication activities (both risk mitigation and incursion The Pest and Disease Image Library response) vary across jurisdictions. The Australian Government is primarily responsible for www.padil.gov.au presenting messages about quarantine and border protection, while state and territory The Pest and Disease Image Library (PaDIL) is a suite of online tools that support plant pest governments, together with industry, focus on regional and on-farm biosecurity messages. diagnostics. The core of PaDIL is an image library containing high quality colour diagnostic images linked to key information for a range of pests that pose a potential plant biosecurity Biosecurity communications and awareness program threat to Australia. The traditional pest images contained within the image library are now Plant industries are becoming increasingly involved in biosecurity communications in an complimented by a range of biodiversity focused collections, including Australian pollinators effort to mitigate pest risks through heightened awareness and improved practices. These and butterflies of Australia. industries work on developing communication strategies that complement the work being In addition to the image libraries, PaDIL also contains the Plant Biosecurity Toolbox and undertaken by others, and in identifying specific techniques that have been shown to be the Remote Microscope Diagnostics Portal. The Plant Biosecurity Toolbox provides detailed most effective in achieving desired outcomes. diagnostic information for a number of Australia’s HPPs, linked with other related and PHA assists industries with communication activities and provides the Farm Biosecurity valuable information about the pests. The information in the Plant Biosecurity Toolbox Program to encourage the uptake of practices that increase on-farm biosecurity. compliments the image library and provides a valuable diagnostic resource. The Remote Microscope Diagnostics portal facilitates pest identification by connecting microscopes with computers over the internet, allowing users to share live images with experts in real Information technology tools and networks time around the world. supporting the plant biosecurity system Information and data management systems provide people and organisations with the The Atlas of Living Australia tools to carry out their work more effectively and efficiently. In terms of plant biosecurity, www.ala.org.au information systems may be as simple as handwritten logs containing the results of a The Atlas of Living Australia has been funded by the Australian Government to pest survey or as complex as web-based emergency response management systems. aggregate information on all known species in Australia from a wide range of data providers – including museums, herbaria, community groups, government departments, Information management underpins many of the key activities required to maintain MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING individuals and universities. As of February 2013, the Atlas has over 35 million species a successful, world class plant biosecurity system. Some of the key systems are occurrence records from 486 data sets and combines these with a wide range of highlighted below. environmental layers allowing advanced analysis of the relationships between species and the environment. The Australian Plant Pest Database www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/appd The Atlas of Living Australia was initiated by a group of 14 organisations and has now delivered an easy-to-use website for biodiversity data discovery, visualisation and analysis. Collections of insects, pathogens and other plant pests are kept by a range of Information available on the website is freely available to everyone, improves understanding organisations, including museums, scientific institutions and government departments. and assists researchers to build a more detailed picture of Australian biodiversity. The Atlas 37 These collections contain voucher specimens that are used for diagnostic reference also assists environmental managers and policy makers to develop effective ways of samples or as a register of collected pest species. managing and sustaining Australia’s level of biodiversity. The Australian Plant Pest Database (APPD) is a national online database that provides access to over one and a half million records held in 18 collections from around the country, thus enabling rapid location of voucher specimens of important plant pests. APPD supports critical decision making during emergency responses to incursions, supports bids for market access and validates phytosanitary measures.

37 A voucher specimen is one that is archived in a permanent collection. It serves as physical evidence of occurrence at a time and place.

140 The Australian Biosecurity Intelligence Network www.abin.org.au The Australian Biosecurity Intelligence Network (ABIN) has been specifically designed to strengthen the collaborative approach across Australian biosecurity organisations. It is a unique, secure, national infrastructure platform that through integration of existing IT information systems, filling the infrastructure gaps, and providing a means to access distributed sources of data and expertise, will help to achieve a collaborative, integrated national biosecurity system.

ABIN was established under the Australian Government’s National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy to strengthen Australia’s biosecurity system and reflect the trend across the world to adopt a unified approach towards biosecurity.

At the end of 2012, ABIN’s target audience was broadened outside of the plant biosecurity sector with the launch of Connecting Spaces (www.connectingspaces.com.au). This platform now provides a security accredited cloud service to the scientific, emergency response and health domains. MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S 3: MAINTAINING ER T HAP C

141 Case study: Honey bee biosecurity – An exemplary model of the biosecurity partnership in action

In many countries overseas, catastrophic pest incursions have decimated hives of The information from the manual has also been developed into an online honey bees, damaging the industry, access to markets and threatening the many training module that stakeholders can complete for free via PHA’s Biosecurity plant industries that rely on European honey bees to boost yields by pollinating crops. Online Training system. Fortunately Australia experiences relative freedom from many honey bee pests. In addition to funding from the Australian Government, contributions to develop these To protect that enviable status, PHA embarked on crucial projects to boost honey bee projects were provided by HAL, RIRDC and AHBIC. The Federal Council of Australian biosecurity in 2009, when responsibility for the management of emergency responses Apiarists’ Association (FCAAA) and the Wheen Bee Foundation also contributed to pests of honey bees was transferred to the EPPRD from the animal equivalent (the significant funding to cover the printing and postage costs of the manual for all Emergency Animal Disease Response Agreement). registered beekeepers. State and territory departments of agriculture conducted the mail out. The projects were only made possible by contributions from, and cooperation between, governments, the honey bee industry and crop industries that rely on PHA is proud to be the coordinator of honey bee biosecurity in Australia. honey bee pollination to boost production. Together, the partners rapidly improved Australia’s readiness to respond to incursions of exotic bee pests or pest bees. For copies of the Biosecurity Manual, or any other honey bee biosecurity information, visit the honey section of the PHA website www.planthealthaustralia.com.au. In 2012, PHA brought together honey bee experts from governments, research organisations and industry across Australia to produce an Industry Biosecurity Plan for the honey bee industry. The plan identifies the main risks to honey bees and maps out strategies to best protect them.

In addition PHA focused on four pests of honey bees and devised a Contingency Plan for each. These consist of information about the pest, a risk assessment of potential pathways of entry, potential impacts, pest management issues and

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING proposed courses of action after any incursion.

To ensure that bee keepers are aware of biosecurity risks to their hives and how best to keep bees healthy, PHA published the Biosecurity Manual for the Honey Bee Industry which was distributed to every registered beekeeper in Australia in 2012, some 12,000 copies. The 60-page Biosecurity Manual is another initiative of industry and government partners and includes: • Simple guidelines on how to keep honey bees healthy. • Fact sheets on 13 exotic and established pests with detailed pictures. • Detailed information on how to conduct surveillance in an apiary for these pests. • Guidelines on moving hives, honey bee products and equipment. • Product management principles. • Templates of production records and biosecurity signs, which are also available for free download from the PHA website.

142 MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S 3: MAINTAINING ER T HAP C

Image courtesy of CSIRO 143 144 Chapter 4 Managing plant biosecurity emergencies

Image courtesy of Vic DPI 4.1 The Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed

Australia has a world class biosecurity The EPPRD is a formal, legally binding agreement between PHA, the Australian Government, all state and territory system, but as long as trade and governments, and 29 plant industry Parties38. The EPPRD, of which PHA is the custodian, covers the management people movement are allowed, there and funding of eradication responses to EPPs. ergencies

m will never be zero risk of new plant For a pest to be covered by the EPPRD, it must be an EPP38, and thus must be a Plant Pest listed in Schedule 13 of pests entering the country. Pests can the EPPRD or determined by the Categorisation Group to meet one of the following criteria: also be spread to Australia through • A known exotic plant pest that could have an adverse economic impact regionally and nationally if established natural means, such as wind in Australia. and water currents. The ability to • A variant form of an established plant pest which can be distinguished by appropriate investigative methods, and rapidly and effectively respond to an could have an adverse economic impact regionally and nationally if established in Australia. incursion of an exotic plant pest is an • A serious plant pest of unknown or uncertain origin which may be an entirely new plant pest. essential component of Australia’s • A plant pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered and not yet present there or being officially plant biosecurity system. controlled. Honey bees and their pests also fall under the EPPRD framework, since the honey bee and pollination-dependant This chapter provides an overview of industries may be affected by an incursion. the arrangements and activities in place to effectively respond to new The EPPRD specifies Parties’ roles in the decision making and operational processes of responding to EPPs. Under the EPPRD, government and industry Parties share the costs of eradicating EPPs based on an assessment of the relative Chapter 4: Managing Plant biosecurity e plant pest threats in Australia. private and public benefits of eradication. The EPPRD is designed to ensure a rapid and effective response, while giving certainty to management and funding arrangements.

No single Party is exclusively responsible for decision making under the EPPRD. Decisions are made by the three committees, as described below, with government and industry representation drawn from Parties who are Affected38 by the Incident38.

38 These are defined terms under the EPPRD. Refer to the EPPRD for full definition. 146 National Management Group The National Management Group (NMG) is responsible for making the key decisions in • Category 2 (80 per cent government, 20 per cent industry signatory funded) the response to an EPP incursion under the EPPRD. The group is formed when an Incident These are EPPs which if not eradicated would: is identified. It consists of representatives from all Affected Parties who have signed the –– cause significant public losses either directly through serious loss of amenity, and/or EPPRD. The group is responsible for approving a Response Plan, including the budget if it environmental values and/or effects on households, or indirectly through very severe is agreed that eradication is feasible and cost beneficial. The NMG is advised on technical economic impacts on regions and the national economy, through large trade losses matters by the Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests (CCEPP). with flow on effects through the economy; and ergencies m –– impose major costs on the affected cropping sectors such that the cropping sectors Consultative Committee on Emergency would benefit significantly from eradication. Plant Pests The eradication of Category 2 EPPs would have high public benefits. CCEPP is a technical committee that advises the NMG on EPP incursion responses. Similar to the NMG, the CCEPP is formed when an EPP is detected or suspected to be • Category 3 (50 per cent government, 50 per cent industry signatory funded) present and consists of the Australian Chief Plant Protection Officer, all state and territory These are EPPs which if not eradicated would primarily harm the affected cropping Chief Plant Health Managers, as well as nominated representatives from each Affected sectors but there would also be some significant public costs as well (that is, moderate Party. The CCEPP is responsible for assessing the grounds for eradication and for public benefits from eradication). The EPP could adversely affect public amenities, providing the technical advice needed for the NMG to make decisions. A Scientific households or the environment, and/or could have significant, though moderate trade Advisory Panel (SAP) may be convened by the CCEPP to review and provide advice implications and/or national and regional economic implications. on specific technical matters. The eradication of Category 3 EPPs would have moderate public benefits.

Categorisation Group • Category 4 (20 per cent government, 80 per cent industry signatory funded)

A Categorisation Group is assembled to determine a category for an EPP for the purposes These are EPPs which if not eradicated would: Chapter 4: Managing Plant biosecurity e of applying the provisions of the EPPRD. Each category is based on the public versus –– have little or no public cost implications and little or no impacts on natural private benefit of eradication and determines the cost sharing split between Affected ecosystems. The affected cropping sectors would be adversely affected primarily Parties. There are four categories: through additional costs of production, extra control costs or nuisance costs; and • Category 1 (100 per cent Government funded) –– generally there would be no significant trade issues that would affect national and These are EPPs which if not eradicated would: regional economies. –– cause major environmental damage to natural ecosystems; and/or The eradication of Category 4 EPPs would have mainly if not wholly private benefits. –– potentially affect human health or cause a major nuisance to humans; and/or Each Categorisation Group comprises nominated representatives from the Affected –– cause significant damage to amenity flora; and Parties, relevant technical and economic experts and an independent Chair from PHA. –– have relatively little impact on commercial crops. This category also covers situations where the EPP has a wide range of hosts including native flora and there is considerable uncertainty as to the relative impacts on crops. In short, it is almost impossible to properly determine which cropping sectors benefit from eradication and to what extent, and in any case the incursion primarily affects native flora and/or amenity plants, and/or is a major nuisance if not a health risk to humans. The eradication of Category 1 EPPs would have very high public benefits.

147 Case Study: When pests can’t be eradicated – Transition to management programs Arrangements under the EPPRD apply to EPP incursions up to an eradication response, Myrtle rust yet not all pests prove to be eradicable. Australia’s National Biosecurity Committee Myrtle rust (Uredo rangelii) is an exotic plant pest that was first detected on a cut flower recognised the need for nationally agreed and consistent arrangements to be put in growing property in NSW in April 2010. In December 2010, the Myrtle Rust NMG agreed place for such cases and developed Transition to Management Guidelines. that eradication of this easily dispersed fungal pest was not technically feasible. As with AHB, a need for ongoing management was identified, to reduce potential impacts on During 2011/2012 the Australian Government called upon PHA to manage a new

ergencies the environment, the community and affected industries.

m partnership arrangement, based on these guidelines, for dealing with two pests that cannot be eradicated: Asian honey bee (AHB) and Myrtle rust. The Australian Government invested $1.5 million from July 2011 to June 2013 in a Myrtle rust Transition to Management (MRT2M) Program. The MRT2M Program is being delivered Asian honey bee through a range of research projects aimed at providing information and tools to enable AHB (Apis cerana) was first detected in Cairns, Queensland, in May 2007 sparking an communities and industries to mitigate the impacts of Myrtle rust in natural, urban, and eradication program but it was subsequently agreed by the NMG in January 2011 that primary production environments. eradication was no longer technically feasible. In addition to the Australian Government’s investment in the MRT2M Program, a number As a result, the Australian Government agreed to invest $2 million from July 2011 to June of state governments and research organisations have undertaken complementary work. 2013 in an AHB Transition to Management (AHBT2M) Program. The aim of this program is In anticipation of the MRT2M Program drawing to a close on 30 June 2013, a workshop to progress a transition from eradication into managing AHB effectively as it becomes more will be held in Sydney in June 2013. The workshop will focus on the MRT2M Program’s widely established in Australia. The AHBT2M Program will be conducted in partnership research projects, the outcomes of this science, as well as future directions. A strategy with the Australian honey bee industry and Biosecurity Queensland, who are contributing document outlining the goals that need to be achieved for successful cessation of the funding to the program. MRT2M Program has been developed.

Chapter 4: Managing Plant biosecurity e The AHBT2M Program is being delivered through a range of project specific action Further information on the AHBT2M and MRT2M Programs is at asianhoneybee.net.au plans conducted by Biosecurity Queensland. The planned activities will engage the bee and myrtlerust.net.au. industry, individuals, communities, local government, agriculture and environment agencies, production and service industries in developing knowledge, tools, strategies and actions to cope with the ongoing presence of AHB with a view to mitigating the social, environmental and economic impacts of the pest.

Funding provided to the AHBT2M Program by AHBIC and FCAAA will be used to fund and facilitate research on developing management strategies and suppression techniques of AHB that will assist the honey bee industry to manage the impacts of AHB.

Image courtesy of CSIRO Image courtesy of Qld DAFF 148 emergencies

biosecurity

lant P anaging er 4: M t Chap

Image courtesy of Vic DPI 149 4.2 PLANTPLAN

PLANTPLAN is the agreed technical response plan used by governments and industries in responding to an incident. PLANTPLAN underpins the EPPRD as part of Schedule 5 and is endorsed by all EPPRD signatories. It provides nationally consistent guidelines for response procedures under the EPPRD, outlining the phases of an incursion (investigation

emergencies and alert, operational, and stand down), as well as the key roles and responsibilities of

industry and government Parties during each of these phases. It incorporates best practice in EPP responses and is updated regularly to incorporate new information or address gaps identified by the outcomes of incident reviews. PHA manages the continued development and maintenance of PLANTPLAN on behalf of government and industry. biosecurity

PLANTPLAN is supported by individual industry biosecurity planning, operational response lant and preparedness procedural training that covers industry and pest specific information, P risk mitigation activities and contingency plans.

During 2012, a comprehensive review of PLANTPLAN commenced with the aim anaging of improving alignment of PLANTPLAN with existing nationally endorsed emergency management procedures. It is anticipated that the review of PLANTPLAN will be finalised

er 4: M in 2013. t

Chap Contingency planning Contingency plans contain background information on biology, surveillance, control measures and destruction strategies for particular exotic plant pests. The information contained within these plans enables the quick development of an effective Response Plan in the event of an incursion. Contingency plans for the management of over 90 pests or pest groups have been developed by industry and government in Australia (Table 45).

150 Image courtesy of Glynn Maynard, DAFF Table 45. Contingency plans

Pest scientific name Pest common name Year Location of document Scope Emergency Plant Pests 2010 PIRSA State Achatina fulica Giant African snail 2002 Qld DAFF State Agromyza ambigua, A. megalopsis, Cerodontha Cereal leafminers 2009 PHA National – grains industry denticornis, Chromatomyia fuscula, C. nigra ergencies

Alternaria humicola Leaf spot 2009 PHA National – grains industry m Alternaria triticina Leaf blight of wheat 2009 PHA National – grains industry Anoplophora chinensis Citrus longicorn beetle 2009 PHA National – production nurseries Atherigona soccata Sorghum shoot fly 2008 PHA National – grains industry Bactericera cockerelli, Candidatus Liberibacter Zebra chip complex 2011 HAL, PHA National – vegetable and potato solanacearum (syn. Ca. L. psyllaurous) industries Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fly 1999 Qld DAFF National Bactrocera papaya, B. tryoni, Ceratitis capitata Papaya fruit fly, Queensland fruit fly, PIRSA State Mediterranean fruit fly Bactrocera papayae Papaya fruit fly 1999 Qld DAFF National Bactrocera spp. Fruit flies 2001 Qld DAFF State Bactrocera tryoni, Ceratitis capitata Queensland fruit fly, Mediterranean fruit fly DPIPWE State

Bactrocera tryoni, Ceratitis capitata, exotic fruit fly Fruit flies PIRSA State Chapter 4: Managing Plant biosecurity e species Barley stripe mosaic virus (Hordevirus) Barley stripe mosaic virus 2008 PHA National – grains industry Bemisia tabaci, Trialeurodes vaporariorum and White fly transmitted viruses 2010 PHA National – production nurseries T. abutilonia transmitted viruses (Beet pseudo-yellows virus (Closterovirus), Diodia vein chlorosis virus (Closterovirus), Lettuce infectious yellows virus, (Crinivirus), Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (Begomovirus)) Bipolaris spicifera Leaf blotch of cereals 2009 PHA National – grains industry Burkholderia glumae Panicle blight 2005 CSU National – rice industry Cantareus apertus Green snail 2012-13 Vic DPI State Cephus pygmeus European wheat stem sawfly 2008 PHA National – grains industry Ceratocystis ulmi Dutch elm disease 2001 Vic DPI State Chilo partellus Spotted stem borer 2009 PHA National – grains industry Chilo spp. Sugarcane stem borer 2008 BSES National – sugarcane industry Chortoicetes terminifera Plague locusts 2010 PIRSA State Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (Tospovirus), Thrips transmitted viruses 2011 PHA National – production nurseries Impatiens necrotic ringspot virus (Tospovirus), Pelargonium flower break virus (Tombusviridae), Tomato spotted wilt virus (Tospovirus)

151 Table 45. Contingency plans

Pest scientific name Pest common name Year Location of document Scope Colletotrichum lupini Lupin anthracnose 2000 NSW DPI State Colletotrichum truncatum (lentil strain) Lentil anthracnose 2008 PHA National – grains industry Cryphonectria parasitica Chestnut blight 2010 Vic DPI State – chestnut industry

ergencies Daktulosphaira vitifolii Grape phylloxera 2010 PIRSA State – viticulture industry m Deanolis sublimbalis Red banded mango caterpillar 2001 Qld DAFF State Diatraea spp. Sugarcane borer 2008 BSES National – sugarcane industry Diuraphis noxia Russian wheat aphid 2005 DAFWA, PHA National – grains industry Dorysthenes buqueti Sugarcane longhorn stemborer 2009 BSES National – sugarcane industry Echinothrips americanus Poinsettia thrips 2010 PHA National – production nurseries Eldana saccharina African sugarcane moth borer 2008 BSES National – sugarcane industry Eoreuma loftini Mexican rice borer 2008 BSES National – sugarcane industry Erwinia amylovora Fire blight 1997 NSW DPI State Erwinia amylovora Fire blight 2002 Vic DPI State Erwinia amylovora (and its impact on honey bees) Fire blight DPIPWE State – honey bee industry Eumetopina flavipes Island sugarcane planthopper 2009 BSES National – sugarcane industry

Chapter 4: Managing Plant biosecurity e Eurygaster integriceps Sunn pest 2008 PHA National – grains industry Fulmekiola serrata Oriental sugarcane thrips 2009 BSES National – sugarcane industry Fusarium circinatum Pitch canker 2003 National Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, F. oxysporum f. sp. Fusarium wilts of chickpea, lentil, lupin 2009 PHA National – grains industry lentis, F. oxysporum f. sp. lupini Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans Fusarium wilt of canola 2007 PHA National – grains industry Gibberella fujikuroi Bakanae 2005 NSW DPI National – rice industry Globodera pallida Potato cyst nematode DPIPWE State Globodera rostochiensis Potato cyst nematode 2002 Vic DPI National Helicoverpa zea Corn earworm 2009 PHA National – grains industry Heterodera carotae Carrot cyst nematode 2008 DAFWA, HAL National – vegetable industry Heterodera latipons, H. felipjevi, H. avenae (exotic Cereal cyst nematodes 2012 PHA Grains industry strains) Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter 2009 PHA National – production nurseries Hylotrupe bajulus European house borer 2006 DAFWA State Liriomyza bryoniae, L. cicerina, L. huidobrensis, Agromyzid leafminers 2008 PHA National – grains industry L. sativae, L. trifolii, Chromatomyia horticola Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leaf miner 2009 PHA National – production nurseries

152 Table 45. Contingency plans

Pest scientific name Pest common name Year Location of document Scope Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil 2005 NSW DPI National – rice industry Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug 2011 PHA National – production nurseries Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth/gypsy moth complex 2002 DAFF, NSW DPI National

Lymantria dispar dispar Asian gypsy moth (Asian and European strains) 2009 PHA National – production nurseries ergencies m Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast 2005 DAFWA, NSW DPI National – rice industry Maize dwarf mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Maize dwarf mosaic virus 2011 PHA National – grains industry Mayetiola destructor Hessian fly 2005 DAFWA, PHA National – grains industry Mayetiola hordei Barley stem gall midge 2008 PHA National – grains industry Meromyza saltatrix Wheat stem maggot 2009 PHA National – grains industry Mycosphaerella fijiensis Black Sigatoka 1999 Qld DAFF State Nysius huttoni Wheat bug 2008 PHA National – grains industry Peronosclerospora philippinensis, P. sorghi Downy mildew of maize and sorghum 2009 PHA National – grains industry Phakopsora euvitis Grapevine leaf rust 2006 Qld DAFF National Phyllophaga spp. May beetle 2008 PHA National – grains industry Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death 2009 PHA National – production nurseries

Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus 2000 DAFF National Chapter 4: Managing Plant biosecurity e Plum pox virus (Potyvirus), Tobacco etch virus (Potyvirus) Aphid transmitted viruses 2011 PHA National – production nurseries Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail 2005 National – rice industry Potato spindle tuber viroid (Pospiviroid) Potato spindle tuber viroid 2002 DoR National Psila rosae Carrot rust fly 2009 DAFWA, HAL National – vegetable industry Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (pathotype Ug99) Wheat stem rust, pathotype Ug99 2009 PHA National – grains industry Puccinia psidii Guava (eucalyptus) rust 2006 DAFF National – forestry Puccinia psidii Guava (eucalyptus) rust 2009 PHA National – production nurseries Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei Barley stripe rust 2010 NSW DPI, PHA National – grains industry Pyrenophora teres f. sp. teres (resistant strains) Net form of net blotch 2009 PHA National – grains industry Red clover mosaic virus (Carlavirus) Red clover mosaic virus 2008 PHA National – grains industry Scirpophaga spp. Top borer 2008 BSES National – sugarcane industry Sesamia spp. Sugarcane and maize borers 2008 BSES National – sugarcane industry Sitibion avenae Wheat aphid 2009 PHA National – grains industry Sitona spp. complex, especially S. lineatus Pea and bean weevil 2005 DAFWA, PHA National – grains industry Tilletia barclayana Kernel smut of rice 2005 CSU National – rice industry Tilletia contraversa Dwarf bunt of wheat 2007 DAFWA, PHA National – grains industry

153 Table 45. Contingency plans

Pest scientific name Pest common name Year Location of document Scope Tilletia indica Karnal bunt 2006 DAFWA, NSW DPI National – grains industry Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle 2005 DAFWA, PHA National – grains industry Uredo rangelii Myrtle rust 2012 Vic DPI State Uromyces pisi, U. viciae-fabae Field pea and lentil rusts 2009 PHA National – grains industry emergencies Ustilago scitaminea Sugarcane smut 1997 BSES National – sugarcane industry Venturia inaequalis Apple scab fungus 1992 DAFWA State Verticillium longisporum Verticillium wilt of canola 2011 PHA Grains industry Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Citrus canker 2006 Qld DAFF State – citrus industry biosecurity

Xanthomonas translucens Bacterial leaf streak 2011 PHA National – grains industry

lant Pierce’s disease 2011 PHA National – production nurseries P Xyllela fasidiosa Xyllela fasidiosa Pierce’s disease 2002 Vic DPI National – viticulture industry anaging

Training er 4: M t Having sufficient appropriately trained personnel is essential to effectively undertake an The National EPP Training Program is delivered through a combination of face-to-face sessions and simulation exercises, which are supported by the e-learning platform

Chap emergency response to an EPP. Trained personnel are required at all levels of a response, from members of the national decision making committees through to the surveillance Biosecurity Online Training (BOLT). officers carrying out field activities, and including representatives from both industry and government. Access to BOLT is open to all plant biosecurity stakeholders and can be obtained through www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/training. Delivery of this specialist training is provided by a range of organisations, including PHA, state government agencies, and the PBCRC and plant production peak industry bodies. Plant Biosecurity Program Training is offered in varying forms, from short presentations and e-learning modules, Online training also extends through to postgraduate studies with the Plant Biosecurity through to complete postgraduate degrees. Program (www.plantbiosecurity.edu.au), which is coordinated by PBCRC and supported by DAFF. National EPP Training Program PHA conducts the National EPP Training Program on behalf of its Members, to industry The Plant Biosecurity Program is delivered through four Australian universities: Charles and government representatives, growers and other biosecurity stakeholders. The aim of Darwin University, La Trobe University, Murdoch University and the University of Adelaide. this program is to highlight the key elements of the EPPRD and PLANTPLAN to Members, Students can undertake a graduate certificate, graduate diploma or Masters in plant ensuring that their representatives have the ability to deliver their roles and obligations as biosecurity. EPPRD Parties. Through this approach, PHA helps Members understand their role in a Enrolments in the program continue to increase, indicating that online delivery has a central plant pest emergency response. role to play in the future of plant biosecurity training. The key role of this program is to facilitate EPPRD Parties in meeting their requirement to maintain trained personnel and engage appropriately in the response to EPP detections that impact their industry or organisation.

154 Biosecurity Surveillance, Incident, Response and Tracing Program The National Biosecurity Surveillance, Incident, Response and Tracing (BioSIRT) Program seeks to eliminate information barriers and provide national consistency of information to enhance emergency response and routine surveillance and control of pests that threaten agriculture, the environment and social amenity. Costs are shared between the Australian Government and jurisdictions. Following reviews in late 2011 and early 2012, the National Biosecurity Committee approved a transformation of the program. emergencies

In collaboration with jurisdictions, DAFF is establishing a project to create a new National Biosecurity Information Sharing System. The project comprises two components: a centrally hosted information management system and the development of data biosecurity

standards for national reporting. National reporting includes reporting from jurisdictions to DAFF, from DAFF to jurisdictions, inter-jurisdictional and international reporting. In the interim, existing incidents in the BioSIRT information system will continue to be used by lant jurisdictions and DAFF. P

Outcomes will be: anaging • Biosecurity information sharing for national reporting. • Reduced impact of incursions resulting from faster reaction times during an emergency er 4: M response. t • Support of industry sustainability and market access by increasing capacity to report Chap pest status. • Operational efficiency and savings through reduced duplication across animal and plant emergency response and routine biosecurity activities.

Image courtesy of the Australian Olive Association 155 156 Chapter 5 Research, development and extension

Image courtesy of NT DPIF 5.1 research, development and extension in association with the Australian Government

Australia invests significant resources into The Australian Government currently contributes to a variety of plant biosecurity Research, Development and Extension (R,D&E) to related R,D&E activities. This occurs predominately through DAFF and other Australian Government departments, such as the Department of Innovation, Industry, Science ensure its biosecurity system has access to the and Research (DIISR), SEWPaC and DFAT. latest technologies in a way that is applicable to its environmental conditions. Through this investment, the biosecurity system is constantly improved and the developments can be focused on the specific threats that face plant production industries in this country and other ongoing challenges associated with plant biosecurity.

Currently, R,D&E activities are conducted

CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION and coordinated by CSIRO, Research and Development Corporations (RDCs), Cooperative Research Centres (CRCs), Australian government, state and territory agencies as well as universities and private organisations.

This chapter summarises some of the key organisations involved in plant biosecurity R,D&E and lists the projects active in 2012.

Image courtesy of CSIRO 158 Australian government statutory authorities and agencies involved in research and Case study: A national research strategy to coordinate development plant biosecurity science

Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Plant biosecurity research is conducted by a wide variety of research organisations www.aciar.gov.au across Australia. The complex, multi-organisational structure of R,D&E activity requires coordination to ensure that, overall, there is an integrated approach The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established to discovering and delivering the plant biosecurity science that Australia needs. to help identify agricultural problems in developing countries, and to commission collaborative R&D, focusing on fields where Australia has special research competence. That’s why PHA is working on the development of a National Plant Biosecurity Its mission is to achieve more productive and sustainable agricultural systems for the R,D&E Strategy—to enhance the collaboration, coordination, efficiency and joint benefit of developing countries and Australia through international agricultural effectiveness of R,D&E efforts across Australia. The work was commissioned research partnerships. by the Primary Industries Standing Committee (PISC) and the National Biosecurity Committee (NBC). ACIAR’s biosecurity projects are spread across several program areas, including crop protection, horticulture, agricultural systems, economics and management, crop In 2012 a project Steering Committee comprised of representatives from key improvement and management, forestry, agricultural development, support for market research organisations was brought together to coordinate the project. As a first driven adaptive research, soil management and crop nutrition. step, an audit of all biosecurity R,D&E in Australia was conducted in conjunction with AHA. The audit was carried out between January and July 2012, and encompassed Australian Research Council both plants and animal research. Once the information was compiled and analysed, www.arc.gov.au it provided a snapshot in time of the people, places and disciplines involved in delivering R,D&E in support of Australia’s biosecurity programs. The Australian Research Council (ARC) is a statutory agency within the Australian CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Government’s Industry, Innovation, Science, Research, and Tertiary Education (IISRTE) The main aims of a national biosecurity research strategy are to reduce capability portfolio. gaps, fragmentation and any unnecessary duplication in research. It will allow public research capability to become more integrated, interdependent and specialised, The ARC advises the Government on research matters, manages the National and have larger critical mass. Efficiency and effectiveness of R,D&E will be improved Competitive Grants Program, a significant component of Australia’s investment in and as a consequence returns on investment will improve. research and development, and has responsibility for the Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA) initiative. The National Plant Biosecurity R,D&E Strategy, once developed, will form part of the larger National Primary Industries R,D&E Framework which aims to promote The outcomes of ARC-funded research deliver cultural, economic, social, and continuous improvement in the investment of R,D&E resources for primary industries environmental benefits to all Australians. as a whole. The National Plant Biosecurity R,D&E Strategy will be completed by 30 June 2013. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation www.csiro.au CSIRO is Australia’s national science agency. It works to develop and improve technologies in Australia and overseas, and to improve the community’s understanding of science. CSIRO contributes to Australia’s plant biosecurity system through research undertaken within the CSIRO Biosecurity Flagship.

Image courtesy of Sacron Innovations

159 Cooperative research centres A Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) is a company formed through a collaboration of businesses, the community, government organisations and researchers. Essential participants within a CRC must include at least one Australian end user (from either the private, public or community sector) and one Australian higher education institution (or a research institution affiliated with a university). The CRC program is an Australian Government funded initiative. EXTENSION D During 2012, there were 11 active CRCs in the agriculture sector including the following three which are directly related to plant production: • Cotton Catchment Communities CRC (Cotton CRC) • CRC for Forestry

EVELOPMENT AN • PBCRC (previously known as the CRC for National Plant Biosecurity) D , H Cotton Catchment Communities CRC www.cottoncrc.org.au The Cotton Catchment Communities CRC (Cotton CRC) leads research that provides 5: RESEARC innovative knowledge to stimulate economic, social and environmental outcomes at a ER

T farm, regional and national level. The Cotton CRC supports research focused on producing competitive cotton farming systems, high quality cotton that is preferred by consumers and HAP

C increasing cotton yields. It also aims to generate improved social and economic conditions for cotton communities and the Australian cotton industry by integrating economic prosperity with the sustainable use of natural resources.

Areas of expertise within the Cotton CRC include integrated cotton pest management, crop physiology, ecology, water use efficiency, crop nutrition, textile marketing and quality control.

The essential participants of the Cotton CRC are Cotton Australia, Cotton Research and Development Corporation (CRDC), Cotton Seed Distributors, CSIRO, DAFWA, Qld DAFF, NSW DPI, University of New England, University of New South Wales, University of Sydney and University of Technology Sydney.

The Cotton CRC engages in international collaborative research with organisations in Botswana, Canada, China, France, New Zealand, Scotland, South Africa, Spain, Taiwan and the USA.

The Cotton CRC officially ended on June 30 2012.

160 Image courtesy of Cotton Australia CRC for Forestry Plant Biosecurity CRC www.crcforestry.com.au www.pbcrc.com.au The CRC for Forestry is a working partnership built on a foundation of nearly 20 years PBCRC is the central coordinating body for plant biosecurity scientific research across of successful collaboration among Australia’s leading forest research organisations, Australia and provides underpinning biosecurity science on plant pests which can impact companies and government agencies. on trade, market access, market development, the profitability and sustainability of plant industries and food security in Australia. The CRC for Forestry is committed to the growth of a socially responsible and ecologically sustainable industry that makes an increasingly important contribution to the national The PBCRC’s objectives are achieved through its research, education and delivery economy. Research conducted by the CRC for Forestry drives innovation for increased programs, which cover commercialisation and utilisation (delivery and adoption), profitability, native forest management, carbon sequestration and improving forest diagnostics, education and training, impact management, post-harvest integrity biodiversity. (grains), preparedness and prevention and surveillance.

Areas of expertise within the CRC for Forestry include silviculture, entomology, plant The PBCRC also operates a postgraduate plant biosecurity program which offers diploma pathology, water quality, harvest technology, molecular genetics, plant breeding, nutrition and Masters courses in plant biosecurity through five Australian university partners. and forest system modelling. Areas of expertise within the PBCRC include plant biosecurity risk, pest pathway analysis, The essential participants of the CRC for Forestry are CSIRO, Victoria’s Department of incursion impact management, insect resistance, plant health policy, economic analysis, Sustainability and Environment, Forest and Wood Products Australia (FWPA), Forestry modelling and agricultural engineering. Tasmania, Forests and Forest Industry Council of Tasmania, Gunns Limited, Hansol P I, Murdoch University, Oji Paper Co, Southern Cross University, University of Melbourne, The essential participants of PBCRC are Bio-Protection Research Centre New Zealand, University of Tasmania and WA Plantation Resources. CABI, Charles Darwin University, Co-operative Bulk Handling Limited, CSIRO, DAFWA, DAFF, Qld DAFF, Vic DPI, GrainCorp Operations Ltd, GRDC, HAL, Kansas State University, La Trobe University, Murdoch University, NSW DPI, Plant and Food Research New Zealand, The CRC for Forestry engages in international collaborative research with organisations CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION in Belgium, Canada, Chile, Japan, New Zealand, Portugal, South Africa and the USA. Queensland University of Technology, SARDI, The University of Queensland, University of Adelaide, University of Western Australia and Viterra Ltd. The CRC for Forestry officially ended on June 30 2012. The PBCRC engages in international collaborative research with organisations in China, Timor-Leste, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, New Zealand, Thailand, the United Kingdom, the USA and Vietnam.

The PBCRC commenced its six year term on 1 July 2012, as an extension CRC from the Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, which began operating in November 2005.

Image courtesy of the CRC for Forestry 161 Case study: The end of two CRCs – Accomplishments and legacies

Two Cooperative Research Centres ended their seven-year terms in 2012 each leaving While there is no new Commonwealth funding for the CRC, some additional sources sizable legacies. of funds are allowing the Board the opportunity to continue some high priority activities. The negotiated extension to the Commonwealth Agreement means that the CRC for The Cotton CRC strove to create a collaborative environment for its R&D programs Forestry will be able to do this under the auspices of the CRC Program. through initiatives and activities such as the Sustaining Rural Communities Conference, Science Forum, research discipline workshops and reviews, project inception meetings and project steering committees. This approach not only helped to create the right networking environment but also helped mobilise and harness the right resources (people, money and partners) to do the job. As a result people and partners within the CRC were willing to participate, share ideas and work together more effectively.

Given the broad scope of this Cotton CRC, its legacies are many and varied but some stand out for the ongoing influence they will exert on research. These include: • A new approach to the development and delivery of research in the cotton industry. • The redevelopment of the cotton industry’s myBMP system as a key information and resource centre for the industry. • New industry, environmental and community partnerships. • Collaboration through events such the Sustaining Rural Communities Conference CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION and Cotton CRC Science Forum which shared information, developed skills and made connections between all sectors of the community.

At the end of the seven year term for the CRC for Forestry in June 2012 the centre had not only delivered all contracted outputs and milestones, it also completed new activities that were not covered in the initial Commonwealth Agreement.

The CRC for Forestry’s research was focused upon supporting environmentally sustainable, cost-competitive, eucalypt plantation forestry. The research was organised around four programs: • Managing and monitoring for growth and health • High value wood resources • Harvesting and operations • Trees in the landscape.

Education and outreach activities of the CRC for Forestry included training of staff and students, publication of science-based resource material, public communications activities and commercialisation initiatives. The active education program recruited and provided support for a large number of students researching a variety of topics – from sociology to forest genetics to engineering and systems modelling – and each student project made a valuable contribution to the CRC’s overall research objectives.

Image courtesy of the Cotton CRC

162 Research and development corporations Research and Development Corporations (RDCs) bring together industry and researchers to establish the strategic directions for R&D and to fund projects that provide industries with the innovation and productivity tools to compete in global markets. There are 15 rural RDCs in operation, covering almost all of Australia’s agricultural industries, seven of which focus on Australia’s plant production industries.

RDCs do not conduct research within their organisation, but provide funding and support EXTENSION D to research providers such as state government R&D agencies, tertiary institutions, CSIRO, industry associations and research organisations in the private sector. Details of those of particular relevance to Australia’s plant industries are provided below.

The RDCs represent a mixture of industry owned companies and statutory corporations.

The industry owned RDCs have statutory funding agreements with the Australian EVELOPMENT AN D Government that lay out the general principles that must be observed when investing , H levy funds and reporting obligations to levy payers and the Australian Government. The statutory RDCs remain under the Primary Industries and Energy Research and Development Act 1989, which requires similar investment principles and reporting obligations to the statutory funding agreements. 5: RESEARC ER T Cotton Research and Development Corporation HAP

www.crdc.com.au C The CRDC was established in 1990 and is a partnership between the Australian Government and the Australian cotton industry. The CRDC invests in and manages a portfolio of research, development and extension projects that seek to enhance the environmental, social and economic values associated with cotton production systems and to increase the benefits to the cotton industry participants, regional communities and the Australian public.

Forest and Wood Products Australia www.fwpa.com.au FWPA is an industry services company that provides a national integrated strategy to increase demand for forest and wood products and reduce the impediments to their supply. Owned by industry, FWPA is committed to helping the industry grow through targeted R&D investments, generic promotion and other services as requested by members.

These services include direct and collaborative investment in R&D to provide innovative solutions for the industry and promotion of the industry’s products, services and values.

FWPA provides services to the industry that are designed to increase the sustainability and international competitiveness of forest and wood products. FWPA is funded by private companies and government agencies within the Australian forest and wood products sector, with the exception of pulp and paper manufacturers.

Image courtesy of CSIRO 163 Grains Research and Development Corporation www.grdc.com.au The Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC) is a leading grains research organisation, responsible for planning, investing in and overseeing R&D across the Australian grains industry. Funding is provided through a levy on grain growers, which is matched (up to a specified limit) by the Australian Government.

EXTENSION GRDC’s research portfolio covers 25 leviable crops, spanning temperate and tropical D cereals, oilseeds and pulses, which are worth over $10 billion a year in farm production.

The GRDC investment theme ‘Protecting Your Crop’ is identified as part of the GRDC’s five year R&D plan, targeting genetic, cultural management and pesticide options for root and foliar crop diseases, increased farmer awareness and adoption of invertebrate and weed management practices, biosecurity and stewardship of genetic and pesticide technologies. EVELOPMENT AN D , H Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation www.gwrdc.com.au The Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation (GWRDC) was formed

5: RESEARC in 1991 and operates to support a competitive Australian wine sector by investing in

ER and directing R&D programs along the whole value chain ‘from vine to glass’. T

HAP The GWRDC supports the development of the Australian wine industry by planning C and funding collective research and development programs and then facilitating the dissemination, adoption and commercialisation of the results throughout the industry.

GWRDC’s R&D revenue comes from levies on the annual wine grape harvest with contributions matched by the Australian Government.

GWRDC collaborates with key stakeholders to coordinate and direct investments to best address the R&D priorities of the wine industry.

164 Image courtesy of Sacron Innovations Horticulture Australia Limited www.horticulture.com.au HAL is a national R&D and marketing organisation that works in partnership with the horticulture sector to invest in programs that provide benefit to Australian horticulture industries. As part of the Australian Government’s commitment to rural R&D, horticulture industries can access matched Commonwealth funding for R&D activities through HAL.

Each year, HAL administers more than 1,200 research, development and marketing EXTENSION projects covering a diversity of topics, including plant biosecurity. The plant health, D integrated pest management and chemical areas of investment focus on activities inside the farm gate that address crop protection, while the post-harvest and biosecurity areas cover pre- and post-harvest pest management issues, as well as protection of the industry from pest incursions. EVELOPMENT AN D ,

Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation H www.rirdc.gov.au RIRDC was set up by the Australian Government to work closely with Australian rural industries regarding the organisation and funding of their R&D needs. The focus of RIRDC is on new and emerging industries as a way to diversify rural enterprises in Australia. This 5: RESEARC ER role is enhanced by responsibility for R&D for a range of established rural industries and T for key generic issues confronting the rural sector. HAP C RIRDC is involved in a number of investments with their industries in biosecurity R&D, including incursion risk analysis, biosecurity planning, pest and disease and weed management, resistance breeding, containment, adoption of knowledge, and emergency response.

Sugar Research and Development Corporation www.srdc.gov.au The Sugar Research and Development Corporation’s (SRDC) objective is to foster an innovative and sustainable Australian sugarcane industry through targeted investment in R&D. The SRDC’s R&D investment focuses on providing economic, environmental and social benefits for rural and regional communities in sugar producing areas.

SRDC is funded by levies paid by sugarcane millers and growers which are matched by funds provided by the Australian Government.

Image courtesy of PHA 165 5.2 state and territory governments 5.3 universities and private research research and development institutions

Most of Australia’s state and territory agricultural departments (Section 1.4) have dedicated Australia has universities in every state and territory that provide research and education R&D divisions. These undertake various forms of research to support Australia’s agricultural services for the community. Within universities, research often complements local and industries and focus on aspects of plant biosecurity relating to the priorities of the state or regional issues. Research is funded by governments, industry, internal or international territory in question. These organisations often carry out research for commercial clients, as sources, and is often carried out in partnership with other organisations. For more well as for internal government priorities. Together, these organisations deliver a significant information and a listing of Australian universities see www.universitiesaustralia.edu.au. portion of Australia’s agricultural R&D. Private research institutes are established, often in collaboration with a university, to provide research facilities and services in relation to specific research areas. These organisations, such as BSES and Sacron Innovations, generate and contain specialist knowledge and research skills in areas of particular significance to the Australian community and plant production industries.

BSES www.bses.org.au As a unique industry owned company, BSES is the principal provider of R&D for the Australian sugar industry. BSES works closely with Australian sugarcane growers, millers, CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION harvest contractors and governments to find ways to make sugarcane production more profitable and environmentally sustainable.

BSES provides R&D focused on the areas of plant improvement, crop management, mechanisation enhancements, product and process improvement, analytical support and customer service. In addition, BSES provides quarantine, diagnostic and training capacity for the industry. BSES has developed sugarcane varieties for use in Australian conditions and today these make up 98 per cent of all varieties grown in Australia.

BSES is partially funded through a voluntary service fee paid by growers and millers.

Sacron Innovations www.sacroninnovations.com Sacron Innovations was formed in 2011 as the successor organisation to the CRC for Sugar Industry Innovation through Biotechnology (CRC SIIB). This CRC is a unique alliance of Australia’s top sugar industry research organisations, sugarcane biotechnology research organisations, federal and Queensland state governments, and commercial expertise.

Sacron Innovations aims to continue the work of the CRC SIIB and combine Australia’s strengths in sugarcane biology, molecular genetics, agriculture and industrial extraction to create a prosperous and sustainable Australian sugarcane industry, generating wealth for Australia as a competitive exporter and as a key source of biomaterials for new Australian

Image courtesy of NT DPIF industries.

166 EXTENSION D EVELOPMENT AN D , H 5: RESEARC ER T HAP C

Image courtesy of Sacron Innovations 167 5.4 Overview of plant biosecurity FInsectigure 78. R,DOther&E projects invertebrateBacteria grouped by Fungipest type Nematode Virus Other pathogenWeed Multiple Other related research, development and extension in 2012 34% Insect 1% Other invertebrate 2% Bacteria A listing of plant biosecurity related research projects active during 2012 is presented in 15% Fungi Table 46 (page 170). This shows over 730 projects that directly support the development and enhancement of the national plant biosecurity system. The projects have been 2% Nematode grouped by the crop type they target. Further, these R,D&E projects have all been 4% Virus categorised, which has been summarised and presented in the following graphs (Figures 77–80). 3% Other pathogen 16% Weed Research projects covered the spectrum of crops and pest types relevant to Australian plant production industries, and with a similar distribution to the R,D&E projects captured 23% Multiple in the 2011 edition of this report. Pest management again described the highest proportion 1% Other of projects by biosecurity area, followed by diagnostics and crop improvements. Research into weeds doubled from 2011, however, the number of projects on vegetables has decreased. Cotton Grains Sugarcane Other broadacreFruit crops Nuts Vegetables Other horticulturalForestry crops Nursery cropsNatural environment CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION

Figure 77. R,D&E projects grouped by crop type FPestigure management 80. R,DCrop&E projects improvementSurveillance grouped by Diagnosticsbiosecurity areaEmergency responseRisk analysis andSystem modelling approachesCommunicationMarket and access awarenessTraining support and Preventionawareness

5% Cotton 54% Pest management 17% Grains 9% Crop improvement 4% Sugarcane 4% Surveillance 4% Other broadacre 10% Diagnostics 18% Fruit 1% Emergency response 2% Nuts 6% Risk analysis and 6% Vegetables modelling 4% System approaches 9% Other horticultural crops 0% Communication and 2% Forestry awareness 5% Market access support >1% Nursery crops 2% Training and awareness 5% Natural environment 2% Prevention 19% Multiple 1% Information management 8% Other 2% Other 168 FField-basedigure 79. R ,(ecology)DField-based&E projects (other)Laboratory-based grouped by Laboratory-basedresearch (molecular) typePolicy or location(non-molecular) or o ce-basedMultiple Other R,D&E projects

crop Page 17% Field based (ecology) Broadacre 170 Cotton 170 16% Field based (other) Grains 170 11% Laboratory based Other 173 (molecular) Sugarcane 174 15% Laboratory based Forestry 175 (non-molecular) Horticulture 176 14% Policy or office based Fruit 176 Nursery 179 26% Multiple Nuts 179 1% Other Other 180 Vegetables 182 Natural environment 183 Multiple 184 Other crops 188 CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION

FigureSmall 81. R,D&MediumE projects groupedLarge by projectVery large size

10% Small (<$20,000) 33% Medium ($20,000-$100,000) 28% Large ($100,000-$250,000) 29% Very large (>$250,000)

Image courtesy of Qld DAFF 169 Table 46. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2012)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Broadacre – Cotton Management of mirids and stink bugs in Bollgard II Cotton CRC, Qld Cotton CRC, DAFF CRDC Area-wide pest suppression in transgenic CSIRO CRDC landscapes Management of mites, aphids and mirids in cotton NSW DPI CRDC Assessing the incidence and biosecurity risk of Qld DAFF CRDC Managing Bt resistance and induced tolerance CSIRO CRDC feral cotton plants in Queensland landscape with effective refuge crops in preparation for Biosecurity training for growers and agronomists Cotton Australia CRDC Bollgard III (training of an industry-wide network in emergency National cotton extension development and CRDC CRDC response procedures) delivery stewardship of biotechnologies Bt resistance monitoring CSIRO CRDC Neonicotinoid study NSW DPI CRDC Can genetic diversity predict the potential for University of CRDC New tools for IPM: development of fungal NSW DPI CRDC emerging glyphosate resistance? Queensland insecticides against cotton pests Component Helicoverpa insecticide resistance NSW DPI GRDC Plant extracts-pests NSW DPI Cotton CRC Cotton Fusarium wilt management Qld DAFF CRDC Silverleaf whitefly insecticide resistance monitoring Qld DAFF CRDC Cyazypyr baseline study NSW DPI DuPont Substitutes for pupae busting – targeting larvae University of New CRDC or moths England Developing the capacity to manage cotton viral Qld DAFF CRDC diseases Surveillance and monitoring for endemic and exotic Qld DAFF CRDC CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION virus diseases of cotton Diseases of cotton 10 NSW DPI CRDC Sustainable resistance management of mites, NSW DPI CRDC Ecology of Helicoverpa punctigera revisited: University of New CRDC aphids and mirids in Australian cotton migration, overwintering and implications for England Bt resistance The characterisation of Vip3A resistance in CSIRO CRDC Helicoverpa spp. Efficacy of Bollgard III cotton against Helicoverpa CSIRO CRDC Tobacco streak virus in cotton Qld DAFF CRDC Enhancing the efficiency of Bt refuge crops within a CSIRO CRDC changing cotton environment Updating and expanding Weedpak in support of NSW DPI CRDC the cotton industry and myBMP Flight characteristics of Helicoverpa spp. in relation University of CRDC to the efficacy of transgenic cotton refuges Queensland Use of petroleum spray oils in IPM in cotton NSW DPI Endura Fusarium wilt management Qld DAFF CRDC Weed management strategies for farming systems NSW DPI, Qld CRDC with herbicide tolerant cotton DAFF Helicoverpa insecticide resistance NSW DPI CRDC Whitefly resistance monitoring 2010-13 Qld DAFF CRDC Improved integrated weed management systems Qld DAFF CRDC Broadacre – Grains in transgenic farming landscapes Adult plant resistance and strategic fungicide University of GRDC Improving ways to manage cotton refuges within CSIRO CRDC use for integrated management of Cereal rust Sydney the BMP framework (Stagonospora nodorum), Blotch spot and Yellow Increasing capacity to deliver accredited drift Bill Gordon Pty Ltd CRDC spot in wheat management workshops Adult plant resistance and strategic fungicide use Vic DPI GRDC Inducible tolerance to Bt-toxin: significance, University of CRDC in wheat mechanism and new management Adelaide Advancement of new genes for stem and leaf rust University of GRDC IPM for Silverleaf whitefly and emerging pests CSIRO CRDC resistance from uncultivated relatives of wheat Adelaide in central regions 170 Table 46. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2012)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Aeration innovation Qld DAFF PBCRC Developing sulfuryl fluoride as an alternative Qld DAFF PBCRC fumigant to phosphine Alternatives to phosphine DAFWA, Murdoch PBCRC University Development of biosecurity contingency plans PBCRC, PHA PBCRC, GRDC and assessment of data for declaring freedom An integrated statistical genetics framework for CSIRO ARC from EPPs breeding superior wheat varieties Diamondback moth control and insecticide SARDI GRDC Australian cereal rust control program University of GRDC resistance management Sydney Disease management in a changing farming SARDI GRDC Australian Grain Insect Database data mining Qld DAFF PBCRC environment Australian grains genebank (post entry quarantine) Vic DPI GRDC Dispersal and resource used by the Lesser grain NSW DPI PBCRC Australian herbicide resistance initiative (phase 4) Qld DAFF, GRDC borer in southern NSW University of Durable genes University of GRDC Western Australia Sydney Barley breeding Australia – northern node Qld DAFF GRDC Durable rust resistance in wheat (phase 2) University of Cornell University pathology Sydney Barley foliar pathogens Qld DAFF GRDC Dynamics of resistance to phosphine NSW DPI PBCRC Barley foliar pathogens project Vic DPI GRDC, Vic DPI

Ecology of Lesser grain borer NSW DPI PBCRC CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Better prediction and management of Rhizoctonia CSIRO, SARDI GRDC DAFWA, NSW DPI, DAFWA, PBCRC disease risk in cereals Ecology of Sitophilus and Cryptolestes species Qld DAFF Bionematicides Charles Sturt GRDC Ecology of stored grain beetles in Australia NSW DPI, Qld PBCRC University, Lincoln (phase 2) DAFF University, SARDI Ensuring effective phosphine application ABB Grain PBCRC Biosensor-based detection of grain pests CSIRO PBCRC Evaluation and application of ethyl formate as Murdoch University DAFWA, Murdoch Characterisation of a major quantitative trait locus University of ARC methyl bromide alternative for eradication of strong University on wheat chromosome 3BL responsible for Western Australia phosphine resistant insects Fusarium crown rot resistance Functional characterisation of the necrotrophic Australian National ARC Characterising the ‘secretome’ of root lesion Murdoch University Murdoch University effector proteins Tox1 and Tox3 from the wheat University nematodes and establishing a protocol for its use pathogen Stagonospora nodorum as a model for RNA interference in plant parasitic Fungicide evaluation of new generation actives in Vic DPI GRDC Control of cereal fungal diseases SARDI GRDC cereals and pulse crops Crown rot germplasm enhancement for wheat and SARDI GRDC Genetic options for nematode control PIRSA, Qld DAFF GRDC barley Germplasm enhancement for Crown rot resistance Qld DAFF GRDC Defect elimination in wheat Qld DAFF, GRDC in wheat University of Adelaide Germplasm enhancement for nematode resistance Qld DAFF GRDC in wheat Delivering applied solutions to weed issues in Qld DAFF GRDC central Queensland Germplasm enhancement for Yellow spot Vic DPI, Western GRDC resistance Australian Developing and promoting Integrated Pest NSW DPI, SARDI GRDC, University Agricultural Management in Australian grains of Western Authority Australia 171 Table 46. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2012)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Broadacre – Grains continued Molecular diagnostic centre SARDI GRDC Grain insect genomics Qld DAFF PBCRC Molecular genetics University of GRDC Sydney Grain storage extension Qld DAFF GRDC Molecular markers for broadening the genetic base University of ACIAR Grain storage structural integrity DAFWA, Murdoch PBCRC of Stem rust resistance genes effective against Sydney University strain Ug99 Grains knowledge networks implementation PHA PBCRC Movement of viruses between crops and native Murdoch University ARC Grains surveillance strategy PHA PBCRC plants Harvest weed seed management workshops University of DAFF, RIRDC National breeding support University of GRDC and evaluation of the Harrington seed Western Australia Sydney Herbicide tolerance screening in NR (phase 4) Qld DAFF GRDC National invertebrate pest initiative SARDI GRDC Identification of Trogoderma species using DAFWA PBCRC National reference laboratory for Trogoderma and DAFWA, PBCRC GRDC, PBCRC rapid PCR related dermestids Identifying and characterising new plant viruses Murdoch University Murdoch University National Variety Trial services agreement Qld DAFF GRDC Improved options for Fleabane control NR Qld DAFF GRDC National Variety Trials pathology screening SARDI GRDC Improving integrated weed management in University of GRDC National Variety Trials services agreement NSW DPI GRDC CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION conservation farming systems in the southern Adelaide New approaches for diagnosing bacterial Vic DPI PBCRC, Vic DPI region pathovars Increasing skills in Cereal rust pathology and University of Bill and Melinda New non-chemical technologies to protect grain Murdoch University PBCRC genetics in the developing world Sydney Gates Foundation from insect pests during storage and transport Insect ecology (phase 2) Qld DAFF PBCRC New sampling hardware for grains DAFF, DAFWA, PBCRC Insecticidal surface coatings to control pests Vic DPI PBCRC, Vic DPI Murdoch University, of stored grains Qld DAFF Integrated disease control for cereal and broad leaf NSW DPI GRDC New technologies to control insect in grain DAFWA, Murdoch PBCRC crops in southern NSW and northern Victoria University Investigation of sources of sulphuryl fluoride, Murdoch University PBCRC Northern integrated disease management Qld DAFF GRDC fluoride and currently used organophosphate Northern pulse and grains IPM Qld DAFF GRDC insecticides residues on stored grains and oilseeds Novel techniques for grains surveillance PIRSA PBCRC Khapra beetle diagnostics DAFWA PBCRC Origins, diversity, and adaptation of the Stripe rust University of PBCRC Management of resistance to phosphine in insect DAFWA, NSW DPI, DAFWA, PBCRC pathogen in Australia Sydney pests of stored grain Qld DAFF Personal Digital Assitants for stored grain Murdoch University PBCRC Managing the risks of trifluralin and group B University of GRDC herbicide resistance in no-till cropping systems Adelaide Pest suppressive landscapes: linking IPM and CSIRO CSIRO Natural Resource Managment Mandalotus weevil management SARDI GRDC Phosphine resistance monitoring – interim DAFWA, NSW DPI, DAFWA, PBCRC Measuring working airflow of aeration fans fitted to Qld DAFF PBCRC investment Qld DAFF upright storages and silo bags Population genetics of the Western corn rootworm University of Croatian Ministry of Molecular approaches to diagnostics for plant Murdoch University PBCRC in Croatia and implications for Australian Wollongong Science, Education parasitic nematodes of biosecurity concern biosecurity and Sports 172 Table 46. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2012)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Post entry quarantine grains surveillance and Vic DPI PBCRC,Vic DPI Sulfuryl fluoride as an alternative fumigant Qld DAFF PBCRC diagnostic tools Suppressive soils: can we find a microbial Vic DPI GRDC, Vic DPI Pre-emptive breeding for resistance to Russian Murdoch University GRDC finger-print using ‘omics’ technology? wheat aphid Sustainability of wheat-selective preemergent University of DAFF, RIRDC Prioritising biosecurity R&D projects for post University of PBCRC herbicides in a changing climate Western Sydney harvest grain biosecurity Western Australia Targeting mechanisms of phosphine resistance in Qld DAFF PBCRC Protecting the Australian chickpea industry through University of ARC stored grain pests knowledge of the current Ascochyta rabiei fungal Melbourne The identification of Mycosphaerella graminicola Australian National ARC population and risk to resistance breeding effectors that promote pathogenicity on wheat University strategies The influence of insect pest ecology and current Qld DAFF PBCRC Puccinia striiformis on maize Deakin University ARC pest management practices on selection for Pyrenophora tritici-repentis on wheat Deakin University ARC resistance to phosphine Reduced impact of nematodes on crop production Vic DPI GRDC, Vic DPI The use of weed sensors for variable rate herbicide Birchip Cropping DAFF, RIRDC in south eastern Australia application: Wimmera Group Inc Reliable Rhizoctonia control through innovative SARDI GRDC Transcriptomics of the stealth pathogen NSW DPI EH Graham Centre use of fungicides Mycosphaerella graminicola

Resistance management (phase 2) Qld DAFF PBCRC Trapping for detection of exotic Trogoderma DAFWA PBCRC CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION species and collection of material for taxonomic Resistance surveillance of aphids NSW DPI GRDC use Resistance to root lesion nematodes for Qld DAFF, GRDC Victorian field crop integrated disease Vic DPI GRDC, Vic DPI development of molecular markers University of management Adelaide Victorian field crop nematology project Vic DPI GRDC, Vic DPI Risk assessment and preventive strategies Qld DAFF GRDC for herbicide resistance (phase 3) Visual identification keys for morphological DAFWA PBCRC identification of Khapra beetle Russian wheat aphid hypervirulence and Australia’s CSIRO GRDC, PBCRC preparedness strategy Weed management under dry seeding and Western Australian DAFF, RIRDC permanent residue farming practices No-Tillage Farmers Rust surveillance University of GRDC Association Sydney Wheat and barley National Variety Trials testing Vic DPI GRDC Sampling strategies for stored grains Queensland PBCRC University of Wheat pathology in the northern region Qld DAFF GRDC Technology Wing shape differences in the Western corn University of University of Slug and snail management PIRSA GRDC rootworm in their native and expanded range Wollongong Wollongong Soil micro testing for nematodes on grain farms Qld DAFF Qld DAFF Broadacre – Other Strength and spatio-temporal dynamics of DAFWA, NSW DPI, DAFWA, PBCRC A microwave system to kill weed seedlings without University of DAFF, RIRDC resistance to phosphine and contact insecticides in Qld DAFF herbicide Melbourne key stored grain pests A new Blue green aphid – a biohazard to the SARDI RIRDC Stripe rust pathogen in Australia NSW DPI PBCRC pasture seed industry Stripe rust resistance interactions with fungicide NSW DPI GRDC A review to determine the current situation of IPM Alpha Group RIRDC management in the pasture seed industry Consulting Pty Ltd

173 Table 46. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2012)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Broadacre – Other continued Pulse breeding Australia: field pea breeding NSW DPI GRDC Australian rice weed management Agropraisals Pty RIRDC program Ltd Risk assessment and management of paraquat University of DAFF, RIRDC Breaching the defences: the role of hydrophobin University of ARC resistance in the pasture seed industry Adelaide protein monolayers in Rice blast fungal infections Sydney Stakeholder map and Industry Biosecurity Plan for PHA RIRDC Chickpea – Pulse Breeding Association national NSW DPI GRDC lucerne and oaten hay breeding program – Moore, Tamworth The control of Basal stem rot of oil palm caused by University of ACIAR Climate change impacts on agricultural weeds in Curtin University of DAFF, RIRDC Ganoderma in Solomon Islands Queensland Western Australia (phase 2) Technology Using RNAi to confer host resistance to aphids Murdoch University Murdoch University Co-evolution of the host pathogen interaction University of ARC Virus and vectors NSW DPI Qld DAFF between Leptosphaeria maculans and Brassica Queensland species Weed control in aerobic rice to increase water Agropraisals Pty DAFF, RIRDC efficiency Ltd Copper research NSW DPI RIRDC Broadacre – Sugarcane Effective weed control for Trifolium tumens and University of RIRDC A monitoring based system to enhance cane grub Isis Productivity SRDC Dorycnium hirsutum seed crops Tasmania control and best management practice for Isis Efficacy and water column persistence of copper Ricegrowers’ RIRDC sugarcane growers

CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION sulphate applied to control snails Association of An Integrated Pest Management strategy for Queensland SRDC Australia Climbing rat in the far-north Queensland sugarcane University of Factors responsible for host resistance to the University of ARC production system Technology pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum for developing Western Australia Attendance at ‘nematodes in cropping systems: BSES BSES, SRDC effective disease management in vegetable identification and techniques’ workshop brassicas Characterisation of the causal agents of Ramu BSES BSES Golden dodder – developing novel detection SARDI DAFF, RIRDC stunt and Chlorotic streak diseases methods using DNA and aerial imagery Development and implementation of NIR based BSES BSES, SRDC Grazing in the dark – how will climate change University of University of predictive tools to rate sugarcane varieties against affect root-feeder impacts on aboveground Western Sydney Western Sydney smut and Fiji leaf gall insects? Development of precision spray technologies for National Centre for National Centre for Improving pest and disease biosecurity in the NSW DPI RIRDC the Australian sugarcane industry Engineering in Engineering in Australian rice industry Agriculture Agriculutre, SRDC Introgression of tolerance to Pratylenchus SARDI RIRDC Diagnostic laboratory for Ratoon stunting disease BSES BSES neglectus into annual medics General pathology diagnostic, training and industry BSES BSES Investigation of Australian crop species for the Flinders University ARC advisory services: Tully rhizoremediation of residual sulfonyl urea herbicide of South Australia contaminations in agricultural soils. General pathology diagnostic, training and industry BSES BSES advisory services: Woodford Management of Tobacco streak virus in sunflower Qld DAFF GRDC and pulse crops General pest management: central Queensland BSES BSES, Qld DAFF New Brassica crop species through evolutionary University of ARC General pest management: north Queensland BSES BSES, Qld DAFF breeding Queensland General pest management: south Queensland BSES BSES, Qld DAFF Novel products to control plant pathogens in SARDI GRDC Herbert cane growers strategic grub management Herbert Cane Grub SRDC broadacre crops implementing BSES decision making tools Management Group 174 Table 46. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2012)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Improved Pachymetra management in NSW NSW Tweed Cane SRDC Forestry Growers Biological control of Eucalypt pests overseas and CSIRO, Qld DAFF ACIAR Association in Australia Integrated feral pig management in the wet tropics Hawkins Creek SRDC Contribution of CAR reserves to mature forest Forestry Tasmania Forestry Tasmania, cane region United Pig biodiversity in production forest landscapes FWPA Management Group Development and evaluation of ethanedinitrile Murdoch University DAFWA, Murdoch as a methyl bromide alternative for eradication University International and domestic quarantine for BSES BSES of European house borer on timber and wood sugarcane germplasm structures James Cook SRDC Invasion potential of Eumetopina flavipes, vector Development of FWPA research and development FWPA FWPA University of Ramu stunt disease of sugarcane investment plan for forest biosecurity and Investigation of smut resistance mechanisms in CSIRO CSIRO, SRDC preparedness sugarcane Enhancing insect identification skills to support Qld DAFF Crawford Fund IPM for exotic borers and insect vectors of BSES ACIAR, BSES ongoing health surveillance in the Pacific sugarcane in Indonesia Forest biosecurity and preparedness for climate Qld DAFF, DAFF New germplasm to develop more productive BSES, CSIRO BSES, CSIRO, change University of varieties with enhanced resistance to nematodes, SRDC Tasmania

Pachymetra root rot and smut CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Genome sequencing of an isolate of Puccinia psidii NSW DPI DAFF, PHA Phylogeography and host specificity of stem University of ARC Hardwood plantation P and D semiochemistry Qld DAFF Qld DAFF borer parasitoids: essential components for the Adelaide pre-emptive biocontrol of sugarcane pests in Impact of stem defect agent defects on hardwood Qld DAFF Plantation Australia wood quality Hardwood Research Fund, Qld DAFF Precision spot spraying system: it works in grains Advanced Burdekin SRDC will it work in cane? Collective Research Increasing productivity and profitability of University of ACIAR Inc Indonesian smallholder plantations Tasmania Preparing the Australian sugar industry for threats BSES BSES, Ramu Introduction of the wasp, Diaeretus essigellae, SARDI Auspine, CSIRO, from exotic pests and diseases Agri-Industries, for the biocontrol of Pine aphid in Australia Forests NSW, SRDC Forest Plantations Qld, Forest Remote sensing to implement an effective pest BSES BSES, SRDC Products management strategy for canegrubs Commission WA, Screening clones for disease resistance for the BSES BSES FWPA, Green BSES breeding program: Tully Triangle Forest Products, Hancock Screening clones for sugarcane smut resistance BSES BSES, Qld DAFF Victoria Plantations, for the BSES breeding program: Bundaberg Hume Forests, SmutBuster: accelerated breeding of smut BSES BSES, Qld DAFF, NorskeSkog, resistant sugarcane varieties SRDC PIRSA, SARDI, Soil diagnostic assay laboratory: nematodes and BSES BSES TAMS Pachymetra root rot Parasitoids for the biocontrol of Pine aphids in SARDI Forest and Wood Strengthening capacity in sugarcane quarantine: BSES BSES, SRDC south-east Australia Products Research implementing procedures from Visacane and Development Corporation 175 Table 46. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2012)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Forestry continued Auscitrus pathology services NSW DPI Collaborative Research Pest and disease management systems for high Qld DAFF Elders Forestry value hardwoods in the tropics Avocado disease management Qld DAFF, HAL University of Pest and disease management systems for the Qld DAFF Elders Forestry Queensland developing sandalwood industry Queensland PBCRC Protecting Australia’s pine plantations from exotic Charles Sturt ARC Bactrocera resolution University of pests and climate change University Technology Psyllids as biosecurity threats to plantation and La Trobe University ARC Banana bunchy top virus (phase 2) Australian Banana HAL native eucalypts in Australia and internationally Growers’ Council Stem defect agents NSW DPI DAFF Biological control of Papaya mealybug Ministry of ACIAR, NT DPIF Horticulture – Fruit (Paracoccus marginatus) in East Timor and Agriculture and A through chain approach to rot minimisation in Vic DPI Apple and Pear Oriental scale (Aonidiella orientalis) on papaya Fisheries (Timor- apples Australia Limited, in Northern Territory Leste), NT DPIF HAL Biological control options for mango scale Qld DAFF HAL Adapting integrated crop management NSW DPI, ACIAR Biosecurity capacity building for the Australian Qld DAFF, HAL technologies to commercial citrus enterprises in University of avocado industry University of

CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Bhutan and Australia Western Sydney Queensland Agrichemical residue monitoring program for Citrus Australia HAL Brown rot (phase 2) Vic DPI HAL,Vic DPI Australian citrus exports Brown rot in cherry fruit: literature review and Tasmanian Institute HAL Alternative fruit fly management for market access Qld DAFF HAL research project of Agriculture for apples Characterisation and management of Fusarium wilt NT DPIF HAL Alternative fruit fly treatment for interstate market Qld DAFF HAL of watermelon access for strawberries: winter window options Chemical activity and minor use HAL HAL An analysis of fruit spotting bug activity in avocado University of HAL University of ACIAR crops from fruit-set to harvest Queensland Circumscription of Murraya and Merrillia (Sapindales: Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) and Western Sydney Apple and pear productivity project NZ Plant and Food, HAL, NZ Plant and susceptibility of species and forms to Vic DPI Food, Vic DPI Huanglongbing Area-wide management of pest fruit flies in an Griffith University, ACIAR Citrus industry skills training, Griffith NSW DPI NSW DPI Indonesian mango production system Qld DAFF Citrus pathology resource scientist Qld DAFF, HAL Assessment of a combination cold temperature NSW DPI HAL University of treatment to improve market access Queensland Assessment of berry fruit for fruit fly NSW DPI Berry Exchange Controlling plant and fruit diseases in strawberry Qld DAFF HAL Assessment of mango production and supply NSW DPI ACIAR fields chain practices and R,D&E capacities in Cambodia Defining species limits for pest fruit flies of the NSW DPI PBCRC Assessment of shelf life extension, nutritional profile Qld DAFF HAL Bactrocera dorsalis complex and fruit quality of irradiated strawberry Definition of the major pest species in the Dorsalis Griffith University International Atomic Auscitrus horticultural project NSW DPI Auscitrus complex of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), an Energy Agency advanced molecular approach

176 Table 46. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2012)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Determination of cold tolerance in immature stages Qld DAFF HAL Evaluation of citrus varieties NSW DPI HAL of Australian pest fruit fly species Evaluation of ethyl formate and nitrogen for Murdoch University DAFWA, FWPA, Determine phosphorous acid residues in AgriSolutions HAL disinfestation of Eucalyptus weevil on export HAL, Murdoch passionfruit Australia Pty Ltd apples University Developing a systems approach for managing fruit NT DPIF Australian Mango Evaluation of Vapormate® as fumigant for control of Murdoch university Citrus Australia fly populations and facilitating improved market Industry insect pests on citrus access for horticultural produce from the Katherine Association, HAL, Fenthion residues in stone fruit following pre AgriSearch HAL region of the Northern Territory NT DPIF harvest applications of Lebaycid insecticide Services Developing molecular diagnostics for citrus viroids University of NSW DPI, Formalisation of systems approaches for market Queensland PBCRC Western Sydney University of access: fruit fly University of Western Sydney Technology Developing virus molecular diagnostics for post Vic DPI HAL Fruit fly area wide management (phase 2) Qld DAFF HAL entry quarantine and certification of strawberry runners Fruit fly IPM for summerfruit, with a focus on Queensland HAL developing an effective female lure-and-kill device University of Development of a Farm Biosecurity Manual for the PHA HAL Technology papaya industry Generation of bananas with resistance to Queensland ARC Development of a resistance management strategy Qld DAFF HAL Fusarium wilt University of to control Two-spotted mites in papaya CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Technology Development of molecular diagnostic tools to Vic DPI HAL Generation of dimethoate residue trial data AKC Consulting HAL detect endemic and exotic pathogens of Prunus following post-harvest treatment of oranges species for Australia Generation of dimethoate residue trial data AKC Consulting HAL Dimethoate pre-harvest residue trials in avocadoes AKC Consulting Pty HAL following pre-harvest treatment of pineapples Ltd High density fruit fly mass-trapping DAFWA, PIRSA, PBCRC Disease management and breeding of passionfruit Qld DAFF HAL NSW DPI for improved quality Homology between Diaphorina citri (Asian citrus University of University of Disinfest capsicum of Queensland fruit fly NSW DPI HAL psyllid) from Florida USA and Pacific Islands Western Sydney Western Sydney DNA barcoding parasitoid wasps NSW DPI EH Graham Centre Horticultural performance, new citrus rootstocks NSW DPI HAL Ecology of Red scale (Aonidiella aurantii) in citrus University of AusAID Improved and sustainable value chains for mango Qld DAFF ACIAR orchards on the central coast of New South Wales Western Sydney production in the Southern Philippines and Efficacy of potential chemical controls for NSW DPI HAL Australia (component 4) Queensland fruit fly management in summerfruit Improvement and implementation of Brown rot Vic DPI HAL Enhanced specificity of Fire blight diagnostics for La Trobe University, Apple and Pear disease forecasting for improving decision making incursion response Vic DPI Australia Limited, on fungicide use HAL, PBCRC Improving cold treatment for disinfesting cherries NSW DPI HAL Entomopathogenic nematodes as biocontrol University of University of for Queensland fruit fly agents against Queensland fruit fly Western Sydney Western Sydney Improving productivity and fruit quality of sweet NSW DPI ACIAR Evaluation of a multi stage in-field control program Qld DAFF HAL persimmons in Vietnam and Australia and postharvest inspection for Queensland fruit fly Industry workshop to identify alternate fruit fly Summerfruit HAL for stone fruit control methods Australia

177 Table 46. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2012)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Horticulture – Fruit continued National banana bunchy top virus management Australian Banana HAL (phase 1 continuation) Growers’ Council Insect training workshop NSW DPI AusAID National citrus postharvest science program SARDI HAL Integrated crop management practices to enhance Qld DAFF ACIAR value chain outcomes for the mango industry in Native parasitic wasps NSW DPI HAL Pakistan and Australia Novel detection assays for banana viruses Qld DAFF PBCRC Integrated crop management strategies for papaya Qld DAFF ACIAR Novel detection assays for Tomato leaf curl virus Qld DAFF PBCRC in the Philippines and Australia Olive anthracnose NSW DPI RIRDC Integrated crop production of bananas in Indonesia Qld DAFF ACIAR and Australia Orchard plant protection guide NSW DPI NSW DPI Integrated management of Yellow Sigatoka and Australian Banana HAL Pests and diseases in the rubus industry NSW DPI HAL other banana diseases in far north Queensland Growers’ Council PestWeb – Caring for our Country NSW DPI DAFF Integrated tropical passionfruit production systems NT DPIF, Qld DAFF ACIAR Pheromone component of a multi–target approach NSW DPI, Qld HAL in south Sulawesi to fruit spotting bug management DAFF Investigating management of Green stink bugs in Vic DPI HAL Pineapple Phytophthora project Qld DAFF HAL raspberry crops Postharvest oil for mealybug control in citrus to SARDI HAL Management of fruit quality and pest infestation on DAFWA ACIAR improve market access to Japan

CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION mango and mangosteen to meet market requirements Provision of taxonomic and nomenclatural NSW DPI Australian Biological treatments of Auchenorrhyncha Resource Study Management of Girdling moth in blueberries NSW DPI HAL Queensland fruit fly management NSW DPI HAL Management of internal dryness of Imperial Qld DAFF HAL mandarin Queensland fruit fly proof of concept for Ethane NSW DPI HAL dinitrile fumigation Management of Phytophthora fruit rot and Qld DAFF HAL Pythium-related root rot of papaya Replacing methyl bromide use by the strawberry Vic DPI HAL industry Managing Citrus gall wasps in southern citrus NSW DPI HAL regions Residue trials to determine iprodione in mandarins Crop Protection HAL following applications for Emperor brown-spot Research Mango value chain improvement University of ACIAR control (stage 2) Queensland Residues of ethephon in pineapples following Crop Protection HAL Minor use permits for the apple and pear industry HAL HAL application of ethephon near harvest to promote Research Minor use permits for the custard apple industry HAL HAL colour development Minor use permits for the lychee industry HAL HAL Residues of pyraclostrobin in passionfruit following Crop Protection HAL foliar applications of the fungicide product, Cabrio Research Minor use permits for the macadamia industry HAL HAL fungicide Minor use permits for the passionfruit industry HAL HAL Resistance testing on triazoles for the apple and SARDI HAL Minor use permits for the strawberry industry HAL HAL pear industry Molecular diagnostics of Cocoa pod borer NT DPIF DAFF, NT DPIF Resolving the Bactrocera dorsalis complex Queensland PBCRC National banana bunchy top virus management – Australian Banana HAL University of maintenance of surveillance intensity Growers’ Council Technology Review market access opportunities to meet NSW DPI HAL persimmon export and domestic markets 178 Table 46. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2012)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Review of apple and pear industry’s market access Kalang Consultants HAL Trichlorfon residues in stone fruit Agrisearch Services HAL and biosecurity R&D portfolio Tropical exotic fruit research and development Qld DAFF ACIAR Risk assessment tools CSIRO, DAFWA, PBCRC needs in the Philippines and northern Australia Vic DPI Understanding the demography and pests and NSW DPI HAL RNA silencing based Phytopthora root rot resistant Qld DAFF HAL diseases to identify opportunities for the Australian avocado rootstocks for improved production of rubus industry GM free fruit Vapormate (ethyl formate + CO2) application as a Murdoch University Citrus Australia, Sex determination and Wolbachia in Queensland University of Australian quarantine pre-shipment treatment for control of Murdoch University fruit fly and other Australian fruit fly species Western Sydney Postgraduate citrus pests Awards Walnut blight management workshop Australian Walnut HAL Silicon induced plant defence NSW DPI EH Graham Centre Industry Association Strategic banana tissue culture industry Qld DAFF HAL development and biosecurity Act Workshop epidemiology and management of Qld DAFF HAL whitefly-transmitted viruses Strengthening the Fiji papaya industry through Secretariat of the ACIAR applied research and information dissemination Pacific Community, Horticulture – Nursery Fiji Plant health risk management, planning and Qld DAFF HAL Survey for Cocoa pod borer in Solomon Islands DAFF, NT DPIF, AusAID, DAFF, NT capacity building Solomon Islands DPIF CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION The roles viruses play in the decline of terrestrial Murdoch University ARC Agricultural orchids in Australia’s hotspot of global biodiversity Quarantine Service Weed risk assessment for Australian nursery and Nursery and DAFF, RIRDC The enhancement of citrus value chains production NSW DPI ACIAR garden industries Garden Industry in Pakistan and Australia through improved orchard Australia management practices Horticulture – Nuts The role of Diaphorina communis Mathur University of ACIAR (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Liviidae) as a Western Sydney A multi targeted approach to fruit spotting NSW DPI HAL vector of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ management [a-Proteobacteria] in Bhutan Almond industry minor-use allocation HAL HAL Thiram strawberry residue study AgriSolutions HAL Biological husk spot research Biocontrol Australia HAL Australia Pty Ltd Three pilot trials for Australian citrus products NSW DPI Citrus Australia Chestnut minor use allocation HAL HAL Thresholds for Plague thrips in the Victorian IPM Technologies HAL Disease management in macadamia industry University of HAL strawberry industry Queensland Towards sustainable pheromone-based IPM in Vic DPI HAL, Vic DPI Generation of residue and efficacy data for HAL HAL orchards pesticide minor-use permit applications in Training on Cocoa pod borer surveillance in DAFF, NT DPIF, AusAID, DAFF, NT macadamias Solomon Islands Solomon Islands DPIF Improved almond pest and microbial management Vic DPI HAL, Vic DPI Agricultural Quarantine Service Improved almond pest management: Carob moth Vic DPI HAL, Vic DPI Training on papaya pest and disease surveillance in NT DPIF, Philippine AusAID, DAFF, NT Improved control of Lace bug in macadamias NSW DPI Consultancies Philippines Bureau of Plant DPIF Research Industry 179 Table 46. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2012)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Horticulture – Nuts continued Discovery of genetic resistance markers to Myrtle Australian National Australian Native Macadamia breeding and conservation NSW DPI HAL rust in Myrtaceae University Food Industry Limited, Australia The importance of tuber borne inoculum on the SARDI, Tasmanian HAL Teat Tree Industry health of seed potatoes and storability Institute of Association, RIRDC Agriculture Eighth International Workshop for Grapevine Trunk SARDI GWRDC Horticulture – Other Diseases, Spain A detailed evaluation of current international PHA GWRDC Evaluating strategies for managing sweetpotato Qld DAFF ACIAR responses (regulation and research) to the viruses and weevils in Papua New Guinea and management of pesticide spray drift Australia Assessment of Pythium diversity in ginger University of RIRDC Evaluation of key chemicals for pest management University of Australian Olive Queensland in the olive industry Western Sydney Association, RIRDC Australian vine quality standards scheme – vine Consultant GWRDC Feasibility study on novel lures for pest fruit flies Qld DAFF ACIAR assurance that are non-responsive to known male-attractants Biology and management of Potato cyst nematode Vic DPI Vic DPI Fullers rose weevil and Island fly management for SARDI HAL Comparison of Bitter bunch rot fungi in the USA Charles Sturt GWRDC citrus market access and Australia and associated study tour University Ginger industry biosecurity recommendations NSW DPI RIRDC CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Controlling Pythium and associated pests in ginger Qld DAFF HAL, RIRDC Ginger technical support and minor use (MUP Australian Ginger RIRDC Determination of residues in native foods treated AgriSolutions Australian Native renewals) Industry for Myrtle rust Australia Pty Ltd Food Industry Association Limited, RIRDC Harnessing soil biological functions to improve Vic DPI GWRDC, Vic DPI Determining the status of strawberry as a host DAFWA Australian Pacific grapevine management of Mediterranean fruit fly College, DAFWA Identify the agent causing rot in Tuber Hazel Hill Pty Ltd RIRDC Developing a threat-specific contingency plan SARDI GWRDC melanosporum and management controls for the exotic pest Angular leaf scorch Identifying potential vector of Bogia coconut Oil Palm Research ACIAR Developing cleaner export pathways for Pacific Secretariat of the ACIAR syndrome in Madang Province, Papua New Association Papua agricultural commodities Pacific Community- Guinea New Guinea Fiji Improved quality and disease freedom in Australian Australian Garlic HAL Developing tools for predicting responses of University of GWRDC garlic Producers Pty Ltd viticultural pests and their natural enemies under Melbourne Improving soil health in support of sustainable Secretariat of the ACIAR climate change: modelling management and development in the Pacific Pacific Community extension - Fiji Development of a diagnostic protocol for Vic DPI DAFF, GWRDC Improving the sustainability of cocoa production in LaTrobe University ACIAR Flavescence dorée phytoplasma eastern Indonesia through integrated pest, disease Development of an Industry Biosecurity Plan PHA RIRDC and soil management in an effective extension and for the ginger industry policy environment Development of tools to increase knowledge and University of GWRDC Improving the sustainability of plant protection in Northeast Australian Tea Tree capacity of growers to implement sustainable pest Melbourne Tea tree oil production systems Agricultural Oil Industry management solutions Services Associaiton, RIRDC

180 Table 46. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2012)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Incursion preparedness for Glassy-winged Charles Sturt GWRDC Pathogen recognition and plant-defence activation Australian National ARC sharpshooter and the plant pathogenic bacterium University by a novel Fusarium wilt-resistance protein from University Xylella fastidiosa tomato Incursion prevention and management of Coffee CABI Southeast ACIAR Phylogeny pathogenicity and epidemiology of University of HAL, PBCRC, Vic berry borer in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia and East Asia - Potato spindle tuber viroid Western Australia, DPI Malaysia Vic DPI Integrated eradication of EPPs SARDI GRDC Potato pathology AgriFood Canada, AgriFood Canada, Flinders University, HAL, Vic DPI Integrated management of diseases of pyrethrum Tasmanian Institute HAL Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, of Agriculture, University of University of Tasmania Melbourne, Vic DPI, Integrated weed management in vegetable crops: Schofield Robinson DAFF, RIRDC Victorian Certified gap analysis and R,D&E Plan Horticultural Seed Potato Services Authority International diagnostics SARDI, Tasmanian HAL, Vic DPI Practical management of grapevine trunk diseases SARDI GWRDC Institute of Preparedness for biological control of high-priority University of GWRDC Agriculture, Vic DPI anthropod pests Adelaide

Investigating control options for Myrtle rust in Northeast Australian Native CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Protecting vines in stress environments – early Vic DPI GWRDC native foods Agricultural Food Industry detection of Phylloxera infestation and grapevine Services Limited, RIRDC stress using chemical biomarkers Management of Late blight of potato in Papua Vic DPI ACIAR, Vic DPI Provision of independent technical and secretarial PHA GWRDC New Guinea services to the National Working Party for Pesticide Management of soil health in Australian viticulture CSIRO, SARDI, Vic GWRDC, Vic DPI Application DPI Provision of secretariat services to the Wine Scholefield Robinson GWRDC Meeting the challenges of Sclerotinia crown rot in a Tasmanian Institute ARC Industry Biosecurity Technical Reference Group Horticultural Services perennial production system – pyrethrum of Agriculture, Rehabilitating cocoa for improving livelihoods in Secretariat of the ACIAR University of the South Pacific Pacific Community, Tasmania Fiji Molecular and genetic strategies to reduce the CSIRO GWRDC Residue data for key chemicals in the Australian University of Australian Olive susceptibility of wine grapes to fungal pathogens olive industry Western Sydney Association, RIRDC Molecular characterisation of the Prf bacterial Australian National ARC Review of the Viticulture Industry Biosecurity Plan PHA GWRDC recognition complex of tomato University and development of the Farm Biosecurity Manual Monitoring Myrtle rust in a Lemon myrtle Forestry Consultant RIRDC for the viticulture industry provenance trial Sampling strategies for Phylloxera area freedom Phylloxera and PBCRC National potato breeding program Vic DPI HAL, Vic DPI Grape Industry National Wine and Grape Industry Centre Charles Sturt GWRDC Board of South winegrowing futures program (theme II) University Australia, SARDI, University of Optimising management of Eutypa dieback SARDI GWRDC Adelaide

181 Table 46. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2012)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Horticulture – Other continued Arabidopsis and Plasmodiophora brassicae Deakin University Vic DPI Soil-borne biocontrol on Western flower thrips Qld DAFF HAL Broad spectrum resistance to tuber invading University of University of in cut flowers diseases of potato Tasmania Tasmania Spring vine health field days Charles Sturt GWRDC Broccoli and Plasmodiophora brassicae Deakin University Vic DPI University Comparative and functional analysis of Murdoch University Endeavour Award Sustainable protection of grapevines from Garden Curtin University of GWRDC transpliceosome units of cyst and root lesion weevil Technology nematodes. Tan spot disease an emerging threat to pyrethrum Tasmanian Institute University of Determining the cause of onion stunting in South SARDI HAL production of Agriculture, Tasmania Australia (phase 3) University of Diagnostic tests for soilborne pathogens of SARDI, Tasmanian HAL Tasmania processing potatoes Institute of Technical recommendations towards biosecurity Consultant RIRDC Agriculture, Vic DPI in the ginger industry Enhanced profitability of selected vegetable value NSW DPI ACIAR The three Rs - rootstock, resistance and resilience Vic DPI GWRDC chains (component 3) to Grape phylloxera Enhanced profitability of selected vegetables NSW DPI ACIAR Tropical sandalwood silviculture management to FPC Elders, RIRDC in South Philippines (component 2) minimise fungal attack CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Generation of residue and crop safety data AgriSolutions HAL Understanding fungicide resistance in powdery SARDI GWRDC for pesticide in protected vegetable crops Australia Pty Ltd and downy mildew Importance of tuber borne inoculum on seed University of HAL Understanding the infection and population biology Tasmanian Institute HAL potato health Tasmania of Poppy downy mildew for improved crop of Agriculture, Integration of crop and soil insect management Australian HAL resistance University of in sweet potatoes Sweetpotato Tasmania Growers Use of predatory mites for long-term prevention of University of GWRDC Association, Qld rust mite, bud mite and other pest mite outbreaks Melbourne DAFF in Australian vineyards Iris yellow spot virus in onions NSW DPI HAL Vineyard disease management with biological NSW DPI Wine Grapes Low dose methyl bromide treatment of capsicum Qld DAFF HAL products Marketing Board to control fruit fly Why are some parasitoids of light brown apple University of GWRDC Low dose methyl bromide treatment of tomato Qld DAFF HAL moth so uncommon in vineyards? Adelaide NSW DPI, Qld ACIAR Horticulture – Vegetables Management of bacterial wilt in Solanaceous crops DAFF 2,4-D induced resistance to Common scab of University of HAL Management strategies for Carrot powdery mildew NSW DPI HAL potato Tasmania Managing Biting fly in vegetable crop residues DAFWA HAL Alternative fruit fly control and market access for Qld DAFF HAL capsicums and tomato Managing the nematode threat DPIPWE, PIRSA, HAL Qld DAFF, Alternative fruit fly control for market access and Qld DAFF HAL Tasmanian Institute to enhance IPM in eggplant of Agriculture, Alternative options to fenthion and dimethoate AUSVEG HAL University of education project Tasmania Aphanomyces root rot and Black root rot of beans NSW DPI HAL 182 Table 46. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2012)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Minor use allocation for the onion industry HAL HAL Validating and documenting a strategy for Qld DAFF ACIAR producing virus-free sweetpotato planting material Minor use permit management for the vegetable GROWCOM HAL in Papua New Guinea industry Vegetable and carbon sustainability project Qld DAFF, Vic DPI DAFF, Vic DPI Monitoring of Australian potato crops for psyllids University of HAL Tasmania Vegetable minor use allocation HAL HAL Movento label additions – lettuce (Western flower Bayer CropScience HAL Vegetable soil health systems for overcoming Qld DAFF HAL thrips), rhubarb, bulb vegetable crop group and soilborne diseases herbs Virus identification and development of long-term Qld DAFF HAL Onion yellow spot virus and Onion thrips NSW DPI, SARDI HAL management strategies for the rhubarb industry management in onions Natural environment Plant health desktop study RMCG HAL Assessing the distribution and population University of University of Potato spindle tuber viroid and related posiviroids Univeristy of HAL, PBCRC dynamics of the Lace lerp infestation in the Western Sydney Western Sydney in Australia Western Australia endangered Cumberland Plain Woodland in western Sydney Provision of Western flower thrips technology Qld DAFF HAL transfer services in Bundaberg and Bowen Belowground predator prey interactions University of University of Western Sydney Western Sydney PSTVd in Australia University of PBCRC

Western Australia Bio control of Prickly acacia: host specificity testing Qld DAFF DAFF, RIRDC CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION of new agents from India Residue, efficacy and crop safety data for pesticide Qld DAFF HAL minor-use permit Biocontrol of Weeds of National Significance in SARDI, Vic DPI DAFF South Australia Review of soilborne disease management in Scholefield HAL Australian vegetable production Robinson Biological control and ecology of Alligator weed CSIRO DAFF, RIRDC Horticultural Biological control of English Broom Vic DPI Vic DPI Services Pty Ltd Biological control of Crofton weed on Lord Howe CSIRO DAFF, RIRDC Soil borne disease NSW DPI HAL Island Strengthening integrated crop management University of ACIAR Biological control of Saggitaria Vic DPI Murrumbidgee research in the Pacific Islands in support of Queensland Irrigation, Vic DPI sustainable intensification of high value crop production Biological control of weedy Sporobolus grasses by NSW DPI DAFF, RIRDC the fungus Nigrospora oryzae Strengthening the Cambodian and Australian NSW DPI ACIAR vegetable industries through adoption of improved Cabomba ecology and dispersal in Australia Qld DAFF DAFF, RIRDC production and postharvest practices Distribution and impact of broom rust for the Vic DPI Vic DPI Sustainable productivity improvements in Allium Qld DAFF ACIAR biological control of broom in Victoria and Solanaceous vegetable crops in Indonesia and DITA regulation (West Indian drywood termite) Qld DAFF Qld DAFF sub-tropical Australia Ecology, physiology and phylogeography: an University of ARC The effect of knockdown of genes involved in the Murdoch University Endeavour Awards integrated approach to the study of the invasive Adelaide RNA pathway on the reproductive and survival marine Green macroalga Caulerpa taxifolia in fitness of Root knot nematodes Australia Thrips management in the green beans industry Qld DAFF HAL Effects of elevated atmospheric (CO2) on insect University of Australian Using new tools to detect and characterise plant Murdoch University Murdoch University herbivory and its regulation in a Eucalyptus Western Sydney Postgraduate viruses tereticornis woodland Award 183 Table 46. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2012)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Natural environment continued National Resources Management biological control SARDI DAFF support Eucalyptus rust epidemiology and host specificity Qld DAFF PBCRC and impact in Australia New approaches to termite control: understanding University of the FWPA, University of the relationship between the termite Sunshine Coast the Sunshine Coast Factors regulating population dynamics of Eucalypt University of Australian psyllids in Australia Western Sydney Postgraduate Phytophthora cinnamomi and native vegetation Deakin University DAFF, Parks Award Victoria Gathering efficacy data to identify the most University of PHA Stress, virulence and bacterial disease in University of New ARC effective chemicals for controlling Myrtle rust Sydney temperate seaweeds: the rise of the microbes South Wales Genetic basis of pathogenicity in Uredo rangelii University of PHA The return of the native: reintroductions, University of New ARC Sydney reinvasions, and a new paradigm in restoration South Wales ecology Genotypic and chemotypic diversity of Eucalyptus University of Bjarne K Dahl Trust moluccana and its role in psyllid-caused dieback Western Sydney The weight of the vine: impacts of vine infestations University of DAFF, RIRDC on plant health Wollongong How are weeds adapting to life in Australia? University of New ARC Quantifying the rate and direction of evolution South Wales Understanding Eucalyptus rust epidemiology and NSW DPI, Qld PBCRC in introduced species host specificity to determine disease impact in DAFF Australia Improved management of submerged aquatic Vic DPI Vic DPI weeds and alligator weed Using export of Alligator weed fragments from Vic DPI Vic DPI CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION stream reaches as a key performance indicator Investigating the susceptibility of native vegetation University of ARC edges to alien plant invasion: a quantitative study Melbourne Weed eradication tools Vic DPI Vic DPI to help prevent and control invasive species Zea mays model and Phytophthora cinnamomi Deakin University DAFF Just how bad are coastal weeds: assessing geo, University of DAFF, RIRDC Multiple eco, psycho and socio-economic impacts Melbourne A community-based model for remote microscopy Charles Darwin PBCRC Lake Benalla Cabomba control Vic DPI Goulburn Broken University Catchment Management A molecular and morphological catalogue of Qld DAFF, Australian Biological Authority Australian rust fungi University of Resources Study Queensland Managing weeds on native title lands Australian Institute DAFF, RIRDC of Aboriginal and Adapting to agricultural pests and diseases under Vic DPI PBCRC, Vic DPI Torres Strait future climates Islander Studies Adaptive management for weed control Vic DPI Vic DPI Manipulating weed successions when restoring Regional DAFF, RIRDC An integrated approach to the eradication of Vic DPI PBCRC, Vic DPI native vegetation communities: RMA Development arthropod EPPs Australia – Murray An integrated tool for informing pest management: University of ARC Monitoring and impact evaluation of invasive plants Vic DPI Vic DPI modelling range shifts for an invasive vertebrate in Adelaide Murrumbidgee irrigation and endothall Vic DPI Murrumbidgee response to climate change Irrigation Area wide IPM for Bundaberg regional production Qld DAFF Bundaberg Fruit Myrtle rust pathways project University of DAFF horticulture and Vegetable Melbourne, Growers University of Artificial miRNA based resistance to viruses Qld DAFF Qld DAFF Tasmania, Vic DPI

184 Table 46. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2012)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Australian eradication database DAFWA PBCRC Desert Uplands Committee weed research Desert Uplands DAFF, RIRDC proposal Build Up and Australia’s armoured scales new species, Qld DAFF Australian Biological Development classification and identification Resources Study Strategy Biochemical markers of host plant origin in CSIRO CRDC Committee Helicoverpa moths Designing polymer additives to control breakup of Monash University ARC Biodegradable weed management using CSIRO DAFF, RIRDC jets and impacting drops agricultural wastes Detection and management of exotic psyllid Vic DPI Vic DPI Biological control of Hudson pear in Australia NSW DPI DAFF, RIRDC incursions Biological control of Sea spurge (phase 2) CSIRO DAFF, RIRDC Determination of factors responsible for aphid- University of ARC Biological control of weeds in south eastern Vic DPI DAFF, RIRDC, Vic borne and pea seed-borne mosaic virus epidemics Western Australia Australia DPI in peas and development of effective virus management tools Building industry capacity to adopt Integrated CRDC, GRDC Weed Management in the cotton and grains Taylor Ag Systems Determining future invasive plant threats under Macquarie National Climtae farming system through research-client linkages climate change: an interactive decision tool for University Change Adaptation managers Research Facility Cellular and molecular interactions of University of ARC rhabdoviruses with their plant hosts and insect Queensland Developing an area of low pest prevalence for DAFWA DAFWA Mediterranean fruit fly at Moora and Carnarvon vectors CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Citrus market access pests: investigating a new Citrus Australia HAL Development and application of chemical solutions Murdoch University DAFWA, Murdoch approach to aid in methyl bromide breakdown in recapture University vessels containing activated charcoal to improve Climate change and the risks of weed invasions in CSIRO DAFF, RIRDC current nordiko methyl bromide recapture unit the Murray Darling Basin Development of a pre-production prototype for a Edith Cowan ARC Collation of information on weeds into the National PHA DAFF, RIRDC laser-based plant sensing weed control system University Plant Biosecurity Status Report Development of an Industry Biosecurity Plan for PHA HAL Commensal benefits: genomic basis for Macquarie ARC the rubus industry suppressing plant pathogens with Pseudomonas University biocontrol species Development of environmentally-friendly University of ARC bioinsecticides for control of Australian crop pests Queensland Communicating uncertainty in biosecurity adaption DAFWA PBCRC Development of molecular diagnostic protocols for NT DPIF DAFF Containment of invasive plants: a basis for decision CSIRO DAFF, RIRDC exotic moths making and best practice Development of novel pest management tools for University of New ARC Crop hygiene – biosecurity services Vic DPI Vic DPI major insect pests England Cross-industry preparedness for Cotton leaf curl Qld DAFF, Vic DPI CRDC Diagnostic tools for detection of non-target site University of DAFF, RIRDC disease herbicide resistance Western Australia Decision support for prioritising and implementing James Cook DECWA Diagnostics of scale insects Qld DAFF DAFF biosecurity on Western Australia’s islands University Dimethoate trials with berries AKC Consulting Pty HAL Descriptions of, and identifications keys to, Qld DAFF DAFF Ltd fungus-feeding Australian species in five genera of Thysanoptera: Tubulifera Dissecting insect gut function to understand University of ARC insecticide detoxification Melbourne

185 Table 46. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2012)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Multiple continued Identifying pilot sites and research methods for soil Qld DAFF ACIAR health research in the Pacific Enhancing emergence and release methods of SIT NSW DPI HAL to improve market access Identifying the biochemical and molecular bases of University of ARC 2,4-D herbicide resistance in the economically Western Australia Establishing a remote microscope network for pest PBCRC ACIAR important weed Raphanus raphanistrum (Wild identification in Cambodia, Lao PDR and Thailand radish) Estimate the state-wide, regional and sectoral Monash University Vic DPI Improved post entry quarantine diagnostics Qld DAFF, Vic DPI PBCRC impacts of the outbreaks of fruit fly, locust plague, and Foot and mouth disease Improving efficacy of MAT to enhance area-wide Macquarie HAL management of Queensland fruit fly University Ethanedinitrile (in comparison with methyl bromide) Murdoch University Murdoch University as a biosecurity fumigant for timber and logs Improving prevention and containment of Serrated Roberts Evaluation DAFF, RIRDC tussock in southwest Victoria Pty Ltd Evaluate fitness costs in herbicide resistant annual University of DAFF, RIRDC ryegrass Western Australia Increasing diagnostic capacity in Thailand Qld DAFF PBCRC Evolved enzymes and biomimetics for Australian National ARC Innovations in institutions to improve weed funding, University of New DAFF, RIRDC organophosphate degradation University strategy and outcomes England Forecast rate of spread of invading organisms for University of PBCRC Insect eradication (phase 2) DAFWA PBCRC rapid tactical response Western Australia Insecticide targets in the nervous system: University of ARC

CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Forecasting spread for rapid response CSIRO, University PBCRC discovery and design for sustainable insect pest Melbourne of Western control Australia Integrated project development and management Vic DPI Vic DPI From individuals to mass organisation: University of ARC economic analysis aggregation, synchronisation and collective Sydney Invasion and impact of high biomass grasses in CSIRO DAFF, RIRDC movement in locusts Queensland Future proofing the National Post Border Weed Charles Darwin DAFF, RIRDC Investigating the use of NASA (Terrestrial Vic DPI PBCRC Risk Management Protocol University, NSW Observation and Prediction System) for DPI, NT DPIF, Vic management of EPP incursions DPI IPPC Technical Panel for Diagnostic Protocols – Vic DPI Vic DPI Genetic, reproductive and demographic facilitation CSIRO DAFF, RIRDC expertise in plant virology, plant bacteriology of Sagittaria invasion Isolation and functional characterisation of a Australian National ARC Crop Consultants CRDC Helicoverpa egg collecting in cotton regions to pathogen meta effector able to inhibit detection of University Australia support Bt and insecticide resistance monitoring multiple disease effectors by resistant plants Helicoverpa resistance management and novel NSW Department CRDC Management of fruit flies in the Kimberley for DAFWA DAFWA method to protect Bollgard II of Lands market access High throughput barcoding of fungal specimens Qld DAFF, Vic DPI DAFF Management of glyphosate resistant weeds in University of DAFF, RIRDC How do decisions by stakeholders affect weed University of RIRDC, DAFF non-agricultural areas Adelaide distribution at a landscape scale? Queensland Managing threats to floodplain biodiversity and Charles Darwin National Identification of the molecular targets on La Trobe University ARC cultural values University Environmental filamentous fungi that lead to specific recognition Research and killing by an antifungal plant defences Programme Minor use of chemicals NRIA DAFF, RIRDC

186 Table 46. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2012)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Modelling dispersal of fungal pathogens University of PBCRC Pre-harvest treatment for fruit fly Qld DAFF, PBCRC Western Australia Queensland University of Modelling interactions of spray droplets with plants Queensland ARC Technology University of Technology Promoting sustainable farm practices with weed Vic DPI Caring for Our bio-control agents Country, Vic DPI Molecular control of seed production in the weed University of DAFF, RIRDC Wild radish Melbourne Providing data packages for new fruit fly control Qld DAFF HAL technology Molecular diagnostics for state and federal NT DPIF NT DPIF quarantine Reformulation of pesticides Eureka! HAL AgResearch Pty Nanostructured liquid crystal particles as next Monash University ARC Ltd generation agricultural bioactive delivery systems Regulatory cellular microRNAs and their role in University of ARC National bee pest surveillance workshop PHA HAL insect anti-viral responses Queensland National diagnostic database Qld DAFF PBCRC Reproduction and Wolbachia in thrips species University of International New approaches for pest control and maintaining University of ARC Western Sydney Australian healthy environments under climate change Melbourne Postgraduate Novel biological methods of crop protection Vic DPI Vic DPI Awards

against soilborne pathogens Review and development of diagnostic protocols Qld DAFF DAFF CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Nutritional profile of irradiated summerfruit, Qld DAFF HAL Role of fungal secreted proteins as plant disease Australian National ARC vegetables and melons effectors University Paterson’s curse as a model to measure impact of Charles Sturt DAFF, RIRDC Shopping for tenants: does co-evolutionary University of Hermon Slade climate change on biocontrol for weeds University addiction and symbiont meltdown leave jumping Western Sydney Foundation Peptidic spider toxins: a novel paradigm for control University of ARC plant lice in need of new microbial partners? of insect pests Queensland Simulating evolution of resistance in stored grain University of PBCRC Personal Digital Assistant assisted surveillance DAFWA, Murdoch DAFWA, Murdoch pests Western Australia (phase 1) University University, PBCRC Simultaneous analysis of root-derived plant University of ARC Plant biosecurity: technological research and Vic DPI ACIAR, PBCRC defences and the associated microbiome Queensland training for improved pest diagnostics in Thailand Six degrees of preparation CSIRO PBCRC and Australia Starting closer to home: disease control and the Plant Breeding ARC Plant immunity to fungal and bacterial pathogens Australian National ARC nonhost resistance paradigm in plants Institute – University University of Sydney Plant laboratory diagnostics services Vic DPI Vic DPI Sterol interference as a new approach to the University of ARC Platforms to differentiate exotic pathovars of plant NSW Department PBCRC control of insect pests of crops Western Australia bacteria of Land Strategies for area-wide fruit fly management in Qld DAFF ACIAR Porous silica-based nanocapsules for targeted and Qld DAFF, ARC industry and Australia controlled release of biocides University of ‘Streamlining search and destroy’: development of University of ARC Queensland a robust prioritisation framework for weed Melbourne Precision sensing technology for infield University of DAFF, RIRDC eradication using Hawkweed species identification of summer weeds Southern Queensland 187 Table 46. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2012)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Multiple continued Understanding and management of resistance to Qld DAFF, GRDC group M, L and I herbicides University of Studies on a the recently established butterfly NT Department of NT Department of Adelaide Acraea terpsichore Land Management, Land Management, NT DPIF NT DPIF Understanding the molecular function of plant University of ARC disease resistance proteins, pathogen effectors Queensland Succession training in plant health diagnostics Vic DPI Vic DPI and their interaction to protect Australian Surveillance of Asian honey bee – proof of concept PBCRC HAL agriculture Surveillance simulation platform University of PBCRC Use of hyperspectral remote sensing for enhanced Charles Sturt DAFF, RIRDC Western Australia detection of weeds University Sustainable management of Mediterranean fruit fly DAFWA DAFWA, HAL, Using spatial analysis and robust surveillance Vic DPI Vic DPI without cover sprays Fruitwest strategies to optimise weed management Tackling Australia’s weed seed bank liability with University of DAFF, RIRDC UV influence on interactions of Hyaloperonspora Deakin University Deakin University the seed-persistence tool kit Western Sydney parastica on Arabidopsis Taxonomy collection and biosystematics Vic DPI Vic DPI Vector borne disease transmission under future Vic DPI PBCRC, Vic DPI The culture of weeds: invasion biology, identity and Australian National ARC climates aesthetics in Australia University Weed risk assessment Vic DPI Vic DPI The development of a National Weeds Resource Auricht Projects DAFF, RIRDC Weed seed wizard Qld DAFF, GRDC CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Information Portal University of The development of DC-092 for the control of Bayer CropScience HAL Western Australia, Spotting bug in macadamia nut and tropical Pty Ltd Who’s involved with weeds? A social network ABARES DAFF, RIRDC inedible peel crops analysis of stakeholders The ecology and evolution of invasiveness: University of University of Other crops dispersal, establishment and persistence of Western Sydney Western Sydney Fireweed from the core introduction to the invasion Alternative approaches to chemical weed control NRIA DAFF, RIRDC fronts measures in new industries The evolution of species traits and spread during University of ARC Alternative pollinators in preparation for Varroa CSIRO CSIRO biological invasions Adelaide invasion The evolutionary origin, cellular response and University of ARC Analyses of past weed incursions to understand CSIRO CSIRO genetic impact of insecticide resistance mutations Adelaide why some invaders ultimately become “transformer in agricultural pests species” Analysis of biosecurity threat posed by natural CSIRO CSIRO The Luteoviridae as a pilot to evaluate virulence Vic DPI PBCRC wind borne spread across Australia’s northern evolution in EPPs border The weed’s news and discussion forums Monash University DAFF, RIRDC Analysis of interception data CSIRO CSIRO sub-project Analysis of shipping movement data CSIRO CSIRO To move or not to move: are insect movement University of ARC strategies driven by plant-induced defences? Queensland Analysis of trade and rate of incursion CSIRO CSIRO Tools for adoption of optimal weed management CSIRO DAFF, RIRDC Arabidopsis circadian mutants and Deakin University Deakin University strategies in cropping systems Hyaloperonspora parastica

188 Table 46. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2012)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Arabidopsis MED mutants and Hyaloperonspora Deakin University ARC Does the tolerance of weeds to herbicide change Macquarie DAFF, RIRDC

parastica with elevated CO2? University, University Of Assessment of biological control of Parkinsonia CSIRO MLA Canberra Assessment of the potential of cool plasma as a CSIRO CSIRO Ecological research (modelling, field and lab) to CSIRO CSIRO disinfestation treatment for seed borne surface better understand drivers of invasion and impact pathogens across the diversity of circumstances in which Assessment of the potential of microwave CSIRO CSIRO invasions occur disinfestation of fruit fly in apples and vegetables Eradication of Bitou bush incursion in Western CSIRO CSIRO Assessment of the potential of microwave CSIRO CSIRO Australia disinfestation of fruit fly in avocado Expanding the aquatic herbicide list: a proactive Qld DAFF DAFF, RIRDC Beating weeds in New Zealand CSIRO NZ AgResearch approach Bemisia tabaci species delimitation and analysis CSIRO CSIRO Genetics of Cape tulip CSIRO SARDI of pre-1950s collections Impact of high biomass grasses CSIRO RIRDC Biological control of Blackberry CSIRO CSIRO Improving regional adoption of weed control – University of New DAFF, RIRDC Biological control of Cape tulip CSIRO CSIRO a case study in the New England England Biological control of Fireweed CSIRO DAFF Invasive ant management on indigenous lands CSIRO Dhimurru Aboriginal Corporation CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Biological control of Mistflower CSIRO Lake Baroon Catchment Care Invasive species risks and responses in the wet CSIRO National Group tropics Environmental Research Program Biological control of Parkinsonia CSIRO WA Cattle Industry Investigate control of in-situ termite and decay Monash University ARC Biological control of Water hyacinth CSIRO CSIRO protection and control using microwave Biological control of weeds in the USA CSIRO U.S Department of technologies Agriculture Management of Yellow crazy ants CSIRO Yolngu Business Biosecurity risks of invasive resistance genes CSIRO CSIRO Enterprises Bitou bush dieback CSIRO CSIRO Monitoring dispersal of biosecurity pests through CSIRO CSIRO trade networks Comparison of multi-criteria analysis and cost CSIRO Australian Centre of benefit analysis for biosecurity Execellence and Myrtle rust life cycle CSIRO PHA Risk Analysis New nematodes CSIRO PBCRC Containment strategies for invasive plants CSIRO RIRDC Reducing the impact of Red headed cockchafer Vic DPI MLA, Vic DPI Corridors and invasive weeds CSIRO Biodiversity Fund Reducing the impact of tropical grassy weeds Charles Darwin DAFF, RIRDC Designing aphid-specific RNAi constructs CSIRO University of through effective risk management University Melbourne Regional biosecurity CSIRO ASEAN-Australian- Dieback syndrome in weeds: their cause and CSIRO CSIRO, DAFF, New Zealand Free prospects for biocontrol RIRDC Trade Agreement, DAFF

189 Table 46. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2012)

Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body research Other crops continued Risk assessment on ports of bees and bee pests CSIRO RIRDC Spatial risk: predicting distribution and abundance CSIRO CSIRO of invasive organisms Status of Asian honey bee java strain in Cairns CSIRO RIRDC Suppressive plants as part of an IPM program for University of DAFF, RIRDC pathenium weed Queensland Systematic and biological analysis of new CSIRO CSIRO Cryptolestes species Systematic review of weeds surveys ABARES DAFF, RIRDC The taxonomic description of the Sonchus NSW DPI CSIRO eriophyid mite Varroa jacobsoni and bee pathology CSIRO RIRDC Weed management on Indigenous lands: CSIRO DAFF, RIRDC indigenous values, perceptions and capacity

CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Weeds management on indigenous lands CSIRO RIRDC

190 Image courtesy of the Ricegrowers’ Association of Australia EXTENSION D EVELOPMENT AN D , H 5: RESEARC ER T HAP C

191 192 Appendices Organisational and initiative contact details

Organisation or initiative For more information Organisation or initiative For more information Almond Board of Australia Inc. www.australianalmonds.com.au Australian Pesticides and Veterinary www.apvma.gov.au +61 8 8582 2055 Medicines Authority +61 2 6210 4701 Apple and Pear Australia Ltd www.apal.org.au Australian Plant Pest Database www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/appd ntact details ntact

o +61 3 9329 3511 +61 2 6215 7700 Atlas of Living Australia www.ala.org.au Australian Processing Tomato Research www.aptrc.asn.au +61 2 6246 4431 Council Inc. +61 3 5825 4633 Australasian Plant Pathology Society www.appsnet.org Australian Research Council www.arc.gov.au +61 7 4632 0467 +61 2 6287 6600 Australian Agency for International www.ausaid.gov.au Australian Society for Microbiology www.theasm.org.au

nal and initiative c nal and initiative Development +61 2 6178 4000 +61 1300 656 423 o Australian Banana Grower’s Council Inc. www.abgc.org.au Australian Table Grape Association Inc. www.australiangrapes.com.au +61 7 3278 4786 +61 3 5021 5718 Australian Biosecurity Intelligence Network www.abin.org.au Australian Walnut Industry Association Inc. www.walnut.net.au 1300 136 376 +61 3 5729 7647 Australian Bureau of Agricultural and www.daff.gov.au/abares AUSVEG Limited www.ausveg.com.au Resource Economics and Sciences +61 2 6272 2000 +61 3 9822 0388 Australian Centre for International www.aciar.gov.au Avocados Australia Ltd www.industry.avocado.org.au APPENDIX 1: Organisati Agricultural Research +61 2 6217 0500 +61 7 3846 6566 Australian Entomological Society www.austentsoc.org.au Biosecurity Surveillance, Incident, www.daff.gov.au/animal-plant-health/ +61 2 6246 4183 Response and Tracing emergency/biosirt +61 2 6272 3170 Australian Forest Products Association www.ausfpa.com.au Limited +61 2 6285 3833 BSES www.bses.org.au +61 7 3331 3333 Australian Honey Bee Industry Council Inc. www.honeybee.org.au +61 2 9221 0911 CANEGROWERS www.canegrowers.com.au +61 7 3864 6444 Australian Lychee Growers Association www.australianlychee.com.au +61 7 4939 7032 Canned Fruits Industry Council of Australia www.horticulture.com.au/industries/Canned_ Fruits/default.asp Australian Macadamia Society Ltd www.macadamias.org +61 3 5825 3700 +61 2 6622 4933 Central Queensland University www.cqu.edu.au Australian Mango Industry Association Ltd www.mangoes.net.au +61 7 4923 2607 +61 7 4086 6007 Charles Darwin University www.cdu.edu.au Australian National University Research www.researchservices.anu.edu.au +61 8 8946 6708 Services +61 2 6125 0099 Charles Sturt University www.csu.edu.au Australian Olive Association Ltd www.australianolives.com.au +61 2 6933 2578 +61 8 8573 6545

194 Organisation or initiative For more information Organisation or initiative For more information Cherry Growers of Australia Inc. www.cherrygrowers.org.au Department of Primary Industries, Victoria www.dpi.vic.gov.au +61 3 6231 1229 +61 3 5332 5000 Chestnuts Australia Incorporated www.chestnutsaustralia.com.au Department of Primary Industries and www.nt.gov.au/d ntact details ntact

+61 3 5751 1466 Fisheries, Northern Territory +61 8 8999 5511 o Citrus Australia Ltd www.citrusaustralia.com.au Department of Sustainability, Environment, www.environment.gov.au +61 3 5023 6333 Water, Population and Communities +61 2 6274 1111 Cooperative Research Centre for National www.crcplantbiosecurity.com.au Domestic Quarantine and Market Access www.domesticquarantine.org.au Plant Biosecurity +61 2 6201 2882 Working Group Cotton Australia Ltd www.cottonaustralia.com.au Dried Fruits Australia Inc. www.driedfruitsaustralia.org.au

+61 2 9669 5222 +61 3 5023 5174 c nal and initiative o Cotton Research and Development www.crdc.com.au Edith Cowan University www.ecu.edu.au Corporation +61 2 6792 4088 +61 8 6304 0000 Council of Australasian Weed Societies www.caws.org.au Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed, www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/epprd +64 7 838 5275 Plant Health Australia +61 2 6215 7700 Cooperative Research Centre for Forestry www.crcforestry.com.au Exotic Plant Pest Hotline 1800 084 881 +61 3 6226 7947 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial www.csiro.au Farm Biosecurity www.farmbiosecurity.com.au APPENDIX 1: Organisati Research Organisation +61 1300 363 400 +61 2 6215 7700 Deakin University www.deakin.edu.au Farm Biosecurity Manuals, Plant Health www.planthealthaustralia.com.au Australia +61 3 5227 2673 +61 2 6215 7700 Department of Agriculture and Food, www.agric.wa.gov.au Flinders University www.flinders.edu.au Western Australia +61 8 9368 3333 +61 8 8201 3911 Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and www.daff.gov.au Forest and Wood Products Australia www.fwpa.com.au Forestry +61 2 6272 3933 +61 3 9927 3200 Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and www.daff.qld.gov.au Grains Producers Australia Limited www.grainproducers.com.au Forestry, Queensland +61 7 3404 6999 +61 2 6273 3000 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade www.dfat.gov.au Grains Research and Development www.grdc.com.au Corporation +61 2 6261 1111 +61 2 6166 4500 Department of Primary Industries and www.pir.sa.gov.au Grape and Wine Research and www.gwrdc.com.au Development Corporation Regions, South Australia +61 8 8226 0900 +61 8 8273 0500 Department of Primary Industries, New www.dpi.nsw.gov.au Griffith University www.griffith.edu.au South Wales +61 1800 808 095 +61 7 3735 7111 Department of Primary Industries, Parks, www.dpipwe.tas.gov.au GROWCOM www.growcom.com.au Water and Environment, Tasmania +61 3 6421 7601 +61 7 3620 3844

195 Organisational and initiative contact details

Organisation or initiative For more information Organisation or initiative For more information Hazelnut Growers of Australia Incorporated www.hazelnuts.org.au Pistachio Growers Association www.pgai.com.au +61 2 6372 3224 Incorporated +61 3 5024 2264 Horticulture Australia Limited www.horticulture.com.au Plant Breeding Institute, University of www.sydney.edu.au/agriculture/plant_ ntact details ntact

o +61 2 8295 2300 Sydney breeding_institute/index.shtml +61 2 9351 8800 Industry Biosecurity Plans, Plant Health www.planthealthaustralia.com.au Australia +61 2 6215 7700 Plant Health Australia www.planthealthaustralia.com.au +61 2 6215 7700 International Plant Protection Convention www.ippc.int PLANTPLAN, Plant Health Australia www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/plantplan James Cook University www.jcu.edu.au +61 2 6215 7700

nal and initiative c nal and initiative +61 7 4781 4111 Queensland University of Technology www.qut.edu.au o La Trobe University www.latrobe.edu.au +61 7 3138 2000 +61 3 9479 1111 Raspberries and Blackberries Australia Inc. www.arga.com.au Macquarie University www.mq.edu.au +61 3 5964 3350 +61 2 9850 7111 Reef and Rainforest Research Centre www.rrrc.org.au Monash University www.monash.edu.au +61 7 4050 7400 +61 3 9902 6000 Ricegrowers’ Association of Australia Inc. www.rga.org.au Murdoch University www.murdoch.edu.au +61 2 6953 0433 APPENDIX 1: Organisati 1300 687 3624 Rural Industries Research and www.rirdc.gov.au National Plant Surveillance Reporting Tool, www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/npsrt Development Corporation +61 2 6271 4100 Plant Health Australia +61 2 6215 7700 Sacron Innovations www.sacroninnovations.com New Rural Industries Australia www.nria.org.au +61 413 009 017 +61 3 9221 6337 South Australian Research and www.sardi.sa.gov.au New South Wales State Forests www.forests.nsw.gov.au Development Institute +61 8 8303 9400 +61 2 9872 0111 Strawberries Australia Inc. www.strawberriesaustralia.com.au Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, www.daff.gov.au/aqis/quarantine/naqs Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and +61 2 6272 3933 Subcommittee on National Plant Health www.daff.gov.au/animal-plant-health/plant/ Forestry Biosecurity Surveillance committees/snphs Nursery and Garden Industry Australia Ltd www.ngia.com.au +61 2 6272 3137 +61 2 8861 5100 Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostic www.plantbiosecuritydiagnostics.net.au/ Standards sphds Onions Australia www.onionsaustralia.org.au +61 2 6272 4568 +61 8 8725 8862 Sugar Research and Development www.srdc.gov.au Passionfruit Australia Incorporated www.passionfruitaustralia.org.au Corporation +61 7 3210 0495 +61 7 5485 4402 Summerfruit Australia Limited www.summerfruit.com.au Pest and Disease Image Library www.padil.gov.au +61 2 6041 6641

196 Organisation or initiative For more information

Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture www.tia.tas.edu.au etails +61 3 6226 6368 d Territory and Municipal Services, Australian www.tams.act.gov.au Capital Territory +61 13 22 81 contact

Trade and Market Access Division, www.daff.gov.au/market-access-trade Department of Agriculture, Fisheries +61 2 6272 3933 and Forestry initiative

University of Adelaide www.adelaide.edu.au d an

+61 8 8313 5208 University of Canberra www.canberra.edu.au +61 2 6201 5111 University of Melbourne www.unimelb.edu.au +61 3 8344 4000 rganisational University of New England www.une.edu.au

+61 2 6773 3715 1: O University of New South Wales www.unsw.edu.au +61 2 9385 1000 University of Queensland www.uq.edu.au APPENDIX +61 7 3365 1111 University of Sydney www.sydney.edu.au +61 2 9351 2222 University of Tasmania www.utas.edu.au +61 3 6226 8559 University of Western Australia www.uwa.edu.au +61 8 6488 6000 University of Western Sydney www.uws.edu.au +61 2 9685 9222 University of Wollongong www.uow.edu.au +61 2 4221 3555 Weeds of National Significance www.weeds.org.au/WoNS +61 3 6344 9657 Wine Grape Growers Australia www.wgga.com.au +61 8 8133 4400

197 Glossary

Term Definition Term Definition Appropriate Level of Protection The level of protection deemed appropriate by a Emergency response The actions undertaken to contain and eradicate an

lossary country establishing a sanitary or phytosanitary exotic pest after its detection measure to protect human, animal and plant life or

2: G Established pests Non-endemic pests that have established in health within its territory Australia Area freedom Absence of a specific pest in a specified location Exotic pests Pests not currently present in Australia Biosecurity The protection of the economy, environment and

APPENDIX High Priority Pest A pest that has been identified to have the greatest human health from the negative impacts associated potential economic impact to a particular plant with entry, establishment or spread of exotic pests industry and is listed in an Industry Biosecurity Plan Biosecurity activities Activities undertaken to manage biosecurity risks or in Schedule 13 of the EPPRD Biosecurity continuum The range of biosecurity activities and arrangements International Standard for Phytosanitary An international standard adopted by the that are undertaken in offshore, border and onshore Measures commission on Phytosanitary Measures, locations established under the International Plant Protection Convention Border In relation to the biosecurity continuum: airports, seaports and land borders that represent the National Diagnostic Protocols Diagnostic protocols for the official taxonomic potential point of entry for a pest into Australia identification of a pest in a manner consistent with ISPM No. 27 – Diagnostic protocols for Commonwealth The Commonwealth of Australia, including its regulated pests. National Diagnostic Protocols external territories include diagnostic procedures and data on the Contingency plans Management plans that outline specific information pest, its hosts, taxonomic information, detection required in the event of an emergency response and identification. Diagnostic protocols Protocols that describe the procedures and Offshore In relation to the biosecurity continuum: regions methods for the identification of a pest to a defined outside Australia’s border level Onshore In relation to the biosecurity continuum: regions Diagnostics Processes and standards associated with the inside Australia’s border accurate identification of a pest Pest Free Area An area in which a pest does not occur as Disinfestation Post-harvest management measures focused on demonstrated by scientific evidence and in which, eliminating the presence of pests within plants and where appropriate, this condition is being officially plant products maintained Domestic quarantine Activities designed to prevent the movement and Pest Any insect, mite, snail, nematode, pathogen spread of pests within Australia (disease) and weed that is injurious to a plant, plant product or bees Endemic pests Pests that are known to occur naturally in Australia Phytosanitary measure Any legislation, regulation or official procedure Emergency Plant Pest A pest that is included in Schedule 13 of the having the purpose to prevent the introduction or Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed or which is spread of quarantine pests, or to limit the economic determined by the Categorisation Group to meet impact of regulated non-quarantine pests one or more of the EPP criteria listed in Clause 1 of the EPPRD Plant biosecurity The protection of plants or plant products from pests that may impact on production or market Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed A pre-agreed cost sharing and response framework access for dealing with an incursion of an Emergency Plant Pest PLANTPLAN The agreed technical response plan used to respond to an emergency plant pest incident. 198 Term Definition Plant production industries All plant industries in the agricultural, horticultural

and forestry sectors lossary

Quarantine The system of measures which are used to minimise 2: G risks associated with the entry of pests Regionalised pests Pests contained within a geographic region due to specific quarantine and/or management arrangements APPENDIX Response Plan An integrated plan for undertaking a response to an EPP incident Risk analysis The process of evaluating scientific and economic evidence to determine the risk posed by a pest to Australia’s environment, plant production industries and economy State and territory governments The state and territory governments of Australia Surveillance Processes which collect and record data on pest occurrence or absence by survey, monitoring or other procedures Weeds of National Significance Weeds considered to currently pose serious threats at a national level

Image courtesy of SARDI 199 Acronyms and abbreviations

Acronym Full name Acronym Full name ABARES Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics and Sciences DQMAWG Domestic Quarantine and Market Access Working Group ABIN Australian Biosecurity Intelligence Network EPPRD Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research ESSD Emergency Plant Pest abbreviations

d ACT Australian Capital Territory ESSD Environment and Sustainable Development Directorate an AHA Animal Health Australia FAO Food and Agriculture Organization AHBIC Australian Honey Bee Industry Council FWPA Forest and Wood Products Australia APEC Asia – Pacific Economic Cooperation GRDC Grains Research and Development Corporation cronyms APPD Australian Plant Pest Database GWRDC Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation

3: A APPPC Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission HAL Horticulture Australia Limited APVMA Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority HPP High Priority Pest ARC Australian Research Council IBG Industry Biosecurity Group APPENDIX AusAID Australian Agency for International Development IBP Industry Biosecurity Plan AWC Australian Weeds Committee ICON Import Conditions Database IGAB Inter Governmental Agreement on Biosecurity BERT Biosecurity Emergency Response Team IPM Integrated Pest Management BioSIRT Biosecurity Surveillance, Incident Response and Tracing IPPC International Plant Protection Convention BMP Best management practices ISPMs International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures BOLT Biosecurity Online Training MICoR Manual of Importing Country Requirements BV Biosecurity Victoria MLA Meat and Livestock Australia CCCCRC Cotton Catchment Communities Cooperative Research Centre NAQS Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy CCEPP Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests NBC National Biosecurity Committee CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora NBPSP National Bee Pest Surveillance Program CRC Cooperative Research Centre NDP National Diagnostic Protocol CRDC Cotton Research and Development Corporation NEBRA National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation NMG National Management Group DAFF Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry NPBDS National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy NPBS National Plant Biosecurity Strategy DAFWA Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia NPSRT National Plant Surveillance Reporting Tool DECWA Department of Environment and Conservation Western Australia NRIA New Rural Industries Australia Limited DFAT Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade NSW New South Wales DIISR Australian Government Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research NSW DPI New South Wales Department of Primary Industries DoHA Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing NT Northern Territory Vic DPI Department of Primary Industries, Victoria NT DPIF Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Northern Territory DPIPWE Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania OGTR Office of the Gene Technology Regulator 200 Acronym Full name ORIA Ord River Irrigation Area PaDIL Pest and Disease Image Library PBCRC Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre abbreviations

PHA Plant Health Australia d an PHC Plant Health Committee PIRSA Department of Primary Industries and Regions, South Australia PISC Primary Industries Standing Committee

PPPO Pacific Plant Protection Organisation cronyms

Qld Queensland 3: A Qld DAFF Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry Queensland R,D&E Research, Development and Extension

RDC Research and Development Corporation APPENDIX RIRDC Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation RPPO Regional Plant Protection Body RSPMs Regional Standards for Phytosanitary Measures SA South Australia SAP Scientific Advisory Panel SARDI South Australian Research and Development Institute SCoPI Standing Council on Primary Industries SEWPaC Australian Government Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities SNFH Subcommittee on National Forest Health SNPHS Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance SPHDS Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostic Standards SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary SRDC Sugar Research and Development Corporation TAMS Department of Territory and Municipal Services, ACT USA United States of America Vic Victoria WA Western Australia WoNS Weeds of National Significance WRA Weed Risk Assessment WTO World Trade Organization

201 INDEX

202 Image courtesy of NT DPIF Index

A international trade, 103, 112, 114 Cooperative Research Centre for Forestry, 160-162 acronyms and abbreviations, 200-201 Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, 115-116 cooperative research centres, 160-162 almonds, 28, see also nut industry post-entry quarantine, 113-115, 171t, 173t, 177t, Cotton Catchment Communities Cooperative Research INDEX apples, 29 186t Centre, 160 Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission, 105 training, 113 cotton industry, 42-43 Asian honey bee, 50, 51, 82t, 122t, 124t,148 breeding, 120 crop production summary, 26f Atlas of Living Australia, 140 broadacre crops, 26f research and development projects, 168f, 170t Australian Biosecurity Intelligence Network, 141 research and development projects, 168f Cotton Research and Development Corporation, 160, Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource cotton, 170t 163 Economics and Sciences, 20 grains, 170-173t crop production summary, 26 Australian Capital Territory other broadacre, 173-174t biosecurity services, 22 sugarcane, 174-175t D pest diagnostic services, 129t surveillance, 126-127t Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, BSES, 130t, 151-154t, 166 border activities, 18, 20, 103, 113, 114 159 contingency plans, 153-154t Australian Handbook for the Identification of Fruit Flies, C diagnostic services, 129-132t 76 Canberra Agreement, 105 exports, 106, 112 Australian Government responsibilities, 16, 18, 20, 76, canned fruits, 35 imports, 106, 107t, 108t 97, 104, 106, 112, 118, 122t, 128, 146 Categorisation Group, 146, 147 information systems, 155 Australian Plant Pest Database, 140 cherries, 36-37 offshore activities, 18, 115 Australian Research Council, 159 industry training, 37 priorities, 18 Australian Weeds Committee, 17f, 98 chestnuts, 38, see also nut industry reform, 12 avocados, 30 China, exports to, 18, 110-111t regional boundaries, 19f citrus, 40-41 responsibilities, 106 B surveillance, 122-125t risk assessments, 20, 97, 107 bananas, 32 Come clean, Go clean, 43 surveillance, 120, 155, 51 Beale Review, 12 committees, 16, 17f, 147 trade, 103 berries, 34 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research training, 113, 154 biological control, 99, 175-176t, 181t, 183-185t, 189t Organisation (CSIRO), 16, 20, 89, 128, 159 weeds, 97 Biosecurity Online Training, 142, 154 diagnostic services, 129t Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 20, 158 biosecurity reform, 12-13, 16 research, 158-161, 170-190t Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Biosecurity Surveillance Incident Response and Tracing communication and awareness, 89, 103f, 109, 116, Population and Communities, 20, 107f, 158 Program, 155 119, 139, 140 legislation, 15 bitou bush, 96, 99t, 189t community biosecurity, 13, 76, 89, 97-98, 102, 116, diagnostics, 23, 113, 128, 140, 161, 168f border management, 12, 16, 103f 119, 120, 140, 162 Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity, 13, Australian Customs and Border Protection Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests, 17f, 138 Service, 20 147 National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy, exports, 106 consultative committees, 17f, 106 138 imports, 18, 97, 106, 112, 114 contingency plans, 81, 150, 151-154t

Note: f = figure, t = table 203 diagnostics continued Grains Industry Market Access Forum, 109 International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, protocols, 133, 134f, 136-138t research and development projects, 164, 168f, 105, 106 research, 172-175t, 177-178t, 180-182t, 170-173t international trade, 18, 103, 105, 118 185-188t surveillance, 121f, 122t, 124t, 126-127t interstate certification, 22-25, 118 services and laboratories, 129-132t, 135, 166 Grains Research and Development Corporation, 164 Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostic Grape and Wine Research and Development K INDEX Standards, 133 Corporation, 164 L domestic quarantine, 103f, 117, 118 grapes, see Viticulture landholders, 25 Domestic Quarantine and Market Access Working growers and landholders, 25 legislation, 12, 14, 15t, 22-24, 97, 106, 118 Group, 16, 17f, 118 lychees, 52 dried fruit, 45, see also Viticulture H hazelnuts, 49, see also nut industry M E High Priority Pests, 81, 82-88t macadamias, 53, see also nut industry East Timor, 109, 135, 176t honey bees, 142, 146 mangoes, 54 education and awareness, 116 High Priority Pests, 50 manuals, 139t Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, 22, 129t industry, 50 market access, 16, 18, 20-22, 103f, 109, 110-111t, Emergency Plant Pest Categorisation Group, see surveillance, 51, 121f, 122-123t 120, 168f Categorisation Group horticulture research and development, 176-180t, 182t, Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed, 17f, 76, 81, horticultural crops research and development 185-186t 82-88t, 93, 94-96t, 117, 142, 146-148, 150, 154 projects, 176-183t see also Domestic Quarantine and Market Access Emergency Plant Pest training, 154 Office of Horticultural Market Access, 109 Group Emergency Plant Pests, 93, 94t, 95-96t surveillance, 121f, 122-127t myrtle rust, 148 emergency responses, 12, 22, 24, 25, 50, 76, 93, Horticulture Australia Limited, 51, 165 94-96t, 140, 142 N I exports, 26, 106, 112 National Biosecurity Committee, 16, 17f, 148, 159 ICON (import conditions database), 106 national committee structure, 16, 17f F identification of pests, 81, 109, 128, 129-132t, 133, National Diagnostic Protocols, 133, 134f, 136-138t Farm Biosecurity Program, 119, 121, 139, 140 135, 140 national diagnostics database, 135 Farmer of the Year Award, 121 research and development projects, 172-190t National Management Group, 17f, 94t, 147 fodder, 48, 109 see also diagnostics National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy, 138 Forest and Wood Products Australia, 161, 163 import risk analysis, 103f, 107f, National Plant Biosecurity Research, Development and Forestry, see Plantation forests imports, 97, 103, 106, 112, 113 Extension Strategy, 159 fruit market access, 110-111t National Plant Biosecurity Strategy, 13-14, 16, 76, 120, crop production summary, 26f policy advice, 108 138 research and development projects, 176-179t industry biosecurity planning, 118, 150 National Plant Surveillance Reporting Tool, 120, 138 surveillance, 121f Industry Biosecurity Plans, 26, 76, 118t natural environment research and development projects, industry profiles, 27-75 183-184t G industry representative bodies, 25 natural resource management regions, 98 glossary, 198-199 information systems, 21, 140, 141 New South Wales government responsibilities, 12, 13, 18, 23, 140, 150 Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity, 13, 16, biosecurity services, 22 Grains Farm Biosecurity Program, 46, 124t 120, 138 bitou bush, 96 grains industry, 46-47 international agreements, 20, 104-105 pest diagnostic services, 129t contingency plans, 151-154t International cooperation – Australia and East Timor, 109 regionalised pests, 91t crop production summary, 26f International Plant Protection Convention, 105 surveillance programs, 122-123t

204 New Zealand pineapples, 60 processing tomatoes, 64 export, 35, 45, 52, 54, 58, 68, 75 pistachios, 61, see also nut industry production values, 26f government and departments, 16, 120 plantation forestry, 62-63, 138, 162 crop production values, 28-75 policy advice, 105, 108t, 110-111t cooperative research centre, 160, 161, 162 professional associations, 25, 31 research cooperation, 135, 160, 161 crop production summary, 26f pulses, 109, 164 Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, 97, 115, 116f research and development, 168, 175-176t INDEX diagnostic services, 130-131t Subcommittee on National Forest Health, 16, 17f, Q surveillance, 122t, 123-125t 138 quarantine, Northern Territory surveillance, 121f, 122-123t, 125t, 127t facilities, 21, 115, 166 biosecurity services, 22 Plant Biosecurity Program, 22, 23, 154, 161 legislation, 12, 15, 106 pest diagnostic services, 130t Plant Biosecurity Toolbox, 135, 140 see also DAFF Biosecurity, domestic quarantine, regionalised pests, 91t Plant Health Australia, 76 Domestic Quarantine and Working Access surveillance programs, 123t biosecurity management, 14, 103f, 119, 142, Group, Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, nursery and garden industry, 55 148, 159 post-entry quarantine crop production summary, 26f biosecurity plans and manuals, 81, 118t, 139 Queensland research projects, 179t emergency responses, 76, 146, 150 biosecurity services, 23 nut industry funding, 48, 76 pest diagnostic services, 130-131t crop production summary, 26f members, 77t regionalised pests, 91-92t, 148 High Priority Pests, 82-83t, 85t, 87-88t pest risk mitigation, 76 surveillance programs, 89, 124-125t research and development projects, 168f, Plant Health Committee, 16 weed management, 99 179-180t role, 76 R see also almonds, chestnuts, hazelnuts, strategic perspective, 14, 76, 138 regional biosecurity, 113 macadamias, pistachios, walnuts training, 154 boundaries for biosecurity, 19f, 116f plant pests regionalised pests, 90, 91-92t O communication and awareness, 140 Remote Microscope Diagnostics Portal, 140 olives, 56 contingency plans, 150, 151-154t Remote Microscope Network, 135 on-farm biosecurity, 37, 43, 117, 119, 139, 140 definition, 8 research, development and extension onions, 57, 121 detections, 94-96t Australian Government agencies, 158-159 organisation contact details, 194-197t diagnostics, 128, 129-132t, 133 cooperative research centres, 160-162 organisational systems emergency responses, 93, 94t, 146 industry, 25, 163-166 Australian Government services, 18-20 High Priority Pests, 81, 82-88t overview, 168-169 industry and private sector services, 25 information and support systems, 120, 140 research and development corporations, 163-165 national committees, 16, 17f regionalised pests, 90, 91-92t research and development projects, 170-190 Plant Health Australia, 76, 77t surveillance, 120, 121, 122-127t state and territory governments, 21, 166 state and territory services, 21-24 Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, 16, 135, strategy, 159 154, 160, 161, 171-190t P universities and private institutions, 166 Plant Biosecurity Toolbox, 135, 140 passionfruit, 58-59 rice, 65 PLANTPLAN, 24, 76, 150, 154 pasture and hay risk assessments, 20, 97, 104, 106, 112 policy, 12, 16, 18, 20, 108t crop production summary, 26f Rural Industries Research and Development Post-Entry Plant Quarantine program, 115 pears, 29, 35 Corporation, 48, 51, 142, 165 post-entry quarantine, 113, 114, 115 Pest and Disease Image Library, 135, 140 pre-emptive breeding, 81, 103, 120, 173t phytosanitary measures and standards, 16, 25, 90, S Primary Industries Standing Committee, 16, 17f, 159 104-106, 112, 133, 140 scientists and mathematicians in schools, 89 private consultants, 25 screening and inspection, 114

205 South Australia pest diagnostic services, 131t Western Australia biosecurity services, 23 surveillance programs, 126t biosecurity services, 24 pest diagnostic services, 131t tomatoes, 64 pest diagnostic services, 132t surveillance programs, 125t tools and networks, 140 regionalised pests, 92t SPS Agreement, 104, 106, 112 trade agreements, 20, 104 surveillance programs, 126-127t Standing Council on Primary Industries, 16, 17f training, 76, 109, 113, 154 wine grapes, 75, see also viticulture INDEX state and territory governments National EPP Training Program, 154 World Trade Organization biosecurity services, 13, 18, 21 online, 142, 154 Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and committees, 16 transition to management, 98, 148 Phytosanitary Measures, 104 diagnostic services, 128 regionalised pests, 90, 91-92t U research and development, 166 universities surveillance programs, 51, 120 cooperative research centres, 160-161 weed eradication and containment, 98 diagnostic services, 128 stone fruit, 66 research and development, 166 strawberries, 67, 111t V Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance, 14, vegetables, 72-73 16, 17f, 120, 138 crop production summary, 26f sugarcane industry High Priority Pests, 73 BSES, 166 research and development projects, 168f, contingency plans, 151-154t 182-183t research and development projects, 168f, surveillance, 121f 174-175t Victoria Sacron Innovations, 166 biosecurity services, 24 sugarcane, 68-69 pest diagnostic services, 132t sugarcane crop production summary, 26f regionalised pests, 92t surveillance, 121f surveillance programs, 126t Sugar Research and Development Corporation, 165 viticulture surveillance, 13, 16, 18, 103f, 120 contingency plans, 152t, 154t honey bee, 51 crop production summary, 26f Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, 115, 116f High Priority Pests, 83-84t, 86t, 88t programs, 121f, 122-127t, 155 research and development, 180-182t reporting tool, 120 surveillance, 121f research and development, 168f weeds, 97, 98 W see also National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance walnuts, 74, see also nut industry Strategy, Subcommittee on National Plant weeds Health Surveillance eradication and containment, 96, 98 legislation, 15t T managing weed threats, 96, 97-99 table grapes, 70, see also viticulture prevention, 97 Tasmania research and development, 168f, 170-190t biosecurity services, 23 Weeds of National Significance, 96, 98, 99t forestry biosecurity, 161

206 INDEX

207

13-002