Reducing CO2 emissions in engines Students: Marko Eržen Simon Rihtaršič Tabor, April 2008 INDEX 1. Introduction 2. Lower emissins can be achieved 3. Audi TDI engines 4. Exploatation of alternative drive fuels 4.1. Natural gas 4.2. Bio-ethanol 4.3. Car-gas 6. Hydrogen drive 7. Hybrid drive 8. Comparisons 9. Conclusion 10. Source 1.Introduction In EU there are 19 % of CO2 emissions caused by cars and light transport vehicles It was found out that in one decade until the year 2004 there were , in average, achieved 12,4 % lower CO2 emissions. The reason for higher emissions is the increasing number of cars and the power of new cars, which had increased by 2004 for 28% in average. There is also a desire to become oil independent, since most vehicles are based on oil fuels That is why there is a suggested obliged limit of 125g CO2/km by the year 2015. Tukaj vidimo porabo nafte na dan in kdo porabi največ nafte. In ceno nafte glede na polnjenje enega rezervoarja honde civic. 2. Lower emissions can be achieved by: ◦ Alternative fuel and drive system ◦ Greater use of hybrid engines ◦ Improved petrol engines ◦ Increased use of diesel engines ◦ Decreased weight of a vehicle with the use of aluminium ◦ Installing mechanisms for stopping and pulling away ◦ Improved gearbox ◦ Improved aerodynamic shape ◦ The use of lubricants and ball bearings with less friction ◦ Installing more effective air-condition devices ◦ The use of tyres with low running resistance 3. Audi TDI engines with ultra-low emission system Most environment friendly diesel engines in the world: - low fuel consumption - never-so-low emissions New injection system (fuel is injected with 2000 bars) This system reduces CO2 emissions even to 90% The system needs AdBlue solution – biodegradable supplement The entire ultra-low emission system is composed of: -catalyst, -module for measuring off AdBlue solution -AdBlue tank, -heated tubes and sensor system The system for exhaust gases filtration includes: -supplementary oxidant catalyst -highly efficient levelled filter (for hard parts) 4.Exploitation of alternative drive fuels 4.1. Natural gas: Compressed natural gas is used (CNG) Advantages: -keep their power -harmful emissions: -22 % less carbon dioxide -80 % less carbon monoxide -73 % less hydrocarbons -80 % less sulphur -low price ( 0,6 €/l ) -more energy efficient than petrol (octane number 130) Disadvantages: -a bit higher price of a vehicle -too few pumps Natural gas tank Gas filling vent ( usually set in the boot ) The switch for a simple hange from petrol to natural gas fuel. Modified models powered by natural gas 4.2. Bio-ethanol Advantages: - CO2 emissions: -18% less Nox -45% less carbon monoxide -90% less carbon dioxide - increases fuel octane number - not toxical and it is soluable in water - gives the engine higher utility and longer life cycle -85% mixture increases the power of petrol engine even to 5 kW. Disadvantages: - higher oil consumption - a car with85% of ethanol mixture uses at the same distance of lower caloric values for more than half fuel more than an ordinary petrol car -Since ethanol is very corrosive these vehicles have parts, which are in contact with the fuel, of different materials than ordinary cars. - Cars with higher proportion of ethanol mixture will not be in use for long distances for a long time. Honda civic Flexible Fuel Vehicle (FFV) (this kind of vehicle can be powered by ethanol or petrol) 4.3. Car-gas: - Liquefied oil gas is used Advantages of the use a car-gas in comparison with petrol: - CO2 emissions even 50% lower -high calorific value -high octane number (104) -total combustion of the mixture gas-air - simple switching between gas and petrol drive It is most widespread in the Netherlands, Italy and Germany Disadvantages: -With one litre of gas we can make to 20% less kilometres than with one letre of petrol -Lower energy gas density -Engine power is about 10% less -Torque is the same Multi functional Gas tank valve Filling valve Stikalo za preklop bencin-plin Elektromagnet ni ventil Lambda sound with its own electric regulatory unit Dvostopenjski Emulator of injection reduktor z vbrizgovalnih šob za uparjalnikom plina nemoteno OBD diagnozo. Biodizel: 5. Electric cars: Advantages: -Electric drive has no emissions (but the production of electricity does). -Torque is all the time high regardless the revolutions, which makes possible transmission without gearbox. -The utilization of electric motor is much higher than the internal combustion engine. -Energy regeneration is possible at stopping and driving down hill. Disadvantages: -Car’s driving range is limited with the energy store. -Problem of energy storing-batteries -bad performance -Problem of recycling used batteries Simple sheme of electric drive: Eliica (razvili na Keio University v Tokiu) Venturi fetish Wrightspeed X1(Ian Wright) Tesla Roadster (tesla motors) 6. Hydrogen drive: Advantages: -Only water is formed at hydrogn combustion, that is why there is no harmful exhaust. -High utilization. -It is a renewable source of energy. Disadvantages: -Hydrogen is very explosive. -Hydrogen storing. -Expensive fuel (approx. 8 €/kg) -high hydrogen consumption (8kg (170l) / approx. 200 km) BMW H2R BMW Hydrogen 7 Mazda RX-8 Fiat Panda Jeklenke za shranjevanje vodika( ki morajo biti zelo dobro izolirane) Slika prikazuje polnjenje avtomobila z gorivom v tem primeru je to vodik. Prikaz rezervoarja za vodik 7. Hybrid drive Advantages: - It can make use of electric and petrol/diesel drive. - Regenerative stopping is possible. - Possibility of clean electric drive. - Potentially economical. - Lower consumption. Disadvantages: - It does not offer final solution of oil independency. - There are no advantages when driving on a motorway in comparison with petrol drive. -It requires two drive systems. -Price. -Sometimes there are slight thrusts during city drive. MOTOR CVT IPU (Pametna enota moči) MOTOR Dvojni hibridni kompresor Zavorni sistem Kooperacija Regeneracija Hitrost Čas Prosto Nežno Vožnja s Močno Speljevanje, Prosto mirovanje Zaviranje pospeševanje konst. hitr. pospeševanjepospeševanje mirovanje FC (0cyl) + FC（0cyl）+ Motor - stop 4cyl 4cyl + Motor 4cyl Motor - stop Regeneration Motor ECO Pomoč Čas Polnjenje Navor Honda civic Hybrid Toyota prius hybrid VW golf TDI hybrid 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Izpusti Mini Mali Nižji srednji Kompaktni Srednji Višji razred Cupeji, Športni g/km avtomobili avtomobili razred enoprostorci razred kabrioleti avtomobili bencinskim pogonom dizelskim pogonom hibridnim pogonom rotacijski motor Izpusti g/km Kompaktni enoprostorci Delovna Moč Povprečna Največji Izpusti Model Motor prostornin motorja poraba navor Nm CO2 v g/kg a ccm KM l/100km Ford C-max Dizelski 1560 109 240 4,9 129 1.6 TDCi Citroen xsara Dizelski 1560 109 245 5,1 136 picasso 1.6 Hdi Citroen C4 picasso 1.6 Dizelski 1560 109 240 5,9 155 Hdi Citroen xsara Bencinski 1587 109 147 7,3 172 picasso 1.6i 16V Toyota corola Bencinski 1598 109 150 7,5 178 verso 1.6 WT-i Chervolet tacuma 1.6 Bencinski 1598 109 145 8 191 16V Majhni avtomobili Delovna Povprečna Moč Največji Izpusti CO2 Model Motor prostornina poraba motorja KM navor Nm v g/km ccm l/100km Citroen C3 Dizelski 1560 90 160 4,4 115 1.6 Hdi Toyota yaris 1.4 D- Dizelski 1364 90 190 4,5 119 4D Peugeot 207 1.6 16V Dizelski 1560 90 215 4,5 120 Hdi Lancia musa 1.3 Dizelski 1248 90 200 4,7 124 multijet 16V Mazda2 1.3i Bencinski 1349 90 122 5,4 129 Opel Corsa Dizelski 1248 90 200 4,9 130 1.3 CDTI Fiat grande Bencinski 1368 90 125 6 142 punto 16V Mercedez- Bencinski 1498 90 140 6,2 148 benz A 150 Opel Corsa Bencinski 1364 90 125 6,2 149 1.4 Lancia Bencinski 1368 90 128 6,6 153 ypsilon 1.4V Suzuki Bencinski 1328 90 116 6,3 154 Swift 1.3 Mini one Bencinski 1397 90 140 7,2 173 Mini avtomobili Delovna Povprečna Moč Največji Izpusti CO2 Model Motor prostornina poraba motorja KM navor Nm v g/kg ccm l/100km Smart 1.0micro Bencinski 999 68 92 4,3 103 hybrid drive Toyota Aygo 1.0 Bencinski 998 68 93 4,6 109 WT-i Peugeot Bencinski 998 68 93 4,6 109 107 Citroen C1 Bencinski 998 68 93 4,6 109 1.0 Smart 1.0 Bencinski 999 68 92 4,7 112 Citroen C2 Dizelski 1398 68 160 4,3 113 1.4 Hdi Subaru Bencinski 998 68 94 5 118 Justy 1.0 Fiat 500 1.2 Bencinski 1242 68 102 5,1 119 Nižji srednji Razred Delovna Povprečna Moč motorja Največji navor Izpusti CO2 v Model Motor prostornina poraba KM Nm g/km ccm l/100km Audi A3 1.9 Dizelski 1896 105 250 119 119 TDI e Volkswagen Golf 1.9 TDI Dizelski 1896 105 250 4,5 119 bluemotion Renault Dizelski 1461 105 240 4,5 120 megan 1.5dCi Volkswagen jetta 1.9 TDI Dizelski 1896 105 250 4,6 122 bluemotion Škoda Octavia Dizelski 1896 105 250 4,9 130 1.9 TDI Seat Leon 1.9 Dizelski 1896 105 250 5 135 TDI Nissan tiida Dizelski 1461 105 240 5,2 139 1.5 dCi Nissan QashaQai Dizelski 1461 105 240 5,4 145 1.5dCi Seat altea 1.9 Dizelski 1896 105 250 5,5 149 TDI Opel astra 1.6 Bencinski 1598 105 150 6,3 151 Mazda3 1.6i Bencinski 1598 105 145 6,9 162 Volvo C30 1.6 Dizelski 1596 105 150 7 167 Dacia Logan Bencinski 1598 105 148 7,1 170 1.6 16V Subaru Bencinski 1493 105 142 7,5 176 Impreza 1.5 Alfa Romeo Bencinski 1598 105 140 8,1 192 147 1.6 TS Srednji razred Delovna Največji navor Povprečna Izpusti CO2 v Model Motor Moč motorja KM prostornina ccm Nm poraba l/100km g/km Opel vectra 1.9 Dizelski 1910 150 320 5,7 154 CDTI Fiat croma 1.9 Dizelski 1910 150 320 9,6 157 multijet 16V Alfa romeo 159 Dizelski 1910 150 320 6 157 1.9 JTDM 16v Renault laguna Dizelski 1995 150 340 6 158 2.0 dCi Jaguar x-type Dizelski 2198 150 400 6 159