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Race and Ethnicity in the Classical World an Anthology of Primary Sources in Translation

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Race and Ethnicity in the Classical World An Anthology of Primary Sources in Translation Selected and Translated by Rebecca F. Kennedy C. Sydnor Roy and Max L. Goldman Race and Ethnicity in the Classical Wo rl d Race and Ethnicity in the Classical Wo rl d An Anthology of Primary Sources in Translation Selected and Translated by Rebecca F. Kennedy, C. Sydnor Roy, and Max L. Goldman Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. Indianapolis/Cambridge Copyright © 2013 by Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 16 15 14 13 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 For further information, please address Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. P.O. Box 44937 Indianapolis, Indiana 46244-0937 www.hackettpublishing.com Interior design by Elizabeth L. Wilson Composition by Innodata-Isogen, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kennedy, Rebecca Futo, 1974– Race and ethnicity in the classical world : an anthology of primary sources in translation / Selected and Translated by Rebecca F. Kennedy, C. Sydnor Roy, and Max L. Goldman. pages cm. ISBN 978-1-60384-994-4 (pbk.) — ISBN 978-1-60384-995-1 (cloth) 1. Ethnicity—Rome—History. 2. Ethnicity—Greece—History. 3. Race— Social aspects—Rome—History. 4. Race—Social aspects—Greece—History. 5. Ethnicity in literature. 6. Race in literature. 7. Civilization, Classical. 8. Rome—Civilization. 9. Greece—Civilization. I. Title. DG78.K46 2013 305.800938—dc23 2013013529 Adobe PDF ebook ISBN: 978-1-62466-089-4 Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi INTRODUCTION xiii Race and Ethnicity: Modern Concepts, Ancient Texts xiii Organization and Structure xv Notes on the Translations xvii Maps xix THEORIES 1. Homer and Hesiod: Early Theories of Foreignness 3 1. Homer, Odyssey 1.22–26 3 2. Homer, Odyssey 4.77–89 3 3. Homer, Odyssey 4.219–232 4 4. Homer, Odyssey 7.22–36, 7.77–132 4 5. Homer, Odyssey 9.105–139, 9.171–298 6 6. Homer, Odyssey 10.1–19, 10.87–124 9 7. Homer, Odyssey 11.119–134 10 8. Homer, Odyssey 15.380–453 11 9. Hesiod, Works and Days 109–181 12 2. Genealogies and Origins 15 1. Pindar, Olympian 9.40–46 15 2. Herodotus, Histories 7.150 15 3. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.2–12 16 4. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.2–6 20 5. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 1.89–90 22 6. Livy, From the Founding of the City 1.1–4, 1.8–9 24 7. Vergil, Aeneid 3.94–113, 3.161–171 29 8. Vergil, Aeneid 12.818–840 30 9. Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.76–88 30 10. Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 12.225–227 30 11. Tacitus, Annals 11.24.1 31 12. Pausanius, Description of Greece 10.4.4 32 13. [Apollodorus], The Library 1.7.2 32 14. [Apollodorus], The Library 2.1.4 32 15. Hyginus, Genealogies 178 33 v vi CONTENTS 3. Environmental Theories 35 1. Hippocratic Corpus, On Airs, Waters, Places 12–24 35 2. Herodotus, Histories 3.12 42 3. Herodotus, Histories 9.122 43 4. Xenophon, Agesilaos 1.27–28 43 5. Aristotle, Politics 7.5.6 (1327b) 44 6. [Aristotle], Physiognomics 806b15 44 7. Cicero, On Divination 2.96–97 44 8. Vitruvius, On Architecture 6.1.3–5, 6.1.8–11 45 9. Manilius, Astronomica 4.711–730 47 10. Seneca, On Anger 2.15 47 11. Pliny the Elder, Natural Histories 2.79–80 48 12. Apuleius, Apology 24 49 13. Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos 2.2 49 14. Vegetius, On Military Matters 1.2 51 4. Genetic Theories 53 1. Athenian Citizenship Law of 451 BCE (from Plutarch, Life of Pericles 37.1–5) 53 2. Herodotus, Histories 3.101.2 54 3. Euripides, Suppliants 219–225 54 4. Euripides, Ion 57–75, 260–272, 289–296, 585–594, 1295–1305, 1569–1594 55 5. Euripides, Phoenician Women 818–821, 931–944 57 6. Euripides, Bacchae 538–544 58 7. Plato, Timaeus 18d–19a 58 8. Plato, Republic 414d–415c, 459a–e 59 9. Plato, Menexenus 237b–238b, 238e–239a 61 10. Plato, Laws 3.692e–693a 62 11. Aristotle, Politics 5.2.10–11 (1303a25–40) 62 12. Aristotle, Politics 1.1.5 (1252b), 1.2.7, 1.2.12–14, 1.2.18–19 (1254a–1255a excerpted) 63 5. Custom or Cultural Theories 65 1. Aeschylus, Suppliants 234–294 65 2. Antiphon, On Truth, Oxyrhynchus Papyri 1364 and 3647 66 3. Herodotus, Histories 1.56.2–57.3 67 4. Herodotus, Histories 3.16, 3.27–29, 3.38 67 5. Herodotus, Histories 5.22 69 6. Herodotus, Histories 8.144 70 7. Euripides, Andromache 155–180 70 8. Euripides, Cyclops 11–26, 113–128, 275–304, 316–346 71 9. Anonymous, Dissoi Logoi 2.9–18 73 10. Isocrates, Panegyric 50 74 11. Demosthenes, Third Philippic 30–32 74 CONTENTS vii 12. Polybius, Histories 6.47 75 13. Cicero, Academica Posteriora 1.9 75 14. Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 12.239–241 76 15. Plutarch, Life of Lycurgus 4.5, 27.3–4 76 16. Plutarch, Life of Alexander 45, 47.3–4, 50.4–51.3, 71.1–3, 74.1 77 17. Achilles Tatius, Leucippe and Cleitophon 5.5.2 79 18. Achilles Tatius, Leucippe and Cleitophon 8.2.1–4 79 THE PEOPLES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD 6. The Inhabited World 83 1. Pindar, Olympian 3.1–41 83 2. [Aeschylus], Prometheus Bound 786–815, 829–843 84 3. Herodotus, Histories 4.36–45 85 4. Apollonius, Argonautica 1.922–954 88 5. Catullus, 11.1–16 89 6. Catullus, 29 89 7. Vergil, Aeneid 8.655–662, 8.685–713, 8.720–728 89 8. Strabo, Geography 17.3.24 91 9. Horace, Carmen Saeculare 37–60 91 10. Horace, Odes 3.4.29–36, 3.8.17–24, 4.14.41–52 92 11. Pomponius Mela, Description of the World 1.3–8, 1.11–14, 1.18–19, 1.22–23 92 12. Propertius, Elegies 3.11 95 13. Pliny, Natural History 7.6, 7.9–32 96 14. Martial, Epigrams 7.30 101 15. [Apollodorus], The Library 2.5.11 101 16. [Apollodorus], The Library 3.5.1–3 103 17. Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos 2.3.59–72 103 7. Africa: Egypt 111 1. Herodotus, Histories 2.2–5, 2.13–18, 2.28, 2.30–32, 2.35–42, 2.46–48 111 2. Plato, Timaeus 21e–24d 120 3. Plato, Laws 2.656d–657a 123 4. Strabo, Geography 17.1.3, 17.1.19, 17.1.39–40, 17.1.44, 17.1.52–53, 17.2.5 123 5. Pomponius Mela, Description of the World 1.57–59 127 6. Horace, Odes 1.37 128 7. Lucan, Civil War 10.20–135, 10.172–331 128 8. Juvenal, Satire 15.1–13, 15.27–93, 15.100–131 134 9. Athenaeus, Deipnosophists 7.299e–300b 136 10. Achilles Tatius, Leucippe and Cleitophon 4.3–5, 4.11.3–4.12, 4.18.3–19 136 8. Africa: Libya, Carthage, and Numidia 141 1. Herodotus, Histories 4.168–197 141 viii CONTENTS 2. [Aristotle], On Marvelous Things Heard 84, 100, 132 147 3. Polybius, Histories 6.51–52, 6.56 148 4. Sallust, War with Jugurtha 6–13, 17–19, 89–91 150 5. Strabo, Geography 17.3.7, 17.3.15 157 6. Pomponius Mela, Description of the World 1.41–48 158 7. Livy, From the Founding of the City 21.1, 21.39–44, 22.59 159 8. Lucan, Civil War 9.341–949 166 9. Achilles Tatius, Leucippe and Cleitophon 2.14.9–10 177 9. Africa: Ethiopia and Beyond 179 1. Hanno of Carthage, Periplous 179 2. Herodotus, Histories 3.20, 3.22 181 3. Pseudo-Scylax, Periplous 112.8–12 182 4. Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History 2.55–60 182 5. Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History 3.1–10 186 6. Strabo, Geography 1.2.28 191 7. Strabo, Geography 17.2.1–3 191 8. Pomponius Mela, Description of the World 3.85–88 193 9. Anonymous, Moretum 27–35 193 10. Pliny, Natural History 5.43–46 194 11. Pliny, Natural History 6.182–183, 6.187–195, 6.198–205 194 12. Petronius, Satyricon 102.14–15 198 13. Achilles Tatius, Leucippe and Cleitophon 3.25 199 14. Heliodorus, Aethiopica 14.3–16.2 199 10. Asia: Persia, Media, Babylon, and Parthia 203 Persia 203 1. Aeschylus, Persians 1–92, 176–199, 231–245, 249–271, 402–405, 535–597, 623–906 203 2. Herodotus, Histories, Introduction and 1.1–5 212 3. Herodotus, Histories 1.95.2–102 214 4. Herodotus, Histories 1.131–140 216 5. Herodotus, Histories 1.178–187 219 6. Herodotus, Histories 1.192–200 223 7. Aristophanes, Acharnians 61–125 226 8. Isocrates, Panegyricus 150–152 228 9. Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.2.2–8, 1.3.2, 4–5, 1.3.18 excerpted 229 10. Livy, From the Founding of the City 9.17.16 231 11. Philostratus the Lemnian, Imagines 2.31.1–2 231 12. Hyginus, Genealogies 27 232 Parthians 233 13. Horace, Odes 1.2.49–52, 1.19.9–12, 1.38.1–4, 2.3.13–20 233 14. Ovid, Ars Amatoria 1.177–228 233 15. Lucan, Civil War 8.289–308, 8.371–388 235 CONTENTS ix 16. CIL XI 137 236 17. Plutarch, Life of Crassus 24–28, 31 236 11. Asia: Judea and the Jewish Diaspora 243 1. Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History 34/35.1.1–5 (Posidonius) 243 2.
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  • The Thebaid Europa, Cadmus and the Birth of Dionysus

    The Thebaid Europa, Cadmus and the Birth of Dionysus

    The Thebaid Europa, Cadmus and the birth of Dionysus Caesar van Everdingen. Rape of Europa. 1650 Zeus = Io Memphis = Epaphus Poseidon = Libya Lysianassa Belus Agenor = Telephassa In the Danaid, we followed the descendants of Belus. The Thebaid follows the descendants of Agenor Agenor = Telephassa Cadmus Phoenix Cylix Thasus Phineus Europa • Agenor migrated to the Levant and founded Sidon • But see Josephus, Jewish Antiquities i.130 - 139 • “… for Syria borders on Egypt, and the Phoenicians, to whom Sidon belongs, dwell in Syria.” (Hdt. ii.116.6) The Levant Levant • Jericho (9000 BC) • Damascus (8000) • Biblos (7000) • Sidon (4000) Biblos Damascus Sidon Tyre Jericho Levant • Canaanites: • Aramaeans • Language, not race. • Moved to the Levant ca. 1400-1200 BC • Phoenician = • purple dye people Biblos Damascus Sidon Tyre Agenor = Telephassa Cadmus Phoenix Cylix Thasus Phineus Europa • Zeus appeared to Europa as a bull and carried her to Crete. • Agenor sent his sons in search of Europa • Don’t come home without her! • The Rape of Europa • Maren de Vos • 1590 Bilbao Fine Arts Museum (Spain) Image courtesy of wikimedia • Rape of Europa • Caesar van Everdingen • 1650 • Image courtesy of wikimedia • Europe Group • Albert Memorial • London, 1872. • A memorial for Albert, husband of Queen Victoria. Crete Europa = Zeus Minos Sarpedon Rhadamanthus • Asterius, king of Crete, married Europa • Minos became king of Crete • Sarpedon king of Lycia • Rhadamanthus king of Boeotia The Brothers of Europa • Phoenix • Remained in Phoenicia • Cylix • Founded