Reducing CO2 emissions in engines

Students: Marko Eržen Simon Rihtaršič Tabor, April 2008 INDEX

1. Introduction 2. Lower emissins can be achieved 3. Audi TDI engines 4. Exploatation of alternative drive fuels 4.1. Natural gas 4.2. Bio-ethanol 4.3. Car-gas 6. Hydrogen drive 7. Hybrid drive 8. Comparisons 9. Conclusion 10. Source 1.Introduction

 In EU there are 19 % of CO2 emissions caused by cars and light transport vehicles

 It was found out that in one decade until the year 2004 there were , in average, achieved 12,4 % lower CO2 emissions.

 The reason for higher emissions is the increasing number of cars and the power of new cars, which had increased by 2004 for 28% in average.

 There is also a desire to become oil independent, since most vehicles are based on oil fuels

 That is why there is a suggested obliged limit of 125g

CO2/km by the year 2015. Tukaj vidimo porabo nafte na dan in kdo porabi največ nafte. In ceno nafte glede na polnjenje enega rezervoarja honde civic. 2. Lower emissions can be achieved by:

◦ Alternative fuel and drive system ◦ Greater use of hybrid engines ◦ Improved petrol engines ◦ Increased use of diesel engines ◦ Decreased weight of a vehicle with the use of aluminium ◦ Installing mechanisms for stopping and pulling away ◦ Improved gearbox ◦ Improved aerodynamic shape ◦ The use of lubricants and ball bearings with less friction ◦ Installing more effective air-condition devices ◦ The use of tyres with low running resistance 3. Audi TDI engines with ultra-low emission system

 Most environment friendly diesel engines in the world: - low fuel consumption - never-so-low emissions

 New injection system (fuel is injected with 2000 bars)

 This system reduces CO2 emissions even to 90%

 The system needs AdBlue solution – biodegradable supplement

 The entire ultra-low emission system is composed of: -catalyst, -module for measuring off AdBlue solution -AdBlue tank, -heated tubes and sensor system

 The system for exhaust gases filtration includes: -supplementary oxidant catalyst -highly efficient levelled filter (for hard parts)

4.Exploitation of alternative drive fuels

 4.1. Natural gas:  Compressed natural gas is used (CNG)

 Advantages: -keep their power -harmful emissions: -22 % less carbon dioxide -80 % less carbon monoxide -73 % less hydrocarbons -80 % less sulphur -low price ( 0,6 €/l ) -more energy efficient than petrol (octane number 130)

 Disadvantages: -a bit higher price of a vehicle -too few pumps Natural gas tank Gas filling vent ( usually set in the boot )

The switch for a simple hange from petrol to natural gas fuel.  Modified models powered by natural gas  4.2. Bio-ethanol  Advantages: - CO2 emissions: -18% less Nox -45% less carbon monoxide -90% less carbon dioxide - increases fuel octane number - not toxical and it is soluable in water - gives the engine higher utility and longer life cycle  -85% mixture increases the power of  even to 5 kW.

Disadvantages:  - higher oil consumption - a car with85% of ethanol mixture uses at the same distance  of lower caloric values for more than half fuel more than an  ordinary petrol car  -Since ethanol is very corrosive these vehicles have parts, which are in contact with the fuel, of different materials than ordinary cars. - Cars with higher proportion of ethanol mixture will not be in use for long distances for a long time.

Honda civic Flexible Fuel Vehicle (FFV) (this kind of vehicle can be powered by ethanol or petrol)  4.3. Car-gas: - Liquefied oil gas is used

Advantages of the use a car-gas in comparison with petrol:

- CO2 emissions even 50% lower -high calorific value -high octane number (104) -total combustion of the mixture gas-air - simple switching between gas and petrol drive

 It is most widespread in the Netherlands, Italy and Germany

 Disadvantages: -With one litre of gas we can make to 20% less kilometres than with one letre of petrol -Lower energy gas density -Engine power is about 10% less -Torque is the same Multi functional Gas tank valve

Filling valve Stikalo za preklop bencin-plin

Elektromagnet ni ventil

Lambda sound with its own electric regulatory unit Dvostopenjski Emulator of injection reduktor z vbrizgovalnih šob za uparjalnikom plina nemoteno OBD diagnozo.  Biodizel:  5. Electric cars:  Advantages: -Electric drive has no emissions (but the production of electricity does). -Torque is all the time high regardless the revolutions, which makes possible without gearbox. -The utilization of is much higher than the internal combustion engine. -Energy regeneration is possible at stopping and driving down hill.  Disadvantages: -Car’s driving range is limited with the energy store. -Problem of energy storing-batteries -bad performance -Problem of recycling used batteries Simple sheme of electric drive: Eliica (razvili na Keio University v Tokiu) fetish

Wrightspeed X1(Ian Wright) Tesla Roadster (tesla motors)  6. Hydrogen drive:

 Advantages: -Only water is formed at hydrogn combustion, that is why there is no harmful exhaust. -High utilization. -It is a renewable source of energy.  Disadvantages: -Hydrogen is very explosive. -Hydrogen storing. -Expensive fuel (approx. 8 €/kg) -high hydrogen consumption (8kg (170l) / approx. 200 km) BMW H2R BMW Hydrogen 7

Mazda RX-8 Fiat Panda Jeklenke za shranjevanje vodika( ki morajo biti zelo dobro izolirane)

Slika prikazuje polnjenje avtomobila z gorivom v tem primeru je to vodik. Prikaz rezervoarja za vodik 7. Hybrid drive   Advantages: - It can make use of electric and petrol/diesel drive. - Regenerative stopping is possible. - Possibility of clean electric drive. - Potentially economical. - Lower consumption.   Disadvantages: - It does not offer final solution of oil independency. - There are no advantages when driving on a motorway in comparison with petrol drive. -It requires two drive systems. -Price. -Sometimes there are slight thrusts during city drive. MOTOR CVT IPU (Pametna enota moči)

MOTOR

Dvojni hibridni kompresor Zavorni sistem Kooperacija Regeneracija Hitrost

Čas

Prosto Nežno Vožnja s Močno Speljevanje, Prosto mirovanje Zaviranje pospeševanje konst. hitr. pospeševanjepospeševanje mirovanje FC (0cyl) + FC（0cyl）+ Motor - stop 4cyl 4cyl + Motor 4cyl Motor - stop Regeneration Motor

ECO

Pomoč Čas

Polnjenje Navor Honda civic Hybrid Toyota prius hybrid VW golf TDI hybrid 300

250

200

150

100

50

0 Izpusti Mini Mali Nižji srednji Kompaktni Srednji Višji razred Cupeji, Športni g/km avtomobili avtomobili razred enoprostorci razred kabrioleti avtomobili

bencinskim pogonom dizelskim pogonom hibridnim pogonom rotacijski motor Izpusti g/km Kompaktni enoprostorci Delovna Moč Povprečna Največji Izpusti Model Motor prostornin motorja poraba navor Nm CO2 v g/kg a ccm KM l/100km Ford C-max Dizelski 1560 109 240 4,9 129 1.6 TDCi Citroen xsara Dizelski 1560 109 245 5,1 136 picasso 1.6 Hdi Citroen C4 picasso 1.6 Dizelski 1560 109 240 5,9 155 Hdi Citroen xsara Bencinski 1587 109 147 7,3 172 picasso 1.6i 16V Toyota corola Bencinski 1598 109 150 7,5 178 verso 1.6 WT-i Chervolet tacuma 1.6 Bencinski 1598 109 145 8 191 16V Majhni avtomobili

Delovna Povprečna Moč Največji Izpusti CO2 Model Motor prostornina poraba motorja KM navor Nm v g/km ccm l/100km

Citroen C3 Dizelski 1560 90 160 4,4 115 1.6 Hdi

Toyota yaris 1.4 D- Dizelski 1364 90 190 4,5 119 4D Peugeot 207 1.6 16V Dizelski 1560 90 215 4,5 120 Hdi Lancia musa 1.3 Dizelski 1248 90 200 4,7 124 multijet 16V

Mazda2 1.3i Bencinski 1349 90 122 5,4 129

Opel Corsa Dizelski 1248 90 200 4,9 130 1.3 CDTI

Fiat grande Bencinski 1368 90 125 6 142 punto 16V

Mercedez- Bencinski 1498 90 140 6,2 148 benz A 150

Opel Corsa Bencinski 1364 90 125 6,2 149 1.4

Lancia Bencinski 1368 90 128 6,6 153 ypsilon 1.4V

Suzuki Bencinski 1328 90 116 6,3 154 Swift 1.3

Mini one Bencinski 1397 90 140 7,2 173 Mini avtomobili Delovna Povprečna Moč Največji Izpusti CO2 Model Motor prostornina poraba motorja KM navor Nm v g/kg ccm l/100km Smart 1.0micro Bencinski 999 68 92 4,3 103 hybrid drive Toyota Aygo 1.0 Bencinski 998 68 93 4,6 109 WT-i Peugeot Bencinski 998 68 93 4,6 109 107 Citroen C1 Bencinski 998 68 93 4,6 109 1.0

Smart 1.0 Bencinski 999 68 92 4,7 112

Citroen C2 Dizelski 1398 68 160 4,3 113 1.4 Hdi Subaru Bencinski 998 68 94 5 118 Justy 1.0

Fiat 500 1.2 Bencinski 1242 68 102 5,1 119 Nižji srednji Razred

Delovna Povprečna Moč motorja Največji navor Izpusti CO2 v Model Motor prostornina poraba KM Nm g/km ccm l/100km

Audi A3 1.9 Dizelski 1896 105 250 119 119 TDI e

Volkswagen Golf 1.9 TDI Dizelski 1896 105 250 4,5 119 bluemotion

Renault Dizelski 1461 105 240 4,5 120 megan 1.5dCi

Volkswagen jetta 1.9 TDI Dizelski 1896 105 250 4,6 122 bluemotion

Škoda Octavia Dizelski 1896 105 250 4,9 130 1.9 TDI

Seat Leon 1.9 Dizelski 1896 105 250 5 135 TDI

Nissan tiida Dizelski 1461 105 240 5,2 139 1.5 dCi

Nissan QashaQai Dizelski 1461 105 240 5,4 145 1.5dCi

Seat altea 1.9 Dizelski 1896 105 250 5,5 149 TDI

Opel astra 1.6 Bencinski 1598 105 150 6,3 151

Mazda3 1.6i Bencinski 1598 105 145 6,9 162

Volvo C30 1.6 Dizelski 1596 105 150 7 167

Dacia Logan Bencinski 1598 105 148 7,1 170 1.6 16V

Subaru Bencinski 1493 105 142 7,5 176 Impreza 1.5

Alfa Romeo Bencinski 1598 105 140 8,1 192 147 1.6 TS Srednji razred

Delovna Največji navor Povprečna Izpusti CO2 v Model Motor Moč motorja KM prostornina ccm Nm poraba l/100km g/km Opel vectra 1.9 Dizelski 1910 150 320 5,7 154 CDTI Fiat croma 1.9 Dizelski 1910 150 320 9,6 157 multijet 16V Alfa romeo 159 Dizelski 1910 150 320 6 157 1.9 JTDM 16v laguna Dizelski 1995 150 340 6 158 2.0 dCi Jaguar x-type Dizelski 2198 150 400 6 159 2.2D Cadillac BLS Bencinski 1910 150 320 6,1 164 1.9D Chevrolet epica Dizelski 1991 150 320 6,1 169 2.0 Mercedez-benz C180 Bencinski 1798 150 230 7,4 177 KOMPRESOR Honda accord Bencinski 1998 150 190 7,8 184 2.0 i Dodge avenger Bencinski 1998 150 190 7,8 185 2.0 Ford mondeo 2.0 Bencinski 1999 150 185 7,9 189 PFI Volkswagen Bencinski 1984 150 200 8,7 208 passat 2.0 FSI Višji razred

Delovna Povprečna Moč Največji Izpusti CO2 Model Motor prostornina poraba motorja KM navor Nm v g/kg ccm l/100km

BMW 523i Bencinski 2497 200 240 7,3 174

Mercedez- benz 280 Dizelski 2987 200 400 6,9 183 CDI Mercedez- benz 300 Dizelski 2987 200 540 7,2 184 bluetec Audi A6 2.8 Bencinski 2773 200 280 8,7 207 FSI Peugeot 607 2.7 V6 Dizelski 2720 200 440 8,4 223 Hdi Citroen C6 Dizelski 2720 200 440 8,7 230 2.7 V6 Hdi Volvo S80 Bencinski 2521 200 300 9,3 233 2.5T Kia opirus Bencinski 3497 200 298 11,4 273 3.5 V6 Športno uporabna vozila Delovna Največji navor Povprečna Izpusti CO2 v Model Motor Moč motorja KM prostornina ccm Nm poraba l/100km g/kg Toyota RAV4 2.2 Dizelski 2231 180 400 7 185 D-4D Jeep compass Bencinski 2359 180 220 8,7 206 2.4i

Jeep patriot 2.4i Bencinski 2359 180 222 8,7 206

Kia sorento 2.5 Dizelski 2497 180 392 7,9 209 CRDi Volkswagen Bencinski 1984 180 280 8,9 213 tiguan 2.0 TSI Dodge nitro 2.8 Bencinski 2768 180 460 8,6 228 16V CRD Ssangyong Dizelski 2696 180 402 9,2 233 rexton 2.7 Xdi Mercedez-benz Dizelski 2987 180 440 9,4 249 ML 280 CDI Land rover discovery 3 2.7 Dizelski 2720 180 440 9,4 249 TD V6 Jeep wrangler Dizelski 2777 180 410 9,9 255 2.8 CRD Volkswagen touareg 2.5 R5 Dizelski 2461 180 400 10,1 267 TDI Land rover range rover sport 2.7 Dizelski 2720 180 440 10,2 271 TDV6 Kupeji, kabrioleti Delovna Povprečna Moč motorja Največji navor Izpusti CO2 v Model Motor prostornina poraba KM Nm g/kg ccm l/100km Audi A5 2.7 Dizelski 2698 200 400 6,7 178 TDI Alfa romeo brera 2.4 Dizelski 2387 200 400 6,8 179 JTDM 20v

Volvo C70 D5 Dizelski 2400 200 350 6,6 174

Audi TT 2.0 Bencinski 1984 200 280 7,7 183 TFSI Volkswagen Bencinski 1984 200 280 8,2 194 eos 2.0 TSI Audi A4 cabriolet 2.0 Bencinski 2984 200 280 7,3 199 TFSI Mercedez- Bencinski 2498 200 245 9,2 218 benz CLC 230 Opel astra twintop 2.0 Bencinski 1998 200 262 9,5 228 turbo

Mazda MX-8 R Rotacijski 200 220 10,6 267 Naključno izbrani avtomobili Delovna Povprečna Moč Največji Izpusti CO2 Model Motor prostornina poraba motorja KM navor Nm v g/kg ccm l/100km BMW Pogon na 6000 260 4Kg/100km 0 hydrogen 7 vodik Toyota Hibridni 1497 78 115 4,3 104 prius Honda Civic Hibridni 1300 95 123 7,4 109 Hybrid 1.3 Fiat 500 1.3 Dizelski 1248 78 145 4,2 111 multijet 16V Lancia ypsilon 1.3 Dizelski 1248 78 190 4,5 117 multijet 16V Fiat grande punto 1.3 Dizelski 1248 78 190 4,5 119 multijet 16V Opel astra classic II Dizelski 1686 78 240 4,6 124 1.7 CDTI Seat ibiza Bencinski 1198 78 112 5,9 139 1.2 12V Renault clio Bencinski 1149 78 105 4,9 139 1.2 16V Opel corsa Bencinski 1229 78 110 6,1 146 1.2 Dacia Bencinski 1390 78 112 6,9 166 Logan 1.4 Škoda Bencinski 1390 78 132 7 167 Octavia 1.4 There is bo useful system at which the CO2 emission into the atmosphere would be minimized. Many systems got close to it but there are still high CO2 emissions into the atmosphere at its production. The closest to it is the hydrogen driven engine, where there is only water formed at its combustion, there is a problem with expensive production of hydrogen. However, the market will contribute most to the use of hydrogen. 10. Sources

 http://www.dj-slovenija.si/index.php?location=870&sublocation=860&nId=1213

 http://www.swpower.si/utrip-znanosti/q/prikazi/83

 http://www.pro-portal.com/BMW_hydrogen_7.htm

 http://www.mobilewhack.com/images/hydrogen_7er.jpg

 Revija polet

 http://www.rtvslo.si/