DOCSLIB.ORG

Nuclear Proliferation in the Middle East and South Asia: the Case of Israel and India

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nuclear Proliferation in the Middle East and South Asia: the Case of Israel and India American University in Cairo AUC Knowledge Fountain Archived Theses and Dissertations 6-1-2000 Nuclear proliferation in the Middle East and South Asia: the case of Israel and India Kareem Kamel Follow this and additional works at: https://fount.aucegypt.edu/retro_etds Recommended Citation APA Citation Kamel, K. (2000).Nuclear proliferation in the Middle East and South Asia: the case of Israel and India [Thesis, the American University in Cairo]. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/retro_etds/2379 MLA Citation Kamel, Kareem. Nuclear proliferation in the Middle East and South Asia: the case of Israel and India. 2000. American University in Cairo, Thesis. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/retro_etds/2379 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by AUC Knowledge Fountain. It has been accepted for inclusion in Archived Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AUC Knowledge Fountain. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND SOUTH ASIA: THE CASES OF ISRAEL AND INDIA KAREEM MAHMOUD KAMEL A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE (MAY/2000) The American University in Cairo i The American University in Cairo NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND SOUTH ASIA : THE CASES OF ISRAEL AND INDIA A Thesis Submitted by Kareem Mahmoud Kamel To the Department of Political Science (May/2000) In partial fulfillment of the requirements for The degree of Master of Arts Has been approved by Dr. William De Mars Thesis Committee Chair/Adviser . Affiliation . Dr. Bahgat Korany Thesis Committee Reader/Examiner . Affiliation . Dr. Anthony Lang Thesis Committee Reader/Examiner . Affiliation . _______________ ______ ____________ ______ Department Chair/ Date Dean Date Program Director ii CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………... V ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………....................... vi Chapter Page 1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………….. 1 Historical Background………………………………………………………... 5 Research Objectives………………………………………………………….. 8 Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………….. 10 Strategic Literature………………………………………………………… 11 The Security Perspective & Decision-Making Theory..…………………... 19 2. ISRAEL: THE RELENTLESS QUEST FOR SECURITY………………….. 36 The Security Perspective………………………………………………………… 37 The Middle East Regional System…………………………………………. 38 The Strategic Utility of Israel’s Nuclear Weapons………………………… 40 Israel’s Nuclear Decision-Making…………………………………….................. 53 “Nuclear Mythmaking” – The Cognitive Approach to Decision-Making………………………………………………………….. 56 Bureaucratic Politics and Israel’s Nuclear Decision-Making……………… 75 Conclusions………………………………………………………………………. 83 3. INDIA: INTERNATIONAL IMPERATIVES OR DOMESTIC FACTORS?................................................................................... 86 India and the South Asian System………………………………………………. 87 The Security Perspective…………………………………………………………. 90 iii India’s Nuclear Decision-Making…………………………………………….. 103 The Cognitive Approach to Decision-Making – Norms, Identity, and Nuclear Weapons…………………………………………. 108 Bureaucratic Politics and India’s Nuclear Decision-Making…………… 122 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………… 125 4. CONCLUSIONS…………………………………………………………… 128 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………… 141 iv All praises due to Allah, for His mercy, guidance and support, without which nothing would be possible…. I would also like to thank my supervisor, Dr. William De Mars, for his relentless dedication, his valuable suggestions, and his constant support and encouragement during the course of this research. Also, I would like to extend my gratitude to my readers, Dr. Anthony Lang and Dr. Bahgat Korany, for their useful methodological and theoretical insights….. A special thanks to my family for their patience, goodwill, and enthusiasm….. v ABSTRACT University Name: The American University in Cairo Thesis Title: Nuclear Proliferation in the Middle East and South Asia: The Cases of India and Israel Student Full Name: Kareem Mahmoud Kamel Name of Advisor: Dr. William De Mars Name of Readers: Dr. Anthony Lang & Dr. Bahgat Korany This research attempts to offer a multivariate explanation for the decisions of Israel and India to build nuclear weapons and deploy them, and their choice of nuclear strategy by ‘theorizing’ the largely descriptive but undertheorized literature on the topic. It focuses on the formative period of each country’s nuclear program during which time its nuclear program was set on track. The major aim of the work is to open the ‘black box’ of nuclear politics and shed light on the anomalies in the nuclear decisions of both countries, that are not adequately addressed by the security model and its accompanying principles of state rationality. This thesis will argue that while the nuclear decisions of both countries have been, no doubt, shaped by its strategic threat perceptions, two other variables played, to different degrees, an important role in nuclear proliferation: the attitudinal prisms of its chief nuclear decision-makers in relation to their perceptions of ‘national interest’, ‘science’, ‘modernity’ and ‘prestige’ and chief bureaucrats residing over key scientific establishments. In order to account for the reasons behind key nuclear decisions, three theoretical models were used: the security perspective with its focus on strategic threat perceptions, the cognitive approach to decision-making with vi its emphasis on the attitudinal prisms of decision-makers, and the bureaucratic approach with its ability to account for the pulling and hauling that is characteristic of bureaucratic politics. Finally, the thesis comparatively evaluated the Israeli and Indian cases of proliferation and related them to other cases of proliferation and non-proliferation in the third world. vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Most analysis of Cold War nuclear policy, and of proliferation, rely almost exclusively on the security model of state rationality. This explanation assumes that states act as coherent units in their relentless pursuit of power (defined largely in material terms) amidst an anarchic international environment. In this regard, nuclear weapons are seen as facilitators of much-needed security. In other words, “many U.S. policymakers and most international relations scholars have a clear and simple answer to the proliferation puzzle: states will seek to develop nuclear weapons when they face a significant military threat to their security that cannot be met through alternative means: if they do not face such threats, they will willingly remain non- nuclear states.”1 This thesis will examine the decisions of India and Israel to build nuclear weapons and deploy them, and their choice of nuclear strategy. Moreover, it will focus on nuclear decision-making in both countries. A closer look at each of the two countries reveals anomalies in their nuclear decisions that are not well-explained by the security model. First, the nuclear programs of India and Israel have been shaped by the “attitudinal prisms” of their chief nuclear decision-makers and their different perceptions of ‘national interest’. Secondly, nuclear politics in both countries involved important “normative” concerns. Of particular importance, is the interaction between 1 Scott Sagan, “Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons ?: Three Models in Search of a Bomb,” International Security 21 (Winter 1996/1997): 54. 1 ‘science’ and ‘prestige’, as important normative constructs, and how they were understood by nuclear decision-makers in relationship to perceptions of modernity and identity. Third, nuclear decisions were pioneered by chief bureaucrats residing over an extensive nuclear bureaucracy. In other words, nuclear decision-making largely involved pulling and hauling between bureaucrats whose interests and perceptions were largely shaped by personal and partisan interests. India and Israel invite analysis because they have the longest nuclear history in the developing world, and their democratic systems, however flawed, yield relatively greater information on domestic decision-making. More specifically, it will enable one to better understand the “attitudinal prism” of key decision-makers, bureaucratic politics and important “normative” concerns that played a role in nuclear decision- making. This is not to say that authoritarian regimes lack the previous attributes, but rather a realization that the nature of democratic governments makes it easier to obtain information on a sensitive issue that is already concealed by multiple veils of secrecy. Hence, the democratic systems of both India and Israel enable one to better understand the domestic dimension of decision-making that would have otherwise been further obscured by personalized politics, authoritarian regimes, extremely rigid censorship and lack of informative publications pertaining to the subject-matter of the thesis. The main problem in proliferation studies lies in the lack of analytical appreciation of the complexity of nuclear politics, the reasons behind key strategic decisions, and the range of reasons why states choose to go nuclear. More importantly, an exclusive reliance on the security model for understanding proliferation is called into question by recent literature recognizing the important role 2 that domestic factors and normative concerns
Load more

Recommended publications
  • תוארי כבוד Honorary Degrees Conferment Ceremony
    טקס הענקת תוארי כבוד Honorary Degrees Conferment Ceremony י“ב באייר תשס“ז • May 2008 17 Board of Governors Board of Governors מושב חבר הנאמנים מושב חבר הנאמנים 2008 2008 1 מתכבדת להזמינכם takes pleasure in inviting you to the לטקס הענקת Honorary Degrees תוארי כבוד Conferment Ceremony במעמד שרת החינוך ,in the presence of Prof. Yuli Tamir פרופ' יולי תמיר Minister of Education ד"ר כבוד לפילוסופיה: :Doctor Philosophiae Honoris Causa פרופ' אלי ויזל, ארה"ב Eli Amir, Israel מרטין ג' ויטמן, ארה"ב Dr. Santiago Calatrava SA, Switzerland פרנסיס מינקוף, שוויץ Prof. Mary-Claire King, USA אלי עמיר, ישראל Francis Minkoff, Switzerland פרופ' הילארי פאטנם, ארה"ב Sruel Prajs, Germany שרול פרייס, גרמניה Prof. Hilary Putnam, USA ד"ר סנטיאגו קלטרבה, שוויץ Lea Koenig Stolper, Israel פרופ' מארי-קלייר קינג, ארה"ב Martin J. Whitman, USA ליא קניג שטולפר, ישראל Prof. Elie Wiesel, USA עמית כבוד: :Honorary Fellowship יחיאל בן-צבי, ישראל Yehiel Ben-Zvi, Israel ג'ון לנדרר, אוסטרליה John Landerer CBE AM, Australia אלן סלווין, אוסטרליה Alan Selwyn, Australia דברים בשם מקבלי התארים: :Response on behalf of the recipients פרופ' הילארי פאטנם Prof. Hilary Putnam מוצאי שבת, י"ב באייר תשס"ח, 17.5.2008 בשעה Saturday, 17 May 2008, at 9:00 p.m. 21:00 אודיטוריום ע"ש מרים ואדולפו סמולרש Miriam and Adolfo Smolarz Auditorium קבלת פנים Reception in the באולם הכניסה ע"ש משפחת סרחיו וקוקי גרוסקופ Kuky and Sergio Grosskopf Family Foyer קריית האוניברסיטה, רמת–אביב Tel Aviv University Campus, Ramat Aviv קוד לבוש: פורמאלי Dress code: dark suit )הטקס וקבלת הפנים על–פי הזמנה בלבד( (By invitation only) הטקס יועבר בשידור ישיר באינטרנט :Ceremony will be broadcast live http://video.tau.ac.il/Honorary_Degrees-08 http://video.tau.ac.il/Honorary_Degrees-08 מושב חבר הנאמנים Board of Governors 17.5.08 PROGRAM Academic Procession Address Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Israel Prize
    Year Winner Discipline 1953 Gedaliah Alon Jewish studies 1953 Haim Hazaz literature 1953 Ya'akov Cohen literature 1953 Dina Feitelson-Schur education 1953 Mark Dvorzhetski social science 1953 Lipman Heilprin medical science 1953 Zeev Ben-Zvi sculpture 1953 Shimshon Amitsur exact sciences 1953 Jacob Levitzki exact sciences 1954 Moshe Zvi Segal Jewish studies 1954 Schmuel Hugo Bergmann humanities 1954 David Shimoni literature 1954 Shmuel Yosef Agnon literature 1954 Arthur Biram education 1954 Gad Tedeschi jurisprudence 1954 Franz Ollendorff exact sciences 1954 Michael Zohary life sciences 1954 Shimon Fritz Bodenheimer agriculture 1955 Ödön Pártos music 1955 Ephraim Urbach Jewish studies 1955 Isaac Heinemann Jewish studies 1955 Zalman Shneur literature 1955 Yitzhak Lamdan literature 1955 Michael Fekete exact sciences 1955 Israel Reichart life sciences 1955 Yaakov Ben-Tor life sciences 1955 Akiva Vroman life sciences 1955 Benjamin Shapira medical science 1955 Sara Hestrin-Lerner medical science 1955 Netanel Hochberg agriculture 1956 Zahara Schatz painting and sculpture 1956 Naftali Herz Tur-Sinai Jewish studies 1956 Yigael Yadin Jewish studies 1956 Yehezkel Abramsky Rabbinical literature 1956 Gershon Shufman literature 1956 Miriam Yalan-Shteklis children's literature 1956 Nechama Leibowitz education 1956 Yaakov Talmon social sciences 1956 Avraham HaLevi Frankel exact sciences 1956 Manfred Aschner life sciences 1956 Haim Ernst Wertheimer medicine 1957 Hanna Rovina theatre 1957 Haim Shirman Jewish studies 1957 Yohanan Levi humanities 1957 Yaakov
    [Show full text]
  • June 17, 1993 Interview with André Finkelstein by Avner Cohen
    Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified June 17, 1993 Interview with André Finkelstein by Avner Cohen Citation: “Interview with André Finkelstein by Avner Cohen,” June 17, 1993, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, From the personal collection of Avner Cohen. https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113997 Summary: Transcript of Avner Cohen's 1993 interview with André Finkelstein. Finkelstein, deputy director of the IAEA and a ranking official within the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), discusses Franco- Israeli nuclear technology exchange and collaboration in this 1993 interview. Credits: This document was made possible with support from the Leon Levy Foundation and Carnegie Corporation of New York (CCNY). Original Language: English Contents: English Transcription Interview with Dr. André Finkelstein [1] This interview was conducted on 17 June 1993 in Paris, France. Interviewer: Dr. Avner Cohen Dr. André Finkelstein: I was trained as a physical chemist, I spent two years in Rochester University in New York and then I came back and joined the French Commission.[2],[3] Dr. Avner Cohen: When was that? Finkelstein: ’53. And I was involved in isotope tritium production and then quickly the Commission was expanding very quickly, so many people had no chance to stay in the lab very long and I was called to headquarters and I was in international affairs. I float[ed] for many years in [International Atomic Energy Agency] IAEA[4] in Vienna and I was for four years as deputy director general in Vienna and then I came back . Cohen: For Hans Blix?[5] Finkelstein: Before Hans Blix, with [Sigvard] Eklund [6] in the Department of Research and Isotopes.
    [Show full text]
  • Israeli Nuclear Deterrence: The
    Israeli Nuclear Deterrence: The Failure of a Concept "How did the Change in Israel's Strategic Context Affect the Usefulness of the Israeli Nuclear Deterrent?" By Amr Nasr El-Din ID # 900020584 Supervised by Dr. Bahgat Korany Introduction: This research will attempt to examine how the changes in Israel’s security environment have affected the strategic usefulness of its nuclear weapons. Those changes can be summed up as: the fall of state-centered security threats and the rise, instead, of security threats stemming from Non-State Actors (NSAs) using asymmetric forms of warfare. A complex set of often interrelated political and strategic factors that were not confined to Middle Eastern political setting alone but extended to the rest of the world initiated these two simultaneous processes. Historically, the Israeli nuclear deterrent was developed during the 1950s and 1960s when Israel’s strategic setting was mainly dominated by state-centered security threats. Consequently, Israel was mainly concerned, at the time, with the threat of possible symmetrical military confrontations with its Arab neighbors – something that created a strategic value for its nuclear deterrent. Yet, a closer examination of the evolution of the Israeli security environment since 1982 will reveal that Non-State Actors (NSAs) that use asymmetrical forms of warfare, slowly but surely, came to dominate the Israeli security setting. Since then, Israel’s major security threats originated from NSAs operating in neighboring states (as in the case of Hezbollah in Lebanon) or from the Arab territories occupied in 1967, mainly the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, or from Israel's proper.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT Title of Document: HAWKS to DOVES
    ABSTRACT Title of Document: HAWKS TO DOVES: THE ROLE OF PERSONALITY IN FOREIGN POLICY DECISION-MAKING Guy Ziv, Ph. D., 2008 Directed by: Professor Shibley Telhami Anwar Sadat Professor for Peace and Development Department of Government and Politics Why do some hawkish leaders become doves, and what determines whether these leaders’ views affect dramatic change in a state’s foreign policy? Structural and domestic political explanations of foreign policy change tend to overlook the importance of leaders in such change. Political psychologists offer important insight into how and why certain leaders are inclined to revise their beliefs. Two psychological factors in particular hold great promise for explaining leaders’ foreign policy shifts: cognitive openness and cognitive complexity. Cognitively open leaders are receptive to new information and are thus more prone to changing their beliefs than cognitively closed leaders. Similarly, cognitively complex leaders recognize that distinct situations possess multiple dimensions, and so are more likely to engage in adaptive behavior than their cognitively simple counterparts. The primary case explored in this dissertation is that of Shimon Peres, who began his political career as a tough-minded hawk and, in mid-career, transformed into a leading dove. Peres is found to possess particularly high levels of cognitive openness and complexity, thus explaining why his dovish shift was more expansive and occurred sooner than did Yitzhak Rabin’s dovish turn. Begin and Shamir, by contrast, are found to be more cognitively closed and simple than either Peres or Rabin, thus explaining why these hawks remained hawks despite having witnessed the same systemic-structural and domestic political events as Peres and Rabin.
    [Show full text]
  • Feinberg Graduate School 2016 Graduates Feinberg Graduate School Weizmann Institute of Science P.O
    Feinberg Graduate School 2016 Graduates Feinberg Graduate School Weizmann Institute of Science P.O. Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel Phone: + 972-8-934-2924 Fax: + 972-8-934-4114 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.weizmann.ac.il/feinberg/ Department of Resource Development Phone: + 972-8-934-4582 Fax: + 972-8-934-6161 E-mail: [email protected] Design: www.dio-olamot.com Production team (in alphabetical order): Eti Colb-Uzana, Ami Eini, Adah Even-Zahav, Tali Galsky, Shiri Gerson, Tamar Morad, Meital Salmor, Dr. Ami Shalit, Raanan Yaacobi Photography: Itai Belson, Ohad Herches, Weizmann Institute Photography Lab Yael Ilan, Nir Kafri Production coordinator: Meital Salmor Weizmann Institute of Science | Feinberg Graduate School | 2016 Graduates Weizmann Institute of Science | Feinberg Graduate School | 2016 Graduates The Weizmann Institute of Science is one of the world’s leading institutions The of basic scientific research in all disciplines of natural and exact sciences: mathematics and computer sciences; physics; chemistry; biochemistry and Weizmann biology. Its scientists conduct studies in fields that are on the cutting edge of science and that serve to enrich human knowledge about the world around us and our role in the universe. The Institute’s unique character encourages Institute numerous multidisciplinary collaborations in all areas of research. Weizmann Institute investigations greatly further the development of new technologies of Science and alternative sources of energy and the invention of new materials, medicines, and state-of-the-art medical treatment. The Institute invests considerable efforts and resources in scientific education for school-aged children and the public. The Institute consists of some 3,000 scientists, students, and supporting staff.
    [Show full text]
  • June 15, 1993 Interview with Bertrand Goldschmidt by Avner Cohen
    Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified June 15, 1993 Interview with Bertrand Goldschmidt by Avner Cohen Citation: “Interview with Bertrand Goldschmidt by Avner Cohen,” June 15, 1993, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, From the personal collection of Avner Cohen. https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113995 Summary: Transcript of Avner Cohen's 1993 interview with Dr. Bertrand Goldschmidt. Goldschmidt was a leading French nuclear scientist who helped develop the PUREX plutonium extraction technique. In this interview, Goldschmidt explains the background of the French role in constructing the Dimona nuclear facility. Credits: This document was made possible with support from the Leon Levy Foundation and Carnegie Corporation of New York (CCNY). Original Language: English Contents: English Transcription Interview with Bertrand Goldschmidt[1] This interview was conducted on 15 June 1993 Interviewer: Dr. Avner Cohen Bertrand Goldschmidt: Think of buying . it wouldn’t have cost them very much, the heavy water[2],[3] produced in Norway. And if we, you see we hid during the war, as it said in that book, those 8 tons of uranium that the Belgians had loaned to Collège de France and by the way, that we never paid and kept. Without the Norwegian heavy water, which was available—we were able to have the first tons produced in Norway after the war— our whole program would have been delayed by three years. And I believe that if the Commissariat [a l'Energie Atomique][4] had loaned its first reactor, let’s say in ’52 or ’53, we wouldn’t have got[ten] the first 5 year plan, which was the plan which allowed us to produce military amounts of plutonium.
    [Show full text]
  • Technion President's Report 2019
    TECHNION PRESIDENT’S REPORT 2019 TECHNION PRESIDENT’S REPORT TECHNION PRESIDENT’S REPORT 2019 presidentsreport.technion.ac.il www.technion.ac.il Cover: Superconducting Quantum Circuits Lab in the Helen Diller Center for Quantum Science, Matter and Engineering PRESIDENT’S REPORT 2019 REVIEWING A DECADE OF THE TECHNION ETHOS OF ANTICIPATING THE FUTURE In recent years, a new spirit has pervaded all areas of life, from academia to industry, through to the new technologies on which our lives depend. This is the spirit of innovation. In the 21st century, innovation is Israel, is Technion. As a nexus in the global ecosystem of progress, we are proud to offer the 2019 Technion President’s Report under the banner iTechnion. I #iTechnion From Technion President Prof. Peretz Lavie elcome to the 2019 President’s Re- speech laying out the goals and priorities Strategic Goal: W port, in which we review a decade of for my presidency. This strategic vision Replenishing the Faculty progress and look forward to continu- arose out of an intimate knowledge of In 2009, Technion’s faculty had been ing fruition of the Technion vision. the university since joining the faculty in reduced due to a wave of retiring baby 1975. Prior to my presidency, I was dean boomers. The departure of a large cohort When I received the tremendous honor of of the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of professors affected the quality of the becoming Technion President ten years of Medicine for six years and Technion education and research. Consequently, ago, I felt that I was handed an enormous Vice President for Resource Development a top priority was to refill the faculty’s responsibility: not only to maintain Tech- and External Relations for seven years.
    [Show full text]
  • The Asia Papers, No
    asia the papersno. 2 | 2016 ERNST DAVID BERGMANN AND ISRAEl’s ROLE IN TAIWan’s DEFENSE Yitzhak Shichor The Importance of Being Ernst: Ernst David Bergmann and Israel’s Role in Taiwan’s Defense Yitzhak Shichor The Asia Papers, no. 2 | 2016 © 2016 Center for International and Regional Studies Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Qatar ISSN 2414-696X Established in 2005, the Center for International and Regional Studies at the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Qatar is a premier research institute devoted to the academic study of regional and international issues through dialogue and exchange of ideas, research and scholarship, and engagement with national and international scholars, opinion makers, practitioners, and activists. Guided by the principles of academic excellence, forward vision, and community engagement, the CIRS mission revolves around five principal goals: • To provide a forum for scholarship and research on international and regional affairs; • To encourage in-depth examination and exchange of ideas; • To foster thoughtful dialogue among students, scholars, and practitioners of international affairs; • To facilitate the free flow of ideas and knowledge through publishing the products of its research, sponsoring conferences and seminars, and holding workshops designed to explore the complexities of the twenty-first century; • To engage in outreach activities with a wide range of local, regional, and international partners. This publication series is made possible by the generous support of Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development. abstract Since the early 1960s when Taiwanese officials met Professor Ernst David Bergmann, the first chairman of the Israel Atomic Energy Commission, he played a significant role in Taiwan’s nuclear (and missile) programs.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkey, Israel, Morocco
    Turkey _l HE PERIOD under review (the middle of 1961 to the end of 1966) witnessed the restoration of order in Turkey after two coups in 1960 and the execution on charges of corruption and treason of Adnan Menderes, former prime minister and leader of the defunct Democratic party. These events were followed by the eventual return to democratic practices and a multi-party system. In the middle of 1961 a new constitution (AJYB, 1962 [Vol. 63], p. 393) drafted by members of a temporary constituent assembly was approved by the controlling military junta, the Committee of National Unity, under the leadership of General Cemal Giirsel. The junta considered the existence of this constitution one of the prime conditions for the promised return to civilian government. When, on July 9, 1961, the constitution was submitted to the people in the form of a referendum, over one-third of the ballots were cast against it, indicating that a large number of citizens were still partisan to the recently overthrown Democratic party. After the referendum, political activ- ity intensified in preparation for the first post-coup elections to be held on October 16, 1961. The elections demonstrated that the memory of Menderes was sufficiently poignant to muster 34.8 per cent of the votes for the Justice party. The middle-of-the-road Republican People's party (RPP), headed by Izmet Inonii, received 36.7 per cent of the votes; the liberal New Turkey party, 13.7 per cent, and the slightly right Republican National People's party, 14 per cent. Thus, no party won the required 226-seat majority in the Assembly or the 76-seat majority in the Senate, and, for the first time in Turkey's po- litical history, a coalition was to be formed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Parliamentary Committee of Inquiry on the Subject of the Water
    The Parliamentary Committee of Inquiry on the Israeli Water Sector Headed by MK David Magen REPORT Jerusalem, June 2002 2 Table of Contents Explanation by the translator 1. Introduction by the Chairman of the Committee 2. The establishment of the Parliamentary Committee of Inquiry on the Israeli Water Sector 2.1. The background to the establishment for the Committee 2.2. The resolution establishing the Committee 2.3. The Committee's terms of reference 2.4. The Committee's work 3. Summing up and conclusions 4. The Committee's recommendations 5. The state of the Israeli water sector 5.1. The supply of water 5.2. The demand for water 5.3. Over-pumping 6. The legal situation 6.1. Water legislation 6.2. The basic principles of the Water Law 6.3. The Water Commission 6.4. The shortcomings of the existing legislation 7. The background to the crisis in the Israeli water sector 7.1. General 7.2. The historical background of the crisis in the Israeli water sector 7.2.1. The first period - the years 1948-1964 7.2.2. The second period - the years 1965-1985 7.2.3. The third period - the years 1986-2000 7.2.4. The beginning of the fourth period - starting 2001 7.3. The organizational structure, and the decision making process 7.3.1. The Ministries dealing with the water issue 7.3.2. Additional bodies active in the water sector 7.3.3. Government resolutions 7.3.4. The reports of the State Comptroller and Knesset decisions 7.3.5.
    [Show full text]
  • טקס הענקת תוארי כבוד Honorary Degrees Conferment Ceremony PROGRAM
    טקס הענקת תוארי כבוד Honorary Degrees Conferment Ceremony cb 2010 Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors Bringing Home Young Faculty cb 2010 Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors טקס הענקת תוארי כבוד Honorary Degrees Conferment Ceremony PROGRAM Academic Procession Address Robert Goldberg, Chairman, Board of Governors Prof. Joseph Klafter, President Prof. Dany Leviatan, Rector Doctor Philosophiae Honoris Causa Ron Arad, England/Israel Prof. Alan Dershowitz, USA Evgenia Dodina, Israel Shlomo Eliahu, Israel Prof. Marc Feldman, USA S. Lee Kohrman, USA Adv. Zvi Meitar, England Prof. Erwin Neher, Germany Response on behalf of the recipients Prof. Alan Dershowitz Emcee : Leah Zinder 2 תכנית תהלוכה אקדמית דברים רוברט גולדברג, יו"ר חבר הנאמנים פרופ יוסף קלפטר, נשיא פרופ דני לויתן, רקטור הענקת תוארי דוקטור כבוד שלמה אליהו, ישראל רון ארד, אנגליה/ישראל יבגניה דודינה, ישראל פרופ אלן דרשוביץ, ארה"ב עו"ד צבי מיתר, אנגליה פרופ ארווין נהר, גרמניה פרופ מרק פלדמן, ארה"ב ס. לי קורמן, ארה"ב בשם מקבלי התארים פרופ אלן דרשוביץ מנחה: לאה זינדר 3 Ron Arad At its session on the 24th day of February, 2010 Israel/UK the Senate of Tel Aviv University resolved to honor Architect and designer Ron Arad is a prominent figure Ron Arad in the international design world. Born in Tel Aviv in 1951, in recognition he studied at the Bezalel of his exceptional contribution to Academy of Art and Design in architecture and industrial design; his novel creations Jerusalem before settling in London, where he continued that challenge design conventions and employ the most advanced his training at the Architectural technologies; his experimentation with new materials and broad Association.
    [Show full text]