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The Evolution of the Roman Calendar Dwayne Meisner, University of Regina
The Evolution of the Roman Calendar Dwayne Meisner, University of Regina Abstract The Roman calendar was first developed as a lunar | 290 calendar, so it was difficult for the Romans to reconcile this with the natural solar year. In 45 BC, Julius Caesar reformed the calendar, creating a solar year of 365 days with leap years every four years. This article explains the process by which the Roman calendar evolved and argues that the reason February has 28 days is that Caesar did not want to interfere with religious festivals that occurred in February. Beginning as a lunar calendar, the Romans developed a lunisolar system that tried to reconcile lunar months with the solar year, with the unfortunate result that the calendar was often inaccurate by up to four months. Caesar fixed this by changing the lengths of most months, but made no change to February because of the tradition of intercalation, which the article explains, and because of festivals that were celebrated in February that were connected to the Roman New Year, which had originally been on March 1. Introduction The reason why February has 28 days in the modern calendar is that Caesar did not want to interfere with festivals that honored the dead, some of which were Past Imperfect 15 (2009) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487 connected to the position of the Roman New Year. In the earliest calendars of the Roman Republic, the year began on March 1, because the consuls, after whom the year was named, began their years in office on the Ides of March. -
A Reconsideration of Egyptians at Ostia and Portus in the 2Nd Century
University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2016-01-15 Culture and Community: A reconsideration of Egyptians at Ostia and Portus in the 2nd century Incze, Franciska I. Incze, F. I. (2016). Culture and Community: A reconsideration of Egyptians at Ostia and Portus in the 2nd century (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/25504 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/2749 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Culture and Community: A reconsideration of Egyptians at Ostia and Portus in the 2nd century by Franciska I. Incze A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS GRADUATE PROGRAM IN GREEK AND ROMAN STUDIES CALGARY, ALBERTA JANUARY, 2016 © Franciska I. Incze 2016 Abstract The goal of this thesis is to reassess the presence of Egyptians at the Imperial harbours of Ostia and Portus in the 2nd century. This study will utilize a composite body of evidence that includes ancient written sources, epigraphical, architectural, and iconographical information in order to investigate the potential communal presence of Egyptians in the commercial centres. -
Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2012 Men at Work: Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C. Seth G. Bernard University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Bernard, Seth G., "Men at Work: Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C." (2012). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 492. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/492 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/492 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Men at Work: Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C. Abstract MEN AT WORK: PUBLIC CONSTRUCTION, LABOR, AND SOCIETY AT MID-REPUBLICAN ROME, 390-168 B.C. Seth G. Bernard C. Brian Rose, Supervisor of Dissertation This dissertation investigates how Rome organized and paid for the considerable amount of labor that went into the physical transformation of the Middle Republican city. In particular, it considers the role played by the cost of public construction in the socioeconomic history of the period, here defined as 390 to 168 B.C. During the Middle Republic period, Rome expanded its dominion first over Italy and then over the Mediterranean. As it developed into the political and economic capital of its world, the city itself went through transformative change, recognizable in a great deal of new public infrastructure. -
On the Months (De Mensibus) (Lewiston, 2013)
John Lydus On the Months (De mensibus) Translated with introduction and annotations by Mischa Hooker 2nd edition (2017) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations .......................................................................................... iv Introduction .............................................................................................. v On the Months: Book 1 ............................................................................... 1 On the Months: Book 2 ............................................................................ 17 On the Months: Book 3 ............................................................................ 33 On the Months: Book 4 January ......................................................................................... 55 February ....................................................................................... 76 March ............................................................................................. 85 April ............................................................................................ 109 May ............................................................................................. 123 June ............................................................................................ 134 July ............................................................................................. 140 August ........................................................................................ 147 September ................................................................................ -
Ünnepek a Keresztény És a Pogány Kor Határán Vallásantropológiai Tanulmányok Közép-Kelet-Európából 6
Tóth Anna Judit ÜNNEPEK A KERESZTÉNY ÉS A POGÁNY KOR HATÁRÁN VALLÁSANTROPOLÓGIAI TANULMÁNYOK KÖZÉP-KELET-EURÓPÁBÓL 6. Sorozatszerkeszt PÓCS ÉVA Tóth Anna Judit ÜNNEPEK A KERESZTÉNY ÉS A POGÁNY KOR HATÁRÁN Balassi Kiadó . Budapest Készült a Pécsi Tudományegyetem Néprajz–Kulturális Antropológia Tanszékén. Az ezekhez az eredményekhez vezető kutatás az Európai Kutatási Tanács részéről, az Európai Közösség hetedik keretprogramjából (2007–2013), az EKT 324214. számú támogatási megállapodása alapján finanszírozásban részesült. A könyv kiadását támogatta az Európai Kutatási Tanács az Európai Közösség hetedik keretprogramjából (2007–2013), az EKT 324214. számú Népi vallás a keleti és nyugati kereszténység határán: folyamatosság, változások és kölcsönhatások című projekt keretében. A borítón XIV. századi kódexlap részlete MS Bodl. 264 fol. 21v. (Oxford Bodleian Library) © Tóth Anna Judit, 2017 ISSN 1418-2734 ISBN 978-963-456-011-1 Tartalom KÖSZÖNETNYILVÁNÍTÁS . 9 1. BEVEZETÉS . 11 2. A KÉSŐ ÓKOR VILÁGA. 21 3. A KLASSZIKUS RÓMAI NAPTÁR RENDSZERE . 31 4. KALENDAE IANUARIAE A római újév . 35 Újév a korai császárkorban . 36 A Kalendae a késő császárkorban. Naptári források . 40 5. A KALENDAE MEGÜNNEPLÉSÉNEK FORRÁSAI Libanios . 43 Asterios . 56 Pacianus . 61 Ambrosius/Szent Ambrus . 62 Ióannés Chrysostomos/Aranyszájú Szent János. 63 Augustinus/Szent Ágoston . 68 Petrus Chrysologus/Aranyszavú Szent Péter . 70 Turini Szent Maximus/Maximus Taurinensis . 74 Antiochiai Izsák . 75 Arles-i Caesarius . 76 Vita Hilari . 81 Ióannés Lydos . 82 Gázai Chorikios . 84 Bragai Márton . 85 Sevillai Isidorus. 86 Pseudo–Turini Maximus . 87 Dasios-acta . 88 Bíborbanszületett Konstantin . 96 6. EGY ÚJ ÜNNEP KIALAKULÁSA A köztársaságkori Kalendae tovább élő elemei . 104 Principium anni . 104 Strena és a zöld ág – előjelek. 108 Új elemek, amelyek nem vezethetők le a régi Kalendaeból . -
Analecta Romana
CONSTRUCTING MYTHS 1 ANALECTA ROMANA INSTITUTI DANICI EDENDA CURAVERUNT OFFPRINT XXXIII 2008 ROMAE MMVIII ANALECTA ROMANA INSTITUTI DANICI XXXIII Accademia di Danimarca Via Omero, 18 - 00197 Rome © 2008 Accademia di Danimarca Analecta Romana Instituti Danici. — Vol. I (1960) — . Copenhagen: Munksgaard. From 1985: Rome, «L’ERMA» di Bretschneider. From 2007 (online): Accademia di Danimarca ISSN 2035-2506 REDAKTIONSKOMITÉ/SCIENTIFIC BOARD/COMITATO SCIENTIFICO Ove Hornby (Bestyrelsesformand, Det Danske Institut i Rom) Jesper Carlsen (Syddansk Universitet) Astrid Elbek (Det Jyske Musikkonservatorium) Karsten Friis-Jensen (Københavns Universitet) Helge Gamrath (Aalborg Universitet) Hannemarie Ragn Jensen (Københavns Universitet) Mogens Nykjær (Aarhus Universitet) Gunnar Ortmann (Det Danske Ambassade i Rom) Marianne Pade (Aarhus Universitet) Bodil Bundgaard Rasmussen (Nationalmuseet, København) Lene Schøsler (Københavns Universitet) Poul Schülein (Arkitema, København) Anne Sejten (Roskilde Universitet) REDAKTIONSUDVALG/EDITORIAL BOARD/COMITATO DI REDAZIONE Erik Bach (Det Danske Institut i Rom) Patrick Kragelund (Danmarks Kunstbibliotek) Gert Sørensen (Københavns Universitet) Birgit Tang (Det Danske Institut i Rom) Maria Adelaide Zocchi (Det Danske Institut i Rom) The journal ANALECTA ROMANA INSTITUTI DANICI (ARID) publishes studies within the main range of the Academy’s research activities: the arts and humanities, history and archaeology. Intending contributors should get in touch with the editors. For guidelines, cf. home- page. Accademia di Danimarca, 18 Via Omero, I - 00197 Roma, tel 0039-06 32 65 931 fax 06 32 22 717. E-mail: [email protected] Contents ANTONELLA MEZZOLANI: I materiali lapidei nelle costruzioni di età fenicia e punica a Cartagine 7 GITTE LØNSTRUP: Constructing Myths: The Foundation of Roma Christiana on 29 June 27 JENS VIGGO NIELSEN: ”L’Esistenzialismo non è un umanesimo” La dialettica come approccio all’esistenzialismo di Luigi Pareyson 65 LISE BEK: Innocence Lost. -
Calendar of Roman Events
Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th. -
University of Southampton Research Repository
University of Southampton Research Repository Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis and, where applicable, any accompanying data are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis and the accompanying data cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content of the thesis and accompanying research data (where applicable) must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder/s. When referring to this thesis and any accompanying data, full bibliographic details must be given, e.g. Thesis: Author (Year of Submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University Faculty or School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. Data: Author (Year) Title. URI [dataset] UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF HUMANITIES ARCHAEOLOGY Volume 1 of 2 In the Footsteps of the Gods: The use of computational methods to explore the role of mobility in the religious landscape of 2nd century AD Ostia by Katherine Ann Crawford Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2018 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF HUMANITIES ARCHAEOLOGY Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF THE GODS: THE USE OF COMPUTATIONAL METHODS TO EXPLORE THE ROLE OF MOBILITY IN THE RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF 2ND CENTURY AD OSTIA Katherine Ann Crawford ABSTRACT This thesis assesses how temples contributed to the religious landscape of Ostia, Rome’s ancient port, through the practice of processional rituals. -
Eclogae, Pur Discostandoci Da Alcune Scelte, Come Segnalato Nel Commento, Che Riguardano Essenzialmente Interventi Sul Testo Che Non Ci Sentiamo Di Condividere
Introduzione Il testo L’edizione a cui ci riconduciamo per tutta l’opera ausoniana è quella del Green, The Works of Ausonius, Oxford 1991. L’edizione del Green, che costituisce ad oggi un riferimento imprescindibile per gli studi su Ausonio, e che ha il merito non da poco di aver portato chiarezza nella confusione che regnava nelle citazioni dell’opera del poeta bordolese1, si segnala anche per i progressi nella questione testuale, per l’attenzione nella valutazione dei codici e per la serietà della sezione critica, e i suoi molti meriti non sono offuscati da alcune perplessità che lascia a proposito dei numerosi emendamenti, non sempre giustificati dalla necessità2. In questo lavoro ci rifacciamo ad essa per il testo e per l’ordinamento delle eclogae, pur discostandoci da alcune scelte, come segnalato nel commento, che riguardano essenzialmente interventi sul testo che non ci sentiamo di condividere. Inoltre Green espunge dal corpus delle eclogae la dedica a Drepanio, che apre il gruppo 19-25 nei codici, ritenendo che essa non fosse destinata ad accompagnare il Liber3, e su questo punto ci troviamo a dissentire. Se ne discuterà nel commento, ma accennare già adesso alla questione ci sembra necessario, poiché gli argomenti che ci persuadono hanno una certa rilevanza che si riflette sull’interpretazione dell’opera4. 1 Cfr. L. Mondin, Dieci anni di critica ausoniana, «BSL» 24, 1994, p. 200: «Una più razionale ridistribuzione dell’eterogeneo corpus ausoniano secondo lucidi criteri di genere e di affinità contenutistica rende complessivamente più fruibile l’edizione e risolve in buona parte il problema delle citazioni, finora oscillanti tra la numerazione progressiva dei componimenti secondo l’ed. -
Fasti'nin Açtığı Pencereden Roma Takvimine Bakış a Look at Roman
Sosyoloji Dergisi, 3. Dizi, 26. Sayı, 2013/1, 191-212 Fasti’nin Açtığı Pencereden Roma Takvimine Bakış Ekin Öyken* Özet: Günümüzde neredeyse tüm dünyada geçerliliği olan Gregorius takvimi, Roma takviminin kısmen değişmiş bir biçimidir. Kökleri Cumhuriyet öncesi döneme kadar giden Roma takviminde ise en önemli reform Iulius Caesar zamanında olmuştur. Roma tarihine gönderme yapan uğurlu ve uğursuz günleri, dinsel günleri, bayramları ve meclis günleri her dönemde oldukça renkli olan Roma takvimi, toplumsal yaşamı düzenleyen önemli bir araç olmasının yanı sıra, birçok antik yazar için merak ve esin kaynağı da olmuştur. Dolayısıyla Roma takvimini yalnızca işlevsel bir zaman tablosu olarak değil mitoloji, din ve tarihin iç içe geçtiği bir semboller ağı olarak düşünmek gerekir. Bu makalede, Ovidius’un (MÖ 43 - MS 17~18) Fasti eseri bağlamında, tak- vimin Roma şiirindeki özgün bir görüntüsü değerlendirilecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ovidius, Fasti, Roma Cumhuriyet Dönemi Takvimi, Roma Yılı, Roma Dini A Look at Roman Calendar Through Fasti’s Window Abstract: The Gregorian calendar, which is widely adopted in the world today, is a partially modified version of the ancient Roman calendar. The ancient Roman calendar itself, which has it roots in the pre-Republican era, underwent the most definite change in the age of Julius Caesar. Besides being an important medium for the organization of social life, the Roman calendar, with its religious days, festivals, assembly days, auspicious and ominous days, was a source of curiosity and inspiration for the ancient authors. Hence, we have to think of it not just as a practical time table but also as a web of symbols woven with mythology, religion and history. -
Romans in Rome: a Reception of Romans in the Roman Context of Ethnicity and Faith
Durham E-Theses Reading Romans in Rome: A Reception of Romans in the Roman Context of Ethnicity and Faith HOLDSWORTH, BENJAMIN,EVANS How to cite: HOLDSWORTH, BENJAMIN,EVANS (2009) Reading Romans in Rome: A Reception of Romans in the Roman Context of Ethnicity and Faith, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/214/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Reading Romans in Rome: A Reception of Romans in the Roman Context of Ethnicity and Faith Thesis Submission for a Doctor of Philosophy To the University of Durham Durham, United Kingdom By Benjamin Evans Holdsworth, Jr. July 2009 Declaration I hereby declare that the work included in this thesis is original. No part of this thesis has been submitted for a degree elsewhere in the United Kingdom, or in any other country or university. -
CALENDARS in ANTIQUITY This Page Intentionally Left Blank Calendars in Antiquity
CALENDARS IN ANTIQUITY This page intentionally left blank Calendars in Antiquity Empires, States, and Societies SACHA STERN 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries # Sacha Stern 2012 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published 2012 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available ISBN 978–0–19–958944–9 Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by MPG Books Group, Bodmin and King’s Lynn Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. Preface This book is intended not as a catalogue, but as a piece of social history.