Nucleorhabdovirus Draft pest categorisation of organisms associated with washed ware potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) imported from other Australian states and territories This page is intentionally left blank Contributing authors Bennington JMA Research Officer – Biosecurity and Regulation, Plant Biosecurity Hammond NE Research Officer – Biosecurity and Regulation, Plant Biosecurity Poole MC Research Officer – Biosecurity and Regulation, Plant Biosecurity Shan F Research Officer – Biosecurity and Regulation, Plant Biosecurity Wood CE Technical Officer – Biosecurity and Regulation, Plant Biosecurity Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, December 2016 Document citation DAFWA 2016, Draft pest categorisation of organisms associated with washed ware potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) imported from other Australian states and territories. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, South Perth. 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For further information or additional copies of this document, please contact: Marc Poole Plant Biosecurity Biosecurity and Regulation Department of Agriculture and Food 3 Baron-Hay Court South Perth WA 6151 Telephone: +61 8 9368 3224 Email: [email protected] Post: Locked Bag 4 Bentley Delivery Centre WA 6983 Important disclaimer The Chief Executive Officer of the Department of Agriculture and Food and the State of Western Australia accept no liability whatsoever by reason of negligence or otherwise arising from the use or release of this information or any part of it. Accessibility – screen readers To enhance your experience, we suggest turning off spelling error notification as there are agricultural and departmental terms that may not be found in your local computer’s dictionary. This page is intentionally left blank Contents Summary ........................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 4 Determining an organisms quarantine pest status .......................................................... 4 Association with potato production in Australia .......................................................... 4 Association with the washed ware potato pathway .................................................... 5 Potential to establish and spread in Western Australia .............................................. 5 Potential for economic consequences ....................................................................... 5 Final determination .................................................................................................... 6 Consultation ................................................................................................................... 6 Pest categorisation of invertebrates ................................................................................... 7 Pest categorisation of pathogens ..................................................................................... 27 References ...................................................................................................................... 79 Tables Table 1: Pest categorisation summary .............................................................................. 2 Table 2 Quarantine pests associated with imported washed ware potatoes ...................... 3 Table 3: Invertebrates potentially associated with Australian potato production ................ 7 Table 4: Pathway association and potential for establishment, spread and economic consequences (invertebrates) ..........................................................................................21 Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production ...................27 Table 6: Pathway association and potential for establishment, spread and economic consequences (pathogens) ..............................................................................................63 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation Summary The Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia (DAFWA) has prepared this draft pest categorisation as the first step in the policy review of washed ware potatoes imported into Western Australia from other states and territories. The purpose of the pest categorisation is to determine what quarantine pests are potentially associated with the washed ware potato pathway. Washed ware potatoes from interstate are currently permitted entry into Western Australia under strict quarantine conditions for specific pests and diseases. This policy has been in place for many years and is being reviewed to ensure it provides an appropriate level of protection for the state. The policy review is being undertaken via a pest risk analysis (PRA) process. A PRA is one mechanism by which DAFWA’s Plant Biosecurity Policy Group determines the biosecurity risks associated with commodities imported from other Australian states and territories, and provides scientific justification for any recommended phytosanitary measures. Any recommended phytosanitary measures are required to be compliant with international and national agreements. The draft pest categorisation (this document) identifies invertebrate and pathogen pests that are: associated with the washed ware potato pathway, absent from Western Australia, have the potential to establish in Western Australia, and be of economic concern should they establish in Western Australia. This report has assessed 430 candidate organisms potentially associated with commercial and non-commercial potato production in Australia (Table 1). Of these candidate organisms, 6 invertebrates and 31 pathogens (Table 2) were identified as pests of quarantine concern associated with the washed ware potato pathway that satisfy the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) definition of a quarantine pest: ‘A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled’ (ISPM 5 2016). At the conclusion of the consultation period for this draft pest categorisation, DAFWA will consider stakeholder submissions and incorporate relevant information into the draft policy review. The quarantine pests identified in the pest categorisation will undergo further assessment in the draft policy review to: determine the unrestricted risk of entry, establishment and spread of the pests in Western Australia, and determine the extent where necessary of any phytosanitary measures required to provide an appropriate level of protection for Western Australia. 1 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation Table 1: Pest categorisation summary1 Organism group Associated with Absent from Potential Potential to Potential for Quarantine pest Australian potato Western Australia presence on the establish economic species production or of regional washed ware consequences concern potato pathway Mites 7 2 1 1 1 1 Insects 158 35 9 9 5 5 Total invertebrates 165 37 10 10 6 6 No data in this row Bacteria 25 6 5 5 3 3 Phytoplasmas 5 1 0 0 0 0 Fungi 167 61 23 22 16 16 Nematodes 47 24 6 6 6 6 Protozoa 2 0 0 0 0 0 Viruses & Viroids 19 6 6 6 6 6 Total pathogens 265 98 40 39 31 31 No data in this row Total organisms 430 135 50 49 37 37 1Numbers include organisms with incomplete categorisation. 2 Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation Table 2 Quarantine pests associated with imported washed ware potatoes Scientific name Common name Invertebrate Cheiroplatys latipes (Guérin-Méneville, 1831) potato scarab Hapatesus (Hapatesus) hirtus Candèze, 1863 potato wireworm Rhizoglyphus robini Claparède, 1868 bulb mite Rhopaea magnicornis Blackburn, 1888 rhopaea canegrub Sericesthis geminata Boisduval, 1835 pruinose scarab Pathogen Alternaria protenta E.G. Simmons, 1986 early blight Boeremia foveata (Foister) Aveskamp, Gruyter & Verkley, 2010 gangrene Carlavirus Potato virus M Potato virus M (PVM) Cylindrocarpon obtusisporum (Cooke & Harkn.) Wollenw., 1916 black-foot (grapevine) Cylindrocladium clavatum Hodges & L.C. May, 1972 brown-eye Dickeya zeae Samson et al., 2005 bacterial soft rot Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn 1857) Filip'ev, 1936 stem nematode Fusarium flocciferum Corda, 1831 dry rot Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen, dry rot 1940 Fusarium poae (Peck) Wollenw., 1913 dry rot Globodera rostochiensis Wollenweber, 1923 potato cyst nematodes (PCN) Helicobasidium purpureum (Tul.) Pat., 1885 root rot (vegetables) Monographella