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University of Southampton Research Repository University of Southampton Research Repository Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis and, where applicable, any accompanying data are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis and the accompanying data cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content of the thesis and accompanying research data (where applicable) must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder/s. When referring to this thesis and any accompanying data, full bibliographic details must be given, e.g. Thesis: Author (Year of Submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University Faculty or School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. Data: Author (Year) Title. URI [dataset] UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF HUMANITIES ARCHAEOLOGY Volume 1 of 2 In the Footsteps of the Gods: The use of computational methods to explore the role of mobility in the religious landscape of 2nd century AD Ostia by Katherine Ann Crawford Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2018 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF HUMANITIES ARCHAEOLOGY Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF THE GODS: THE USE OF COMPUTATIONAL METHODS TO EXPLORE THE ROLE OF MOBILITY IN THE RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF 2ND CENTURY AD OSTIA Katherine Ann Crawford ABSTRACT This thesis assesses how temples contributed to the religious landscape of Ostia, Rome’s ancient port, through the practice of processional rituals. A novel computational approach is developed for the study of ritual movement that combines space syntax, urban network analysis, and agent-based modelling to evaluate where processional routes may have travelled within Ostia’s urban landscape. The modelling and visualisation of hypothetical processional routes, associated with specific temples, provides a heuristic approach for looking at how temples structured individual rituals and their wider cultic impact upon the surrounding cityscape. The quantity of evidence relating to Ostian religion presents an ideal opportunity to consider how religious and ritual practices extended beyond temple precincts to impact the wider cityscape. Processional routes are explored within the 2nd century AD city as one way to study the role that temples played in structuring religious landscapes. While scholars acknowledge the regularity of processional activity, studies have traditionally focused upon major processions, such as the Roman triumph, rather than considering the wider occurrence of religious processions within urban contexts. The nuances of how a procession traversed a city’s streets and its urban impact are not easily revealed due to the paucity of information from ancient literary sources and their near invisibility within the archaeological record. In terms of Ostia, processions are assumed to have occurred but no attempts have been made to assess their contribution to Ostia’s religious environment. This thesis aims to address this gap in both processional scholarship and approaches to religious landscapes more broadly by developing a new method that questions how urban architecture and social activity helped to structure ritual movement within the city of Ostia. Three case studies are used to illustrate how processional movement created a complex ritual environment: the Campo della Magna Mater, the Serapeum, and the forum temples. It will be argued that the analysis of these routes contributes new understanding into how the urban community of Ostia interacted with these temples through virtue of their rituals. Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... i Table of Tables ........................................................................................................ vii Table of Figures ........................................................................................................ ix Electronic Supplements ....................................................................................... xvii Academic Thesis: Declaration Of Authorship .................................................... xix Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... xxi Definitions and Abbreviations ............................................................................ xxiii Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Objectives .............................................................................................................. 3 1.2 Structure of the Thesis ......................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2: Placing Religious Processions within a Landscape of Movement ... 7 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 7 2.2 Roman Processions ............................................................................................................... 7 2.2.1 Roman Triumphal Processions ............................................................................... 10 2.2.2 Circus Processions .................................................................................................... 12 2.2.3 Funerary Processions ............................................................................................... 12 2.2.4 Urban Processions .................................................................................................... 13 2.2.5 Advancing Roman Processional Studies ............................................................... 15 2.3 Study of Movement within Roman Towns .................................................................... 16 2.4 Computational Approaches for the Study of Urban Movement .............................. 18 2.4.1 GIS Models .................................................................................................................. 19 2.4.2 Network Analysis ...................................................................................................... 20 2.4.3 Space Syntax ............................................................................................................... 22 2.4.4 Simulation .................................................................................................................... 26 2.4.5 Limitations of Current Approaches for the Study of Processions ................. 29 2.5 Re-Framing Roman Processional Approaches .............................................................. 30 2.6 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 34 Chapter 3: Ostia .................................................................................................... 35 3.1 Historical Context .............................................................................................................. 35 3.2 History of Research into Roman Religion at Ostia ..................................................... 41 i Table of Contents 3.3 Ostian Rituals ........................................................................................................................45 3.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................49 Chapter 4: Modelling Ostia’s Religious Landscape ............................................ 51 4.1 Constructing a Digital Model of Ostia ............................................................................51 4.1.1 Previous Plans of Ostia .............................................................................................51 4.1.2 Digitization of Ostia in GIS ......................................................................................52 4.1.3 Classification of 2nd century AD Ostia ..................................................................54 4.2 The Built Environment as a Context for Processional Movement ...........................56 4.2.1 Commercial Building Classifications ......................................................................60 4.2.2 Production Building Classifications .........................................................................62 4.2.3 Residential Building Classifications .........................................................................63 4.2.4 Public Building Classifications ..................................................................................64 4.2.5 Religious Building Classifications .............................................................................66 4.2.6 Dealing with Uncertainty ..........................................................................................67 Chapter 5: Visualising Religious Landscapes ...................................................... 69 5.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................69 5.2 Multi-Layered Approach.....................................................................................................69 5.3 Space Syntax .........................................................................................................................70
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