IA-HEV Hybrid and Electric Vehicles The Electric Drive Delivers 2015 www.ieahev.org International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement for Co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes Hybrid and Electric Vehicles The Electric Drive Delivers April 2015 www.ieahev.org IA-HEV, formally known as the Implementing Agreement for Co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes, functions within a framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Views, findings, and publications of IA-HEV do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or of all its individual member countries. Cover Photo: StreetScooter’s electric delivery vehicle. The first prototype developed together with RWTH Aachen University (Germany) was presented in 2012. In 2014 German post and logistics group Deutsche Post DHL took over StreetScooter. In early 2015 more than 100 StreetScooter vehicles were on the streets in Germany. (Image courtesy of Deutsche Post DHL) The Electric Drive Delivers Cover Designer: Anita Theel, VDI/VDE Innovation + Technik GmbH ii International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement for Co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes Annual Report Prepared by the Executive Committee and Task 1 over the Year 2014 Hybrid and Electric Vehicles The Electric Drive Delivers Editor: Gereon Meyer (Operating Agent Task 1, VDI/VDE Innovation + Technik GmbH) Co-editors: Jadranka Dokic, Heike Jürgens, Sebastian Stagl (VDI/VDE Innovation + Technik GmbH) Contributing Authors: Markku Antikainen Tekes Finland James Barnes U.S. Department of Energy United States David Beeton Urban Foresight United Kingdom Graham Brennan SEAI Ireland Carol Burelle NRCan Canada Mario Conte ENEA Italy Miguel Cruz IREC Spain Halil S. Hamut TÜBITAK MRC Turkey David Howell U.S. Department of Energy United States Victor Clemens Hug Danish Energy Agency Denmark Gerfried Jungmeier Joanneum Research Austria P.T. Jones Oak Ridge National Laboratory United States Peter Kasche Swedish Energy Agency Sweden Mikko Koskue Tekes Finland Juan Fco. Larrazábal Roche IDAE Spain Matthias Laske FZ Jülich Germany Jun Li CATARC China Ock Taeck Lim University of Ulsan South Korea Ignacio Martin CIRCE Spain Gereon Meyer VDI/VDE-IT Germany Carlo Mol VITO Belgium Sonja Munnix Netherlands Enterprise Agency The Netherlands Urs Muntwyler IA-HEV chairman Switzerland Hannes Neupert EnergyBus Germany Michael Nikowitz A3PS Austria Doruk Özdemir DLR Germany Maxime Pasquier ADEME France Julie Perez New West Technologies, LLC United States Luís Reis INTELI Portugal Aymeric Rousseau Argonne National Laboratory United States Stephan Schmid DLR Germany Ambuj Sharma NIC India Masahiro Suzuki METI Japan Martijn van Walwijk IA-HEV secretary-general France Philipp Walser Association e’mobile Switzerland Tim Ward OLEV United Kingdom iii Contents Page A: About IA-HEV 1 Chairperson’s Message 2015 1 2 The IEA and its Implementing Agreement on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 7 B: IA-HEV Tasks 3 Task 1 – Information Exchange 21 4 Task 10 – Electrochemical Systems 25 5 Task 17 – System Optimization and Vehicle Integration 31 6 Task 18 – EV Ecosystems 43 7 Task 19 – Life Cycle Assessment of EVs 49 8 Task 20 – Quick Charging Technology 63 9 Task 21 – Accelerated Ageing Testing for Li-ion Batteries 73 10 Task 22 – E-Mobility Business Models 77 11 Task 23 – Light-Electric-Vehicle Parking and Charging Infrastructure 81 12 Task 24 – Economic Impact Assessment of E-Mobility 89 13 Task 25 – Plug-in Electric Vehicles 95 14 Task 26 – Wireless Power Transfer for EVs 105 15 Task 27 – Electrification of Transport Logistic Vehicles (eLogV) 109 16 Task 28 – Home Grids and V2X Technologies 113 C: Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (H&EVs) Worldwide 17 Overview 119 18 Austria 121 19 Belgium 131 20 Canada 143 21 Denmark 151 22 Finland 165 23 France 171 24 Germany 181 v C: Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (H&EVs) Worldwide (Cont.) 25 Ireland 191 26 Italy 197 27 The Netherlands 211 28 Portugal 223 29 Republic of Korea (South Korea) 231 30 Spain 235 31 Sweden 241 32 Switzerland 247 33 Turkey 257 34 United Kingdom 263 35 United States 273 Developments in Selected IA-HEV Non-Member Countries: China, India, 36 287 and Japan D: Practical Information IA-HEV Publications 305 Vehicle Categories 311 Abbreviations 313 IA-HEV Contact Information 323 vi 1 Chairperson’s Message Personal mobility is a basic need of humans. Growing income goes hand in hand with more individual mobility. But the share is still unbalanced. The rich 20% of humans on earth are driving most of the cars. This is shown in the old graph I made with our former secretary Frans Koch in 1998 when we prepared the 2nd 5-year term of the Implementing Agreement “Hybrid- and electric vehicles” in 1998. Table 1: Data from 1998 Population Cars/1,000 Cars [million] [million] inhabitants IEA countries 852 516,4 606 “Tiger” states 1,767 159 90 Developing countries 3,253 31,6 10 In 1998 we had a total of about 700 million cars. In 2012 we surpassed the number of 1 billion cars. Now on the threshold of the start of our 5th 5-year program car numbers are still growing. China is now the biggest car producer and consumer in the world. IEA expects more than 2 billion cars in 2050. Even this is an unequal situation. – What could be the solution? Less cars in rich countries, as in the IEA states? I wish I could believe this. Would people resign car driving to limit their “personal footprint on earth”? I see the test in my home state of Berne in Switzerland, one of the richest countries in the world. We have the best public transport system in the world (more rail trips than all other countries in the world per capita). The community members of the state of Berne could vote for a tax reduction for big and heavy polluting cars. Most people don’t drive such a car. Still they voted for the tax reduction, which was more than 120 million CHF in a year, a lot of money in a 1 million people state. – This is a sign for me, that the majority of a population is hardly willing to restrict their use of big cars. Passenger Cars are the Main Energy User in Transport The main user of energy in transport is the road transport with 90% of the energy consumption. Passenger cars contribute with 64%. The challenge is therefore to compensate the energy consumption and the CO2 emission of a strong growth in car numbers up to 2050. Plug-in-hybrid-vehicles www.ieahev.org 1 2015 IA-HEV ANNUAL REPORT (PHV) and battery electric-vehicles (BEV) can do that. But they need a lot of material, space in cities and for streets. Actually we are in the beginning of this development. The actual electric cars are a good solution for innovators and pioneers. In total they cost not more than middle class cars in rich countries and the electric energy can be produced by photovoltaic cheaper than gasoline in Europe. Figure 1: Cars are the dominant energy user in transport (IEA) This is the status of the work of our Implementing Agreement “Hybrid- and electric vehicles” we reached in the period of 1993 to 2015. Actually HEVs are still minor. In a market of about 80 million cars annually, 1.2 million hybrid electric vehicles mainly in the US and in Japan are not very impressive. This is still the market of “innovators”. The 2DS climate-target of IEA with 17 million cars in 2025 is a 20% market share (see Figure 2). This would tackle the market segments of the “opinion leaders” and even the “early majority”. It would mean that we could “cross the chasm”, the gap between “opinion leaders” and “early majority”. For this we need more HEV models and new marketing approaches. Figure 2: 2DS target of IEA of 17 million HEVs in 2025 2 www.ieahev.org CHAPTER 1 – CHAIRPERSON’S MESSAGE Establishing PHVs and BEVs as a “Disruptive Technology”! But for the PHVs and BEVs we need further efforts. They have the potential to be cheaper to buy and to use, than cars with internal combustion engines (ICE). The batteries, the motor, and the power electronics can be mass produced. This can lower the cost in a way that the sales price is lower for a BEV than for an ICE car. PHVs and BEVs are cheaper in use than ICE cars. This potential has to be developed in the next 10-20 years. Only with lower prices can we reach the mass market of the “early and late majority” of the car market. To reach this, we have to tackle “technical” and “non-technical” problems. High Number of Tasks in the Implementing Agreement “Hybrid- and Electric Vehicles” In 2014, we could start a high number of new Tasks. This was the result of a process to accelerate the participation in tasks. Efforts by many member countries and specialists made it possible. I hope we can keep this momentum for the 5th phase in 2015-2020. You can find all details in the following pages of the annual report. Please don’t hesitate to contact the responsible person, the operating agent, of a Task. Collaboration is possible for non-member countries and for industry and associations (“Sponsors”). Our secretary or the operating agent can inform you about how you can collaborate. New Member Countries are Welcome The Implementing Agreement “Hybrid- and electric vehicles” IA HEV has 18 member countries. These countries share their effort in the research and the introduction of PHVs, HVs, and BEVs. Sharing efforts means lower costs for each of the countries, for the industry and the tax payers.