Draft Pest Categorisation of Organisms Associated with Washed Ware Potatoes (Solanum Tuberosum) Imported from Other Australian States and Territories

Nucleorhabdovirus

Draft pest categorisation of organisms associated with washed ware potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) imported from other Australian states and territories

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Contributing authors Bennington JMA Research Officer – Biosecurity and Regulation, Plant Biosecurity Hammond NE Research Officer – Biosecurity and Regulation, Plant Biosecurity Poole MC Research Officer – Biosecurity and Regulation, Plant Biosecurity Shan F Research Officer – Biosecurity and Regulation, Plant Biosecurity Wood CE Technical Officer – Biosecurity and Regulation, Plant Biosecurity

Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, December 2016

Document citation DAFWA 2016, Draft pest categorisation of organisms associated with washed ware potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) imported from other Australian states and territories. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, South Perth.

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For further information or additional copies of this document, please contact: Marc Poole Plant Biosecurity Biosecurity and Regulation Department of Agriculture and Food 3 Baron-Hay Court South Perth WA 6151 Telephone: +61 8 9368 3224 Email: [email protected] Post: Locked Bag 4 Bentley Delivery Centre WA 6983

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The Chief Executive Officer of the Department of Agriculture and Food and the State of Western Australia accept no liability whatsoever by reason of negligence or otherwise arising from the use or release of this information or any part of it.

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Contents Summary ...... 1 Methodology ...... 4 Introduction ...... 4

Determining an organisms quarantine pest status ...... 4

Association with potato production in Australia ...... 4 Association with the washed ware potato pathway ...... 5 Potential to establish and spread in Western Australia ...... 5 Potential for economic consequences ...... 5 Final determination ...... 6 Consultation ...... 6

Pest categorisation of invertebrates ...... 7 Pest categorisation of pathogens ...... 27 References ...... 79 Tables

Table 1: Pest categorisation summary ...... 2 Table 2 Quarantine pests associated with imported washed ware potatoes ...... 3 Table 3: Invertebrates potentially associated with Australian potato production ...... 7 Table 4: Pathway association and potential for establishment, spread and economic consequences (invertebrates) ...... 21 Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production ...... 27 Table 6: Pathway association and potential for establishment, spread and economic consequences (pathogens) ...... 63

Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Summary

The Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia (DAFWA) has prepared this draft pest categorisation as the first step in the policy review of washed ware potatoes imported into Western Australia from other states and territories. The purpose of the pest categorisation is to determine what quarantine pests are potentially associated with the washed ware potato pathway. Washed ware potatoes from interstate are currently permitted entry into Western Australia under strict quarantine conditions for specific pests and diseases. This policy has been in place for many years and is being reviewed to ensure it provides an appropriate level of protection for the state. The policy review is being undertaken via a pest risk analysis (PRA) process. A PRA is one mechanism by which DAFWA’s Plant Biosecurity Policy Group determines the biosecurity risks associated with commodities imported from other Australian states and territories, and provides scientific justification for any recommended phytosanitary measures. Any recommended phytosanitary measures are required to be compliant with international and national agreements. The draft pest categorisation (this document) identifies invertebrate and pathogen pests that are:  associated with the washed ware potato pathway,  absent from Western Australia,  have the potential to establish in Western Australia, and  be of economic concern should they establish in Western Australia. This report has assessed 430 candidate organisms potentially associated with commercial and non-commercial potato production in Australia (Table 1). Of these candidate organisms, 6 invertebrates and 31 pathogens (Table 2) were identified as pests of quarantine concern associated with the washed ware potato pathway that satisfy the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) definition of a quarantine pest: ‘A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled’ (ISPM 5 2016). At the conclusion of the consultation period for this draft pest categorisation, DAFWA will consider stakeholder submissions and incorporate relevant information into the draft policy review. The quarantine pests identified in the pest categorisation will undergo further assessment in the draft policy review to:  determine the unrestricted risk of entry, establishment and spread of the pests in Western Australia, and  determine the extent where necessary of any phytosanitary measures required to provide an appropriate level of protection for Western Australia.

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Table 1: Pest categorisation summary1 Organism group Associated with Absent from Potential Potential to Potential for Quarantine pest Australian potato Western Australia presence on the establish economic species production or of regional washed ware consequences concern potato pathway Mites 7 2 1 1 1 1 Insects 158 35 9 9 5 5 Total invertebrates 165 37 10 10 6 6

No data in this row Bacteria 25 6 5 5 3 3 Phytoplasmas 5 1 0 0 0 0 Fungi 167 61 23 22 16 16 Nematodes 47 24 6 6 6 6 Protozoa 2 0 0 0 0 0 Viruses & Viroids 19 6 6 6 6 6 Total pathogens 265 98 40 39 31 31 No data in this row Total organisms 430 135 50 49 37 37

1Numbers include organisms with incomplete categorisation.

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Table 2 Quarantine pests associated with imported washed ware potatoes Scientific name Common name Invertebrate Cheiroplatys latipes (Guérin-Méneville, 1831) potato scarab Hapatesus (Hapatesus) hirtus Candèze, 1863 potato wireworm Rhizoglyphus robini Claparède, 1868 bulb mite Rhopaea magnicornis Blackburn, 1888 rhopaea canegrub Sericesthis geminata Boisduval, 1835 pruinose scarab Pathogen Alternaria protenta E.G. Simmons, 1986 early blight Boeremia foveata (Foister) Aveskamp, Gruyter & Verkley, 2010 gangrene Carlavirus Potato virus M Potato virus M (PVM) Cylindrocarpon obtusisporum (Cooke & Harkn.) Wollenw., 1916 black-foot (grapevine) Cylindrocladium clavatum Hodges & L.C. May, 1972 brown-eye Dickeya zeae Samson et al., 2005 bacterial soft rot Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn 1857) Filip'ev, 1936 stem nematode Fusarium flocciferum Corda, 1831 dry rot Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen, dry rot 1940 Fusarium poae (Peck) Wollenw., 1913 dry rot Globodera rostochiensis Wollenweber, 1923 potato cyst nematodes (PCN) Helicobasidium purpureum (Tul.) Pat., 1885 root rot (vegetables) Monographella cucumerina (Lindf.) Arx, 1984 microdochium blight (cucurbits) Nucleorhabdovirus Eggplant mottled dwarf virus Eggplant mottled dwarf virus (EMDV) Phacidiopycnis tuberivora (Güssow & W.R. Foster) B. Sutton, 1980 dry, corky stem-end rot Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, 1876 late blight Potato spindle tuber viroid Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) Potexvirus Potato aucuba mosaic virus Potato aucuba mosaic virus (PAMV) Potyvirus Potato virus A Potato virus A (PVA) Potyvirus Potato virus Y biological strains D and N, and phylogenetic Potato virus Y (PVY) group NTN Pratylenchus goodeyi Sher & Allen, 1953 root lesion nematode Pratylenchus jordanensis Hashim, 1983 root lesion nematode Pratylenchus loosi Loof, 1960 root lesion nematode Pratylenchus pratensis (de Man, 1880) Filip'jev, 1936 root lesion nematode Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis (Brown 1918) Stevens, 1925 soft rot Pythiogeton ramosum Minden, 1916 soft rot Pythium deliense Meurs, 1934 watery wound rot or shell rot Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith 1896) Yabuuchi et al., 1996 bacterial wilt Sarocladium strictum (W. Gams) Summerell, 2011 black bundle disease (corn) Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berthold, 1879 Verticillium wilt Verticillium dahliae Kleb., 1913 (VCGs not present) Verticillium wilt

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Methodology

Introduction

Candidate organisms are pests2 that are identified as possible candidates for phytosanitary measures in association with a pathway. The pest categorisation of candidate organisms (this document) is the first step in the process for the policy review of washed ware potatoes imported into Western Australia from other states and territories. The categorisation process examines whether a pest satisfies the criteria of a quarantine pest. The identification of quarantine pests potentially associated with washed ware potatoes in other states and territories is done in accordance with the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) 2 Framework for pest risk analysis (2016) and ISPM 11 Pest risk analysis of quarantine pests (2016).The methodology outlined in this document also aligns with current Commonwealth methodology for plant based pest risk analyses. The internationally accepted criterion of a quarantine pest has been defined by the International Plant Protection Convention as: ‘a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled’ (ISPM 5 2016), where:  area is defined as an ‘officially defined country, part of a country or all or parts of several countries’ (ISPM 5 2016),  potential economic importance is determined by ‘clear indications that the pest is likely to have an unacceptable economic impact (including environmental impact) in the PRA area’ (ISPM 11 2016), and  endangered area is defined as ‘an area where ecological factors favour the establishment of a pest whose presence in the area will result in economically important loss’ (ISPM 5 2016). The categorisation of candidate organisms also establishes their association with the washed ware potato pathway. The quarantine pests identified in the pest categorisation will be assessed in the policy review to determine:  the unrestricted risk of entry, establishment and spread of the pest into Western Australia, and  the extent where necessary, of any phytosanitary measures required to provide an appropriate level of protection for Western Australia.

Determining an organisms quarantine pest status

Association with potato production in Australia A list of candidate organisms associated with commercial and non-commercial potato production was compiled based on information obtained from:  a review of Commonwealth, state, scientific, industry and other literature  a review of relevant internet sources

2 Pest: Any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products (ISPM 5 2016).

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 a review of invertebrate and pathogen specimens residing in collections within Australia  expert consultation. The candidate organism list details:  the current accepted name where possible  a substantiating reference indicating a potential association with commercial or non- commercial potato production  a substantiating reference establishing presence or absence in Western Australia. - If a candidate organism is found to be present in Western Australia, and is not under official control, then it does not satisfy the criteria of a quarantine pest and further evaluation is not required. - Where a candidate organism’s presence in Western Australia cannot be substantiated, then it may satisfy the criteria of a quarantine pest and is evaluated further. The list of candidate organisms associated with commercial and non-commercial potato production in Australia is presented in Table 3 for invertebrates and Table 5 for pathogens.

Association with the washed ware potato pathway A candidate organism’s association with the washed ware potato pathway is evaluated in Table 4 for invertebrates and Table 6 for pathogens. The evaluation includes a statement to substantiate the association. Any candidate organism is absent from Western Australia and found to be associated with the washed ware potato pathway are assessed further for their potential to establish and spread, and have an unacceptable economic consequence (including environmental impact) in Western Australia. Any candidate organisms evaluated as not having a credible pathway association are not considered further in the pest categorisation process. In some instances a candidate organism are not considered as having a pathway association if the reference is considered unreliable such as being is old with no recent records, or where only single pathway associated records were found. In the absence of sufficient information, uncertainties are identified and the process continues (ISPM 11 2016) to assess the organisms potential to establish, spread and be of economic concern in Western Australia.

Potential to establish and spread in Western Australia A candidate organism’s potential to establish and spread within an endangered area of Western Australia is evaluated and presented in Table 4 for invertebrates and Table 6 for pathogens. An assumption is made that if a host plant is present in Western Australia then the potential exists for candidate organism to establish and spread. If the potential to establish and spread within endangered areas in Western Australia cannot be established, the candidate organism is not considered further.

Potential for economic consequences A candidate organism’s potential economic consequence should it establish within an endangered area of Western Australia is evaluated and presented in Table 4 for invertebrates and Table 6 for pathogens. If the potential for economic consequences cannot be determined then the candidate organism does not meet the definition of a quarantine pest and is not considered further.

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Final determination A candidate organism that does not meet all of the criteria assessed in the pest categorisation phase is not considered a quarantine pest associated with the washed ware potato pathway. Candidate species meeting all criteria for a quarantine pest are eligible for further evaluation through the pest risk assessment process and are presented in Table 2. Once the quarantine pest status has been validated for a candidate species they undergo pest risk assessment and comparison with the Appropriate Level of Protection (ALOP). For organisms with an unrestricted risk exceeding the ALOP, DAFWA proposes phytosanitary measures that are the least restrictive to trade. This work is undertaken in the pest risk analysis report.

Consultation

On 22 February 2016 the department notified stakeholders of the formal commencement of a policy review for washed ware potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) imported into Western Australia from other states and territories. This draft pest categorisation provides stakeholders the opportunity for advance consideration of quarantine pests, prior to the formal release of the draft report, and draw attention to any scientific, technical, or other gaps in the data, misinterpretations and errors. The department will consider submissions received and revise the draft policy review as appropriate. Stakeholders will then be provided an opportunity to provide comments to the draft policy review.

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Pest categorisation of invertebrates

Table 3: Invertebrates potentially associated with Australian potato production Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further ARACHNIDA Sarcoptiformes: Rhizoglyphus echinopus (Fumouze & Robin, 1868) APPD (2016) Yes (Fan & Zhang 2003) Yes (APPD 2016) no Acaridae bulb mite Sarcoptiformes: Rhizoglyphus phylloxerae (Riley, 1874) ASCU (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Acaridae Sarcoptiformes: Rhizoglyphus robini Claparède, 1868 Fan and Zhang (2003) Yes (Fan & Zhang 2003) Absent: no pest records yes Acaridae bulb mite Trombidiformes: Aculops lycopersici (Tryon, 1917) DPIF (2014) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Eriophyidae tomato russet mite Trombidiformes: Halotydeus destructor (Tucker, 1925) Dillard et al. (1993) Yes (Robinson & Yes (APPD 2016) no Penthaleidae redlegged earth mite Hoffmann 2001; APPD 2016) Trombidiformes: Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks, 1904) Brough et al. (1994) Yes (Goodwin et al. 2000; Yes (APPD 2016) no Tarsonemidae broad mite APPD 2016) Trombidiformes: Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1835 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Tetranychidae twospotted mite COLEOPTERA Coleoptera: Stenoderus concolor Macleay, 1826 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Cerambycidae Recorded as Stenocentrus concolor Coleoptera: Sybra centurio Pascoe, 1866 APPD (2016) Yes APPD (2016) Absent: no pest records yes Cerambycidae Recorded as Ichthyodes centurio Coleoptera: Altica aenea (Olivier, 1808) APPD (2016) Yes (Reid & Beatson Yes (Reid & Beatson no Chrysomelidae Also recorded as Haltica ignea 2015) 2015) metallic flea beetle

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Table 3: Invertebrates potentially associated with Australian potato production Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further Coleoptera: Arsipoda quadrimaculata (Bryant, 1942) APPD (2016) Yes (ABRS 2009) Absent: no pest records yes Chrysomelidae Also recorded as Crepidodera quadrimaculata Coleoptera: Aulacophora hilaris (Boisduval, 1835) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Chrysomelidae pumpkin beetle Coleoptera: Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius, 1775) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Chrysomelidae cowpea weevil Coleoptera: Colaspoides haemorrhoidalis Lea, 1915 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Chrysomelidae Coleoptera: Lema (Quasilema) daturaphila Kogan & Goeden, APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Chrysomelidae 1970 threelined potato beetle, Datura leaf beetle Coleoptera: Monolepta australis (Jacoby, 1882) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Chrysomelidae redshouldered leaf beetle, monolepta beetle Coleoptera: Nisotra submetallica Blackburn, 1894 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Chrysomelidae submetallic flea beetle Coleoptera: Phyllotreta undulata (Kutschera, 1860) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (L Halling 2014, pers. no Chrysomelidae striped flea beetle, brassica flea beetle comm.) Coleoptera: Psylliodes scutellatus (Waterhouse, 1838) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016). Absent: no pest records yes Chrysomelidae Recorded as Psylliodes scutellata potato flea beetle Coleoptera: Xenidia picticornis Blackburn, 1896 Hely et al. (1982) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Chrysomelidae potato flea beetle Coleoptera: Cleobora mellyi (Mulsant, 1850) APPD (2016) Yes (Pope 1988) Yes (APPD 2016) no Coccinellidae southern ladybird Coleoptera: Coccinella transversalis Fabricius, 1781 Horne et al. (2002) Yes (Pope 1988) Yes (APPD 2016) no Coccinellidae transverse ladybird Coleoptera: Coccinella undecimpunctata Linnaeus, 1758 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes Pope (1988) no Coccinellidae eleven-spotted ladybird

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Table 3: Invertebrates potentially associated with Australian potato production Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further Coleoptera: Diomus notescens (Blackburn, 1889) Horne et al. (2002) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Coccinellidae Also recorded as Scymnus notescens & Diomus nitiescens minute two-spotted ladybird Coleoptera: Epilachna guttatopustulata (Fabricius, 1775) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Coccinellidae Recorded as Henosepilachna guttatopustulata large leafeating ladybird Coleoptera: Epilachna sumbana Bielawski, 1959 APPD (2016) Yes (Li 1993) Yes (Li 1993) no Coccinellidae Recorded as Henosepilachna cucurbitae curcubit ladybird Coleoptera: Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius, 1775) DPIF (2014) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Coccinellidae Twentyeight-spotted potato ladybird Coleoptera: Epilachna vigintisexpunctata (Boisduval, 1835) Brough et al. (1994) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Li 1993) no Coccinellidae Recorded as Henosepilachna vigintisexpunctata Twentysix-spotted potato ladybird Coleoptera: Harmonia conformis (Boisduval, 1835) Horne et al. (2002) Yes (Pope 1988) Yes (APPD 2016) no Coccinellidae common spotted ladybird Coleoptera: Hippodamia variegata (Goeze, 1777) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes Loch (2004, March) no Coccinellidae spotted amber ladybird Coleoptera: Atrichonotus minimus Blanchard, 1851 Allsopp and Hitchcock Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Curculionidae Recorded as Atrichonotus taeniatulus (1987) small lucerne weevil Coleoptera: Listroderes foveatus (Lea, 1928) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Curculionidae Recorded as Listroderes costirostris Coleoptera: Listroderes delaiguei Germain, 1895 Wilson and Wearne (1962) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Curculionidae subterranean clover weevil Coleoptera: Listroderes difficilis Germain, 1895 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Curculionidae vegetable weevil Coleoptera: Listroderes obliquus Klug, 1829 Wilson and Wearne (1962) Yes (Wilson & Wearne Yes (Wilson & Wearne no Curculionidae 1962) 1962)

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Table 3: Invertebrates potentially associated with Australian potato production Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further Coleoptera: Naupactus cervinus Boheman, 1840 Learmonth and Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Curculionidae Recorded as Asynonychus cervinus Matthiessen (1990) Fuller's rose weevil Coleoptera: Naupactus leucoloma Boheman, 1840 Matthiessen and Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Loch 2006; APPD no Curculionidae Recorded as Graphognathus leucoloma Learmonth (1995) 2016) whitefringed weevil Coleoptera: Otiorhynchus cribricollis Gyllenhal, 1834 Learmonth (2005) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Curculionidae apple weevil Coleoptera: Phlyctinus callosus (Schöenherr, 1826) Walker (1980) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Curculionidae garden weevil Coleoptera: Steriphus caudatus (Pascoe, 1870) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Curculionidae Also recorded as Desiantha caudate (Bellati et al. 2012) spinetailed weevil Coleoptera: Hapatesus (Hapatesus) hirtus Candèze, 1863 Horne and Horne (1991) Yes (Neboiss 1957; APPD Absent: no pest records yes Elateridae potato wireworm 2016) Coleoptera: Paracrepidomenus filiformis (Candèze, 1863) APPD (2016) Yes (Calder 1996) Absent: pest records yes Elateridae click beetle unreliable (APPD 2016) Coleoptera: Paracrepidomenus linearis (Schwarz, 1903) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Elateridae click beetle Coleoptera: Corticaria japonica Reitter, 1877 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Latridiidae Also recorded as Corticaria adelaidae minute mould beetle Coleoptera: Dicranolaius bellulus (Boisduval, 1835) Horne et al. (2002) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Melyridae pollen beetle, red and blue beetle Coleoptera: Ptinidae Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius, 1792) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no tobacco beetle, cigarette beetle Coleoptera: Acrossidius tasmaniae Hope, 1847 Horne et al. (2002) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Scarabaeidae blackheaded pasture cockchafer Coleoptera: Adoryphorus coulonii (Burmeister, 1847) Learmonth (2005) Yes (Hardy 1981) Yes (APPD 2016) no Scarabaeidae redheaded pasture cockchafer

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Table 3: Invertebrates potentially associated with Australian potato production Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further Coleoptera: Ataenius picinus (Harold, 1867) Learmonth (2005) Yes (Williams 2002) Yes (APPD 2016) no Scarabaeidae Coleoptera: Carneodon laevipennis (Blackburn, 1896) APPD (2016) Yes (ABRS 2009) Yes Cassis and Weir no Scarabaeidae Also recorded as Neodon laevipennis (1992) Coleoptera: Carneodon pecuarius (Reiche, 1860) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Scarabaeidae Coleoptera: Cheiroplatys latipes (Guérin-Méneville, 1831) APPD (2016) Yes (McQuillan & Michaels Absent: no pest records yes Scarabaeidae potato scarab 1997; APPD 2016) Coleoptera: Diphucephala elegans Blackburn, 1892 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Scarabaeidae Coleoptera: Diphucephala pulchella Waterhouse, 1837 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Scarabaeidae Also recorded as Diphucephala smaragdula Coleoptera: Heteronychus arator (Fabricius, 1775) Matthiessen and Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Scarabaeidae African black beetle Learmonth (1995) Coleoptera: Lepidiota laevis Arrow, 1932 Learmonth (2005) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) yes Scarabaeidae paspalum whitegrub Coleoptera: Metanastes vulgivagus (Olliff, 1889) (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Scarabaeidae black beetle Coleoptera: Othnonius batesii Olliff, 1891 (APPD 2016) Yes (ABRS 2009; APPD Absent: no pest records yes Scarabaeidae Recorded as Othnonius batesi 2016) black soil scarab Coleoptera: Rhopaea magnicornis Blackburn, 1888 Hely et al. (1982) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Scarabaeidae rhopaea canegrub Coleoptera: Rhopaea verreauxii Blanchard, 1851 Learmonth (2005) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Scarabaeidae cocksfoot grub Coleoptera: Sericesthis consanguinea (Blackburn, 1907) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Scarabaeidae wheat root scarab Coleoptera: Sericesthis geminata Boisduval, 1835 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: pest no longer yes Scarabaeidae Pruinose scarab present (APPD 2016)

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Table 3: Invertebrates potentially associated with Australian potato production Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further Coleoptera: Sericesthis nigra (Lea, 1919) APPD (2016) Yes (ABRS 2009; APPD Absent: no pest records yes Scarabaeidae small pasture scarab 2016) Coleoptera: Sericesthis nigrolineata Boisduval, 1835 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: pest no longer yes Scarabaeidae dusky pasture scarab present (APPD 2016) Coleoptera: Adelium brevicorne Blessig, 1861 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Tenebrionidae bronzed field beetle DERMAPTERA Dermaptera: Forficula auricularia Linnaeus, 1758 APPD (2016) Yes (ABRS 2009; APPD Yes (APPD 2016) no Forficulidae European earwig 2016) DIPTERA Diptera: Delia platura (Meigen, 1826) APPD (2016) Yes (ABRS 2009; APPD Yes (APPD 2016) no Anthomyiidae onion maggot 2016) Diptera: Syrphidae Simosyrphus grandicornis (Macquart, 1842) APPD (2016) Yes (ABRS 2009; APPD Yes (ABRS 2009) no common hover fly 2016) HEMIPTERA Hemiptera: Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) species Carver and Reid (1996) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (ICDB 2016) no Aleyrodidae complex, native biotype tobacco whitefly Hemiptera: Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) species APPD (2016) Yes (De Barro & Hart Yes (P De Barro 2004, yes3 Aleyrodidae complex, B biotype 2000) pers. comm. 14 July) silverleaf whitefly Hemiptera: Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood, 1856) Carver and Reid (1996) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (De Barro et al. 2000) no Aleyrodidae greenhouse whitefly Hemiptera: Alydidae Melanacanthus scutellaris (Dallas, 1852) APPD (2016) Yes (Cassis & Gross 2002; Yes (APPD 2016) no brown bean bug, podsucking bug APPD 2016)

3 Declared pest under BAM Act 2007 s.22(2)

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Table 3: Invertebrates potentially associated with Australian potato production Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further Hemiptera: Acyrthosiphon (Acyrthosiphon) pisum (Harris, 1776) APPD (2016) Yes (SARDI 2015; APPD Yes (APPD 2016) no Aphididae pea aphid 2016) Hemiptera: Aphis (Aphis) craccivora Koch, 1854 Berlandier (1997) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Aphididae cowpea aphid Hemiptera: Aphis (Aphis) gossypii Glover, 1877 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (De Barro et al. 2000) no Aphididae cotton aphid, melon aphid Hemiptera: Aphis (Aphis) spiraecola Glover, 1877 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Aphididae spiraea aphid Hemiptera: Aulacorthum (Aulacorthum) solani (Kaltenbach, Berlandier (1997) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Aphididae 1843) foxglove aphid Hemiptera: Brachycaudus (Brachycaudus) helichrysi APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (De Barro et al. 2000) no Aphididae (Kaltenbach, 1843) leafcurl plum aphid Hemiptera: Brachycaudus (Thuleaphis) rumexicolens (Patch, Berlandier (1997) Yes (ABRS 2009; APPD Yes (APPD 2016) no Aphididae 1917) 2016) dock aphid Hemiptera: Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758) APPD (2016) Yes (Eastop 1966; APPD Yes (APPD 2016) no Aphididae cabbage aphid 2016) Hemiptera: Capitophorus elaeagni (Del Guercio, 1894) APPD (2016) Yes (Eastop 1966; APPD Yes (APPD 2016) no Aphididae artichoke aphid, thistle aphid 2016) Hemiptera: Dysaphis (Pomaphis) aucupariae (Buckton, 1879) APPD (2016) Yes (Carver & Hales 1983; Yes (APPD 2016) no Aphididae wild service aphid APPD 2016) Hemiptera: Hysteroneura setariae (Thomas, 1878) APPD (2016) Yes (Carver 1976; APPD Yes (APPD 2016) no Aphididae rusty plum aphid 2016) Hemiptera: Macrosiphum gei (Koch, 1855) APPD (2016) Absent: pest records Absent: pest records no Aphididae (APPD 2016) unreliable (APPD 2016) unreliable (InfluentialPoints 2016) (InfluentialPoints 2016) Hemiptera: Macrosiphum (Macrosiphum) euphorbiae (Thomas, Berlandier (1997) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Aphididae 1878) potato aphid

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Table 3: Invertebrates potentially associated with Australian potato production Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further Hemiptera: Macrosiphum (Macrosiphum) rosae (Linnaeus, APPD (2016) Yes (Maelzer 1977; APPD Yes (APPD 2016) no Aphididae 1758) 2016) rose aphid Hemiptera: Myzus (Nectarosiphon) persicae (Sulzer, 1776) Berlandier (1997) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Aphididae green peach aphid Hemiptera: Rhopalosiphoninus (Myzosiphon) staphyleae Berlandier (1997) Yes (Hughes et al. 1964; Yes (De Barro et al. 2000) no Aphididae (Koch, 1854) APPD 2016) mangold aphid Hemiptera: Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale (Sasaki, 1899) Learmonth (2005) as Yes (Eastop 1966; APPD Yes Eastop (1966) no Aphididae rice root aphid Rhopalosiphum 2016) rufiabdominalis Hemiptera: Smynthurodes betae Westwood, 1849 Eastop (1966) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Aphididae bean root aphid Hemiptera: Therioaphis (Therioaphis) trifolii (Monell, 1882) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Aphididae spotted alfalfa aphid Hemiptera: Amrasca terraereginae (Paoli, 1936) Bald (1941) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Cicadellidae Also recorded as Empoasca terraereginae cotton leafhopper Hemiptera: Anzygina zealandica (Myers, 1923) APPD (2016) Yes (Fletcher & Larivière Yes (Moir et al. 2003) no Cicadellidae yellow leafhopper 2009; APPD 2016) Hemiptera: Austroasca viridigrisea (Paoli, 1936) Brough et al. (1994) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Cicadellidae vegetable leafhopper Hemiptera: Nesoclutha phryne (Evans) (Kirkaldy, 1907) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Cicadellidae Also recorded as Nesoclutha pallida Australian grass leafhopper Hemiptera: Orosius orientalis (Matsumura, 1914) Horne et al. (2002) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Cicadellidae Also recorded as Orosius argentatus common brown leafhopper Hemiptera: Coreidae Mictis caja Stål, 1865 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no squash bug

14 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Hemiptera: Miridae Coridromius pilbarensis Tatarnic & Cassis, 2008 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Tatarnic & Cassis no Also recorded as Coridromius variegatus 2008) Hemiptera: Miridae Creontiades dilutus (Stål, 1859) Horne et al. (2002) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no green mirid Hemiptera: Miridae Sidnia kinbergi (Stål, 1859) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes Cassis and Gross no crop mirid (1995) Hemiptera: Nabidae Nabis (Tropiconabis) kinbergii Reuter, 1872 Horne et al. (2002) Yes (Woodward & Yes (APPD 2016) no damsel bug Strommer 1982; APPD 2016) Hemiptera: Anaxilaus vesiculosus (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1840) APPD (2016) as Yes (Gross 1976; TPPD Yes Gross (1976) no Pentatomidae A. vesiculosis 2016)

15 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 3: Invertebrates potentially associated with Australian potato production Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further Hemiptera: Caystrus pallidolimbatus (Stål, 1869) APPD (2016) Yes (Cassis & Gross 2002; Absent: no pest records yes Pentatomidae small brown stink bug UQIC 2016) Hemiptera: Cermatulus nasalis nasalis (Westwood, 1837) Horne et al. (2002) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pentatomidae predatory shield bug Recorded as Cermatulus nasalis Hemiptera: Cuspicona simplex Walker, 1867 APPD (2016) Yes (Gross 1976; APPD Yes (ABRS 2009) no Pentatomidae green potato bug 2016) Hemiptera: Nezara viridula (Linnaeus, 1758) Horne et al. (2002) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pentatomidae green vegetable bug Hemiptera: Oechalia schellenbergii (Guérin, 1831) Horne et al. (2002) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pentatomidae predatory shield bug Hemiptera: Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell, 1893) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pseudococcidae pineapple mealybug Hemiptera: Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pseudococcidae citrus mealybug Hemiptera: Planococcus minor (Maskell, 1897) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Pseudococcidae Pacific mealybug, passionvine mealybug Hemiptera: Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret, 1875) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pseudococcidae Hemiptera: Choerocoris paganus (Fabricius, 1775) APPD (2016) Yes (Cassis & Vanags Yes (APPD 2016) no Scutelleridae ground shield bug 2006; APPD 2016) Hemiptera: Choerocoris variegatus Dallas, 1851 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Scutelleridae jewel bug HYMENOPTERA Hymenoptera: Apanteles subandinus Blanchard, 1947 Keller and Horne (1993) Yes Austin and Yes Austin and no Braconidae parasitic wasp Dangerfield (1992) Dangerfield (1992) Hymenoptera: Aphidius similis Starý & Carver, 1979 Starý and Carver (1980) Yes (Starý & Carver 1980) Yes Starý and Carver no Braconidae parasitic wasp (1980) Hymenoptera: Orgilus lepidus Muesebeck, 1967 Symington (2003) Yes (Briese 1981; Keller & Yes Horne (1998) no Braconidae parasitic wasp Horne 1993; TPPD 2016)

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Table 3: Invertebrates potentially associated with Australian potato production Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further Hymenoptera: Copidosoma desantisi Annecke & Mynhardt, 1974 Keller and Horne (1993) Yes Keller and Horne Yes Briese (1981) no Encyrtidae (1993) Hymenoptera: Copidosoma koehleri Blanchard, 1940 Keller and Horne (1993) Yes Keller and Horne Yes Waterhouse and no Encyrtidae (1993) Sands (2001) LEPIDOPTERA Lepidoptera: Achyra affinitalis (Lederer, 1863) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Crambidae weed web moth, cotton webspinner Lepidoptera: Sceliodes cordalis (Doubleday, 1843) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Crambidae eggfruit caterpillar Lepidoptera: Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller, 1873) Symington (2003) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Gelechiidae potato moth Lepidoptera: Symmetrischema tangolias (Gyen, 1913) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Gelechiidae tomato stemborer Lepidoptera: Oxycanus antipoda (Herrich-Schäffer, 1853) Allsopp and Hitchcock Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Hepialidae Also recorded as Oxycanus fuscomaculatus (1987) oxycanus grassgrub Lepidoptera: Zizina otis labradus (Godart, [1824]) APPD (2016) Yes (ABRS 2009) Yes (APPD 2016) no Lycaenidae Recorded as Zizina labradus Lepidoptera: Agrotis infusa (Boisduval, 1832) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Noctuidae bogong moth, common cutworm Lepidoptera: Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel, 1766) Common (1990) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Noctuidae black cutworm Lepidoptera: Agrotis munda Walker, 1857 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Noctuidae brown cutworm Lepidoptera: Athetis tenuis (Butler, 1886) APPD (2016) Yes (ABRS 2009; APPD Yes (APPD 2016) no Noctuidae 2016) Lepidoptera: Chrysodeixis argentifera (Guenée, 1852) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Noctuidae looper caterpillar, tobacco looper

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Lepidoptera: Chrysodeixis subsidens (Walker, 1858) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Noctuidae looper caterpillar Lepidoptera: Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1808) Brough et al. (1994) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Noctuidae corn earworm, cotton bollworm, tomato grub, tobacco budworm Lepidoptera: Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren, 1860) Horne et al. (2002) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Noctuidae native budworm Lepidoptera: Neumichtis nigerrima (Guenée, 1852) APPD (2016) Yes (ABRS 2009; APPD Yes (APPD 2016) no Noctuidae 2016) Lepidoptera: Neumichtis saliaris (Guenée, 1852) Common (1990) Yes (ABRS 2009; APPD Absent: no pest records yes Noctuidae green cutworm 2016) Lepidoptera: Neumichtis sepultrix (Guenée, 1852) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Noctuidae Lepidoptera: Neumichtis spumigera (Guenée, 1852) APPD (2016) Yes (ABRS 2009; APPD Absent: no pest records yes Noctuidae 2016) Lepidoptera: Proteuxoa atra (Guenée, 1852) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Noctuidae Lepidoptera: Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Noctuidae cluster caterpillar Lepidoptera: Pieridae Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no cabbage white butterfly NEUROPTERA Neuroptera: Mallada signatus (Schneider, 1851) Horne et al. (2002) Yes (New 1996) Yes (New 1996) no Chrysopidae green lacewing Neuroptera: Micromus tasmaniae (Walker, 1860) Horne et al. (2002) Yes (New 1996) Yes (New 1996) no Hemerobiidae brown lacewing

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Table 3: Invertebrates potentially associated with Australian potato production Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further ORTHOPTERA Orthoptera: Acrididae Phaulacridium vittatum (Sjöstedt, 1920) Horne et al. (2002) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no wingless grasshopper Orthoptera: Gryllidae Teleogryllus commodus (Walker, 1869) Brough et al. (1994) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no black field cricket THYSANOPTERA Thysanoptera: Desmothrips tenuicornis (Bagnall, 1916) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes Houston et al. (1991) no Aeolothripidae

Thysanoptera: Aeolothrips fasciatus (Linnaeus, 1758) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Aeolothripidae Thysanoptera: Haplothrips victoriensis Bagnall, 1918 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Phlaeothripidae tubular black thrips Thysanoptera: Nesothrips propinquus (Bagnall, 1916) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes Mound (1974) no Phlaeothripidae Thysanoptera: Anaphothrips varii Moulton, 1935 APPD (2016) Yes (Mound & Masumoto Yes (APPD 2016) no Thripidae 2009; APPD 2016) Thysanoptera: Arorathrips mexicanus (Crawford, 1909) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Thripidae Thysanoptera: Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895) Horne et al. (2002) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes Hoddle et al. (2006) no Thripidae western flower thrips Thysanoptera: Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom, 1910) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Thripidae tomato thrips Thysanoptera: Pseudanaphothrips achaetus (Bagnall, 1916) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Thripidae hairless flower thrips Thysanoptera: Thrips imaginis Bagnall, 1926 Horne et al. (2002) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Thripidae plague thrips

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Table 3: Invertebrates potentially associated with Australian potato production Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further Thysanoptera: Thrips palmi Karny, 1925 Walsh (2011); APPD Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Mound 2002) yes4 Thripidae melon thrips (2016) Thysanoptera: Thrips tabaci Lindemann, 1888 Horne et al. (2002); APPD Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Thripidae onion thrips (2016)

4 Declared pest under BAM Act 2007 s.22(2)

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Table 4: Pathway association and potential for establishment, spread and economic consequences (invertebrates) Pathway associated quarantine Organism Pathway association Potential for establishment and spread Potential economic consequence pest

ARACHNIDA Rhizoglyphus phylloxerae (Riley, 1874) No: Single record from 1941 (ASCU Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae] 2016). No other record of Rhizoglyphus phylloxerae from Australia could be found.

Rhizoglyphus robini Claparède, 1868 Yes: Associated with potato, stem and Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Rhizoglyphus robini can damage yes [Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae] damaged root of Solanum tuberosum in Western Australia (ABS 2015). a variety of crops including onions, (Fan & Zhang 2003). garlic, Lilium, Hyacinthus, other vegetables, cereals and ornamentals in storage, in the greenhouse and in the field (Díaz et al. 2000). COLEOPTERA Acrossidius tasmaniae Hope, 1847 No: Larvae live underground and Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae] emerge at night to feed on grasses. High population levels do not cause tuber damage (Horne et al. 2002).

Arsipoda quadrimaculata (Bryant, 1942) No: Single record of adult from 1954 Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae] (ASCU 2016), no other records found.

Cheiroplatys latipes (Guérin-Méneville, 1831) Yes: Adults feed on tubers (Allsopp & Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Damaged tubers can be yes [Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae] Hitchcock 1987). in Western Australia (ABS 2015). unsuitable for sale (Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987).

Colaspoides haemorrhoidalis Lea, 1915 Yes: The known larvae of Eumolpinae Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown No: The paucity of available literature no [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae] are, soil-inhabiting root feeders, some in Western Australia (ABS 2015). on C. haemorrhoidalis indicates a non- of which cause commercially pestiferous nature. significant damage to crops (ABRS 2009).

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Diphucephala elegans Blackburn, 1892 Yes: Larvae feed on the roots of Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown No: The paucity of available literature no [Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae] various plants (Hangay & Zborowski in Western Australia (ABS 2015). on E. maculata larvae indicates a non- 2010). pestiferous nature.

Diphucephala smaragdula Boisduval, 1835 Yes: Larvae live in the soil and feed Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown No: The paucity of available literature no [Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae] on the root systems of various plants in Western Australia (ABS 2015). on E. maculata larvae indicates a non- (Hangay & Zborowski 2010). pestiferous nature.

Epilachna guttatopustulata (Fabricius, 1775) No: Larvae and adult feed on Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae foliage (Li 1993).

Hapatesus (Hapatesus) hirtus Candèze, Yes: Larva burrow into tubers (Horne Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: An important pest of potatoes in yes 1863 & Horne 1991). in Western Australia (ABS 2015). Victoria (Learmonth 2005), with larva [Coleoptera: Elateridae] found to cause considerable damage to crops (Calder 1996). Tunnels created by burrowing larvae are also entry points for fungal rots (Horne et al. 2002).

Lema (Quasilema) daturaphila Kogan & No: Larvae and adults feed on foliage Assessment not required Assessment not required no Goeden, 1970 (Eaton 2009). [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]

Lepidiota laevis Arrow, 1932 No: Associated with pasture and Assessment not required Assessment not required no Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae sugarcane in the Atherton Tablelands (Qld) (Learmonth 2005). No association with potato tuber could be found.

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Nisotra submetallica Blackburn, 1894 No: Larvae of the genera are stem or Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae] root borers (Matthews & Reid 2002). Adult Galerucinae feed on foliage while larvae can be stem, leaf or root feeders (Hangay & Zborowski 2010). No association with potato tuber could be found.

Othnonius batesii Olliff, 1891 No: Single record from 1964 (APPD Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae] 2016), no plant part recorded. No other records found.

Paracrepidomenus filiformis (Candèze, No: The biology of almost all Assessment not required No: The paucity of available literature no 1863) denticolline species is poorly known on Paracrepidomenus larvae and [Coleoptera: Elateridae] (ABRS 2009). No association with Paracrepidomenus in general potato tuber could be found. indicates a non-pestiferous nature.

Paracrepidomenus linearis (Schwarz, 1903) No: The biology of almost all Assessment not required No: The paucity of available literature no [Coleoptera: Elateridae] denticolline species is poorly known on Paracrepidomenus larvae and (ABRS 2009). No association with Paracrepidomenus in general potato tuber could be found. indicates a non-pestiferous nature.

Psylliodes scutellatus (Waterhouse, 1838) No: Larvae of the genera are stem or Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae] root borers (Matthews & Reid 2002). No association with potato tuber could be found.

Rhopaea magnicornis Blackburn, 1888 Yes: Associated with stem and tuber Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Associated with stem and tuber yes [Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae] damage (Hely et al. 1982). in Western Australia (ABS 2015). damage (Hely et al. 1982).

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Rhopaea verreauxii Blanchard, 1851 Yes: Although pasture is the primary Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown No: The paucity of available literature no [Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae] host for R. verreaux, tuber damage in Western Australia (ABS 2015). on R. verreaux indicates a non- though to be caused by R. verreaux, pestiferous nature. has been reported by (Learmonth 2005).

Sericesthis consanguinea (Blackburn, 1907) No: Larvae damage roots of young Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae] cereal plants by active feeding or damaging them while foraging for soil organic matter (Bailey 2007).

Sericesthis geminata Boisduval, 1835 Yes: recorded from potato tubers Yes: Pastures (DAFWA 2016a), lawns Yes: A pest of pastures, lawns and yes [Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae] (APPD 2016). (DAFWA 2014) and vegetables vegetables; larvae live in the soil, (DAFWA 2016b) are grown feeding on humus and the root system extensively in Western Australia. of various plants (Hangay & Zborowski 2010). Adults feed on leaves and can be serious defoliators (CSIRO 1991).

Sericesthis nigra (Lea, 1919) No: Single record from Tas. in 1952 Assessment not required Assessment not required no (APPD 2016). Life stage not reported. [Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae] No association with potato tuber could be found.

Sericesthis nigrolineata Boisduval, 1835 No: Sericesthis spp. larvae are soil- Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae] dwelling root feeders (CSIRO 1991).

Stenoderus concolor Macleay, 1826 No: Single undated record from Vic. in Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Coleoptera: Cerambycidae] 1952 (APPD 2016). Larvae tend to feed on the cambium phloem layer under bark and pupate in sapwood (Matthews 1997)

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Steriphus caudatus (Pascoe, 1870) No: Soil-dwelling larvae feed on Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Coleoptera: Curculionidae] seeds, hypocotyls of germinating seedlings and young seedlings. Adults feed plant foliage (Allen 1973). Sybra centurio Pascoe, 1866 No: Single record from NSW in 1941 Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Coleoptera: Cerambycidae] (APPD 2016). Larvae tend to feed on the cambium phloem layer under bark and pupate in sapwood (Matthews 1997).

Xenidia picticornis Blackburn, 1896 No: Adults feed on foliage & larvae Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae] feed within stems (Hely et al. 1982).

HEMIPTERA Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) species No: All life stages feed and develop on Assessment not required Assessment not required no complex, B biotype foliage (Botha et al. 2004) [Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae]

Caystrus pallidolimbatus (Stål, 1869) No: Aboreal, sap-feeding herbivore Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae] (Cassis & Gross 2002).

Closterotomus norwegicus (Gmelin, 1790) No: Adults and nymphs feed on buds, Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Hemiptera: Miridae] growing points, flowers and foliage of host plants (Heisswolf et al. 2010)

Coridromius monotocopsis Tatarnic & No: Found almost exclusively on Assessment not required Assessment not required no Cassis, 2008 Monotoca elliptica buds, flowers, [Hemiptera: Miridae] leaves and stems (Tatarnic & Cassis 2008)

Planococcus minor (Maskell, 1897) No: Found on aerial plant parts away Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae] from direct sunlight (Roda et al. 2013).

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LEPIDOPTERA Neumichtis saliaris (Guenée, 1852) No: Larvae feed on leaf material Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae] (Berlandier & Baker 2007).

Neumichtis sepultrix (Guenée, 1852) No: Single record from 1955 (TPPD Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae] 2016) only; no other records found.

Neumichtis spumigera (Guenée, 1852) No: Larvae feed on leaf material Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae] (Berlandier & Baker 2007).

Proteuxoa atra (Guenée, 1852) No: Descriptor from TPPD (2016) Assessment not required No: The paucity of available literature no [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae] recorded as ‘found resting on soil in on Proteuxoa atra and Proteuxoa in potato crop ‘. No association with general indicates a non-pestiferous potato tuber could be found. nature.

THYSANOPTERA Aeolothrips fasciatus (Linnaeus, 1758) No: Presumed a predatory aboreal or Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae] ground living species (Mound & Wells 2015).

Thrips palmi Karny, 1925 No: Thrips palmi adult & larvae feed Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Thysanoptera: Thripidae] on leaves, stems, flowers and fruit of host plants (Girling 1992).

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Pest categorisation of pathogens

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

BACTERIA

Actinomycetales: Arthrobacter Conn and Dimmick, 1947 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed yes Micrococcaceae

Actinomycetales: Streptomyces scabiei corrig. (ex Thaxter 1892) Shivas (1989); Dillard et Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no Streptomycetaceae Lambert & Loria, 1989 al. (1993) Also recorded as Actinomyces scabies (Thaxt.) Güssow, 1914; Streptomyces scabies (Thaxter 1891) Waksman and Henrici, 1948 common scab

Bacillales: Bacillus cereus Frankland and Frankland, 1887 Department of Health Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Department of Health no Bacillaceae (2005) 2005)

Bacillales: Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg 1835) Cohn, 1872 Malcolmson (1960 cited in Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (PathWest 2016) no Bacillaceae Also recorded as Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis Rich 1983, p. 26) (Ehrenberg 1835) Nakamura et al., 1999

Bacillales: Paenibacillus polymyxa (Prazmowski 1880) Ash et Jackson and Henry (1946) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (PathWest 2016) no Paenibacillaceae al., 1994 Also recorded as Bacillus polymyxa (Prazmowski 1880) Macéacute, 1889

Burkholderiales: Burkholderia gladioli pv. gladioli (Severini 1913) CABI (2016b) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no Burkholderiaceae Yabuuchi et al., 1993 Also recorded as Burkholderia gladioli (Severini 1913) Yabuuchi et al., 1993; Pseudomonas gladioli Severini, 1913; Pseudomonas gladioli pv. gladioli Severini, 1913 corm scab of gladiolus

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Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Burkholderiales: Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith 1896) Yabuuchi et Dillard et al. (1993); DAFF Yes (Elphinstone 2005) Absent: pest eradicated5 yes Burkholderiaceae al., 1996 (2013) (Elphinstone 2005) Also recorded as Burkholderia solanacearum (Smith 1896) Yabuuchi et al., 1993; Pseudomonas solanacearum (Smith 1896) Smith, 1914 brown rot; bacterial wilt

Cytophagales: Cytophaga Winogradsky, 1929 Sampson and Walker Yes (Sampson & Walker Not assessed yes Cytophagaceae (1982b) 1982b)

Enterobacteriales: Dickeya chrysanthemi (Burkholder, McFadden & DAFF (2013) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Enterobacteriaceae Dimock 1953) Samson et al., 2005 Also recorded as Erwinia chrysanthemi Burkholder, McFadden & Dimock, 1953; Pectobacterium chrysanthemi Brenner et al., 1973 black leg

Enterobacteriales: Dickeya zeae Samson et al., 2005 DAFF (2013) Yes (NZFUNGI 2016) Absent: no pest records6 yes Enterobacteriaceae Also recorded as Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae (Sabet 1954) Victoria et al. 1975; Pectobacterium chrysanthemi pv. zeae (Sabet 1954) Young et al., 2004 soft rot; wilt

Enterobacteriales: Enterobacter aerogenes Hormaeche and Edwards, Sampson and Walker Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Enterobacteriaceae 1960 (1982b)

Enterobacteriales: Enterobacter cloacae (Jordan 1890) Hormaeche Ashmawy et al. (2015) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Enterobacteriaceae and Edwards,1960 soft rot

5 A WA isolate (APDD/DAR 65872a) of Ralstonia solanaearum was collected from Manjimup in 1967. This was isolated from a potato tuber with brown rot. The isolate was further assessed in 2008 by Dr Ric Cother (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries) and was verified as possibly Pseudomonas solanacearum biotype II. Elphinstone (2005) asserts that previous incursions of biovar 2 (race 3) in South Australia and Western Australia have been eradicated. 6 Erwinia chrysanthemi is known to consist of several pathovars (Bull et al. 2010). Further investigation of the identity of cultures deposited as E. chrysanthemi in the Western Australian Culture Collection (WAC) is being conducted.

28 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Enterobacteriales: Erwinia carotovora pv. tomato APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed7 no Enterobacteriaceae

Enterobacteriales: Pantoea agglomerans (Beijerinck 1888) Gavini et Cui et al. (2003) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Enterobacteriaceae al., 1989 Also recorded as Corynebacterium beticola Abdou, 1969; Enterobacter agglomerans (Beijerinck 1888) Ewing and Fife, 1972; Erwinia herbicola (Löhnis 1911) Dye, 1964

Enterobacteriales: Pectobacterium atrosepticum (van Hall 1902) Dillard et al. (1993); DAFF Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (WAC 2016c) no Enterobacteriaceae Gardan et al., 2003 (2013) Also recorded as Erwinia atroseptica (van Hall 1902) Jennison, 1923; Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (van Hall 1902) Dye, 1969; Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. atrosepticum (van Hall 1902) Hauben et al., 1999 tuber soft rot; black leg; aerial stem rot

Enterobacteriales: Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum Peltzer and Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Peltzer & no Enterobacteriaceae (Jones 1901) Hauben et al., 1999 emend. Gardan Sivasithamparam (1985) Sivasithamparam 1985) et al., 2003 Also recorded as Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Jones 1901) Bergey et al., 1923 tuber soft rot; black leg; aerial stem rot

Flavobacteriales: Chryseobacterium indologenes (Yabuuchi et al. APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Flavobacteriaceae 1983) Vandamme et al. 1994 emend. Montero- Calasanz et al., 2013 Also recorded as Flavobacterium indologenes Yabuuchi et al., 1983

7 Erwinia carotovora pv. tomato is not a scientifically valid name (Bull et al. 2010), and most likely refers to either Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (syn. of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum) or Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (syn. of Pectobacterium atrosepticum). These pathogens have been considered elsewhere in this pest categorisation.

29 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula, 1895 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016)8 no Pseudomonadaceae

Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis (Brown DAFF (2013) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Pseudomonadaceae 1918) Stevens, 1925 Also recorded as Pseudomonas marginalis (Brown 1918) Stevens, 1925 soft rot

Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonas putida (Trevisan 1889) Migula, 1895 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pseudomonadaceae

Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae van Hall, 1902 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pseudomonadaceae Also recorded as Pseudomonas syringae pv. japonica (Mukoo 1955) Dye, Bradbury, Goto, Hayward, Lelliott & Schroth, 1980

Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonas viridiflava (Burkholder 1930) Macagnan et al. (2007) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pseudomonadaceae Dowson, 1939 post-harvest soft rot

Rhizobiales: Rhizobium radiobacter (Beijerinck and van Delden Kokošková and Klenová Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no Rhizobiaceae 1902) Young et al., 2001 (2009) Also recorded as Agrobacterium radiobacter (Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Conn, 1942; A. tumefaciens (Smith & Townsend 1907) Conn, 1942

Rhizobiales: Rhizobium rhizogenes (Riker et al. 1930) Young et Washington and Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no Rhizobiaceae al., 2001 Nancarrow (1983) Also recorded as Agrobacterium rhizogenes (Riker et al. 1930) Conn, 1942

8 Pseudomonas fluorescens has been detected in branded bottled water (Jayasekara et al. 1998) that is widely distributed within Australia. This bacterium is likely present in all states and territories.

30 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Doidge Hayward and Waterston Yes (McDougall et al. Yes (McDougall et al. yes Xanthomonadaceae 1920) Dye 19789 (1964) 2013) 2013) Also recorded as Xanthomonas vesicatoria (Doige, 1920) Dawson, 1939; X. vesicatoria (ex Doidge 1920) Vauterin et al., 1995

PHYTOPLASMA10

‘Candidatus ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia’ [16SrII - B] Paltrinieri and Bertaccini Yes: only some strains Yes: only some strains no Phytoplasma' (2007); DAFF (2013) (Davis et al. 1997; DAFF (Davis et al. 1997; DAFF 2013)11 2013)

‘Candidatus ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australasiae’ [16SrII - D] Conroy (1954) Yes: (White et al. 1998; Yes: (Schneider et al. no Phytoplasma' TBB phytoplasma (Australian isolates) Schneider et al. 1999) 1999)

‘Candidatus ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense’ (16SrXII-B) DAFF (2013) Yes (Streten et al. 2005)12 Yes (Bayliss et al. 2005; no Phytoplasma' Australian grapevine yellows Streten et al. 2005)

Mycoplasma-like Potato witches' broom virus (Potato witches’ broom Biological Branch (1943) No: unreliable record Not assessed no organism disease) (Biological Branch 1943)

Mycoplasma-like Purple top wilt disease Persley et al. (2010) Yes: (Persley et al. 2010) Not assessed13 no organism

9 Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria has recently been identified as a species complex comprising of four species (Bull et al. 2010; European Food Safety Authority 2014). However, only X. vesicatoria (syn. X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria nom. inv.) has been associated with Solanum tuberosum (Hayward & Waterston 1964). The occurrence of each of the four species in Australian states hasn’t been determined and therefore in this pest categorisation the complex is considered further. 10 Phytoplasmas are classified into groups and subgroups based on the 16S rDNA and other conserved gene regions and given the designation of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma' (IRPCM Phytoplasma/Spiroplasma Working Team–Phytoplasma taxonomy group 2004). 11 Numerous phytoplasma ‘species’ have been reported in association with ‘potato purple top disease’ overseas (Hosseini et al. 2011) as cited by DAFF (2013) and Santos-Cervantes et al. (2010). However, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia’ [16SrII] strains causing potato purple top disease have not been reported from Australia (DAFF 2013). 12 “This pathogen is present in Australia, but is not known to infect potatoes (Liefting et al. 2009; Liefting et al. 2011) as cited by DAFF (2013). 13 There is anecdotal evidence that Phytoplasma TBB caused ‘purple top wilt of potato in some Australian states including; ACT (Commonwealth of Australia 1950), New South Wales (Conroy 1954), Queensland (Simmonds 1966), South Australia (Feddersen 1959), and Victoria (Anderson 1959; Washington & Nancarrow 1983). Candidatus Phytoplasma australasiae’ [16SrII - D] (TBB phytoplasma (Australian isolates)), has been assessed separately in the pest categorisation.

31 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

FUNGI AND CHROMISTA

Ascomycota Stachylidium bicolor Link, 1809 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes

Ascomycota: Arthrinium phaeospermum (Corda) M.B. Ellis, 1965 CABI (2016a) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Apiosporaceae

Ascomycota: Geomyces pannorum var. pannorum APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Leotiomycetes Also recorded as Geomyces pannorum [as 'pannorus'] (Link) Sigler & J.W. Carmich., 1976; Geomyces vulgaris Traaen, 1914

Ascomycota: Gibellulopsis nigrescens (Pethybr.) Zare, W. Gams APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no Plectosphaerellaceae & Summerb., 2007 Also recorded as Verticillium nigrescens Pethybr., 1919

Ascomycota: Verticillium Nees, 1817 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed14 no Plectosphaerellaceae

Ascomycota: Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berthold, 1879 DAFF (2013) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: pest records yes Plectosphaerellaceae Also recorded as Verticillium alboatrum Reinke & invalid/unreliable (Walker Berthold, 1879 (orthographic variant) 1990) Verticillium wilt

Ascomycota: Verticillium dahliae Kleb., 1913 DAFF (2013) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes: only some strains15 yes Plectosphaerellaceae Also recorded as Verticillium dahia (misspelling) (APPD 2016) Verticillium wilt

Ascomycota: Verticillium tricorpus I. Isaac, 1953 Nair et al. (2015) Yes (Nair et al. 2015) Absent: pest records yes Plectosphaerellaceae unreliable16

14 Five species of Verticillium are reported on potato, V. albo-atrum, V. dahliae, V. tricorpus, V. nubilum, and V. nonalfalfae (Inderbitzin et al. 2011). Of these V. albo-atrum, V. dahliae, and V. tricorpus are considered separately in this pest categorisation. V. nubilum and V. nonalfalfae are not known to occur in Australia and not included in this pest categorisation. 15 Verticillium dahliae VCG 1A Kleb., 1913, also known as the ‘defoliating strain’ infecting cotton, is declared as Prohibited (s. 12) under the BAM Act 2007.

32 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Agaricales: Armillaria (Fr.) Staude, 1857 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed17 no Physalacriaceae

Agaricales: Armillaria luteobubalina Watling & Kile, 1978 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Physalacriaceae

Agaricales: Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm., 1871 Simmonds (1966) Absent: pest records Absent: pest records no Physalacriaceae root rot invalid/unreliable invalid/unreliable18 (Coetzee et al. 2000; Coetzee et al. 2001)

Atheliales: Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C.C. Tu & Kimbr., 1978 de Icochea (2001b) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Atheliaceae Also recorded as Corticium centrifugum (Lév.) Bres., 1903; Corticium rolfsii Curzi, 1932; Pellicularia rolfsii (Curzi) E. West, 1947; Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., 1911 stem rot

Botryosphaeriales: Macrophomina Petr., 1923 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed no Botryosphaeriaceae

Botryosphaeriales: Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid., 1947 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Botryosphaeriaceae Also recorded as Macrophomina phaseoli (Maubl.) S.F. Ashby, 1927 charcoal rot

16 Verticillium tricorpus has only ever been isolated once in Western Australia, from Dianthus caryophyllus in 1986 (Herb I.M.I. 2016). This isolate has not been retained in (WAC 2016a) and could not be validated. 17 Historically, Armillaria mellea has been reported as a pathogen of potato tubers in the Northern hemisphere and Australia (Simmonds 1966; Farr & Rossman 2016). Coetzee et al. (2000) states that the name A. mellea has been arbitrarily applied to all species of Armillaria causing Armillaria root disease. Five species in A. mellea sensu lato are known in Australia; A. fumosa, A. hinnulea, A. novae- zelandiae, A. pallidula and A. luteobubalina (Coetzee et al. 2001). Of these only A. luteobubalina has been reported in association with potatoes (APPD 2016), and has been assessed separately in the pest categorisation. 18 Research into the geographical distribution of Armillaria species has shown that A. mellea is a Northern Hemisphere fungus and that Armillaria species found in Australia are molecularly distinct from A. mellea (Coetzee et al. 2001; Coetzee 2003).

33 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Calosphaeriales: Togninia parasitica L. Mostert, W. Gams & Crous, Thanassoulopoulos and Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Gramaje et al. 2014) no Calosphaeriaceae 2006 Giapanoglou (1994) Also recorded as Phaeoacremonium parasiticum (Ajello, Georg & C.J. Wang) W. Gams, Rous & M.J. Wingf., 1996; Phialophora parasitica Ajello, Georg & C.J.K. Wang, 1974

Cantharellales: Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk, 1956 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no Ceratobasidiaceae Also recorded as Corticium microsclerotium (Matz) G.F. Weber, 1939; Corticium solani (Prill. & Delacr.) Bourdot & Galzin, 1911; Pellicularia filamentosa (Pat.) D.P. Rogers, 1943; Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn, 1858 Rhizoctonia canker and black scurf

Capnodiales: Cladosporium tenuissimum Cooke, 1878 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Davidiellaceae

Capnodiales: Cercospora Fresen., 1863 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed19 no Mycosphaerellaceae

Capnodiales: Cercospora physalidis Ellis, 1882 Groenewald et al. (2013) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Mycosphaerellaceae

Capnodiales: Passalora concors (Casp.) U. Braun & Crous, 2003 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Mycosphaerellaceae Also recorded as Cercospora concors (Casp.) Sacc., 1886; Mycovellosiella concors (Casp.) Deighton, 1974 Cercospora leaf blotch

19 A single record of Cercospora unidentified species was isolated from potato leaf in the Northern Territory (APPD 2016). There are several Cercospora species that have been reported on potato, Passalora concors (as C. concors), Pseudocercospora atromarginalis (as C. atromarginalis), C. solani, C. solanicola, C. solani-tuberosi, Alternaria crassa (as C. crassa var. solani-nigri) and C. physalidis (DAFF 2013; Farr & Rossman 2016). Of these only P. concors, Ps. atromarginalis, A. crassa and C. physalidis are reported from Australia; these species have been dealt with under their current names in this pest categorisation.

34 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Capnodiales: Pseudocercospora atromarginalis (G.F. Atk.) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Mycosphaerellaceae Deighton, 1976 Also recorded as Cercospora atromarginalis G.F. Atk., 1892

Erysiphales: Erysiphe cichoracearum DC., 1805 Johnson and Rowe (2001) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Erysiphaceae Also recorded as Golovinomyces cichoracearum (DC.) V.P. Heluta, 1988; Golovinomyces cichoracearum var. cichoracearum (DC.) V.P. Heluta, 1988 powdery mildew

Erysiphales: Erysiphe orontii Castagne, 1851 Cunnington et al. (2005) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Erysiphaceae Also recorded as Golovinomyces orontii (Castagne) V.P. Heluta, 1988

Erysiphales: Leveillula taurica (Lév.) G. Arnaud, 1921 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Erysiphaceae

Erysiphales: Oidium Link, 1824 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed20 no Erysiphaceae

Eurotiales: Aspergillus niger Tiegh., 1867 CABI (2016a) Yes (Leong et al. 2007) Yes (Leong et al. 2007) no Trichocomaceae Also recorded as Aspergillus niger var. niger Tiegh., 1867

Eurotiales: Aspergillus ustus (Bainier) Thom & Cherch, 1926 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Herb I.M.I. 2016) no Trichocomaceae

Eurotiales: Eupenicillium senticosum D.B. Scott, 1968 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Trichocomaceae Also recorded as Penicillium senticosum D.B. Scott, 1968

20 Oidium (unidentified species) are not assessed further in this pest categorisation as the three known powdery mildews associated with potatoes have been assessed separately. These include Erysiphe cichoracearum, Golovinomyces orontii and Leveillula taurica.

35 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Eurotiales: Penicillium expansum Link, 1809 Dem rc et al. (2011 Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Trichocomaceae Also recorded as Penicillium glaucum Stoll, 1809

Glomerellales: Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) S. Hughes, 1958 Dillard et al. (1993); Lees Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Glomerellaceae Also recorded as Colletotrichum atramentarium and Hilton (2003); APPD (Berk. & Broome) Taubenh., 1916 (2016) black dot

Glomerellales: Colletotrichum dematium (Pers.) Grove, 1918 Damm et al. (2009) Yes (Damm et al. 2009) Absent: pest records yes Glomerellaceae invalid/unreliable21

Helicobasidiales: Helicobasidium purpureum (Tul.) Pat., 1885 DAFF (2013) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: pest records yes Helicobasidiaceae Also recorded as Helicobasidium brebissonii invalid/unreliable (Shivas (Desm.) Donk, 1958; Rhizoctonia crocorum (Pers.) 1989) DC., 1815 violet root rot

Helotiales: Phacidiopycnis tuberivora (Güssow & W.R. Foster) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: pest records yes Bulgariaceae B. Sutton, 1980 invalid/unreliable22 Also recorded as Phomopsis tuberivora Güssow & W.R. Foster, 1932 stem-end hard rot, dry rot, or corky rot of potatoes

Helotiales: Botrytis cinerea Pers., 1794 Dillard et al. (1993); APPD Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Sclerotiniaceae Also recorded as Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) (2016) Whetzel, 1945 gray mold

Helotiales: Sclerotinia minor Jagger, 1920 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Sclerotiniaceae white mold

Helotiales: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, 1884 Dillard et al. (1993); APPD Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Sclerotiniaceae white mold (2016)

21 Presence of Colletotrichum dematium in Western Australia was based on a single isolate from Iris leaves, IMI 124766 (WAC 7298) (Herb I.M.I. 2016). This isolate has since been retested and identified as Colletotrichum tofieldiae (Pat.) Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous 2009 by Shivas et al. (2016). 22 A single record of Phacidiopycnis tuberivora collected from Banksia saligna in Western Australia in 1990 has been reported (Herb I.M.I. 2016), this record could not be verified.

36 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Hypocreales Acremonium Link, 1809 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed23 no

Hypocreales Acremonium alternatum Link, 1809 Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes

Hypocreales Acremonium cereale (P. Karst.) W. Gams, 1971 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Also recorded as Fusarium cerealis (P. Karst.) Gruyter & J.H.M. Schneid., 1991; Gliomastix cerealis (P. Karst.) C.H. Dickinson, 1968

Hypocreales Acremonium curvulum W. Gams, 1971 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

Hypocreales Acremonium implicatum (J.C. Gilman & E.V. Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Abbott) W. Gams, 1975

Hypocreales Acremonium persicinum (Nicot) W. Gams, 1971 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes

Hypocreales Clonostachys rosea (Link) Schroers, Samuels, APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no Seifert & W. Gams, 1999 Also recorded as Gliocladium roseum Bainier, 1907

Hypocreales Clonostachys rosea f. rosea Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Herb I.M.I. 2016) no

Hypocreales Sarocladium kiliense (Grütz) Summerell, 2011 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (MacNish 1986) Yes (MacNish 1986) no Also recorded as Acremonium kiliense Grütz, 1925

Hypocreales Sarocladium strictum (W. Gams) Summerell, 2011 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Also recorded as Acremonium strictum W. Gams, 1971; Cephalosporium acremonium Corda, 1839

23 A single record of unidentified Acremonium species has been isolated from stem and tuber of potato in Victoria (APPD 2016). The following species of Acremonium have been associated with potato overseas; A. curvulum, A. implicatum, A. kiliense, A. persicinum, A. sclerotigenum, and A. strictum (Herb I.M.I. 2016), and A. album, A. alternatum, A. cereale, A. psammosporum, A. roseum, and A. vitellinum (Farr & Rossman 2016). Acremonium psammosporum, A. roseum, A. sclerotigenum and A. vitellinum are not recorded in Australia. Acremonium album (current name Aphanocladium album), A. alternatum, A. cereale, A. curvulum, A. implicatum, A. kiliense (currnet name Sarocladium kiliense), A. persicinum and A. strictum (current name Sarocladium strictum) are reported from Australia and have been assessed separately in the pest categorisation.

37 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Hypocreales Trichothecium roseum (Pers.) Link, 1809 Somani (2004) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Also recorded as Cephalothecium roseum Corda, 1838

Hypocreales: Acrostalagmus luteoalbus (Link) Zare, W. Gams & APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Hypocreaceae Schroers, 2004 Also recorded as Verticillium cinnabarinum (Corda) Reinke & Berthold, 1879; Verticillium lateritium (Ehrenb.) Rabenh., 1844; Verticillium tenerum Nees, 1817

Hypocreales: Gliocladium Corda, 1840 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed24 no Hypocreaceae

Hypocreales: Trichoderma deliquescens (Sopp) Jaklitsch, 2011 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Hypocreaceae Also recorded as Gliocladium deliquescens Sopp, 1912

Hypocreales: Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, 1969 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Herb I.M.I. 2016) no Hypocreaceae

Hypocreales: Trichoderma viride Pers., 1794 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Hypocreaceae Also recorded as Trichoderma lignorum (Tode) Harz, 1871

Hypocreales: Aphanocladium W. Gams, 1971 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed25 no Nectriaceae

Hypocreales: Aphanocladium album (Preuss) W. Gams, 1971 Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Nectriaceae Also recorded as Acremonium album Preuss, 1848

24There are three unidentified species records of Gliocladium on potato tubers in Australia (APPD 2016). Gliocladium species that have been reported in association with potatoes overseas or in Australia, and are known to occur in Australia inlcude; G. deliquescens (current name Trichoderma deliquescens); G. roseum (syn. Clonostachys rosea); C. rosea f. rosea (Gliocladium state is debated); and G. virens (current name Trichoderma virens). These have all been assessed separately in this pest categorisation. 25 A single record of unidentified Aphanocladium species has been isolated from stem and tuber of potato in Victoria (APPD 2016). No reports of Aphanocladium species infecting potatoes could be found except for A. album (reported as Acremonium album (Farr & Rossman 2016) which has been considered separately in the pest categorisation.

38 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Hypocreales: Calonectria ilicicola Boedijn & Reitsma, 1950 Crous (2002) Yes (Dann et al. 2010) Absent: no pest records yes Nectriaceae Also recorded as Cylindrocladium parasiticum Crous, M.J. Wingf. & Alfenas, 1993

Hypocreales: Calonectria morganii Crous, Alfenas & M.J. Wingf., Crous (2002) Absent: pest records Absent: pest records no Nectriaceae 1993 invalid/unreliable (Crous invalid/unreliable26 Also recorded as Cylindrocladium scoparium 2002; Lombard et al. 2010) Morgan, 1892

Hypocreales: Cylindrocarpon Wollenw., 1913 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed27 no Nectriaceae

Hypocreales: Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zinssm.) Scholten, APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Nectriaceae 1964 Also recorded as Cylindrocarpon radicicola Wollenw., 1928; Ilyonectria radicicola (Gerlach & L. Nilsson) Chaverri & C. Salgado, 2011; Neonectria radicicola (Gerlach & L. Nilsson) Mantiri & Samuels, 2001

Hypocreales: Cylindrocarpon obtusisporum (Cooke & Harkn.) Cabral et al. (2012) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Nectriaceae Wollenw., 1916 Also recorded as Fusarium obtusisporum Cooke & Harkn., 1884; Neonectria obtusispora (Cooke & Harkness) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous, 2014

Hypocreales: Cylindrocladium clavatum Hodges & L.C. May, Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Nectriaceae 1972

26 Although Solanum tuberosum is a host of Cylindrocladium scoparium (Crous 2002), Australian isolates identified as this pathogen are invalid and most likely to be C. pauciramosum (Crous 2002) which is not reported in association with potatoes. 27 Unidentified Cylindrocarpon records have been identified on potato in Australia (APPD 2016). The following species of Cylindrocarpon that occur in Australia have also been reported in association with potatoes; C. destructans (APPD 2016), C. obtusisporum (Cabral et al. 2012), and C. olidum (syn. Thelonectria olida) (APPD 2016). These species have been assessed separately in this pest categorisation.

39 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Hypocreales: Fusarium Link, 1809 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed28 no Nectriaceae

Hypocreales: Fusarium anguioides Sherb., 1915 Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no records found yes Nectriaceae

Hypocreales: Fusarium anthophilum (A. Braun) Wollenw., 1916 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no records found yes Nectriaceae

Hypocreales: Fusarium arthrosporioides Sherb.,1915 (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Nectriaceae

Hypocreales: Fusarium chlamydosporum Wollenw. & Reinking, Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Nectriaceae 1925

Hypocreales: Fusarium concolor Reinking, 1934 Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Nectriaceae

Hypocreales: Fusarium crookwellense L.W. Burgess, P.E. Nelson APPD (2016); Farr and Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Nectriaceae & Toussoun, 1982 Rossman (2016) Also recorded as Fusarium cerealis (Cooke) Sacc., 1886

Hypocreales: Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Sm.) Sacc., 1895 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Nectriaceae

Hypocreales: Fusarium dimerum Penz., 1882 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Nectriaceae

Hypocreales: Fusarium flocciferum Corda, 1831 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Nectriaceae

28 Numerous records of unidentified Fusarium species on potatoes in Australia were found (APPD 2016). Species of Fusarium associated with potatoes (in Australia and overseas) that are also reported from Australia have been assessed separately in the pest categorisation.

40 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Hypocreales: Fusarium incarnatum (Desm.) Sacc., 1886 Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Nectriaceae Also recorded as Fusarium pallidoroseum (Cooke) Sacc., 1886; Fusarium semitectum Berk. & Ravenel, 1875

Hypocreales: Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl., 1824 DAFF (2013); APPD Yes: only some formae Yes: only some formae no Nectriaceae (2016) speciales (Summerell et al. speciales (APPD 2016)29 2011b; APPD 2016)

Hypocreales: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans (Wollenw.) Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Nectriaceae W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen, 1940 Also recorded as Fusarium conglutinans Wollenw., 1913

Hypocreales: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum W.C. Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Nectriaceae Snyder & H.N. Hansen, 1940

Hypocreales: Fusarium poae (Peck) Wollenw., 1913 Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Nectriaceae

Hypocreales: Fusarium proliferatum (Matsush.) Nirenberg ex Merlington et al. (2014) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Nectriaceae Gerlach & Nirenberg, 1982

Hypocreales: Fusarium redolens Wollenw., 1913 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Nectriaceae Also recorded as Fusarium oxysporum var. redolens (Wollenw.) W.L. Gordon, 1952

Hypocreales: Fusarium sacchari (E.J. Butler) W. Gams, 1971 Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (Summerell et al. Yes (WAC 2016c) no Nectriaceae 2011b)

Hypocreales: Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel, 1870 Gachango et al. (2012) Yes (Summerell et al. Not assessed30 no Nectriaceae 2011b)

29 Only some formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum have been recorded in Western Australia and some are listed as prohibited organisms under s. 12 of the BAM Act 2007, therefore formae speciales reported in association with potatoes have been considered separately in this pest categorisation. 30 Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel, 1870 has been split into three species, F. sambucinium var. sambucinum 1870, F. torulosum and F. venenatum, of which F. venatum is not known to occur in Australia (Summerell et al. 2011b). The other two species are considered separately in this pest categorisation.

41 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Hypocreales: Fusarium scirpi Lambotte & Fautrey, 1894 Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Nectriaceae

Hypocreales: Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb., 1915 Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Nectriaceae

Hypocreales: Fusarium torulosum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Gachango et al. (2012) Yes (Summerell et al. Yes (APPD 2016) no Nectriaceae Nirenberg, 1995 2011b) Also recorded as Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel, 1870 (prior to 1995); Fusarium sambucinum var. coeruleum Wollenw., 1917

Hypocreales: Fusicolla merismoides (Corda) Gräfenhan, Seifert & Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Sivasithamparam & no Nectriaceae Schroers, 2011 Parker 1980; Recorded as Fusarium merismoides Corda, 1838 Sivasithamparam et al. 1987)

Hypocreales: Gibberella acuminata Wollenw., 1935 DAFF (2013); (APPD Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Nectriaceae [ana. Fusarium acuminatum Ellis & Everh., 1895] 2016)

Hypocreales: Gibberella baccata (Wallr.) Sacc.,1878 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Nectriaceae [ana.: Fusarium lateritium Nees, 1817]

Hypocreales: Gibberella intricans Wollenw., 1930 DAFF (2013) Yes (Summerell et al. Yes (APPD 2016) no Nectriaceae [ana. Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc., 1838] 2011b)

Hypocreales: Gibberella moniliformis Wineland, 1924 Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Nectriaceae [ana. Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg, 1976] Also recorded as Fusarium moniliforme J. Sheld., 1904; Gibberella fujikuroi var. fujikuroi (Mating Population A)

Hypocreales: Gibberella pulicaris (Fr.) Sacc., 1877 DAFF (2013) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Nectriaceae [ana. Fusarium sambucinum var. sambucinum 1870] Also recorded as Fusarium sulphureum Schltdl., 1824; Fusarium trichothecioides Wollenw., 1912

42 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Hypocreales: Gibberella subglutinans (E.T. Edwards) P.E. APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Nectriaceae Nelson, Toussoun & Marasas, 1983 [ana. Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenw. & Reinking) P.E. Nelson, Toussoun & Marasas, 1983]

Hypocreales: Haematonectria haematococca (Berk. & Broome) DAFF (2013) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Nectriaceae Samuels & Rossman, 1999 [ana. Fusarium solani (Martius) Appel & Wollenweber emend. Synder & Hansen, 2012 ‘species complex’31]

Hypocreales: Thelonectria olida (Wollenw.) P. Chaverri & C. APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Nectriaceae Salgado, 2011 Also recorded as Cylindrocarpon olidum (Wollenw.) Wollenw., 1916; Cylindrocarpon olidum var. olidum

Microascales: Cephalotrichum stemonitis (Pers.) Link, 1809 Shivas (1989) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no Microascaceae Also recorded as Doratomyces stemonitis (Pers.) F.J. Morton & G. Sm., 1963

Mucorales: Choanephora cucurbitarum (Berk. & Ravenel) DAFF (2013) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Choanephoraceae Thaxt., 1903 Choanephora blight

Mucorales: Mucor racemosus f. racemosus APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Mucoraceae Also recorded as Mucor varians Povah, 1917

Mucorales: Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Vuill., 1902 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Mucoraceae Also recorded as Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenb., 1821; Rhizopus stolonifer var. stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Vuill., 1902

31 Fusarium solani is currently recognised as a large complex of speices comprised of about 50 phylogenetic species or 10 biological species (Summerell et al. 2011a; Costa et al. 2016). As Australian records of F. solani associated with potatoes are only reported at the species level, F. solani has been considered as a ‘species complex’ in this pest categorisation and includes F. coeruleum (synonym F. solani var. coeruleum) as listed by DAFF (2013).

43 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Mucorales: Umbelopsis versiformis Amos & H.L. Barnett, 1966 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Mucoraceae

Peronosporales: Phytophthora citrophthora (R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm.) Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Herb I.M.I. 2016) no Peronosporaceae Leonian, 1925

Peronosporales: Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybr. & Laff., 1919 Erwin and Ribeiro (1996) Yes (Herb I.M.I. 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no Peronosporaceae pink rot

Peronosporales: Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker, 1931 DAFF (2013) Yes (Herb I.M.I. 2016) Yes (Herb I.M.I. 2016) no Peronosporaceae pink rot

Peronosporales: Phytophthora erythroseptica Pethybr., 1913 Dillard et al. (1993); Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Peronosporaceae pink rot Mostowfizadeh- Ghalamfarsa et al. (2010); Persley et al. (2010); DAFF (2013)

Peronosporales: Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, 1876 Edwards et al. (2006) Yes: only some strains Absent: pest records yes Peronosporaceae Also recorded as Peronospora infestans (Edwards et al. 2006)32 invalid/unreliable (Edwards late blight et al. 2006)

Peronosporales: Phytophthora megasperma Drechsler, 1931 DAFF (2013) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Peronosporaceae pink rot

Peronosporales: Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan, 1896 DAFF (2013) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no Peronosporaceae Also recorded as Phytophthora parasitica Dastur, 1913; Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae Tucker, 1931

Phacidiales: Phacidium lauri (Sowerby) Crous & D. Hawksw., Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Herb I.M.I. 2016) no Phacidiaceae 2014 Also recorded as Ceuthospora lauri Grev., 1826; Ceuthospora phacidioides Grev., 1827

32 Some A1 strains of Phytophthora infestans are known to occur in Australia (Forbes et al. 1998; Burges et al. 2005); however A2 strains are not known to occur. Phytophthora infestans as referred to in this pest categorisation refers to the A1 type strain that has been detected in eastern Australia as described by Edwards et al. (2006).

44 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Pleosporales Ascochyta Lib., 1830 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed33 no

Pleosporales Phoma Sacc., 1880 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed34 no

Pleosporales Phoma chrysanthemicola Hollós, 1907 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Herb I.M.I. 2016) no

Pleosporales Phoma destructiva Plowr., 1881 Obrero et al. (1968) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no Also recorded as Diplodina destructiva (Plowr.) Petr., 1921

Pleosporales Phoma eupyrena Sacc., 1879 DAFF (2013) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

Pleosporales Phoma glomerata (Corda) Wollenw. & Hochapfel, de Gruyter et al. (2012) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no 1936 Also recorded as Didymella glomerata (Corda) Q. Chen & L. Cai, 2015

Pleosporales Phoma herbarum Westend., 1852 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

Pleosporales: Boeremia exigua var. exigua (Desm.) Aveskamp et Chen et al. (2015) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (WAC 2016b) no Didymellaceae al., 2010 Also recorded as Phoma exigua Desm., 1849; Phoma exigua var. exigua gangrene

33 There is only a single record of Ascochyta on potato in Australia (APPD 2016). There are few reports of Ascochyta species associated with potatoes overseas; A. daturae (syn. Boeremia exigua var. exigua), A. lycopersici (syn. Boeremia lycopersici), and A. solanicola (Farr & Rossman 2016). Of these B. exigua var. exigua and B. lycopersici are assessed separately in this pest categorisation. Ascochyta solanicola is an exotic to Australia and is not considered in the pest categorisation. 34 There numerous records of unidentified Phoma species on potato in Australia (APPD 2016). Many Phoma species have been reported in association with potatoes in Australia and overseas (Obrero et al. 1968; de Gruyter et al. 2012; Chen et al. 2015; APPD 2016; Farr & Rossman 2016). Of those reported, P. andigena (syn.Stagonosporopsis andigena), P. andina var. crystalliniformis (syn. S. crystalliniformis), P. dulcamarina (syn. Phomopsis dulcamarina), P. flavescens (syn. Paraconiothyrium flavescens), P. humicola, P. subherbarum (syn. Didymella subherbarum) and P. terricola (syn. Pyrenochaetopsis decipiens) are not known to occur in Australia and are not considered in the pest categorisation. Species reported in Australia, including Boeremia exigua var. exigua (syn. P. exigua var. exigua), B. foveata (syn. P. exigua var. foveata), B. lycopersici (syn. P. lycopersici), Epicoccum huancayense (syn. P. huancayensis), P. chrysanthemicola, P. destructiva, P. eupyrena, P. glomerata (syn. Didymella glomerata), and P. herbarum are considered separately in this pest categorisation.

45 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Pleosporales: Boeremia foveata (Foister) Aveskamp, Gruyter & Chen et al. (2015) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: pest records yes Didymellaceae Verkley, 2010 unreliable35 Also recorded as Phoma foveata Foister, 1940; Phoma exigua var. foveata (Foister) Boerema, 1967

Pleosporales Boeremia lycopersici (Cooke) Aveskamp, Gruyter & Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Didymellaceae Verkley, 2010 Also recorded as Phoma lycopersici Cooke, 1885

Pleosporales: Coniothyrium Corda, 1840 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed36 no Leptosphaeriaceae

Pleosporales: Coniothyrium olivaceum Bonord., 1869 (Herb I.M.I. 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Leptosphaeriaceae

Pleosporales: Leptosphaeria coniothyrium (Fuckel) Sacc., 1875 Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Leptosphaeriaceae Also recorded as Coniothyrium fuckelii Sacc., 1878

Pleosporales: Paraconiothyrium minitans (W.A. Campb.) Verkley, Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (McCredie & no Leptosphaeriaceae 2004 Sivasithamparam 1985) Also recorded as Coniothyrium minitans Sacc., 1878

Pleosporales: Helminthosporium solani Durieu & Mont., 1848 Dillard et al. (1993); Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no Massarinaceae Also recorded as Helminthosporium atrovirens Errampalli et al. (2001); (Harz) E.W. Mason & S. Hughes, 1953 DAFF (2013) silver scurf

35Herb I.M.I. (2016) lists one specimen of Boeremia foveata for WA (IMI 110889), deposited in 1964. However, this record could not be validated and is considered unreliable. 36There is only a single record of Coniothyrium on potato in Australia (APPD 2016). There are few reports of Coniothyrium species in association with potatoes overseas; however, C. cereale, C. fuckelii, C. minitans (Farr & Rossman 2016) and C. olivaceum (Herb I.M.I. 2016) have been reported on potato. Coniothyrium cereale (orthographic variant of C. cerealis) is exotic to Australia, and has not been condisered in the pest categorisation. Coniothyrium fuckelii (as Leptosphaeria coniothyrium), C. minitans (as Paraconiothyrium minitans) and C. olivaceum are considered separately in the pest categorisation.

46 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Pleosporales: Microsphaeropsis Höhn., 1917 Shivas (1989) Yes (Shivas 1989) Yes (Shivas 1989) no Microsphaeropsidace ae

Pleosporales: Alternaria Nees, 1817 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed37 no Pleosporaceae

Pleosporales: Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl., 1912 de Icochea (2001a) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pleosporaceae Also recorded as Alternaria tenuis Nees, 1822 brown spot and black pit

Pleosporales: Alternaria arborescens E.G. Simmons, 1999 Tymon et al. (2016a) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pleosporaceae Also recorded as Alternaria alternata f.sp. lycopersici Grogan, Kimble & Misaghi, 1975

Pleosporales: Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc., 1880 Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pleosporaceae Also recorded as Alternaria macrospora (Sacc.) Sawada, 1931; Polydesmus exitiosus (J.G. Kühn) J.G. Kühn, 1858

Pleosporales: Alternaria crassa (Sacc.) Rands, 1917 Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Pleosporaceae Also recorded as Cercospora crassa Sacc., 1877; Cercospora crassa var. solani-nigri C. Massal., 1900

Pleosporales: Alternaria longipes (Ellis & Everh.) E.W. Mason, Shoaib et al. (2014) Yes (Simmonds 1966) Yes (D Beasley 2015, no Pleosporaceae 1928 pers. comm. 22 Oct.) Also recorded as Macrosporium longipes Ellis & Everh., 1892

37 Two unidentified records of Alternaria have been reported from potato in Australia (APPD 2016). The following Alternaria species associated with potatoes have been assessed separately in this pest categorisation; A. alternata (syn. A. tenuis), A. arborescens, A. brassicae (syn. A. macrospora), A. crassa, A. longipes, A. protenta, A. radicina, A. solani (syn. A. porri f.sp. solani, and A. tenuissima. Alternaria porri has not been considered as it is usually reported as a disease of Allium species (Woudenberg et al. 2014). Newly described potato pathogens, including A. arbusti (Tymon et al. 2016a), A. cantlous (Amini et al. 2016), and A. grandis (Woudenberg et al. 2014) are exotic to Australia and are not considered in this pest categorisation.

47 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Pleosporales: Alternaria protenta E.G. Simmons, 1986 Woudenberg et al. (2014) Yes (Woudenberg et al. Absent: no pest records yes Pleosporaceae Also recorded as Alternaria pulcherrimae T.Y. 2014) Zhang & J.C. David, 1996; Alternaria hordeiseminis E.G. Simmons & G.F. Laundon, 2007

Pleosporales: Alternaria radicina Meier, Drechsler & E.D. Eddy, CABI (2016a) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no Pleosporaceae 1922 Also recorded as Stemphylium radicinum (Meier, Drechsler & E.D. Eddy) Neerg., 1937

Pleosporales: Alternaria solani Sorauer, 1896 Franc and Christ (2001); Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pleosporaceae Also recorded as Alternaria porri f.sp. solani (Ellis & DAFF (2013); G. Martin) Neerg., 1945; Macrosporium solani Ellis Woudenberg et al. (2014) & G. Martin, 1882 early blight

Pleosporales: Alternaria tenuissima (Nees) Wiltshire, 1933 Tymon et al. (2016b) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pleosporaceae

Pleosporales: Cochliobolus australiensis (Tsuda & Ueyama) Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pleosporaceae Alcorn, 1983 Also recorded as Curvularia australiensis (Tsuda & Ueyama) Manamgoda, L. Cai & K.D. Hyde, 2012; Curvularia tsudae (Tsuda & Ueyama) H. Deng, Y.P. Tan & R. G. Shivas, 2014; Drechslera australiensis Bugnic. ex M.B. Ellis, 1971; Pseudocochliobolus australiensis Tsuda & Ueyama, 1981

Pleosporales: Cochliobolus geniculatus R.R. Nelson, 1964 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no Pleosporaceae Also recorded as Curvularia geniculata (Tracy & Earle) Boedijn, 1933

48 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Pleosporales: Cochliobolus hawaiiensis Alcorn, 1978 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pleosporaceae Also recorded as Bipolaris hawaiiensis (M.B. Ellis) J.Y. Uchida & Aragaki, 1979; Curvularia hawaiiensis (Bugnic. Ex M.B. Ellis) Manamgoda, L. Cai & K.D. Hyde, in Manamgoda, Cai, McKenzie, Crous, Madrid, Chukeatirote, Shivas, Tan & Hyde, 2012; Drechslera hawaiiensis Bugnic. ex M.B. Ellis, 1971

Pleosporales: Cochliobolus lunatus R.R. Nelson & Haasis, 1964 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pleosporaceae Also recorded as Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn, 1933; Pseudocochliobolus lunatus (R.R. Nelson & F.A. Haasis) Tsuda, Ueyama & Nishih., 1978

Pleosporales: Curvularia uncinata Bugnic., 1950 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Pleosporaceae

Pleosporales: Epicoccum huancayense (Turkensteen) Q. Chen & de Gruyter et al. (2012) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Pleosporaceae L. Cai, 2015 Also recorded as Phoma huancayensis Turkenst., 1978

Pleosporales: Epicoccum nigrum Link, 1816 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pleosporaceae Also recorded as Epicoccum purpurascens Ehrenb., 1818

Pleosporales: Leptosphaerulina trifolii (Rostr.) Petr., 1959 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pleosporaceae Also recorded as Pseudoplea trifolii (O. Rostr.) Petr., 1921; Sphaerulina trifolii Rostr., 1889

Pleosporales: Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) Rabenh., 1854 DAFF (2013) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pleosporaceae Also recorded as Stemphylium herbarum E.G. Simmons, 1986

Pleosporales: Stemphylium solani G.F. Weber, 1930 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no Pleosporaceae

49 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Pleosporales: Ulocladium atrum Preuss, 1852 DAFF (2013) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pleosporaceae Also recorded as Stemphylium atrum (Preuss) Sacc., 1856 Ulocladium blight

Pythiales: Globisporangium splendens (Hans Braun) Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pythiaceae Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish., 2010 Also recorded as Pythium splendens Hans Braun, 1925; Pythium splendens var. hawaianum Sideris, 1932 (orthographic variant); Pythium splendens var. hawaiianum Sideris, 1932

Pythiales: Globisporangium ultimum (Trow) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Salas and Secor (2001); Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pythiaceae Kakish., 2010 DAFF (2013) Also recorded as Pythium ultimum Trow, 1901; Pythium ultimum var. ultimum Trow, 1901 leak

Pythiales: Phytopythium vexans (de Bary) Abad, de Cock, CABI (1984) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no Pythiaceae Bala, Robideau, Lodhi & Lévesque, 2014 Also recorded as Pythium vexans de Bary, 1876

Pythiales: Pythium Pringsh., 1858 Cook and Dubé (1989) Yes (Cook & Dubé 1989) Not assessed38 no Pythiaceae

Pythiales: Pythium acanthicum Drechsler, 1930 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pythiaceae

Pythiales: Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp., 1923 DAFF (2013) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pythiaceae

38 There is a single unidentified Pythium species detected on potato in Australia (Cook & Dubé 1989). Salas and Secor (2001) list the Pythium species reported to cause leak as; P. ultimum var. ultimum (syn. Globisporangium ultimum), P. aphanidermatum, P. deliense, and other non-specified Pythium species. These species have been assessed elsewhere in this pest categorisation.

50 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Pythiales: Pythium debaryanum R. Hesse, 1974 DAFF (2013) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pythiaceae Also recorded as Globisporangium debaryanum (R. Hesse) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish., 201039

Pythiales: Pythium deliense Meurs, 1934 DAFF (2013) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Pythiaceae Also recorded as Pythium indicum M.S. Balakr., 1948

Pythiales: Pythium irregulare Buisman, 1927 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Pythiaceae Also recorded as Pythium fabae G.M. Cheney, 1932

Pythiales: Pythiogeton ramosum Minden, 1916 Le et al. (2014) Yes (Le et al. 2014) Absent: no pest records yes Pythiogetonaceae soft rot disease of ginger

Saccharomycetales: Geotrichum candidum Link, 1809 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Dipodascaceae

Sordariales: Chaetomium Kunze, 1817 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed40 no Chaetomiaceae

Sordariales: Chaetomium globosum Kunze ex Fr., 1829 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Chaetomiaceae Also recorded as Chaetomium cochlioides Palliser, 1910; Chaetomium olivaceum Cooke & Ellis, 1878

Sordariales: Chaetomium trilaterale Chivers, 1912 Cook (1954) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Chaetomiaceae

39Salas and Secor (2001) note Pythium debaryanum as a synonym of P. ultimum var. ultimum. Standard taxonomic searches do not suggest these are synonymous, and hence P. ultimum var. ulitmum is assessed separately in this pest categorisation under its’ current scientific name, Globisporangium ultimum. This approach is consistent with that taken by DAFF (2013). 40A single record of an unidentified Chaetomium species associated with potato in Australia was found (APPD 2016). In Australia, only Chaetomium globosum has been associated with potatoes (APPD 2016; Farr & Rossman 2016; Herb I.M.I. 2016). Other Chaetomium species that have been reported in association with potatoes overseas include; C. trilaterale, C. aureum and C. torulosum (Cook 1954), and Somani (2004) reported C nigricolor as a cause of potato tuber rot in India. With the exception of C. trilaterale, the overseas species have not been reported from Australia and they are not considered in this pest categorisation.

51 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Sordariales: Thielavia Zopf, 1876 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Assessment not required41 no Chaetomiaceae

Sordariales: Thielavia basicola Zopf, 1876 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Chaetomiaceae

Sordariales: Trichocladium asperum Harz, 1871 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Chaetomiaceae

Spizellomycetales: Olpidium brassicae (Woronin) P.A. Dang., 1886 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Olpidiaceae

Trichosphaeriales Khuskia oryzae H.J. Huds., 1963 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Also recorded as Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. & Broome) Petch, 1924; Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) E.W. Mason, 1927

Ustilaginales: Polyscytalum pustulans (M.N. Owen & Wakef.) DAFF (2013) Absent: pest records Absent: no pest records no Ustilaginaceae M.B. Ellis, 1919 invalid/unreliable42 skin spot

Xylariales Monographella cucumerina (Lindf.) Arx, 1984 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Also recorded as Fusarium tabacinum (J.F.H. Beyma) W. Gams, 1968; Microdochium tabacinum (J.F.H. Beyma) Arx, 1984; Plectosphaerella cucumerina (Lindf.) W. Gams, 1968; Plectosporium tabacinum (J.F.H. Beyma) M.E. Palm, W. Gams & Nirenberg, 1995

Xylariales: Pestalotiopsis Steyaert, 1949 Shivas (1989) Yes (Shivas 1989) Yes (Shivas 1989) no Amphisphaeriaceae

41There is only a single record of Thielavia on potato in Australia (APPD 2016). Thielavia basicola is the only species reported to be associated with potato overseas (Herb I.M.I. 2016) and this species has been assessed separately in this pest categorisation. 42 DPIPWE (2013 cited in DAFF 2013, p. 45) states Polyscytalum pustulans is no longer considered present in Tasmania as there have been no recent records. This pathogen is considered exotic to Australia (DAFF 2013). It is not assessed further in this pest categorisation.

52 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Xylariales: Pestalotiopsis oxyanthi (Thüm.) Steyaert, 1949 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes Amphisphaeriaceae

Xylariales: Pestalotiopsis steyaertii Mordue, 1985 Mordue (1985) Yes (Mordue 1985) Yes (Mordue 1985) no Amphisphaeriaceae Also recorded as Neopestalotiopsis steyaertii (Mordue) Maharachch., K.D. Hyde & Crous, 2014

Xylariales: Rosellinia De Not., 1844 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed43 no Xylariaceae

Xylariales: Rosellinia necatrix Berl. ex Prill., 1904 Milošević (2004 Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no Xylariaceae

NEMATODES

Aphelenchida: Aphelenchus (Aphelenchus) avenae Bastian, 1865 ABRS (2009) Yes (ABRS 2009) Yes (ABRS 2009) no Aphelenchidae

Aphelenchida: Aphelenchoides composticola Franklin, 1957 APPD (2016) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) no Aphelenchoididae

Dorylaimida: Paralongidorus Siddiqi, Hooper & Khan, 1963 Nobbs (2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Not assessed44 no Longidoridae

Dorylaimida: Paralongidorus sacchari Siddiqi, Hooper & Khan, Nobbs (2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Absent: no pest records yes Longidoridae 1963

Mononchida: Clarkus Jairajpuri, 1970 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed yes Mononchidae

43 Rosellinia species have been reported as a common storage rot of tubers post-harvest in Serbia (Milošević 2004). An unidentified Rosellinia species has been isolated from potato root in Queensland (APPD 2016). Rosellinia necatrix is the only species reported in association with potatoes (Nattrass 1927; Farr & Rossman 2016) and has been assessed separately in this pest categorisation. 44.Records of Paralongidorus sacchari and an unidentified Paralongidorus species have been reported on potato in Queensland (Nobbs 2005). Extensive literature searches did not find any other Paralongidorus species to be associated with disease of potatoes. As P. sacchari is assessed separately in this pest categorisation, further assessment of the unidentified Paralongidorus species was not considered necessary.

53 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Rhabditida: Cephalobus Bastian, 1863 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed yes Cephalobidae

Rhabditida: Mesorhabditis Osche, 1952 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed yes Rhabditidae Also recorded as Rhabditis Dujardin, 1845

Triplonchida: Paratrichodorus minor Colbran, 1956 DAFF (2013) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) no Trichodoridae Also recorded as Trichodorus minor Colbran, 1956

Triplonchida: Paratrichodorus mirzai Siddiqi, 1960 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed yes Trichodoridae Also recorded as Trichodorus mirzai Siddiqi, 1960

Triplonchida: Trichodorus Cobb, 1913 Cook and Dubé (1989) Yes (Cook & Dubé 1989) Not assessed yes Trichodoridae

Tylenchida: Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, 1945 DAFF (2013) Absent: pest records Absent: no pest records no Anguinidae invalid/unreliable 45

Tylenchida: Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn 1857) Filip'ev, 1936 DAFF (2013) Yes (ABRS 2009) Absent: pest records yes Anguinidae invalid/unreliable46

Tylenchida: Globodera rostochiensis Wollenweber, 1923 DAFF (2013) Yes (APDD 2016) Absent: eradicated (Collins yes Heteroderidae Also recorded as Heterodera rostochiensis et al. 2010) Wollenweber, 1923

Tylenchida: Heterodera trifolii Goffart, 1932 Nobbs (2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) no Heteroderidae

Tylenchida: Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb, 1893) Sher, 1961 ABRS (2009) Yes (APDD 2016) Yes (APDD 2016) no Hoplolaimidae

45DAFF (2013) states “Ditylenchus destructor was reported as present in Australia in 1958 on the basis of misidentifications. It is now not considered to be present in Australia.” Reported records of D. destructor in Australia are now considered incorrect (Hodda & Nobbs 2008; ABRS 2009). 46McLeod et al. (1994) indicates that Ditylenchus dipsaci was detected on potato in Western Australia; however as no specimen was kept this record is considered invalid/unreliable (V Vanstone 2010, pers. comm. 2 June). Biological races of D. dipsaci are described based on their host plant preferences (Esquibet et al. 2003 cited in DAFF 2013, p. 75). That said, some populations have been found to be polyphagous and others quite host specific (Sturhan & Brzeski 1991). Ditylenchus dipsaci has been reported on alternative hosts in New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania and Victoria (ABRS 2009).

54 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Tylenchida: Helicotylenchus multicinctus (Cobb, 1893) Golden, APPD (2016) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) no Hoplolaimidae 1956

Tylenchida: Rotylenchus (Rotylenchus) colbrani Brzeski & Choi, Nobbs (2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) no Hoplolaimidae 1998 Also recorded as Rotylenchus brevicaudatus Colbran, 1962

Tylenchida: Rotylenchus (Rotylenchus) buxophilus Golden, Nobbs (2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Absent: no pest records yes Hoplolaimidae 1956 Also recorded as Rotylenchus sheri Jairajpuri, M.S., 1964

Tylenchida: Scutellonema brachyurum (Steiner, 1938) Nobbs (2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) no Hoplolaimidae Andrassy, 1958

Tylenchida: Meloidogyne Goldi, 1877 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed47 no Meloidogynidae

Tylenchida: Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949 DAFF (2013) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) no Meloidogynidae

Tylenchida: Meloidogyne exigua Goeldi, 1892 Nobbs (2005) Absent: pest records Absent: no pest records no Meloidogynidae Also recorded as Heterodera exigua Goeldi, 1892 invalid/unreliable48

Tylenchida: Meloidogyne fallax Karssen, 1996 DAFF (2013) Yes (Nobbs et al. 2001) Yes (Wilkinson et al. 2015) no Meloidogynidae

Tylenchida: Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood, 1949 DAFF (2013) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) no Meloidogynidae

47Unidentified Meloidogyne species have been reported on potatoes in the Australia (Sampson & Walker 1982a; Washington & Nancarrow 1983; Cook & Dubé 1989; APPD 2016). Meloidogyne species known to affect potatoes and that are present in Australia have been dealt with elsewhere in this pest categorisation. These include; M. arenaria, M. fallax, M. hapla, M. incognita, and M. javanica. Meloidogyne chitwoodii, is an exotic to Australia (DAFF 2013), and is not considered in this pest categorisation. 48Meloidogyne exigua has only been reported once in Australia, and that was on Solanum tuberosum in NSW from unspecified tissues; it is likely this is an erroneous record (Nobbs 2005). It was not considered by DAFF (2013).

55 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Tylenchida: Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White, 1919) DAFF (2013) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) no Meloidogynidae Chitwood, 1949 Also recorded as Meloidogyne acrita Chitwood, 1949; Meloidogyne incognita acrita Chitwood, 1949

Tylenchida: Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, DAFF (2013) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) no Meloidogynidae 1949 Also recorded as Heterodera javanica Treub, 1885; Meloidogyne javanica javanica

Tylenchida: Pratylenchus Thorne, 1949 Nobbs (2005) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed49 no Pratylenchidae

Tylenchida: Pratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey, 1929) Filip'jev & DAFF (2013) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Riley & Kelly 2002) no Pratylenchidae Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 Also recorded as Tylenchus brachyurus Godfrey, 1929

Tylenchida: Pratylenchus coffeae (Zimmerman, 1898) Filip'jev & DAFF (2013) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) no Pratylenchidae Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 Also recorded as Tylenchus coffeae Zimmerman, 1898

Tylenchida: Pratylenchus crenatus Loof, 1960 DAFF (2013) Yes (Harding & Wicks Yes (Nobbs 2005) no Pratylenchidae 2007)

Tylenchida: Pratylenchus goodeyi Sher & Allen, 1953 Jacobsen et al. (2009) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Absent: no pest records yes Pratylenchidae

Tylenchida: Pratylenchus jordanensis Hashim, 198350 Nobbs (2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Absent: no pest records yes Pratylenchidae

49Unidentified Pratylenchus species have been reported on potato in Australia (Nobbs 2005; APPD 2016). Pratylenchus species known to affect potatoes and that are present in Australia have been dealt with elsewhere in this pest categorisation. These include; P. brachyurus, P. coffeae, P. crenatus, P. negelctus, P. penetrans, P. thornei, P. vulnus, and P. zeae (DAFF 2013). 50Inserra et al. (2005) consider Pratylenchus jordanensis to be a ‘junior synonym’ of P. zeae. As this work was based on morphological assessment of older cultures, and no Australian isolates were tested, these nematodes are treated separately in this pest categorisation. Furthermore, Subbotin et al. (2008) state that the taxonomic status of this species is under discussion.

56 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Tylenchida: Pratylenchus loosi Loof, 1960 Akgul et al. (2010) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Absent: no pest records yes Pratylenchidae

Tylenchida: Pratylenchus neglectus (Rensch, 1924) Filip'jev & DAFF (2013) Yes (Harding & Wicks Yes (Riley & Kelly 2002) no Pratylenchidae Schuurmanns Stekhoven, 1941 2007) Also recorded as Aphelenchus neglectus Rensch, 1924

Tylenchida: Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb, 1917) Filip'jev & DAFF (2013) Yes (Harding & Wicks Yes (Riley & Kelly 2002) no Pratylenchidae Schuurmanns Stekhoven, 1941 2007) Also recorded as Paratylenchus penetras Cobb, 1917 (misspelling); Tylenchus penetrans Cobb, 1917

Tylenchida: Pratylenchus pratensis (de Man, 1880) Filip'jev, Gill and Krishnananda Yes (Nobbs 2005) Absent: no pest records yes Pratylenchidae 1936 (1977) Also recorded as Tylenchus pratensis de Man, 1880

Tylenchida: Pratylenchus scribneri Steiner in Sherbakoff & DAFF (2013) Absent: pest records Absent: pest records no Pratylenchidae Stanley, 1943 invalid/unreliable invalid/unreliable51

Tylenchida: Pratylenchus thornei Sher and Allen, 1953 DAFF (2013) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Riley & Kelly 2002) no Pratylenchidae

Tylenchida: Pratylenchus vulnus Allen & Jensen, 1951 DAFF (2013) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) no Pratylenchidae

Tylenchida: Pratylenchus zeae Graham, 1951 DAFF (2013) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Riley & Kelly 2002) no Pratylenchidae

Tylenchida: Rotylenchulus parvus Williams, 1960 Nobbs (2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Absent: no pest records yes Rotylenchulidae

51 Pratylenchus scribneri is a pathogen of potato (DAFF 2013), that is now considered to be an exotic to Australia (Hodda & Nobbs 2008). Populations previously reported as P. scribneri have been re-

described as P. quasiterioides (Hodda et al. 2014) and P. jordanensis on Vitis vinifera in Victoria and Malus domestica in Queensland (ABRS 2009).

57 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Tylenchida: Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira, 1940 DAFF (2013) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) no Rotylenchulidae

Tylenchida: Merlinius Siddiqi, 1970 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed52 no Telotylenchidae

Tylenchida: Merlinius brevidens (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1970 APPD (2016) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) no Telotylenchidae Also recorded as Tylenchorhynchus brevidens Allen, 1955; Geocenamus brevidens Brzeski 1991

Tylenchida: Quinisulcius Siddiqi, 1973 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed53 no Telotylenchidae

Tylenchida: Quinisulcius capitatus Allen, 1955 Nobbs (2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (M Hodda 2002, pers. no Telotylenchidae Also recorded as Tylenchorhynchus capitatus Allen, comm. 27 May) 1955; T. acti Hopper, 1971)

Tylenchida: Tylenchorhynchus claytoni Steiner, 1937 DAFF (2013) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Absent: no pest records yes Telotylenchidae

Tylenchida: Tylenchus Bastian, 1865 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed54 yes Tylenchidae

PROTOZOA

Physarales: Fuligo cinerea (Schwein.) Morgan, 1896 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (Herb I.M.I. 2016) Yes (AVH 2016) no Physaraceae

52An unidentified Merlinius species record has been found associated with potato in Victoria (APPD 2016). Only two species of Merlinius are reported in Australia, M. brevidens and M. nothus (Nobbs 2005; Hodda & Nobbs 2008; APPD 2016). Of these only M. brevidens has been associated with potato overseas (Olthof et al. 1982) and it is assessed separately in this pest categorisation. 53An unidentified Quinisulcius species record was found on potato in Victoria (APPD 2016). Several species of Quinisulcius are listed in eastern Australia including; Q. capitatus (syn. Tylenchorhynchus capitatus, Q. acti ), Q. curvus (syn. T. curvus), and Q. goodeyi (ABRS 2009). Of these species T. capitatus has been reported on potato in Queensland (Nobbs 2005) and has been assessed separately in this pest categorisation. Tylenchorhynchus claytoni has been reported in association with potato overseas (Samaliev 2011) and has also been assessed separately in this pest categorisation. 54 A single specimen of unidentified Tylenchus has been reported from the roots and soil of potato in Victoria (APPD 2016). Tylenchus species reported from Australia include; T. davainei, T. minutus, and T. stachys (ABRS 2009). An extensive literature search failed to find reports of these species in association with potatoes, hence this record has been considered at the genus level in the pest categorisation.

58 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Plasmodiophorales: Spongospora subterranea (Wallr.) Lagerh., 1892 Dillard et al. (1993); DAFF Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no55 Plasmodiophoraceae Also recorded as Spongospora subterranea f.sp. (2013) subterranea J.A. Toml., 1892

VIRUSES AND VIROIDS

Mononegavirales: Nucleorhabdovirus Eggplant mottled dwarf virus Jones (2014) Yes (Tang et al. 2015)56 Absent: no pest records yes Rhabdoviridae (EMDV)

Picornavirales: Cheravirus Cherry rasp leaf virus (CRLV) Jones (2014) Absent: pest records Absent: pest records no Secoviridae unreliable (IPPC 2016) unreliable (IPPC 2016)

Picornavirales: Nepovirus Lucerne Australian latent virus (LALV) Büchen-Osmond et al. Yes (Büchen-Osmond et Absent: no pest records yes Secoviridae Also recorded as Lucerne latent virus (1988) al. 1988)

Tymovirales: Potexvirus Potato aucuba mosaic virus (PAMV) DAFF (2013) Yes (Büchen-Osmond et Absent: no pest records yes Alphaflexiviridae Also recorded as Potato virus F al. 1988)

Tymovirales: Potexvirus Potato virus X (PVX) strain groups 1 and DAFF (2013) Yes (Nyalugwe et al. 2012) Yes (Wilson & Jones no Alphaflexiviridae 3 1995)57 Also recorded as Potato latent virus; Potato mild mosaic virus

Tymovirales: Carlavirus Potato virus M (PVM) DAFF (2013) Yes (Büchen-Osmond et Absent: no pest records yes Betaflexiviridae Also recorded as Potato leaf rolling mosaic virus; al. 1988) Potato paracrinkle virus

55 Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea is a vector of Potato mop-top virus (PMTV) which is exotic to Australia. Should PMTV establish in Australia, presence of S. subterranea f.sp. subterranea would be considered as a potential pathway for entry of this virus into Western Australia. It is currently considered as a potential pathway for entry of PMTV into Australia (DAFF 2013). 56 Nucleorhabdovirus Eggplant mottled dwarf virus (EMDV) is only known to occur in Australia as it was detected by New Zealand in PEQ Hibiscus syriacus imported from Australia (Tang et al. 2015). This report does not detail the state of origin, but this pathogen is not believed to be present in Western Australia. 57 Only Potato virus X (PVX) strain groups 1 and 3 occur in Australia, and both are known to occur in Western Australia (Wilson & Jones 1995), and as such are not considered separately in this pest categorisation.

59 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Tymovirales: Carlavirus Potato virus S (PVS) 58 DAFF (2013) Yes (Büchen-Osmond et Yes (Büchen-Osmond et no Betaflexiviridae al. 1988) al. 1988)

Unassigned Sobemovirus Sowbane mosaic virus (SbMV) DAFF (2013) Yes (Büchen-Osmond et Absent: no pest records yes Also recorded as Apple latent virus 2; al. 1988) Chenopodium mosaic virus; Chenopodium star mottle virus

Unassigned: Alfamovirus Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) calico DAFF (2013) Yes (Büchen-Osmond et Yes (Wilson & Jones no Bromoviridae strain59 al. 1988) 1990) Also recorded as Lucerne mosaic virus

Unassigned: Cucumovirus Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) DAFF (2013) Yes (Büchen-Osmond et Yes (Büchen-Osmond et no Bromoviridae al. 1988) al. 1988)

Unassigned: Tospovirus Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) DAFF (2013) Yes (Büchen-Osmond et Yes (McLean & Price no Bunyaviridae al. 1988) 1984)

Unassigned: Polerovirus Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) Duffus and Johnstone Yes (Büchen-Osmond et Yes (Büchen-Osmond et no Luteoviridae Also recorded as Luteovirus beet western yellows; (1982)60 al. 1988) al. 1988) Turnip mild yellows virus; Turnip yellows virus (TuYV)

Unassigned: Polerovirus Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) DAFF (2013) Yes (Büchen-Osmond et Yes (Büchen-Osmond et no Luteoviridae Also recorded as Luteovirus potato leafroll al. 1988) al. 1988)

58Potato virus S (PVS) has two recognised phylogenetic groups, PVSO (ordinary) and PVSA (Andean), of which only PVSO is known to occur in Australia (Cox & Jones 2010; Lambert et al. 2012). There are two different biological strains within the PVSO phylogenetic group, PVSO-CL (Chenopodium localised) and PVSO-CS (Chenopodium systemic) (Cox & Jones 2010; Jones 2014). Both strains are known to occur within Australia. The Chenopodium localised strain is known to occur in Western Australia and other states (Cox & Jones 2010; Lambert et al. 2012). The Chenopodium systemic strain has not yet been detected in Western Australia (Cox & Jones 2010) but has been reported from Tasmania (Lambert et al. 2012). The systemic strain only causes a marginally more severe disease than the localised strain, but not at the extent to be regulated by industry (R Jones 2016, pers. comm. 30 Nov.). Therefore, PVS strains have not been considered further in this pest categorisation. 59 Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) has calico and tuber necrosis strains in potato (Slack 2001a; Xu & Nie 2006), of which there is only evidence to support the presence of the calico strain in Australia. DAFF (2013) assessed the tuber necrosis strain as it is exotic to Australia. 60Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) does not infect potatoes. Records on potato in Tasmania cite Duffus and Johnstone (1982), which have since been deemed to be misidentified records of Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) (R Jones 2016, pers. comm. 30 Nov.). Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) was listed in this pest categorisation to clarify that it is not a disease of potato.

60 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Unassigned: Pospiviroid Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) DAFF (2013) Yes: only in some areas of Yes: only in some areas yes Pospiviroidae Also recorded as Pospiviroid Potato spindle tuber Australia (IPPC 2015) (IPPC 2015)61 'virus'; Tomato bunchy top virus

Unassigned: Potyvirus Potato virus A (PVA) DAFF (2013) Yes (Büchen-Osmond et Absent: records unreliable yes Potyviridae Also recorded as Potato mild mosaic virus; al. 1988) (Büchen-Osmond et al. Tamarillo mosaic virus (TamMV) 1988)62

Unassigned: Potyvirus Potato virus Y (PVY) 63 Jones (2014); Kehoe and Yes: some strains/groups Yes: some strains only yes Potyviridae Jones (2016) only (Coutts & Jones 2015; (Kehoe & Jones 2011; Kehoe & Jones 2016) Kehoe & Jones 2016)

Unassigned: Tobamovirus Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) DAFF (2013) Yes (Büchen-Osmond et Absent: no pest records yes Tombusviridae Also recorded as Necrovirus Tobacco necrosis al. 1988)64 virus (TNV)

Unassigned: Tobamovirus Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) DAFF (2013) Yes: some strains only Yes: some strains only no Virgaviridae (Büchen-Osmond et al. (Büchen-Osmond et al. 1988)65 1988)

61Pospiviroid Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) is established in weed species in Carnarvon, Western Australia (IPPC 2015); however, it has not been detected on potato crops produced in Western Australia and remains a prohibited organism for Western Australia under the BAM Act 2007. 62Potato virus A (PVA) has not been reported from Western Australia since the 1940s (Bald 1941). PVA has not been detected in the field in Western Australia (R Jones 2016, pers. comm. 30 Nov.). This virus causes a minor disease in the few potato varieties that lack PVA resistance gene Na. It has been detected in Kipfler ware tubers grown in the eastern states (R Jones 2016, pers. comm. 30 Nov.). 63 Some biological strains and phylogenetic groups of Potato virus Y (PVY) are present within Australia including; biological strains PVYC, PVYD, PVYN, PVYO and PVYZ, and phylogenetic group PVYNTN (Coutts & Jones 2015; Kehoe & Jones 2016). The PVY biological strains PVYC and PVYO, and phylogenetic group PVYZ are known to occur in Western Australia (Kehoe & Jones 2011; Kehoe & Jones 2016). 64 Büchen-Osmond et al. (1988) indicates that isolates of Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) in Australia are closely related to the A and D serotypes. However, the taxonomy of TNV has been revised (Meulewaeter et al. 1990; Coutts et al. 1991 cited in DAFF 2013, p. 69), and DAFF (2013) considered TNV-A and TNV-D strains as exotic to Australia. 65DAFF (2013) considered the potato strain of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV-P) to be absent from Australia. Jones (2014) stated that TMV has been reported to occur on potato in Europe and the Andean region, but in general it is rarely found in potato. Natural infection of potato has not been reported in Australia (R Jones 2016, pers. comm. 30 Nov.). TMV causes a disease of tobacco that is becoming less important world-wide as the tobacco crop declines (R Jones 2016, pers. comm 30 Nov.).

61 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production

Solanum tuberosum Present in Western Higher classification Organism association Present in Australia Australian Assess further

Unassigned: Tobamovirus Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) DAFF (2013)66 Yes (Büchen-Osmond et Yes (Büchen-Osmond et no Virgaviridae al. 1988) al. 1988)

66Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) is found in most regions of Australia on alternative hosts (Büchen-Osmond et al. 1988). Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) rarely infects potato (Jones 2014). Although no state records have been found for this virus on potatoes in Australia (R Jones 2016, pers. comm. 30 Nov.), it has been included in this pest categorisation for transparency, as DAFF (2013) did not differentiate between strains that infect potato and those that occur on tomato in Australia. Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) causes a disease of tomato that has become less important world-wide as commercial varieties now have resistance genes (R Jones 2016, pers. comm 30 Nov.)

62 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 6: Pathway association and potential for establishment, spread and economic consequences (pathogens) Pathway associated quarantine Organism Pathway association Potential for establishment and spread Potential economic consequence pest BACTERIA AND PHYTOPLASMAS Arthrobacter Conn and Dimmick, 1947 Yes: Isolated from potato tubers and Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown No: Arthrobacter species can no [Actinomycetales: Micrococcaceae] roots (Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2014). in Western Australia (ABS 2015). promote plant growth (Sessitsch et al. 2004) or show antimicrobial activity against some potato diseases (Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2014) Cytophaga Winogradsky, 1929 Yes: Reported in association with soft Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown No: Cytophaga species have no [Cytophagales: Cytophagaceae] rot of tubers (Sampson & Walker in Western Australia (ABS 2015). potential as a biocontrol agents and 1982b). predatory bacteria (Sessitsch et al. 2004; Gumbo et al. 2008; Velicer & Mendes-Soares 2009). No evidence of association with plant disease could be found. Dickeya zeae Samson et al., 2005 Yes: Associated with bacterial soft rot Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Diseases caused by yes [Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae] affecting tubers (Powelson & Franc in Western Australia (ABS 2015). Dickeya sp. in potato and other crops 2001). affect the growing plant and cause post-harvest decay (Czajkowski et al. 2015). Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis Yes: Reported in association with Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Causes soft rot of root yes (Brown 1918) Stevens, 1925 bacterial soft rot of tubers (Li et al. in Western Australia (ABS 2015). vegetable crops, bacterial head rot of [Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae] 2007). brassica crops and marginal leaf blight and soft rot of lettuce (Koike et al. 2007; Persley et al. 2010). Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith 1896) Yes: Ralstonia solanacearum is Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: One of the most destructive yes Yabuuchi et al., 1996 commonly tuber-borne (Allen et al. in Western Australia (ABS 2015). potato diseases, limiting production [Burkholderiales: Burkholderiaceae] 2001). of the crop in parts of Asia, Africa, and South and Central America (Allen et al. 2001). Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria No: Although Hayward and Waterston Assessment not required Assessment not required no (Doidge 1920) Dye, 1978 (1964) lists Solanum tuberosum as one [Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae] of many hosts, no evidence could be found to associate this bacterium with potato tubers.

63 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Acremonium cereale (P. Karst.) W. Gams, Yes: A single record of G. cerealis Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown No: Economically the genus no 1971 (syn.) was found from a potato tuber in Western Australia (ABS 2015). Gliomastix (syn.) is not especially [Hypocreales] (APPD 2016). It has also been important though the ability of most reported from a decaying tuber and a species to decompose cellulose has wound potato (Dickinson 1968), and been noted (Dickinson 1968). rhizoplane and rhizosphere soil (Lenc et al. 2016).

Acremonium implicatum (J.C. Gilman & E.V. No: Isolated from leaves of Solanum Assessment not required Assessment not required no Abbott) W. Gams, 1975 tuberosum (Herb I.M.I. 2016). No [Hypoceales] evidence could be found to associate this pathogen with potato tubers.

Acremonium persicinum (Nicot) W. Gams, No: Only a few reports of Assessment not required Assessment not required no 1971 A. persicinum associated with Solanum [Hypoceales] tuberosum was found (Farr & Rossman 2016). No evidence could be found to associate this pathogen with potato tubers.

Alternaria crassa (Sacc.) Rands, 1917 No: Mainly reported on Datura spp. in Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] Australia (APPD 2016) and once on Citrus aurantiacum in South Australia (Herb I.M.I. 2016). No evidence could be found to associate this pathogen with potato tubers.

64 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 6: Pathway association and potential for establishment, spread and economic consequences (pathogens) Pathway associated quarantine Organism Pathway association Potential for establishment and spread Potential economic consequence pest Alternaria protenta E.G. Simmons, 1986 Yes: Alternaria protenta causes early Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Alternaria protenta is one of a yes [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] blight along with A. solani and has in Western Australia (ABS 2015). number of pathogens that cause been reported from a potato tuber early blight, which can cause up to (Woudenberg et al. 2014). 20% yield loss (Franc & Christ 2001).

Aphanocladium W. Gams, 1971 No: A single record of Aphanocladium Assessment not required. Assessment not required. no [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] has been detected on the stolon end of a potato tuber (APPD 2016). However, no evidence could be found to associate this pathogen with disease of potato tubers.

Aphanocladium album (Preuss) W. Gams, No: No evidence could be found to Assessment not required Assessment not required no 1971 associate this pathogen with disease of [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] potato tubers.

Boeremia foveata (Foister) Aveskamp, Yes: Boeremia foveata causes Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Lesions on tubers range from yes Gruyter & Verkley, 2010 gangrene of tubers (Copeland 2001). in Western Australia (ABS 2015). small depressions on the tuber skin [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae] to large irregular shaped, sharp- edged lesions. Tuber symptoms caused by B. foveata are common in northern Europe and parts of Australia (Copeland 2001).

Calonectria ilicicola Boedijn & Reitsma, 1950 Yes: Reported in association with Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] potato (Crous 2002); however, no evidence could be found to associate this pathogen with disease of potato tubers.

Chaetomium trilaterale Chivers, 1912 No: Only reported from Durio Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Sordariales: Chaetomiaceae] zibethinus in Queensland (APPD 2016). Reported to cause leaf lesions on potato (Cook 1954).

65 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 6: Pathway association and potential for establishment, spread and economic consequences (pathogens) Pathway associated quarantine Organism Pathway association Potential for establishment and spread Potential economic consequence pest Choanephora cucurbitarum (Berk. & Ravenel) No: Reported to infect leaves, petioles Assessment not required Assessment not required no Thaxt., 1903 and stems (Allen et al. 2001). [Mucorales: Choanephoraceae]

Colletotrichum dematium (Pers.) Grove, 1918 No: The only verified record of Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Glomerellales: Glomerellaceae] C. dematium on potato is from stem material (Damm et al. 2009; Herb I.M.I. 2016).

Curvularia uncinata Bugnic., 1950 No: A single record in association with Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] potato leaves (APPD 2016). No evidence could be found to associate this pathogen with potato tubers.

Cylindrocarpon obtusisporum (Cooke & Yes: There is a report of Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Cylindrocarpon obtusisporum yes Harkn.) Wollenw., 1916 C. obtusisporum on potato tuber in in Western Australia (ABS 2015). has been reported to cause Black- [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] Germany (Cabral et al. 2012). Foot disease of grapevine (Scheck et al. 1998) and as a root pathogen of alfalfa and sweet clover (Cormack 1937).

Cylindrocladium clavatum Hodges & L.C. May, Yes: Causal agent of brown-eye; a late Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Causes rot of potato tubers and yes 1972 season and storage disease of potato in Western Australia (ABS 2015). roots of other economic crops such [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] tubers (Lopes et al. 1983a). as peas, peanuts, eucalyptus, pine, soybeans (Bolkan et al. 1981; Lopes et al. 1983b; Dianese et al. 1986).

Epicoccum huancayense (Turkensteen) Q. No: Generally associated with dead Assessment not required Assessment not required no Chen & L. Cai, 2015 leaves of various plants (de Gruyter et [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] al. 1998). Isolated from a stem of Solanum sp. in Peru (Chen et al. 2015) and only one report on barrel medic seed in Victoria (APPD 2016).

66 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 6: Pathway association and potential for establishment, spread and economic consequences (pathogens) Pathway associated quarantine Organism Pathway association Potential for establishment and spread Potential economic consequence pest Erysiphe orontii Castagne, 1851 No: Australian records of E. orontii on Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae] potato are from leaf and stem tissue (Cunnington et al. 2005; APPD 2016). No evidence could be found to associate this pathogen with potato tubers.

Eupenicillium senticosum D.B. Scott, 1968 No: A single record of P. senticosum Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae] was found from a potato plant in NSW (APPD 2016). No evidence could be found to associate this pathogen with potato tubers.

Fusarium anguioides Sherb., 1915 No: A single record of F. anguioides Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] was found in Queensland on Xanthorrhoea (APPD 2016). Only one report from 1915 was found for association with potato tubers (Sherbakoff 1915).

Fusarium anthophilum (A. Braun) Wollenw., Yes: Isolated from potato tuber and Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown No: It is not considered to be no 1916 stem (APPD 2016). in Western Australia (ABS 2015). pathogenic to plants or to pose a [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] mycotoxigenic risk (Summerell et al. 2011b).

Fusarium flocciferum Corda, 1831 Yes: It can cause potato dry rot (Niu et Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Fusarium species cause potato yes [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] al. 2011) and is associated with black in Western Australia (ABS 2015). dry rot and wilt which lead to potato rot (Summerell et al. 2011b). yield and quality loss (Secor & Salas 2001).

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans No: There is only one report of this Assessment not required Assessment not required no (Wollenw.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen, 1940 pathogen on cabbage in Queensland [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] and there have been no additional reports in the last 40 years (Summerell et al. 2011b).

67 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 6: Pathway association and potential for establishment, spread and economic consequences (pathogens) Pathway associated quarantine Organism Pathway association Potential for establishment and spread Potential economic consequence pest Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum W.C. Yes: Reported as causing tuber rot in Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Fusarium species cause potato yes Snyder & H.N. Hansen, 1940 potato (Whiteside 1966). in Western Australia (ABS 2015). dry rot and wilt which lead to potato [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] yield and quality loss (Secor & Salas 2001). Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum also causes wilt in cotton (Crutcher et al. 2016) and other crops.

Fusarium poae (Peck) Wollenw., 1913 Yes: Reported as causing potato dry Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Fusarium species cause potato yes [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] rot (Lõiveke 2006). in Western Australia (ABS 2015). dry rot and wilt which lead to potato yield and quality loss (Secor & Salas 2001). Fusarium poae also causes root rot in cereals and barley (Lõiveke 2006) and head blight in cereals (Summerell et al. 2011b).

Helicobasidium purpureum (Tul.) Pat., 1885 Yes: Helicobasidium purpureum can Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Causes violet root rot of a wide yes [Helicobasidiales: Helicobasidiaceae] develop on potato tubers (Garrett in Western Australia (ABS 2015). range of vegetable crops. It is an 1946). important disease of carrot; affected roots are unsightly and can have an unpleasant flavour (Hering 1962; Koike et al. 2007).

Monographella cucumerina (Lindf.) Arx, 1984 Yes: Plectosphaerella cucumerina Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Causes Microdochium blight yes [Ustilaginales: Ustilaginaceae] (synonym) has been reported in potato in Western Australia (ABS 2015). cucurbits (Zitter et al. 1996). tubers (Treikale et al. 2015).

Passalora concors (Casp.) U. Braun & Crous, No: Mycovellosiella concors (syn.) Assessment not required Assessment not required no 2003 causes leaf blotch of potatoes (Allen et [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae] al. 2001).

68 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 6: Pathway association and potential for establishment, spread and economic consequences (pathogens) Pathway associated quarantine Organism Pathway association Potential for establishment and spread Potential economic consequence pest Pestalotiopsis oxyanthi (Thüm.) Steyaert, No: A single record of P. oxyanthi Assessment not required Assessment not required no 1949 isolated from a potato plant in NSW [Xylariales: Amphisphaeriaceae] was found (APPD 2016). No evidence could be found to associate this pathogen with potato tubers.

Phacidiopycnis tuberivora (Güssow & W.R. Yes: Causes a dry, corky stem-end rot Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Reported to infect potato, yes Foster) B. Sutton, 1980 of tubers (Foster & MacLeod 1932). in Western Australia (ABS 2015). Medicago sativa, hop, Hoya spp. and [Helotiales: Bulgariaceae] Olearia traversii (Sutton 1980; Gent et al. 2013). It causes dry, corky stem-end rot of tubers (Foster & MacLeod 1932). Immature tubers can be completely mummified (Foster & MacLeod 1932 cited in DAFF 2013 p. 44). In hops it cause red crown rot and yield losses have been reported to be higher than 20% in Oregon (Gent et al. 2009).

Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, 1876 Yes: Can infect all parts of the potato Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Causes late blight which is yes [Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae] (Fry et al. 2001). in Western Australia (ABS 2015). probably the most important potato disease worldwide and responsible for the Irish potato famine of the late 1840s (Fry et al. 2001).

Pythiogeton ramosum Minden, 1916 Yes: Reported to cause soft rot of Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Causes tuber decay, soft and yes [Pythiales: Pythiogetonaceae] potato tubers (Le et al. 2014). in Western Australia (ABS 2015). brown in colour and it is also pathogenic on several other economic crops such as, carrot, sweet potato, bean, capsicum and cauliflowers(Le et al. 2014). Pathogen of ginger at high temperatures (Le et al. 2015).

69 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 6: Pathway association and potential for establishment, spread and economic consequences (pathogens) Pathway associated quarantine Organism Pathway association Potential for establishment and spread Potential economic consequence pest Pythium deliense Meurs, 1934 Yes: Causal agent of watery wound rot Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Significant postharvest losses to yes [Pythiales: Pythiaceae] or shell rot on potato tubers (Salas & in Western Australia (ABS 2015). watery wound rot or shell rot have Secor 2001). been reported in warm conditions (Salas & Secor 2001). Pythium deliense has also been reported to cause damping-off of tomato seedlings, stem-burn of tobacco and fruit rot of okra (Waterhouse & Waterston 1966).

Sarocladium strictum (W. Gams) Summerell, Yes: Sarocladium strictum has been Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Sarocladium strictum (as yes 2011 isolated from potato roots (Lenc et al. in Western Australia (ABS 2015). Cephalosporium acremonium) [Hypocreales] 2016) and tubers (Cwalina-Ambroziak causes black bundle disease of corn. et al. 2015). Infected plants may be unproductive, have excessive tiller or may produce multiple ears per (White 1999). Acremonium strictum (syn.) has also been identified as a human pathogen in immunosuppressed individuals, causing localised, disseminated and invasive infections (Sharma et al. 2013).

Stachylidium bicolor Link, 1809 No: Reported in association with potato Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Ascomycota] roots (APPD 2016).Generally reported from dead stems and twigs (Ellis 1971).

Thelonectria olida (Wollenw.) P. Chaverri & C. Yes: Cylindrocarpon olidum (syn.) was Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown No: One occurrence isolated from no Salgado, 2011 isolated from potato tuber polygonal in Western Australia (ABS 2015). atypical skin blemishes of potato [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] blemishes (Fiers et al. 2010; Gashgari tubers (Fiers et al. 2010). No & Gherbawy 2013). evidence of significant economic consequences has been found on other crops.

70 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 6: Pathway association and potential for establishment, spread and economic consequences (pathogens) Pathway associated quarantine Organism Pathway association Potential for establishment and spread Potential economic consequence pest Thielavia basicola Zopf, 1876 No: A single record of T. basicola Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Sordariales: Chaetomiaceae] isolated from a potato stem rot in NSW was found (APPD 2016). No evidence could be found to associate this pathogen with potato tubers.

Trichocladium asperum Harz, 1871 Yes: Trichocladium asperum has been Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown No: One occurrence isolated from no [Sordariales: Chaetomiaceae] reported in association with rot and in Western Australia (ABS 2015). atypical skin blemishes of potato atypical blemishes of tubers (Fiers et tubers (Fiers et al. 2010). Not known al. 2010; APPD 2016). as a primary plant pathogen; reported as a secondary invader or saprobe (Kirk 1994).

Umbelopsis versiformis Amos & H.L. Barnett, Yes: Isolated from tuber in Victoria Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown No: Reported from soil and plant no 1966 (APPD 2016). in Western Australia (ABS 2015). debris (Amos & Barnett 1966; Wang [Mucorales: Mucoraceae] et al. 2013). No evidence of significant economic consequences has been found.

Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berthold, Yes: Verticillium can be spread by Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: It causes Verticillium wilt of yes 1879 contaminated seed tubers (Davis & in Western Australia (ABS 2015). potato which is a widespread disease [Plectosphaerellaceae] Huisman 2001). of economic importance in most production regions of the world (Davis & Huisman 2001). It is particularly severe in arid, warm climates. Both yield and quality may be affected with yield loss possibly over 40% (Davis & Huisman 2001).

71 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 6: Pathway association and potential for establishment, spread and economic consequences (pathogens) Pathway associated quarantine Organism Pathway association Potential for establishment and spread Potential economic consequence pest Verticillium dahliae Kleb., 1913 (VCGs not Yes: Verticillium can be spread by Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: It causes Verticillium wilt of yes present) contaminated seed tubers (Davis & in Western Australia (ABS 2015). potato which is a widespread disease [Plectosphaerellaceae] Huisman 2001). of economic importance in most production regions of the world (Davis & Huisman 2001). It is particularly severe in arid, warm climates. Both yield and quality may be affected with yield loss possibly over 40% (Davis & Huisman 2001).

Verticillium tricorpus I. Isaac, 1953 Yes: Can infect potato tubers Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown No: Although it infects potato no [Plectosphaerellaceae] (Robinson et al. 2006). in Western Australia (ABS 2015). V. tricorpus is a weaker pathogen which has potential as an antagonist against aggressive pathogen V dahlia (Robinson et al. 2007).

NEMATODES Cephalobus Bastian, 1863 No: Cephalobus (unidentified species) Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Rhabditida: Cephalobidae] has been reported in association with roots and soil of potato of unknown origin (APPD 2016). No evidence could be found to associate this nematode with potato tubers. Clarkus Jairajpuri, 1970 No: Clarkus (unidentified species) has Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Mononchida: Mononchidae] been reported in association soil of a potato crop in Tasmania (APPD 2016). No evidence could be found to associate this nematode with potato tubers.

72 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 6: Pathway association and potential for establishment, spread and economic consequences (pathogens) Pathway associated quarantine Organism Pathway association Potential for establishment and spread Potential economic consequence pest Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn 1857) Filip'ev, 1936 Yes: Ditylenchus dipsaci has been Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Ditylenchus dipsaci is an yes [Tylenchina: Anguinidae] reported to cause conical pits on some in Western Australia (ABS 2015). economically important pest affecting infected tubers(Mwaura et al. 2015). potato production in temperate climate zones (Mwaura et al. 2015). Some D. dipsaci races have been reported to be polyphagous, infecting a wide range of crops (Janssen 1994). Globodera rostochiensis Wollenweber, 1923 Yes: Potato cyst nematodes have Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Potato cyst nematode is a major yes [Tylenchida: Heteroderidae] been reported to infest tubers in Western Australia (ABS 2015). pest of potato, causing serious losses (MacGuidwin 1993; Vovlas 1996) and in yield and quality of tubers as contaminants of tubers (Turner & (Whitehead & Turner 1998). Evans 1998; Brodie 2001). Regulatory controls are imposed on potato cyst nematode by many countries (Brodie 2001). Mesorhabditis Osche, 1952 No: Only one report of an unidentified Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Rhabditida: Rhabditidae] species of Mesorhabditis has been associated with soil from a potato plant in Tasmania (APPD 2016). No evidence could be found to associate this nematode with tubers.

Paralongidorus sacchari Siddiqi, Hooper & No: No evidence could be found to Assessment not required Assessment not required no Khan, 1963 associate this nematode with potato [Dorylaimida: Longidoridae] disease in general, or potato tubers.

73 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 6: Pathway association and potential for establishment, spread and economic consequences (pathogens) Pathway associated quarantine Organism Pathway association Potential for establishment and spread Potential economic consequence pest Paratrichodorus mirzai (Siddiqi, 1960) No: One report of P. mirzai from soil Assessment not required Assessment not required no Siddiqi, 1974 associated with a potato plant in NSW [Triplonchida: Trichodoridae] was found (APPD 2016). Stubby root nematodes are ecto-parasites that feed on root tips and cause little direct damage to tubers (Santo & Mojtahedi 2001). No evidence could be found to associate this nematode with potato tubers.

Pratylenchus goodeyi Sher & Allen, 1953 Yes: Pratylenchus species can attack Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Pratylenchus species are yes [Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae] tubers and cause small lesions on the in Western Australia (ABS 2015). generally polyphagous (Hunt et al. tuber surface. Infected tubers serve as 2005). On its main host, banana, a source of inoculum (MacGuidwin P. goodeyi causes stunting of plants 2001; Scurrah et al. 2005) and reduction in leaf size and number and bunch weight (Gowen et al. 2005). Pratylenchus jordanensis Hashim, 1983 Yes: Pratylenchus species can attack Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Pratylenchus species are yes [Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae] tubers and cause small lesions on the in Western Australia (ABS 2015). generally polyphagous (Hunt et al. tuber surface. Infected tubers serve as 2005). Reported to cause root lesions a source of inoculum (MacGuidwin on Hippeastrum species (Stirling & 2001; Scurrah et al. 2005). Stirling 2002), affect shoot growth and productivity in apple replants (Stirling et al. 1995) and associated with grapevines (misidentified as P. scribneri) (Stirling 1976). Pratylenchus loosi Loof, 1960 Yes: Pratylenchus species can attack Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Pratylenchus species are yes [Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae] tubers and cause small lesions on the in Western Australia (ABS 2015). generally polyphagous (Hunt et al. tuber surface. Infected tubers serve as 2005). Pratylenchus loosi is recorded a source of inoculum (MacGuidwin as a serious pest of tea in many 2001; Scurrah et al. 2005). regions and also caused damage on vegetable crops forming disease complexes with soil-borne root fungi (Luc et al. 2005).

74 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 6: Pathway association and potential for establishment, spread and economic consequences (pathogens) Pathway associated quarantine Organism Pathway association Potential for establishment and spread Potential economic consequence pest Pratylenchus pratensis (de Man, 1880) Yes: Pratylenchus species can attack Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Pratylenchus species are yes Filip'jev, 1936 tubers and cause small lesions on the in Western Australia (ABS 2015). generally polyphagous (Hunt et al. [Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae] tuber surface. Infected tubers serve as 2005). Pratylenchus pratensis is a source of inoculum (MacGuidwin associated with more serious 2001; Scurrah et al. 2005). diseases of other crops including; ginger, maize, sugarcane and tobacco (Luc et al. 2005). Also reported to cause damage to grapevines (Pearson & Goheen 1988). Rotylenchulus parvus Sher, 1961 No: No evidence could be found that Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Tylenchida: Rotylenchulidae] R. parvus is a pathogen of potato. Rotylenchus (Rotylenchus) buxophilus No: Reported in association with soil Assessment not required Assessment not required no Golden, 1956 under potato crops Matute et al. [Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae] (2013). However, no evidence could be found to associate R. buxophilis with potato tubers. Trichodorus Cobb, 1913 No: Trichodorus species are ecto- Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Triplonchida: Trichodoridae] parasites that feed on root tips and cause little direct damage to tubers (Santo & Mojtahedi 2001). Commonly associated with roots of perennial and woody plants, causing stunting of the roots (Santo & Mojtahedi 2001; Hunt et al. 2005). No evidence could be found to associate this nematode with potato tubers.

75 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation

Table 6: Pathway association and potential for establishment, spread and economic consequences (pathogens) Pathway associated quarantine Organism Pathway association Potential for establishment and spread Potential economic consequence pest Tylenchorhynchus claytoni Steiner, 1937 No: Although there are no Australian Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Tylenchida: Telotylenchidae] records of T. claytoni on potatoes, this is reported to be pathogenic to potatoes overseas (DAFF 2013). Tylenchorhynchus claytoni is an ectoparasitic that feeds on roots and has not been reported to infect tubers (Anderson & Potter 1991; MacGuidwin 1993). Tylenchus Bastian, 1865 No: Reported in association with soil Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Tylenchida: Tylenchidae] and roots associated with potato crops (APPD 2016). However, no evidence could be found to associate Tylenchus species with potato tubers.

VIRUSES/VIROIDS Nucleorhabdovirus Eggplant mottled dwarf Yes: Eggplant mottled dwarf virus Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Eggplant mottled dwarf virus yes virus (EMDV) (EMDV) affects potatoes occasionally in Western Australia (ABS 2015). (EMDV) is highly damaging to [Mononegavirales: Rhabdoviridae] (Jeffries 1998; Jones 2014). Infection is vegetable crops. It causes severe systemic and can be transmitted stunting, chlorosis and wilting in through infected potato tubers primary infection (Jeffries 1998; (Jackson et al. 2005). Jackson et al. 2005). Eggplant mottled dwarf virus (EMDV) is considered of quarantine concern by the South Korean NPPO (DAFF 2013).

Nepovirus Lucerne Australian latent virus No: Although LALV has been detected Assessment not required Assessment not required no (LALV) on potato (tissue type not pecified) in [Picornavirales: Secoviridae] Queensland (Büchen-Osmond et al. 1988), no evidence could be found to associate this virus with potato tubers.

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Table 6: Pathway association and potential for establishment, spread and economic consequences (pathogens) Pathway associated quarantine Organism Pathway association Potential for establishment and spread Potential economic consequence pest Potexvirus Potato aucuba mosaic virus Yes: Potato aucuba mosaic virus Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: The yield of potato crops is yes (PAMV) (PAMV) has been detected on tubers in Western Australia (ABS 2015). affected differently between varieties [Tymovirales: Alphaflexiviridae] in New South Wales and Victoria Transmission requires a helper virus, and strain of the virus. Control (Büchen-Osmond et al. 1988). either PVA or PVY and the aphid requires choice of resistant varieties, Myzus persicae (Büchen-Osmond et aphid control, roguing of infected al. 1988). Strains of PVY are known to plants and removal of volunteers occur in Western Australia (Coutts & (Büchen-Osmond et al. 1988). Jones 2015), as does M. persicae (APPD 2016).

Carlavirus Potato virus M (PVM) Yes: Infected tubers are common Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Potato virus M (PVM) causes yes [Tymovirales: Betaflexiviridae] source of the virus (German 2001b) in Western Australia (ABS 2015). the diseases potato leaf rolling mosaic and paracrinkle. Effects on whole plants include stunting of shoots and rolling of the tops (Jeffries 1998; German 2001b). Yield losses can be significant in some situations, ranging from 14 to 45% (Jeffries 1998; German 2001b).

Sobemovirus Sowbane mosaic virus (SbMV) No: Sowbane mosaic virus (SbMV) Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Unassigned] rarely infects potato (Jones 2014), and reports of tuber infection could not be found in the general literature. Seed transmission occurs in alternative hosts but has not been demonstrated in true potato seed (Slack & German 2001).

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Table 6: Pathway association and potential for establishment, spread and economic consequences (pathogens) Pathway associated quarantine Organism Pathway association Potential for establishment and spread Potential economic consequence pest Pospiviroid Potato spindle tuber viroid Yes: Potato spindle tuber viroid Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Potato spindle tuber viroid yes (PSTVd) (PSTVd) can be transmitted via tubers in Western Australia (ABS 2015). (PSTVd) causes spindle tuber [Unassigned: Pospiviroidae] (Slack 2001b). disease in potato and bunchy top in tomato. Singh and Kaur (2014) reported 59% less yield when they compared the size and shape of tubers from PSTVd infected plants with healthy plants.

Potyvirus Potato virus A (PVA) Yes: Potato virus A (PVA) is Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Potato virus A (PVA) causes a yes [Unassigned: Potyviridae] transmitted from one generation to the in Western Australia (ABS 2015). minor disease in the few potato next by planting infected tubers varieties that lack PVA resistance (German 2001a) gene Na (R Jones 2016, pers. comm. 30 Nov.). However, PVA can act as a helper virus for transmission of PAMV (Büchen-Osmond et al. 1988), and mixed infections with PVX can lead to higher yield losses (Slack 2001c).

Potyvirus Potato virus Y (PVY) biological Yes: Potato virus Y (PVY) can persist Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown Yes: Potato virus Y (PVY) is one of yes strains D and N, and phylogenetic group NTN in tubers (German 2001c). in Western Australia (ABS 2015). the most important diseases affecting [Unassigned: Potyviridae] tubers. PVYNTN is a much more serious disease as it can be associated with tuber ringspot necrotic symptoms (Zheng et al. 2012).

Tobamovirus Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) No: Jones (2014) states that TNV Assessment not required Assessment not required no [Unassigned: Tombusviridae] infection is relatively uncomon in potato. In addition, reports of TNV in QLD and Vic are on other hosts (Büchen-Osmond et al. 1988).

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