Diversität Von Nachtfaltergemeinschaften Entlang Eines Höhengradienten in Südecuador (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea, Arctiidae)

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Diversität Von Nachtfaltergemeinschaften Entlang Eines Höhengradienten in Südecuador (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea, Arctiidae) Diversität von Nachtfaltergemeinschaften entlang eines Höhengradienten in Südecuador (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea, Arctiidae) Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades an der Fakultät Biologie/Chemie/Geowissenschaften der Universität Bayreuth vorgelegt von Dirk Süßenbach aus Bayreuth Bayreuth, Januar 2003 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde am Lehrstuhl Tierökologie I der Universität Bayreuth in der Arbeitsgruppe von Prof. Dr. Konrad Fiedler erstellt und von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft gefördert (Projekt Fi 547/5-1, 5-3, FOR 402/1-1 Tp 15). Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Biologie/Chemie/Geowissenschaften der Universität Bayreuth genehmigten Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.). Tag der Einreichung: 08.01.2003 Tag des wissenschaftlichen Kolloquiums: 09.04.2003 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. K. Fiedler 2. Gutachter: PD Dr. B. Stadler Prüfungsausschuss: Prof. Dr. G. Rambold (Vorsitzender) Prof. Dr. K. Dettner Prof. Dr. Chr. Engels INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1. Einleitung ...................................................................................................................... 1 2. Untersuchungsgebiet ................................................................................................... 13 3. Methodik...................................................................................................................... 20 3.1 Lichtfang.............................................................................................................. 20 3.2 Probennahme, Präparation und Determination.................................................... 23 3.3 Messung des Kronenschlusses ............................................................................ 25 3.4 Statistische Auswertungen................................................................................... 25 3.4.1 Alpha-Diversität und Zusammensetzung der Gemeinschaften ................... 27 3.4.2 Beta-Diversität und Ordination der Stichproben......................................... 33 3.4.3 Weitere multivariate Verfahren................................................................... 36 4. Ergebnisse.................................................................................................................... 39 4.1 Artenreichtum und Gemeinschaftsstruktur der Pyraloidea und Arctiidae........... 39 4.2 Alpha-Diversität im Höhengradienten ................................................................ 52 4.3 Beta-Diversität im Höhengradienten................................................................... 57 4.4 Saisonalität .......................................................................................................... 62 4.5 Gamma-Diversität und Erfassungsgrad............................................................... 68 4.6 Abiotische und biotische Parameter des Untersuchungsgebietes........................ 71 4.6.1 Temperatur .................................................................................................. 71 4.6.2 Kronenschluss.............................................................................................. 73 4.6.3 Baumdiversität............................................................................................. 74 4.6.4 Diversität von Windern und Lianen ............................................................ 75 4.6.5 Waldstruktur ................................................................................................ 77 4.7 Einfluss abiotischer und biotischer Parameter auf die Alpha- und Beta-Diversität im Höhengradienten ........................................................................................................ 78 4.7.1 Einfluss auf die Alpha-Diversität ................................................................ 78 4.7.2 Einfluss auf die Beta-Diversität................................................................... 80 4.8 Nischenbreite der häufigsten Arten im Höhengradienten ................................... 83 4.9 Futterpflanzenbeziehungen der Raupen .............................................................. 87 4.9.1 Pyraloidea .................................................................................................... 87 4.9.2 Arctiidae ...................................................................................................... 91 5. Diskussion ................................................................................................................... 93 5.1 Pyraloidea und Arctiidae als Modellorganismen der Biodiversitätsforschung... 93 5.2 Gamma-Diversität und Erfassungsgüte............................................................... 94 5.3 Alpha-Diversität im Höhengradienten ................................................................ 98 5.4 Beta-Diversität im Höhengradienten................................................................. 102 5.5 Wodurch werden die Diversitätsmuster beeinflusst?........................................ 106 5.6 Nischenbreite..................................................................................................... 111 5.7 Saisonalität ........................................................................................................ 113 5.8 Fazit und Ausblick ............................................................................................ 117 6. Zusammenfassung..................................................................................................... 120 7. Summary ................................................................................................................... 125 8. Resumen.................................................................................................................... 129 9. Literatur..................................................................................................................... 134 10. Anhang .................................................................................................................. 156 Danksagung....................................................................................................................... 207 Erklärung........................................................................................................................... 209 1. Einleitung 1 1. EINLEITUNG Bis weit in die zweite Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts hinein bestand unter Biologen weitgehende Einstimmigkeit, dass auf der Erde ca. 1–2 Mio. Organismenarten leben. Dies änderte sich schlagartig, als begonnen wurde Waldökosysteme der Tropen näher zu untersuchen. Aus heutiger Sicht fast unglaublich groß waren dann die ersten Schätzungen an Arthropodenarten für den zu erwartenden Artenreichtum in tropischen Regenwäldern, die sich aus quantitativen Erhebungen ableiten ließen. Beispielsweise lagen die Schätzungen der in tropischen Baumkronen lebenden Arten – basierend auf stichprobenartigen Untersuchungen – zwischen 10 und 80 Mio. (Erwin 1982, Stork 1988). Diese Zahlen wurden in den darauffolgenden Jahren viel diskutiert und auch wieder deutlich nach unten korrigiert (Übersicht in Ødegaard 2000). Einer der Hauptkritikpunkte an diesen Werten ist die nachweislich deutlich geringere Ausprägung der Wirtspflanzenspezifität herbivorer Organismen in tropischen Regenwäldern, als dies noch 20 Jahre zuvor durchgängig angenommen wurde (Novotný et al. 2002). Ødegaard et al. (2000) zeigte am Beispiel pflanzenfressender Käfer, dass die Futterpflanzenspezifität im Sinn einer strengen Monographie nur bei sieben bis zehn Prozent lag. Nach zusätzlicher Neubewertung von Umrechnungsfaktoren, wie beispielsweise des Anteils den die kronenraumbewohnenden Arten an der Gesamtzahl der Arthropodenarten einnehmen, kommen auch die modernen Schätzungen immer noch auf fünf bis zehn Mio. Arten. Demnach sind bis heute nur etwa 20 % der vermutlich auf der Erde existenten Organismenarten wissenschaftlich beschrieben. Aus der Bearbeitung dieser immensen Vielfalt an Arten ist in den letzten Jahrzehnten eine neue Forschungsrichtung innerhalb der Biologie entstanden, die Biodiversitätsforschung (Wilson 1997). Sie beschäftigt sich mit der geographischen Analyse von Diversitätsmustern und den die Diversität erzeugenden evolutiven und ökologischen Mechanismen und Prozessen (beispielsweise Connell 1978, Huston 1979, Linsenmair 1995, Linsenmair 2000), sowie auch mit der Frage nach dem Zusammenhang zwischen Artenschwund und Ökosystemprozessen (Cameron 2002). Der weltweite rasante Artenschwund durch anthropogene Überformung und Zerstörung naturnaher Lebensräume macht sich in allen terrestrischen und aquatischen Habitaten bemerkbar (z. B. Lugo 1992). Auch wenn das Massenaussterben von Arten in der Erdgeschichte kein einzigartiges Ereignis ist (Raup 1992), ist es doch neu, dass es vom 2 Menschen verursacht wird und sich inzwischen in einer atemberaubenden Geschwindigkeit vollzieht. Die hohe biologische Diversität tropischer Wälder lässt vermuten, dass über 50 % der heutigen Organismenarten auf nur ca. sieben Prozent der Landfläche leben (Myers 1992). Von dieser Gesamtfläche tropischer Wälder stellen die tropischen Bergregenwälder wiederum nur einen sehr kleinen Teil. Dennoch werden besonders die nördlichen Anden, trotz ihrer geringen Größe, als eine der diversesten Regionen der Tropen angesehen (Henderson et al. 1991). Myers et al. (2000) zeigte für Vögel, Amphibien, Reptilien und Säuger, dass die Osthänge der Anden hinsichtlich ihres Reichtums an Tier- und Pflanzenarten und ihrer Ausprägung von endemischen Formen (1.567 endemische Vertebraten und ca. 20.000 endemische
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