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Jowisz, Jahwe I Jezus Robert Suski Jowisz, Jahwe i Jezus Religie w Historia Augusta PARNASSUS Seria naukowa Global Scientific Foundation PARNASSUS Seria naukowa pod redakcją dr. Macieja Staniszewskiego 1. Marek Węcowski, Sympozjon czyli wspólne picie. Początki greckiej biesia- dy arystokratycznej (IX–VII wiek p.n.e.) 2. Krystyna Stebnicka, Tożsamość diaspory. Żydzi w Azji Mniejszej okresu Cesarstwa 3. Aleksander Wolicki, Symmachia spartańska w VI–V wieku p.n.e. 4. Robert Wiśniewski, Wróżbiarstwo chrześcijańskie w późnym antyku, czyli jak poznać przyszłość i nie utracić zbawienia 5. Lech Trzcionkowski, Bios – thanatos – bios. Semiofory orfickie z Olbii i kultura polis 6. Paweł Janiszewski, Panthera – ojciec Jezusa. Geneza idei, antyczne przekazy, późniejsze polemiki 7. Katarzyna Pietruczuk, Dzieje tekstu Ajschylosa, Sofoklesa i Eurypidesa między Atenami i Aleksandrią 8. Robert Suski, Jowisz, Jahwe i Jezus. Religie w Historia Augusta 9. Paweł Janiszewski, Afrodyta Urania. Fizyczne, mistyczne i teurgiczne teofanie Niebiańskiej Bogini w czasach późnego antyku (relacje i asocjacje) 10. Emilia Twarowska-Antczak, Od lex Iulia municipalis do flawijskich leges municipales. Rozwój rzymskiej administracji municypalnej w okresie od Juliusza Cezara do Domicjana 11. Stanisław Adamiak, Deo laudes. Historia sporu donatystycznego 12. Dominika Lewandowska, Androgyn czy hermafrodyta? Studium nad hermafrodytyzmem w źródłach antycznych Robert Suski Jowisz, Jahwe i Jezus Religie w Historia Augusta Global Scientific Foundation 2020 Recenzja naukowa prof. dr hab. Ewa Wipszycka-Bravo Redakcja Ida Radziejowska Korekta Halina Stykowska Indeks Elżbieta Sroczyńska Skład i łamanie PanDawer, www.pandawer.pl Projekt okładki Michał Baranowski ISBN: 978-83-957817-2-8 Wydanie II. Wydanie I w wersji papierowej ukazało się nakładem Wydawnictwa Naukowego Sub Lupa. Kopia bezpłatna. Użycie niekomercyjne. Bez utworów zależnych. Niniejsza publikacja została wydana w ramach projektu „Pozyskiwanie i publikacja na zasa- dach wolnego dostępu prac naukowych” realizowanego przez Global Scientific Foundation Jeśli chcesz się przyczynić do udostępniania kolejnych publikacji, wesprzyj ten projekt po- przez wpłatę na konto Fundacji: Nest Bank 21 1870 1045 2078 1066 3786 0001 © Copyright 2020 by Robert Suski © Copyright 2020 by Global Scientific Foundation Global Scientific Foundation www.gsfoundation.pl [email protected] Spis treści Wstęp ........................................................................................................................... VII Skróty ........................................................................................................................... XI Rozdział 1. Źródła Historia Augusta ...................................................................... 1 Rozdział 2. Bogowie i kult w Historia Augusta: bogowie opiekunami cesarzy, ofiary i modlitwy .................................................................................. 39 Rozdział 3. Świątynie w Historia Augusta ............................................................. 75 Rozdział 4. Historia Augusta a rzymskie kolegia kapłańskie .............................. 117 Rozdział 5. Historia Augusta a rzymskie święta pogańskie ................................ 161 Rozdział 6. Kult Larów i Penatów w Historia Augusta ........................................ 189 Rozdział 7. W kręgu etnicznych i religijnych uprzedzeń: Żydzi i judaizm w Historia Augusta ............................................................................... 219 Rozdział 8. Historia Augusta a chrześcijaństwo .................................................... 257 Rozdział 9. Aluzje do chrześcijaństwa i autorów chrześcijańskich w Historia Augusta ............................................................................... 291 Rozdział 10. Historia Augusta a Biblia i postacie biblijne ..................................... 325 Zakończenie ................................................................................................................. 349 Apendyks 1. Pierwotny zakres, tradycja rękopiśmienna i oryginalny tytuł Historia Augusta, wydania dzieła ....................................................... 359 Apendyks 2. Pseudonimy autora Historia Augusta. Potencjalni autorzy dzieła ................................................................... 373 Summary .................................................................................................................... 387 Bibliografia – źródła ................................................................................................... 391 Bibliografia – literatura przedmiotu ........................................................................ 399 Indeks postaci mitologicznych, starotestamentalnych i literackich ..................... 451 Indeks osobowy .......................................................................................................... 455 Wstęp Nie ma w późnym antyku dzieła, które byłoby przedmiotem tylu sporów, co Historia Augusta, zbiór biografii cesarzy od Hadriana do Numeriana. Z jed- nej strony jest to efekt kontrowersji wokół autorstwa i datacji tego dzieła (w rękopisach jest wymienionych sześciu autorów, rzekomo tworzących w czasach tetrarchii i Konstantyna Wielkiego, jednak wielu badaczy przypi- suje autorstwo jednej osobie i odrzuca to datowanie)1. Z drugiej wynika to z treści zbioru, gdyż przynosi on wiele bardzo dziwnych informacji. Mimo doszukiwania się w nim różnych tendencji dotyczących religii, do tej pory nie powstała monografia, która by syntetycznie omawiała najważniejsze aspekty opisywania i postrzegania religii – tak pogańskiej, jak chrześcijańskiej – przez autora Historia Augusta. Moja praca ma na celu przeprowadzenie całościowej 1 Od 1889 roku, kiedy Hermann Dessau poddał krytyce datację i autorstwo Historia Augusta, prowadzone są bardzo obfite badania nad tym dziełem. Hipoteza Dessaua nie tylko tuż po ukazaniu się, lecz także do dziś jest przedmiotem bardzo gorących sporów (o tej dys- kusji patrz: Brandt (2010), ss. 93–103; Del Hengst (2010a), ss. 177–182). Wystarczy powiedzieć, że co kilka lat wydawane są zbiory artykułów wygłaszanych na konferencjach poświęconych tylko temu dziełu. W latach 1963–1989 wydano w Bonn 13 prac zbioro- wych o Historia Augusta z tekstami prezentowanymi na sympozjach naukowych odbywa- jących się w tym mieście (początkowo pod redakcją J. Strauba, A. Alföldiego i K. Rosena). Od 1991 roku w różnych miastach organizowane są mniej więcej co dwa lata konferencje zatytułowane Historiae Augustae Colloquium (do tej pory ukazało się 11 książek pokon- ferencyjnych). Liczba tekstów poświęconych Historia Augusta jest do tego stopnia liczna, że w latach osiemdziesiątych XX wieku opublikowano czterotomową bibliografię do tego dzieła (E.W. Marten, Stellenbibliographie zur „Historia Augusta”, t. 1–4, Bonn 1985–1987). Gdyby dziś chcieć uaktualnić tę publikację, to należałoby ją bardzo mocno poszerzyć. Stan badań prowadzonych nad Historia Augusta był kilkakrotnie opisany. Z tych powodów re- zygnuję z tradycyjnego przedstawienia jego historii, a czytelnika odsyłam do wnikliwego opracowania na ten temat: Chastagnol (1994), ss. XIII–XXXIV. VII Wstęp analizy w tym zakresie i ukazanie usystematyzowanego obrazu religii zawar- tego w Historia Augusta, ma też odpowiedzieć na pytanie, jaką wiedzą o re- ligiach dysponował autor dzieła. W tego rodzaju badaniu upatruję klucz do odpowiedzi na pytanie, w jakim czasie ów zbiór biografii cesarskich powstał. Otóż dosyć dobrze wiadomo, kiedy uległy likwidacji najważniejsze elemen- ty kultu pogańskiego, wiadomo też, kiedy chrześcijaństwo stało się religią dominującą, stąd stopień znajomości obu religii przez autora Historia Augu- sta może być wskazówką pomocną w datowaniu powstania tego najbardziej enigmatycznego dzieła późnej starożytności. Interesują mnie więc nie tylko poglądy religijne autora Historia Augusta, lecz jeszcze w większym stopniu ocena jego wiedzy religijnej, a przez to określenie, w jakim czasie mógł on napisać swoje dzieło. Uważam, że usystematyzowana analiza w tym zakresie to jedyna możliwa do przyjęcia postawa badawcza. Do tej pory komentowano tylko niektóre passusy z Historia Augusta dotyczące religii. Wybierano te, które przynoszą najbardziej zaskakujące lub mocne stwierdzenia. W rezultacie powstał dosyć wątpliwy obraz postrzegania religii przez biografistę. Tymczasem dopiero ze- stawienie wszystkich tego rodzaju fragmentów pozwala w bardziej wyważo- ny sposób spojrzeć na przekaz i intencje autora Historia Augusta odnoszące się do religii. Rozważaniom dotyczącym autorstwa i źródeł autora Historia Augusta poświęcony jest rozdział 1 mojej monografii. W rozdziałach 2–6 analizu- ję wzmianki i wiedzę biografisty o religii pogańskiej, a w rozdziałach 7–10 – wzmianki i jego wiedzę dotyczące judaizmu i chrześcijaństwa. W części poświęconej religii pogańskiej przedmiotem mojej analizy będą opisy ofiar, rzymskich bogów i ich ziemskich manifestacji, a także po- strzeganie przez autora Historia Augusta ich wpływu na rzymskie państwo (rozdz. 2); zajmę się też sposobem ukazania świątyń pogańskich (rozdz. 3), głównych rzymskich kolegiów kapłańskich (rozdz. 4), świąt (rozdz. 5) i kultów domowych (rozdz. 6). Nie będę jednak interpretował wszystkich wzmianek związanych z religią pogańską. Wiele z nich nie przynosi bowiem praktycznie żadnych istotnych wiadomości na temat wiedzy czy poglądów religijnych autora, można je więc swobodnie pominąć. W swojej pracy wspo- minam też o kultach egipskich czy Elagabala, solarnego boga z Emesy, nie poświęcam jednak
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