Scientific Activities 2003

Home , Aharon Katzir, Aryeh Dvoretzky, Avshalom Elitzur, David Danon, David Milstein, Duilio Arigoni

ScientificScientific ActivitiesActivities The Weizmann Institute of Science Scientific Activities 2003

Rehovot, Israel Edited, Designed and Typeset by Aviva Ovadia

Cover Design by Shlomit Davidzon, Graphics Department

We wish to thank all the secretarial staff who worked on this project, without whose help this publication would not be possible.

Printed in Israel By Publishing Department Weizmann Institute of Science

ISSN 0083-7849 Contents

Board of Governors vii Scientific and Academic Advisory Committee xv Officers of the Weizmann Institute xvii Weizmann Institute of Science xix

Faculty of Biochemistry

Faculty of Biochemistry - Overview 3 Biological Chemistry 5 Molecular Genetics 15 Plant Sciences 23 Biological Services 29 Avron-Wilstätter Minerva Center for Research in Photosynthesis 31 Y. Leon Benoziyo Institute for Molecular Medicine 33 Dr. Josef Cohn Minerva Center for Biomembrane Research 35 Crown Human Genome Center 37 Mel Dobrin Center for Nutrition 39 Leo and Julia Forchheimer Center for Molecular Genetics 41 Kekst Family Center for Medical Genetics 43 Charles W. and Tillie K. Lubin Center for Plant Biotechnology 45 M.D. Moross Institute for Cancer Research 47 David and Fela Shapell Family Center for Genetic Disorders Research 49 Harry and Jeannette Weinberg Center for Plant Molecular Genetics Research 51

Faculty of Biology

Faculty of Biology - Overview 55 Biological Regulation 57 Immunology 65 Molecular Cell Biology 73 Neurobiology 87 Veterinary Resources 93 Helen and Norman Asher Center for Human Brain Imaging 95 Nella and Leon Benoziyo Center for Neurosciences 97 Carl and Micaela Einhorn-Dominic Institute for Brain Research 99 Murray H. and Meyer Grodetsky Center for Research of Higher Brain Functions 101 Belle S. and Irving E. Meller Center for the Biology of Aging 103 Gabrielle Rich Center for Transplantation Biology Research 105 Willner Family Center for Vascular Biology 107 Women's Health Research Center 111

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Yad Abraham Research Center for Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy 113

Faculty of Chemistry

Faculty of Chemistry - Overview 117 Chemical Physics 121 Environmental Sciences and Energy Research 127 Materials and Interfaces 131 Organic Chemistry 135 Structural Biology 141 Solar Research Facilities Unit 147 Chemical Research Support 149 Center for Energy Research 157 Fritz Haber Center for Physical Chemistry 159 Ilse Katz Institute for Material Sciences and Magnetic Resonance Research 161 Helen and Martin Kimmel Center for Archaeological Science 163 Helen and Martin Kimmel Center for Molecular Design 165 Helen and Martin Kimmel Center for Nanoscale Science 167 Helen and Milton A. Kimmelman Center for Biomolecular Structure and Assembly 169 Joseph and Ceil Mazer Center for Structural Biology 171 Gerhard M.J. Schmidt Minerva Center for Supramolecular Architecture 173 Sussman Family Center for the Study of Environmental Sciences 175

Faculty of Physics

Faculty of Physics - Overview 179 Condensed Matter Physics 181 Particle Physics 187 Physics of Complex Systems 195 Physics Services 201 Center for Experimental Physics 203 Nella and Leon Benoziyo Center for High Energy Physics 205 Joseph H. and Belle R. Braun Center for Submicron Research 209 Albert Einstein Minerva Center for Theoretical Physics 213 Maurice and Gabriella Goldschleger Center for Nanophysics 215 Minerva Center for Nonlinear Physics of Complex Systems 217

Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science

Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science - Overview 223 Computer Science and Applied Mathematics 225 Mathematics 231 Arthur and Rochelle Belfer Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science 237 Ida Cohen Center for Mathematics 241 Minerva Center for Formal Verification of Reactive Systems 243 v

Feinberg Graduate School

Feinberg Graduate School 249 Science Teaching 307 Young@Science 315 Aharon Katzir-Katchalski Center 317

Institute-Wide Centers

Clore Center for Biological Physics 323 Dolfi and Lola Ebner Center for Biomedical Research 325 J&R Center for Scientific Research 327 Center for New Scientists 329 Center for Scientific Excellence 331 Prospective Center for Systems Biology 333

Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs

Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs - Overview 337 Academic Affairs Office 339 Appointments and Promotions 340 Awards 342 Honors 344 Summer Science Program for Students 352 Visiting Professors Program 353 Weizmann Memorial Lectures 354 Weizmann Professorial Chairs, CDCs and Fellowships 356 Research Grants and Projects Office 373 Visiting Scientists Office 375

Division of Information Systems 377 Division of Logistics and Research Services 387

Amos de-Shalit Foundation 391 Davidson Institute for Science Education 393 Yeda Research and Development Company Ltd. 397

Weizmann Institute Activities on the Internet 399

The Board of Governors

Stuart E. Eizenstat*, Washington, DC, USA, Chair of the Board H. Thomas Beck*, Toronto, Ont, Canada, Deputy Chair of the Board Lawrence S. Blumberg*, New York, NY, USA, Deputy Chair of the Board Robert J. Drake*, Wassenaar, The Netherlands, Deputy Chair of the Board Dame Vivien Duffield*, Geneva, Switzerland, Deputy Chair of the Board Prof. Michael Sela*, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel, Deputy Chair of the Board S. Donald Sussman*, Greenwich, CT, USA, Deputy Chair of the Board Abraham Ben-Naftali*, Tel Aviv, Israel, Chair of the Executive Council Oded Aboodi**, New York, NY, USA Ayala Zacks Abramov, Jerusalem, Israel Gary M. Abramson, N. Bethesda, MD, USA Sem Almaleh, Geneva, Switzerland Sally Leafman Appelbaum, Scottsdale, AZ, USA (from November 2003) Prof. Ruth Arnon*, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel Prof. Zvi Artstein*, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel Helen S. Asher, Chicago, IL, USA Robert H. Asher*, Chicago, IL, USA, ex-officio member (also elected member) David Assia, Or-Yehuda, Israel Yehuda Assia*, Tel Aviv, Israel Prof. John M. Ball, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Prof. David Baltimore, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA Prof. Allen J. Bard, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA Hanan Bar-On, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel (deceased June 4, 2003) Robert G. Begam*, Phoenix, AZ, USA Robert A. Belfer, New York, NY, USA Prof. Haim Ben-Shahar, Tel Aviv, Israel Dr. Emile Benassayag, Paris, France Marshall Bennett, Chicago, IL, USA Prof. Sir Michael V. Berry, FRS, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Maks L. Birnbach*, New York, NY, USA René Braginsky, Zurich, Switzerland Frances Brody, Los Angeles, CA, USA

*Member of the Executive Council **Member of the Executive Council from November 2003

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L. Yehuda Bronicki*, Yavne, Israel Stanley Chais*, Beverly Hills, CA, USA Prof. Ilan Chet*, President, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel Joseph Ciechanover, Tel Aviv, Israel Doron Cohen*, Ramat-Gan, Israel Prof. Marvin L. Cohen, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Norman D. Cohen*, New York, NY, USA Sir Ronald Cohen, London, UK Prof. Mildred Cohn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Samy Cohn*, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Lester Crown*, Chicago, IL, USA Prof. Paul J. Crutzen, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Mainz, Germany Dr. Hubert Curien, Paris, France Prof. Constantine M. Dafermos, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Leslie L. Dan, Scarborough, Ont, Canada The Hon. Mrs. Janet de Botton, London, UK Raoul de Picciotto, Monte-Carlo, Monaco Meir de Shalit, Herzliya Pituach, Israel Helen Diller, Woodside, CA, USA Prof. Charles A. Dinarello, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA Dr. Zvi Dinstein, Tel Aviv, Israel Ido Dissentshik*, Tel Aviv, Israel Sonnie Dockser, Bethesda, MD, USA Prof. Israel Dostrovsky*, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel Prof. Sidney D. Drell, SLAC, Menlo Park, CA, USA Prof. Mildred S. Dresselhaus, M.I.T., Cambridge, MA, USA Prof. Aryeh Dvoretzky*, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel Ralph S. Dweck, Washington, DC, USA Maurice M. Dwek*, Geneva, Switzerland Robert Equey, Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland Michael Federmann*, Tel Aviv, Israel Prof. Mitchell J. Feigenbaum, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA Prof. Sir Alan R. Fersht*, FRS, Cambridge University Chemical Laboratory, Cambridge, UK Alan A. Fischer*, Larchmont, NY, USA Prof. Edmond H. Fischer, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Prof. Michael E. Fisher, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Michael R. Forman, Los Angeles, CA, USA William Frankel, Philadelphia, PA, USA Louise Gartner, Dallas, TX, USA (until November 2003) Moshe Gavish*, Tel Aviv, Israel Dr. Martin L. Gecht, Chicago, IL, USA

*Member of the Executive Council ix

Mauricio Gerson, Mexico, D.F., Mexico Martin S. Gerstel*, Jerusalem, Israel Henny Gestetner, OBE, London, UK David Ginsburg*, Washington, DC, USA Françoise Glasberg, Paris, France Prof. Michel E. Goldberg, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Prof. Patricia S. Goldman-Rakic, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA (deceased July 31, 2003) Bram Goldsmith, Beverly Hills, CA, USA Abraham M. Goldwasser*, Savyon, Israel Prof. Michael B. Green, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Scott Greenberg, Lincolnshire, IL, USA (from November 2003) Prof. Yoram Groner*, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel Prof. François Gros*, Academy of Sciences, Paris, France Joseph Gurwin, New York, NY, USA Wilhelm Haas, Bonn, Germany Joseph D. Hackmey*, Tel Aviv, Israel Gideon J. Hamburger*, Ramat-Gan, Israel Prof. Haim Harari*, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel Shimshon Harel, Herzliya Pituach, Israel Irving B. Harris, Chicago, IL, USA Lilian Hertzberg, New York, NY, USA Prof. Michael J. Higatsberger, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (deceased January 7, 2004) Josef D. Hollander, Herzliya Pituach, Israel Ephraim Ilin*, Tel Aviv, Israel Armando Jinich, Mexico, D.F., Mexico Dr. Yair Kadishay*, Ramat Hasharon, Israel Roberto Kaminitz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Shelly B. Kamins, Esq., Bethesda, MD, USA (from November 2003) Prof. Richard M. Karp, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Prof. Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir*, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel Isaac Kaul*, Ramat Hasharon, Israel James F. Kay, Toronto, Ont, Canada (until November 2003) Gershon Kekst*, New York, NY, USA Morris Kerzner, Toronto, Ont, Canada Helen L. Kimmel*, New York, NY, USA Martin S. Kimmel*, New York, NY, USA Prof. Michael W. Kirson*, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel, ex-officio member Derrick Kleeman*, Geneva, Switzerland Peter J. Kleeman*, London, UK

*Member of the Executive Council x

Andrea Klepetar-Fallek, New York, NY, USA Prof. Sir Aaron Klug, FRS, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, UK Marvelle Koffler, Toronto, Ont, Canada Murray B. Koffler*, Toronto, Ont, Canada Prof. Walter Kohn, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA Arthur B. Konviser**, Toronto, Ont, Canada Prof. Daniel E. Koshland, Jr., University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Alain Kostenbaum, Geneva, Switzerland Benzion Landa, Rehovot, Israel (from November 2003) Martha Laub***, Wilrijk-Antwerpen, Belgium Prof. Leon M. Lederman, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, USA (until November 2003) Prof. Jean-Marie Lehn, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France Jonathan D. Leitersdorf**, New York, NY, USA Prof. Arnold J. Levine, Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton, NJ, USA Morton Levine, Delray Beach, FL, USA Barbara Levinson*, Palm Beach, FL, USA Cecil Lewis*, Geneva, Switzerland Prof. Albert J. Libchaber, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA Robert B. Machinist**, Rye, NY, USA Joshua Maor*, Ramat-Gan, Israel Dan Mayer*, Zug, Switzerland Rina Mayer, Tel Aviv, Israel Gurion Meltzer*, Tel Aviv, Israel Dr. Leora Meridor*, Petah-Tiqua, Israel Roselyn Meyer, Aventura, FL, USA Prof. David Mirelman*, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel Manfred D. Moross*, London, UK Andrew R. Morse*, Harrison, NY, USA Joseph G. Nissim*, Geneva, Switzerland Dr. Joseph L. Owades, Sonoma, CA, USA Martin Paisner*, London, UK Charles I. Petschek, New York, NY, USA Morton Pickman, Boca Raton, FL, USA Prof. Philip A. Pincus, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA Prof. Alexander Pines, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Bruce G. Pollack, Armonk, NY, USA (from November 2003) Jeannette Pomeraniec, London, UK Moshe Porath*, Tel Aviv, Israel

*Member of the Executive Council **Member of the Executive Council from November 2003 ***Member of the Executive Council until November 2003 xi

Dan Propper, Petah-Tiqua, Israel Eitan Raff, Tel Aviv, Israel Prof. Alexander Rich, M.I.T., Cambridge, MA, USA John H. Ritblat, London, UK Barrie D. Rose*, Toronto, Ont, Canada Prof. Jesse Roth, MD, FACP, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New Hyde Park, NY, USA Lord Rothschild, GBE, London, UK Prof. Samuel A. Safran*, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel, ex-officio member Prof. Bert Sakmann, Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg, Germany Rowland Schaefer***, Pembroke Pines, FL, USA Leon Schidlow*, Sierra Vertientes, D.F., Mexico Sara L. Schupf, New York, NY, USA David Shapell, Beverly Hills, CA, USA Prof. Carla J. Shatz, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Barry Sherman, Weston, Ont, Canada The Honorable Sir David Sieff*, London, UK, Vice-Chair of the Executive Council Dr. Maxine F. Singer*, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, USA Dr. Jay A. Smith, Toronto, Ont, Canada Prof. Heinz A. Staab, Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg, Germany (until November 2003) Brian J. Steck, Toronto, Ont, Canada Luis E. Stillmann, Mexico, D.F., Mexico Lord Stone of Blackheath, London, UK Doron Tamir, Tel Aviv, Israel Marvin Tanner, Saint-Laurent (Montreal), Quebec, Canada Evelyn Tenenbaum, Bal Harbour, FL, USA David I. Teplow, Waltham, MA, USA (from November 2003) Theodore H. Teplow*, Cambridge, MA, USA Barry S. Townsley*, London, UK Prof. Marc Van Montagu, University of Gent, Gent, Belgium Dr. Yossi Vardi, Tel Aviv, Israel Saul Waring, New York, NY, USA Prof. Hans A. Weidenmüller*, Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany Prof. Stephen Weiner*, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel, ex-officio member Prof. Charles Weissmann, University College London, London, UK Dr. Albert Willner*, Delray Beach, FL, USA Dr. Herbert Winter*, Zurich, Switzerland Peter M. Wolff, London, UK The Rt. Hon. Lord Wolfson of Marylebone, FBA, London, UK Robert E. Woolley, Dallas, TX, USA

*Member of the Executive Council ***Member of the Executive Council until November 2003 xii

Prof. Yosef Yarden, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel Prof. Dr. Hans F. Zacher, Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches u. intern. Sozialrecht, München, Germany Dr. Alejandro Zaffaroni, Zaffaroni Foundation, Mountain View, CA, USA (until November 2003) Dr. Felix Zandman, Malvern, PA, USA Eugene M. Zemsky, Chicago, IL, USA Uzi Zucker*, New York, NY, USA Roy J. Zuckerberg, New York, NY, USA Sharon Zuckerman, Willowdale, Ont, Canada

The Founding Chairperson

The late Dewey D. Stone (served from 1949 to 1971)

Governors Emeriti

Prof. Duilio Arigoni, ETH Hönggerberg, Zurich, Switzerland Prof. Fritz H. Bach, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Amnon S. Barness, New York, NY, USA Prof. Baruj Benacerraf, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Stuart A. Bernstein, Washington, DC, USA Marc Besen, Toorak, Victoria, Australia Albert Bildner, New York, NY, USA Dr. Elkan R. Blout, Cambridge, MA, USA Gerald Blumberg, New York, NY, USA Paul Borman, Southfield, MI, USA Harriet B. Brady, Chicago, IL, USA (deceased January 6, 2003) Joseph Brender, Point Piper, NSW, Australia Edgar M. Bronfman, New York, NY, USA Hugh T. Cameron, Oakville, Ont, Canada Stanley S. Cohen, OBE, London, UK Sir Zelman Cowen, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Prof. Jean Dausset, Human Polymorphism Study Center, Paris, France David L. Dennis, Toronto, Ont, Canada Prof. Samuel Devons, Columbia University, Irvington, NY, USA Sir Harry Djanogly, CBE, London, UK Melvyn A. Dobrin, Westmount, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Prof. Gerald M. Edelman, The Neurosciences Institute, San Diego, CA, USA Prof. Manfred Eigen, Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen- Nikolausberg, Germany

*Member of the Executive Council xiii

Prof. Gerald Estrin, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Marshall S. Ezralow, Calabasas, CA, USA Prof. George Feher, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Sir David Frost, OBE, London, UK Herbert M. Gelfand, Los Angeles, CA, USA Mozes B. Gitter, Herzliya, Israel Dr. Amnon Goldenberg, Tel Aviv, Israel Prof. Maurice Goldhaber, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, Long Island, NY, USA Dr. Carlos Goldman, Caracas, Venezuela Dr. Jacob E. Goldman, Umbanet Inc., Norwalk, CT, USA Richard N. Goldman, San Francisco, CA, USA Richard F. Goodman, New York, NY, USA Joel Greisman, Don Mills, Ont, Canada Shlomo Grofman, Tel Aviv, Israel Dr. George S. Hammond, Portland, OR, USA Dr. Niels Hansen, Bonn, Germany Yeheskiel Harmelech, Rehovot, Israel Dr. Hans-Hilger Haunschild, Bonn, Germany Hy Isenbaum, Toronto, Ont, Canada Jules R. James, Toronto, Ont, Canada (deceased June 26, 2003) Philip M. Kaiser, Washington, DC, USA Teddy Kollek, Jerusalem, Israel Dr. Adia Konikoff, Geneva, Switzerland Prof. Arthur Kornberg, MD., Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Prof. Sir Hans L. Kornberg, FRS, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA Dov Lautman, Tel Aviv, Israel Prof. Joshua Lederberg, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA Prof. Leon M. Lederman, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, USA (from November 2003) William Levine, Chicago, IL, USA André Marcus, Monte-Carlo, Monaco Prof. Paul A. Marks, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA John J. Mason, Washington, DC, USA Prof. N. Avrion Mitchison, FRS, UCL Medical School, London, UK Henri M. Monod, Paris, France Prof. George D. Mostow, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Jackie Rosenfeld, OBE, London, UK Dr. George Rosenkranz, Mexico, D.F., Mexico Prof. John Ross, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Samuel Rothberg, Peoria, IL, USA Dr. Aser Rothstein, Toronto, Ont, Canada Barry Rymer, Alpharetta, GA, USA xiv

Jozef S. Schell, Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Köln, Germany (deceased April 18, 2003) Prof. Harold A. Scheraga, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Walter E. Schoenfeld, Seattle, WA, USA Prof. Melvin Schwartz, Ketchum, ID, USA Jerome A. Siegel, New York, NY, USA William H. Singer, Tucson, AZ, USA Prof. Heinz A. Staab, Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg, Germany (from November 2003) Stephen L. Stulman, New York, NY, USA Prof. Sir John M. Thomas, FRS, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Lord Weidenfeld of Chelsea, London, UK Adam Weis, Toorak, Victoria, Australia Jay W. Weiss, North Miami, FL, USA Alan B. Weissman, Greenwich, CT, USA Prof. Bernard Winicki, Neuilly/Seine, France Alejandro Zaffaroni, Mountain View, CA, USA (from November 2003) Zvi Zur, Zahala, Israel The Scientific and Academic Advisory Committee

Co-Chairs

Prof. Sir Alan R. Fersht, FRS, Cambridge University Chemical Laboratory, Cambridge, UK Prof. Hans A. Weidenmüller, Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany

Prof. John M. Ball, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Prof. David Baltimore, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA Prof. Allen J. Bard, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA Prof. Sir Michael V. Berry, FRS, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Prof. Ilan Chet, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel, ex-officio member Prof. Marvin L. Cohen, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Prof. Mildred Cohn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Prof. Paul J. Crutzen, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Mainz, Germany Prof. Constantine M. Dafermos, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Prof. Charles A. Dinarello, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA Prof. Sidney D. Drell, SLAC, Menlo Park, CA, USA Prof. Mildred S. Dresselhaus, M.I.T., Cambridge, MA, USA Stuart E. Eizenstat, Washington, DC, USA, ex-officio member Prof. Mitchell J. Feigenbaum, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA Prof. Edmond H. Fischer, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Prof. Michael E. Fisher, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Prof. Patricia S. Goldman-Rakic, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA (deceased July 31, 2003) Prof. Michael B. Green, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Prof. François Gros, Academy of Sciences, Paris, France Prof. Richard M. Karp, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Prof. Sir Aaron Klug, FRS, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, UK Prof. Walter Kohn, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA Prof. Daniel E. Koshland, Jr., University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Prof. Jean-Marie Lehn, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France Prof. Arnold J. Levine, Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton, NJ, USA Prof. Albert J. Libchaber, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA Prof. Philip A. Pincus, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA Prof. Alexander Pines, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Prof. Alexander Rich, M. I. T., Cambridge, MA, USA

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Prof. Jesse Roth, MD, FACP, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New Hyde Park, NY, USA (until November 2003) Prof. Bert Sakmann, Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg, Germany Prof. Carla J. Shatz, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Dr. Maxine F. Singer, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, USA Prof. Heinz A. Staab, Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg, Germany (until November 2003) Prof. Marc Van Montagu, University of Gent, Gent, Belgium Prof. Charles Weissmann, University College London, London, UK Institute Officers

President Advisory Committee to the President Professor Ilan Chet Professor Lia Addadi Professor Yigal Burstein (until June 2003) Vice President Professor Haim Garty Professor Samuel Safran Professor David Harel Professor Michael Kirson Vice President for International Affairs and Amy Matchen Public Relations Professor David Mirelman Amy Matchen Yaakov Naan (until August 2003) Gad Kober (from September 2003) Vice President for Technology Transfer Professor Moshe Oren (until September Professor Haim Garty 2003) Professor Benjamin Geiger (from October 2003) Vice President for Administration and Professor Samuel Safran Finance Professor Yaron Silberberg Yaacov Naan (until August 2003 Proessor Stephen Weiner Gad Kober (from September 2003) Professor Yosef Yarden

The Feinberg Graduate School Senior Advisor to the President for Division of Information Systems (chartered by the New York State Board of Regents) Professor Yigal Burstein President Senior Advisor to the President Robert Asher Hanan Bar-On (deceased April 2003) Chairman Professor Melvin Schwartz Chairperson, Council of Professors Professor Stephen Weiner Founding Chairman Abraham Feinberg (deceased) Chairperson, Scientific Council Secretary Professor Michael Kirson David Ginsburg Treasurer Vice Chairperson, Scientific Council Andrew Morse Professor Varda Rotter (until September 2003) Dean of the Feinberg Graduate School Professor Yehiam Prior (from October Professor Yosef Yarden 2003)

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Deans of the Faculties Head, Finance Division Osnat Wishnitzer Biochemistry Professor David Mirelman Head, Division of Logistics and Research Services Biology Asher Bar-on Professor Moshe Oren (until September 2003) Chief Legal Counsel Professor Benjamin Geiger (from October Gad Kober (until August 2003) 2003) Shulamit Geri (from September 2003)

Chemistry Internal Auditor Professor Lia Addadi Doron Yonai

Physics International Affairs and Public Relations - Professor Yaron Silberberg Senior Officers Secretary of the Association Mathematics and Computer Science Ilana Eisen Professor David Harel Head, Publications and Media Relations Department Senior Administrative Officers Yivsam Azgad Academic Secretary and Head, Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs Director of Visitors Center Dr. Boaz Avron Navit Kopelis

Head, Construction and Physical Plant Head, Donor Relations Department Maintenance Division Gila Shmueli Avraham Dines Senior Advisor to the Vice President of Head, Human Resources Division International Affairs and Public Yaacov Geva Relations Arie Zehavi The Weizmann Institute of Science

The Weizmann Institute of Science, a center of scientific research and graduate study, is located on a 1.2 square kilometer campus of lawns and sub-tropical gardens in the town of Rehovot on Israel's coastal plain, 22 kilometers south of Tel Aviv and 42 kilometers west of Jerusalem. The Weizmann Institute staff of 2,657 is made up of scientists, scientific technical support staff, postdoctoral fellows, Ph.D. students, M.Sc. students, and administrative staff. In 2003, the Institute also played host to 329 visiting scientists and their families from 25 countries and hosted numerous international scientific conferences and symposia, as well as a wide range of other cultural and educational activities.

The story of the Institute begins in the ominous year of 1933 when - under the looming shadow of Nazism-Dr. Chaim Weizmann, Chemist and world Zionist leader, decided to found a center of scientific research in what was then a small agricultural community in the British mandate of Palestine. The Jewish population of Palestine numbered less than 400,000; the country lacked virtually all natural resources; industry was essentially non-existent; trade and commerce were extremely limited. Furthermore, the Mandatory Government was inimical to the effort to develop the Jewish national home, and the Arabs of Palestine were also clearly and increasingly hostile to this effort. Nonetheless, an urgent question had to be answered: could the Jews of Palestine, struggling for self-definition and self-sufficiency, possibly absorb thousands-if not tens of thousands-of refugees from Nazism, assure them a livelihood, and still continue the forward surge?

Because he was a scientist who had himself made significant contributions to organic chemistry and industrial fermentation, Dr. Weizmann was quick to appreciate that only the advancement and wise utilization of science and technology could meet the needs of the time. A scientific tradition would have to be established; scientific methodology would have to be linked to the Zionist endeavor; a generation of researchers, their scientific standards set by international criteria, would have to be created. But vision is one thing and implementation another. Fortunately, Dr. Weizmann found partners to back the vision. His friends, Israel and Rebecca Sieff, decided to establish a research institute in Palestine that would bear the name of their son Daniel. In the spring of 1934, the Daniel Sieff Research Institute came into existence. Today the Institute is older and more venerable, but in 1934 it epitomized modernity. It housed two main branches of research, organic chemistry and biochemistry, and Dr. Weizmann's own laboratory. The blueprint called for other departments, among them optics and physics. In the meantime, the staff-in addition to Dr. Weizmann himself-included 10 full-time scientists (of whom six were from Germany and Austria) working on projects that gave pride of place to problems connected to the country's economy: citrus, dairy, silk, and tobacco, as well as the synthesis of chemical products of medical value.

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In 1939, World War II broke out; it was both natural and inevitable that the scientists of the Sieff Institute would become deeply involved in the war effort, especially in the production of pharmaceuticals for the Allied Forces in the Middle East. Dr. Weizmann's vision, however, went far beyond wartime exigencies. One day a Jewish State would be established; its full acceptance-not to say its ability to survive-would depend, in the final analysis, upon the degree of competence in the most demanding areas of modern life. So, throughout the war, the intellectual and scientific code being formed in Rehovot remained a central concern, designed to serve larger needs as they arose-which was sooner than anyone expected.

In 1944, the world still at war, Dr. Weizmann celebrated his 70th birthday. Meyer W. Weisgal- his close associate who was to become the Institute's third President and later its Chancellor- brought together, in New York, some of those who sought to pay tribute to Dr. Weizmann. Unsure of the most suitable present, they decided to ask Dr. Weizmann's advice. "I need nothing for myself," he said. "But if you wish, do something for the expansion of the Daniel Sieff Institute." The suggestion soon acquired new dimensions and developed into the multidisciplinary complex called the Weizmann Institute. The planning began at once; eminent scientists throughout the world joined a committee charged with formulating a scientific policy for the Institute-to-be, and in 1946 the cornerstone was laid in Rehovot.

War intervened again-this time, Israel's War of Independence. It was not until 1949 that the Weizmann Institute was completed; by then it reflected the transformation that had taken place in Palestine with the birth of the State of Israel. The Weizmann Institute of Science, formally dedicated on November 2, 1949, consisted of buildings housing 60 laboratories. Nine scientific fields were under investigation: organic and inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, bacteriology, optics, electronics, polymer research, isotope research, applied mathematics (including geophysics), and biophysics. The Wolfson Institute of Experimental Biology was already under construction, preparing for a tenth area of research, and the first of several residential quarters was being landscaped.

The increase in staff was enormous; some of the scientists had come from abroad, drawn to the Institute by its growing reputation and by their desire to settle in the new State, and others were young Israelis whom Dr. Weizmann had selected as his scientific heirs. It was decided that departments would rise around outstanding scientists, and this has remained the guiding principle. Under the vigorous twin leadership of founding Board Chairman Dewey D. Stone and Meyer W. Weisgal, the new Institute developed rapidly.

Although from the earliest days the scientists at the Institute had undertaken a substantial share of the graduate training of the future generation of Israeli scientists, the formal academic auspices for their study resided in the two university-level teaching institutions of those years, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the Technion (Israel Institute of Technology) in Haifa. In 1958, the Institute, having decided that the time had come to assert its formal responsibility for its own graduate training program, established the Feinberg Graduate School. At the same time, a joint Hebrew University-Weizmann Institute committee was set up to approve the theses of Ph.D. students in both institutions. This arrangement remained in effect until 1971, when it was discontinued by mutual agreement. The first Ph.D. degree in the name of the Weizmann Institute of Science was conferred in 1964. xxi

In 1959, the Yeda Research and Development Co. was founded. Yeda functions as a commercial arm of the Weizmann Institute of Science. Yeda initiates and promotes the transfer to the global marketplace of research findings and innovative technologies developed by the institute scientists. Yeda was the first company of its kind in Israel. The Weizmann Institute played a considerable role in the establishment of the Kiryat Weizmann Industrial Park, founded in 1970. Kiryat Weizmann (developed and managed by Africa-Israel Investments Ltd.) covers 40 acres and serves as the location for nearly 60 companies whose enterprises manufacture fine chemicals, aircraft instruments, environmental control apparatus, computer- associated components, medical instruments, synthetic membranes, immunochemicals, sera, and biological products such as monoclonal antibodies, interferon, growth hormones, bioengineered substances, and so forth. The Weizmann Institute is now involved in the development of another science-based industrial park adjacent to Kiryat Weizmann.

It is entirely typical of the Institute's continuing preoccupation with the future that it established, in 1968, the Department of Science Teaching, which has addressed itself seriously and professionally to educational reform in Israel. An energetic and imaginative Young@Science (formerly Youth Activities section) was developed for the encouragement of science-oriented youngsters. This section reaches out to more than 22,000 pupils annually with a variety of programs, ranging from weekly science clubs and summer science camps on campus to new educational concepts that service extra-curricular school science programs nationwide. In 1999 the Clore Garden of Science, the first totally outdoor science museum was opened to the public with over 50 interactive exhibits on a beautifully landscaped site. It immediately gained popularity with the Israeli public and received international recognition.

At present, nearly five decades after Dr. Weizmann's death, the Institute comprises 17 departments, grouped into five Faculties: Mathematics and Computer Science, Physics, Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biology, and one department attached to the Feinberg Graduate School. In recent years, in response to the evolving demands of modern research, interdisciplinary science centers have been created to promote collaboration throughout the Institute on major contemporary problems. Forty have been established to date, and more are planned.

Faculty of Biochemistry

Dean: David Mirelman The Besen-Brender Professor of Microbiology and Parasitology

Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir, Ph.D. (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem) Institute Professor The Theodore R. Racoosin Professor of Biophysics

Faculty of Biochemistry

Dean: David Mirelman The Besen-Brender Professor of Microbiology and Parasitology

The Faculty of Biochemistry consists of three departments: Biological Chemistry, Molecular Genetics and Plant Sciences. The Faculty is also responsible for the activities of the Biological Services Department. A number of Research Centers operate within the different departments: Plant Sciences -- The Avron-Willstätter Minerva Center for Research in Photosynthesis; The Charles W. and Tillie K. Lubin Center for Plant Biotechnology. The Harry and Jeanette Weinberg Center for Plant Molecular Genetics Research; the Mel Dobrin Center for Nutrition. Molecular Genetics -- The Leo and Julia Forchheimer Center for Molecular Genetics; The Crown Human Genome Center; The M.D. Moross Institute for Cancer Research, (headed by Prof. Yoram Groner in this Faculty), and the newly-established David & Fela Shapell Family Centre for Genetic Disorders Research. Biological Chemistry -- The Dr. Josef Cohn Minerva Center for Biomembrane Research. In addition, the newly established Institute for Molecular Medicine, commemorating the late Y. Leon Benoziyo, is now operating under the auspices of the Faculty.

The number of research groups headed by a Principal Investigator during 2003 was 58. The total scientific personnel was 433. This included 28 research assistants, 189 Ph.D. students, 58 M.Sc. students , 51 postdocs, and 14 visiting scientists.

Members of the Faculty conduct investigations covering a wide range of research programs One of the more exciting aspects of modern biological research, which is characterizing the post genome era, is that basic questions at the molecular level can be studied in very diverse systems and the findings can become relevant also to other systems. For instance, the results obtained from the identification of genes involved in the development of an organ or a specific tissue in plants are frequently found to have similarities in mammalian systems. The characterization of proteins involved in membrane transporters and how they discriminate between a wide range of molecules may contribute in the rational design of novel therapies for human malignancies.

The completion of the sequencing of the human genome as well as that of the genomes of other organisms represents a major scientific achievement and members of our Faculty have continued to significantly contribute to this worldwide effort. One of the challenges undertaken is to assign a function to specific genes isolated from human genetic diseases or other sorts of human pathologies and the use of knockout mice is very beneficial.

3 4 Faculty of Biochemistry

Furthermore, findings on the mechanisms of DNA repair are shedding new light on their connection to the incidence of malignancies in populations exposed to mutagenic substances.

The availability of the complete Arabidopsis plant genome is also revolutionizing research. Plant genomes show a great degree of plasticity, so that the genetic variance within any one plant species can be much greater than anything encountered within animal species. Members of the Faculty have unraveled part of the reason for this rapid genomic evolution which is due to the unique dynamic process of polyploidization. Another exciting area of investigation is the genome organization of plant defense ‘sentinels’ and trying to understand how they facilitate the plants adaptability to a changing pathogen environment. It has repeatedly demonstrated that finding answers in the molecular biology of plant cells contributes to that of more complex systems such as mammalian cells.

Continuous progress in the Life Sciences is more and more dependent on the ability to introduce modern equipment as well as the to increase the cooperation between scientists of different expertise. During 2003 we have expanded our use of the robotic DNA microarray technology which enables the identification of differentially expressed genes. We have also increased our bioinformatics capabilities which allow the analysis of ever increasing amounts of genetic information as well as our proteomics capabilities using novel mass spectrometry based microsequence analysis of isolated proteins. Our facility for transgenic animals was expanded and this will facilitate the in vivo study of the function of certain genes. We have also established a modern facility for transgenic plants. Faculty members are continuing to develop cooperation with scientists of other disciplines, and two young new faculty members, one with a background in bioinformatics and the other in developmental biology, have established laboratories in our Faculty.

The worldwide competition in the Life Sciences is constantly increasing and in order to maintain our competitive position we are constantly searching to recruit talented young scientists and to continue to invest in the establishment of new facilities and the acquisition of new equipment. Biological Chemistry

Zvi Livneh, Head The Maxwell Ellis Professor of Biomedical Research

The Department of Biological Chemistry is home to more than 25 research groups, whose scientific activities span several areas in the Life Sciences. The common thread is the study of the biochemistry of life. Emphasis is on the investigation of proteins, whether soluble or membrane-bound, and their key biological functions. We seek a molecular understanding of their structure, function, and interaction with other factors. A variety of biochemical, biophysical and molecular biological methods are being employed, with much overlapping interests and inter-group cooperation. Current research activities evolve around the following six foci of interest:

1. Protein folding, interactions with ligands and protein-protein recognition.

E. Katchalski-Katzir and his colleagues are investigating molecular mechanisms of protein recognition by examining interactions between specific proteins and peptides selected from a random peptide library. In parallel they develop and apply a theoretical protein-protein recognition algorithm (docking). G. Schreiber and his coworkers study the basic physico-chemical principles governing protein-protein interactions, and how these relate to complex biological processes. The gained understanding is implemented in several medically relevant systems such as the binding of interferon to its receptor, as well as in algorithm development. M. Wilchek and his group are studying the structure of avidin and its exceptionally high affinity to biotin. The avidin-biotin complex is being utilized for a variety of new biotechnological applications. E. A. Bayer and his colleagues are studying the structure, architecture and biotechnological applications of the multi-enzyme cellulosome complex, its interactions with cellulose and other plant cell-wall polysaccharides. The group of D. Tawfik is interested in the mechanism and evolution of proteins, and enzymes in particular. They perform directed evolution experiments in the laboratory in real time, aimed at the creation of novel enzymes with tailor-made activities, including, various hydrolases and DNA-modifying enzymes.

2. Structure and function of ion channels, pumps, other transporters, viral envelope proteins, and photosynthesis proteins.

Several groups are investigating proteins that form specific pores across the cell membrane. E. Reuveny is investigating the molecular properties of a group of neuronal K+ channels and their interaction with G-proteins. Y. Shai's group is using a

5 6 Biological Chemistry

multidisciplinary approach to study the principles involved in the insertion, assembly and function of membrane proteins involved in infectious diseases, namely microbial (antimicrobial peptides) and viral infections (HIV/SIV gp41). These studies led to the design of novel antimicrobial and antiviral drugs with new modes of action. Nuclear pore complexes, multi-protein structures that transport macromolecules in and out of the nucleus, are being studied by Z. Reich. His work utilizes biophysical methods such as atomic force microscopy. H. Garty focuses on two themes in the regulation of ion transport, which participate in maintaining body salt and water balance. One is the epithelial Na+ channel, which mediates the aldosterone-dependent Na+ reabsorption in the kidney and intestine, and the other is a new group of tissue specific regulators of the Na+/K+ ATPase, the FXYD proteins. S. J. D. Karlish and his co-workers are exploring the structure, organization and regulation of the Na+/K+ ATPase. This ion pump plays a central role in maintaining Na+ and K+ gradients across the cell membrane. Another family of transport proteins, which extrude toxins from cells, and hence pose a major obstacle in cancer chemotherapy and antibiotic treatment, is being studied by E. Bibi. Other researchers are interested in photosynthesis and its relation to ion transport. Z. Gromet-Elhanan is studying the rotary mechanism of the photosynthetic F0F1 ATP synthase, using genetically engineered hybrid bacterial/plant F1-core assemblies and single molecule analysis. S. Malkin's research deals with biophysical and physiological aspects of photosynthesis, in particular protection against photodamage in excess light. Physical methods such as photoacoustics, fluorescence and others are used and further developed. The groups of U. Pick and A. Zamir are collaborating to elucidate the mechanisms by which the green alga Dunaliella copes with extreme changes in external salinity and pH.

3. Mechanisms by which proteins and lipids are transported from their point of synthesis, sorted, and inserted into various organelles.

Studies related to this general problem in cell biology are being carried out in a number of laboratories. E. Bibi and his co-workers are studying the role of the signal recognition particle (SRP) and other cellular components in the biogenesis of prokaryotic membrane proteins. They seek to identify new components of the machinery, and to understanding how ribosomes target and associate with the membrane, and how membrane protein synthesis is regulated. Z. Elazar is investigating intracellular protein traffic in eukaryotic systems. His work has led to the identification of new factors that couple transport vesicles to cytoskeletal elements. Delivery of lipids to the cell membrane and their role in neuronal growth is being studied by A. Futerman and his colleagues, with particular emphasis on related diseases such as Gaucher, Tay-Sachs, and Niemann-Pick disease. Together with I. Silman and J. Sussman he recently solved the structure of cerezyme, the enzyme given to Gaucher disease patients. In addition, he is working on mechanisms of ceramide signaling and has characterized a gene family involved in regulating ceramide synthesis. Biological Chemistry 7

4. Signal transduction, and molecular pathogenesis.

Several researchers in the department are interested in problems related to signal transduction, chemotaxis and pathogenesis. Michael Eisenbach’s group is investigating, at the molecular level, how bacteria navigate according to chemical cues (chemotaxis) towards nutritious substances and away from noxious ones, and how human sperm cells are guided to the egg. In the recent year the group found that the guidance of sperm cells is carried out in at least two steps: a long-range thermal guidance (thermotaxis) from the cooler sperm storage site in the female genital tract to the warmer fertilization site, and a short-range step, carried out by chemotaxis to substances secreted from the egg. The group of D. Wallach is studying mechanisms that control cell death. They have cloned and characterized several signaling proteins that are involved in the signaling for cell death and inflammation by receptors of the TNF/NGF family and in its regulation. Retrograde signaling complexes which govern neuronal growth and regeneration are being investigated by Michael Fainzilber and his co-workers. They have identified new targeting and scaffolding proteins that enable axon-cell body communication in neurons. D. Mirelman and his co-workers are characterizing regulatory mechanisms that control the expression of virulence factors in the human intestinal protozoan parasite, Entamoeba histolytica. Other studies, in collaboration with the group of M. Wilchek, focus on the therapeutic properties of the biologically active garlic molecule Allicin. Y. Shechter is exploring the mechanism of action of insulin, with emphasis on post-receptor defects in adipose and muscle tissues that lead to insulin-resistance, and therefore connected to Diabetes type II and obesity in humans. In addition he developed technologies to prolong the life-time of peptides and protein drugs in vivo, and a therapeutic approach for overcoming states of insulin resistance in NIDDM patients. R. Miskin is studying the plasminogen activation system, and is utilizing transgenic animals to reveal biological roles of this system. Therapeutic and pathogenic signals of the cell membrane are being examined by M. Shinitzky in tumor cells subjected to hydrostatic pressure. In addition, he investigates the effect on differentiation in breast cancer cells and neuoronal cells of cyclic phosphates, signaling molecules that originate from phospholipid degradation. E. Shapiro' s group is using a high-level computer process description language, Stochastic Pi Calculis, to mathematically specify and simulate signal transduction pathways. The overall goal of I. Chet's research is to understand molecular mechanisms by which opportunistic plant symbionts, with Trichoderma harzianum strains as the model organisms, induce resistance to various plant pathogens.

5. Genome maintenance and function: DNA repair and gene expression.

Z. Livneh and his co-workers are exploring the molecular mechanisms of DNA repair and mutagenesis. They study DNA polymerases that are specialized in replicating damaged DNA with the concomitant production of mutations, as well as the role of DNA repair in human cancer susceptibility. Recently they discovered that reduced activity of the DNA repair enzyme OGG1 is a risk factor in lung cancer, and that the combination of smoking and reduced OGG1 activity causes extra-susceptibility to this disease. Two groups are studying mechanisms mediating regulation of gene expression. 8 Biological Chemistry

R. Dikstein and her associates are investigating the molecular mechanism of transcription regulation by TAFs, a highly conserved group of proteins that together with TBP (TATA-binding protein) constitutes the transcription initiation factor TFIID. M. Walker and colleagues are studying specific expression of the insulin gene and other genes in pancreatic beta cells, with a view to better understanding their function, development and involvement in diabetes. These studies may lead to novel treatments of diabetes.

6. Biolmolecular computers.

E. Shapiro and his team are investigating the engineering of computers made of bi ological molecules, and the application of such computers to the analysis and synthesis of information presented in biological molecules. They succeeded to construct a finite automaton made of biomolecules. The hardware of this finite automaton consists of short synthetic DNA and one or two enzymes, and the software is made of short synthetic DNAs. http://www.weizmann.ac.il/Biological_Chemistry/

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Ilan Chet, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Michael Eisenbach, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel The Jack and Simon Djanogly Professor of Biochemistry Haim Garty, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Hella and Derrick Kleeman Professor of Biochemistry Steven J.D. Karlish, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The William D. Smithburg Professor of Biochemistry Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Institute Professor The Theodore R. Racoosin Professor of Biophysics Zvi Livneh, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Maxwell Ellis Professor of Biomedical Research David Mirelman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Besen-Brender Professor of Microbiology and Parasitology Yechiel Shai, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Harold S. and Harriet B. Brady Professor of Cancer Rrsearch David Wallach, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Meir Wilchek, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (on extension of service) The Marc R. Gutwirth Professor of Molecular Biology Biological Chemistry 9

Professors Emeriti

S. Roy Caplan, Ph.D., University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa David Danon, Ph.D., University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Carlos Gitler, Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States Zippora Gromet-Elhanan, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Ora Kedem, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Shmuel Malkin, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Israel R. Miller, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Nathan Sharon, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Ada Zamir, Ph.D., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

Associate Professors

Ed Bayer, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Eitan Bibi, Ph.D., Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Zvulun Elazar, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Anthony H. Futerman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Joseph Meyerhoff Professor of Biochemistry Ruth Miskin, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (retired June 2003) The Lawrence G. Horowitz Professor of Cancer Research Uri Pick, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Charles and Louise Gartner Professor Eitan Reuveny, Ph.D., Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, United States Gideon Schreiber, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Yoram Shechter, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Charles H. Hollenberg Professor of Diabetes and Metabolic Research Meir Shinitzky, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Olin-Sang Professor of Leukemia Research Michael Walker, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Marvin Myer and Jenny Cyker Professor of Diabetes Research

Senior Scientists

Rivka Dikstein, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Martha S. Sagon Career Development Chair Michael Fainzilber, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Incumbent of the Daniel E. Koshland Sr. Career Development Chair Ziv Reich, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Abraham and Jennie Fialkow Career Development Chair Dan Tawfik, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Yigal Allon Fellow Incumbent of the Elaine Blond Career Development Chair 10 Biological Chemistry

Senior Staff Scientists

Carol Asher, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Moshe Balass, Ph.D., Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel Rina Barak, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Talia Miron, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Daniel M. Tal, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Associate Staff Scientists

Rivka Adar, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Elena Bochkareva, Ph.D., Institute of Protein Research, Academy of the USSR, Pushchino, Russian Federation Stefan Leu, Ph.D., University of Berne, Switzerland (left September 2003)

Assistant Staff Scientists

Elena Ainbinder, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Elena Appel, Ph.D., Medical School, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Tamar Paz-Elizur, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Yael Pewzner-Jung, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Ada Viterbo-Fainzilber, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Junior Staff Scientists

Laura Altschuler, Ph.D., University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Ruti Kapon, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Consultants

Diana Bach Steven Becker (left May 2003) Oren Bogin, Alamone Labs, Jerusalem, Israel Jacob A. Dan, Revivim Clinical Specialists, Tel-Aviv, Israel (left June 2003) Dov Gefel, Barzilay Hospital, Ashkelon, Israel Itzhak Goldwaser, Sol-Gel Technologics, Israel Ayelet Gonen, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel Alexander Heifetz, Predix Pharmacenticals Ltd., Ramat Gan, Israel (left October 2003) Ruth Miskin Wilfred Donald Stein, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (left June 2003) Daniel Yam, Yamega Ltd., Rishon-Lezion, Israel

Visiting Scientists

Roman I. Aizman, Karolinska Inst., Stockholm, Sweden Amir Braunstein, Negev Industrials, Ramat-Gan, Israel Biological Chemistry 11

Anna Jurewicz, University of Lodz, Poland Roni Kasher, Hebrew University , Rehovot, Israel Eli Morag, Zephyr Proteomix, Kiryat-Shmona, Israel Margherita Morpurgo, University of Padova, Italy Christine Tuffereau, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

Postdoctoral Fellows

Amir Aharoni, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Noga Alagem, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Fabian Arditti, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Yoav Barak, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Yakov Blumenstein, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Jacques Bodennec, Ph.D., Claude Bernard University - Lyon I, France Swetlana Boldin-Adamsky, Ph.D.,M.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Amir Braunstein, M.D., University of Medecine & Pharmacy "Carol Davila", Romania Francisca (Veronica) Bronfman Caceres, Ph.D., University of Leuven, Belgium Rosaria Buccoliero, M.D., Siena University, Italy Alexander Feigel, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Gil Fridkin, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Varier Geetha Krishna, Ph.D., Cochin University of Science & Technology, India Yury Goldsab, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Kay Gottschalk, Ph.D., Technical University of Munich, Germany Stephen Gould, Ph.D., University of Nottingham, United Kingdom Asael Herman, Ph.D., Agriculture Faculty, Israel Tae Bong Kang, Ph.D., Konkuk University, Korea Roni Kasher, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Dovi Kelman, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Irene Kholmyansky, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Andrey Kovalenko, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Ramalingam Krishnan, Ph.D., Madurai Kamaraj University, India Arthur Liberzon, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel David Nakar, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Rony Oren Benaroya, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Sergio Peisajovich, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Tal Peleg - Shulmam, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Christian Riebeling, Ph.D., Free University of Berlin, Germany Avi Rimler, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Ziv Sevilya, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Hanshuang Shao, Ph.D., South China Tropical Agriculture University, China Michal Shoresh, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel David Strugatsky, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Haim Tsubery, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Wangxia Wang, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Iris Yedidia, Ph.D., Agriculture Faculty, Israel Laiqun Zhang, Ph.D., China agriculture University, China 12 Biological Chemistry

Research Students

Sheera Ada Julia Adler Anat Afriat-Herskovits Noga Alagem Nira Amar Liat Amir-Zilberstein Michael Anbar Gali Arad Shlomo Avital Sharon Avkin Dorit Avrahami Reut Bartoov Gad Beck Talya Belogus Tehila Ben-Moshe Efrat Ben-Zeev Alexander Berchansky Shimon Bershtein Yonathan Caspi Silvia G. Chuartzman Eytan Cohen Galit Cohen-Ben-Lulu Shay Covo Asa Eitan Ephraim Fass Anat Frenkel Dan Frumkin Maria Gabriella Fuzesi Anna Gakamsky Leonid Gaydukov Doron Gerber Moshe Goldsmith Yury Goltsev Tanya Goncharov Shlomit Hanz Alexander Heifetz Shachar Iwanir Lior Izhar Hanna Jaaro Diego Jaitin Jaakov Kacher Alon Karpol Uriel Katz Andrei Kovalenko Noga Dalia Kowalsman Noga Kozer G. Venkataraman Krishnan Premkumar Lakshmanane Liat Levy Oded Lewinson Orna Liarzi Arthur Liberzon Pazit Libros Yael Lifshitz Moshit Lindzen Arik Makovitzki Ayelet Maor-Shoshani Adi Mesika Reinat Nevo Ilit Noach Niv Papo Yakov Paz Sergio Peisajovich Avishay Pelah Dori Pelled Eran Perlson Ofer Rahat Akhil Rajput Parameswaran Ramakrishnan Ophir Rav-Hon Dana Reichmann Merav Revach Gabriela Ridner Inbal Riven Laila Catalina Roisman Nir Rubins Kelly Sackett Rona Sadja Gertner Yael Sagi-Yoseph Neta Sal-Man Ruth Scherz-Shoval Tzvia Selzer Biological Chemistry 13

Hagit Shapiro Saroj Shekhawat Hagai Shorer Nadejda Sigal Indranil Sinha David Strugatsky Marianna Tcherpakov Selena Trajkovic Tal Varsano Roberto Ventrella Adam Wasserstrom Orit Weiner-Wolstein Nomy Wender Jianshe Yan Ganit Yarden

Administrator

Maanit Zibziner

Molecular Genetics

Adi Kimchi, Head The Helena Rubinstein Chair in Cancer Research

The department of Molecular Genetics focuses on molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying basic biological processes occurring either in the context of the entire organism or at the level of single cells. A wide range of biological problems are being addressed in the fields of human genetics, development, cell biology, cancer, and structure/ organization of genes. Additionally, the fields of bioinformatics and computational biology, which are being developed in the department, provide novel powerful approaches to address some of these biological issues. The specific topics include developmental studies in Drosophila and mouse model systems, a search for the molecular basis of a few human genetic diseases, the study of apoptosis and cancer promoting genes, study of cytokines and their receptors, virus-host interactions, control of gene expression, protein trafficking, and the structure, organization and evolution of genes.

In the Drosophila system, the lab of Benny Shilo studies signaling by the EGF receptor pathway which regulates cell fate decisions at different stages of development. They found that the cardinal ligand in this pathway, Spitz, is activated by a specific cleavage which involves the participation of two other proteins, isolated by genetic screens, They also focus on the development of the tracheal system as a model for branching morphogenesis. Talila Volk's lab studies the molecular events leading to the generation of muscles and tendons during embryonic development. They discovered the existence of a two-way communication pattern between these cell types and further identified among the proteins that control tendon cell differentiation two isoforms of RNA-binding proteins. In the mouse system, the lab of Peter Lonai studies the role of FGF receptors in development. By Knocking out the FGF receptor 2 gene and circumventing early defects, they showed that this receptor is required for limb outgrowth and lung branching morphogenesis. Moreover they found, by working with embryoid bodies, that FGF signaling via the Akt/PKB is connected to basement membrane formation.

The issue of human genetic diseases is confronted by several groups. The lab of. Orly Reiner studies the lissencephaly disease which is a severe human brain malformation caused by mutations in either the LIS1 gene or the Doublecortin (DCX). By connecting LIS1 function with microtubule regulation and showing the existence of cross interactions between the two proteins they provided the first mechanistic clue to their mode of action. Additionally, mice deficient in Lis1 display abnormal neuronal morphology and migration patterns which further explains the severe brain defects in the patients. A long term approach undertaken in lab of Yoram Groner addresses how gene dosage produces the defects found in Down syndrome. For

15 16 Molecular Genetics this purpose, they cloned, characterized, and examined the expression of candidate genes and modeled their gene-dosage in transgenic and knockout mice. An exciting target is the RUNXI gene, a transcription factor involved in human leukemias. The disruption of this gene obliterates definitive hematopoiesis and impairs the formation of vascular capillaries. Jacqui Beckmann (together with Doron Lancet) focuses on genetic variation as a tool for the development of personalized medicine and for identifying chromosomal regions containing susceptibility loci involved in defined traits. The capability to assess polymorphism in a large number of patients by genotyping SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) will open the possibility to reveal genetically determined traits in multifactorial diseases.

Basic cellular processes are being approached from the molecular angle, both in mammalian cells and in yeasts, by several groups. The lab of Jeff Gerst utilizes yeast genetics to dissect the process of intracellular membrane trafficking and exocytosis. They focus on the role of SNAREs, fusogenic proteins necessary for the steps leading to vesicle docking and fusion, and have characterized the involvement of protein kinases and phosphatases and of interacting proteins in regulating their functioning. Work by the lab of Chaim Kahana dissects the regulation of intracellular polyamines. Due to their critical role in several fundamental processes, multiple pathways such as biosynthesis, catabolism, uptake, and excretion tightly regulate their intracellular concentration. Utilization of the yeast system has provided the identification of new components critical for polyamine transport across the plasma membrane. Work by the lab of Yosef Shaul dissects the molecular basis of virus-host interaction, focusing on the Hepatitis B virus which has a distinct type of life cycle. At early phases of infection, a multivalent mechanism of HBV attachment with synergistic interplay has been characterized. In this system, the HBV regulatory protein, pX, plays an essential role in infection. The lab of Ari Elson studies the role of two protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP epsilon and alpha) in cellular signaling and in mouse development. The oncogenic properties of PTP epsilon were unrevealed by the finding that cells from tumors induced by the Neu oncogene in PTP deficient mice appear less transformed and that this phosphatase is a physiological activator of the Src kinase. Young PTP epsilon -null mice generated in the lab, exhibit hypomyelination of sciatic nerve axons suggesting that this enzyme regulates peripheral nerve myelination. This is associated with increased phosphorylation and increased activity of voltage-gated potassium channels in Schwann cells.

Apoptosis, is another fundamental process in cell biology. Function-based genetic selections were developed and used in the lab of Adi Kimchi to identify rate limiting genes that control the complex molecular network of apoptosis. Half a dozen novel pro-apoptotic genes (DAP genes) were discovered. The detailed structure/function studies of these genes, the identification of substrates and interacting proteins, and analysis of their connection to precise subcellular events, highlight critical parts of the apoptotic network. Loss or inactivation of one of these genes (DAP-kinase) is implicated in cancer development. Cytokine signaling is an additional studied theme. The lab of Leo Sachs continues their pioneering work on the cytokine mediated control of multiplication, differentiation and apoptosis of hematopoietic cells, and the ability to suppress malignancy of certain types of leukemic cells by inducing their differentiation. The lab of Michel Revel focuses on regulation and function of cytokines with an emphasis on IL6 and interferon-. They developed new strategies to inactivate or to activate receptors for the IL6 cytokine. A fusion protein of the soluble interleukin-6 receptor to Molecular Genetics 17 interleukin-6 was found to stimulate myelin gene expression in vitro and of sciatic nerve remyelination. The chimera also enhances in vitro maintenance and proliferation of human stem cells (CD34(+)CD38(-/low). The lab of Menachem Rubinstein focuses on regulation and function of two other cytokines and their binding proteins. They identified a secreted protein capable of antagonizing IL18 and thus regulating the Th1 cytokine responses. Another studied cytokine is the leptin whose effects on ovarian steroidogenesis and on angiopoietin-2 expression in adipose tissues have been thoroughly investigated.

Genomic approaches are utilized in the lab of Doron Lancet to study the structure, organization and evolution of olfactory receptor genes. Processes of gene duplication, generation of pseudogenes and recombination can be traced, by comparing clusters of olfactory genes in different organisms. The lab of Shmuel Pietrokovski focuses on computational and experimental analysis of protein sequences. Different algorithms are developed to compare blocks of sequences for predicting protein motifs, identifying new family members, and relating protein structure to function. Functional and evolutionary aspects of the intein family of proteins are being approached experimentally in the lab. Naama Barkai uses computational approaches for analyzing biological networks in order to identify principles that govern the design and function of those networks. One example is the network of genes that mediates the patterning of the dorsal region in the Drosophila embryo. They found that the patterning event is highly robust to changes in the levels of most of the key gene components. In another research direction they explore the genome-wide organization of the network regulating gene expression by developing algorithms to analyze data obtained from DNA expression chips.

Altogether the department combines structural genomic approaches with functional 'post- genomic' studies. Moreover, the work with multiple model organisms (i.e., yeast, fly, mouse and human) removes the species barrier and offers the opportunity to study a single biological process in several systems, thus benefiting from the various genetic and molecular tools that each system provides.

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Jacques S. Beckmann, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Hermann Mayer Professor Yoram Groner, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Dr. Barnet Berris Professor of Cancer Research Adi Kimchi, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel The Helena Rubinstein Professor in Cancer Research Doron Lancet, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Ralph D. and Lois R. Silver Professor of Human Genomics Michel Revel, Ph.D., University of Strasbourg, France (on extension of service) The Ruth and Jerome A. Siegel and Freda and Edward M. Siegel Professor of Virology Menachem Rubinstein, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Edna and Mickey Weiss Professor of Cytokines Research 18 Molecular Genetics

Leo Sachs, Ph.D., University of Cabmridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (on extension of service) The Otto Meyerhof Professor of Molecular Biology Yosef Shaul, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Oscar and Emma Getz Professor Ben-Zion Shilo, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Hilda and Cecil Lewis Professor of Molecular Genetics

Professors Emeriti

Alvin M. Kaye, Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, United States Ernest Winocour, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Associate Professors

Jeffrey Gerst, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Chaim Kahana, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Jules J. Mallon Professor of Biochemistry Orly Reiner, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Rabi Simantov, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Andre Lwoff Professor of Neurogenetics Talila Volk, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Professor Sir Ernest B. Chain Professor

Senior Scientists

Naama Barkai, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Incumbent of the Soretta and Henry Shapiro Career Development Chair Ari Elson, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Adolfo and Evelyn Blum Career Development Chair of Cancer Research Shmuel Pietrokovski, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Philip Harris and Gerald Ronson Career Development Chair Yitzhak Pilpel, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Center for Complexity Science Fellowship Incumbent of the Aser Rothstein Career Development Chair of Genetic Diseases

Senior Staff Scientists

Judith Chebath, Ph.D., University of Marseilles, France Ditsa Levanon, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Daniela Novick, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Molecular Genetics 19

Associate Staff Scientists

Edna Ben-Asher, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Batya Cohen, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Assistant Staff Scientists

Nili Avidan, Ph.D., Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, United States Shani Bialik, Ph.D., Division of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States Tsviya Olender, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Junior Staff Scientist

Levana Ben-Simchon, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Special Contracts

Eyal Schejter, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Olga Golubkov, Ph.D., Institute of Plant Protection, Kiev, Ukraine

Engineers

Dalia Gurari-Rotman, Ph.D., University College, London, United Kingdom (retired August 2003) Joseph Lotem, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Consultants

Avshalom Elitzur, The Open University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Ruth Gross-Isseroff, Geha Hospital, Petach-Tikva, Israel Tsippora Iny Stein Pavel Kats Hilla Knobler, Kaplan Hospital, Rehovot, Israel Ron Shamir, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Michael Shmoish Clara Singer, Technostat Ltd., Nathanya, Israel

Visiting Scientists

Ilan Asher, Kaplan Hospital, Rehovot, Israel Shani Bialik David Israeli, Sheba Medical Ctr., Tel Hashomer, Israel Li Li, Xian Xiang Public Health School , Henan, PR China 20 Molecular Genetics

David Shafritz, A. Einstein College of Medicine, NY, U.S.A. Dalia Sthoeger, Kaplan Hospital, Rehovot, Israel

Postdoctoral Fellows

Stella Aronov, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Sven Bergmann , Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Shani Bialik, Ph.D., Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA Frederic Coquelle, Ph.D., Paris-Sud University, France Amir Gamliel, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Gabriel Gerlitz, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Devrim Gozuacik, Ph.D., Paris XI University, France Clara Israel Singer, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Anil Kumar Kamaraju, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Ran Kapri, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Alon Levy, Ph.D.,M.D., Agriculture Faculty, Israel Hagit Niv, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Itsik Pe'er, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Avital Regev, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Tamar Sapir, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Orit Shmueli, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Liora Strichman-Almashanu, Ph.D., The Johns Hopkins University, USA Hila Toledano-Katchalski, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Orit Wolstein (Weiner), Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Itai Yanai , Ph.D., Boston University, USA Merav Yarmus, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Pei-Lin Zhang, M.D., West China University of Medical Sciences, China

Research Students

Daniela Bettina Amann Gil Amitai Gad Asher Efrat Assa-Kunik Merav Ben-Yehoyada Michal Caspi Antonio De Padua Castillo Flores Yehudit Cohen Arie Cooper Gilad Doitsh Zohar-Mukamel Dor Ruslan Dorfman Avigdor Eldar Omri Erez Ofer Fainaru Ester Feldmesser Milana Frenkel-Morgenstern Gilgi Friedlander Tania Fuchs Galina Gabriely Amos Gdalyahu Indraneel Ghosh Hava Gil-Henn Yoav Gilad Alice Givoni Roni Golan Shira Granot - Attas Sivan Henis-Korenblit Ana Hernandez Vladimir Hurgin Molecular Genetics 21

Jan Hendrik Ihmels Daphna Joseph-Strauss Ron Kafri Amnon Koren Judith Kraut Hagit Krug Michal Lapidot Yoav Lubelsky Lea Marash Michael Marash Shay Marcus Idan Menashe Helit Nabel-Rozen Alona Neinmark Oshrat Peretz Ziv Porat Amir Pozner Sharon Reef Eran Reem Aderet Reich Adriana Reuveny Micah Robinson Dalia Rosin Amir Sapir Sivan Sapoznik Ofer Sarig Ayelet Schlesinger Gidon Shani Barak Shenhav Galit Shohat Tal Sines Einat Sitbon Shalom Guy Slutsky Arul Subramanian Tamar Tal Zohar Tiran Hila Toledano-Katchalski Rachel Tsruya Gloria Volohonsky Adina Weinberger Eilon Woolf Pei Lin Zhang

Administrator

Reuven Haran (until November 2003) Lea Marom (from December 2003)

Plant Sciences

Robert Fluhr, Head (until September 2003)

Gad Galili (from October 2003) The Bronfman Professor of Plant Science

Understanding how plants grow and react to the environment are central to our long-lasting endeavor to appreciate basic mechanisms that drive biological processes as well as to devising a rational approach to secure more food, and food of better quality. This is important as plants offer the world the main renewable resource of foods, building material and energy. Plants as multicellular organisms have developed highly sophisticated short and long-term adaptive mechanisms to the changing environment as a result of the simple fact that they cannot alter their location during environmental change. Thus, the research activities in the Department of Plant Sciences are centered around plant biology and its relation to the environment. Our model systems study the function and regulation of isolated genes and their interactive behavior in the context of the whole plant. To accomplish this we have developed extensive in- house genetic, genomic, bioinformatic and transgenic infrastructures that enable us to isolate novel genes by gene trapping, knockout or map-based cloning. With the help of bioinformatic analysis and our ability to transform whole plants, cloned genes are studied and manipulated in the context of the whole organism.

A unique aspect of plant biology is the harnessing the energy of light, a subject of active research in the department. This complex process, on which all life depends, begins with the absorption of photons and transduction of that energy to biologically useful forms. The rapid kinetics of photon absorption starts with the pigment chlorophyll. The way this molecule is built and embedded into its receiving proteins makes for a remarkably efficient light- conversion machine. Avigdor Scherz studies the quantification of atoms, groups and molecules and their electro-negativity using metal substituted bacteriochlorophylls. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by illuminating novel bacteriochlorophyll derivative s has now found its application in photodynamic therapy of tumors. Marvin Edelman, in collaboration with Autar Mattoo (Beltsville, USA), studies the regulation of photosynthetic protein complexes, using transgenic Spirodela to analyze photophosphorylatio n of chloroplast membrane proteins. Jointly with Vladimir Sobolev, Edelman is developing a structural bioinformatics approach to molecular recognition, employing contact surface area and chemical properties of atoms concurrently to predict conformations of multiple amino acid side chains on a fixed protein backbone. Avihai Danon has shown continuous sensing of the state of reducing equivalents generated by the light-reactions of photosynthesis in the

23 24 Plant Sciences chloroplast. Light activates specific oxidation of a regulatory factor called RB60. Oxidized RB60 is then reduced proportionally to light intensity by electrons transferred from Photosystem I by a chain of oxidoreductase proteins. The reduced RB60 then influences the translation rate of mRNA through special RNA-binding proteins. His work implies that these regulatory mechanisms are more universal than previously appreciated, and indicate that regulatory proteins of the thioredoxin family exchange electrons along specific pathways in the soluble compartments of the cell.

The features that distinguish plants from animals are not limited to photosynthesis. Plants are sessile, have rigid cell walls and have no fixed germline. This means that their development differs radically from that found in animals. Gideon Grafi's group showed that cellular dedifferentiation has ramifications in chromatin structure. Dedifferentiation was accompanied by reorganization of specific chromosomal domain, modifications of histone H3 and redistribution of heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1). Retinoblastoma protein was found to regulate the formation of heterochromatin sub domains, at least partly, via interaction with HP1.

Yuval Eshed recently opened a new lab studying development in plants in the Department. Plants lateral organs such as leaves and floral organs are formed from the flanks of unique groups of organized cells called meristems. Organ formation is highly regulated in time and space partly through communication between the meristem and the already formed organs. Research in Yuval Eshed's lab focuses on the nature of such communication. Two types of communication are the focus of Yuval’s group. The juxtaposition of the upper and lower sides of leaves result in signaling inducing their expansion. And, the resulting asymmetric leaf signals back to the meristem to determine the position and timing of new leaf formation.

Transgenic crops as well as transgenic biocontrol agents are beginning to play an important part in the protection of plants from insect, disease, and weed problems. The group of Jonathan Gressel has recently demonstrated that engineering hypervirulence genes into biocontrol agents enhances their effectiveness in controlling weeds, and they are now stacking such genes to ascertain whether there is synergy. Often the crops or the biocontrol agents are closely related to weeds or to pathogens of crops (respectively), and there is a likelihood of transfer of genetic material to these relatives. He and his colleagues have been developing the framework for assessing the risks that this will happen on a case by case basis. More importantly, they are studying ways to use genetic engineering, to detect and prevent the transfer or to mitigate the effects of such transfer, when it occurs, as well as to ìbio-barcodeî transgenic organisms to facilitate detection. The group is actively developing crops, biocontrol agents and agrotechnologies to facilitate control of parasitic weeds, in part with colleagues at CIMMYT in Mexico and Kenya. They have developed a technology of seed application of small amounts of weed killer to herbicide-resistant mutant maize that kills the parasite, on average tripling yields in infested areas, which has recently been handed over to local seed companies for distribution to farmers.

Cultivated plants are especially prone to disease but, importantly, plants (especially the wild relatives of cultivated plants) have inbuilt pathogen recognition molecules that are called resistance genes. If the genes are present the plant will recognize the pathogen in the early Plant Sciences 25 stages of infection and mount successful defense. Robert Fluhr's group used molecular genetic techniques to uncover the genes that are central for resistance to plant vascular diseases. It turns out that many other plant resistance genes and innate animal resistance genes have common molecular features. Understanding their molecular architecture, structure-function relationships and evolution are crucial for planning rational approaches to plant-pathogen protection. The rapid adaptive responses of plants to the biotic and abiotic environment dictate their success as organisms. One such response was shown in to include rapid activation of reactive oxygen species produced by NADPH oxidase and the participation of a special class of aldehyde oxidases (in collaboration with Moshe Sagi; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev). Stress-related responses are multi-tiered and also affect alternative splicing. A LAMMER-type kinase originally isolated in the lab as a kinase whose activity is modulated by ethylene was shown to localize to the nucleus and regulate alternative splicing of a particular subset of transcripts.

Breeders of higher yielding crops have traditionally relied on assembling the best of what is available in nature into crop plants. But with the help of fundamental understanding of plant metabolism, particularly amino acid synthesis, Gad Galili's group has shown that biosynthetic and catabolic pathways can be manipulated for enhanced production of essential amino acids. The production can be directed to special cells in the seeds. Research is directed into genomics-based elucidation of complex regulatory networks linking between amino acids metabolism and other metabolic networks and regulatory processes that control seed development and germination. In addition, a new research has been initiated to elucidate how metabolism in plant seeds interacts with and regulated by metabolic processes in vegetative tissues.

Bread wheat is a polyploid organism. Recently it was found by Moshe Feldman and Avraham Levy that polyploidy induces rapid genetic and epigenetic changes affecting non-coding as well as coding sequences. The mechanism involved in bringing about these changes as well as the biological significance are currently under investigation. One mechanism of epigenetic regulation is the transcriptional activation of retrotransposons. As a result of this activation neighbor genes can be silenced (by antisense-mediated silencing) or activated. Coping with the environment has both short and long-range implications. It has long been appreciated that even the basic plant genome architecture, which dictates the most fundamental aspect of plant biology is fluid and tends to change as a result of stress. Avraham Levy's group has developed tools to examine the mechanisms contributing to this fluidity. This includes the effect of mobile genes on genome structure and expression, the effect and regulation of DNA repair and homologous recombination.

Moshe Feldman (Emeritus) has recently developed a naturally modified wheat genome that facilitates hybrid wheat production. In addition, wild germplasm contains untapped useful genes that can be hybridized into the cultivated wheat. Special lines have been produced that facilitate the identification and mapping of useful qualitative and quantitative genes in wild wheat and transfer them to cultivated background.

The brief foray into the salient features of our research efforts show the integration of methodologies from genetics, physiology, biochemistry, structural botany, molecular biology 26 Plant Sciences and protein modeling. What has become clear, is that investigating plants not only provides important starting points for their improvement but as an "outsider" organism their study presents fresh scientific viewpoints in general biology. http://www.weizmann.ac.il/Plant_Sciences/

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Marvin Edelman, Ph.D., Brandeis University, Waltham, United States The Sir Siegmund Warburg Professor of Agricultural Molecular Biology Gad Galili, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Bronfman Professor of Plant Science Jonathan Gressel, Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States (on extension of service) The Gilbert de Botton Professor of Plant Sciences Avigdor Scherz, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Robert and Yadelle Sklare Professor in Biochemistry

Professors Emeriti

Dan Atsmon, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Moshe Feldman, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Esra Galun, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Associate Professors

Avihai Danon, Ph.D., University of Arizona, Tucson, United States Robert Fluhr, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Avraham Levy, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Senior Scientists

Yuval Eshed, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Yigal Allon Fellow Incumbent of the Judith and Martin Freedman Career Development Chair Gideon Grafi, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel

Senior Staff Scientist

Vlad Brumfeld, Ph.D., University of Bucharest, Romania Plant Sciences 27

Associate Staff Scientist

Vladimir Sobolev, Ph.D., Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Siberia, Russian Federation

Assistant Staff Scientists

Alexander Brandis, Ph.D., Lomonsov Institute of Fine Chemical Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation (until February 2003) Olga Davydov, Ph.D., Rsearch Institute for Essential Oil Plants, Crimea, Ukraine Ron Vunsh, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Junior Staff Scientists

Cathy Bessudo, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Hadas Peled-Zehavi, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Special Contract

Sergey Gerjon, Ph.D., Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation

Engineer

Dvora Aviv, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (retired September 2003)

Consultants

Alexander Brandis Michal Oren-Shamir, Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel (left December 2003) Aviva Konforty, Schneider Medical Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel Genady Kostenich, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (left January 2003) Eitan Millet

Visiting Scientists

John Alvarez, Monash University, Australia Jihong Li, Chinese Acad . of Trop Agri , Chengxi , Haikou, PR China Michael Mizhiritski, Frutarom, Haifa, Israel Michael Mizhiritskii, Frutarom, Haifa, Israel Luhua Song, Handu Central H., Hebei Province, PR China Margarita R. Velcheva, Agricultural University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria 28 Plant Sciences

Postdoctoral Fellows

Hagit Ben-Meir, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Jianwei Gao, Ph.D., Chinese Academy of Sciences, China David Kaftan, Ph.D., University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic Yael Katz, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Yan Li, Ph.D., Shandong Agricultural University, China Hadas Peled-Zehavi, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Alexander Raskind, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Andrey Shirak, Ph.D., Bar-Ilan University, Israel Silvia Slavikova, Ph.D., Institute of Cell Biology, Abroad Yahel Vakrat - Haglili, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Moshe(Marc) Van Dyke, Ph.D., Technion, Israel Guohua Xu, Ph.D., Agriculture Faculty, Israel Youli Yao, Ph.D., Ehime University, Japan Xiaohong Zhu, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Research Students

Refael Aharon Hani Al-Ahmad Tal Alergand Cher Ashtamker Idan Ashur Shira Avital Sharon Ayal Mariana Babor Eyal Blum Ofra Chen Rakefet David Schwartz Eyal Emmanuel Eran Eyal Aaron Fait Neta Filip Granit Rina Glozman Eran Goldberg Alexander Goldshmidt Hege Hvattum Divon Boaz Kaplan Khalil Kashkush Yael Katz Oksana Kerner Hadar Less Alexander Levitan Laurence Libs Eti Meiri Rafael Najmanovich Hadas Ner-Gaon Irena Pekker Vladimir Potapov Efrat Rubinstein Ilan Samish Sigal Savaldi-Goldstein Hezi Shaked Galia Shy Asya Stepansky Yahel Vakrat- Haglili Sarit Weissmann Leor Williams Elizabeth Yehuda Roie Yerushalmi Assaf Zemach Jing Zhao Xiaohong Zhu Yehudit Zohar

Administrator Maanit Zibziner Biological Services

Chaim Kahana, Head The Jules J. Mallon Professor of Biochemistry

The Department of Biological Services provides specialized facilities and services to more than 700 scientists and students in areas of molecular biology, protein analysis, cell biology, bacteriology, and immunology. These services include DNA sequencing, protein sequencing, Mass spectroscopy analysis, oligonucleotide synthesis, peptide synthesis, biological computing, bioinformatics, cell sorting, antibody preparation, bacterial fermentation and downstream processing, irradiation, and maintenance of electronic equipment and microcomputers. In addition, staff members of the Biological Services provide courses through the Feinberg Graduate School on the use of the systems. The Biological Computing Unit hosts the Israeli National Node (INN), which maintains a comprehensive collection of DNA and protein databases and programs. The Bioinformatics Unit works together with the Genome Center to generate database-searching tools and import and provide access to a large number of genetic databases. The biological Services are actively involved in research programs in the area of bioinformatics, thereby contributing to the Genome Project. Most of the services are also available to scientists from other academic institutions and to the industry. Public databases are freely accessible through the Internet.

In 2000 a Maldi-Tof mass spectrometer was installed in the new mass-spectrometry unit and started to provide mass analysis of peptides, proteins and nucleic acids. We introduce now two new mass spectrometers, i.e. API-3000 Triple Quadrupole and API-QSTAR Pulsar-i Quadrupole -TOF with o-MALDI source electrospray mass spectrometers. The DNA-chip laboratory is providing standard service utilizing the pre-made arrays and in parallel efforts are made to develop local DNA printing capabilities. A new DAPSAS computer, which was installed last year, was activated.

Research Staff

Professor

Chaim Kahana1, Ph.D., The Weizmann Institute of Science The Jules J. Mallon Professor of Biochemistry

1Department of Molecular Genetics

29 30 Biological Services

Senior Staff Scientists

Ora Goldberg, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Jaime Prilusky, Ph.D., National University of Cordoba Aharon Rabinkov, Ph.D., Leningrad Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Federation

Associate Staff Scientists

Orith Leitner, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Alla Shainskaya, Ph.D., Palladine Institute of Biochemistry, Ukraine Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine Ayala Sharp, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Irina Shin, Ph.D., Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation

Assistant Staff Scientists

Shifra Ben-Dor, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Shirley Horn-Saban, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Junior Staff Scientists

Vered Chalifa-Caspi, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (left August 2003) Ron Ophir, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Rehovot, Israel

Engineer

Marilyn Safran, M.Sc., Boston University, Boston, United States

Consultant

Leon Esterman

The Avron-Wilstätter Minerva Center for Research in Photosynthesis

Avigdor Scherz, Director The Robert and Yadelle Sklare Professor in Biochemistry

The Minerva Foundation, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJ) and the Weizmann Institute of Science (WIS) established the Avron-Minerva center for Photosynthesis in 1995. The center was outset to promote research in the chemical, physical, technological and regulatory aspects of photosynthesis from the molecular to the global level. Importantly, the Minerva foundation has aided the global need for crops suitable to arid areas by establishing a high profile research in Israel in both at the fundamental and technological aspects of plant growth. To fulfil these goals the Minerva foundation has provided a generous gift for a new center in the HUJ, whose research aims include photosynthesis regulation. The new center was merged with the older, Wilstätter-Minerva center that was established earlier, in WIS, and originally aimed at understanding of solar energy conversion in photosynthesis.

The recent genomic revolution combined with the development of bio-informatics and proteomics, have opened a new frontier in the research of photosynthesis. It is possible now to integrate data from the genotype to the phenotype levels utilizing a multi-disciplinary array of methodologies that deal with a broad range of questions in order to understand the molecular foundation of the photosynthetic machinery as a whole, the clockwork of membrane and globular protein formation, assembly and communication and the related adaptation of the photosynthetic organism to the eco-system. Moreover, products and principle components of the photosynthetic machinery are now used for medicine (like in photodynamic therapy of cancer) and nutrition (carotenoids).

Such progress requires the establishment of research arena which enables integrative application of different disciplines to molecular, cellular and multi-cellular systems.

The activities of the Avron-Minerva center planed for coming years should implement and exploit these new developments. Thus, three major research lines have been selected: (1) photosynthetic protein complexes: Bio-synthesis, assembly into functional units, and cellular organization into supra-structures; (2) acclimation of photosynthetic organisms to environmental stress: (3) development of novel technologies such as photodynamic therapy of different diseases using chlorophylls or bacteriochlorophyll and light, and production of carotenoids derivatives. The principles discovered here are applied to other research fields as well.

31 32 The Avron-Wilstätter Minerva Center for Research in Photosynthesis

Following this rational, the center provides seed money for multidisciplinary research programs (1-3 years), international meetings and exchanges of German and Center's members. On the Israeli side, travel support is mainly provided to students and post-doc fellows. Research funds are limited to members of the center. Four new members have recently joined the center. The Y. Leon Benoziyo Institute for Molecular Medicine

David Mirelman, Director The Besen-Brender Professor of Microbiology and Parasitology

During the year 2003 the Y. Leon Benoziyo Institute for Molecular Medicine (BIMM) intensified its scientific activities. The Steering Committee expanded the research support that was awarded to Weizmann Institute scientists with a view to promoting and encouraging novel and interdisciplinary research programs, with special emphasis on the elucidation of molecular aspects of a variety of diseases.

New grants were awarded to investigators studying the pathway by which immune cells are produced in the body, to a group working on the gating of ion channels in mammalian cells and their role in diabetes, as well as to researchers investigating the role of polyamines in cell growth and cancerous processes, and trying to identify the genes that are responsible for the induction of tumors. These recipients of grants represent a mixture of younger and more established researchers, working on projects with a variety of clinical direction and addressing a wide variety of diseases.

Funds from the Y. Leon Benoziyo Institute for Molecular Medicine were also channeled towards the acquisition of essential equipment and instrumentation, which enable our researchers to conduct experiments with state-of the art facilities in molecular medicine. This year purchases included a new, extremely fast Fluorescent Cell Sorter, which is capable of separating stem cells, facilitating the investigation of the therapeutic potential of these cells for many diseases; a GammaCell 40 Irradiator, which enables the irradiation of laboratory animals for the study of malignancies and transplantation; and an Electroporator, which allows the insertion of foreign genes into cells by short, high-energy electrical pulses. The equipment will benefit many groups, particularly those studying the molecular mechanisms that regulate the expression of genes in normal and diseased cells.

BIMM also hosted during 2003 a number of leading world scientists who visited Weizmann Institute laboratories and delivered lectures. The aim of this prestigious series of lectures is to enhance our international contacts and cooperation in Molecular Medicine.

The support provided by the BIMM is continuing to have a significant impact on the investigations of numerous groups at the Weizmann Institute, and this will continue to increase in coming years. At the end of 2003 I will be retiring and concluding my five-year tenure as Director of the Benoziyo Institute. I wish to take this opportunity to express my personal gratitude to Mrs. Nella Benoziyo for her very generous support of the activities of the BIMM, and for her deep interest, wise advice, confidence and encouragement during all these years. It

33 34 The Y. Leon Benoziyo Institute for Molecular Medicine has been my privilege and pleasure to serve as Director of the Benoziyo Institute since its inception, and I am certain that it will continue to flourish and innovate under the new Director, Prof. Ben-Zion (Benny) Shilo of the Department of Molecular Genetics, who I am certain will steer the Benoziyo Institute to future successes that will further enhance its prestige and reputation beyond the scientific community. The Dr. Josef Cohn Minerva Center for Biomembrane Research

Zvi Livneh, Director The Maxwell Ellis Professorial Professor of Biomedical Research

The Josef Cohn Center for Biomembrane Research was officially inaugurated in 1988 to commemorate Dr. Cohn's major contributions to the scientific links between Germany and Israel. The aim of the Center is to initiate and promote interdisciplinary scientific research of processes involved in the transfer of information across membranes of living cells. This is achieved by provision of seed money for original and innovative research activities, by fellowships to young investigators in this field, and by supporting workshops on hot topics in this field.

The Crown Human Genome Center

Doron Lancet, Director The Ralph D. and Lois R. Silver Professor of Human Genomics

The center has been inaugurated in 1998 in order to advance genome research at the Weizmann Institute. The center addresses the challenges posed by the worldwide enormous progress in DNA sequencing of various genomes. This includes, in addition to the human and mouse genomes, also numerous model genomes, such as those of yeast, the nematode C. elegans, the Drosophila fruitfly. Also, plant genomes, e.g. that of of Arabidopsis are topics of inter-center collaborative research at Weizmann.

The Center, in close collaboration with the Department of Biological Services, helps provide Weizmann scientists with the following infrastructure activities: 1) Large scale DNA sequencing of genomic segments, including the identification and purchase of genomic clones. 2) DNA microarray technologies, including an Affymetrix instrument with photolithography- generated oligonucleotide arrays, which analyses mRNAs expression patterns or genomic mutations in thousands of genes from different species. In this scope, the GeneNote project, supported by the Abraham and Judith Goldwasser fund is aimed to discover the basic patterns of gene expression in human tissues over the entire genomic gamut of ~40,000 genes. 3) Computational genomics, including know-how on the utilization of the complete, diversely annotated human genome sequence, as well as other completed genomes, in terms of genomic maps and gene repositories. This includes access to external databases and internal data structures such as GeneCards, GeneLoc, GeneAnnot and CroW21, a mapping toll for human chromosome 21, in collaboration with Prof. Yoram Groner.

The Sequenom MassArray system for discovering and scoring human genetic variations (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms - SNPs) is highly successful, and has been upgraded in 2003 to allow pooling of hundreds of individuals. This technology is becoming a central topic of genomic research, aimed at understanding variations among individuals within a species. A pharmacogenetics project has been initiated through Yeda with Teva Pharmaceutical Industry and the Technion, based on this instrumentation. Nearly a dozen other collaborative projects are aimed at understanding how small genetic variations culminate in causing diseases, from cancer to schizophrenia, are also ongoing.

Gene discovery projects, performed in collaboration with medical establishments throughout Israel, have so far led to the discovery of 7 novel genes that underlie human inherited diseases. These include a gene for a mental retardation gene, mucolipidosis 4, a gene for muscular dystrophy (HIBM), the PVT gene, whose mutations cause childhood heart failure, the USH3A gene that underlies a debilitating blidness-deafness condition and the CDA1 gene that causes

37 38 The Crown Human Genome Center an unusual hereditary anemia. This year, a gene for male sterility, CatSper2 has been discovered. The Center also harbors a program in evolutionary genomics, including the evolution of the sense of smell, whereby novel information on extreme genetic diversity has been uncovered, relevant to the fragrance and flavor industry. Also, a program in prebiotic evolution is ongoing, aiming at understanding early evolution on earth in terms of biochemical networks. This computer-based approach is one of many links with the new realm of Systems Biology, and the Genome Center is thus in close interaction with the newly inaugurated Center for Systems Biology at Weizmann, directed by Prof. Eytan Domany.

The Crown Human Genome Center activities receives support from the Crown Family, the Abraham and Judy Goldwasser Fund, the Israel ministry of Science and Technology (National Knowledge Center for Genomics) and from a Magneton project of the Ministry of Industry and Trade.

Home page: http://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/genome_center/ The Mel Dobrin Center for Nutrition

Robert Fluhr, Director (until September 2003)

Gad Galili, Director (from October 2003) The Bronfman Professor of Plant Science

Increasing plant productivity and nutritional quality are a major human interest. The Dobrin Center provides a coordinating and supportive framework for various activities aimed at increasing our understanding of the genetics, biochemistry, and physiological processes that may lead to improvements in crop plants.

During the past year, the Center supported novel approaches for the production of nutritionally improved plants, and reducing crop plants losses caused by biotic and environmental stresses. In addition, the Center has continued to provide support for the exchange of scientists and for the participation of young scientists in international conferences that deal with plant nutrition.

The Leo and Julia Forchheimer Center for Molecular Genetics

Adi Kimchi, Director The Helena Rubinstein Professor of Cancer Research

The functions of the center, which was established by the Forchheimer foundation of New York in January 1982, are to promote Molecular Genetics in general, and recombinant DNA technologies in particular, to probe into the molecular mechanisms of life processes as well as train scientists in the development of biotechnology and biomedical industries based on Molecular Genetics. The center has been instrumental in enlarging or establishing several scientific services in campus. Recent examples include the laboratory for the production of transgenic and knock out mice and participation of the center in establishing state of the art facilities for the analysis of DNA, including an automated DNA sequencing unit, advanced computer hardware and software. This equipment allows molecular geneticists at the Weizmann Institute to participate in world wide studies on the human genome, to conduct functional studies on isolated genes, and perform genetic studies in invertebrate model organisms. The center supports research in Molecular Genetics by allocating funds for promising and innovative projects, as well as helping in the purchase of new equipment. In 2001, several major projects were funded and the following equipment was purchased: 1. Under the auspices of the Center, we continued to support the pioneering work of Dr. Naama Barkai, who analyzes whole genome expression in yeast. A biological physicist with a broad background in modeling biological processes, Dr. Barkai's comprehensive and quantitative approach to genetic research enables her to organize and sift through vast amounts of generated data, and to separate significant from insignificant bits of information.

2. The Forchheimer Center also supported the research efforts of Prof. Peter Lonai, who studies whole genome expression in mice, as well as the role of FGF (fibroblast growth factor) receptors in patterning the extracellular matrix as the mouse embryo develops. Prof. Lonai has identified genes that are required for epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. ("Epithelia," or epithels, are cell sheets covering our body's external and internal surfaces, and make an overlay above more loosely-arranged cells called mesenchyme.) His use of gene targeting for genetic analysis yields realistic answers as to the "how, when and where" of specific gene function, in an organism which is relatively close to our own.

41 42 The Leo and Julia Forchheimer Center for Molecular Genetics

3. In addition, the Center helped fund the research efforts of Prof. Chaim Kahana, who investigates the role played by polyamines in cell growth control and cancerous processes. Utilization of the yeast system has provided the identification of new components critical for polyamine transport across the plasma membrane.This issue is among those being investigated in Prof. Kahana's laboratory.

4. Many reagents, especially DNA plasmids used for expression of genes in bacteria and mammalian cells, are utilized by the entire community of Molecular Geneticists at the Weizmann Institute. However, in many cases the same plasmids are purchased multiple times, or scientists are not always certain which plasmid is best for a particular purpose. To overcome these problems, Dr. Batya Cohen, an experienced molecular biologist established a centralized plasmid collection. The details of this collection are available on the web for Weizmann scientists, and Dr. Batya Cohen provides the desired plasmids upon request. The center pays 25% of Dr. Cohen's salary.

5. The Forchheimer center has provided funds for the purchase of a new confocal fluorescent microscope for the department. The major advantage of this state of the art microscope is a laser allowing to detect separately the fluorescence of YFP in CFP proteins in live specimens. Thus, the dynamic localization of two differently tagged proteins or cells can be visualized. Studies at the department are focusing not only on the analysis of these processes in cultured cells, but also on the visualization of processes in whole live embryos of the fruit fly. A second laser in this microscope allows the simultaneous staining of nuclei in fixed tissue, while a third laser detects red fluorescence. The Kekst Family Center for Medical Genetics

Yoram Groner, Director The Dr. Barnet Berris Professor of Cancer Research

The Kekst Family Center for Medical Genetics was established by Gershon and Carol Kekst. The Center's main objective is to promote the investigation of medical aspects of genetics, with the aim of understanding the molecular mechanisms of life processes, and its subsequent application to medicine.

The Center provides financial assistance to investigators embarking on new projects in the field of molecular medicine, as well as to cross-disciplinary research collaborations between groups from different departments. It also supports the organization of international and local conferences and workshops aimed at disseminating and promoting communication between researchers in fields related to medical genetics. Funds are allocated to support the purchase of new equipment with the aim of upgrading the technical infrastructure of medical genetics at the Institute.

The activities of the Center are coordinated by a steering committee, comprised of Yoram Groner (Department of Molecular Genetics), Benjamin Geiger (Department of Molecular Cell Biology) and Ben-Zion Shilo (Department of Molecular Genetics).

The Charles W. and Tillie K. Lubin Center for Plant Biotechnology

Robert Fluhr, Director (until September 2003)

Gad Galili, Director (from October 2003) The Bronfman Professor of Plant Science

The Lubin Center encourages research activities that contribute to the understanding of the biology of crop plants, in general, and cereals, in particular. The Center promotes infrastructure and methodology for the production of transgenic plants for research purposes. This year the Center supported research in plant development and cell cycle research which helped contribute to our understanding about how nuclear scaffolding facilitates regulation of gene expression. Other projects include setting up experimental systems to understand the origin of genes that were important for cultivation of cereals that will play an important part in our appreciation of how plants were domesticated.

The M.D. Moross Institute for Cancer Research

Yoram Groner, Director The Dr. Barnet Berris Professor of Cancer Research

The M.D. Moross Institute for Cancer Research, established in November 1998 with a generous founding endowment made by the Manfred D. Moross Foundation, will be dedicated to the promotion of excellent cancer research at the Weizmann Institute.

The M.D. Moross Institute aims to promote, facilitate and enhance cancer related research at the Weizmann Institute. To this end the M.D. Moross Institute will work as an umbrella institute encompassing other Weizmann Institute centers and some major funds that are involved in cancer research, in order to achieve a campus-wide synergy in cancer research.

Cancer related research constitutes more than half of all Weizmann Institute activities in the Life Sciences, involving close to 50 groups (approximately 350 people). This breadth is a result of the Institute's inherently interdisciplinary nature, and is a feature that is likely to become even more prominent in the years to come, as disciplines overlap each other's domains and coalesce to create new areas of expertise. Seminal contributions of Weizmann Institute scientists often cannot be realized due to a hiatus in critical funding during the post-discovery period. The M.D. Moross Institute for Cancer Research will provide this timely and significant support.

The main areas of support include:

• Special support for the acquisition of new trans-disciplinary technologies aimed at encouraging research collaboration between different groups.

• Funding collaborative research projects between various cancer researchers at the Weizmann Institute, and between these scientists and clinicians at the Tel Aviv Sourasky-Ichilov Medical Center with the aim of translating basic Weizmann laboratory research into clinical application in the hospital.

• Supporting scientists who have submitted or resubmitted large, ambitious research plans to significant external granting agencies, to cover their research expenses for the interim period between submission and acceptance.

• Life Science Colloquia in the field of cancer research, to which distinguished scientists are invited to present an Institute-wide lecture on their research, and to spend a few days on campus for meetings and discussion with faculty and students.

The David and Fela Shapell Family Center for Genetic Disorders Research

Yoram Groner, Director The Dr. Barnet Berris Professor of Cancer Research

The David and Fela Shapell Family Center for Genetic Disorders Research was established by David and Fela Shapell in honor of Jacob Shapell, their beloved grandson, to support research on Down syndrome and other genetic disorders. The Center's main objective is to promote the investigation of molecular genetic aspects of Down syndrome and other genetic disorders, with the aim of understanding the molecular mechanisms by which altered genotype leads to altered phenotype.

The Shapell Center provides financial assistance to investigators embarking on new projects in the field of molecular genetics, as well as to interdisciplinary research collaborations between groups using the infrastructure of the Facility for Genetically Modified Animals (FGMA). Funds are also allocated to the purchase of new equipment with the aim of upgrading the technical infrastructure of FGMA.

The Shapell Center also supports the organization of international and local conferences and workshops aimed at disseminating and promoting communication between researchers in fields related to medical genetics.

The activities of the Center are coordinated by a steering committee, including Yoram Groner (Department of Molecular Genetics), Moshe Oren (Department of Molecular Cell Biology) and David Mirelman (Department of Biological Chemistry).

The Harry and Jeannette Weinberg Center for Plant Molecular Genetics Research

Robert Fluhr, Director (until September 2003)

Gad Galili, Director (from October 2003) The Bronfman Professor of Plant Science

A most pressing problem currently addressed by plant scientists throughout the world concerns numerous natural and man-made environmental hazards, such as contamination of the environment by pesticides and herbicides, increased salinization of agricultural soils and degraded water resources. The stability of man's environment is key to his steady social and technological progress. - Dealing with these and other problems is critical in planning future environmentally-safe increases in crop yields in face of the growing demands of an expanding global human population.

The Harry and Jeannette Weinberg Center has devoted funds to research committed to these tasks. The areas supported this year include plant protection against weeds and plant growth infrastructure.

Faculty of Biology

Dean: Moshe Oren (until September 2003)

Dean: Benjamin Geiger (from October 2003) The Professor Erwin Neter Professor of Cell and Tumor Biology

Michael Sela, Ph.D. (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem) Institute Professor The W. Garfield Weston Professor of Immunology

Faculty of Biology

Dean: Moshe Oren (until September 2003)

Dean: Benjamin Geiger (from October 2003) The Erwin Neter Professor of Cell and Tumor Biology

The Faculty of Biology is one of two faculties of Life Sciences at the Institute. Originally, the sister Faculty of Biochemistry concentrated on research at the molecular level, whereas the Faculty of Biology focused on the cell and organism level. Although this distinction has many exceptions, the four scientific Departments of the Faculty of Biology dedicate their efforts to understanding biological processes in their normal and pathological settings. The efforts of two of our scientific departments are almost entirely oriented at organs or tissues. These are the Department of Neurobiology and the Department of Immunology, which concentrate on the nervous system and all aspects of the body's defense mechanisms, respectively. The research groups of the Department of Molecular Cell Biology are linked by a common interest in function and structure at the cellular level. Our youngest department, Biological Regulation, was established at the end of 1995 as part of a reorganization in the Life Sciences. A large variety of regulatory processes, including the transduction of biological signals at the cellular level and at the organism level is addressed by the Department's scientists.

Complementing the physical organization of the Faculty into Departments, interdisciplinary Research Institutes and Centers coordinate campus-wide research projects. The Einhorn Dominic Institute for Brain Research and its associated centers The Nella and Leon Benoziyo Center for Neurosciences and The Murray H. and Meyer Grodetsky Center for Research of Higher Brain Functions support and fortify studies of the most fascinating and least understood organ, the brain. The Yad Abraham Center for Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy supports work aiming primarily to implement the basic knowledge generated at the Weizmann towards better diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Studies on aging, a major focus of interest in contemporary Western societies, are supported by the Meller Center for the Biology of Aging. Clinically important aspects of our immune system are also being explored: the Robert Koch Center for Research in Autoimmune Disease is studying the consequences of malfunction of the immune system and is exploring ways to intercept such unwelcome processes, while the Rich Center for Transplantation Biology Research is supporting work aimed at increasing the success of bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of cancer and other life threatening diseases. The Willner Family Center for Vascular Biology supports the study of angiogenesis (new blood vessel formation) and of functional aspects of our blood system.

55 56 Faculty of Biology

The Faculty considers as its major aim to foster biological studies both at the organism and at the molecular level, by using state of the art technologies. Accordingly, we are constantly streamlining services that help research groups generate animal models, including gene- knockout and transgenic animals. In parallel, we seek to enhance our research activities that use sophisticated imaging methods, including digital light microscopy, functional MRI and EEG, to follow the function of cells, internal organs, tumors and the brain. In anticipation of changes in the directions of biomedical research in the 21st century, the Faculty is encouraging research in the field of biological physics and systems biology, bringing together researchers trained in physics and in the life sciences.

Our other major challenge is to attract and recruit outstanding young scientists. In an age of constantly growing complexity of unanswered biological questions and ever increasing competition for discoveries, we consider it our shared responsibility to provide optimal conditions for the creativity of our promising junior faculty members.

Our only service Department, the facility for Preclinical Research, has recently undergone dramatic changes that bring the Weizmann Institute into the cutting edge of modern biological research. Both the new and the extensively renovated facilities host our laboratory animals under improved disease-free conditions and allow more efficient research of mammals. Of particular importance is the Facility for Genetically Modified Animals. This state of the art facility is providing Weizmann Institute researchers with a powerful timely tool for developing animal models of human diseases. Biological Regulation

Hadassa Degani, Head The Fred and Andrea Fallek Professor of Breast Cancer Research

The regulation of processes responsible for the concerted action of cells, tissues, vascular networks and organs is being carried out in our department. Our studies include the identification of signaling pathways involving hormones, growth promoting factors, as well as programmed cell death and survival factors. We also characterize specific receptors, target cells, and the multiple mechanisms involved in the transduction of the signals through complex intracellular networks. In these investigations we apply a diverse range of methodologies in different in vitro and in vivo systems: namely, biochemical, molecular biology, and physiological methods in tissue cultures, organs and whole animals. We also focus on developing non-invasive imaging technology by the utilization of optical means, as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS). Since changes in the regulation of such processes are a cause for many human diseases (cancer, infertility, heart failure, stroke etc.), we further apply our results to develop new modes of treatment, such as: drugs for pharmacological intervention, photodynamic cancer therapy and state of the art means for early detection and diagnosis.

This year, our lab focused on the development of new in vivo and ex vivo characterization of molecular, metabolic and physiologic parameters associated with the development, progression and metastasis of cancer, specifically breast and lung cancers. The studies were performed on human breast cancer and lung cancer cells as well as on orthotopic tumors of these cells implanted in experimental animals. We investigated the regulation of angiogenesis in breast and lung cancer, tumor vasculature function in terms of delivery and drainage, as well as the development of interstitial fluid pressure and, hence, barriers to drug delivery. In addition we characterized the "cause and sense" of increased phosphocholine levels in breast and prostate cancer. We also continued clinical research that employed our dynamic contrast enhanced three time point (3TP) method. Two new topics were investigated: 1. The detailed response of breast cancer patients to chemotherapy and 2. the vascular properties of lung cancers. (Hadassa Degani).

Studies in our laboratory are directed at identification and characterization of molecular events that regulate reproduction and early development. Of major interest is the control of the meiotic status of the mammalian oocyte. Attempts to disclose this issue include investigation of the gating mechanism of the gap junctions that mediate the communication of the inhibitory cAMP from the somatic cells of the ovarian follicle to the oocyte and the response of the ovarian gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43) to gonadotropins. Search for complementary mechanisms that ensure the efficiency of a timely alteration between meiotic arrest and

57 58 Biological Regulation resumption of meiosis include cloning and characterization of an oocyte-specific PKA anchoring protein (AKAP) responsible for sequestration of this enzyme and its possible calocalization with the oocyte phosphodiesterase, PDE3A. Potential downstream regulators that are subjected to the PKA-mediated cAMP action are examined and their hierarchy is explored. Specific interest is directed at the role of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) in degradation of such proteins, in particular, those that participate in regulation of chromosome segregation. A list of ovarian and endometrial genes, the expression of which is upregulated in association with ovulation and implantation, respectively have been recently generated by suppression subtructive hybridization (SSH) and microarray chip analysis. Further attempts to characterize and identify the specific function of a selected group of these genes are presently performed. Our studies on implantation and early embryonal development are also directed at exploration of signals that control the extensive angiogenic response of the uterus to the implantic embryo and its possible association with Cx43 expression. (Nava Dekel)

Our lab is focused on characterizing the role of BCL-2 family members in apoptosis. We are mainly exploring the function of the pro-death BID molecule, which acts in both the mitochondria and the nucleus to regulate progression of the apoptotic process. In addition, we are studying the role of caspases (cysteine proteases) during atresia, a well-documented apoptosis process, in which ovarian follicles are eliminated in-vivo (Atan Gross).

(i) The development of carboxy methyl derivatives of isoflavones as novel selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) with unique effects on the vascular, bone and uterus. Moreover, these novel compounds can serve as affinity tags for targeting cytotoxic compounds to estrogen sensitive carcinoma and (ii) the development of synthetic peptides, as a new family of compounds with estrogen-like activity, (in collaboration with E. Katzir, Department of Biological Chemistry, WIS). In addition, we are developing novel membrane impermeant probes for the characterization ofputative membranal estrogen binding sites in vascular and bone cells (Fortune Kohen).

We are studying the molecular cell biology of caveolin-1 in human cancer cells. Specifically, we explore the role of caveolin-1 in mediating survival signaling of cancer cells that are denied matrix attachment or are exposed to genotoxic stress. In addition, we study the role of caveolin-1 and other constituents of lipid rafts in drug export, drug response and trafficking of multidrug transporters. Another topic of our research is the induction of caveolin expression by PPAR-γγ ligands and its relation to PPAR- -induced cell differentiation and drug resistance. In parallel studies we are trying to elucidate the functions of phospholipase D isozymes in yeast and mammalian cells by employing gene knockdown approaches. In addition, we aim to identify molecular targets of phosphatidic acid using a novel phosphatidic acid analog and phosphatidic acid-binding domains. Finally, we have been exploring the possible use of novel steroidal alkaloids in chemotherapy of multidrug resistant cancer and we are developing a novel method for engineering ligand-regulatable recombinant proteins for drug target validation and generation of ligand-sensitive transgenic organisms. (Moti Liscovitch)

Application of MRI and optical imaging for elucidation of the regulatory pathways that control the recruitment of endothelial capillaries (angiogenesis), vascular maturation, and remodeling of the lymphatics. Studies aim to reveal the contribution and interplay between environmental, Biological Regulation 59 hormonal and growth factor mediated signaling pathways. Specific steps in the process are detected by monitoring hemodynamic properties, vascular permeability and changes in the extracellular matrix. Vascular remodeling is followed in a range of biological models including reproduction, embryonic development, repair of ischemic injuries, tumor progression and metastatic dissemination (Michal Neeman).

The photodynamic therapy (PDT) protocol for anti vascular treatment of tumors was further developed and new sensitizers with improved properties were synthesized and tested. The mechanism of sensitizer uptake by target cells was investigated and superoxide was identified a major intracellular cytotoxic ROS. Online light guidance by fMRI was further developed and the protocol for diffusion imaging of tumor response to PDT was completed. The effectiveness of TOOKAD-PDT on drug resistant tumors was shown to apply also to other tumor model systems, supporting the generality of the phenomenon. Intravital microscopy studies on the hemodynamic basis of PDT-induced blood stasis was continued with new sensitizers towards elucidation of the underlying mechanisms. The mechanism of TOOKAD-PDT induced cell death revealed as caspase independent. This work was done in collaboration with Michal Neeman, Dept. of Biological Regulation and Avigdor Scherz, Dept. of Plant Sciences. (Yoram Salomon)

The characterization of the intracellular transmission of extracellular signals by seven distinct signaling pathways: four MAP Kinase cascades (ERK, JNK, p38 and BMK) two PI3K dependent cascades (AKT and S6K) and the PKA cascade. These studies included (i) identification of novel components, (ii) cross-talk between the distinct cascade, (iii) intracellular localization of components of the cascades, and are aimed to elucidate how the signaling network formed by these signaling cascade regulate gene expression, proliferation, and differentiation (Rony Seger).

Ovulation in mammals is a preferable target for contraception and fertility regulation. We investigate two of the ovulatory processes: (i) Oocyte maturation, including the differential regulation and expression of phosphodiesterases in the germ cells and somatic compartments in the ovary; and the role of meiosis activating sterols (MAS). (ii) Follicular rupture at ovulation and the involvement of proteolytic cascades (plasmin activating system, and collagenases), eicosanoids and other paracrine regulators. In collaboration with Michal Neeman we examine the role of revascularization in uptake of transplanted ovarian fragments to allow restoration of fertility after chemo/radiotherapy (Alex Tsafriri).

Along with many researchers, we are fascinated by the simple biological question as to how embryonic cells know what fates to adopt, at the correct positions and appropriate times? Our goal is to understand how naïve embryonic cells eventually give rise to the intricate series of muscle, bone, and cartilage structures that form the embryo. While there is intensive crosstalk among precursor cells, the details of this molecular 'language' are still unknown. We primarily use the avian embryo model system, which provides a powerful experimental system with easy access to embryonic tissues both in vitro and in vivo. In addition to the chick embryo, the mouse embryo is used as a genetic model to unravel the molecular underpinnings of the "cross-talk" between the naïve embryonic cells. The understanding of the fundamental 60 Biological Regulation biology of embryonic stem cells, is expected to facilitate the development of effective approaches to stem-cell therapy for the treatment of countless diseases (Eldad Tzahor).

Growth factors and their transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases play essential roles in cellular proliferation and migration during both embryogenesis and oncogenesis. An example is the ErbB/HER family of receptors, which play an essential role in development of neuronal and epithelial cell lineages. The receptors are often over-expressed in tumors, whereas the ligands are frequently inappropriately expressed, and both aberrations may predict poor prognosis. Biochemical analyses led to the realization that the four ErbBs and their many ligand growth factors form a layered signaling network. The network structure ensures robust signaling, while maintaining stringent control and finely tunes the output. Especially potent are heterodimers comprising ErbB-2 and ErbB-3, because they simultaneously stimulate the Ras/ MAPK cascade and the PI3K/Akt pathway. In addition, the heterodimer evades the restraining effect of receptor endocytosis, a process initiated by step-wise recruitment of two E3 ubiquitin ligases called c-Cbl and Nedd4, and culminates in the degradation of active receptors in the lysosome. Another pathway leading to ErbB degradation is part of the cellular response to stress. This machinery controls ErbB-2/HER2 by recruiting another ubiquitin ligase called CHIP.

Detailed understanding of the complex machineries underlying inactivation of oncogenic growth factor receptors holds promise for cancer therapy: antibody-induced receptor endocytosis effectively blocks some types of human cancer, and low molecular weight kinase inhibitors that target ErbBs to destruction are currently tested in patients. The therapeutic potential of these strategies, as well as their molecular bases are studied in our laboratory. Also investigated are novel pathways that restrain ErbB signaling. These effectors of the network are typically over-produced subsequent to receptor activation, as part of a negative feed-back loop. We currently concentrate on effectors like Cbl, Src, Sprouty and Kekkon in the hope that their physiological mechanisms of ErbB restraining will inspire new therapeutic strategies (Yosef Yarden).

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Hadassa Degani, Ph.D., State University of New York, Stony Brook, United States Fred and Andrea Fallek Professor of Breast Cancer Research Nava Dekel, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel The Philip M. Klutznick Professor of Developmental Biology Mordechai Liscovitch, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Harold L. Korda Professor of Biology Yoram Salomon, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Charles W. and Tillie K. Lubin Professor of Hormone Research Biological Regulation 61

Alexander Tsafriri, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (on extension of Service) The Herman and Lily Schilling Foundation Professor Yosef Yarden, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Harold and Zelda Goldenberg Professor of Molecular Cell Biology

Associate Professors

Michal Neeman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Rony Seger, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Senior Research Fellow

Fortüne Kohen, Ph.D., Brandeis University, Waltham, United States

Senior Scientist

Atan Gross, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Incumbent of the Armour Family Career Development Chair of Cancer Research Eldad Tzahor, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Assistant Staff Scientist

Edna Haran Furman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Junior Staff Scientist

Catherine Brami, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Dalia Seger, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Consultants

Joseph Friedman, Kupat Holim, Petach-Tikva, Israel Eliezer Girsh, Barzilay Hospital, Ashkelon, Israel Irit Granot, Kaplan Hospital, Rehovot, Israel Dov Grobgeld, Orbotech Ltd., Yavneh, Israel (left June 2003) Ariel Hourvitz, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel Sarah Krauz Reuven Reich, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (left July 2003) Iris Schvartz, Webb and Associates, Patent Attorneys, Rehovot, Israel (left April 2003) Dalia Somjen, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel 62 Biological Regulation

Visiting Scientists

Gil Chernin, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel Shai Elizur, Sheba Medical Ctr., Tel Hashomer, Israel Natalya Koudinova, Russian People's Friendship University , Moscow, Russia Eti Maman, Sheba Medical Ctr., Tel Hashomer, Israel Reut Parness-Yossefo, Kaplan Hospital, Rehovot, Israel Itay Vardi, Meir Medical Ctr., Kfar Saba, Israel

Postdoctoral Fellows

Helena Ashkenazi, Ph.D., Bar-Ilan University, Israel Gal Gur-Shachar, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Neeru Jain, Ph.D., University of Delhi, India Yael Kalma, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Ariel Kaltchenko, Ph.D.,M.D., Chita State Medical Academy, Russia Gabriele Kerber, Ph.D., University of Giessen, Germany Sarah Kraus, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Shlomi Lazar, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Mina Marmor, Ph.D., University of Toronto, Canada Michal Ortal-Schwartz, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Julia Penso, Ph.D., Bar-Ilan University, Israel Yael Rosen, M.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Rachel Sarig, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel

Research Students

Ido Amit Liat Ben-Yehoshua Josefsb Sarit Bendetz-Nezer Xiumei Cao Dana Chuderland Ami Citri Maya Dadiani Chetrit Hagit Dafni Iris Edry Galit Eliyahu Oran Erster Libbat Finkel Yoav Gal Eran Gershon Eli Geva Assaf Gilead Dorit Granot Michal Grinberg Shimon Gross Gal Haimovich Yaron Hassid Tomer Israely Iris Kamer Miriam Kandli Menachem Katz Bose Skaria Kochupurakkal Michal Kovo-Hasharoni Shlomi Lazar Orit Leshem Gila Lustig Galia Maik-Rachline Nimrod Maril Galit Mazooz Ohad Mazor Yaron Mosesson Shlomo Oved Biological Regulation 63

Yael Paran-Peleg Vicki Plaks Yehudit Posen Dina Preise Dana Ravid Ziv Raviv Chanan Rubin Sagit Sela-Abramovich Maria Shatz Yoav Shaul Maya Shelly Liora Shiftan Keren Shtiegman Xiaoqing Tang Lilach Tencer Herschkovitz Keren Yacobi Zhong Yao Yuval Yung Keren Ziv

Administrator

Rachel Benjamin

Immunology

Zelig Eshhar, Head The Marshaal and Renette Ezralow Professor of Chemical and Cellular Immunology

The exponential growth of research activity in the life sciences has immunology in its center: The wide range of research activities in our Department covers a spectrum of studies in immunology ranging from fundamental aspects of antigen recognition and intracellular signaling to intercellular communication as well as immune-cell differentiation, migration and homing. Naturally, the progress made in resolving the basic principles underlining the mode of operation of the immune system is also applied to furthering the understanding of its disorders such as autoimmunity and allergies, as well as to the design of new immunotherapeutic modalities to fight cancer.

Among the different interesting advances made during the recent years is the effective collaborations that have evolved amongst several researchers of the Department in studying the relationship between migration and adhesion of immune cells and their regulation during the functional maturation of the immune system.

The activities of the different research groups are briefly summarized below:

R. Alon's studies focus on the molecular basis and cellular mechanisms by which vascular adhesion molecules (selectins, integrins and their respective ligands) operate to tether and arrest circulating leukocytes on vascular endothelium under shear flow. The group investigates the crosstalk between these adhesion receptors and chemokine receptors on recruited leukocytes, facilitating their emigration to specific tissues both in normal and pathological immune processes. A new focus of the lab is the role of mechanical signals, transduced to adherent leukocytes by shear flow, in the translation of biochemical signals from vascular endothelial cells into productive transendothelial leukocyte migration.

R. Arnon studies of antigenicity and vaccine development: Synthetic peptides and synthetic vaccines; Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, its suppression by basic copolymers of amino acids and relevance to multiple sclerosis (collaboration with M. Sela, D. Teitelbaum); Exploitation of Copolymer 1 for additional applications including inflammatory bowel diseases; Use of Cop1 in the prevention of transplant rejection (collaboration with M. Sela). In addition she studies site-directed drug delivery, as well as cytotoxic T-cells efficacy in cancer.

A. Ben-Nun demonstrated new primary target antigens (MOG, MOBP and OSP) in multiple sclerosis and their implications for pathogenic processes and immune-specific therapy; He studies multi-epitope/multi-antigen-directed, altered peptides-mediated, immune-specific

65 66 Immunology therapy of ‘complex EAE’ associated with multiple pathogenic autoreactivities. The mechanisms of T cell modulation; T cell receptor and ligand interaction in autoimmune disease; Non-superantigenic bacterial toxins, T cell subsets and autoimmune diseases; Effect of encephalitogenic myelin-specific T cells and demyelinating antibodies on nerve conduction in the central nervous system in vitro and mechanisms of myelin/neuronal repair by adult stem cells.

G. Berke investigated the regulation of tumor immunity emphasizing tumor escape from immune attack. Along this line, he has addressed the regulation of expression and function of the death receptor Fas and its Ligand in tumors. He studied the binding to and activation of tumor specific T lymphocytes by tetrameric MHC – peptide complexes and showed direct activation of the lymphocytes by the bound tetramers. He developed a novel procedure to determine tumor cell susceptibility to anticancer drugs. Finally, he provided evidence that hypoxia predisposes the heart to myocardial damage induce by the death receptor Fas, a finding with implication to the mechanism of myocardial damage following myocardial infarction.

I.R. Cohen's research activities concentrate on the following topics: Autoimmune diabetes: Pathogenesis and clinical trials; Autoimmunity to hsp60 and the development of subunit vaccines against infectious diseases; Innate receptors for hsp60; Bio-informatics: antigen chip (with Eytan Domany), modeling languages (with David Harel, Amir Pnueli), and T-cell repertoire chip; Regulation of immune inflammation by small carbohydrate molecules (with Ofer Lider) and by lipoid molecules (with Meir Shinitzky); Autoimmunity to p53 and the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (with Varda Rotter).

L. Eisenbach: tumor progression results in the emergence of highly metastatic cells disseminating to distal organs. We are studying the interaction between malignant cells and the cellular immune system. In particular: a) Identification and characterization of human Tumor Associated Antigen (TAA) peptides derived from differentially expressed genes. Differentially expressed genes are discovered through genomic methods (DNA chips, SAGE) or molecular methods. TAAs from breast, colon, prostate and bladder tumors are the focus of our studies b) Design of anti-tumor peptide vaccines. c) Design of anti-angiogenic vaccines d) The role of interferon inducible genes in tumorigenesis e) Antigen presentation in tumor Immunity. f) Brain tumors (together with Prof. I. Cohen) g) Genetically manipulated tumor cell vaccines.

Z. Eshhar pursues the Immuno-gene therapy of tumors by redirecting effector lymphocytes using chimeric receptors and focusing on human prostate and breast carcinoma models. The process of homing of the genetically engineered lymphocytes, their fate, as well as the optimal gene transfer procedure are studied and optimized.

S. Fuchs studies immunoregulation of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) and the relation between myasthenia gravis and acetylcholine receptor (AChR); Structure, function and signal transduction of dopamine receptors and their presence in peripheral tissues in health and disease. Immunology 67

S. Jung studies the in vivo origin and function of cells of the myeloid lineage with a special focus on dendritic cells (DC). Adoptive blood monocyte transfers aim at defining the role of this versatile leukocyte as precursor for myeloid cells in peripheral tissues, such as the lung and the brain. The role of DC in various complex immunological processes underlying health and disease will be investigated using mouse models that allow the conditional ablation of DC.

T. Lapidot pursues the identification of cytokines, chemokines, stromal cells, proteolytic enzymes and adhesion molecules that mediate and regulate the migration and developmental program of human stem cells, both normal and leukemic, in a functional in vivo assay as well as the applications for human gene and cancer therapy. In particular, mechanistic insights into the pleotropic roles of the Chemokine SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4 are investigated .

O. Lider studies how the immune system is operating under inflammatory conditions. He analyses the effects of cytokines on lymphocyte migration, cell surface adhesion receptor function. He is evaluating the enzymatic machinery required for leukocytes migration and examines the capacities of these enzymes to generate natural low molecular weight inhibitors of inflammation. He also studies the anti-inflammatory capacities of small peptides, generated in-vivo by immune-cell enzymes.

E. Mozes studies, on the cellular-functional and on the molecular levels, the mechanisms underlying the down regulation of a) myasthenia gravis (MG) by an altered peptide ligand based on two myasthenogenic T cell epitopes of the human acetylcholine receptor and b) systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) by a peptide based on the CDR of a pathogenic anti-DNA autoantibody. The role of regulatory T cells, cytokines and chemokines, costimulatory molecules, various pathways of apoptosis and of molecules involved in signal transduction is investigated.

I. Pecht investigates the process of antigen recognition by immunoreceptors and the mechanism of their signaling to the cell's interior. Specifically how the coupling between these receptors’ stimuli and cellular responses is initiated maintained and controlled. The model employed is that of mast cell response by secretion of inflammatory mediators and its Fcε receptor coupled cascade. T-cell antigen recognition is the main system where the immunological recognition and surveillance processes are studied. In addition, the rather different problem of internal electron transfer in proteins is investigated.

Y. Reisner investigates a new approach for tolerance induction, using megadose stem-cell transplants to overcome MHC barriers in sublethally irradiated recipients; the mechanism(s) of tolerance induction by different veto cells is investigated; also human/mouse chimera are used to study the potential use of early embryonic kidney, pancreas and liver as a new source of transplantation.

I. Schechter investigates the regulation of stage specific genes during the life cycle of schistosome (the parasite causing bilharzia) by alternative splicing, a mechanism that generates structural diversity causing changes in gene function at different developmental stages, as well as the function of stage-specific proteins. 68 Immunology

M. Sela collaborates with E. Mozes on mechanism of action of peptides inhibiting experimental myasthenia gravis, with R. Arnon and D. Teitelbaum on mechanism of action of Copolymer 1, a drug against experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis, with Ruth Arnon on its use in prevention of transplant rejection and with Y. Yarden on monoclonal antibodies to ErbB2 and their respective B cell epitopes, their roles in potential anti-tumor strategy.

I. Shachar studies homing, maturation and function of immature B cells. In order to fully mature and to participate in the humoral response, immature B cells first migrate into specific areas in the spleen, where they mature, while their arrival to other compartments is restricted. Her research is focused on the mechanisms controlling homing of immature B cells to the spleen and the differentiation to mature B cells in this compartment.

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Ruth Arnon, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (on extension of service) The Paul Ehrlich Professor of Immunology Gideon Berke, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Isaac and Elsa Bourla Professor of Cancer Research Irun R. Cohen, Ph.D., Northwestern University Medical School (on extension of service) The Helen and Morris Mauerberger Professor of Immunology Zelig Eshhar, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Marshall and Renette Ezralow Professor of Chemical and Cellular Immunology Edna Mozes, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (on Extension of service) The Heinrich G. Ritzel Professor of Immunology Israel Pecht, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (on extension of service) The Dr. Morton and Anne Kleiman Professor Yair Reisner, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Henry H. Drake Professor of Immunology Michael Sela, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Institute Professor The W. Garfield Weston Professor of Immunology

Professors Emeriti

Michael Feldman, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Sara Fuchs, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Nechama Haran-Ghera, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Roald Nezlin, Ph.D., Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation Israel Schechter, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Immunology 69

Associate Professors

Ronen Alon, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Tauro Career Development Chair in Biomedical Research (until November 2003) Avraham Ben-Nun, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Eugene and Marcia Applebaum Professor Lea Eisenbach, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Georg F. Duckwitz Professor of Cancer Research Tsvee Lapidot, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Ofer Lider, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Senior Scientists

Steffen Jung, Ph.D., Universitaet zu Koeln, Germany Yigal Allon Fellow Incumbent of the Pauline Recanati Career Development Chair of Immunology Idit Shachar, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Incumbent of the Alvin and Gertrude Levine Career Development Chair of Cancer Research

Senior Staff Scientist

Bilha Schechter, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (retired August 2003)

Associate Staff Scientists

Rina Aharoni, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Alexander Kalinkovich, Ph.D., Pirogov Moscow Medical Institute (PMMI), Russian Federation

Assistant Staff Scientists

Esther Bachar-Lustig, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Liora Cahalon, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Tali Feferman, Ph.D., Macquarie University Sydney, Sydney, Australia Sara W. Feigelson, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Dmitry Gakamsky, Ph.D., Institute of Physics, Minsk, Belarus Orit Kollet, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Elias Shezen, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Junior Staff Scientists

Tamar Ben-Yedidia, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Rina Falb, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel 70 Immunology

Orly Perl, Ph.D., South-Bank University, London, United Kingdom (left December 2003) Miriam Rozner Paas, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (left February 2003)

Engineers

Arieh Licht, M.Sc., Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel (retired August 2003) Esther Tzehoval, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Consultants

Ricardo Blank Alexander Brill, Hadassah Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel Benjamin Dekel, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (left June 2003) Gil Egozi, Nimarech Ltd., Israel Karmi Geller-Bernstein, Kaplan Hospital, Rehovot, Israel Amiela Globerson Valentin Grabovsky, Biokine Therapatics Ltd., Israel Marina Izak, Hospital Hasharon, Petach-Tikva, Israel Mona Kidon-Jankovich, Kaplan Hospital, Rehovot, Israel (left January 2003) Felix Mor, Rabin Medical Center, Belinson Campus, Betach-Tikva, Israel Alpha Peled Daniela Ram, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel Dvora Teitelbaum

Visiting Scientists

Sonia Berrih-Aknin, Marie Lannelongue Hosp., Le Plessis Robinson, France Myong Sool Do, University of Handong, Korea Ole Farver, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark Janos Gergely David Hassin, Hillel Yaffe Hospital, Hadera, Israel Eystein S. Husebye, University of Bergen, Norway Steffen Jung, Yeshiva University Medical School, NY, U.S.A. Shaoling Ma, Henan Med. College, PR China Yotvat Marmor, Beilinson Medical Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel Shirly Oren, Ichilov Medical Ctr., Tel Aviv, Israel Svetlana Porozov, Shaare Zedek Med. Ctr., Jerusalem, Israel Tatiana Rabin, Sheba Medical Ctr., Tel Hashomer, Israel Marc Rothenberg, University of Cincinnati, OH, U.S.A. Shmuel Schwartzenberg, Ichilov Medical Ctr., Tel Aviv, Israel Miriam Souroujon, Open University, Tel Aviv, Israel Kai-Yun Zhu, Central South University , Changsha, PR China Immunology 71

Postdoctoral Fellows

Revital Aricha (Geffen), Ph.D., Bar-Ilan University, Israel Abraham Avigdor, M.D., Ben-Gurion University, Israel Aruna Venkataratnam Badiga, Ph.D., Bharathidasan University, India Benjamin Dekel, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Oren Dwir, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Polina Goichberg, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Yechiel Goldman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Rinat Goren, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Hilit Gur, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Iris Hecht, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Hagit Hoch-Marchaim, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Basak Kayhan, Ph.D., Gazi University, Turkey Arkady-Avi Kotlyar, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Qibin Leng, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Jianping Liu, M.D., Hunan Medical University, China Dror Luger, Ph.D., Agriculture Faculty, Israel Prasanta Kumar Maiti, Ph.D., Devi Ahilya University, India Gabriel Nussbaum, Ph.D.,M.D., Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA Orly Perl, Ph.D., South Bank University, United Kingdom Svetlana Porozov, Ph.D., Saratov State Medical University, Russia Francisco Javier Quintana, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Shlomit Reich-Zeliger, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Miri Rozner-Paas, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel David Stepensky, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Sigal Tavor, M.D., Sourasky University Hospital, Israel Ningshan Wang, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Bing Xu, Ph.D., China Guangzhou First Medical University, China Rina Zilkha-Falb, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel

Research Students

Jakub Abramson Lilach Agemy Hila Amir-Kroll Fabian Arditti Galit Arie Shraga Aviner Efrat Avraham Erez Bar Haim Emilia-Alina Barbu Shirly Becker- Herman Hava Ben David Turgeman Alain Bendavid Tal Birnberg Guy Cinamon Ido Cohen Michal Cohen Vered Daniel Ayelet Dar Benjamin Dekel Smadar Even-Tov Friedman Liat Flaishon Quintana Francisco Javier Lilach Friedman Ofir Goldberger 72 Immunology

Hilit Gur Gili Hart Iris Hecht Tal Ilani Joy Kahn Helena Katchman Nathali Kaushansky Itai Kela Limor Landsman Sung Hyung Lee Ariel B. Lindner Arthur Machlenkin Victoria Malina Oren Milstein Avishai Mimran Dinorah Morvinski Nathalie Moyal - Amsellem Naama Peshes Isabelle Petit Jehonathan Haim Pinthus Tatyana Ponomariyov Shlomit Reich Zeliger Asya Rolls Cintia Roodveldt Tomas Guido Rozenblum Sarit Samira Uri Sela Revital Shamri Amir Sharabi Shoham Shivtiel Ilya Sotnikov Asaf Spiegel Diana Starlets David Steiner Ilan Volovitz Alexandra Zanin-Zhorov Ming-Chao Zhong

Administrator

Nira Toledano (until August 2003) Pnina Carmi (from September 2003) Molecular Cell Biology

Benjamin Geiger, Head (until October 2003) The Erwin Neter Professor of Cell and Tumor Biology

Varda Rotter, Head (from November 2003) The Norman and Helen Asher Professor of Cancer Rsearch

The molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying cell proliferation, differentiation, dynamics, and death, and their involvement in embryonic development and cancer are the primary topics of interest of the Department. These include studies on the mode of action of growth factors and the nature of signals triggered by them in target cells. Growth regulation is also approached through the study of either tumor suppressors, such as p53, which inhibit cell proliferation and can drive cells towards differentiation or apoptosis or the characterization of growth-activating genes and signaling networks. These studies also address the basis for cancerous transformation either due to deregulated growth or to failure to undergo apoptosis. Advanced gene screening techniques and the study of genetically modified experimental animals are used to identify and characterize specific genes which are involved in normal and malignant growth. In addition, there is broad interest in the molecular mechanisms of cell adhesion and motility and in their involvement in the regulation of cellular and embryonic morphogenesis as well as in the spread of tumor metastases. These studies include characterization of the mechanism of adhesive interaction, the role of sugars in adhesive processes, cell-cell interactions in the nervous system, the binding of surface-associated adhesion molecules to the cytoskeleton and the involvement of cytoskeleton-bound adhesions in cell motility and signaling. Recently, we have also addressed questions in development using the zebrafish as vertebrate model organism for the study of the dopaminergic (DA) neural specification. Adaptation of this experimental model is expected to open new direction in development at large. The scope of topics is outlined below.

1. The regulation of cell growth and death

Cell proliferation and programmed cell death is studied by several research groups in the department.

The laboratory of Doron Ginsberg is studying the E2F family of transcription factors, focusing on their role in controlling cell proliferation and viability. They have shown that E2F regulates the expression of genes required for a number of distinct biological processes including cell cycle progression, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and the cellular responses to DNA damage. The regulation of some of these novel E2F target

73 74 Molecular Cell Biology

genes is currently characterized. In addition, the role of E2F in apoptosis and the responses to DNA damage is being further studied.

Complexes containing E2F and RB, the product of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene, function in repression of gene expression. Doron Ginsberg's group showed that these E2F/RB complexes mediate growth arrest and repression of critical mitotic regulators in response to DNA damage. The group of Doron Ginsberg is also studying the effects of oncogenes and tumor suppressors on the RB/E2F pathway focusing on the effects of p53 and activated Ras on E2F activity. They found that activated Ras induces an increase in E2F-1 mRNA and protein levels and the induced E2F-1 is transcriptionally active. These data indicate that one of the molecular mechanisms underlying the collaboration between Ras and E2F involves a Ras-induced elevation of E2F-1 levels.

The group of Moshe Oren is studying the role of the p53 tumor suppressor protein in the regulation of growth inhibition and cell death induced by genome damage and by oncogenic stimuli. They have shown that p53 can mediate cell death by transactivating the transcription of target genes, as well as by transactivation-independent mechanisms. In some cases, the death process involves p53-dependent cleavage of the pRB tumor suppressor and of the Akt kinase protein by a caspase protease.

David Givol's group is using DNA microarrays to analyze global gene expression in experimental systems related to p53, cancer and stem cells. They analyzed several cell lines with inducible p53 to understand its function as a transcription factor. They showed a distinction between direct and secondary targets of p53. They analyzed differences between cell lines that do, or do not undergo p53-dependent apoptosis. This allowed detection of Apaf-1 as a direct target of p53. Apaf-1 is central to the apoptosis process by complexing with cytochrome C and Caspas-9 to form the apoptosome which activates caspases. They showed that p53 may cooperate with Zac-1 in transactivation of Apaf-1. They also analyzed the transcription profile of the inhibition of p53-driven apoptosis by IL-6 and other factors. In this study they could demonstrate that the transcription activity of p53 is not impaired significantly by IL-6 and the inhibition of apoptosis is due to IL-6 activated genes which somehow inhibit apoptotic activity downstream, in-spite of induced expression of the p53 apoptotic pathway (collaboration). The p53 homologue gene p73, is known to activate p53 target genes but nevertheless is not involved in tumor suppression as p53. Rather its importance is in brain developmental processes. They compared the transcription profile of induced p73 with that of induced p53, and were able to show that p73 and p53 activate both common and distinct genes. The distinct p73 activated genes are being explored for their importance in development. They were shown to be direct targets of p73 by chromatin immunoprecipitation (collaboration).

Recently they analyzed the effect of UV irradiation on keratinocytes as a model for development of skin cancer. The results show several aspects of DNA damage, DNA repair and apoptosis as important steps in skin cancer formation. They are using now gene expression profile to compare stem cells from different sources for common and distinct genes between human ES cells, bone marrow and skin stem cells. It is assumed Molecular Cell Biology 75 that the genes which are common to stem cells from various origins are important for their stemness properties.

Apoptosis in the mammalian ovary is studied by the group of Abraham Amsterdam, with a special emphasis on the selection of the dominant follicle and regression of the corpus luteum. The investigation is focused on the complex crosstalk between hormones, growth factors, the extracellular matrix, oncogenes, survival genes and tumor suppressor genes which determine cell fate. The lab explores the role of cell-cell contacts, intracellular communication and organization and expression of the cytoskeleton, both during differentiation and apoptosis of granulosa cells, which comprise the main bulk of the ovarian follicle. Most recently Amsterdam's group is investigating the modulation of gene expression in these ovarian follicular cells stimulated by gonadotropins, the major regulants of folliculogenesis, in order to identify novel genes involved in the control of reproduction. They found that expression of a novel apoptotic repressor (ARC) which could protect mitochondrial destruction is elevated following gonadotropin stimulation and that granzyme like proteins, normally reside in T cytotoxic lymphocyte and natural killer cells, are expressed and activated in granulosa cells. Thus the apoptotic signals could bypass mitochondrial signalling for apoptosis, which can preserve their steroidogenic activity until complete cell destruction.

Another project of the Amsterdam's group is investigating novel markers for early diagnosis of ovarian cancer, and creating in vitro and in vivo models for ovarian cancer by injection of the cancer cells into the ovary. Two major aspects are investigated: a) Combined chemotherapy such as cisplatin and theophylin which were found to synergize in inducing apoptosis in the cancer cells, reducing the side effects of chemotherapy. b) The suppressive effect of short polypeptides, corresponding to sites on laminin α and β chains, on tumor development and metastasis. This tumor regression involves down regulation of the oncogene mdm2 and the survival gene BCL2. c) Most recently they found using DNA microarrays that gonadotropic hormones elevate dramatically the expression of tyrosine kinase growth factors and their receptors, elevate the activity of specific oncogenes and tumor markers and attenuate the expression of tumor suppressor genes. Thus excess of gonadotropin in the circulation in menopausal women and fertile women in the case of treatment with exogeneous gonadotropins to stimulate their cycle and the ovulatory process (IVF patients), may elevate the risk for ovarian, breast and other types of cancers.

Mesenchymal stromal cells in the bone marrow regulate hemopoietic stem cell renewal, adhesion, migration, differentiation and death. The group of Dov Zipori is studying these processes using in vivo and in vitro models with the aim of delineating the role of members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)β superfamily in the regulation of hematopoiesis. One such member, activin A, was found to be a negative regulator of B lymphocyte generation. The mode by which activin A affects its target cells involved antagonism with interleukin (IL)-6. Since multiple myeloma cells strictly depend for their survival, IL-6 signaling, it was anticipated that activin A could be a useful means to combat this incurable human disease. Studies performed by Dov Zipori, in collaboration 76 Molecular Cell Biology

with Nehama Haran-Ghera, from the Department of Immunology, indicate that mesenchymal cells, genetically modified to overexpress activin A, may be used as a therapeutic modality for multiple myeloma, in an animal models system. These experiments overcame the complications of systemic administration of activin A.

Since little is known on molecules specific to the mesenchyme that mediate stromal cell functions, the research group of Dov Zipori in now involved in a gene discovery effort aimed at identifying novel proteins that account for the biological activities of mesenchymal cells. An unexpected finding related to this gene discovery effort was that the T cell receptor (TCR) complex, expected to be expressed by T lymphocytes only, is found in mesenchymal cells: primary mesenchyme, as well as mesenchymal cell clones, express T cell receptor (TCR)αβ mRNAs, lacking the variable region. Immunological and genetic evidence support the expression of a corresponding TCRβ protein. Additionally, mRNAs encoding TCR complex components including CD3 and ζ chain are present. The level of expression of the mesenchymal TCR, by mesenchymal cell clones, correlated with growth properties and tendency to form tumors, implying association of mesenchymal TCR with cell growth control. This unexpected gene expression pattern seems to be part of a general phenomenon related to stem cell plasticity: Stem cells express a large number of genes, at a low level, and are thus in a “stand by” state, ready to assume differentiation to many directions, without the need to activate silenced genes.

2. The genetic basis for cancer

p53, the tumor suppressor gene that functions as the "guardian of the genome" plays a pivotal role in "sensing" damaged DNA and in regulating critical decisions of whether a cell should repair the damaged DNA or undergo apoptosis. Mutant p53 has lost these activities and thus permits the proliferation of cells which carry damaged DNA, eventually leading to their malignant transformation into cancerous cells. The research in Varda Rotter's laboratory focuses on two main issues: the deciphering of the function of wild type p53 in the normal cell, and the understanding of how mutant p53 acts in tumor cells. The combined results obtained from these two complementary research directions shed light on the basic mechanism of malignant transformation and suggests possible new approaches for cancer therapy that involve p53-dependent gene replacement. It is well possible that in addition of p53 being associated with the initial steps of recognizing damaged DNA; p53 also takes part in the DNA repair process itself. It appears that following genotoxic stress p53 functions as a modulator that determines the pattern of BER activity and apoptosis in a cell cycle specific manner. Interestingly, involvement of p53 in BER is independent of the transcriptional activity of the p53 molecule. A relationship between p53 and the maintenance of genomic integrity is also suggested by the physical interaction between p53 and the Werner (WRN) helicase. Mutations in WRN are responsible for the Werner syndrome, a human disorder resembling premature aging. It is believed that WRN prevents premature aging by reducing the incidence of certain types of genomic damage.

The groups of Oren and Rotter are also studying the effect of p53 mutations on the Molecular Cell Biology 77 cellular response to chemotherapy. They have shown that particular human cancer- associated p53 mutations give rise to a protein that can inhibit the killing of tumor cells by certain anti-cancer drugs. The group of Varda Rotter have shown that the ability of mutant p53 to block apoptosis is dependent on its transcriptional activity. A core domain mutant p53 (143 Val to Ala) in which two N-terminal residues (22,23) essential for transactivation were also mutated (Leu to Glu and Trp to Ser, respectively), was examined. While p53 containing the core mutation only, efficiently interfered with drug- induced apoptosis, further modification at the N-terminus abolished this blocking activity. In addition, wild-type p53, mutated in the N-terminus (22,23), was unable to induce apoptosis by itself. Nevertheless, it synergized with drugs in the induction of apoptosis. This suggests that the integrity of the N-terminus is essential for both the activity of wild-type p53 in apoptosis and for mutant p53 mediated block of drug- induced apoptosis. Thus supporting the notion that core p53 mutants act via a mechanism of "gain of function". A related direction of studies is the mechanism of cancer promotion by the mdm2 oncogene. Oren's group have found that mdm2 can block p53-mediated apoptosis, and thereby prevent cancer cells from being killed.

Eli Canaani's laboratory is studying the molecular basis for human infant acute leukemia. This neoplasm is triggered by a series of chromosome translocations resulting in the fusion of the ALL-1 gene to each of a variety of partner genes. One of the major projects was the application of DNA microarrays technology to identify targets for the leukemogenic ALL-1 fusion proteins. Such Analysis was recently completed, showing that acute lymphoblastic (ALL) and myeloblastic (AML) leukemias with ALL-1 rearrangements have unique transcription profiles involving genes associated with cancer. Moreover, in collaboration with Eitan Domany's group, application of statistical methodologies enabled subclassification of these leukemias into groups with distinct expression patterns. In a second major project we have recently shown that the normal ALL-1 protein is a histone methyltransferase and assembles a very large multiprotein complex of around 30 proteins. Most of these proteins are components of known complexes involved in chromatin alterations, transcription inhibition, or RNA processing. The assembled complex is subsequently recruited to promoters of target genes.

The research in Avri Ben-Ze'ev's group focuses on the integration between signaling by cell-cell adhesion and the regulation of gene expression. They study molecules of the aramadillo family of proteins, in particular β-catenin, since this unique molecule has a dual role in the cell. On the one hand, it is a pivotal component of cell-cell adhesions linking transmembrane adhesion receptors of the cadherin family to the cytoskeleton. In addition, β-catenin is a major component of the Wnt signaling pathway that regulates developmental processes, and its aberrant activation is common in colorectal cancer, melanoma, breast cancer and a variety of other cancers. The oncogenic activity of β- catenin is believed to result from constitutive activation of its target genes thus leading to overt cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. Consistent with this view, the Ben-Ze'ev lab found that a key regulator of the proliferative stage in the cell cycle, cyclin D1, is a target gene of the β-catenin signaling pathway and its expression is enhanced in colon cancer cells. Another effort of the Ben-Ze'ev lab is directed towards identifying novel 78 Molecular Cell Biology

target genes (by DNA microarrays) of the β-catenin pathway that might be involved in its oncogenic activity. Recent studies have identified several such genes, among them Nr-CAM, a cell adhesion receptor that was previously described only in the brain. The Ben-Ze'ev lab found that Nr-CAM is expressed in human melanoma at an advanced stage, but not in melanocytes and is also prevalent in human colorectal cancer tissue, but not normal colon tissue. Expression of Nr-CAM in normal fibroblasts could confer tumorigenesis and enhanced motility, and thus appears to be a key component in tumor development that involves aberrant β-catenin activation. Since deregulated β-catenin signaling and mutations in the major tumor suppressor p53, are often associated with colon cancer, in collaboration with Moshe Oren and Benjamin Geiger, the Ben-Ze'ev lab is addressing the cross talk between the β-catenin and p53 signaling pathways. These studies have shown that deregulated β-catenin induces the accumulation of activated p53, and activated p53 can downregulate the expression of β-catenin. The DNA microarray studies have also shown that -β−catenin induces the expression of PML, a major component of nuclear bodies and a tumor suppressor that is mutated in 95% of promyelocytic leukemia patients. The expression of PML, similar to that of β-catenin, could elicit a tumor suppressive effect in certain human tumor cells. This apparently results from the cooperation between PML, β-catenin and p300 in the activation of growth suppressive genes. The molecular mechanisms that determine the conditions under which such tumor suppressive effects are induced by aberrant β-catenin activation, and the cross talk between the oncogenic and tumor suppressive responses elicited by β- catenin, are currently investigated.

3. Quantitative analysis of cell structure and dynamics

The cytoskeleton is anchored in the cell membrane at multiple sites, especially in regions of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions via a battery of transmembrane receptors and cytoplasmic cytoskeletal proteins. To characterize the molecular interactions and complexity in these regions, Zvi Kam and Benjamin Geiger have developed and applied digital microscopic approaches, which provide quantitative information about the distribution and dynamics of different adhesion- and cytoskeleton-associated molecules and characterized their inter-relationships. These studies indicated that adhesion sites are highly diversified at the molecular level, with respect to their composition, dynamics and signaling capabilities. Using different approached for image segmentation and clustering they have been able to define new molecular sub-domains within cell-matrix adhesions, involved in the extension of adhesions or in their turn-over, and determine their specific roles in such processes as cell motility and assembly of the cytoskeleton. Zvi Kam had further developed novel tools for multidimensional microscopy that enables to simultaneously detect and analyze spatial and temporal changes in the 3-dimensional distribution of multiple molecules in cells and embryos. An automated version of such microscope is currently used for a genome-wide screening for genes encoding new components of adhesion sites or new modulators of cell motility.

4. Control of gene expression

The group of Moshe Oren is studying the regulation of p53 protein stability, which is Molecular Cell Biology 79

the major mechanism responsible for the in vivo modulation of p53 function. They found that the proteolytic degradation of p53, which occurs through the ubiquitin/ proteasome pathway, is largely controlled by the Mdm2 protein (product of the mdm2 oncogene). The ability of Mdm2 to promote p53 degradation is controlled by phosphorylation events occurring on both p53 and Mdm2. Moreover, the activation of p53 by β-catenin is mediated by another important tumor suppressor protein, known as ARF.

Gad Yagil is using computer analysis of DNA sequences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes. Special binary DNA sequences are found to be highly over-represented in the recently completed chromosomes 21 and 22 of the human genome as well as in most sequenced genomes. A role as DNA unwinding centers controlling gene expression rates is proposed. A formal approach to biocomplexity has been formulated and applied to the analysis of biopattern specification.

The laboratory of Uri Alon uses a combined experimental and theoretical approach to reverse-engineer genetic regulation circuits. Using the bacterium Escherichia coli as a model system, they have developed GFP-based methods for assaying gene expression on a genomic scale. The aim is to develop the concepts and algorithms needed to map the regulation circuitry of an entire cell in terms of modular multi-gene systems and subsystems and their interactions. The circuit diagrams are then tested experimentally using bacterial genetic methods. Current projects also aim at experimentally and theoretically mapping protein circuitry in mammalian cells, using a novel proteomics living-cell array.

In order to understand the building blocks of complex networks, work in the Alon lab defined 'network motifs': these are patterns of connections that occur many times throughout the network, at numbers that are significantly higher than in suitably randomized 'control' networks. It was found that the transcription network of E. coli is built of three types of network motifs. Each motif was found to have a unique role in information processing, such as filtering fluctuations in external stimuli or generating temporal expression patterns. The same motifs were then found in the transcription network of yeast, as well as in higher organisms. Much of the experimental work in the lab is focused on understanding the function of the network motifs using accurate kinetic gene expression measurements and theoretical models. Intriguingly, network motifs are also found in other biological networks, such as the neuron synaptic connection network of C. elegans. Similar motifs in transcription and neuronal networks may reflect similar design aimed at information processing between sensory and motor components.

5. Transmembrane signaling by cytokines and growth factors

Yehiel Zick's group investigates insulin resistance Failure of target cells to respond to insulin, a state known as insulin-resistance, is a major cause for pathological manifestations associated with diabetes- an ever-increasing "epidemic of the 21st century". Yehiel Zick's group investigates the role of Ser/Thr phosphorylation as a molecular basis of insulin resistance. These studies revealed that agents that induce 80 Molecular Cell Biology

insulin resistance such as TNFα, exploit phosphorylation-based negative feedback control mechanisms, otherwise utilized by insulin itself, to uncouple the insulin receptor (IR) from downstream effector proteins such as the IRS proteins, and thereby terminate insulin signal transduction. These studies implicate PKCζ and its downstream targets IKKβ as potential IRS kinases. These results may lead to potential pharmacological interventions in disease states where this mechanism can be the underlying cause of insulin resistance, such as the prevalent form of obesity-induced diabetes.

To study the temporal and spatial communication of IRK with downstream effectors, attempts were made to identify novel elements involved in regulating IR trafficking. It was found that IR endocytosis occurs independent of phosphorylation of the IRS proteins, however, actin, ECM molecules, and annexin-II are key candidate players in regulating insulin receptor trafficking.

Galectin-8 A second aspect of Zick's group work involves studies of galectins, with a special emphasis on galectin-8, a secreted, surface-expressed mammalian lectin cloned by this group. The studies revealed that immobilized galectin-8 promotes cell adhesion, spreading, and migration, by forming protein-sugar complexes with integrins. Adhesion to galectin-8 triggers integrin-mediated signaling cascades including Tyr phosphorylation of FAK, Paxillin and P130cas; and activation of a Rho-family GTPases, MAPK and PI3K cascades. In contrast, soluble galectin-8 forms complexes with integrins and fibronectin that negatively regulate cell adhesion. Such a mechanism allows local signals emitted by secreted galectin-8 to specify territories available for cell adhesion and migration. Due to its dual effects on the adhesive properties of the cells and its association with fibronectin, galectin-8 might be considered as a novel type of a matricellular protein.

Secreted Galectin-8 induces the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) p21 and p27 and negatively regulates cellular growth. Studies in progress are aimed at identifying the cell surface receptor that mediates the growth-inhibitory effects of soluble galectin-8.

6. Cell adhesion and adhesion-dependent signaling

Several groups in the department investigate the structure, dynamics and signaling properties of cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesions. In Benjamin Geiger's laboratory, the molecular mechanisms underlying the assembly of adhesion sites and their role in the organization of the cytoskeleton are investigated. The Group is specifically studying the involvement, in adhesive interactions, of tyrosine phosphorylation events, mechanical perturbation, cellular contractility and migration as well as the adhesion-dependent activation of diverse signaling and oncogenic pathways. Together with Lia Addadi (Structural Biology) the Geiger group addresses the earliest stages in adhesive surface recognition. They demonstrated that adhesion consists of a fast and apparently direct step of surface recognition, mediated by hyaluronan, followed by more stable interactions, mediated via transmembrane receptors of the integrin family. The assembly of integrin-mediated adhesion during cell migration was shown to involve the sequential Molecular Cell Biology 81 recruitment of several adhesion-associated proteins, followed by cytoskeletal interactions, induces by local contractile activity. Using micro- and nano-patterned adhesive surfaces the nature of local and global factors regulating the adhesive interactions is investigated. The roles of specific molecular constituents of matrix adhesions, as well as of local tyrosine phosphorylation of adhesion sites are studies using specific knock-out and RNA-inactivated cells, as well as the application of inhibitors to different signaling pathways. Cell adhesion is also studied in unique cellular systems, where cell-matrix or cell-cell adhesion have a particularly important physiological role, such as migrating endothelial cells, bone-resorbing osteoclasts, cadherin-associated cells and the various cellular components of the outflow pathway in the eye, whose malfunction is involved in the development of glaucoma.

The group of Alexander Bershadsky is studying interplay between cell signaling, cell adhesion, and cytoskeletal dynamics. Formation of integrin-mediated cell-matrix adhesions (focal adhesions) depends on coordinated activity of the cytoskeletal systems that is in turn regulated by small G-proteins of Rho family. Studies of Bershadsky group showed that a formin homology protein mDia1, a major target of Rho A, is indispensable for the focal adhesion formation, and at the same time strongly affects microtubule dynamics. These results shed a new light on the mechanisms of cross talk between microtubules and focal adhesions. Studying the interrelationship between cell- cell adhesions formation and cell motility revealed that a cytoplasmic partner of adhesion receptor cadherin known as p120 catenin (p120ctn) can control cell motility by activating Rho family G-proteins, Rac and Cdc42, which in turn activate actin polymerization, lamellipodia and filopodia formation and cell migration. p120ctn was shown to localize to the dynamic actin arrays assembled in lamellipodia and associated with motile endocytotic vesicles. Overexpression of p120ctn led to increase in the velocity of these vesicles, while reduction of p120ctn level by corresponding RNAi - diminished the vesicle velocity. Moreover, correlation was found between p120ctn level and the cell migration activity. Thus, p120ctn may function as a link between cell-cell junction formation and cell motility regulation.

Yehiel Zick's group has shown that galectin-8, a secreted mammalian lectin, inhibits adhesion of human carcinoma 1299 cells to plates coated with integrin ligands, and induces apoptosis. Affinity chromatography over immobilized galectin-8 revealed that a major galectin-8 binding-protein is α3β1 integrin. Furthermore, endogenous galectin-8, secreted from 1299 cells, forms complexes with α3β1 integrin. These findings suggest that galectin-8 is a novel matricellular integrin binding-protein that modulates interactions of integrins with the extracellular matrix and thus regulates cell adhesion and cell survival.

The laboratory of Elior Peles focuses on several molecular aspects of myelinated axons, myelinating glial cells, and neuron-glia communication. The reciprocal interactions between neurons and glial cells are crucial for many aspects of neuronal development. These interactions modulate fundamental processes that are required for the correct wiring of nerve cells and are involved in the coordinated differentiation of axons and myelin-forming cells. This lab is studying the molecular mechanisms involved in the 82 Molecular Cell Biology

development and maintenance of myelinated nerves. They study neuron-glia interactions that are mediated by the Caspr proteins, a family of novel cell recognition molecules, which link axons to their myelinated glial cells. These studies include characterization of the role of the different Caspr proteins during development using microscopic localization, identification of the molecular targets of these proteins that couple them to the axonal cytoskeleton, development of transgenic and knock-out animal models and the use of C. elegans as a genetic model to study the role of two Caspr-like proteins in cell-cell interactions.

7. Molecular genetics of human diseases

Analysis of the structure, evolution and function of products of the dystrophin gene, which is defective in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), is carried out by the group of Uri Nudel and David Yaffe. Gene inactivation techniques are used to study the function of Dp71, the major non-muscle product of the DMD gene, and its possible involvement in development and learning capacity. Cloning and analysis of the homologous genes from sea urchin and drosophila have important implications with regard to the evolution of the DMD gene family and function of the DMD gene products. Additional studies are directed towards the prenatal diagnosis of DMD on the basis of dystrophin expression in amniotic fluid and chorionic villi cells, and a project related to muscle stem cells, the stability of the differentiated state and trans differentiation. The possible application of some of the findings for DMD gene therapy is being investigated.

In the laboratory of David Givol, a mouse model for achondroplasia was generated by introducing the human mutation (glycine 380 to arginine) into the mouse FGFR3 by a "knock-in" approach using gene targeting. This resulted in dwarf mice that share many features with human dwarfism. David Givol's group found that the FGFR3 locus is sensitive to the presence of neomycin selection marker (Neo) after gene targeting. Neo caused improper RNA expression and functional inactivation of the gene. Mice homozygous with targeted FGFR3 behaved like FGFR3 knockout phenotype with bone overgrowth due to the lack of properly spliced RNA. This bone overgrowth can be inhibited by constitutively active MEK1 indicating that regulation of bone growth by FGFR3 is mediated by the MAPK pathway. Removal of Neo by Cre/lox recombination resulted in regain of FGFR3 mutant function and dwarfism.

Since the dwarf mice demonstrated a poor fertility, the function of the endocrine systems was analyzed by Abraham Amsterdam and David Givol in collaborative efforts, both in females and in males. Pituitary size was dramatically reduced in both sexes and secretion of luteinization hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was clearly attenuated. The development of seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells was inpaired in male, while follicular development was attenuated in the female, but the oocytes could resume their meiotic division in vitro. The incidence of apoptosis in the somatic gonadal cells was clearly elevated in both sexes. Intracellular levels of p53 were dramatically elevated in the gonads, brain and other organs and tissues whereas the intracellular levels of mdm2 remained low. All dwarf animals suffered from Molecular Cell Biology 83

hypoglycemia. These finding suggest a functional connection between mutation of the FGF3R and induction of endocrine malfunction.

8. Mechanism of cellular patterning and specification

The group of Gil Levkowitz is utilizing zebrafish as vertebrate model organism for dopaminergic (DA) neural specification. These neurons are implicated in several neurological-psychiatric illnesses and are specifically lost in Parkinson's disease. The group is taking advantage of the amenability of zebrafish to genetic manipulations to identify molecules that instruct immature DA neurons to survive and communicate with specific brain areas. Recently, Gil Levkowitz and co-workers have undertaken a genetic approach, that resulted in the molecular characterization of a zebrafish mutant, denoted too few (tof), in which the number of DA neurons is significantly reduced. tof’s DA deficiency was due to a recessive mutation in the gene encoding for the Fezl zinc finger (ZF)- containing protein. tof/fezl was identified as an essential component in a novel pathway controlling the development of monoaminergic (dopaminergic and serotonergic) neurons in vertebrates. Currently, the Levkowitz group is attempting to identify the molecular mechanism that underlie the too few/fezl gene. The group is also undertaking forward and reverse genetics approaches to identify additional physiological signals and tissue interactions that control fate decisions, migration, survival and target innervations of DA neurons.

Research Staff, Visitors and Students Professors Abraham Amsterdam, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Joyce and Ben B. Eisenberg Professor of Molecular Endocrinology and Cancer Research Avri Ben-Ze'ev, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Samuel Lunenfeld-Reuben Kunin Professor of Genetics Eli Canaani, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, United States The Harry Kay Professor of Cancer Research Benjamin Geiger, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Professor Erwin Neter Professor of Cell and Tumor Biology Moshe Oren, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Varda Rotter, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Norman and Helen Asher Professor of Cancer Rsearch

Professors Emeriti

David Givol, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel David Yaffe, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel 84 Molecular Cell Biology

Associate Professors

Alexander D. Bershadsky, Ph.D., Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation The Joseph Moss Professor of Molecular Endocrinology Zvi Kam, Ph.D., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel The Israel Pollak Professor of Biophysics Uri Nudel, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Elias Sourasky Professor Elior Peles, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Madeleine Haas Russell Career Development Chair (until November 2003) Yehiel Zick, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Marte R. Gomez Professor of Photosynthesis Dov Zipori, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Joe and Celia Weinstein Professor

Senior Scientists

Uri Alon, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Minerva Junior Research Group on Biological Computation Incumbent of the Carl and Frances Korn Career Development Chair in the Life Sciences Doron Ginsberg, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Recanati Career Development Chair of Cancer Research Gil Levkowitz, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Associate Staff Scientists

Janna Blechman, Ph.D., Moscow University, Moscow, Russian Federation Tatiana A. Rozovskaia, Ph.D., Institute of Molecular Biology, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation

Assistant Staff Scientist

Dan Michael (Michalovitz), Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Engineer

Gila Tzur, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehotov, Israel (retired March 2003)

Consultants

Shmuel Evron, Wolfson Hospital, Holon, Israel (left March 2003) Janny Frankel, Assaf Harofeh Hospital, Tzrifin, Israel (left September 2003) Liat Nadar, Ichilov Hospital, Tel-Aviv, Israel (left May 2003) Shoshana Peller, Assaf Harofeh Hospital, Tzrifin, Israel Molecular Cell Biology 85

Visiting Scientists

Ido Ben-Ami Orit Blau, Assaf Harofe Hospital, Zrifin, Israel Amir Cooper, Assaf Harofe Hospital, Zrifin, Israel Shai Efrati, Assaf Harofe Hospital, Zrifin, Israel Nahum Halperin, Assaf Harofe Hospital, Zrifin, Israel Jun-Yi Luo, Shandong Ctr. Of Disease Contol, PR China Eli Rimon, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel Einat Sadot, Vulcani Center, Beit Dagan, Israel Inbal Samuk, Assaf Harofe Hospital, Zrifin, Israel Mordechai Segal

Postdoctoral Fellows

Anat Bren, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Letizia Carramusa, Ph.D., University of Palermo, Italy Marie Chaussepied, Ph.D., Universite Denis Diderot, France Jacob (Kobi) Cohen, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Yehudit Cohen, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Yossi Cohen, M.D., Hadasa Jerusalem College, Israel Yaron Daniely, Ph.D., New York University, USA Ayelet David, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Jean-Eudes Dazard, Ph.D., University of Montpellier I, France Erez Dekel, Ph.D., Technion, Israel Leora Gollan, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Christoph Graf von Ballestrem, Ph.D., University of Geneva, Switzerland Lior Greenbaum, Bar-Ilan University, Israel Joachim Kirchner, Ph.D., Munich University, Germany Irina Lavelin, Ph.D., Agriculture Faculty, Israel Elina Levina, Ph.D., Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Russia Yifat Levy, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Talia Marcus-Yarnitzky, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Avraham Mayo, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Yael Paran, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Isabelle Petit Fridman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Nina Raver-Shapira, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Galit Rozenfeld-Granot, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Ravid Sasson, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Maya Shelly, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Galit Shenhar, Ph.D., Technion, Israel Galit Tsabary, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Xinjiang Wang, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Eli Zamir, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Jakob Zhurinsky, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel 86 Molecular Cell Biology

Research Students

Suha Abu-Amara-Naffar Konstantin Adamsky Katya Arnold Jair Bar Eli Berkovich Shlomit Boguslavsky Sigalit Boura-Halfon Miriam Cohen Maralice Elaine Conacci-Sorrell Neta Erez Noam Erez Konstantin Fineberg Nancy Gavert Leora Gollan Inna Grosheva Avia Herschkovitz Tzippi Hershko Navit Hever Ido Horresh Irina Issaeva Shalev Itzkovitz Shiraz Kalir Smadar Lapter Ayelet Laronne Yifat Levy Yanfang Liu Chen Luxeenberg Shmuel Mangan Devorah Matas Ron Milo Michael Milyavsky Neri Minsky Vered Morad Yaara Ofir Reshmi Parameswaran Shirley Polager Sebastian Poliak Nitzan Rosenfeld Ravid Sasson Nir Shani Igor Shats Ohad Shifman Ayelet Shmueli Alexander Sigal Ivo Spiegel Perry Stambolsky Xiaohu Tang Liat Topper Haklai Xinjiang Wang Lilach Weisz Ronen Zaidel-Bar Amir Zalcenstein Alon Zaslaver Jakob Zhurinsky Baruch Zimerman Irit Zurer

Administrator

Nira Toledano (until August 2003) Pnina Carmi (from September 2003) Neurobiology

Zvi Vogel, Head The Ruth and Leonard Simon Professor of Cancer Research

Research in Neuroscience in the Department of Neurobiology encompasses a wide variety of subjects, in areas including cellular and molecular biology, neuroanatomy, brain imaging (including functional magnetic resonance imaging; fMRI), physiology, pharmacology, psychophysics, and computational sciences. Nearly 20 groups of researchers carry out both independent studies and collaborative research with colleagues from within the Department and outside it.

The research of the various groups of the Department covers many topics, including:

• Analysis of the molecular and cellular basis of neuronal cell activity and synaptic function. Imaging of neuronal activity underlying higher brain functions. • Tracing and characterization of neuronal communication profiles. • Characterization of the nervous system response to trauma and lesion; developing molecular and cellular therapeutic agents. • Determination of the underlying processes and mechanisms of vision, perception, learning, and memory in behaving rodents and primates. • Computer modeling of brain function.

In the Neurobiology Department, the structure, function, development, and plasticity of the nervous system are studied at various levels of analysis, using different types of cell and experimental animal models. The groups studying neuronal function at the molecular and cellular levels use mostly in vitro systems, ranging from non-neuronal and neuronal cell lines to primary neuronal and glial cells of cerebellar, hippocampal, and cortical origin. In many cases, the cells studied are transfected with genes of interest. These cell systems allow the study of the roles of various components of the nervous system, including cell surface membrane components, specific enzymes, neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, growth factors, neuroreceptors, lipid components, ionic channels, and cytoskeletal constituents. Algorithms for synaptic plasticity between neurons, and the role of ion channels in synaptic input and information processing, are also being studied. Injury models of nerve lesion and oxidative stress paradigms are applied to examine the principles of neural regeneration, rescue from ischemia and stroke, and apoptotic cell death and senescence.

87 88 Neurobiology

The groups studying the CNS at the system level are striving to understand the complex neuronal mechanisms underlying learning, memory, and sensory processing (vision, taste, smell), and to determine the relationship between brain and mind. Using track-tracing methods, the rules governing the interconnections in the visual cortex are being unraveled. Behavioral studies focus on principles of learning and consolidation, cortical information processing, learning disabilities, and addiction. Functional brain imaging of the human visual cortex is being studied by various techniques, including fMRI. Psychophysical approaches are being used to define processes involved in image segmentation, learning and memory skill acquisition, motor control, and language.

Neurobiology Department Home Page: http://www.weizmann.ac.il/neurobiology/

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Yadin Dudai, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Sara and Michael Sela Professor of Neurobiology Irith Ginzburg, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Sophie and Richard S. Richards Professor of Cancer Research Amiram Grinvald, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Helen Norman Asher Professor in Brain Research Yitzhak Koch, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (on extension of service) The Adlai E. Stevenson III Professor of Endocrinology and Reproductive Biology Rafael Malach, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, United States Dov Sagi, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The George Zlotowski Professor Michal Schwartz, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Maurice and Ilse Katz Professor of Neuroimmunology Menahem Segal, Ph.D., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States The Harry and Leona Levine Professor of Neurosciences Israel Silman, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (on extension of service) The Bernstein-Mason Professor of Neurochemistry Vivian I. Teichberg, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Louis and Florence Katz-Cohen Professor of Neuropharmacology Zvi Vogel, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Ruth and Leonard Simon Professor of Cancer Research Ephraim Yavin, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Bee Wiggs Professor of Molecular Biology

Professors Emeriti

Uriel Littauer, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Neurobiology 89

David Samuel, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Izchak Z. Steinberg, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Associate Professors

Ehud Ahissar, Ph.D., Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Helen and Sanford Diller Family Professor of Neurobiology Michail Tsodyks, Ph.D., L.D. Landau Institute of Theoretical Physics, Moscow, Russian Federation The Gerald and Hedy Oliven Professor in Brain Research

Senior Scientists

Ilan Lampl, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Sima Lev, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Helena Rubinstein Career Development Chair Abraham Zangen, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel

Senior Staff Scientists

Amos Arieli, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Ester Yoles, Ph.D., Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel (left January 2003)

Associate Staff Scientists

Eduard Korkotian, Ph.D., University of Yerevan, Armenia Hamutal Slovin, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Assistant Staff Scientist

Igal Nevo, Ph.D., University of Paris XI, France (until October 2003)

Special Contracts

Knarik Bagdasarian, Ph.D., Orbeli's Institute of Physiology of Armenian Academy of Science, Armenia Shabtai Barash, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Adela Juknat Geralnik, Ph.D., University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Engineers

Daniel Goldian, B.Sc., Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom Naama Rubin, M.Sc., University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States 90 Neurobiology

Consultants

Yael Adini (left May 2003) Alexander Cooperman Pnina Green, Beilinson Hospital, Petach-Tikva, Israel Michael Gutnick, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Sebastian Haidarleu Mia Levite, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Ludmila Sleagun (left September 2003)

Visiting Scientists

Zeev Blumenfeld, Technion, Haifa, Israel Anna Devor, Harvard University , MA, U.S.A. Tsafrir Loebl, Geha Psychiatric Hospital, Israel Xiaozhong Luo, University of Heibei Uri Polat, Vision Res. Inst., Rehovot, Israel Nava Rubin, NYU, Center for Neural Science, U.S.A. Mingsha Zhang, Xian Xiang Public Health School , Henan, PR China

Postdoctoral Fellows

Irit Akirav, Ph.D., Haifa University, Israel Avraham Avital, Ph.D., Haifa University, Israel Michal Besser, Ph.D., University of Munich, Germany Yoram Bonneh, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Aline Desmedt, Ph.D., Universite Bordeaux 1, France Dan Drai, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Igor Goncharov, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Matthieu Guitton, Ph.D., Universite Montpellier I, France Rachel Katz-Brull, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Faina Kuperstein, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Devorah Matas, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Istvan A. I. Morocz, M.D., Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA Sree Kumar Ramachandran, Ph.D., Mahatma Gandhi University, India Laura Sarudiansky, M.D., Hospita de Pediatria, Argentina Oren Shriki, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Alexander Sterkin, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Adolfo Talpalar, Ph.D.,M.D., Ben-Gurion University, Israel Orna Zagoory, Ph.D., Ben-Gurion University, Israel Mingsha Zhang, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel

Research Students

Stella Aronov Yossi Arzouan Roee Atlas Hila Avidan Neurobiology 91

David Backlash-Omer Amir Bahar Sharon Bakalash Pazit Bar-On Dmitri Bibitchkov Avital Bitan Miriam Brodt Elena Butovsky Oleg Butovsky Naomi Coslovsky Nili Dahan Dori Derdikman Mark Eisenberg Ianai Fishbein Jasmin Fisher Moshe Fried Yonatan Ganor Roman Gersner Sharon Gilaie-Dotan Ilan Goldberg Miri Goldin Anirudh Gupta Uri Hasson Ehud Hauben Jaime Heiss Ariel Kamsler Mikhail Katkov Tal Kenet Jonathan Kipnis Per Magne Knutsen Tali Kobilo Maria Korman Faina Kupershtein Tal Lavi Yulia Lerner Dino Levy Vladimir Litvak Alex Loebel Ofer Melamed Armenuhi Melikyan Tal Mizrahi Roy Mukamel Shmuel Naaman Noa Ofen Yair Pilpel Sonne Preminger Joseline Priya Ratnam Ester Miriam Schallmach Tamar Debora Schirman - Hildeshei Hadas Schori Iftach Shaked Amalia Shalom Gothilf Revital Shani Dahlia Sharon Gilad Silberberg Ronen Sosnik Jimmy Stehberg Debora Steiner Alexander Sterkin Anna Sterkin Marcin Szwed Maria Toledo-Rodriguez Xiaolan Wang Yin Wang Eduard Yakubov Chunxiu Yu Ming-Sha Zhang Yaniv Ziv

Administrator

Shmuel Moshe (until June 2003) Michal Hirschberg (from November 2003)

Veterinary Resources

Alon Harmelin, Head

The Department of Veterinary Resources provides services and facilities to the life science faculties. The department has a staff of 55. Its activities include breeding and maintenance of laboratory animals and the operation of specialized facilities.

Staff

Senior Staff Scientists

Alon Bernstein, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Ahuva Knyszynski, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (retired August 2003)

Associate Staff Scientist

Rebecca Haffner-Krausz, Ph.D., University of London, London, United Kingdom

Assistant Staff Scientist

Raya Eilam-Altstadter, Ph.D., Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Veterinarians

Alon Harmelin, BVsc. MRCVS, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, School of Veterinary Medicine, R.S.A., Diplomate Eclam Ori Brenner, B.V.Sc., University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, School of Veterinary Medicine, Diplomate ACVP Bella Finarov, D.V.M., Moscow Veterinary Academy Alina Maizenberg, D.V.M., Latvia, Riga

Engineer

Lia Itzicovitch, M.Sc., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (retired August 2003)

Administrator

Kaduri Abudi

The Helen and Norman Asher Center for Human Brain Imaging

Zvi Vogel, Director The Ruth and Leonard Simon Professor of Cancer Research

The Center for Human Brain Imaging will utilize an ultra modern facility dedicated to the imaging and understanding of human brain function. The Center will support the operations of the most advanced neuroimaging technology available, including a 4-tesla f-MRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) machine. This equipment will allow unprecedented research and diagnostic inroads into the functions and malfunctions of the human mind.

Beyond its implications for basic science, however, the potential for clinical and biomedical applications based on this research is enormous. Initially, the f-MRI's high resolution as an imaging tool will allow for much greater precision in mapping the brain (the f-MRI greatly improves upon existing technologies, for example, in locating and assessing the effects of brain tumors and tissue damage caused by cerebral events or head injuries). In the longer term, increased understanding of the causes of such mental disorders as depression, schizophrenia, autism, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, epilepsy, stroke, dementia and countless others, will lead to the development of currently unimaginable diagnostic tools and treatment modalities.

With the physical facilities of the program now in place, and good progress towards the procurement of its major equipment, the Center’s support of the f-MRI operations will enable the translation of the potential of the f-MRI into scientific reality by fostering inter-disciplinary research programs that combine several complementary approaches.

The Nella and Leon Benoziyo Center for Neurosciences

Zvi Vogel, Director The Ruth and Leonard Simon Professor of Cancer Research

The Nella and Leon Benoziyo Center for Neurosciences was established in 1978. Since its creation, this center has been geared toward the promotion and support of studies of the nervous system at molecular, cellular, and multicellular levels. The Benoziyo Center supports the research of scientists in a wide range of fields at the Weizmann Institute, allowing them to unravel structure-function-activity relationships in the brain and to understand the complex neuronal mechanisms underlying learning, memory, and sensory processing (vision, taste, smell), as well as the relationship between brain and mind. Much time, intellectual effort, and financial resources still need to be devoted to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying neuroplasticity, neurosignaling cascades, network patterns, memory, and cognitive psychophysics. Solving the molecular basis of human brain disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, is high on the list of priorities of the Benoziyo Center. The Center provides financial assistance to scientists initiating new projects and to some students in need of salaries. In addition, it provides a means for reknowned world neuroscientists to visit the Weizmann Institute, and supports travel of students to international or local Neuroscience meetings.

The Carl and Micaela Einhorn-Dominic Institute for Brain Research

Amiram Grinvald, Director (until September 2003) The Helen and Norman Asher Professor of Brain Research

Zvi Vogel, Director (from October 2003) The Ruth and Leonard Simon Professor of Cancer Research

The Einhorn-Dominic Institute of Brain Research was inaugurated in November 1996. Among its primary missions was the initiation of new activities in brain research at the Weizmann Institute, particularly those requiring collaborations among several disciplines in several faculties. This year we focused on the planning of WIS new human brain imaging facility (F- MRI and Electroencephalography) and supported joint molecular and cellular brain research.

The Einhorn-Dominic Institute policy is to encourage brain research in the Department of Neurobiology and all other faculties at the Weizmann Institute of Science targeted at the studies of higher brain functions. Funding decision are made by the Brain Research Institute's ad-hoc Committee. The Committee will assign higher priority to support multi-disciplinary research collaborations among scientists from different departments and faculties at the WIS. The current policy is to provide a few large grants. Such support may be granted for a few years, depending on the research progress accomplished after the first year.

This year the Dominic Institute funds were allocated to five researchers: Yadin Dudai, Efraim Yavin ,Ehud Ahissar, Misha Tsodyks, Henry Markram, Shabtai Barash and Amiram Grinvald. In addition the Institute also hosted a number of eminent scientists from around the world, who gave lectures in our weekly Seminars. Visiting lecturers came to our campus from Freiburg University, The Hebrew University, Carnegie Mellon University, MIT, New York University, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Bar-Ilan University, Brandeis University and Cornell University.

The Murray H. and Meyer Grodetsky Center for Research of Higher Brain Functions

Amiram Grinvald, Director The Helen and Norman Asher Professor of Brain Research

General Activities

Based on the decision of the WIS administration, during the year 2003, the Murray H. and Meyer Grodetsky Center for Research of Higher Brain Functions supported the research of Prof. A. Grinvald.

101

The Belle S. and Irving E. Meller Center for the Biology of Aging

Zelig Eshhar, Director The Marshaal and Renette Ezralow Professor of Chemical and Cellular Immunology

The Center, established in 1979, aims to further research that will contribute to our understanding of the fundamental biological processes related to the phenomena of aging and its pathology. Areas of research supported concentrate on the cellular interactions in the immune system, and related aspects of the structure and function of the vascular system, connective tissues, the molecular genetics of differentiation, and the molecular basis of malignant transformation.

To achieve its aims, the Center provides support for individual research and, in addition, contributes to the infrastructure of interdisciplinary research facilities at the Institute. Thus, the Center is supporting certain activities in the field of gene targeting and transgenic animals, which constitute powerful tools for studying the molecular basis of the immune system as well as various disorders that are involved in the aging process.

103

The Gabrielle Rich Center for Transplantation Biology Research

Yair Reisner, Director The Henry H. Drake Professor of Immunology

The center supports the research of Prof. Tsvee Lapidot, Prof. Dov Zipori and Prof. Yair Reisner, dedicated to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Highlights of these studies last year were as follows:

Prof. Tsvee Lapidot

To obtain the healthy stem cells for transplantation - either from a healthy donor or from the patient himself before or during treatment with chemotherapy - these cells must be "encouraged" to come out of the marrow into the bloodstream (in other words, they must be "mobilized"). To understand how this happens, we probed the turn of events in the bone marrow and found that stem cells in the marrow are freed into the blood via an "anchors aweigh" mechanism. The findings put a key protein into focus – SDF-1. This protein had previously been found by this and other research teams worldwide to anchor stem cells inside the marrow by activating adhesion molecules (molecules that serve as "glue"). We now have found that SDF-1 must be degraded for stem cell mobilization to take place and uncovered the underlying degradation mechanism. This finding which was published this year in the prestigious journal Nature Immunology, Is not only important for the understanding of the biology of stem cell transplantation but it may also lead to improved collection of stem cells for clinical transplantations.

Prof. Dov Zipori

Our studies on the interactions between hemopoietic cells and the organ me senchymal stroma indicate that transforming growth factor (TGF)β cytokines are involved in the formation of restrictive microenvironments. Activin A, one member of the TGFβ family, was initially found to cause apoptotic death of tumor B lineage cells. We have now found that activin A specifically restrains the differentiation of normal precursor B cells: activin A caused accumulation of B lineage cells at early stages of differentiation both in vivo and in vitro. This restrictive activity is not exerted on other hemopoietic lineages. The expression of such lineage specific restrictive molecules may assure the control of adult pluripotent stem cells, which occur in multiple organs and tissue types, to prevent their differentiation into directions that may endanger the integrity of the tissue.

105 106 The Gabrielle Rich Center for Transplantation Biology Research

Prof. Yair Reisner

Clinical studies continue with the implementation of our new approach, making use of ‘mega dose‘ stem cell transplants, which enables the use of mismatched family members. Although we have adequately shown the efficacy of this approach in more than 300 patients, it must be analyzed properly, the same as for any new drug by formal multi-center clinical trials in Europe and in the USA, and we are presently in the middle of this important final step.

This month we are happy to launch a web site which will serve as a quarterly bulletin, showing update of clinical and scientific data for the benefit of patients and doctors who might be interested in our approach. The site address is: http://www.haplo.org/index.php

In addition, we are focusing our efforts on a new application of stem cell transplantation for patients with diseases that could be cured by transplantation but who are not at immediate risk from their disease and, therefore, should not be exposed to the current risky protocols. Thus, the challenge is how to overcome graft rejection following mild radiation or chemotherapy based protocols. To that end, based on encouraging results in the mouse model, we are currently developing new cell preparations which could be given in conjunction with the stem cells in order to facilitate engraftment of the latter cells under such safe conditions. The Willner Family Center for Vascular Biology

Hadassa Degani, Director Fred and Andrea Fallek Professor of Breast Cancer Research

The Willner Family Center for Vascular Biology was officially inaugurated on November 3rd, 1999. The Center was designed to focus on the regulation of key biological processes in vascular systems such as blood, and on the identification of signaling molecules, their receptors, their target cells, and the mechanisms involved in the transduction of these signals. Since de-regulation of such processes are a cause for many human diseases (e.g., heart failure, stroke, and cancer), an effort is made to use our results to develop tools for early diagnosis of these ailments, and for the design of new drugs for pharmacological intervention.

Designed by Prof. Shmuel Shaltiel, who was the first Director of the Center, the long-range goals of the Center are: (i) to support innovative ideas, while still in their seeding stage, when it is not yet possible to obtain financial support from conventional funding agencies; (ii) to nurture budding research of young outstanding investigators before their reputation is established; (iii) to finance research that requires an inter-disciplinary effort; (iv) to encourage collaboration with hospitals and with other centers of excellence in Israel and abroad; (v) to train doctoral and post-doctoral students in bioregulation and vascular biology.

The Center supported this year the scientific work of the following groups: Prof. Hadassa Degani ($30,000) - "Angiogenesis in Breast Cancer - from Molecular Biology to diagnostic MRI and MRS": The onset, growth and spread of cancer have been characterized by molecular and cellular methods based mostly on extraction and cell-free analyses. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) allow to further explore, noninvasively, the anatomic, physiologic and metabolic characteristics of malignancy. We have performed studies aimed to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the regulation of tumor progression, invasion and metastasis. New methodologies and algorithms to map tumor vasculature architecture and perfusion capacity were developed, using tracers (HDO), contrast agents and difffusion MRI. In addition, a method to measure the perfusion and metabolic fate of glucose and its main product, lactate, was refined. These multiple techniques were applied to monitor progression and metastasis of human breast cancer and prostate cancer implanted orthtopically in mice. The results revealed large inter- and intra- tumoral heterogeneity of the vasculature and highlighted the necessity to image cancer at high spatial resolution. We also demonstrated that the vascular volume and flow show poor correlation in tumors, indicating an irregular structure of the capillary walls. Hormonal modulation of tumor progression using antiestrogens altered the vasculature properties, increasing the capillary permeability and affecting flow, presumably by modulating specific vascular growth and permeability factors. This treatment also modulated the metabolic fate of glucose and suppressed the rate of glycolysis. The clinical

107 108 The Willner Family Center for Vascular Biology testing of the method that we have developed for breast cancer diagnosis (termed the 3TP MRI method), which is based on mapping the vasculature permeability and cell density, has been extended to additional medical centers. In the Hospital of Boca Raton, Florida, the protocol was improved to include imaging of both breasts at the same time. Even in the presence of complex breast enhancement, the 3TP method permitted accurate diagnosis of malignant and benign lesions. The 3TP method has been recently adapted for prostate cancer diagnosis and clinical trials have been initiated in Israel.

Prof. Yosef Yarden ($30,000) Cell-to-cell interactions are essential for embryonic development and for a plethora of physiological processes in adulthood (e.g., wound healing).Along with hormones and neurotransmitters, growth factors are the major messengers of intercellular communication in mammals. Many growth factors bind trans-membrane receptors whose cytoplasmic domain initiates signaling by means of an intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, and oncogenic processes often exploit growth factor signaling for malignant transformation. An example is provided by the ErbB family of receptors for the epidermal growth factor (EGF) and neuregulins: self-production of ligands (autocrine loops), truncated ErbB-1 variants and over-expression of ErbB-2 are frequently associated with virulent tumors, such as carcinomas and glioblastomas. Our past studies concentrated on understanding the layered structure of the ErbB network of signaling and its positive regulators-- a group of adaptors and enzymes. Interestingly, a significant portion of the network is devoted to tuning of signals, a process accomplished by a fine balance between positive and negative signaling pathways. Genetic evidence derived from worms and flies suggests that negative circuits were added to the network relatively late in evolution, and they exhibit unexpected variation and complexity. Concentrating on negative mechanisms, we found that ligand-induced endocytosis and degradation of active receptors is a major regulatory pathway involving not only phopshorylation, but also ubiquitination of receptors and associated molecules. Alongside, constitutive endocytosis and chaperone-mediated stabilization of kinase B9s conformation are essential for network maintenance. In addition, because ErbB proteins are asymmetrically expressed on the surface of neuronal and epithelial cells, multi-molecular complexes regulating post-synthesis sorting are important for signaling. In-depth understanding of network B9s desensitization may facilitate development of new cancer therapies. For example, antibody-induced endocytic removal of ErbB proteins is already in clinical use and drugs interfering with kinase activity or chaperone B9s function are being tested on cancer patients. Identification of still unknown mechanisms that shut down oncogenic signal transduction will eventually expand the arsenal of therapeutic strategies.

Prof. Moti Liscovitch ($20,000) - "Rafts and Caveolae: Platforms for Launching Signaling Cascades and Plasma Membrane Terminals for Drug Transport": Our work is directed towards understanding the cell and molecular biology of phospholipase D and its role(s) in control of cell growth, differentiation and function. We have been studying the cellular and molecular physiology of eukaryotic phospholipase D isozymes, including their localization, mechanisms of activation and possible functions. Currently, we are engaged in identification and cloning of a second yeast phospholipase D gene; we study the differential localization of mammalian phospholipase D isozymes in specific membrane microdomains; we investigate the possible role of phospholipase D2 in caveolae-mediated endocytosis and signaling; and we explore the action(s) and target(s) of phosphatidic acid as a mediator of specific cellular events. The Willner Family Center for Vascular Biology 109

A second, related subject involves the role of caveolin in cancer multidrug resistance. Multidrug resistance severely impairs the efficacy of cancer chemotherapy. Several protein transporters that mediate drug export have been identified, but additional adaptations appear to be necessary for a full-fledged drug resistance. We have recently shown that caveolae and the caveolar coat protein caveolin are dramatically up-regulated in multidrug resistant cancer cells and that the multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein is localized in caveolae-like domains. We are studying the possible involvement of caveolin-dependent mechanisms in mediating drug resistance and the impact of high caveolin expression on the phenotypic transformation of multidrug resistant cancer cells. In addition, studies are underway aimed to elucidate the molecular basis for targeting P-glycoprotein, a multispan integral membrane protein, to caveolae-like domains.

Prof. Michal Neeman ($20,000) - "Magnetic resonance imaging of angiogenesis": Remodeling of blood vessels is an integral and essential component of reproduction, development, wound healing and cancer. The goal of our group is to define the regulation of specific elements involved in the control of angiogenesis and their integration in vivo. For that end we develop non invasive MRI methods for mapping vascular expansion and regression, stabilization of vessels by their maturation, adjustment of vessel permeability and the role of blood vessels and proangiogenic factors in modification of the extracellular matrix and lymphatic function. Using these tools we monitor the kinetics of vascular remodeling in the live animal, during normal development, wound repair and cancer, and study the response to defined molecular, pharmacological or physical intervention aimed to suppress or stimulate angiogenesis. Over the last year our effort included evaluation of the role of neovasculature in dormancy of ovarian carcinoma tumors, analysis of the role of hyaluronan in mediating adhesion and angiogenesis in the normal ovary and ovarian cancer and a study of the acute response to VEGF and the role of VEGF in lymphatic function.

The Women's Health Research Center

Varda Rotter, Director The Norman and Helen Asher Professor of Cancer Research

The Woman's Health Research Center is interested in promoting studies on gender -related physiology and disorder leading to specific pathologies. The center, focused on issues concerning fertility, cancer and osteoporosis, is trying to bridge between between basic research and clinical studies. The center supports basic research in ovarian function, such as the regulation of female germ cell development into an ovum, capable of fertilization and embryonic development. Any impairment in these processes may lead to infertility. Basic research in this area led to remarkable achievements in the development of assisted reproductive techniques and offers high hope improve human health through advances in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning. Another focus of the center are gender specific malignancies. It is well accepted that various cancer types are greatly dependent on hormonal control and thus better understanding of the relationship between gender specific tumors and hormones that may contribute to better diagnosis and therapy of such tumors. Support of the center of basic research on the structure and development of bones is directly pertaining to the development of osteoporosis and its potential cure.

111

The Yad Abraham Research Center for Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy

Benjamin Geiger, Director The Erwin Neter Professor of Cell and Tumor Biology

The Yad Abraham Research Center for Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy was established in 1998 to promote cancer research, and in particular for the development of new avenues for early detection of malignant processes and of novel therapeutic approaches. The Center supports research projects focusing on the genetic basis for cancer, including the characterization of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes and studies on the relationships between cancer and programmed cell death. Special attention is given to studies concerning the relationship between malignant processes studied in vitro and in experimental animals and those associated with human cancer. The Center promotes interdisciplinary studies combining molecular approaches at the cellular level with studies at the level of the intact organism.

The Center supported in 2003 studies on the regulation of p53 and its target genes in human cancer. It promoted development of new approaches for harnessing ovarian cancer and address the role of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion in cancer and in cancer metastasis.

The center is currently supporting a series of seminars organized by Prof. Dov Zipori on stem cell biology.

113

Faculty of Chemistry

Dean: Lia Addadi The Dorothy and Patrick Gorman Professor

Israel Dostrovsky, Ph.D. (University of London) Institute Professor The Agnes Spencer Professor of Physical Chemistry

Faculty of Chemistry

Dean: Lia Addadi The Dorothy and Patrick Gorman Chair

Department of Chemical Physics

The department consists of theoreticians and experimentalists working at the interface between physics and chemistry. The experimental research is focused, in general, on the understanding of the interaction of matter with different kinds of radiation or charged particles. The effect of the chemical environment on this interaction is investigated by methods such as magnetic resonance, laser spectroscopy, electron tunneling, and electron transmission. New experimental techniques are developed and then applied to a variety of problems in chemistry, physics and biophysics such as catalysis, dynamics of molecules in confined space, enzymatic reactions, the study of protein folding through single molecule spectroscopy, and the study of molecules as possible candidates for electronic devices. The manipulation of chemical reactions by lasers is studied both theoretically and experimentally and the effect of strong laser fields on matter is probed. Extensive theoretical research is also devoted to the complexity of nature and non linear dynamics, reaction dynamics in condensed matter, electron transfer reaction in solutions and quantum optics.

Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research

The research at the department is focused on understanding the complex inter - relationships among the major Earth systems and between the human need for alternative energy source and the consequent impact on the Earth's environment. The efforts are equally split between field/ experimental work and theoretical studies.

The research into climate change and the atmospheric greenhouse effect takes several directions, including climate dynamics, oceanic circulation, paleoceanography and the study of past climatic patterns, plant-environment interaction and atmospheric chemistry, earth system dynamics and geophysics. These topics are studies as the basic means to understand and predict global changes.

In Hydrology, the research activity has centered on combination of field and laboratory studies with theoretical models to understand flow of water and chemicals from the ground surface, through the unsaturated zone into the geological saturated formations.

The Solar Energy research is focused on all aspects of using concentrated solar light. It includes the development of new hybrid solar thermal systems, solar fuels, concentrated

117 118 Faculty of Chemistry photovoltaic systems and solar lasers. A technology transfer to the industry was initiated as a result of this work.

Our main objective for the future is to develop scientific activities based on experimental studies providing the basis for integration of field observations into mathematical models. The dynamic of the atmosphere and the lithosphere, environmental analytical chemistry, field hydrology, eco-physiology and climate prediction are among the main fields that we want to develop in the near future.

Department of Materials and Interfaces

The Department of Materials and Interfaces of the Weizmann Institute of Science is an interdisciplinary scientific unit composed of physicists, chemists and materials scientists. A common theme of much of the research done in the department is the design of materials from elementary units with unique, pre-designed functionality. A complementary effort involves the understanding of the functionality of various materials, based on their supramolecular architecture. In addition to new insights in how materials properties can be understood from their atomic, molecular and macromolecular composition and structure, this strategy permits the development of new high performance materials for numerous applications.

Some recent accomplishments include: charged polyelectrolyte molecules tethered to surfaces (polymer brushes) were shown to result in ultra small friction coefficients typical of living systems. Genetic circuit elements were constructed in vitro by engineering transcriptional activation and repression cascades, in which the protein product of each stage is the input required to drive or block the following stage. Spontaneous enantio-selective polymerization of polypeptides inside crystals was accomplished and its relevance to the origin of life was hypothesized. Self-assembly of chains that can branch and form networks with branching points (junctions) in gels, wormlike micelles, dipolar fluids, and microemulsions has been theoretically studied. The mechanism of membrane fusion and formation of the nuclear pore complex in eukaryotic nucleus has been elucidated. Extension of the constructive nanolithography into the micrometer-millimeter dimension range has been demonstrated. New nanotubes from noble metals and from various layered compounds have been synthesized. New strategies towards the realization of molecular transistors were contemplated. Novel quasi-amorphous piezo-electric films were produced and their unique structure and properties studied. The mechanical behavior of individual carbon and inorganic nanotubes was studied offering numerous applications. The relationship between superconductivity and the size of lead nanoparticles was determined; Dating of archeological lead artifacts using the superconductivity of this metal was undertaken. Chemisorption of cyanide moieties onto CdSe nanoparticles surface was shown to increase the quantum confinement of the exciton wavefunction and hence to enhance theire optical properties. Electronic mapping of the cross section of polycrystalline n-CdS/p-CdTe solar cells was performed and a model explaining their high efficiency was proposed. Faculty of Chemistry 119

Research in the Department of Organic Chemistry

The areas of research in the Department of Organic Chemistry include synthetic and mechanistic organic, inorganic and organometallic chemistry involving novel reactions for organic synthesis; syntheses of physiologically active compounds; polymeric reagents; bond activation studies; homogeneous catalysis by specifically designed metal complexes; selective oxidation catalysis by polyoxometalates; creation of organic films with desirable electronic and optical properties and the development of molecule-based technologies. Bioorganic chemistry includes the studies of plant antiviral agents; the molecular mechanism of action of rhodopsin; artificial ion carriers and molecular sensors. Biological chemistry includes studies on structure, function, and mode of action of biologically active peptides and proteins; thermophilic enzymes; enzymes involved in DNA repair, DNA and RNA processing; and studies of ordered, compact states of nucleic acids. Methods for very accurate ab initio calculations of molecular properties are being developed and applied.

Department of Structural Biology

The Department is committed to research in the major areas of structural biology and is investigating biological systems from the atomic to the cellular level of organization. The ultimate goal is to obtain a complete picture of biological structures in their complexity, with a continuity at all length scales, from Angstroms to millimetres. The structures of biological macromolecules and their complexes are studied at the length scale of Angstroms by X-ray diffraction from crystals, and in solution by advanced spectroscopic techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance and EXAFS. Electron microscopy, electron tomography and atomic force miscroscopy are imaging techniques used that span the range between nanometers and microns, i.e. from single molecules to macromolecular assemblies and whole tissue organization.

The elucidation of the relations between structure and function of key components in main biological pathways is one of the generalized goals of the research conducted in the Department. One such pathway is the translation of the genetic code from DNA to proteins. A highlight in recent years has been the continued progress in determination of different structures of the ribosome also in complex with antibiotics. These most significant achievements crown the titanic efforts of tens of years of research aimed at elucidating the structure and mechanism of action of ribosomes. Ribosomes are giant particles composed of RNA and more than 50 proteins that are the principal protein synthesis machinery of the cell. The mechanism of translation of the code into proteins is also investigated by X-ray crystallography of tRNA synthetases and their complexes. Additional research in this area includes work on helicases that unwind RNA and elucidation of the 3-D structure of DNA and of DNA-protein complexes. Work is also being carried out on chaperones and enzymes that catalyze disulfide bridge formation. These factors assist protein folding which constitutes one of the last 'steps' in the pathway from DNA to functional proteins.

Structural and dynamical aspects of enzyme and protein function and recognition constitute another focal point of activity. Examples are studies on the mechanism of acetylcholinesterase, a key enzyme in the transmission of nerve impulses, on proteins regulating membrane-fusion 120 Faculty of Chemistry and virus entry into the cell and on metalloproteins. Antibody-antigen recognition is studied using NMR and the tools of molecular biology to unravel the energetic contributions of single interactions, and through antibodies interacting with monolayer and crystal surfaces.

Studies on the relations between organic and mineral components and between structure, function and mechanical properties of mineralised tissues including bone, teeth and shells, and on the nanomechanics of hearing, are performed over the whole range of hierarchical organizations. The development of new techniques in archeological chemistry provides information about human life conditions and technologies in prehistoric times .

The X-ray and NMR facilities are now state-of-the-art. A major upgrade in the electron microscopy facility has also taken place with the addition of two high resolution transmission electron microscopes and an environmental field emission scanning electron microscope. http://www.weizmann.ac.il/chemistry/ Chemical Physics

Daniella Goldfarb, Head

The research in the Department of Chemical Physics covers a wide range of interdisciplinary subjects, combining the fields of chemistry, physics and biophysics.

New techniques are being developed in solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for the study of mesoporous materials, polypeptides and proteins by Shimon Vega. Solid and liquid state NMR techniques are also being developed for the investigation of new materials and of biological structure and dynamics by Lucio Frydman. NMR methods are also used by Zeev Luz to investigate ordering and dynamics processes in condensed phases. Electron spin resonance (ESR) and double resonance spectroscopic (ENDOR) techniques are developed and applied by Daniella Goldfarb for the characterization of metal active sites in porous inorganic catalysts and metalloenzymes and for the study of the formation mechanism of the mesostructured mesoporus materials.

Theoretical methods are being applied for the investigation of microscopic and macroscopic properties of matter. Bimolecular reactions and dynamics in condensed phases, photoinduced process, spectroscopy and energy relaxation of polyatomic molecules are being studied by Eli Pollak. The fluorescence quenching by electron transfer assisted by diffusion and spin conversion in free ions, radicals and triplets production are being studied by Anatoly I. Burshtein within the original integral encounter theory, beyond the rate concept. The complexity in nature and the scaling and geometry of turbulence advection are being investigated by Itamar Procaccia. Fractal growth patterns were studied using iterated conformal maps, thus solving some old open problems. Recent research considered fracture of material and drag reduction in turbulent flows.

Lasers and their interaction with matter are being investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Light-matter interactions (quantum optics) and their applications for quantum information are being investigated theoretically by Gershon Kurizki in periodic structures, cavities, cold atom gases and condensates. Ilya Averbukh and Yehiam Prior study, both theoretically and experimentally, various aspects of nonlinear optical interactions, including excitation and detection of atomic and molecular wavepackets prepared by shaped femtosecond pulses, nonlinear optical interactions under the tip of a scanning near-field optical microscope, femtosecond laser material processing and molecular alignment and orientation by strong laser fields, atom optics and atom lithography applications. Moshe Shapiro is investigating, theoretically and experimentally, the coherent control of chemical reactions and the purification by optical means of racemic mixtures of optical isomers and the construction of decoherence-free spaces for quantum computation. David J. Tannor is studying,

121 122 Chemical Physics theoretically, femtosecond control of chemical reactions, optimal control of laser cooling, design of pulse shapes for quantum computation, and dissipative quantum mechanics.

Ron Naaman is investigating the use of molecules as components in electronic devices and sensors. This includes studying the electronic properties of organized thin molecular films and investigating information transfer through them. Gilad Haran uses fluroescence and Raman microspectroscopy to probe single-molecule dynamics, and study processes ranging from protein folding to adsorbate diffusion on nanoparticles.

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Lucio Frydman, Ph.D., University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Guastalla Fellow Daniella Goldfarb, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Gershon Kurizki, Ph.D., University of New Mexico The George W. Dunne Professor of Chemical Physics Ron Naaman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Aryeh and Mintzi Katzman Professor Eliyahu Pollak, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Sam and Ayala Zacks Professor Yehiam Prior, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, United States The Sherman Professor of Physical Chemistry Itamar Procaccia, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Barbara and Morris L. Levinson Professor of Chemical Physics Moshe Shapiro, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Jacques Mimran Professor David Joshua Tannor, Ph.D., University of California, Los Angeles, United States Shimon Vega, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Joseph and Marian Robbins Professor

Professors Emeritus

Zeev Luz, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel

Associate Professor

Ilya Averbukh, Ph.D., USSR Academy of Science Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation The Patricia Elman Bildner Professor of Solid State Chemistry Chemical Physics 123

Senior Scientist

Gilad Haran, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Benjamin H. Swig and Jack D. Weiler Career Development Chair

Senior Staff Scientist

Peter Stern, Ph.D., The City University of New York, United States

Associate Staff Scientists

Mark Keil, Ph.D., California Institute of Technology, California, United States Abraham Kofman, Ph.D., Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation

Assistant Staff Scientists

Shifra Kababya, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Anna Pomyalov, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Special Contracts

Anatoly Burshtein, Ph.D., Siberian Branch of the Academy of Science, Russian Federation (retired September 2003) The Council of Higher Education Fellowship to Senior Immigrant Scientist Victor Lvov, Ph.D., Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Alexander Milner, Ph.D., Ukrainian Academy of Science, Ukrainian

Engineer

Naomi Raz, M.Sc., University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

Consultants

Arie Bar-Haim, Tel Aviv Academic College of Engineering, Tel-Aviv, Israel Ricardo Blank Anatoly Burshtein Reuven Ianconescu-Scopus Network Technologies, Park Afek, Rosh-Haain Rafael Poupko Avraham Rosenberg 124 Chemical Physics

Visiting Scientists

Gonzalo Angulo, Tech. University , Graz, Austria Elisabetta De Angelis, University of Rome, Italy G.E. Hentschel, Emory University , Atlanta, GA, U.S.A. Dmitry Klochkov, Russian Acad. of Sci., Moscow, Russia George Kordas, NCSR "Demokritos", Athens, Greece Petr Kral, University of Toronto, Canada Perunthiruthy Madhu, Tata Inst. of Fund. Rese. Mumbai, India Biswanath Mallik, Indian Ass. for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta, India Joachim Mathiesen, Niels Bohr Inst., Copehnagen, Denmark Igor E. Mazets, Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia Duncan O'Dell, University of Sussex at Falmer, UK Ruben Pasmenter, Royal Dutch Meteorological Inst., de Bilt, The Netherlands David Petrosyan, IESL, FORTH, Heraklion, Crete, Greece Avraham Rosenberg, Hebrew University , Rehovot, Israel Santanu Sengupta, CSIC, Madrid, Spain Ming-Liang Zhang, University of Antwerp (RUCA), Belgium Shesheng Zhang, Wuhan Transportation University, PR China

Postdoctoral Fellows

Felipe Javier Barra de la Guarda, Ph.D., Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Patrick Carl, Ph.D., University of Iowa, USA Amir Goldbourt, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Miron Hazani, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Mikhail Jouravlev, Ph.D., Moscow State University, Russia Ramaswamy Kannan, Ph.D., Indian Institute of Science, India Eytan Katzav, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Narasimhulu Kuppala Venkata, Ph.D., India Adonis Vasile Lupulescu, Ph.D., Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania Kotecha Mrignayani, Ph.D., University of Jabalpur, India Sophie Pellegrin, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, France Silvia Pizzanelli, Ph.D., Universita' di Pisa, Italy Jyotipratim Ray Chaudhuri, Ph.D., Jadavpur University, India Anna Elizabeth Rhoades, Ph.D., The University of Michigan, USA Alexander Samokhvalov, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Dvira Segal, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Dmitry Shvarts, Ph.D., Bar-Ilan University, Israel Ioannis Thanopoulos, Ph.D., Swiss Federal Institute of Technology-ETH, Switzerland Vasyl Tyberkevych, Ph.D., Kiev National Taras Shevchenko University, Ukraine Qun Zhang, Ph.D., University of Science & Technology of China, China Shesheng Zhang, Ph.D., Wuhan Transportation University, China Chemical Physics 125

Research Students

Dafna Arieli Reit Artzi Debbie Baute Eran Bouchbinder Erez Boukobza Itai Carmeli Raanan Carmieli Yoram Cohen Zeev Fradkin Inbal Friedler Vladislav Gladkikh Amir Goldbourt Yair Goldfarb Gil Goobes Julia Grinshtein Supratim Guha Ray Tamar Kustanovich-Flor Yosef Yehuda Kuttner Monika Leibscher Anders Levermann Erel Morris Iftakh Nevo Yuri Paskover Dana Peled Sharon Ruthstein Alexander Samokhvalov Boaz Shapira Timur Shegai Eilon Sherman Shlomo Sklarz Mark Vilensky Elena Vinogradov Kaiyin Zhang

Administrator

Varda Katzir

Environmental Sciences and Energy Research

Aldo Shemesh, Head

The Solar Energy research is focused on all aspects of using concentrated solar light. It includes the development of new hybrid solar thermal systems, solar fuels, concentrated photovoltaic systems and solar lasers. A technology transfer to the industry was initiated as a result of this work.

Home Page: www.weizmann.ac.il/ESER/

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Israel Dostrovsky, Ph.D., University of London, London, United Kingdom Institute Professor The Agnes Spencer Professor of Physical Chemistry

127 128 Environmental Sciences and Energy Research

Eli Tziperman, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States The Barry Rymer Family Professor Dan Yakir, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem at Rehovot, Rehovot, Israel

Professors Emeriti

Joel R Gat, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Martin M. Halmann, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel

Associate Professors

Brian Berkowitz, Ph.D., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel The Sam Zuckerberg Professor Jacob Karni, Ph.D., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States Yinon Rudich, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the William Z. and Eda Bess Novick Career Development Chair (until October 2003) Aldo Shemesh, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Senior Scientists

Einat Aharonov, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States Yigal Allon Fellow Incumbent of the Anna and Maurice Boukstein Career Development Chair Hezi Gildor, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Associate Staff Scientist

Ruth Yam, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel

Assistant Staff Scientists

Elisabetta Boaretto, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Eyal Rotenberg, Ph.D., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Irina Vishnevetsky, Ph.D., Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation

Engineer

Ruth M.J. Benmair, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Consultants

Yury Alioshin, Hewlett-Packard Company, Rehovot, Israel Israel Carmi (left February 2003) Emanuel Mazor Harvey Scher Bruno Yaron, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel Environmental Sciences and Energy Research 129

Visiting Scientists

Andrea Cortis, University Autonoma, Madrid, Spain Ellen Graber, Vulcani Center, Beit Dagan, Israel Yochanan Kushnir, Columbia University , NYC, U.S.A. Jacob Yeheskel, Negev Nuclear Rese., Beer Sheva, Israel

Postdoctoral Fellows

Tareq Abu Hamed, Ph.D., Gazi University, Turkey Hagit Pninah Affek, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Yosef Ashkenazy , Ph.D., Bar-Ilan University, Israel Rudi Bertocchi, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Youjian Chen, Ph.D., Peking University, China Andrea Cortis, Ph.D., Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Ishai Dror, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Jose Marc Gruenzweig, Ph.D., Agriculture Faculty, Israel Deborah Louise Hemming, Ph.D., University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Regina Katsman, Ph.D., Technion, Israel Oren Levy, Ph.D., Bar-Ilan University, Israel Tongbao Lin, Ph.D., Agriculture Faculty, Israel Tamar Moise, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Eyal Rotenberg, Ph.D., Technion, Israel Burkhard Wilske, Ph.D., Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany

Research Students

Hagit Pninah Affek Rudi Bertocchi Yuanfeng Cheng Simon Emmanuel Alla Falkovich Eli Galanti Ilia Gelfand Hanna Klein Gennady Margolin Kadmiel Maseyk Tamar Moise Hanita Ovdat Davide Prosperi Naama Raz Yaseef Aya Schneider Mor Olga Singurindy Keren Treves

Administrator

Neomi Baumann

Materials and Interfaces

Reshef Tenne, Head

Some recent accomplishments include: charged polyelectrolyte molecules tethered to surfaces (polymer brushes) were shown to result in ultra small friction coefficients typical of living systems. Genetic circuit elements were constructed in vitro by engineering transcriptional activation and repression cascades, in which the protein product of each stage is the input required to drive or block the following stage. Spontaneous enantio-selective polymerization of polypeptides inside crystals was accomplished and its relevance to the origin of life was hypothesized. Self-assembly of chains that can form networks with branching points (junctions) in gels, wormlike micelles, dipolar fluids, and microemulsions has been theoretically studied. The mechanism of membrane fusion and formation of the nuclear pore complex in eukaryotic nucleus has been elucidated. Extention of the constructive nanolithography into the micrometer-millimeter dimension range has been demonstrated. New nanotubes from noble metals and from various layered compounds have been synthesized. New strategies towards the realization of molecular transistors were contemplated. Novel quasi-amorphous piezo-electric films were produced and their unique structure and properties studied. The mechanical behavior of individual carbon and inorganic nanotubes was studied offering numerous applications. The relationship between superconductivity and the size of lead nanoparticles was determined; Dating of archeological lead artifacts using the superconductivity of this metal was undertaken. Chemisorption of cyanide moieties onto CdSe nanoparticles surface was shown to increase the quantum confinement of the exciton wavefunction and hence to enhance their optical properties. Electronic mapping of the cross section of polycrystalline n-CdS/p-CdTe solar cells was performed and a model explaining their high efficiency was proposed. http://www.weizmann.ac.il/material

131 132 Materials and Interfaces

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

David Cahen, Ph.D., Northwestern University, Evanston, United States The Rowland and Sylvia Schaefer Professor in Energy Research Jacob Klein, Ph.D., University of Cambridg, Cambridge, United Kingdom The Hermann Mark Professor of Polymer Physics Meir Lahav, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (on extension of service) The Margaret Thatcher Professor of Chemistry Shimon Reich, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (on extension of service) The Robert W. Reneker Professor of Industrial Chemistry Israel Rubinstein, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Samuel Safran, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States The Fern and Manfred Steinfeld Professor Reshef Tenne, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Daniel Hanoch Wagner, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Livio Norzi Professor

Professors Emeriti

Zeev Alexandrowicz, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Joseph Jagur-Grodzinski, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Leslie Leiserowitz, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Moshe Levy, Ph.D., State University of New York, Syracuse, United States Joost Manassen, Ph.D., University of Amsterdam

Associate Professors

Michael Elbaum, Ph.D., University of Washington, Seattle, United States Gary Hodes, Ph.D., Queen's University of Belfast Jacob Sagiv, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Senior Scientists

Roy Bar Ziv, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Yigal Allon Fellow Incumbent of the Beracha Foundation Career Development Chair Ernesto Joselevich, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Yigal Allon Fellow Incumbent of the Dr. Victor L. Erlich Career Development Chair Leeor Kronik, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Incumbent of the Delta Career Development Chair Materials and Interfaces 133

Igor Lubomirsky, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Helen and Milton A. Kimmelman Career Development Chair

Senior Staff Scientists

Rivka Maoz, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Ronit Popovitz-Biro, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Isabelle Weissbuch, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Associate Staff Scientist

Alexander Vaskevich, Ph.D., Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys, Moscow, Russian Federation

Assistant Staff Scientist

Rita Rosentsveig, Ph.D., Leningrad Technological Institute, Russian Federation

Special Contract

Ilija Zon, Ph.D., Academy of Science USSR, Moscow, Russian Federation

Consultants

Haim Grunbaum, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (left June 2003) Gideon Levin Ana Yaron Albu, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel Ella Zak, Nanomaterials Ltd, Rehovot, Israel

Visiting Scientists

Abraham Ulman, Brooklyn Polytech. University , NY, U.S.A. Yao Feng Yuan, University of Zaragoza, Spain

Postdoctoral Fellows

Asa Hilton Barber, Ph.D., University of London, Imperial College, United Kingdom Yardena Bohbot-Raviv , Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Itamar Borukhov, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Daniel (Janusz) Fidelus, Ph.D., University of Mining and Metallurgy in Krakow, Poland Daphna Frenkiel-Krispin, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Olga Girshevitz, Ph.D., Bar-Ilan University, Israel Nir Gov, Ph.D., Technion, Israel Mark Greenberg, Ph.D., Technion, Israel 134 Materials and Interfaces

Hossam Haick, Ph.D., Technion, Israel Tao He, Ph.D., Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy, China Stephanie Hoeppener, Ph.D., W.W.University of Muenster, Germany Nir Kampf, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Michal Lahav, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Amir Lichtenstein, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Luqi Liu, Ph.D., Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Shantang Liu, Ph.D., Peking University, China Mahesh Menon, Ph.D., Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, India Jaya Parameswaran Nair, Ph.D., Barkatullah University, India Jose Geraldo Nery, Ph.D., Univ. of Sao-Paulo & Santa Barbara, USA Alice Nicolas, Ph.D., Universite Joseph Fourier, France Irit Ruach-Nir, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Ella Zimmerman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel

Research Students

Ovadia Abed Tali Aqua Ifat Ashiri - Kaplan Maya Bar Sadan Ronit Buller Amnon Buxbaum Yaron Caspi Liraz Chai Ilanit Doron-Mor Irakliy Ebralidze David Ehre Ran Eliash Jamal Ghabboun Guy Hed Sari Katz Ronen Kopito Frieda Kopnov Aurelie Lachish-Zalait Dmitry David Lukatsky Rachel Malka Alexander Margolin Doron Nave Lior Nissim Uri Raviv Yaron Rosenfeld Hacohen Irit Ruach Nir Irina Rubinsein Sven Ruhle Hanna Salman Adi Salomon Shaibal K. Sarkar Christoph Schuffenhauer Tali Sehayek Ilya Shlar Inna Solomonov Ayelet Vilan Iris Visoly-Fisher Meni Wanunu Shira Yochelis Gov-Ary Qing Zhao Anton Zilman

Administrator

Zelu Itzicovitch Organic Chemistry

David Milstein, Head The Israel Matz Professor of Organic Chemistry

The research in the Department of Organic Chemistry spans a wide range of topics, including synthetic-, organometallic-, polymer-, biorganic-, biological- and computational chemistry.

Synthetic methods based either on sulfur-mediated sequential reactions or on intramolecularization of reactions by temporary sulfur connection have been developed by Mario Bachi's group and applied to the synthesis of antimalarial peroxides and of neuroactive amino acids. The particular properties of the Carbon to Sulfur bond and its aptitude to participate in homolytic chain reactions allows the integration of these two approaches in a unified strategy. Following this strategy, new stereoselective reactions, as for example, alkenyl group translocation through tandem cyclization - elimination processes are being developed for the synthesis of particular cis-substituted pyrrolidines.

Electron-rich complexes of transition metals, capable of insertion and activation of some of the strongest bonds are being developed by David Milstein. The selective insertion of a metal into a simple carbon-carbon bond presents new prospects for selective hydrocarbon functionalization. Activation of N-H and O-H bonds opens new directions for the selective use of ammonia and water. Facile activation of bonds to carbon by specifically-designed complexes has led to new catalytic reactions of significance to the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, including highly efficient carbon-carbon bond formation. A new approach towards catalysis based on the ordering of metal complexes in thin films was demonstrated (with Meir Lahav, Materials and Interfaces). The use of metals for the generation, stabilization and controlled release of biologically relevant, unstable organic transients is being studied.

Soluble metal oxide clusters termed polyoxometalates are being investigated and developed as homogeneous oxidation catalysts by Ronny Neumann. Polyoxometalates have the ability to activate environmentally benign oxygen donors such as molecular oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, nitrous oxide and ozone. In the presence of hydrocarbons, selective oxidation reactions can be carried out. Catalytic oxidation reactions which are being investigated include the epoxidation of alkenes, the hydroxylation of alkanes, oxydehydrogenation of alcohols and other substrates and oxyhalogenation. Mechanistic and kinetic studies using a large variety of spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques allow the identification of active intermediates, the determination of different modes of activation of oxygen donors and the preparation of improved catalysts.

135 136 Organic Chemistry

Hypericin is a highly potent anticancer agent with cytotoxic and antiproliferative activity. A number of hypericin analogs, which vary in their ability to enter into the cells and generate singlet oxygen, have been synthesized by Yehuda Mazur and are being evaluated (with Gad Lavie, Sadick Hazan,Tel Hashomer Hospital).

Biological activity of visual pigments and bacteriorhodopsin is related to a photocycle during which both the retinal and the opsin moieties undergo a series of structural changes. The molecular changes and their correlation with the corresponding biological functions are of primary importance. The use of artificial pigments, model compounds and spectroscopic methods by Mudi Sheves has resulted in the clarification of the role that single and double bonds play in the photocycle; protein-chromophore interactions in the binding site; and the role of water and light in retinal protein activity.

In Abraham Shanzer's group the principles of Biomimetic Chemistry are being applied to mimic bioactive molecules with emphasis on natural iron-carriers that are recognized by microbial receptors and consequently transported into the living cells. When labeled with fluorescent markers, these carriers provide diagnostic tools. When linked to a cytotoxic agents, they are envisioned as a new generation of anti microbial agents. The molecular-based technologies investigated by Avi Shanzer include: (a) preparation of molecules with desired optical, electronic and magnetic properties, and their assembly on gold surfaces (with Israel Rubinstein, Materials and Interfaces): (b) design and preparation of molecular based devices acting as static and dynamic Molecular Switches for memory storage and Molecular Logic- Gates for performing logical operations.

The structure, function and thermal stability of thermophilic enzymes are being studied by Yigal Burstein, aiming at understanding the mechanisms of adaptation of enzymes to extreme environment and for designing novel enzymes for biotransformations in organic chemistry. A family of highly homologous alcohol dehydrogenases that span the phenotypic range of temperature in microorganisms, is investigated. Structural elements conferring thermal stability were identified and analyzed employing genetic engineering methods.

Chemical, biological and clinical studies of modulatory peptides including immunomodulator antibacterial anticancer and neuroactive compounds are being carried out by Mati Fridkin. Novel technologies for drug delivery and stabilization have been developed and applied to several proteins (e.g. insulin, growth hormone, interferon), peptides (e.g. GnRH ,exendin ) and small molecules ( antibiotics and anticancer drugs ). The clinical-pharmaceutical potential of several compounds are being evaluated. A novel approach toward Fe- chelation in relation to neuroprotection is being developed.

Design, synthesis, structure and function of aminoglycoside-arginine conjugates (AACs), novel HIV-1 inhibitors of viral entry and transactivation of the viral transcripts by Tat protein, are being studied by Aviva Lapidot aiming at understanding the mechanisms of inhibition of the diversity functions of Tat protein, which might be critical for anti-AIDS strategies. This new class of components revealed antiviral activity in cell cultures and inhibited viral-host cell fusion, as well as binding to HIV RNAs. AAC inhibit neuroblastoma death caused by HIV- coat protein gp 120 - the major ethological agent for neuromal loss. Additionally the AACs Organic Chemistry 137 inhibit bacterial RNase P activity and inhibit protein synthesis by blocking peptide chain elongation (with G.Borkow, Kaplan Hospital; J.Este, Spain; V.Gopalan, USA; J.Pelletier, Canada and G.Melino, Italy).

DNA organization and survival under stress is being studied by Avi Minsky. Morphological changes that occur within living cells, following their exposure to various stress conditions are being studied by electron microscopy and X-ray scattering. Under such conditions, genomic DNA undergoes either a spontaneous or a protein-promoted phase transition into highly packed and ordered structures in which the DNA molecules are sequestered and effectively protected. A new and general mode of protection through biocrystallization is indicated. The structural properties of stress-induced DNA-binding proteins that are involved in these structural transitions are being studied. Ultrasensitive calorimetrical methods are used to assess the effects of the large intracellular crowding and viscosity upon the thermodynamic features of interactions between macromolecules, such as DNA and proteins.

The group of Yossi Sperling is studying the structure and function in pre-mRNA processing of supraspliceosomes. These huge macromolecular assemblies contain, in addition to pre- mRNAs, all known components required for their post-transcriptional processing (capping, polyadenylation, editing and splicing). Hence, they can be regarded as representing the nuclear RNA processing machinery. A new mechanism that regulates splicing by affecting splice site selection has been discovered. This discovery implies that the reading frame of mRNAs can be recognized in the nucleus prior to splicing. A model derived from structural studies of supraspliceosomes by electron microscopy is being developed to explain this unexpected finding.

The computational chemistry group of Jan (Gershom) Martin is engaged both in the development of highly accurate ab initio computational thermochemistry methods (W1 and W2 theory) and in the methodology and applications of density functional theory, with a particular focus on organometallic reaction mechanisms relevant to homogenous catalysis. Theoretical vibrational spectroscopy beyond the harmonic approximation and basis set development (the SDB-cc-pVnZ basis sets) are subsidiary research interests.

The team of Milko van der Boom who has joined the department recently working to create novel films with desirable electronic and optical qualities. The formation of organic thin films is at the forefront of nanotechnology research. His team is hoping to replace today's conventional inorganic materials with organic compounds, which would be much easier to modify, thus offering far better, cheaper devices. The challenges of creating these films, however, are considerable - from effectively integrating custom-designed organic and metal- organic molecules into thin films, to creating materials that are highly ordered and smooth as well as thick enough to efficiently convey optical signals. 138 Organic Chemistry

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Mario D. Bachi, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusaelm, Jerusalem, Israel (on extension of service) The Charles and Charlotte Krown Professor of Medicinal Chemistry Yigal Burstein, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (on extension of service) The Maynard I. and Elaine Wishner Professor of Bio-Organic Chemistry and Malignant Diseases Research Mati Fridkin, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (on extension of service) The Lester B. Pearson Professor of Protein Research David Milstein, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Israel Matz Professor of Organic Chemistry Abraham Minsky, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Professor T. Reichstein Professor Ronny Neumann, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Rebecca and Israel Sieff Professor of Organic Chemistry Abraham Shanzer, Ph.D., Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Charlotsville, United States The Siegfried and Irma Ullmann Professor Mordechai Sheves, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Ephraim Katzir-Rao Makineni Professor of Chemistry Joseph Sperling, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Hilda Pomeraniec Memorial Professor of Organic Chemistry

Professors Emeriti

Valeri A. Krongauz, Ph.D., L.Y. Karpov Physical Chemistry Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation Aviva Lapidot, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel David Lavie, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (deceased September 2003) Yehuda Mazur, Ph.D., E.T.H, Zurich, Switzerland Abraham Patchornik, Ph.D., The Hebrew Univesity of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Associate Professor

Gershom (Jan) Martin, Ph.D., University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium

Senior Scientist

Milko Van Der Boom, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Yigal Allon Fellow Incumbent of the Dewey David Stone and Harry Levine Career Development Chair Organic Chemistry 139

Associate Staff Scientists

Rina Arad-Yellin, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Alexander M. Khenkin, Ph.D., Academy of Science, Russian Federation Moshe Peretz, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Assistant Staff Scientist

Edward E. Korshin, Ph.D., Kazan State University, Russian Federation

Consultants

Vigalok Arkadi, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv Herzel Ben-Hur, Kaplan Hospital, Rehovot, Israel Virginia Buchner Shlomo Dukler Amihai Eisenstadt Ayelet Gonen, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Alfred Hessner, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel Amiram Hirshfeld, Nat. Police Headquarters, Israel Edna Schechtman, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel

Visiting Scientists

Irving Listowsky, A. Einstein College of Medicine, NY, U.S.A. Harold Wittcoff, IBM Chem. Sys., U.S.A.

Postdoctoral Fellows

Daniel Boese, Ph.D., University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Sara Cohen-Krausz, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Sylvain Gatard, Ph.D., University Bordeaux I, France Andre Lucassen, Ph.D., University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands Sarbani Mukhopadhyay, Ph.D., Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India U. Kyaw Myo Naing, Ph.D., University of Yangon, Myanmar Dan Piestun, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Shai Rahimipour, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Jayaraman Shobini, Ph.D., Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India Atindra Shukla, Ph.D., Bhavngar University, India Veerappan Vijayabaskar, Ph.D., Madurai Kamaraj University, India Jing Zhang, Nanjing University, China 140 Organic Chemistry

Research Students

Izik Bar-Nahum Eyal Ben-Ari Irit Ben-Avraham Revital Ben-Daniel Olena Branytska Revital Cohen Tali Dadosh David Dangoor Reto Dorta Tamar Eliash Joseph Englander Guibao Fan Daphna Frenkiel-Krispin Mark Gandelman Edi Goichberg Roman Goikhman Rivka Goobes (Konforty) Adina Haimov Mark Iron Berith Isaac Hagit Kornreich-Leshem Vered Lev-Goldman Galia Maayan David Margulies Michael M. Meijler Gal Meiri Keren Mevorat Kaplan Emanuel Perugia Kikkeri Raghavendra Maria Shoshan Dorit Sloboda Rozner Alex Martin Szpilman Maxym Vasylyev Haim Weissmann Galit Yahalom Eylon Yavin Uri Zadok Hailin Zheng

Administrator

Tiki Rosen Structural Biology

Amnon Horovitz, Head The Carl and Dorothy Bennett Professor of Biochemistry

The Department is committed to research in the major areas of structural biology and is investigating biological systems from the atomic to the cellular level of organization. The ultimate goal is to obtain a complete picture of biological structures in their complexity, with a continuity at all length scales, from Ångstroms to millimeters. The structures of biological macromolecules and their complexes are studied at the length scale of Ångstroms by X-ray diffraction from crystals, and in solution by advanced spectroscopic techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance and EXAFS. In addition, imaging techniques that span the range between nanometers and microns, such as electron microscopy, electron tomography and atomic force microscopy, are being used to study single molecules, macromolecular assemblies and whole tissue organization.

The elucidation of structure-function relationships of key components in main biological pathways is one of the general goals of the research conducted in the Department. One such pathway is the translation of the genetic code from DNA to proteins. A highlight of recent years has been the continued progress in determination of different ribosome structures also in complex with antibiotics. These significant achievements crown the titanic efforts of tens of years of research aimed at determining the structure and mechanism of action of ribosomes. Ribosomes are large particles composed of RNA and more than 50 proteins that are the principal protein synthesis machinery of the cell. The mechanism of translation of the code into proteins is also investigated by X-ray crystallography of tRNA synthetases and their complexes. Additional research in this area includes work on helicases that unwind RNA and elucidation of the 3-D structures of DNA molecules and DNA-protein complexes. Research is also being carried out on molecular chaperones and catalysts of disulphide bridge formation that assist protein folding which is the one of the last stations in the pathway from genes to functional proteins.

Structural and dynamical aspects of enzyme and protein function and recognition constitute another focal point of activity. Examples are studies on the mechanism of acetylcholinesterase, a key enzyme in the transmission of nerve impulses, and on proteins regulating membrane- fusion and virus entry into the cell. Antibody-antigen recognition is being studied using NMR and molecular biology tools in order to unravel the structural basis and energetics of these interactions. Antibody-antigen recognition is also being studied using antibodies that interact with monolayer and crystal surfaces.

141 142 Structural Biology

Studies on the relationships between organic and mineral components and between structure, function and mechanical properties of mineralized tissues including bone, teeth, shells and many others, are performed over the whole range of hierarchical organizations. The development of new techniques in Archeological Chemistry provides information about human life conditions and technologies in prehistoric times.

The X-ray and NMR facilities are state-of-the-art. A major upgrade was recently made in the electron microscopy facility with the addition of two high resolution transmission electron microscopes and an environmental field emission scanning electron microscope.

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Lia Addadi, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Dorothy and Patrick Gorman Professor Jacob Anglister, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Joseph and Ruth Owades Professor of Chemistry Zippora Shakked, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Helena Rubinstein Professor of Structural Biology Joel L Sussman, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States The Morton and Gladys Pickman Professor in Structural Biology Stephen Weiner, Ph.D., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States The Walter and Dr. Trude Brochardt Professor of Structural Biology Ada E. Yonath, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Martin S. and Helen Kimmel Professor

Professors Emeriti

Henryk Eisenberg, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Wolfie Traub, Ph.D., University of London, London, United Kingdom Edward Trifonov, Ph.D., Moscow Physico-Technical Institute, Russian Federation

Associate Professors

Amnon Horovitz, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Carl and Dorothy Bennett Professor of Biochemistry Karol A. Muszkat, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (retired December 2003) The Henry and Bertha Benson Professor Mark Safro, Ph.D., Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, Russian Federation The Lee and William Abramowitz Professor of Macromolecular Biophysics Structural Biology 143

Irit Sagi, Ph.D., Georgetown University, Washington, United States Incumbent of the Robert Edward and Roselyn Rich Manson Career Development Chair (until November 2003)

Senior Scientists

Deborah Fass, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States Incumbent of the Lilian and George Lyttle Career Development Chair Itay Rousso, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Associate Staff Scientists

Ilana Agmon, Ph.D., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (left March 2003) Shira Albeck, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Yoav Peleg, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Tamar Unger, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Assistant Staff Scientists

Harry-Mark Greenblatt, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Naama Kessler, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Brenda Mester, Ph.D., University de la Republica, Uruguay Anat Zaytzev-Bashan, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Junior Staff Scientists

Orly Dym, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Maggie Kessler, Ph.D., University of North London, United Kingdom Dawn Mae Wong, Ph.D., University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom (left December 2003)

Special Contract

Dmitry Tworowski, Ph.D., Pyatigorsk State Pharmaceutical Academy, Pyatigorsk, Russian Federation

Consultants

Anat Argaman, Ran-Ramot Biotech Incubator, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (left April 2003) Adam Ben-Shem, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Simone Botti, Biostrx Ltd., Ramat-Gan, Israel Felix Frolow, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (left Augudt 2003) Yehuda Goldgur, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel 144 Structural Biology

Ron Shahar, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Sariel Shalev, Haifa University, Haifa, Israel Ron Unger, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel

Visiting Scientists

Tamar Auerbach, DESY, Hamburg, Germany Debbie Bartfeld, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Francesco Berna, University of Rome, Italy John Currey, University of York, UK Giuseppe Falini, University of Bologna, Italy Dorothy Godfrey-Smith, University of Melbourne, Australia Miriam Hasson, Purdue University , W. Lafayette, IN, U.S.A. Nina Moor, Russian Acad. of Sci., Novosibirsk, Russia Fred Naider, CUNY, Staten Island, Island Giovanni Verri, University of Ferrara, Italy

Postdoctoral Fellows

Igor Berezovsky, Ph.D., Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Emanuel Blumenzweig, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Yael Diskin Posner, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Silvina Federman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Merav Geva-Melamud, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Derk Joester, Ph.D., Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland Ilan Levy, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Dalia Rivenzon-Segal, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Remo Rohs , Ph.D., Freie University, Germany Edwin Harold Rydberg , Ph.D., The University of British Columbia, Canada Ruth Shahack-Gross, Ph.D., Washington Art & Sciences, USA Ohad Shifman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Dawn Mae Wong , Ph.D., University of Salford, United Kingdom Ofer Yifrach, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel

Research Students

Barak Akabayov Adi Bahar-Eliyahu David Baram Deborah Bartfeld Zohar Biron Boris Brumshtein Jordan Chill Ilit Cohen-Opri Oded Danziger Hay Dvir Rivka Elbaum Eran Finkel Gabriel Frank Yael Fridmann-Sirkis Ziv Gefen Merav Geva-Melamud Structural Biology 145

Bat Ami Gotliv Galit Greber-Kafri Einav Gross Arnon Henn Diana Huttner Yakov Kipnis Oded Kleifeld Olga Kogan Cameel Makhoul Orna Man Roni Mashiach Fabio Nudelman Erez Pyetan Sabine Quadt Sefi Raz Osnat Rosen Gabriel Rosenblum Avraham Olivier Samson Luana Scheffer Netta Sela Michal Sharon Liat Shimon-Ragoler Roy Sirkis Ariel Solomon Oded Suad Raz Zarivach Paul Zaslansky Tzviya Zeev Ben-Mordehai

Administrator

Tiki Rosen

Solar Research Facilities Unit

Jacob Karni, Scientist-in-Charge

Michael Epstein, Head

A main project of the Unit is the 73-m2 hyperboloidal reflector, which was completed and annexed to the Solar Tower at around 40 m above the ground in 1999, and is now being utilized for beam-down optics. The heliostats on the field concentrate the solar energy on the tower reflector, which directs this energy down to the ground through a funnel-like concentrating device (compound parabolic concentrator - CPC). This is the world largest nonimaging secondary concentrator. It is aimed at providing approximately 600 kW of solar energy concentrated to a level of 4500 kW/m2. The bench-scale thermochemical reactor tests, aimed at the development of a high-temperature solar system for the production of hydrogen and zinc via solar carbothermal reduction of zinc oxide, were accomplished after four consecutive years of arduous efforts. The results laid the basis to the SOLZINC project supported by the European Commission to upscale the system. The project is aimed at production of about 50 kg/hr zinc dust to be used for electrode material for zinc/air batteries. The project is a collaboration with Swiss, French research teams and Swedish and German industries.

An extensive experimental study was undertaken in order to determine the capabilities and limitations of the Tornado flow configuration as a gasdynamic method for protection of a solar reactor quartz window against destruction caused by deposition of incandescent solid particles on its surface. The dependence of the Tornado flow characteristics on Ekman number has been demonstrated and the value of the transition Ekman number was established, beyond which the regular Tornado configuration degenerates into a diffuse flow pattern.

In the framework of the project of production of hydrogen and carbon black by solar thermal splitting of methane, the study of enhanced absorption of radiation in the gas in the reaction zone by seeding of fine solid particles has been intensified. A simulation test program is presently being conducted in the laboratory. Gas flowing in a Tornado configuration in the solar reactor model is seeded with carbon black powder, which is entrained in a secondary gas stream. The objective of these tests is the establish an envelope of parameters, such as main and carrier gas flowrates, carbon black injection speed, appropriate location of carbon black injection port and angular coordinates of the injected carbon black carrier stream, for which successful seeding of gas inside the reactor cavity can be accomplished without any powder deposition on the reactor window.

147 148 Solar Research Facilities Unit

The solar reforming of low hydrocarbons with steam to produce synthesis gas was successfully completed. The results were used to submit a new proposal to the EU/FP6 to modify and upgrade the system. The proposal was accepted and the new project will start in 2004 in collaboration with other research institutions and industries in Europe.

Two other projects supported by MONI were successfully completed. One was aimed at the o development of high temperature ( >1000 C) reforming catalyst based on Ru/Al2O3 and the second is gasification of biomass (cellulose was used as a simulant) dispersed in a continuous phase of molten salt (a mixture of sodium and potassium carbonates).

Staff

Professor

Jacob Karni 1, Ph.D., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States

Senior Staff Scientist

Akiba Segal, Ph.D., Jassy University, Romania

Associate Staff Scientists

Roman Adinberg, Ph.D., Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation Alexander Berman, Ph.D., Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation

Engineers

Rami Ben-Zvi, M.Sc., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Michael Epstein, B.A., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Itzhak Levy, B.A., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (retired November 2003) Doron Lieberman, M.Sc., Ben-Gurion Univesity of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel

Visiting Scientists

Abraham Kogan, Technion, Haifa, Israel Yeshayahu Levy, Technion, Haifa, Israel

Postdoctoral Fellow

Rakesh Kumar Karn, Ph.D., Banaras Hindu University, India

1Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research Chemical Research Support

Mordechai Sheves, Head The Ephraim Katzir-Rao Makineni Professor of Chemistry

Chemical Services, comprising seven major units, offers advanced and routine facilities for analytical and preparative chemical techniques to Institute scientists. Each unit is headed by a Research Fellow or a Staff Scientist and is operated by qualified technical staff. The development program for Chemical Services and its mode of operation is supervised by Users Committees and by scientific advisers.

The NMR Unit (People in Charge: Raphael Poupko and Peter Bendel)

The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Unit comprises four laboratories equipped with high resolution Fourier transform NMR spectrometers ranging from 250-500 MHz. The low-field NMR instrument (Bruker WH-250) is used primarily for routine identification and standard work with small organic molecules. The Bruker AMX-400 system was upgraded during 1998 to the "Advance DMX" version. It includes three probes: A selective 5 mm proton probe with highest sensitivity for biological systems and 2D measurements; a 5 mm automatic QNP probe, switchable by computer for 1H, 19F, 31P and 13C nuclei, and a 10 mm multinuclear probe covering the range Ag to P. It mainly serves scientists in the Department of Organic Chemistry and provides a modern facility for their analyses. The high-field NMR instrument, Bruker AM-500, was used mainly for specialized research, including 2D NMR and biologically oriented work. The instrument is equipped with dedicated NMR probes for 1H, 2H, 13C, 15N, and 31P measurements, as well as for "inverse" experiments, and a 13C CP- MASS probe.

In addition, a Bruker 400-DMX widebore spectrometer is used for NMR microscopic imaging. Spectroscopic capabilities include 1H and broad band multi nuclei probes and an automatic QNP probe, switchable by computer. Imaging is provided by two systems: a microscopy probe includes actively shielded gradients (up to 200 G/cm) with 5 mm rf coils for 1H, 1H/13C and 1H/31P. A microimaging probe with actively shielded gradients (up to 20 G/cm) includes a 5 cm birdcage 1H coil and is used for imaging samples of 5 mm-3 cm (including small mice). NMR measurements can be performed with cardiac or respiratory gating. The spectrometer is used mainly for research in biology for non-invasive physiological and metabolic measurements of small samples.

149 150 Chemical Research Support

The Biospec laboratory contains an NMR spectrometer (Bruker) based on a 4.7 Tesla magnet with a 30 cm horizontal bore. The system was upgraded during 1996 to the "Advance DBX" version with fully broadband dual-channel operation, self-shielded gradients and an assortment of resonators and surface coils with active coil detuning for crossed-coil operation. The system performs NMR spectroscopy and imaging experiments on animals, plant systems and other large and heterogeneous samples and specimens. It is being used by researchers from the Chemistry and Biology faculties for investigating tumors implanted in mice, models for angiogenesis of tumor blood vessels, spinal cord vessels, spinal cord damage and its treatment in rats, and characterizing flow and transport in porous media in three-dimensional rock fracture models.

The 800 MHz high-resolution spectrometer (Bruker, DRX Avance-800) provides access to the highest magnetic field currently available of commercial spectrometers, enabling state-of-the- art high-resolution experiments for macromolecular structure determination. The accessories include a multi-nuclear TXI probe with z gradient (15N, 13C, 1H, 5mm), a multi-nuclear QXI probe with x, y and z gradients (15N, 13C, 31P, 1H, 5mm), and two solid-statte MASS probes covering both low and high multi-nuclear frequency ranges.

The ESR Unit (Person in Charge: Lev Weiner)

The Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Unit is equipped with a Bruker ER 200 D-SRC spectrometer (9.5 GHz, X band). The various measurement techniques of radicals and paramagnetic ion in a solid state and in solutions is available at a wide range of temperatures.

The ESR Unit provides consultation and training for scientists interested in techniques for the detection and quantitation of oxidative stress in chemical and biological systems.

A novel spin-tapping technique has been developed for quantitating and monitoring the kinetics of appearance of short lived reactive oxygen species and carbon-centered radicals in chemical, photochemical and biological systems. The technique can also be used to distinguish between the various reactive oxygen species, which include superoxide and hydroxyl (OH) 1 radicals, as well as singlet oxygen ( O2). The ESR technique is applicable to strongly scattering and stained systems, such as organ homogenates and cell cultures.

A novel ESR approach has been developed for the quantitative determination of sulfhydryl groups (down to 10-12 moles) in chemical and biological systems.

The Mass-Spectrometry and Chemical Analysis Unit (Person in Charge: Arye Tishbee)

The Chemical Analysis Laboratory, provides training, consultation and method development for separation, purification, and isolation of a wide range of organic compounds by Gas Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Amino Acids, Atomic Absorption spectrophotometry, and Micro RAMAN analysis, units. Chemical Research Support 151

The Micro RAMAN unit provides micro Raman measurements, using 780 nm and or 633nm laser excitation, magnification range from x5 to x100, for a verity of samples, including temperature controlled stage with operating range of - 200 to + 500 Celsius.

Available equipment: Renishaw Micro Raman Imaging Microscope Controlled via a PC base software, with temperature control, moving xyz stage, dual lasers 633 and 780nm, and Grams 2c spectral manipulation software.

The Mass Spectrometry Unit provides mass spectra for the determination of molecular weights and structure elucidation of organic compounds up to 4000AMU including labile metal complexes, and for Peptides and proteins up approx. 40,000AMU Detection limit approx. 50 pg.

Analyses of complex mixtures of volatile organic compounds up to 1000 AM with, system peak matching and library search and MS/MS capability. Detection Limit approx. 10pg.

Available equipment: HPLC - MS Micromass ZMD 4000 Mass Spectrometer equipped with ESI and APCI probes for Electrospray and APCI analysis. Connected to a MassLynx data station. High Sensitivity GCQ Polaris Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer with MS/MS capabilities for volatile compound, connected to Xcalibur data station equipped with NIST Library search capabilities.

The Amino Acid Analyzer Unit provides qualitative and quantitative Analysis of protein and peptide hydrolyzates. Detection Rage of 100-3000 pmoles, using OPA and FMOC pre column derivatization, monitoring at UV, using reverse phase separation. Detection range of 5 - 3000 pmole using AccQ.Tag pre column derivatization and monitoring Fluorescent emission.

Available equipment: Waters PicoTag Work Station for gas phase Hydrolysis Hewlet Packard 1090 HPLC equipped with Diode array Detector and autoinjector with a PC based Chemstation database, utilizing Amino Quant chemistry for the analysis. Waters 2690 Alliance HPLC equipped with fluorescence and Diode Array detectors and autoinjector , utilizing AccQ.Tag and or Pico Tag chemistries for the analysis of Hydrolizates and some physiological Amino acids.

The Atomic Absorption unit provides Analysis for a verity of elements in sensitivity of few mg/L depending on the analyte, a wide range of lamps is available for different elements. Both Flame and Graphite Oven atomizers are available.

Available equipment: Perkin Elmer 5100 atomic absorption unit equipped with HGA Graphite furnace, and PC based gem software to control the instrument.

The X-Ray Crystallography Unit (People in Charge: Linda Shimon and Ellen J. Wachtel)

The Unit for X-ray Crystallography offers facilities for advanced chemical, biochemical, physical, and geophysical research. The service provides crystal structure solution and 152 Chemical Research Support refinement of atomic parameters, training for users interested in crystallographic computing and consultation for growing crystals suitable for X-ray analysis. The measurements of organic and organometallic materials are performed either at LN or ambient temperatures using a Nonius KappaCCD diffractometer mounted on a FR590 generator Mo radiation. Measurements may also be performed on a Nonius Mach3 Kappa diffractometer mounted on a FR590 generator with Cu radiation. Inorganic materials are measured on a Rigaku AFC5R 4 circle diffractometer mounted on a Rigaku RU300 rotating anode with Ag radiation.

Macromolecular crystallographic measurements are made on two systems. One, a state-of-the- art R-Axis4++ image plate detector mounted on a Rigaku rotating anode generator equipped with Osmic confocal focusing mirrors. This system is also outfitted with a 2-theta stage allowing high resolution data collection. The second system is an R-AxisIIc image plate detector mounted on a Rigaku rotating anode generator with Osmic confocal mirrors. Both systems are equipped with Oxford cryostream cooling systems for low temperature measurements.

The Low Angle X-Ray Scattering Laboratory is intended for use by scientists studying the solution structure of macromolecules or partially organized systems, such as microemulsions, liquid crystals, and natural and synthetic polymeric fibers. A modified Rigaku low-angle camera used in conjunction with a one-dimensional linear position sensitive detector is provided for isotropic materials; a Searle camera with Franks optics and an Imaging Plate detector is used for samples displaying anisotropic patterns. Software is provided for calculating Guinier fits and Patterson-like functions and for the Hayter-Penfold method for determining structure factors for macroion solutions. Simple modeling programs are also available.

The X-Ray Powder Diffractometry Laboratory makes available for general use the Rigaku D/ Max-B automated powder diffractometer interfaced to a DECpc 433dxlp computer. Attachments are provided for high temperature measurements and automated handling of large numbers of samples. A variable temperature cell for capillary specimens is also available. The IBM software package includes peak finding, unit cell constant determination and SEARCH/ MATCH with the on-line Powder Diffraction File database.

Spectroscopy Unit

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy consists of a Nicolet 460 single beam infrared Fourier transform spectrophotometer (FTIR) fully operated by a Nicolet computer (512K RAM, 13" high- resolution color monitor) equipped with two internal 3.5 inch disk drives for programming and data storage. The optical bench provides a maximal resolution of 2 cm-1 over the complete spectral range from 4000 to 400 cm-1 and contains a sample compartment built especially for introducing various IR accessories, such as gas cell, ATR, and so forth. This equipment is suitable for a large variety of analytical IR applications, offering high sensitivity and photometric accuracy and computerized data manipulation capabilities. Chemical Research Support 153

In addition, the Spectrometry Unit provides facilities for measuring optical absorption, optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) and circular dichroism (CD) at a wavelength range of 180-1000 nm and at a temperature range of -190_C to 70_C.

Available equipment: Aviv Model 202 spectropolarimeter, UV-visible diode array spectrophotometer, Beckman DU-7500.

The Unit for Radioactive Counting provides facilities for scintillation counting of β - radioactive sources. The unit is equipped with a Beckman Model LS7500 β -scintillation counter.

The Surface Analysis Unit (Person in Charge: Sidney Cohen)

The surface analysis group provides the means for a variety of surface-sensitive measurements. These include chemical composition of the exposed atomic layers, atomic scale surface topography, electronic and mechanical surface properties, and detection of adsorbed molecules.The various units of this group are housed in two laboratories and include facilities for rudimentary sample preparation and cleaning, such as ozone cleaner, clean hood, and so forth.

The Ultrahigh Vacuum Unit is a multifaceted system for surface analyses at pressures below 10-9 torr. The main analysis chamber includes a Kratos Axis HS photoelectron spectrometer, which detects elements and determines their chemical state on the surface at depths up to 3 nm with sensitivity of 0.1%. The system includes an ultraviolet lamp for valence band measurements, monochromator for high resolution work, ion gun for sputtering the surface, and flood gun for insulating samples. In addition, an electron gun for performing electron energy loss spectroscopy has been installed. A second vacuum chamber attached to the analysis chamber contains a VG Low Energy Electron Diffractometer to determine the surface crystalline state, and scanning tunneling microscope (Omicron) for atomic-scale structure.

The Scanned Probe Microscopy Unit contains three separate scanning tunneling/scanning force microscopes (Digital Instruments Nanoscope, NT-MOT P47/LS and Topometrix TMX2010) that enable determination of surface topography and mechanical and electrical properties at resolutions ranging from tens of microns down to atomic scale. Liquid cells and a gas inlet allow working in different media and under controlled humidity.

The Surface-Sensitive Infrared Unit consists of a Bruker IS66 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer fitted with both DTGS and MCT detectors for a range of system throughputs. The stardard KBr beamsplitter can be switched with a Mylar beamsplitter, allowing access to the far IR spectral region (down to 150 wavenumbers). Surface studies are enhanced by the use of a grazing angle external reflection attachment and attenuated total reflection attachment, both of which enable obtaining clean spectra of a single monolayer in minutes. 154 Chemical Research Support

Electron Microscopy Unit (Person in Charge: Konstantin Gartzman)

The staff of the Electron Microscopy Unit provides analytical services to all of the departments of the Weizmann Institute and other institutes, and helps scientists to carry out their own research using the units equipment. The unit provides on-the-spot practical training in electron microscopy and sample preparation.

For general applications, there are two scanning (SEM) microscopes, one of them with a new micromanipulator and Electron Beam Induced Current (EBIC) imaging system, and dedicated for materials science and another Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) with Field Emission Gun (FEG) that provides high resolution imaging for both biology and material science in high and low vacuum environment, one transmission (TEM) instrument, equipped with a cryo-holder for low-temperature work. There are also three general elemental analysis facilities (EDS - energy-dispersive analysis of electron-induced X ray fluorescence) attached to these three microscopes. One more high resolution TEM dedicated to material science is able to obtain images with atomic resolution and is equipped with Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy tool for analytical purposes. For samples of biological interest there are three more TEMs, two of which are equipped for low-temperature applications as well as having digital slow-scan cameras (CCDs) for low-dose work. The newest cryo-capable TEM also includes a completely computer-controlled sample stage and high-resolution CCD, for automated tomographic applications. In addition, various pieces of auxiliary equipment for sample preparation are available in the unit. These include polishing apparatus, dimpling and ion milling machines, sputter, and physical evaporation apparatus, a critical point dryer, and several ultramicrotomes. The EM unit is also equipped for conventional as well as low- temperature preparation of biological samples and immuno-labeling. There is equipment for cryo-applications such as high-pressure freezing, cryo-plunging, freeze substitution and cryo- sectioning. Image processing facilities include Unix workstations, and several Macintosh and PC computers, with advanced software for image analysis, 3-D reconstruction and visualization. A laser optical bench allows for quantitative analysis of negatives, and there is one high-resolution scanner for digitization of images.

The Molecular Modeling Unit (Person in Charge: Miriam Eisenstein)

This unit offers diverse modeling services to many groups in the Chemistry and Biology faculties. These include homology modeling and fold recognition for proteins, protein-protein docking and ligand-protein docking, conformational analysis of organic molecules, DNA/ RNA-ligand interactions and analysis of macromolecular assemblies. The available equipment is a Silicon Graphics Indigo-II-Extreme work station. Several different computer programs and packages are in constant use: The MSI Biosym package for display, homology modeling and energy minimization, Encad for energy minimization and molecular dynamics, Chem-3D+ and Model for conformational analysis of organic molecules, Emol for accurate interaction energy calculations for organic molecules, Molfit for docking large biological molecules, Dock for ligand-protein docking and Profit for fold recognition. Chemical Research Support 155

Staff

Professor

Mordechai Sheves1, Ph.D., The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Ephraim Katzir-Rao Makineni Professor of Chemistry

Senior Research Fellow

Arye Tishbee, Ph.D., University of Houston, Houston, United States

Senior Staff Scientists

Peter Bendel, Ph.D., State University of New York, Stony Brook, United States Hagai Cohen, Ph.D., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Sidney Cohen, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Miriam Eisenstein, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Konstantin Gartsman, Ph.D., Physical Technical Institute, Russian Federation Eugenia Klein, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Linda J.W. Shimon, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Vera Shinder, Ph.D., Moscow University, Biochemical Institute, Academy of Science Ellen J. Wachtel, Ph.D., Yale University, New Haven, United States Lev Weiner, Ph.D., Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Sharon G. Wolf, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Associate Staff Scientists

Leonid Konstantinovskii, Ph.D., Rostov University, Rostov on Don, Russian Federation Tali Scherf, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Assistant Staff Scientists

Shirley Daube, Ph.D., University of Oregon, Eugene, United States Yishay Feldman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Veronica Frydman, Ph.D., University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Grigorii Leitus, Ph.D., Metallurgy Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation

Junior Staff Scientists

Haim Rozenberg, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Eyal Shimoni, Ph.D., ETH, Zurich, Switzerland

1Department of Organic Chemistry 156 Chemical Research Support

Special Contract

Tatiana Rubinova, Ph.D., Domsk Technical University, Domsk, Russian Federation (left April 2003)

Engineer

Alexander Yoffe, M.Sc., University of Tashkent, Russian Federation

Visiting Scientist

A.I. Shushin, Russian Acad. of Sci., Moscow, Russia

Postdoctoral Fellow

Claude Nogues, Ph.D., CNRS, France

The Center for Energy Research

Jacob Karni, Director

The Energy Research Center was established in 1980 to promote and encourage research in all aspects of energy-related research. Energy research covers a broad range of disciplines, and all the Faculties in the Institute are involved. The basic philosophy of the Center is to keep the various energy projects within the framework of the departments in which they originated as long as possible and to promote close contact between scientists working in the various fields, thereby encouraging innovation.

The Center provides facilities shared by all the research groups, holds seminars and disseminates information.

Most of the energy research work done in the Institute is related to the exploitation of solar radiation. There are research projects in the direct conversion area, in thermal electricity generation, in thermally driven chemical processes, and in photochemistry.

Within the commissioning of the Canadian Institute for the Energies and its Solar Research Facilities Unit, and the operation of the Schaeffer Solar Furnace, it became possible to carry out many new projects.

Solar fuels

Research on the gasification of carbonaceous materials was continued. In this program, concentrated solar light is used for gasification of low value materials like heavy oil, coal and urban waste. At high temperature of the solar receiver, the carbonaceous materials are reacted with Zn oxide to produce CO and Zn vapor. The reaction products are then reacted with water to produce hydrogen and recover the Zn oxide.

High temperature receivers

A new generation of receivers that can reach higher temperatures by direct heating of compressed gas is being developed. The goal of the research is to achieve temperatures above 2000°C. These receivers will be used in the future to operate a new generation of thermal machines or chemical systems that are now under development.

157 158 The Center for Energy Research

Novel solar optical systems

The goal of this project is to achieve peak solar concentrations above 20,000 in solar central receiver systems. This goal will be achieved by closed loop continuous tracking of the sun by heliostats, improved imaging optics and new concepts of nonimaging optics. High peak solar concentration will improve the performance of existing solar thermal systems, and will allow in the future achieving higher temperatures with the newly developed solar receivers.

Solar-pumped lasers

Work on solar-pumped lasers continued. The focus of the present research is to develop phase conjugate mirrors for high power solar lasers to improve beam quality that will support in the future transmission of high power lasers, and communication in space systems. In another research, gas phase solar molecular dimer lasers are being developed. These lasers will be the first generation of tunable directly pumped solar lasers.

Technology transfer to industry

The following major activities took place during last year:

An industrial consortium, with four Israeli industries and two universities, which was established in 1995 as part of the MAGNET Program of the Israeli Ministry of Industry for the industrialization of the solar technologies that were developed under the framework of the Energy Research Center, completed its successful second year of operation. The goal of these projects is to develop the technologies of small- and large-scale solar thermal and solar photovoltaic electric systems, and solar lasers.

An industrial consortium based on the cooperation between American and Israeli industries was formed under the framework of the Joint Israeli-American Commission for Advanced Technologies. The goal of this project is to develop solar thermal plants based on the concept of the solar reflective tower.

An industrial consortium based on cooperation between Israeli and European organizations was established under the Fourth Framework Program of the European Union. The goal of this organization is to develop advanced solar-assisted systems that will use synthesis gas obtained by solar reforming to operate gas turbines and fuel cells. The Fritz Haber Center for Physical Chemistry

Daniella Goldfarb, Director

The Fritz Haber Center supports various activities in Physical/Chemical Physics. The support of the Center is given directly to research groups to help initiate new endeavors and for ongoing activities. The support is usually dedicated to the purchase of new scientific equipment, upgrade of operating laboratories and extension of existing experimental systems.

In 2002/2003 the Center supported the following activities:

1. Magnetic resonance activities were supported through (i) partial support for the purchase of a new high resolution NMR consol for the development of rapid scan, one shot, multidimensional NMR spectroscopy, (ii) a modification of a MAS NMR probe for high resolution proton NMR in solids, and (iii) partial support for the purchase of a new RF amplifier for pulsed electron-nuclear double resonance experiments.

2. The purchase of a laser for a new single molecule imaging microscope, based on total internal reflection and is used to study protein folding and dynamics of single molecules on surfaces.

3. Purchase of equipment needed for preparation of thin polymer coatings. This is used for sample preparation for transmission surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy.

4. In the project of phase and frequency scanning for coherent control of photodissociation was supported by the purchase of a dye laser scanning and fast acquisition systems.

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The Ilse Katz Institute for Material Sciences and Magnetic Resonance Research

Lia Addadi, Director The Dorothy and Patrick Gorman Professsor

The Institute was established in November 2000 with a generous founding endowment made by the Ilse Katz Foundation. The Dean of the Faculty of Chemistry is the Director.

The Institute is dedicated to the promotion of excellent research in the fields of materials and magnetic resonance at the Weizmann Institute. Both fields represent to date spear points of technologically advanced interdisciplinary research, encompassing topics ranging from medicine to physics, through chemistry and biology. Large investments are required in infrastructure and instrumentation, including support for the personnel responsible for the laboratories. This is the main focus of the Ilse Katz Institute. In addition, the Ilse Katz Institute encourages and supports young investigators committed to advanced research in any field of materials and magnetic resonance.

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The Helen and Martin Kimmel Center for Archaeological Science

Stephen Weiner, Director Dr. Walter and Dr. Trude Borchardt Professor of Structural Biology

Archaeology is the study of ancient cultures based on the material remains that have survived the ravages of time. This represents a most challenging objective that requires on the one hand, some of the most sophisticated analytical tools available, and on the other hand a keen understanding of human culture and history. This blend of science and humanities is unique. Israel's geographic location at the cross-roads between Africa, Europe and Asia, and its relatively mild climate, are two of the main reasons why this small country is so well endowed with a wonderfully rich archaeological record.

The achievements of the archaeological community of this country over the last 80 years have contributed enormously to the overall knowledge of past human culture. The last 40 years have, however, witnessed a shift in the way archaeological research is practised. There is an increasing use of the scientific method, along with a dependence on more and more sophisticated analytical capabilities. This trend in turn has exasperated a situation that exists in Israel, and almost all western countries, namely that archaeologists are educated in the faculties of humanities, yet the practice of archaeology in many respects is most suited to the natural sciences.

This situation prompted the Weizmann Institute to establish the Kimmel Center for Archaeological Science, with its primary aim for the forseeable future being the training of students at the PhD level in both the natural sciences and archaeology. In November 1997, the Center was formally established in a newly renovated building on the campus designed by the famous architect, Mendelsohn. At present 5 PhD students are enrolled in the program.

The Center's resources are used primarily for fellowships and modest research funds for PhD students participating in the program. Some of the research topics currently being investigated are domestication of wheat using both modern and ancient DNA, ethno-archaeological study of the Maasai in Kenya to develop better means of identifying archaeological sites occupied by pastoralists, the structure and preservation of charcoal from archaeological sites, the study of authigenic minerals that form in the sediments of prehistoric caves as a means of reconstructing the paleochemical environment within ancient sediments, and the development of chert mining in prehistory using cosmogenic isotopes. The Center also supports the maintenance and upgrading of the technological infrastructure required for archaeological

163 164 The Helen and Martin Kimmel Center for Archaeological Science research at the Institute. The main campus facilities currently used for archaeological research, include the Radiocarbon Laboratory, an ancient DNA laboratory, a laboratory for archaeometallurgical research, electron microscope facilities for imaging and elemental analyses, Raman and infrared vibrational spectrometers, and the Accelerator Mass Spectrometry beam line in the Pelletron accelerator. The Center also supports scientific exchanges with foreign scientists, and holds weekly meetings and seminars for scientific communication. The Helen and Martin Kimmel Center for Molecular Design

David Milstein, Director The Israel Matz Professor of Organic Chemistry

The Helen and Martin Kimmel Center for Molecular Design was established in November 2000. It is aimed at the design and synthesis of organic and organometallic molecules of novel properties and at the development of new synthetic methodology. Cooperation between scientists working on various aspects of these areas is strongly encouraged.

The Center deals with the following topics:

1. The design and synthesis of novel metal-binding coordination compounds with special chemical properties.

2. Development of methodology for the synthesis and structural modification of organic compounds of importance for the pharmaceutical- and fine chemical industries.

3. Development of novel molecular catalysts for efficient, selective and environmentally friendly processes of high industrial and academic interest.

4. Development and application of theoretical calculations of molecular properties and computational studies of the reactivity of organic and organometallic molecules.

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The Helen and Martin Kimmel Center for Nanoscale Science

Reshef Tenne, Director

Objectives: The objectives of the Helen and Martin Kimmel center for Nanoscale Science is to encourage research in this burgeoning scientific discipline in general, and to help establish the links between molecular biology and nanoscale science, in particular; Another objective of the center is to promote education of young researchers who will be the future generation scientists in this field.

Means: To achieve these goals, the center supports the Helen and Martin Kimmel Nanoscale Laboratories (NL) in the basement of the Perlman building, which include clean rooms; molecular biology laboratories, and auxiliary laboratories for the characterization and manipulation of nanomaterials. It further supports laboratories engaged in nanomaterials synthesis and their characterization, and the activity in computations of nanomaterials. During this first year of operation, the NL have been completed and its scientific and technical staff has been recruited. The JEOL 6400 scanning electron microscope (SEM) was moved to the NL and an electron beam lithography system was installed on it.

Highlights of the scientific activities during this year: Research into the growth and properties of carbon nanotubes was undertaken. The Frontier Orbital Theory and the Woodward Hoffman rules were used to explain the difference in the chemical reactivity of metallic and semiconducting carbon nanotubes (E. Joselevich, Angew. Chem. Intl. Ed. in press). The force required to separate a carbon nanotube from a solid polymer matrix has been measured by performing reproducible nanopullout experiments using atomic force microscopy. The separation stress is found to be remarkably high, indicating that carbon nanotubes are effective at reinforcing a polymer (A.H. Barber et al. Appl. Phys. Lett., 82, 4140 (2003)). Nanotubes made of gold nanoparticles were synthesized by using porous alumina membrane as a template (M. Lahav et al., Angew. Chem. Intl. Ed. 42, 5575 (2003)). Nanotubes of the misfit compound SnS2 and SnS were obtained by laser ablation of a SnS2 target (S.Y. Hong et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 10470 (2003)). The impact resistance of WS2 nanotubes was established in a collaboration with the laboratory of Sir Prof. H. Kroto (Y.Q. Zhu et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 1329 (2003)). This work suggests numerous applications for such nanotubes, especially in high strength nanocomposites. Cell-free genetic circuit elements were constructed in a transcription-translation extract. For this purpose transcriptional activation and repression cascades were engineered, in which the protein product of each stage is the input required to drive or block the following stage ( V. Noireaux, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100, 12672 (2003)).

167

The Helen and Milton A. Kimmelman Center for Biomolecular Structure and Assembly

Ada E. Yonath, Director The Martin S. and Helen Kimmel Professor

The Helen and Milton A. Kimmelman Center for Biomolecular Structure and Assembly, established in 1988, aims at encouraging research at the molecular level on frontier scientific problems concerning the assembly of biological macromolecules into functionally active intracellular units and organelles. The center is fully responsible for the following aspects of bio-macromolecular structural research: nucleic-acids and protein expression purification, crystallization, crystallographic data collection and data evaluation facilities, computing stations and visualization units. It also shares responsibility for the molecular-NMR laboratory as well as other functions of the chemical and biological services. In addition, it provides the means for the upgrading and the maintenance of key inter-departmental common facilities.

Funds are being divided into the following categories: a. Purchasing, installation and development of state-of-the-art sophisticated equipment to be used for the investigation of structural aspects of life sciences. The methods supported are cryo and ambient-temperature X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, EM imaging and time-resolved experiments at the micro-second limits. b. Supporting the biocrystallographic laboratory. This is a common facility for large scale preparations of sensitive biological materials in purity allowing high performance of crystallographic analysis and/or NMR studies. c. Sponsoring structural aspects of the Human Genome Project. d. Funding selected programs of an outstanding quality, albeit premature and/or risky to be funded by the common agencies. e. Assisting in activities of young scientists as well as of more experienced new comers. f. Providing means for the organization of conferences, seminars courses and symposia dealing with aspects of structural biology; facilitating short and long term visits of leading scientific figures as well as post doctoral fellows. Facilitating the attendance of

169 170 The Helen and Milton A. Kimmelman Center for Biomolecular Structure and Assembly

graduate students in workshops and advanced courses, carried out in Israel and/or abroad. The center also stimulates interactions with experts with specific skills in the area of structural biology. g. The upgrading, maintenance, development and repair of the existing instrumentation on a regular basis and by emergency calls. The Joseph and Ceil Mazer Center for Structural Biology

Ada E. Yonath, Director The Martin S. and Helen Kimmel Professor

The Joseph and Ceil Mazer Center for Structural Biology, established in 1980, encourages research and cooperation among scientists working in this area. The Center operates by (a) direct grants to selected research projects, especially those that attempt to solve significant albeit risky problems; (b) participation in providing biological, chemical, and crystallographic services, in purchasing equipment and in improving experimental facilities; and (c) sponsoring seminars, symposia, short-term visits and the participation of young scientists in schools, workshops and meetings.

A significant part of the funds are allocated for the maintenance of the laboratory for biological structure determination. Support was also given to Chemical and Biological Services.

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The Gerhard M.J. Schmidt Minerva Center for Supramolecular Architecture

Reshef Tenne, Director

The Gerhard M.J. Schmidt Center for Supramolecular Architectures was founded in 1995 to promote interdisciplinary research in the field of condensed matter chemistry and physics.

The activity comprises experimental and theoretical studies in the field of structure and function of thin organic films, and other soft architectures (such as micelles, vesicles and membranes) related to the material sciences, as well as inorganic-organic nanocomposites and mesoporous materials.

The Center supports collaborative studies among German and Israeli scientists, in general, and of young scholars, in particular. This is done by holding joint seminars, winter schools, and short exchange visits of graduate and post-doctoral students.

A 3rd joint workshop between young Israeli and German scientists on "Functional Molecular Architectures", supported by the Center was held on October 4-7, 1999, in Kaput, Germany

The 4th student workshop of the Center on "Molecular, Interfacial and Biological Aspects of Mesostructure" was held in Kibbutz Mashabei Sade, Israel 1-4 April 2001.

A 5th student workshop on the theme “Advances in Materials and Interfaces”, will take place in Naurod, Germany in 9-11 April 2003.

173

The Sussman Family Center for the Study of Environmental Sciences

Aldo Shemesh, Director

The Center began operating in 1993. Its main goals are to promote, coordinate, and support research on the environment in the Institute in general, and in the Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research in particular.

Last year the Center supported the purchase of a state of the art, multiple computing processor/ server (four processor ES40 666Mhz alpha machine, from Compaq/Digital). This computer is used to investigate Ocean-atmosphere dynamics. It is used to study climate phenomena both from El Nino, which is on a scale of a few years, and from glacial-interglacial cycles that occur every 100,000 years. Our group is also involved in an attempt to insert observations from the Pacific Ocean into an El Nino model, in order to improve prediction skills, and to predict global warming.

Another large scientific project that was supported by the Sussman Family Center is the Yatir Forest Project. We exploit Israel's geographic location in a climate transition zone, between arid and semi-arid, and use a forest ecosystem at the edge of the Negev desert as a model for monitoring and investigating the effects of climate on forest activity. This study is part of a large scale, global effort to better understand the influence of plants and the land biosphere on the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide and, consequently, global warming.

A new unit, Gas Bench II, was purchased with the aid of Center funding, and was connected to our continuous flow mass spectrometer. This new equipment enables us to delve into really exciting research on coral reefs. Recently, a phenomenon called coral bleaching has raised concerns about the deteriorating conditions in the world's oceans and the implications for life on our planet. The process of coral bleaching exposes the white calcium carbonate skeletons of the coral colony, due to the loss of their symbiotic algae from the tissues of polyps. Using our new GasBench, we are engaged in the study of reconstructing stress conditions in corals. We conduct this research on corals that were retrieved from Japan and the Seychelles Islands, and hope to get a better understanding of the isotopic manifestation of environmental parameters on coral response.

The Center also supported the absorption of a new senior scientist in the field of Geophysics. It provided a partial support to establish a state of the art computing capacity for geophysical problems in the field of Earthquake and Rock Mechanics.

175 176 The Sussman Family Center for the Study of Environmental Sciences

Other activities supported by the center are:

1. Scientific conference organized by the department students that brought together students of all fields of Environmental Sciences in Israel from all Institutions. 2. Negev Planning: Environmental Reserves, Urban Complexes, Production areas and Interconnected Scenery Roads. In this project environmental planning emphasizing natural heritage assets of the Central Negev were planned and presented to the Government for implementation during the Negev planning for year 2020. 3. Two post-doctoral fellows that are operating the tower site at Yatir, collecting the data necessary for both field and laboratory experiments.

The Center will continue to allocate funds both for the acquisition of new equipment, and for individual research projects. Applications for individual research projects and/or small equipment can be made at any time. Faculty of Physics

Dean: Yaron Silberberg The Harry Weinrebe Professor of Laser Physics

Haim Harari, Ph.D. (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem) Institute Professor The Annenberg Professor of High Energy Physics

Faculty of Physics

Dean: Yaron Silberberg The Harry Weinrebe Chair of Laser Physics

The Faculty of Physics consists of three departments: Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Department of Particle Physics. The research in the faculty is conducted by 45 faculty members, about 80 graduate students and about 40 post doctoral fellows and visitors.

The research in the faculty covers a wide range of experimental and theoretical areas. The experimental effort combines studies of solid state and semiconductor physics, superconductors, plasma, radiation detection physics, nuclear and molecular physics, hydrodynamics and optics. In addition, the faculty is involved in large scale high energy experiments done at accelerators in Brookhaven, Geneva and in Hamburg. This activity is carried out by some 20 experimental groups operating within the faculty, most of which established and developed during the last decade. The faculty is now engaged in plans to extend its activity in optics and laser physics, and to enter into new areas such as experimental astrophysics.

Theoretical studies at the faculty cover areas like high energy physics, string theory, mesoscopic systems, interacting electron systems, equilibrium and non-equilibrium statistical physics and astrophysics.

In addition, a new interdisciplinary direction of research, biologically oriented physics, has been developed within the faculty. Several research groups are engaged in theoretical and experimental studies in this exciting direction in cooperation with groups from other faculties.

The faculty hosts The Albert Einstein Minerva Center for Theoretical Physics, The Joseph H. and Belle R. Braun Center for Submicron Research, The Minerva Center for Nonlinear Physics of Complex Systems, The Nella and Leon Benoziyo Center for High Energy Physics. A new Center for Experimental Physics has been established last year.

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Condensed Matter Physics

Israel Bar-Joseph, Head The Jane and Otto Morningstar Professor of Physics

Research in our department covers a broad range of subjects in condensed matter physics and in astrophysics. It can be broadly divided into three main groups: Experimental Condensed Matter Physics, Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics and Theoretical Astrophysics.

Experimental Condensed Matter Physics:

The group consists of five faculty members whose research interests include transport in low- dimensional systems, interacting electrons in high magnetic fields, scanning probe measurements, optical spectroscopy and superconductivity. An important part of this activity is conducted within the Braun center for sub-micron research, which provides state of the art fabrication and measurements facility. The experimental activities in more details are:

Israel Bar-Joseph: - Optical spectroscopy of interacting electrons in high magnetic field (with V. Umansky and Hadas Shtrikman). - Near field spectroscopy of neutral and charged excitons (with M. Rappaport, V. Umansky and Hadas Shtrikman). - Transport through nano-particles and molecules (with A. Yacoby and J. Sperling).

Moty Heiblum: - Controlled dephasing of electrons –‘Which Path’ type Experiments (with D. Mahalu, V. Umansky and H. Shtrikman). - Statistics of fractional charges in the fractional quantum Hall effect regime (with V. Umansky and D. Mahalu). - Phase measurements of Electrons (with D. Mahalu and H. Shtrikman). - Growth of High Purity Semiconductors by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (with V. Umansky).

Dan Shahar: - The fractional and integer quantum Hall effects and related phenomena. - Electronic transport of inorganic nanotubes (with R. Tenne). - The superconductor-insulator transition in two-dimensional films and one-dimensional wires.

181 182 Condensed Matter Physics

Amir Yacoby: - Electrostatic imaging of the local electronic properties of a two-dimensional electron gas (with D. Mahalu and H. Shtrikman). - Transport in quantum wires.(with V. Umansky).

Eli Zeldov: - High-temperature superconductivity. - Vortex dynamics. - Vortex matter phase transitions. - Magneto-optical imaging.

Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics:

This research direction in the department includes six theorists and focuses on theory of low- dimensional systems, covering a broad range of research areas such as correlated electrons, dephasing phenomena, quantum noise, field theory in condensed matter, the fractional quantum Hall effect and large N interacting matrix model. The theoretical activities in more details are:

Alexander Finkelstein: - Metal-insulator transition in two dimensional electron systems; large N approach - Highly correlated electrons; superconductivity near the quantum critical points. - Spintronics devices for spin manipulations.

Yuval Gefen: - Non-equilibrium and quantum noise. - Electron-electron interactions in finite quantum systems. - Tunneling of fractionally charged quasi-particles - Spin effects in quantum dots and mesoscopic conductors - this is related to the emerging field of Spintronics. - Berry phase and geometric effects in mesoscopic systems, including dissipative and "environmental" effects. This has important implications in the fast developiong field of quantum computing.

Joe Imry: - Electronic dephasing in mesoscopic systems (with Y. Levinson). - Low-temperature dephasing, the special effects of low energy (e.g. two-level) modes (with Z. Ovadyahu and A. Schiller, HU). - Effects of interaction on localization, on single-electron resonances and A-B interferometers (ABI) . Theory of the effect of external radiation and interactions on the ABI (with A. Aharony and O. Entin-Wohlman, TAU and BGU). - Mesoscopic superconductivity, including very small grains (with Y. Levinson and Y. Oreg). - Quantum noise and shot noise (with Y. Levinson). Condensed Matter Physics 183

Shimon Levit: - Large N interacting matrix models. - Statistics of quasiparticle and quasihole levels in small interacting disordered systems - quantum dots. - Controlled decoherence in mesoscopic systems. - Coupled dephasor-dephasee pairs. - Non classical light - squeezed photons, nano-optics, microcavities. - Semiconductor optics with non classical light.

Yuval Oreg: - Disordered superconductors in low dimension. - Field-theory in condensed matter. - Luttinger liquids and multi-channel Kondo effect. - Many body effects in nano-scale systems (e.g small quantum dots).

Ady Stern: - The fractional quantum hall effect. - Coulomb drag in low dimensional systems. - Transport in novel materials (e.g., p-wave superconductors).

Theoretical Astrophysics:

This research direction in the department consists of four members who study a range of problems in astrophysics such as black holes, modified Newtonian dynamics, Gamma ray burst and high energy astrophysics. The activities in astrophysics in more details are:

Tal Alexander: - Super-massive black holes in galactic centers. - Gravitational lensing effects in the Galactic Center. - Stellar dynamics and tidal effects near a black hole.

Moti Milgrom: - Underlying theories for the modified dynamics. - Black holes at the center of galaxies. - High energy astrophysics. - Phenomenology of galaxy dynamics. - Quark Stars (with V. Usov).

Vladimir Usov: - Explosion Induced by Gamma-Ray Bursters (with M. Milgrom). - Quark Stars (with M. Milgrom). - Physical processes in relativistic electron-positron plasma. - Physical processes in very strong magnetic fields. 184 Condensed Matter Physics

- The theory of nonthermal radiation from compact astronomical objects (pulsars, white dwarfs, gamma-ray bursters, etc.). - Hydrodynamics and high-energy physics of colliding stellar winds in binary systems.

Eli Waxman: - High energy astrophysics. - Gamma-ray bursts: origin and underlying physics. - Ultra-high energy cosmic-rays. - High energy neutrinos from astrophysical sources. - Non-thermal processes in the inter-galactic medium. http://www.weizmann.ac.il/condmat/

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Israel Bar-Joseph, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Jane and Otto Morningstar Professor of Physics Alexander Finkelstein, Ph.D., Landau Institue, Moscow, Russian Federation The Charles and David Wolfson Professor of Theoretical Physics Yuval Gefen, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Mordehai Heiblum, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, United States Alex and Ida Sussman Professor of Submicron Electronics Yoseph Imry, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Max Planck Professor of Quantum Physics Shimon Levit, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Harry Kweller and Kathleen Kweller Professor of Condensed Matter Physics Mordehai Milgrom, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Isidor I. Rabi Professor of Physics Vladimir Usov, Ph.D., Space Research Institute, Moscoe, Russian Federation Eli Zeldov, Ph.D., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel The David and Inez Myers Professor

Associate Professors

Ady Stern, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Eli Waxman, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Amir Yacoby, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Gertrude and Philip Nollman Career Development Chair

Senior Scientists

Tal Alexander, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Condensed Matter Physics 185

Yuval Oreg, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Louis and Ida Rich Career Development Chair Dan Shahar, Ph.D., Princeton University, Princeton, United States Incumbent of the Corinne S. Koshland Career Development Chair

Senior Staff Scientists

Hadas Shtrikman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Vladimir Y. Umansky, Ph.D., Academy of Science of the USSR, Leningrad, Russian Federation

Assistant Staff Scientists

Fausi Abed El Al, Ph.D., Technical University of Clausthal, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany Yuri Myasoedov, Ph.D., Franko Lvov State University, Ukraine Daniel Rohrlich, Ph.D., Institute for Theoretical Physics, SUNY, Stony Brook, United States

Special Contracts

Denis Golosov, Ph.D., Rutgers University, New Jersey, United States Vadim Shofman, Ph.D., Academy of Science of the USSR, Leningrad, Russian (left June 2003)

Engineers

Igor Bolbatov, M.Sc., University of Tashkent, Russian Federation (left June 2003) Diana Mahalu, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Olga Raslin, M.Sc., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Michael Shneiderman, M.Sc., University of Tashkent, Russian Federation Nahum Stern, M.Sc., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Consultants

Amnon Aharony, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Orah Entin, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Gregor Jung, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel Evgene Kanzieper, Holon Academic Institute of Technology, Holon, Israel Konstantin Kikoin, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel Yehoshua Levinson Yigal Meir, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel Efrat Shimshon, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel

Visiting Scientists

Yunchul Chung, University of Oxford, UK Sergey Dickmann, Russian Acad. of Sci., Moscow, Russia 186 Condensed Matter Physics

V.F. Gantmakher, Russian Acad. of Sci., Moscow, Russia Dafna Guetta, Observatorio Astrofisico Arcetri, Firenze, Italy Laurent Ibgui, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Mikhail Kiselev, University of Wurzburg, Germany Kathryn Moler, Stanford University, U.S.A. Peter Silvestrov, University of Leiden, Nederland Uri Sivan, Technion, Haifa, Israel Algirdas Suziedelis, Semiconductor Physics Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania Felix Von Oppen, Free Univ., Berlin, Germany Xavier Waintal, CEA Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France Francis Williams, SPEC Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

Postdoctoral Fellows

Satyajit Banerjee S., Ph.D., University of Mumbai, India Sambandamurthy Ganapathy, Ph.D., Indian Institute of Science, India Shahar Hod, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Eugene Kanzieper, Ph.D., Bar-Ilan University, Israel Alon Marcus, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Eros Mariani, Ph.D., University of Hamburg, Germany Jens Martin, Ph.D., University of Tuebingen, Germany Fabien Portier, Ph.D., Universite Paris VI, France Sujit Sarkar, Ph.D., Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, India

Research Students

Ophir Auslaender Michal Avinun Nurit Avraham Rafi Bistrizer Vitaly Braude Uri Gavish Eran Ginossar Sarah Goldberg Yoav Gordin Eytan Grosfeld Javier Groshaus Dmitry Gutman Tal Hazak-Verdene Clovis Hopman Shahal Ilani Andreas Johansson Uri Keshet Maxim Khodas Eedo Mizrahi Izhar Neder Assaf Pe'Er Einat Peled Amir Sagiv Eran Sela Arkady Shechter Alessandro Silva David Sprinzak Hadar Steinberg Michael Stern Basile Verdene Yosef Yayon Oren Zarchin

Administrator

Tomer Hansen Particle Physics

Itzhak Tserruya, Head The Samuel Sebba Professorial Professor of Pure and Applied Physics

The Department of Particle Physics is composed of several groups which have inter-related research directions.

In Experimental Physics, we have groups in High Energy Physics, Heavy Ions, Molecular Physics, Nuclear Physics, Plasma Physics and Radiation Detection. In Theoretical Physics, we have activities in Particle Physics and Field Theory, as well as Many Body Theory and Quantum Mechanics.

The Department has a total of 16 tenured faculty members, 8 experimentalists and 8 theorists. We also have 2 professors on extension of service and 9 professors emiriti.

Experimental High Energy Physics: OPAL, ATLAS, and ZEUS

The group which includes Giora Mikenberg, Ehud Duchovni, Eilam Gross and Daniel Lellouch, participates in the OPAL experiment run at the LEP collider at CERN, Geneva. The group is mainly involved in the search for the Higgs boson and for supersymmetric particles. The group also participates in the ATLAS experiment which is being constructed by 1900 collaborators in 144 institutes around the world. ATLAS will study proton-proton interactions at the Large Hadron Collider LHC at CERN.

The group led by Uri Karshon and including also Yehuda Eisenberg, participates in the ZEUS experiment run at the HERA accelerator which provides e-p collisions at the DESY laboratory in Hamburg. The group is specifically involved in the analysis of the production of heavy quarks (charm and beauty), the measurement of the gluon density in the proton and the study of the photon structure, in particular its charm content.

Heavy Ions: the CERES and PHENIX Experiments

Led by Itzhak Tserruya, the group includes also Zeev Fraenkel and Ilia Ravinovich. The main activity of the group is focused on the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. RHIC is a collider dedicated to the study of QCD and in particular high density QCD via heavy ion collisions. PHENIX is designed to measure all potential signatures of the phase transition leading to deconfinement and chiral symmetry restoration expected to take place in these collisions. As part of its contribution to

187 188 Particle Physics the PHENIX detector, the group is responsible for the innermost set of pad chambers, called PC1, that are essential elements of the charged particle tracking system. The group is involved in several analyses with emphasis on the measurement of low-mass electron-positron pairs and is carrying out a comprehensive R&D effort to upgrade the PHENIX detector with the addition of an HBD (Hadron Blind Detector) to allow such a measurement.

The CERES/NA45 (Cherenkov Ring Electron Spectrometer) experiment is devoted to studying the production of low-mass electron-positron pairs in heavy-ion collisions at the CERN SPS. The analysis of data taken with an upgraded spectrometer in order to elucidate the intriguing excess of low-mass pairs previously observed by CERES in central Pb-Au collisions, is near completion.

Molecular Physics

Led by Daniel Zajfman, the group works in the field of molecular astrophysics, ion trapping, cluster physics and laser and electron induced processes. Experiments are being carried out both at the ion trap laboratory at the Weizmann Institute, and at the Test Storage Ring, located at the Max-Planck Institut, Heidelberg, Germany. The experiments study the internal dynamics of few body molecular systems, in connection with the characterization of interstellar clouds. State to state reactions are studied using three dimensional imaging techniques. Also, nonlinear dynamics of ions in trap is studied using the linear ion beam trap.

Experimental Nuclear Physics

Led by Michael Hass, the group also includes Gvirol Goldring. Measurements are carried out in two major areas: a) Nuclear Structure and electromagnetic moments in nuclei with extreme values of isospin as exist far from the valley of stability. Among them are tilted-foil measurements of electromagnetic moment of ground states and isomeric states at the REX- ISOLDE (CERN) post-accelerator facility, studies of isomeric levels at GANIL and MSU using fragmentation reactions and the investigation of nuclear parity-violation at GSI. b) Nuclear-astrophysics experiments such as measurement at the 3 MV VDG accelerator of the 7Be(p,)8B and 3He(4He,) 7Be cross sections that are essential for understanding the issue of solar-neutrino oscillations and mass. Nuclear astrophysics experiments at REX-ISOLDE are planned for the near future. Such nuclear astrophysics measurements may become feasible in Israel in the near future with the commencement of construction of the high-current, 40 MeV deuteron accelerator, SARAF, at Soreq. (In collaboration with Dr. Dan Berkovits).

At the Koffler Accelerator, in collaboration with Prof. Michael Paul of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, experiments are carried out on the production and identification of radioactive nuclide that are of interest in Nuclear Astrophysics, such as 44Ti and 7Be, using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS).

Plasma Physics

Led by Yitzhak Maron, the subjects of research include nonequilibrium plasmas under high energy density and in the presence of strong electric and magnetic fields. Investigations of the Particle Physics 189 particle flow, non-thermal particle-energy distributions, temporal and spatial evolutions of magnetic and electric fields, and radiation transport. Investigations are based on high- resolution spectroscopic diagnostics in the visible, UV, VUV, and X-ray regions. Theoretical aspects include effects of dense plasmas on atomic levels, radiation-plasma interaction, spectra under oscillating electric and magnetic fields, spectral-line shapes in plasmas, atomic-physics modellings, and magnetohydrodynamics. Applications are related to inertial confinement fusion, Z-pinch physics, laser-produced plasmas, high-current switching, X-ray lasers, X-ray sources, X-ray lithography, and space physics. The plasma laboratory collaborates with major institutions and universities in Europe and in the U.S., and hosts worldwide young researchers and scientists.

Radiation Detection Physics

The work led by Amos Breskin and including Rachel Chechik, Sergei Shchemelinin and Sana Shilstein, involves study of radiation interactions with gas and solid matter and the development of novel methods to exploit the secondary charges created in these interactions for radiation detection. This permits conceiving fast and accurate advanced radiation imaging detectors equipped with novel electron multipliers and efficient radiation converters, such as photocathodes for ultraviolet and visible light, and X-ray and neutron converters. The research program includes both experimental investigations and theoretical modeling. An important activity is the development of modern detection concepts for nuclear and particle physics, synchrotron radiation, material science, medicine and radio-biology. New methods are investigated in improving the detectability of small cancer tumors, early detection of prostate cancer and in quantifying and understanding the causes of radiation damage to DNA.

Theoretical Particle Physics

Led by Yossi Nir, subjects include phenomenology of supersymmetric theories; grand unification; CP violation, especially in B decays; neutrino masses and oscillations; baryogenesis and leptogenesis.

Field Theory

The work of Doron Gepner is centered around two subjects: 1) Solving the quantum field theory associated with manifolds of exceptional holonomy: minimal models associated with the so called ShatashviliVafa algebra are investigated and smooth nonorbifold constructions are realized in analogy with the Gepner construction. 2) Realizing pseudo conformal field theories: these have the same fusion rules as known affine or bosonic theories, but different modular matrix. All pseudo bosonic theories and also some of the pseudo affine theories can be realized. The plan is to realize all affine theories by using multi-para fermions.

The work of Yitzhak Frishman includes various subjects in non-Abelian gauge theories, perturbative and non-perturbative. Extending previous works on the spectrum of QCD2, the 2D analogue of meson-baryon scattering has been investigated. Semi-classical methods have been used, perturbing around classical soliton solutions, within the strong coupling limit. In the case of several flavors, a potential which depends on the momentum of the incoming 190 Particle Physics particle was derived. It turns out that only elastic scattering occurs, with no resonances. The transmission and reflection amplitudes were computed. The case of one flavor yields a reflectionless potential. The treatment has been extended to include the case of any coupling, not just the strong coupling limit. A set of coupled equations was obtained, with appropriate relativistic potentials, ready to be solved numerically.

The work of Ofer Aharony involves field theories, string theories, and the recently discovered relations between them along the lines of the AdS/CFT correspondence. Particular interest is in the study of string theory duals for non-conformal field theories like QCD, in understanding non-gravitational non-local field theories (such as "little string theories") and in finding a general non-perturbative definition for string theory / M theory.

The work of Micha Berkooz includes String Theories, Gravity, Field Theories, and their interplay. It currently focuses on non-perturbative aspects of these theories such as basic non- perturbative definitions of String Theory/Gravity, UV/IR relations, strong coupling phase transitions, strongly coupled string theories, string theories without gravity, black holes, the quantum behavior at singularities of spacetime, and the cosmological constant. Another interest is in phenomenological aspects of String theory in particular in the astro-particle context.

Many Body Theory

Michael Kirson works on nuclear models, within the general framework of interacting many- body systems, and on applications of algebraic methods to the study of simplified models of strongly-interacting many-body systems. Recent work has concentrated on issues of nucleon pairing in nuclei, especially near the N = Z line and in connection with even-even ground state systematics.

Quantum Mechanics

The work of Shmuel Gurvitz includes Multi-dimensional tunneling; quantum measurement and decoherence; Zeno effect; deep inelastic scattering. http://www.weizmann.ac.il/particle/

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Amos Breskin, Ph.D., University of Grenoble, France The Walter P. Reuther Professor of Research in the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy Yitzhak Frishman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (on extension of service) The Amos de Shalit Professor of Theoretical Physics Particle Physics 191

Haim Harari, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Institute Professor The Annenberg Professor of High Energy Physics Uri Karshon, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (on extension of service) The Max and Anne Tanenbaum Professor of Nuclear Physics Michael W. Kirson, Ph.D., Cornell University, Ithaca, United States The Joseph and Bessie Feinberg Professor Moshe Kugler, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Isabelle and Samuel Friedman Professor of Theoretical Physics Yitzhak Maron, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Stephen and Mary Meadow Professor of Laser Photochemistry Giora Mikenberg, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Lady Davis Professor of Experimental Physics Yosef Nir, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Itzhak Tserruya, Ph.D., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel The Samuel Sebba Professor of Pure and Applied Physics Daniel Zajfman, Ph.D., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Simon Weinstock Professor of Astrophysics Professors Emeriti Abraham E. Blaugrund, Ph.D., State University of Utrecht Yehuda Eisenberg, Ph.D., Cornell University, Ithaca, United States Zeev Fraenkel, Ph.D., Columbia University, New York, United States Gvirol Goldring, Ph.D., University of London, London, United Kingdom Harry J. Lipkin, Ph.D., Princeton University, Princeton, United States Avraham S. Rinat, Ph.D., University of Amsterdam Igal Talmi, Ph.D., E.T.H., Zurich, Switzerland Zeev Vager, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Zeev Zinamon, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Associate Professors Ofer Aharony, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Yigal Allon Fellow Incumbent of the Joseph and Celia Reskin Career Development Chair Micha Berkooz, Ph.D., Rutgers University, Piscataway, United States Incumbent of the Recanati Career Development Chair of Energy Research Ehud Duchovni, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Doron Gepner, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Eilam Gross, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Shmuel Gurvitz, Ph.D., Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russian Federation Michael Hass, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Murray B. Koffler Professor 192 Particle Physics

Senior Staff Scientists Rachel Chechik, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Vladimir Fisher, Ph.D., Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Moscow, Russian Federation Daniel Lellouch, Ph.D., University of Paris VI, Paris, France Associate Staff Scientists Vladimir A. Bernshtam, Ph.D., Donetsk State University, Donetsk, Ukraine Ilia Ravinovich, Ph.D., Yerevan Physics Institute, Armenia Sergei Shchemelinin, Ph.D., Leningrad University Alexander Starobinets, Ph.D., The Institute of High Current Electronics, Russian Federation Special Contracts Boris Khachaturov, Ph.D., Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russian Federation (left February 2003) Sana Shilstein, Ph.D., Giredmet, Moscow, Russian Federation (left December 2003) Vladimir Smakhtin, Ph.D., Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Engineers Eliahu Elias, B.A., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Donald Hochman, Ph.D., SUNY, Stony Brook, United States Consultants Yosef Babichenco Itzhak Ben Akiva, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Eli Cheifetz, El-Mol Technologies Ltd., Rehovot, Israel Shmuel Elitzur, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Amnon Fisher, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Amnon Fruchtman, Center for Technology Education, Holon, Israel Amit Giveon, The Hebrew University of Jerusaelm, Jerusalem Yuval Grossman, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (left July 2003) Marek Karliner, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (left May 2003) Edmond Klodzh Barak Kol, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Eran Nardi, Nachal Soreq, Yavne, Israel Yaron Oz, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Yael Shadmi, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Amit Weingarten, Nova, Rehovot, Israel Paul Michael, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (left June 2003) Nelly Segal, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Natan Weiss, ELRA, Ashdod, Israel Gustavo Wolf, CERN, Switzerland Particle Physics 193

Refael Yaari Jacob Zonnenschein, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel

Visiting Scientists

Itzhak Ben-Itzhak, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS, U.S.A. Daniella Bigatti, Cath. University of Louvain, Belgium Richard Chasman, Argonne Nat. Lab., IL, U.S.A. Volker Dangendorf, Physics Research Lab., Braunschweig, Germany Victor Granatstein, University of Maryland, College Park, U.S.A. Shaul Hanany, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, U.S.A. Dipali Pal, Cyclotron Ctr., Calcutta, India Murray Peshkin, Argonne Nat. Lab., IL, U.S.A. Daniel Savin, Columbia University , NYC, U.S.A. Lev Shekhtman, Budker Inst. for Nuc. Phys., Novosibirsk, Russia Alexander Tanklevsky, CERN, Euro. Org. For Nuclear Rese., Geneva, Switzerland Leonid Vainshtein, Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, Russia

Postdoctoral Fellows

Ron Arad, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Lagy Baby Thundiyam K., Ph.D., Bangalore University, India S. Nara Singh Bondili, Ph.D., TIFR, Mumbai University, India Ramy Doron, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Nadav Drukker, Ph.D., Princeton University, USA Anand Kumar Dubey, Ph.D., Institute of Physics, India Bartomeu Fiol, Ph.D., Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA Ulrich Fricke, Ph.D., University of Hamburg, Germany Leonid Gladilin, Ph.D., Moscow State University, Russia Christiaan Michael Hofman, Ph.D., University of Utrecht, The Netherlands Corinne Leloup, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Ernesto Lozano-Tellechea, Ph.D., Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain Debsankar Mukhopadhyay, Ph.D., University of Calcutta, India Yukinori Nagatani, Ph.D., Nagoya University, Japan Shesansu Sekhar Pal, Ph.D., Utkal University, India Michael Riveline, Ph.D., McGill University, Canada Joan Simon Soler, Ph.D., Universitat De Barcelona, Spain Evgeny Stambulchik, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Palle von Huth, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Hengda Zhang, Ph.D., China Academy of Machinery Science & Technology, China Suijian Zhou, Ph.D., Institute of High Energy Physics, China 194 Particle Physics

Research Students

Yaron Emanuel Antebi Alexander Cherlin Adi Diner (Naaman) Guy Y. Garty Lev Gregorian Tamar Kashti Amit Klier Alexandre Kozlov Eyal Kroupp Michael Kupper Arie Melamed-Katz Alexander Milov Dirk Michael Moermann Dmitry Osin Assaf Patir Gilad Perez Guy Raz Peter Renkel Evgeny Stambulchik Daniel Strasser Konstantin Tsigutkin Tomer Volansky Lidija Zivkovic

Administrator

Kobi Ben-Shmuel Physics of Complex Systems

Adam Schwimmer, Head The Ruth Epstein Recu Professor of Theoretical Physics

Elisha Moses is an experimentalist studying :

Neuro-Physics:

1. Living linear neural networks.

2. Interaction of neurons with electromagnetism

3. Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Bio-Imaging:

1. Optical brain imaging

2. Wet scanning electron microscopy

Motor Assemblies and Cytokinesis:

1. Cooperative division ("midwives")

2. Bi-phasic cytokinesis

3. Modeling molecular motor assemblies

4. Crosslinkers and acting filament length distribution

Joel Stavans` group is currently engaged in studies of the interaction of proteins and DNA using single-molecule techniques, and the behavior of genetic networks in bacterial cells. Research on protein-DNA interactions has focused on (a) the physics of motor protein complexes inducing branch migration in cruciform DNA, an essential intermediate formed during recombination and DNA repair processes and (b), on the interaction of long DNA molecules and proteins associated with the bacterial chromosome or nucleoid. These studies are conducted using single-molecule elasticity techniques as well as fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) at the ensemble and single-pair level. The group is also characterizing

195 196 Physics of Complex Systems and modelling the properties of the dynamical response of small genetic networks in bacterial cells, in both large populations and single cells. Experiments are currently being carried out on (a) the SOS response, elicited as a result of genome damage and (b) the lambda phage genetic network, one of the paradigms of computation in molecular biology.

Victor Steinberg's group is studying nonlinear dynamics in various systems. This year they worked on several projects: (i) Elastic turbulence and Batchelor regime of mixing in dilute polymer solutions; (ii) Single polymer dynamics in a random flow; (iii) Pattern selection and dynamics in Rayleigh-Benard convection in SF6 near its critical point in very large aspect ratio cells; (iv) Convective turbulence in SF6 near its gas-liquid critical point; (v) Developing of new acoustic detection technique of vorticity distribution in turbulent flows; (vi) Microfluidics with polymer solutions. Significant progress has been made in the first subject: The new effective method of mixing of viscous fluids, based on the elastic turbulence, was suggested. It turns out that this regime of mixing maybe quantitatively described by the Batchelor model, one of two models of turbulent mixing which were solved analytically. It was the first experimental verification of numerous predictions based on this model. New project on a single polymer dynamics in a random flow was started. Using fluorescent microscopy for long lambda phage and T2 DNA molecules they were able to follow a single DNA molecule in laminar and turbulent flows. Together with the group of Prof. A. Warshawsky from Department of Organic Chemistry they developed, tested and used a new fluorescent probe for PAAM high molecular weight polymer molecules. It is the first time that the fluorescent visualization was conducted for artificial polymers. In Rayleigh-Benard convection they observed new pattern selection mechanism which shows up in reentrant hexagons due to non- Boussinesq effect at various Prandtl numbers in the range between 20 and 40. This system provides us an opportunity to reach also extremely large Rayleigh numbers and study developed turbulence as a function of Prandtl number that was impossible with other systems. This year we conducted measurements of thermal boundary layer in a wide range of Ra and Pr numbers. New project on acoustic detection of vorticity and particularly vorticity distribution in von-Karman swirling turbulent flow between two discs was started. First result on sound scattering from a single vortex and simultaneous measurements by a conventional particle image velocimetry technique was obtained.

Eytan Domany's research turned in the last few years towards problems that lie near the interface between physics and other disciplines; Clustering of Data and other topics in Bioinformatics. He also maintains a certain level of activity in Statistical Mechanics, where he tries to understand the structure of the low temperature phase of short-range spin glasses. In nearly all aspects of his work computers play a central role. Clustering techniques are used to study a variety of biological data. In particular, DNA expression profiles obtained from gene chips are analyzed. We collaborate with several Weizmann research groups from Life Sciences, with labs at other Israeli institutions and hospitals, and also with groups from the US and Europe, on analysis of their gene expression data. Our main interest is in analysis of data obtained from several kinds of cancer. Our activities range from rigorous mathematical work on on searching for binding sites of transcription factors through development of novel tools and their algorithmic implementation, to their application to analyze data obtained by our collaborating labs. We also use clustering for classification of protein structures. Physics of Complex Systems 197

Gregory Falkovich studied the entropy production in systems far from equilibrium.

Daniel Kandel's research focuses on the physics of thin films and membranes. In the thin film area, he has studied growth and decay processes of structures on crystalline films, using kinetic models of step flow as well as continuum descriptions of surface evolution. In addition, he has investigated elastic relaxation in epitaxially grown strained films. He has also theoretically studied shape instabilities induced by inclusions in membrane vesicles. This work is relevant to the experimental work of the group of Joel Stavans.

David Mukamel's group is active in the general area of statistical physics. In particular extensive studies of collective phenomena far from thermal equilibrium have been carried out. Models corresponding to phase separation, wetting and roughening transitions, and coarsening processes have been introduced and studied. Equilibrium collective phenomena are also investigated in various contexts. The denaturation and unzipping phase transitions of DNA molecules have been analyzed. Peculiar phenomena which are characteristic of systems with long range interactions (such as gravitational systems) have also been investigated.

In Uzy Smilansky's group, research on Quantum Chaos evolves around the following topics: Quantum graphs - spectral statistics, scattering and trace formulae. The morphology of nodal lines of billiards wave functions and the number of nodal domains are investigated, with two aims: To establish a criterion of quantum chaos, and to determine the extent by which knowledge of the nodal set determines the billiard shape. We have still some interest in the following subjects: Conditions for hyperbolicity for billiards on surfaces with constant curvatures. Quantization of billiards in homogeneous magnetic fields, and the density of exterior and interior edge states. The classical and quantum spectral duality.

Nir Davidson's group develops new techniques for laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms. They are studying new optical traps that are based on repulsive light forces, in which spontaneous emission of photons is suppressed. Such traps provide long atomic coherence times and hence enable extremely accurate spectroscopic and dynamical measurements, including observation of chaotic motion of ultra-cold atoms in optical "billiards". They are also conducting experiments in a Bose-Einstein condensate including measurements of its zero-temperature excitation spectra its ground state properties and its coherence.

Asher A. Friesem and his group are conducting basic investigations on non-conventional elements based on diffractive and planar optics, on the resonance behavior of grating- waveguide structures, on the performance of special phase elements inside laser cavities, and on new optical architectures for a variety of applications. These investigations are leading to new laser configurations, highly advanced optical arrangements for displays, high-speed electro-optic devices and special biological and chemical sensors.

Yaron Silberberg and his group are studying ultrafast and nonlinear optics. Using femtosecond optical pulses, they study how the shape of these pulses affects the interaction between the light and atoms or molecules. In particular, this year the group investigated how shaped pulses can be used in nonlinear laser spectroscopy. In another effort, the group investigates the nonlinear microscopy - using femtosecond pules in biological microscopy. The group has 198 Physics of Complex Systems developed a new type of microscope based on third-harmonic generation and it tests it on various types of biological specimens. Finally, the group also works on soliton physics, and continues its studies of discrete solitons in waveguide arrays.

Adam Schwimmer continued to study various aspects of Quantum Field Theory and String theory and their interrelation. In particular the group studied the relation between Conformal Field Theories appearing on the boundary of AdS type space-times and the String Theory description in the bulk. The role played by the stringy Solitons ("D-branes") in holographic theories was elucidated. http://www.weizmann.ac.il/physics/complex/complex.home.html

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Eytan Domany, Ph.D., Cornell University, Ithaca, United States The Henry J. Leir Professor Gregory Falkovich, Ph.D., Novosibirsk State University Asher A. Friesem, Ph.D., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States (on extension of service) The Peter and Carola Kleeman Professor of Optical Sciences Elisha Moses, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel David Mukamel, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Harold J. and Marion F. Green Professor Adam Schwimmer, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Ruth Epstein Recu Professor of Theoretical Physics Yaron Silberberg, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Harry Weinrebe Professor of Laser Physics Uzy Smilansky, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Wolfgang Gentner Professor of Nuclear Physics Victor Steinberg, Ph.D., Laboratory of Critical Phenomena, Moscow, Russian Federation The Harry de Jur Professor of Applied Physics

Professors Emeriti

Ephraim H Frei, Ph.D., University of Vienna, Austria Shmuel Shtrikman, Ph.D., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (deceased November 2003)

Associate Professors

Nir Davidson, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Rowland and Sylvia Schaefer Career Development Chair (until November 2003) Physics of Complex Systems 199

Daniel Kandel, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Joel Stavans, Ph.D., University of Chicago, United States

Special Contracts

Yuri Burnishev, Ph.D., Ural Branch of the USSR Academy of Science, Russian Federation (left April 2003) Michael Meyklyar, Ph.D., State Institute of Applied Optics, Kazan, Russian Federation

Engineer

Rostyslav Baron, Ph.D., Institute of Low Temperatures, Kharkov's, Russian Federation

Consultants

Ido Kanter, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel Erez Hasman, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (left September 2003) Yossi Kedmi Eliezer Rabinovici, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Shmuel Starobinets, Israel Aircraft Ind, Israel (left October 2003) Victor Weiss, El-Op, Rehovot, Israel (left July 2003)

Visiting Scientists

Thomas Dittrich, Nat. University of Colombia, Santa Fe de Bogota, Colombia Jean-Pierre Eckmann, CERN, Euro. Org. For Nuclear Rese., Geneva, Switzerland Martin Evans, University of Edinburgh, Scotland Georg Foltin, University of Dusseldorf, Germany Sven Gnutzmann, Free Univ., Berlin, Germany Michael Golub, Holo-Or Ltd, Nes-Ziona, Israel David Kutasov, University of Chicago, Il, U.S.A. Roberto Morandotti, University of Quebec, Varennes, Canada Vladimir Rittenberg, University of Bonn, Germany Michael Stepanov, Russian Acad. of Sci., Novosibirsk, Russia Norman Zabusky, Rutgers University , NJ, U.S.A.

Postdoctoral Fellows

Himanshu Agrawal, Ph.D., Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India Nandor Bokor, Ph.D., Technical University of Budapest, Hungary Liat Ein-Dor, Ph.D., Bar-Ilan University, Israel Alexander Fouxon, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Nir Friedman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Anna Gribun, Ph.D., Bar-Ilan University, Israel Navot Israeli, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel 200 Physics of Complex Systems

Sven Werner Helmut Lubeck, Ph.D., Gerhard Mercator Universitat, Germany Pradeep Kumar Mohanty , Ph.D., Allahabad University, India Alejandro Gabriel Monastra, Ph.D., Universite Paris - Sud, France Sankara Narayanan, Ph.D., Gujarat University Revital Pery Shechter, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Thomas Polack, Ph.D., Ecole Polytechnique, France Idit Saragusti, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Bernhard Schnurr, Ph.D., University of Michigan, USA Niels Sondergaard, Ph.D., Northwestern University, Danemark Stephan Yves Thiberge, Ph.D., Institut Non-Lineaire - Universite de Nice, France Ilan Tsafrir, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel

Research Students

Roee Amit Mikkel Andersen Dafna Ben-Eli Tsafrir David Biron Ilan Breskin Teodor Burghelea Yochay Danziger Barak Dayan Nirit Dudovich Leon Eisen Hagai Eisenberg Helen Rachel Eisenberg Golten Vardit Elkhouse Alexander Feigel Ofer Feinerman Alexander Fouxon Eugene Frumker Hilah Gal Sergiy Gerashchenko Gad Getz Tzahi Grunzweig Amiel Ishaaya Shimshon Jacobi Vasiliy Kantsler Ariel Kaplan Tsvi Katchalski Nadav Katz Erel Levine Nava Levit-Binnun Daniel Mandelik Dan Oron Roee Ozeri Avi Pe'Er Assaf Rotem Eitan Rowen Dror Sagi Shahar Seifer Liran Shimshi Eran Tal Ekaterina Teitelbaum Ilan Tsafrir Shuki Vardi Dvir Yelin Or Zuk

Administrator

Israel Gonen Physics Services

Daniel Zajfman, Head Simon Weinstock Professor of Astrophysics

The Physics Services, comprising of five different units, offers advanced services in particle accelerators, electronics, data acquisition, vacuum and cryogenics, thin films and mechanical workshop. These units provide services to the scientific groups throughout the institute as well as to various external users. The structure of the Physics Services is:

1. Accelerator Laboratory (Prof. M. Hass, in charge) Operation of the 14 MV Pelletron accelerator and the 2 MV VDG accelerator

2. Electronics and Data Acquisition (Dr. L. Levinson, in charge) DAQ solutions to research problems Electronics design and construction Repair of sophisticated electronic instruments Real-time DAQ software

3. UHV, cryogenics and thin films (Dr. M. Rappaport, in charge) Consultation and design for experimental systems Thin films deposition: evaporation, sputtering, electron-gun, rolling

4. Data acquisition (Dr. E. Segre, in charge) Consultation and design of on-line data acquisition, image processing, etc...

5. Mechanics workshop (Y. Asher, in charge) http://www.weizmann.ac.il/physics/services.html

Staff

Associate Professor

Daniel Zajfman1, Ph.D., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Simon Weinstock Professor of Astrophysics

1Department of Particle Physics

201 202 Physics Services

Senior Staff Scientists

Oded Heber, Ph.D., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Lorne Levinson, Ph.D., Brown University, Providence, United States Michael Rappaport, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, United States

Assistant Staff Scientist

Enrico Segre, Ph.D., University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Engineer

Alexander Roich, M.Sc., Technological Institute for Electricity and Communication, Tashkent

Consultant

Michael Paul, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (left June 2003)

Center for Experimental Physics

Yaron Silberberg, Director The Harry Weinrebe Chair of Laser Physics

The Center for Experimental Physics was established in 2002. The main emphasis of the Center is to foster high-level research in all areas of experimental physics. The Center supports experimental efforts through human-contact activities, such as experimental physicists visiting from abroad and post-doctoral trainees working with different experimental groups in the Institute. The Center also supports, partially or fully, small topical meetings and workshops. It also supplies, in special emergency cases, partial help for the purchase and maintenance of equipment.

The research in Experimental Physics at the Weizmann Institute ranges from the most basic aspects of particle physics, usually carried in major facilities abroad, through experimental studies, at the Faculty laboratories, of basic material properties such as semiconductors and superconductors; of atomic, molecular, plasma and optical physics, to interdisciplinary studies of the physics of biological systems.

203

The Nella and Leon Benoziyo Center for High Energy Physics

Giora Mikenberg, Director The Lady Davis Professor of Experimental Physics

Although the universe in which we live looks very complex, with a large variety of different molecules and forces that binds them together, it is commonly assumed that shortly after the moment of creation the universe was a much simpler place. In particular, it is believed that only a single (unified) force existed. During the expansion of the universe its temperature dropped and the unified force was split into the four forces we know today (gravitation, nuclear, electromagnetic and the weak force which drives the radioactive decay). First viable models of the unification concept were suggested about 25 years ago and were experimentally confirmed some 15 years ago. A major consolidation of this concept was later done at LEP, the Large Electron Positron accelerator situated at CERN. Virtually all of the present knowledge about the fundamental particles and their interaction is included in a model named 'Standard Model. In spite of its spectacular success and its incredible predictive power, the Standard Model cannot be the ultimate theory of particles and their interactions. Few fundamental measurements are still to be done and few crucial questions are still to be answered. The following projects that are supported by the Benoziyo center, address some of the more fundamental aspects of the Standard Model.

Physics at LEP

Major among the missing ingredients of the Standard Model is the existence of the predicted Higgs boson which give rise to mass, and the prediction of the existence of a whole family of new particles which are connected to regular particles by a new type of basic symmetry of nature (Supersymmetry). With the closure of the LEP accelerator, the largest accelerator in the world, a wealth of data has been accumulated at the highest energy of e+e- collisions. A group of Weizmann scientists has taken part in one of the four large LEP experiments - OPAL. Although no new particles, that are predicted by the Standard Model have been found, in particular the so called Higgs Boson, whose mass limit was set at 115GeV, the group is looking for hints of deviations of the data from the Standard Model, which could be used as a guidance to search in future accelerators, including possible unconventional signs of the existence of s-particles, which are predicted by Supersymmetry. Our team at OPAL also pursued searches for signs of these particles.

205 206 The Nella and Leon Benoziyo Center for High Energy Physics

Physics at HERA

The Weizmann Institute HERA group is an active member of the ZEUS experiment, which is run by a big international collaboration. The data is taken at the HERA accelerator at DESY, Hamburg, which is a unique high-energy electron-proton (e-p) collider. The group is specifically involved in analyzing production of the heavy quarks charm and beauty. By studying the production of pairs of charm or beauty quarks in high-energy e-p collisions one can infer the density of the gluons within the proton. The interaction between the electron and proton takes place by exchanging a particle that is responsible for the electric force - the photon. Heavy quarks can also be produced in e-p collisions when a parton in the proton collides with a parton in the exchanged photon. The study of these processes sheds light on the partonic structure of the photon, in particular its charm content. Accurate tests on the predictions of the theory of the strong force, QCD, are performed in a new regime, which was never explored before.

Physics with Heavy Ions: The CERES and PHENIX Experiments

An exciting prediction of QCD, the currently accepted theory of strong interactions, is the existence of a transition from normal matter into a new state called the Quark-Gluon-Plasma which is the strong force equivalent of the electromagnetic plasma. It is believed that the universe underwent such a transition some ten microseconds after the big bang when the temperature was roughly 10 000 higher than the temperature at the center of the sun. These temperatures can be reached today in the laboratory, in collisions of heavy nuclei, like lead or gold, accelerated to ultra-relativistic energies using modern accelerators. The Weizmann group is engaged in a highly original experiment called CERES running at CERN and specially designed to identify and study this primordial state of matter. The results of the CERES experiment seem to hint at modifications of particle properties (like mass and/or width) as a precursor of chiral symmetry restoration, a phenomenon predicted to occur together with the formation of a Quark-Gluon-Plasma. To further elucidate this exciting finding the grouphas extended its activities to the new and more powerful accelerator called RHIC (the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider) at Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA. Together with scientists from other countries, the Weizmann group has constructed a novel detector called PHENIX, one of the two major detectors operating at RHIC. RHIC has started regular operations in the summer of year 2000, opening a new era and new horizons in the study of nuclear collisions at unprecedented high energies, and offering the best ever conditions to detect the phase transition and to measure the properties of the Quark-Gluon-Plasma. First indications that such a state has been reached, have been obtained during 2003, with strong participation of the Weizmann Scientists.

Preparations for LHC

The LEPaccelerator has been taken out of its tunnel and a new machine - the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will start to be installed. The LHC is expected to start operating in 2007 delivering proton beams of 7 TeV each. The new machine will host two large detectors - ATLAS and CMS. The Weizmann group, together with the Technion and Tel-Aviv groups and with seven groups from Japan and China, is constructing the forward muon trigger system of The Nella and Leon Benoziyo Center for High Energy Physics 207 the ATLAS experiment. The system is based on the innovative Thin-Gap Chamber, which was developed at Weizmann. By now more 1600 large area detectors, out of the 2500 that are planed, have already been built in our newly built laboratory (Mexico). The muon trigger system will play a crucial role in increasing the ability of the ATLAS detector to discover the Higgs boson and the various SUSY particles. It is predicted that the LHC will provide a decisive test of the Standard Model and some of its extensions.

A major milestone in the preparatory work for the ATLAS Experiment was achieved during 2003, where a full sector of the End-Cap MUON Trigger system was tested under realistic conditions, at the interaction frequency of the LHC machine. The full system, including the quasi-final trigger electronics performed as required for the needs of the new machine, with an efficiency exceeding 99%.

Furthermore, the preparations for the Physics analysis for the new machine have continued at a high rate, and in a simulation exercise where new particles were included in simulated data, Weizmann scientists managed to find them. Out of the 170 Institutions that constitute the ATLAS Collaboration, only two groups succeeded in this task: Cambridge University in the UK and the Weizmann Institute Group, showing that they are ready to explore the new possible discoveries at the new machine.

The Joseph H. and Belle R. Braun Center for Submicron Research

Mordehai Heiblum, Director Alex and Ida Sussman Professor of Submicron Electronics

Research activities at the Center are concentrated on fabrication and investigation of small semiconductor structures. The energy spectrum, interactions, and dynamics of electrons in these structures are strongly affected by the reduced dimensions. The structures are grown by state-of-the-art molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), patterned using very high resolution electron beam writing system and processed using advanced techniques.

Research at the Center is conducted by a staff of approximately 30 people, organized in three scientific groups (headed by Israel Bar-Joseph, Moty Heiblum, and Amir Yacoby), and a highly skilled professional team. Major research activities are directed toward studying the transport properties of electrons and holes in a large parameter range: from DC to microwave frequencies, from a temperature of a few milliKelvin above absolute zero to room temperature, and from zero to extremely high magnetic fields. Another research effort is directed toward studying the optical properties, with continuous waves or with short optical pulses, of two- dimensional electron gas and of highly excited one-dimensional wires. An important facet of the research at the Center is the development of new confining structures and the fabrication of very pure material.

The activity at the Center also involves application-oriented research. The Center was also chosen to be a Large Scale Facility by the European Union, receiving resources to host many scientists from Europe for periods up to three months.

Here are some of the scientific projects conducted by the different groups:

Controlled Dephasing of Electrons (which path experiments)

By observing with a sensitive detector the path an electron chooses to take interference of the electronic waves vanishes. A biased Quantum Point Contact (QPC) in close proximity to an Aharonov-Bohm ring interferometer induces dephasing (destruction of interference) and is easily controlled by the QPC. Phase detection as well as current detection are being exploited. Dephasing in the Kondo regime is being studied. [Michal Avinun-Kalish, Yunchul Chung (Post Doc), Diana Mahalu, H. Shtrikman, Vladimir Umansky, and Moty Heiblum].

209 210 The Joseph H. and Belle R. Braun Center for Submicron Research

Statistics and charge of Fractional Charges

The charge of the quasiparticles in the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) regime had been predicted to be a fraction of the electronic charge. Via shot noise measurements this charge was measured in the FQHE regime at a filling factor 1/3 and was found to be e/3 as predicted. More recently charges e/5 and e/7 were measured at filling factors 2/5 and 3/7, respectively. However, at extremely low temperatures, spontaneous bunching takes place and charges e/3, 2e/5, 3e/7 were found at filling factors 1/3, 2/5, 3/7 respectively. [Yunchul Chung (Post Doc), Vladimir Umansky, Diana Mahalu, and Moty Heiblum].

Coherence and Phase Measurements in Mesoscopic Systems

An interferometer functioning in the IQHE regime, based on edge states transport, was constructed. It is an electronic analog of the optical Mach-Zehnder interferometer. It has a high sensitivity and high visibility (~62%), and is going to be a useful tool to study coherent effects under extremely high magnetic fields. [Yang Ji (Post Doc), Yunchul Chung (Post Doc), Fabien Portier (Post Doc), Izhar Neder, Diana Mahalu, Vladimir Umansky and Moty Heiblum]

Local Thermodynamic Probing of the two Dimensional Electron and Hole Gases

We use a single electron tarnsistor as a local electrostatic probe to study the underlying spatial structure of the metal insulator transition (MIT) in two dimensions (2D). Our local compressibility measurements reveal a striking microscopic evolution from a continuous liquid phase to a discrete insulating phase. In contrast to the continuous compressible phase, the new discrete phase consists of microscopic charge configurations that are surrounded by the liquid phase and are compressible only at discrete values of the local density. The discrete phase appears already on the metallic side of the MIT and when the density is lowered its volume increases on account of the continuous phase. The individual charge configurations, that comprise the discrete phase, are found to interact via quantum mechanical tunneling and via mutual Coulomb interaction. (Shahal Ilani, Ph.D. student, Katya Teitelbaum, Ms.c. student, Diana Mahalu, Hadas Shtrikman, and Amir Yacoby).

Tunneling Spectroscopy of One Dimensional Conductors

We have studied experimentally the tunneling conductance of a 1D wire in two different geometry's using the cleaved edge overgrowrth method. The first consists of tunneling between two parallel 1D wires that are separated by a 6nm barrier. Conservation of energy and momentum in the tunneling process restricts current flow to very specific values of the relative voltage between the wires and external magnetic field. We will show that our measurements provide a direct way of measuring the detailed dispersion relation, E(k), of the electrons in the wires. In the second geometry we have measured the low temperature conductance of a one- dimensional island embedded in a single mode quantum wire. The tunneling is through a single state of the island. Our results show that while the resonance line shape fits the derivative of the Fermi function the intrinsic line width decreases in a power law fashion as the temperature is reduced. This behavior agrees quantitatively with Furasaki's model for resonant The Joseph H. and Belle R. Braun Center for Submicron Research 211 tunneling in a Luttinger liquid. (Ophir Auslaender, Ph. D. student, Vladimir Umansky, and Amir Yacoby).

Near field spectroscopy of semiconductor quantum wells

We have measured the near-field photoluminescence (PL) of semiconductor quantum wells at low temperatures. We used the PL lines of the neutral and negatively charged excitons as a measure for the local quantum well width and the local charge, respectively. We found the formation of elongated charged stripes along the [101 ] crystal orientation, which are arranged in a quasi-periodic structure. We also investigated the behavior of the fluctuations in the quantum well width. We found that these seemingly random well-width fluctuations actually exhibit well-defined order --- strong long-range correlations appearing laterally, in the plane of the QW, as well as vertically, between QWs grown one on top of the other. We show that these fluctuations are correlated with the commonly found mound structure on the surface. (Y. Yayon, Ph.D student, M. Rappaport, V. Umansky and I. Bar-Joseph)

Transport through nano-particles and a single organic molecule

We launched a new research program aiming at investigating transport through nano-objects: metal or semiconductor nano-clusters and organic molecules. An important step in realizing this object is finding a reliable technique of contacting these very small objects. We have introduced novel approaches for both forming a nano-gap and for attaching electrical contacts to the nano-object. The main idea in the nano-gap formation is to control the gap size with sub- nanometer precision using a structure grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. Using this approach we have demonstrated the formation of 5-50 nm gaps. In addressing the issue of contacting a single molecule we have used gold clusters to form a dimmer structure, in which a single organic molecule is connected in each end to a gold cluster. We have succeeded in trapping the dimmer between metal electrodes and measured electrical transport at low temperatures. (R. Krahne, post-doctorant fellow, T. Dadosh and Y. Gordin, Ph. D students, H. Shtrikman, A. Yacoby, J. Sperling and I. Bar-Joseph).

The Albert Einstein Minerva Center for Theoretical Physics

Uzy Smilansky, Director The Wolfgang Gentner Professor of Nuclear Physics The Albert Einstein MINERVA Center for Theoretical Physics was established in 1980 with the generous donation of an endowment fund from the Bundes Ministerium für Forschung und Technologie (BMFT) of the Federal Republic of Germany, through the joint committee for German Israeli Scientific Cooperation (Minerva). The main emphasis of the Center is to foster high level research in theoretical physics, while promoting cooperation among German and Israeli theorists. The Center supports human contact activities, such as theoretical physicists visiting from abroad and consultants working with different theory groups in the Institute. The Center also supports, partially or fully, small topical meetings and workshops. Naturally, most of the activity of the Center is related to research projects based at the Faculty of Physics, but considerable support has also been lent to appropriate projects in the Faculty of Chemistry and, to a lesser extent, in the Faculty of Mathematics. The support from the Center plays an important role in almost all the research in theoretical physics at the Institute. Visiting Theoretical Physicists During 2003 we supported 38 visitors who came to the Institute to collaborate and to give lectures. The visitors came from Germany (13), United States (11), England (3), France (1), Switzerland (1), Italy (1), Canada (2), and The Netherlands (1), Colombia (1), Russia (2), Denmark (1) and Austria (1). The Advisors (Associate Membership) Program The advisors are theoretical physicists, with appointments in other academic institutes in Israel, who come to the Weizmann Institute for up to 1 day per week for part or the whole of the academic year. They collaborate with scientists from the Weizmann Institute and give lectures here. Much joint work results. In 2003, three advisors were in the Department of Condensed Matter Physics, seven in the Department of Particle Physics, and two in the Department of Complex Systems. The advisors for Condensed Matter Physics were Prof. Ora Entin-Wohlman from Tel Aviv University; Dr. Konstantin Kikoin, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; and Prof. Yigal Meir, Ben-Gurion University. The advisors for Particle Physics were Dr. Yosef Babichenko; Prof. Amit Giveon, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Barak Kol, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Dr. Yael Shadmi, Technion; Prof. Yaron Oz, Tel Aviv University, Dr. Yuval Grossman, Technion; and Prof. Shmuel Elitzur, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The advisors for Complex Systems were Prof. Eliezer Rabinovici, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; and Prof. Ido Kanter, Bar-Ilan University.

213 214 The Albert Einstein Minerva Center for Theoretical Physics

The Center supported three conferences:

Frontiers in Condensed Matter Physics, Russian Israeli Conference - Shoresh, Jerusalem, 19/10/2003 - 24/10/2003

National Astrophysics Seminar Series - Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, 26/02/2003

FRISNO-7, French-Israeli Symposium - Les Houches, France, 16/02/2003 - 21/02/2003 The Maurice and Gabriella Goldschleger Center for Nanophysics

Yoseph Imry, Director The Max Planck Professor of Quantum Physics

The Maurice and Gabriella Goldschleger Center for Nanophysics was established in 2001. Fueled by the success of the research on Mesoscopic Physics, the main goal of this center is to promote theoretical research in Nanophysics. This is the small-size end of the mesoscopic regime. The fundamental interplay of the microscopic quantum mechanical behavior and the environmental degrees of freedom will be studied in both equilibrium and nonequilibrium aspects. Primary examples of systems on which these studies are relevant are nanofabricated devices such as quantum dots and conducting lines as well as novel molecules such as carbon nanotubes. The electronic conducting (and perhaps superconducting), thermal, magnetic and optical properties of such systems will be addressed. While this research is concerned with basic Physics, it is relevant to, for example, future electronic and optical applications.

215

The Minerva Center for Nonlinear Physics of Complex Systems

Itamar Procaccia, Director The Barbara and Morris L. Levinson Professor

The Center was established jointly by the Technion and the Weizmann Institute. It maintains strong links with the Max Planck Institute for Physics of Complex Systems in Dresden. The Center supports the activities of three groups at the Weizmann Institute.

Hydrodynamics, Turbulence and Pattern Formation-Theory

1. Turbulence. Our research in the last few years concentrated on understanding the universality of turbulence, with a focus on the "anomalous" exponents that characterize the scaling properties of correlation functions and structure functions. We had three major lines of progress, in each of which we have achieved significant results. First, anomalous scaling was related to the existence of "Statistically Preserved Structures", which remain invariant (on the average) on the background of the turbulent flow. Such invariant functions are responsible for the observed anomalous exponents that were mysterious for decades to turbulence researchers. Now we can identify them as eigenfunctions of eigenvalue 1 of appropriate operators. Second, we have presented a systematic and accurate approach to peeling off anisotoropic contribution from turbulent statistical objects. We showed how each anisotropic sector exhibits its own set of anomalous exponents which are universal. This way we have settled long standing issues related to the decay of aniostropy as a function of length scale and Reynolds number. Finally we have addressed the problem of drag reduction in turbulence by polymeric additives, and have begun to unravel the mechanism of this mysterious phenomenon.

2. Fractal Grourth. We considered Laplacian growth and Diffusion Limited Aggregates (DLA). By constructing conformal maps from the unit circle to the fractal patterns we obtained dynamical equations for the conformal maps, allowing us to solve for the interesting patterns that evolve in these systems. We understood completely Laplacian dynamics and developed a theory of DLA which is able to predict all the multifractal properties from first principles. In particular we have offered a convergent calculation of the fractal dimension of DLA, settling a long standing question whether it is fractal or not (it is).

In the last year we have developed the dynamics of conformal maps to problems of fracture of brittle materials. We have solved the quasi-static fracture problem and are making progress in dynamic fracture.

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Hydrodynamics, Turbulence and Pattern Formation-Experimental

During the past years the main progress has been on the following projects :

1. Spatio-temporal chaos in Rayleigh-Benard convection in very large aspect ratio cells in a gas near the gas-liquid critical point was studied. This unique system gave us the possibility to discover new spiral and target defect chaotic state, coexisting up- and downflow hexagons, labyrinth state and more. We studied in detail part of these new instabilities and patterns in close collaboration with theorists from Bayreuth University, Germany, Profs. F. Busse and W. Pesch.

2. Nonlinear interaction of first and second sound waves and possible wave turbulence state were studied in superfluid helium. Meantime just one mechanism of the wave interaction, namely parametric generation of the second sound by first one, was investigated. After its theoretical prediction about 20 years ago, it was first observed by us experimentally. New technology of the second sound detection by superconducting bolometers evaporated on glass fibers was developed. Two unexpected effects were observed: intermittent nature of the second sound and sudden drop of the second sound amplitude at large values of the first sound amplitude far away from the threshold. Universality of amplitude fluctuations in a wide range of the control parameter above the instability threshold was established and explained by four-waves indirect interaction of the second sound waves via the first sound. Amplification of the second sound by the first one and an effect of phase conjugation for the second sound were found. However, theoretically predicted wave turbulence for the nonlinearly interacting second sound waves was not observed.

3. Significant progress has been made in our understanding of the role of elastic stresses in hydrodynamics of polymer solutions. In particular we studied the role of viscoelasticity on stability and pattern selection in Couette-Taylor flow of a dilute polymer solution. We succeeded to vary the solution elasticity by three orders of magnitude, and in this way to get the complete stability diagram of this flow from pure inertial case of Newtonian fluid till very elastic flow. New type of patterns were observed and characterized, in particular novel localized stationary vortex pairs state was discovered. Their properties and interaction, as well as the mechanism of the elastic instability were quantitatively studied in details. As a continuation of these studies we discovered new turbulent state, coined by us the elastic turbulence, which occurs at negligible values of Re and large values of De. It results just from elastic nonlinearity and driven by the elastic forces in 3D complex how. Further studies of 3D complex viscoelastic flows will help to reveal the mechanism of turbulent drag reduction.

4. Turbulent convection was studied in a gas SF6 near the gas-liquid critical point. This unique system provides us an opportunity to reach extremely large Raleigh numbers (up to 1015) and to study the Pr dependence over an extremely wide range in the same system. The existence of the critical fluctuations provided us the possibility to perform The Minerva Center for Nonlinear Physics of Complex Systems 219

laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) measurements of the velocity field in a rather wide range of the closeness to the critical point. Using this novel technique developed in our laboratory, we studied statistical properties of the velocity field in a wide range of Re and Pr numbers. Together with the local temperature and global heat transfer measurements it provided us complete information about convective turbulence.

5. Appearance and dynamics of shock sound waves in a gas near the gas-liquid critical point was investigated. It is a first step towards the acoustic turbulence problem. The onset of wave resistance due to generation of surface waves is still ongoing project. Quantum vortex nucleation and detection were investigated as a first step to future experimental program. Dynamics of topological defects in nonequilibrium structure was further investigated as a continuation of our joint efforts with the theoretical group of Profs. L. Kramer and W. Pesch from Bayreuth University, Germany.

Quantum Chaos - Theory

The main problem in "quantum chaos" is to reveal the quantum mechanical implications of classical chaos. Chaotic dynamics - a generic property in classical physics, leave universal fingerprints in quantum physics, which are unraveled by the on going research in "quantum Chaos". The results are relevant and applicable in Mesoscopics, Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear physics. As a matter of fact, "quantum chaos" appears in all problems where wave propagation is studied in the short wavelength limit. Thus, "quantum chaos" is also studied in acoustics, electromagnetic propagation, cavities etc. The observation which brought "quantum chaos" to the focal point of modern theoretical physics, was the intimate connection between the distributions and statistics of many quantum observables, and the underlying classical dynamics. More precisely, it was found that the predictions of random matrix theory, a minimum-information statistical approach, accurately reproduce the properties of simple quantum systems, as long as the underlying classical dynamics is chaotic. In this way, the ergodicity which is the hallmark of classical chaos is extended into the quantum domain. In our recent research we contributed to this effort along the following lines:

1. The semiclassical approximation and the interior-exterior duality. Some years ago we developed an alternative approach to the quantization of bounded systems, using scattering theory. It is based on an intimate relationship between the bounded (interior) problem, and a properly constructed scattering (exterior) problem. We extended this approach to the discussion of edge states in magnetic billiards, where both the exterior and the interior spectra are discrete. In this case, the duality implies pair-wise correlations between eigenstates and very prominent spectral correlations across the boundary which separates the exterior from the interior. Presently we generalize this approach and use it in new contexts, such as the quantization of the Laplacians for compact Riemannian manifolds without boundaries.

2. Quantum graphs. In the quest for the simplest quantum systems which display spectral fluctuations which are reproduce by random matrix theory, we proposed quantum 220 The Minerva Center for Nonlinear Physics of Complex Systems

graphs, for which an exact trace formula exists, and the "classical dynamics" was shown to be mixing. An extensive test of the spectra of simple graphs have shown an excellent reproduction of various statistical measures derived from random matrix theory. Moreover, the derivation of spectral correlation functions can be reduced to the solution of combinatorial problems. With this insight, the applicability of random matrix theory for graphs was theoretically established to better degree than hitherto achieved in any other system. Various other problems of interest, such as isospectrality (which relates to the question- "Can one hear the shape of a graph?"), quantum irreversibility (dephasing) and nodal structures of wave functions on graphs are also studied.

3. The statistics and structure of nodal domains. Real wave functions (in 2d for simplicity) vanish along lines which separate domains where the wave function has a constant sign. The properties of the sets of nodal lines and nodal domains are sensitive to the underlying classical dynamics. We revived the interest in this aspect of "quantum chaos" by introducing a new statistical measure for the distribution of the number of nodal domains. We derived the universal features of this distribution for quantum integrable problems, and conjectured its behavior for chaotic ones. Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science

Dean: David Harel The William Sussman Professor of Mathematics

Aryeh Dvoretzky, Ph.D. (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem) Institute Professor

Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science

Dean: David Harel The William Sussman Professor of Mathematics

The Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science consists of two departments: the Department of Mathematics, and the Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics. In actuality, we carry out research in three categories: pure mathematics, applied mathematics, and computer science.

There are no clear-cut lines separating these areas, and many projects span more than one of them. The research itself ranges from abstract and very theoretical considerations within mathematics and computer science, through using and applying mathematics and computer science in other sciences, to their application in concrete industrial developments. It is not easy to divide the faculty members into well identified research groups, as there is a large overlap in research interests and expertise, an overlap that in turn contributes to the strength of the Faculty. Thus, the best way to see what is done in the Faculty is to read the research summaries provided in our Faculty brochure for each of the departments and for each individual scientist.

The Faculty also hosts the Carl F. Gauss Minerva Center for Scientific Computation, the Ida Cohen Center for Mathematics, the John von Neumann Minerva Center for Verification of Reactive Systems, and the Moross Laboratory for Vision Research and Robotics.

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Computer Science and Applied Mathematics

Shimon Ullman, Head The Ruth and Samy Cohn Professor of Computer Sciences

Research in computer science encompasses theoretical studies on the foundations of computer science, experimental aspects of computer science, computer vision and robotics, and the study of information processing by biological systems, theoretical biology and bioinformatics. On the theoretical side, topics include computational complexity, cryptography, algorithms, distributed computing, methods for system verification, specification and development, logics of programs, combinatorics and number theory, combinatorial games, information retrieval, and numerical analysis. Experimental research includes the development of concurrent languages, visual languages, and programming environments. The study of vision, robotics, and motor control includes both theoretical and experimental components. We have expanded our activity at the interface of biology and computation by adding a program in bio-informatics, and studying computations by biological machinery and modeling and analysis of biological systems.

Research in applied mathematics includes two main themes. The first is the basic study of applied mathematics and the development of new mathematical tools of general applicability in science and engineering. The second theme is the use of mathematical techniques to elucidate phenomena of interest in the natural sciences, such as biology, medicine, and physics.

Complexity theory deals with classifying computational problems by the amount of computational resources they require, in particular the number of processing steps and the memory required for their solution. One recent focus is on the complexity of approximation, that is, investigating whether efficient approximation algorithms exist for problems that are inherently complex. Some problems were found to exhibit a threshold phenomenon: for a particular ratio of approximation there is a transition from inefficient to efficient approximation. Other work establishes lower bounds on the complexity of models of computation, including Boolean circuits, communication complexity, and length of proofs.

Cryptography deals with methods for protecting the privacy, integrity, and functionality of computer and communication systems. The research activities on the area range from providing firm foundations to the construction of such methods to providing actual constructions for specific needs. Correspondingly, research in Cryptography ranges from very abstract (or theoretical) to very applied (or concrete). The full range of these activities is represented in the Department of Computer Science at the Weizmann Institute of Science. Recent directions include the design and analysis of practical cryptosystems, the development

225 226 Computer Science and Applied Mathematics of session-key generation based on passwords, the study of new types of zero-knowledge proofs and of the complexity of secure function evaluation.

Randomness: Finding methods that allow a deterministic process to simulate randomness, and using randomness for solving computational problems, including computer communication applications, and protecting privacy in information exchange over computer networks.

Program verification: Research on the automatic verification of computer systems, including digital circuit design, reactive and real-time systems, and reactive systems. Current research includes the synthesis of reactive modules, automatic verification of multi-process systems, and specification methods that combine transition systems with temporal logic.

System specification: Research on languages for the modeling and simulation of complex reactive systems. Work focuses on visual formalisms, based on topological and geometric constructs. It includes the semantics and implementation of Statecharts, an object-oriented version of Statecharts, and a new language for inter-object message specification, called LSC's (live sequence charts). Related work is on the layout of diagrams, such as undirected graphs and blob/window hierarchies.

Distributed computing and communication networks: Work in this area includes the design of efficient communication patterns and efficient transmission of information between sites in a network.

Vision: Object recognition: developing methods for recognizing objects, such as faces or cars, from their images.

Aids for the visually impaired: Using computer vision methods to help the visually impaired.

Visually guided navigation: using vision to guide mobile robots and robotic arms to reach a desired position.

Video analysis and application: using video analysis to handle and manipulate information from multiple video cameras imaging the same scene (either simultaneously or at different times). Video enhancement, video indexing and browsing (e.g., over the internet), compression (for storage and transmission), video-based surveillance and monitoring, and multi-media applications.

Motor control and robotics: Movement control in biological and robotic systems: studying the processes of motion planning and control in biological systems and the strategies employed by the brain in the planning, execution and control of multi-joint movements and different motor tasks, such as reaching, pointing, grasping and drawing. Studies of movement generation in flexible biological and robotic arms.

Motor learning and adaptation: Investigating the rules that govern skill acquisition and learning in humans, and developing learning algorithms and architectures for robotic systems. Computer Science and Applied Mathematics 227

Movement disorders research: In collaboration with neurologists we investigate and characterize the motor impairments manifested in neglect patients, Parkinson's disease patients and other movement disorders.

Scientific computing: Developing new efficient methods for solving equations that appear in many natural problems. Solving the mathematical equations that describe natural phenomena in physics, chemistry, and other branches of science, is often a formidable computation task. We are involved in developing more efficient computational methods with possible applications in diverse areas, such as fluid dynamics, medical imaging, image processing, astrophysics, and others. One major direction is the development of hierarchical methods that approximate the problem in space and time simultaneously on several resolution levels. Another direction is the analytic estimation of the errors caused in the computation by discrete computer calculations, and developing methods for controlling such errors.

Dynamical systems, partial differential equations and applications: We develop and use dynamical systems approach and PDE tools to analyze nonlinear evolution equations which arise in diverse fields of interest. The applications include fluid mechanics, geophysics, chemical reactions, combustion theory, nonlinear fiber optics, lasers, elasticity, biological models and control theory. Our research lies at the interface between rigorous applied analysis and physical applications. Current projects that deal with finite dimensional systems include studying the motion of particles in optical traps (billiards), various aspects of mixing in fluid flows, models that arise in nonlinear optics and the dynamics of certain models in biology. Some of these projects contribute to the understanding of basic underlying structures of nonlinear Hamiltonian systems. Projects which deal with infinite dimensional systems include the study of complex nonlinear phenomena, such as turbulent flows and the long-term behavior (global attractors) to nonlinear dissipative partial differential systems, such as the Navier-Stokes equations, reaction-diffusion systems and other related systems. The dynamics of such dissipative nonlinear PDE models involves a wide spectrum of temporal and spatial scales. This often makes it prohibitively expensive computationally. We approach this challenging problem by developing reliable reduced approximate PDE models, which are possible to implement computationally and to be validated rigorously, for the relevant spatial and temporal scales.

Biology and computation: bio-informatics, computational aspects of olfaction, computation by biological machinery, and the modeling, animation and analysis of biological systems. http://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Achi Brandt, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (on extension of service) The Elaine and Bram Goldsmith Professor of Applied Mathematics Uriel Feige, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 228 Computer Science and Applied Mathematics

Tamar Flash, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States The Dr. Hymie Moross Professor Oded Goldreich, Ph.D., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel The Meyer W. Weisgal Professor Shafrira Goldwasser, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, United States David Harel, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States The William Sussman Professor of Mathematics Moni Naor, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, United States The Judith Kleeman Professor David Peleg, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Norman D. Cohen Professor of Computer Sciences Amir Pnueli, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Estrin Family Professor of Computer Science Ran Raz, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Adi Shamir, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Paul and Marlene Borman Professor of Applied Mathematics Edriss Titi, Ph.D., Indiana University, Bloomington, United States Ma’of Fellowship Shimon Ullman, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States The Ruth and Samy Cohn Professor of Computer Sciences

Professors Emeriti

Ari Ben-Menahem, Ph.D., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States Aviezri S. Fraenkel, Ph.D., University of California, Los Angeles, United States Isaac M. Horowitz, Ph.D., Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn Alexander Lerner, Ph.D., Academy of Sciences of USSR, Moscow, Russian Federation Philip Rabinowitz, Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, United States Lee A. Segel, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States

Associate Professors

Ronen Basri, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Michal Irani, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Daniel Michelson, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Vered Rom-Kedar, Ph.D., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States Ehud Shapiro, Ph.D., Yale University, New Haven, United States

Assistant Staff Scientist

Dorit Ron, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Junior Staff Scientists

Meirav Galun, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Valery Ilyin, Ph.D., Kiev State University Computer Science and Applied Mathematics 229

Engineers

Yorram Kalef, M.Sc., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Rehovot, Israel Leah Mory Rauch, M.Sc., Weizmann Institute of Technology Oded Smikt, M.Sc., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (retired August 2003)

Consultants

Yonit Kesten, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel Orna Lichtenstein, Center for Technological Education, Holon, Israel Bilha Sandak, Independent William Silverman (left July 2003)

Visiting Scientists

Nathan Dinar, Israel Inst. of Bio. Rese., Nes Ziona, Israel Oren Livne, IDF, Israel Anna Melnikov, University of Haifa, Israel Bernhard Schatz, University of Munich, Germany Ron Shamir, Tel-Aviv University, Israel Dmitri Vainchtein, University of California at Santa Barbara, U.S.A.

Postdoctoral Fellows

Aya Aner-wolf , Ph.D., Columbia University of New York, USA Sigal Berman, Ph.D., Ben-Gurion University, Israel Reuven Cohen , Ph.D., Bar-Ilan University, Israel Ravi Duggirala, Ph.D., Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Jasmin Fisher, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Igor Gejadze, Ph.D., Moscow Aviation Institute, Russia Guy Sella, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Elad Shahar , Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Ronen Shaltiel, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Amir Shpilka, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Yonatan Wexler, Ph.D., U. of Maryland, USA Mark Zlochin, Ph.D., Technion, Israel

Research Students

Adi Akavia Ayelet Akselrod Tamarah Arons Boaz Barak Evgeniy Bart Yaakov Benenson Armin Biess Eran Borenstein Chen Brestel Liran Carmel 230 Computer Science and Applied Mathematics

Yaron Caspi Roman Dovgard Sol Efroni Michael Elkin Yuval Emek Boris Epshtein Alexey Etin Dana Fisman Jason Friedman Darya Frolova Rima Gandlin Yaara Goldschmidt Dan Harnik Tzvika Hartman Iyad Eil Hasan Suwan Yehuda Hassin Tal Hassner Alexander Iliesh Aron Inger Na'Aman Kam Alexander Klimov Shimon Kogan Yehuda Koren (Kornweitz) Amos Korman Hillel Kugler Michael Langberg David Lehmann Nissan Lev-Tov Raya Leviathan Yehuda Lindell Gregory Linshiz Rami Marelly Eran Ofek Nir Piterman Felix Polyakov Anna Rapoport Yoav Rodeh Alon Rosen Sitvanit Ruah Avital Sadovski-Sadot Ilia Safro Bernard Sarel Yaakov Setty Eli Shechtman Eliezer Shochat Denis Simakov Eran Tromer Michel Vidal-Naquet Gera Weiss Ehud Wieder Lihi Zelnik-Manor

Administrator

Raanan Michael Mathematics

Gideon Schechtman, Head The William Petschek Professor of Mathematics

The principal research interests of the Department lie in the two general areas of mathematical analysis and its applications, and of algebra, mainly representation theory, algebraic geometry, and number theory. Topics covered in analysis include the structure of finite and infinite dimensional spaces, operator and matrix theory, function theory on the plane, graphs and Riemann surfaces, spectral theory, several aspects of probability, and some applications of statistics, linear and nonlinear ordinary and partial differential equations, harmonic analysis, dynamical systems, control theory in its various manifestations, optimization, game theory and mathematical economics, approximation and complexity of functions, numerical analysis, singularity theory, and robotics. The algebraic direction includes some aspects of algebraic geometry, representation theory, quantum groups, combinatorics, number theory, automorphic forms, ring theory, and enveloping algebras. Although the approach taken is primarily that of pure mathematics, some of the research leans toward possible applications. Listed below is a sample of some of the specific topics that the department's members have pursued lately or are involved in now.

Algebraic geometry: Study was continued on integration on p-adic analytic spaces. It was shown that every smooth p-adic analytic space can be provided with an algebra of locally analytic functions which includes all analytic ones, satisfies the uniqueness property, and contains local primitives of all closed one-forms with coefficients in the algebra. It was also shown that this algebra contains a full set of local solutions of any unipotent differential equation and, as a consequence, one constructs the parallel transport of the local solutions along a path.

Automorphic forms: First, work was continued on the boundedness in vertical strips of L- functions that appear in constant terms of Eisenstein series; one question studied was whether the boundedness is really a product of complex function theory. Second, topics were explored about how Riemann's zeta function, and its generalizations, depends on Riemann's original ideas.

Banach spaces: The geometry of finite and infinite dimensional normed spaces and maps between them is investigated, particularly the classification of Banach spaces under Lipschitz and uniform homeomorphisms, and under Lipschitz and uniform quotient maps. Some new tight isomorphic embedding results, particularly for finite dimensional subspaces of Lp, were obtained.

231 232 Mathematics

Combinatorics: The study of various permutation-statistics on thesymmetric groups and on related groups - continues. New refinements and extensions of MacMahon's classical equi- distribution theorem are found, relating that sub-area of Enumerative-Combinatorics to the sub-area of Shape-Avoiding-Permutations.

Differential and integral operators: The well-known asymptotic formulas for the Heat Kernel on the Heisenberg Group (for small time) are not uniform near the conjugate line. In particular the power laws are different for generic points and conjugate points. We establish an integral formula whose Laplace asymptotics clearly show how the asymptotic law is deformed as one approaches the conjugate line. The sub-Riemannian nature of the geometry dictates application of the Hamiltonian formalism (on the cotangent bundle) rather than the more conventional approach involving connections on the tangent bundle.

Game theory and mathematical economics: Costs of time and negotiations were incorporated into a dynamic system leading to the Nash bargaining solution for cooperative games. Algorithms for calculating concave utility functions when the choice set is finite are given, and their geometric nature as well as their relation to well-known duality constructions is clarified.

Dynamical systems: Coupled slow and fast ordinary differential equations were examined via singular perturbations analysis. Attention was paid to the structure of switching between manifolds of equilibria of the fast motion. Invariant measures of multi-valued dynamics were characterized.

Hilbert 16th problem and related areas: A general theorem was proved on the number of zeros for functional fields obtained as Picard-Vessiot extensions of the field of meromorphic functions. Using an explicitly derived system of Picard-Fuchs differential equations, this result is applied to Abelian integrals, giving a first constructive solution of the infinitesimal Hilbert 16th problem (in the hyperelliptic case).

Deep relations between Hilbert's problem (as well as another closely connected one - Poincare's Centre-Focus problem) and several fields in Classical and modern Analysis and Algebra have been found. Among them Generalized Moments, Several Complex variables, Composition Algebra and D-modules. These promising relations are now investigated.

Operator theory and Matrix Function theory: The theory of the holomorphic deformation of rational matrix functions is developed. Applications to the Schlesinger differential system are done.

A simple connection between Riccati equations and finite dimensional reproducing kernel Krein spaces was established and then exploited to resolve a number of interpolation and factorization problems. Related zero and pole cancellation problems were also explored. The investigation of inverse problems for canonical integral and differential system continued. In particular, a parameterization of the set of all solutions to an inverse input impedance problem was given under reasonably general conditions and applied to the inverse spectral problem. Explicit formulas were derived for a number of examples. The class of strongly regular de Branges spaces was introduced and explored. Mathematics 233

Optimization and control: The control of coupled slow and fast motions was examined. The model is of singular perturbations with, possibly, measure-valued variables representing the limit of the fast variables. Design of switching modes between manifolds of equilibria or invariant measures of the fast dynamics were examined. The possibility to ignite impulses of the slow dynamics was demonstrated. The limit occupational measures of controlled dynamics were examined utilizing general convexification techniques.

Probability and geometry: Several subjects relating probability and geometry of sets in finite dimensional space or in discrete structures are investigated. These include problems pertaining to Statistical Physics; in particular, percolation, random walks on diverse geometrical structures, and the study of convex sets in high dimensional Euclidean space.

Representation theory and related topics: This concerns the representation theory of algebraic groups, enveloping algebras and quantum groups -- specifically, at present, the determination of semi-invariants for parabolic subalgebras, the analysis and quantization of hypersurface orbital varieties and the decomposition of Demazure crystals and their module theory.

Another direction is a study of enveloping algebras of classical Lie superalgebras and their modules. Shapovalov determinants for Q-type algebras were computed. This allows to describe the centres of their enveloping algebras using a method of Kac.

For both associative and Lie algebras with polynomial identities, the study of their codimension growth is continued, via the applications of the representation theory of the Symmetric groups.

The Vershik-Kerov representation theory of the infinite symmetric group, together with Probability and with the Theory of Symmetric Functions, are applied to the study of combinatorial identities.

Spectral theory of differential operators: A partial differential operator appearing in Physics as a model of an irreversible quantum system was investigated in detail. The operator involves a real parameter (the "coupling constant") in a rather unusual way, so that the standard approaches do not apply to the study of its spectral properties. They strongly depend on the value of the coupling constant and exhibit some unusual properties. http://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Zvi Artstein, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Hettie H. Heineman Professor of Mathematics Vladimir Berkovich, Ph.D., University of Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation The Matthew B. Rosenhaus Professor of Biophysics Aryeh Dvoretzky, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Institute Professor 234 Mathematics

Harry Dym, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States (on extension of service) The Renee and Jay Weiss Professor Stephen Gelbart, Ph.D., Princeton University, Princeton, United States The Nicki and J. Ira Harris Professor Anthony Joseph, Ph.D., University of Oxford The Donald Frey Professor Yakar Kannai, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Erica and Ludwig Jesselson Professor of Theoretical Mathematics Victor Katsnelson, Ph.D., Kharkov University, Kharkov The Ruth and Sylvia Shogam Professor Amitai Regev, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Herman P. Taubman Professor of Mathematics Gideon Schechtman, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The William Petschek Professor of Mathematics Sergei Yakovenko, Ph.D., Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation The Gershon Kekst Professor Yosef Yomdin, Ph.D., Novosibirsk State University, Russian Federation The Moshe Porath Professor of Mathematics

Professor Emeritus

Michael Solomyak, Ph.D., University of Leningrad

Associate Professor

Itai Benjamini, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Senior Scientist

Maria Gorelik, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Yigal Allon Fellow Incumbent of the Frances and Max Hersh Career Development Chair

Consultants

Joseph Bernstein, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Vladimir Hinich, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel Elena Litsyn, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel Anna Melnikov, Center of Technological Education, Holon, Israel Andrei Reznikov, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel Nina Roytvarf (left June 2003) Victor Zalgaller Mathematics 235

Visiting Scientists

Alexey G. Aksenov, Moscow Inst. of Phys. & Tech., Russia Damir Arov, S. Ukrainian University , Odessa, Ukraine Moshe Bar, Harvard Med. School, MA, U.S.A. Edward Bierston, University of Toronto, Canada Alex Eremenko, Purdue University , W. Lafayette, IN, U.S.A. Gennady Feldman, Inst. for Low Temperature Physics, Kharkov, Ukraine William B. Johnson, Texas A&M University, U.S.A. Vitali Liskevich, University of Bristol, UK Sergey Naboko, University of St. Petersburg, Russia Shahar Nevo, Bar-Ilan University, Israel Olexandr Skarkoviychuk, Nat. University of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine

Postdoctoral Fellows

Dmitry Kalyuzhniy-Verbovetz, Ph.D., Karazin National State University, Ukraine Gady Kozma, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Claire Moura, Ph.D., Universite Paul Sabatier, France Boris Noyvert, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Dan Romik , Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Ilya Tyomkin, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Yulin Zhao, Ph.D., Peking University, China

Research Students

Gideon Amir Omer Angel Yevgenia Apartsin Yuri Bazlov Limor Ben Efraim Dan Bernstein Mikhail Blinov Ilan Degani Dvir Kleper Polyxeni Lamprou Olga Maleva Emanuel Milman Elena Perelman Tamar Seeman Michael Temkin

Administrator

Raanan Michael

The Arthur and Rochelle Belfer Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science

David Harel, Director The William Sussman Professor of Mathematics

Introduction

The endowment of the Arthur and Rochelle Belfer Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science was established in May 1996. It has been designated to provide long-term, secure financial support for the entire spectrum of research activities of the Faculty. As the endowment accrues over the next few years, it will enable our scientists to expand existing projects or pursue new initiatives in areas which seem to hold great potential for future development.

General Aims

One significant aim of the Belfer Center is to support visits to the Institute campus of the best talents in mathematics and computer science, including short-term visiting lecturers, as well as longer-term researchers, both from Israel and abroad. One notable part of this effort is support for the prestigious Pekeris Lecture, which is organized by the Faculty in memory of its founder, Prof. Chaim Pekeris. The lecture is given annually by a leading mathematician or computer scientist, at the Faculty's invitation. Another aim of the Center is to support workshops and conferences organized by Faculty scientists and taking place on or off campus. Parts of the funds of the Center are used to purchase computing equipment, such as personal computers, servers and communication equipment, thus updating and improving our ability to communicate with the world at large and to carry out our computerized research with state-of- the-art means.

The Center plans to initiate activities that do not normally fall under the day-to-day activities of the Faculty, such as visits of groups of scientists to work on joint projects not necessarily represented by current efforts of the Faculty, and advanced courses to be given by outsiders whose fields are not necessarily represented within the Faculty. We hope thereby to increase our visibility and to attract more outstanding students, thus contributing the overall quality and impact of our work.

237 238 The Arthur and Rochelle Belfer Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science

Major Activities 2003

In the 2003 fiscal year, the Belfer Institute sponsored many programs and projects. Here we list the main ones only:

1. The 2003 Pekeris Lecture, delivered by Prof. Judea Pearl of the University of California at Los Angeles, 8 June, 2003, "Reasoning with Cause and Effect".

2. Support for scientists: Dr. Anna Melnikov, Dr. Maria Gorelik, Prof. Ron Shamir.

3. Travel support for the following postdoctorates and doctoral students: Dr. Ronen Shaltiel, Dr. Olga Maleva, Yuri Bazlov, Rima Gandlin, Gregory Linshitz, Ilan Degani, Lihi Zelnick-Manor, Liran Carmel, Naaman Kam, Avital Sadovsky-Sadot, Zvi Hartmen, Hillel Kugler, Ehud Wieder, Eran Tromer, Alexander Klimov, Adi Akavia, Roman Dovgard, Tamar Seeman.

4. Housing support for Dr. Ronen Shaltiel and Dr. Aya Aner-Wolf.

5. Support for a long list of guests, including: Prof. Jane Hubbard, Prof. Michael Stern, Prof. Claude Bardos, Prof. Alexander Ram, Prof. Oksandr Skarboviychuk, Prof. Alexei Belov, Dr. A. Gogoschvili, Dr. Dmitry Vainchtein, Dr. Dmitry Turaev, Dr. Amir Shpilka, Dr. David Lehmann, Dr. Robert Krautgamer.

6. Advisory and consultation support for Prof. W. Stein, Dr. Bilha Sandak.

7. Support for Computer System Operator: David Avi.

8. Support for new equipment (mostly workstations for students) and continual upgrading of communication equipment and ongoing supplies.

9. Continued support for the Faculty Library including enriching our book collection.

10. Support for professional business lunches and to seminar lecturers, including a toast for Prof. Adi Shamir on being a co-recipient of the 2003 Turing Award.

11. Salary support for students: Daniel Cohen and Shlomit Zarchi.

12. Support for student membership in the IMU (Israel Mathematical Union).

13. Support with renovations of The Faculty Lounge.

14. Continued support with renovations to student rooms.

15. Support with professional publishing of the Proc. ICME'03.

16. A new student travel fund has been established. The Arthur and Rochelle Belfer Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science 239

Future Plans

This year we have made a change in the way larger activities will be supported. A small committee of three people has been set up, which includes the two Department Heads and the Head of the Teaching Committee. Larger requests (from around $5,000 up) will be submitted by faculty members to them, and their recommendations will be considered for approval by the Director of the Belfer Institute. This mechanism will serve to help support actual scientific activities within the faculty, as well as requests for student scholarship support, and support for workshops and conferences organized by members of the faculty. It will also help support longer term visitors. All this intended to offset the fact that other budgets available to scientists are being cut, because of the increasingly tougher financial situation in the country, in general, and in the Institute, in particular. The formation of the three-person committee will help make the best decisions for the faculty regarding usage of non trivial amounts of money from the Belfer Institute.

The Ida Cohen Center for Mathematics

David Harel, Director The William Sussman Professor of Mathematics

The Ida Cohen Center for Mathematics finances support for across-the-board activities within the Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science. Most of the fund is divided up and given to the two department heads to supplement their regular budgets. For further details and the description of activities in the Departments, please see the various scientific descriptions.

241

The Minerva Center for Formal Verification of Reactive Systems

Amir Pnueli, Director Estrin Family Professor of Computer Science

The Minerva Center for Formal Verification of Reactive Systems was established in December 1998, thanks to a generous endowment from the ministry for Science and Technology (BMFT) of the Federal Republic of Germany, through Minerva, the joint committee for German-Israeli cooperation.

The mission of the center for verification is to advance and promote the state of the art of formal verification of reactive systems until it is transformed from an academic discipline with a few success stories into a working practice that will take its right place within industrial processes as a standard stage in the development life-cycle of reactive systems.

Our plans for accomplishing this long-range and ambitious goal are based on a three-pronged approach, consisting of

• An extensive basic and applied research program for the development of new paradigms and tools for formal verification, emphasizing compositionality, abstraction, and other techniques for model reduction.

We will mainly focus on deductive verification techniques and ways for merging them with algorithmic approaches such as symbolic model checking.

• Education: the development of a verification engineering methodology and curriculum at different levels of academic training.

• Consultation, education/training, dissemination, and interaction with Israeli, German, and international industry.

The currently active research projects are:

1. Deductive verification of hardware designs. As part of a plan for checking the feasibility of deductive verification of hardware, we focus on architectural features with high degree of parameterization and regularity, concentrating on the out-of-order execution (OOOE) components of modern micro-processors. We verified first a basic design for OOOE and are currently extending it with additional features, such as in-order retirement, speculation and branch prediction, and memory access.

243 244 The Minerva Center for Formal Verification of Reactive Systems

2. Algorithmic verification of hardware designs. Complementing the deductive approach, we also investigate algorithmic approach for verification of similar designs. We focus on the use of uninterpreted functions for representing the design and apply techniques such as systematic annotation, and instantiation by small but adequate concrete data domains.

3. Model checking, abstraction, and composition in a linear framework. Traditionally, model checking and the associate techniques of abstraction and composition were developed in a branching-time framework. We have launched a program for reformulating these techniques in a linear framework.

4. Translation validation. Wishing to ensure the absolute correctness of a code generator in a safety-critical context, we developed a method, implemented by the code validation tool CV which, following every run of the code generator, verifies that the object program produced by the generator is a correct implementation of the source. Currently, we study the extension of this method to deal with highly optimizing compilers, in particular compilers which are targeted to particular processor architectures, including EPIC architectures.

5. Uniform verification of parameterized systems. Many systems that require verification can be viewed as parameterized in the sense that they consist of identical modules interconnected in different ways, where the parameter is the number of processes or the interconnection configuration. We investigate methods for algorithmic verification of such systems that will establish their correctness for all values of the parameters. As part of this effort, we have constructed the automated systems TLV[P], which verifies networks in which the processes are arranged in a row or along a ring, and TLV[T] verifying networks with a tree interconnection scheme.

Education for Verification

Besides the graduate courses in verification which are standardly given at the Weizmann Feinberg school, we actively participated in the preparation and running of undergraduate courses for verification.

In the center of Technological Education in Holon, which is a college training computer science students which will take their place in industry, one of our affiliates has constructed a course in verification with minimal pre-requirements of logic and automata theory, and hands- on experience in verification. This involved significant modifications and enhancements to our principal user-programmable verification tool TLV.

Another undergraduate course which will be presented at the department of communication at Ben Gurion University is in preparation. The Minerva Center for Formal Verification of Reactive Systems 245

Training and Consulting for Industry

The Minerva Center for Formal Verification of Reactive Systems maintains continuous contacts with several Israeli companies and plans to extend these to companies outside Israel.

We made a special effort to invite attendants from industry to the series of courses on verification given at the Weizmann Institute.

We continuously interact with the local branch of Intel about our hardware verification (and abstraction) work.

Other consulting contacts are maintained with the companies Verisity, and Perfecto Technolo- gies, which became interested in applying techniques of formal verification in the development of their software.

Feinberg Graduate School

Dean: Yosef Yarden The Harold and Zelda Goldenberg Professor of Molecular Cell Biology

Feinberg Graduate School

Dean: Yosef Yarden The Harold and Zelda Goldenberg Professor of Molecular Cell Biology

Ami Shalit, Director and Academic Secretary

Founded in 1958, the Feinberg Graduate School serves as a training ground for future generations of creative researchers and scientific leaders. The student body also contributes to the atmosphere of intellectual stimulation and challenge at the Weizmann Institute of Science.

Operating under charters granted by both the State of Israel and by the Board of Regents of the State of New York, the Feinberg Graduate School confers Master of Science (M.Sc.) and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degrees in the Life Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Physical Sciences, Mathematics and Computer Science, and Science Teaching. A total of 291 new students were accepted during the academic year 2002/2003 (October 1, 2002 – September 30, 2003); of these students, 143 were accepted to the M.Sc. program and 148 to the Ph.D. program. The Graduate Studies Program

Admission to the Graduate School is based upon a student's previous academic record, and letters of recommendation from former teachers. In addition, there may be a personal interview with faculty members who assess the candidate's abilities and skills.

Once accepted, the student is exposed to a wide range of activities, including lecture courses, teaching laboratories, and individually guided study. The extensive facilities of the Weizmann Institute, including the central computer system, are available to all students. The Institute's senior staff forms the teaching faculty. With a Ph.D. student-teacher ratio of approximately 2:1, each student receives considerable individual attention.

Feinberg Graduate School students are required to attend courses and undertake an independent research project at the Weizmann Institute. This project is supervised by their faculty advisor and by a small committee of experts in the relevant field who examine the research proposal, evaluate its feasibility, and monitor the progress of the student. Finally, the student submits a thesis for an evaluation; when approved, the appropriate degree is granted by the Scientific Council of the Weizmann Institute of Science.

249 250 Feinberg Graduate School

Multidisciplinary programs of study have been instituted in Biological Physics, Molecular and Structural Biology, Computational Biology and Bioinformatics (with separate tracks for Biology and for Mathematics & Computer Science). Special programs are also available in Energy and Environment, and in Archeological Sciences.

Policy

The scientific and educational policy of the Feinberg Graduate School is directed toward the promotion of academic excellence. Emphasis is placed on maintaining a high level of instruction, with particular attention given to exceptionally bright and creative students. These are encouraged to enroll in a special program leading directly to the Ph.D. degree (without the need to submit a Master's thesis). Feinberg School students may be allowed to take special combinations of courses and to participate in summer schools, workshops, and conferences, both in Israel and abroad. In addition, the regular curriculum is enriched by the inclusion of prominent visiting scientists who teach at the School.

A distinguishing feature of the School is its practical approach to teaching, with a strong emphasis on laboratory work. Teaching laboratories in the Life Sciences and in Physics ensure that new students acquire skills in basic experimental procedures. A large number of more advanced courses in laboratory techniques are offered as well. To expose new students to as wide a variety of research projects as possible, the School conducts a rotation program that enables first year M.Sc. students to spend three ten-week periods in different Institute laboratories. This enables them to make informed decisions regarding the research area in which they wish to specialize.

The official language of instruction at the Feinberg Graduate School is English, which enables foreign students to take part in all the School's programs. This, as well as the inclusion of foreign visiting scientists in the teaching program, contributes to an international atmosphere.

Financial Support

As a matter of policy, students accepted to the School receive a scholarship covering tuition and living expenses. The scholarships are supported by the following funds: (a) the John F. Kennedy Memorial Foundation; (b) the Levi Eshkol Fellowships, administered by the Israel Ministry of Science and Technology; (c) the Clore Scholars Program; (d) the Planning and Budgeting Committee of the Council for Higher Education in Israel; and (e) the Dr. Jacob Isler Foundation. In addition, there are approximately 300 individual supporters whose generosity sponsors the studies of graduate students at the School.

For many years, the Feinberg Graduate School has been the recipient of financial support from the United States through the Agency for International Development (AID), within the framework of the American Schools and Hospitals Abroad (ASHA) program. The 2002/2003 AID grant was $900,000. AID funds are used to purchase a significant portion of the scientific equipment and literature needed by students for their advanced research projects. Feinberg Graduate School 251

Structure

The Feinberg Graduate School's academic activities are conducted and supervised by Boards of Studies in Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Life Sciences and Science Teaching. Those who head the Boards of Studies, together with the Head of the Postdoctoral Fellowships Program and the Dean, form the Steering Committee of the School. A student representative participates in deliberations of the Steering Committee when relevant topics are discussed.

Heads of Boards of Studies:

Prof. Uriel Feige - Mathematics and Computer Science Prof. Shimon Levit – Physical Sciences Prof. David Cahen – Chemical Sciences Prof. Elior Peles – Life Sciences Prof. Bat-Sheva Eylon – Science Teaching

Fields of study and multidisciplinary programs include:

Mathematical Sciences:

• Mathematics • Computer Science and Applied Mathematics • Bioinformatics: Mathematics and Computer Science track

Physical Sciences:

• Physics • Applied Physics • Biological Physics

Chemical Sciences:

• Chemistry (Physical, Theoretical, Molecular, Materials Science, Nanosciences, Environmental Sciences) • Structural and Molecular Biology • Computational Chemistry

Life Sciences:

• Biology (Cell, Molecular, Neurobiology, Immunology, Plant Sciences, Biological Regulation, Molecular Genetics) • Computational Biology and Bioinformatics 252 Feinberg Graduate School

Science Teaching:

• Mathematics, Computer Science, Physics, Chemistry, Earth and Environmental Sciences, and Biology

Postdoctoral Fellowship Program

A Postdoctoral Fellowship Program, headed by Prof. Menachem Rubinstein, is also administered by the Graduate School. The Program currently provides about sixty donor- funded stipends per year for postdoctoral fellows. These stipends are awarded for periods which run from 1-3 years. In addition, the Graduate School helps administer the prestigious Koshland Scholars Program for distinguished postdoctoral fellows. A significant number of other postdoctoral fellowships are available through grants that are administered by individual scientists.

Ongoing Programs

Efforts are made to attract the best Israeli students to the Feinberg Graduate School by conducting open-house days, student-targeted seminars, and a summer program for prospective students. This is facilitated by the School's presence on the Internet, where a wealth of information is available (http://www.weizmann.ac.il/feinberg). The School encourages the admission of qualified foreign students from around the world. The number of foreign students at the Graduate School in 2002/2003 was 126, a significant number of whom are from developing countries.

Services to Society

The Feinberg Graduate School bears academic and administrative responsibility for four other educational programs: the Science Teaching Department, Young@Science, "Perach", and the Aharon Katzir Center.

The Science Teaching Department, headed by Prof. Abraham Arcavi, is responsible for the development of curricula for primary and secondary schools, with special emphasis on curriculum implementation. The Department hosts a variety of in-service training programs and seminars in mathematics, physics, chemistry, the environment, computer science, and the life sciences. These accomplishments have earned it national and international recognition (for details, see the section on the Science Teaching Department).

Feinberg Graduate School 253

Ph.D. Degree Recipients - Graduation Ceremony 2003

Name Title of Thesis Advisor/s Depatrment Konstantin The function and Prof. Elior Peles Molecular Cell Adamsky regulation of receptor Biology protein tyrosine phosphatase b (RPTPb) Hagit Pninah Isoprene emission from Prof. Dan Yakir Environmental Affek plants: physiological role Sciences and Energy and isotopic composition Research Stella Aronov Tau mRNA localization in Prof. Irith Ginzburg Neurobiology neuronal cells: identification of 3'UTR Cis-acting signals and trans-acting protein factors Shlomo Avital Quenching of chlorophyll Prof. Shmuel Malkin Biological Chemistry fluorescence by carotenoids in a micellar model system Jing Bao Mechanisms controlling Prof. Yosef Yarden Biological endocytic sorting of Regulation epidermal growth factor receptors Erez Bar Haim The hunt for novel tumor Prof. Lea Eisenbach Immunology associated antigen peptides of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder; antigen presentation to T cells in vivo Deborah Bartfeld Structural studies of the Prof. Zippora Shaked Structural Biology Runt domain of the Dr. Linda Shimon RUNX1 transcription factor and its DNA binding site Adi Ben Zeev - Ceramide signaling Prof. Anthony Futerman Biological Chemistry Brann downstream to NGF and the p75NTR in cultured hippocampal neurons Liat Ben- Regulation of the meiotic Prof. Nava Dekel Biological Yehoshua Josefsb cell cycle by protein Regulation degradation 254 Feinberg Graduate School

Alain Bendavid Functional analysis of Prof. Zelig Eshhar Immunology single-chain chimeric T cell receptors in transgenic mice Alexander Construction of supra- Prof. Ephraim Biological Chemistry Berchansky molecular assemblies via Katchalski-Katzir molecular docking Dr. Miriam Eisenstein Rudi Bertocchi Solar-radiation to thermal Prof. Jacob Karni Environmental energy conversion in a Sciences and Energy non-isothermal particle Research laden gas flow at very high temperatures Gil Blander The Werner syndrome Prof. Moshe Oren Molecular Cell protein in the DNA Biology damage response Mikhail Blinov Center and composition Prof. Yosef Yomdin Mathematics conditions for the Abel Equation Liora Bogin- Characterization of Prof. Hadassa Degani Biological Berkowitz vascularity and hormonal Regulation regulated angiogenesis in human breast cancer Vitaly Braude Coupling effects in multi- Prof. Ady Stern Condensed Matter layered systems Physics Ronit Buller Bimetallic arrays and Prof. Meir Lahav Materials and nanoparticles Prof. Leslie Leiserowitz Interfaces Miriam Carmi Assessing the change Dr. Ruth Ben-Zvi Science Teaching process of high school Prof. Avi Hofstein chemistry teachers during and after participating in a leadership program Yaron Caspi Sequence-to-sequence Prof. Michal Irani Computer Science alignment and Applied Mathematics Yehudit Cohen Drosophila sponge and Dr. Eyal Schejter Molecular Genetics SCAR - elements that bridge signal transduction pathways and cytoskeletal organization Eyal Comforti Fractional charges and Prof. Mordehai Heiblum Condensed Matter unique statistics in the Physics quantum Hall regime Feinberg Graduate School 255

Alexandros Deregulated b-catenin Prof. Moshe Oren Molecular Cell Damalas activates the p53 pathway Biology Rakefet David Genetic and Prof. Gad Galili Plant Sciences Schwartz developmental characterization of plant- mycorrhiza symbiosis Ruslan Dorfman Identification of novel Prof. Ben-Zion Shilo Molecular Genetics components - Elbow/Noc and stripe in Drosophila tracheal development Reto Dorta Low valent, late transition Prof. David Milstein Organic Chemistry metal complexes with sulfoxide and nitrogen ligands Tamar Eliash Cation - Protein Prof. Mordechai Sheves Organic Chemistry interactions in bacteriorhodopsin Michael Elkin Constructions of (1+e,b)- Prof. David Peleg Computer Science spanners for general and Applied graphs Mathematics Omri Erez Studies on the mechanism Prof. Chaim Kahana Molecular Genetics of polyamine toxicity and transport Dimitri V. Fisher Density effects on the Prof. Yitzhak Maron Particle Physics energy level populations and transport coefficients in plasmas Jasmin Fisher Insights into the Prof. Michal Schwartz Neurobiology mechanisms underlying T cell-mediated neuroprotection in injured central nervous system tissue Yael Fridmann- The role of allosteric Prof. Amnon Horovitz Structural Biology Sirkis communication in GroEL in its in vivo and in vitro function Tania Fuchs The mammalian olfactory Prof. Doron Lancet Molecular Genetics subgenome analysis 256 Feinberg Graduate School

Eli Galanti Dynamics and Prof. Eli Tziperman Environmental predictability of ENSO. A Sciences and Energy study using the hybrid- Research coupled model and the adjoint method Shilpa Gandre Studies on degradation of Prof. Chaim Kahana Molecular Genetics ornithine decarboxylase and antizyme Merav Geva- Antibody recognition of Prof. Lia Addadi Structural Biology Melamud chiral organized surfaces Hava Gil-Henn Search for physiological Dr. Ari Elson Molecular Genetics substrates of protein tyrosine phosphatase Epsilon Miri Goldin Mechanisms of plasticity Prof. Menachem Segal Neurobiology in cultured hippocampal neurons Leora Gollan Axon-Glia interactions Prof. Elior Peles Molecular Cell mediated by Caspr in Biology myelinated nerve Yury Goltsev Novel approaches to Prof. David Wallach Biological Chemistry identification of signaling molecules activated by receptors of the TNF/NGF family, and their application to the study of cFLIP/CASH Gil Goobes Solid state NMR Prof. Shimon Vega Chemical Physics measurements using spectral selective techniques Rivka Goobes Crowding and contextual Prof. Abraham Minsky Organic Chemistry (Konforty) effects on DNA-DNA interactions Rinat Goren The molecular basis for Prof. Yehiel Zick Molecular Cell cell cycle arrest and Biology apoptosis induced by galectin-8 Galit Greber- Allostery in chaperonins Prof. Amnon Horovitz Structural Biology Kafri Feinberg Graduate School 257

Dmitry Gutman Shot noise and electron- Prof. Yuval Gefen Condensed Matter electron interactions Physics Yehuda Hassin Design issues in Prof. David Peleg Computer Science distributed computing: and Applied routing in the plane and Mathematics probe complexity in quorum systems Ehud Hauben Beneficial immune Prof. Michal Schwartz Neurobiology interventions in spinal cord traumatic injury: autoimmune neuroprotection Iris Hecht Regulation of T cell Prof. Irun R. Cohen Immunology behavior and activation in Prof. Ofer Lider an inflammatory-related, signal rich environment Alexander Development of methods Prof. Ephraim Biological Chemistry Heifetz for protein-protein rigid Katchalski-Katzir body docking Dr. Miriam Eisenstein Arnon Henn Biophysical and structural Prof. Irit Sagi Structural Biology studies of the DEAD/H box RNA helicase DbpA Ghil Jona Global regulation of Dr. Ofer Gileadi Molecular Genetics transcription machinery in the yeast S. cerevisiae Anil Kumar Signaling pathways Prof. Michel Revel Molecular Genetics V. S . G. K a ma ra j u involved in the growth control and transdifferentiation of melanoma cells by an IL-6 receptor -IL-6 chimera Yael Katz Influence of the 3'UTR on Prof. Avihai Danon Plant Sciences RNA binding of proteins that mediate light regulated translation of chloroplast psbA mRNA Rachel Katz- Choline in breast cancer Prof. Hadassa Degani Biological Brull and in the aging brain: Regulation multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies 258 Feinberg Graduate School

Tal Kenet Possible substrates of Prof. Michael Tsodyks Neurobiology internal representation: the Dr. Amos Arieli dynamics of cortical states, and their influence on single spikes Michal Kovo- The cAMP - PKA signal Prof. Nava Dekel Biological Hasharoni transduction pathway: Regulation expression and regulatory role throughout oogenesis Venkataraman Defining the initial steps Prof. Anthony Futerman Biological Chemistry Krishnan of sphingolipid metabolism in mammalian cells Tamar A study of atomic bond Dr. Zeev Olami Chemical Physics Kustanovich-Flor tensions in simple liquids and glasses Shlomi Lazar The biochemical linkage Prof. Nava Dekel Biological between cAMP and the Regulation MAP kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade in rat oocytes resuming meiosis Yael Levi- Biological control of Prof. Lia Addadi Structural Biology Kalisman calcium carbonate Prof. Steve Weiner mineralization: structural approach Yifat Levy The molecular basis for Prof. Yehiel Zick Molecular Cell modulation of cell Biology adhesion and cell growth induced by galectin-8 Yinon Y. Levy Characterization of the Prof. Menachem Molecular Genetics mechanisms and signaling Rubinstein pathways by which insulin induces hypoxia target genes Arthur Liberzon Molecular mechanisms of Prof. Michael Walker Biological Chemistry regulation of gene expression by IPF1 Yehuda Lindell On the composition of Prof. Moni Naor Computer Science secure multi-party Prof. Oded Goldreich and Applied protocols Mathematics Feinberg Graduate School 259

Ariel B. Lindner Esterolytic antibodies: Prof. Zelig Eshhar Immunology mechanistic studies and novel methodologies Dmitry David Charge fluctuation and Prof. Sam Safran Materials and Lukatsky correlation induced Interfaces interactions in membranes and thin films Michael Marash A role for phosphorylation Prof. Jeffrey Gerst Molecular Genetics in SNARE function and exocytosis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rami Marelly Specifying and executing Prof. David Harel Computer Science behavioral requirements: and Applied the Play-In /Play-Out Mathematics approach Hannah Margel Learning about Prof. Bat-Sheva Eylon Science Teaching "materials" in junior high Dr. Zahava Scherz school: development of curriculum materials, and a longitudinal study of students' conceptions Devorah Matas Involvement of wild-type Prof. Varda Rotter Molecular Cell and mutant p53 in drug- Biology induced apoptosis Michael M. Synthesis and targeting of Prof. Abraham Shanzer Organic Chemistry Meijler bioactive siderophore analogs:from pro- hydrophilic iron chelators to therapeutic transporters Eti Meiri Studying of the roles of Prof. Avihai Danon Plant Sciences protein disulfide isomerase-like proteins in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and in physcomitrella patens Tamar Moise Reactive Uptake by Prof. Yinon Rudich Environmental Organic Surfaces and Sciences and Energy Liquids. A study of the Research heterogeneous chemistry of major tropospheric oxidants with proxies for organic aerosols: Kinetics, mechanisms and products 260 Feinberg Graduate School

Yaacov Nissim- On the construction of Prof. Moni Naor Computer Science Kobliner efficient cryptographic and Applied protocols Mathematics Boris Noyvert Unitary represenations of Prof. Doron Gepner Particle Physics superconformal W- algebras and manifolds of exceptional holonomy Michal Ortal- Iron-deficiency induced Prof. Uri Pick Biological Chemistry Schwartz proteins in the halotolerant Prof. Ada Zamir alga Dunaliella Salina Guy Patchornik Exploring the energy Prof. Steven Karlish Biological Chemistry transduction mechanism of Na,K-ATP using the ATP-Fe complex as a specific affinity cleavage reagent in ATP-Mg sites Yakov Peter Oxidative stress in the Prof. Yoram Groner Molecular Genetics etiology of ataxia telangiectasia: a mouse model Isabelle Petit Regulation of Prof. Tsvee Lapidot Immunology hematopoietic stem cells migration by the chemokine SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4 Constantin Relaxation with measure- Prof. Zvi Artstein Mathematics Cristian Popa valued functions in dynamics and approximation Amir Porat Intra-golgi protein Prof. Zvulun Elazar Biological Chemistry transport: regulation of by a 56 kDa selenium- binding protein, calcium and cholesterol Uri Raviv Monomeric and polymeric Prof. Jacob Klein Materials and fluids under confinement Interfaces Aderet Reich Positive and negative Prof. Ben-Zion Shilo Molecular Genetics regulation of the Drosophila EGF receptor Feinberg Graduate School 261

Dalia Rivenzon- Characterization and Prof. Hadassa Degani Biological Segal hormonal regulation of Regulation glycolysis in breast cancer; MRS/MRI studies Yaron Rosenfeld Synthesis of transition Prof. Reshef Tenne Materials and Hacohen metal dihalide Interfaces nanoparticles, fullerene- like structures and nanotubes Michael Multigrid solver for 4D Prof. Achi Brandt Computer Science Rozantsev quantum chromodynamics and Applied equations Mathematics Sitvanit Ruah Algorithmic and deductive Prof. Amir Pnueli Computer Science techniques for verification and Applied of infinite-state systems Mathematics Boris Rybtchinski C-C and C-H bond Prof. David Milstein Organic Chemistry activation with late transition metals Yuval Sagiv Isolation and Prof. Zvulun Elazar Biological Chemistry characterization of GATE- 16, a member of a novel ubiquitin-like family, involved in intracellular protein trafficking processes Hanna Salman Nuclear import of DNA Prof. Michael Elbaum Materials and Interfaces Ravid Sasson The role of Prof. A. Amsterdam Molecular Cell glucocorticoids on ovarian Biology granulosa cell steroidogenesis and apoptosis Smadar Schreiber Photodynamic therapy Prof. Yoram Salomon Biological based on Prof. Avigdor Scherz Regulation bacteriocholophyl derivatives: Modes of action and tumor therapy Tzvia Selzer Rational design of faster Prof. Gideon Schreiber Biological Chemistry associating and tighter binding protein complexes 262 Feinberg Graduate School

Meir Shamay Transcription regulation Prof. Yosef Shaul Molecular Genetics and hepatocarcinogenesis by hepatitis B virus Dahlia Sharon Dynamics of neuronal Prof. Amiram Grinvald Neurobiology population activity during visual processing of location and orientation Antonina Silkov Generation and analysis of Dr. Rivka Dikstein Biological Chemistry transgenic mice expressing a dominant- negative mutant of TAFII105 David Sprinzak Coherent effects and Prof. Mordehai Heiblum Condensed Matter decoherence in quantum Physics dots Evgeny Calculation of spectral Prof. Yitzhak Maron Particle Physics Stambulchik line broadening in plasma Alex Martin Synthesis and reactions of Prof. Mario Bachi Organic Chemistry Szpilman antimalarial endoperoxides Tamar Tal Characterization of two Dr. Eyal Schejter Molecular Genetics Drosophila cytoskeletal elements: 1. Bottleneck-an F-actin binding and restructuring protein required for proper execution of cellularization. 2. The Drosophila Wiskott- Aldrich syndrome protein homolog (Wsp)- functional domains essential for its developmental role Hila Toledano- Protein tyrosine Dr. Ari Elson Molecular Genetics Katchalski phosphatase e : modes of action and functional implication in cellular signaling Feinberg Graduate School 263

Ilan Tsafrir Shape instability of Prof. Joel Stavans Physics of Complex membranes with anchored Systems polymers under geometric constraints Yahel Vakrat- The photophysical and Prof. Yoram Salomon Plant Sciences Haglili photochemical processes Prof. Avigdor Scherz in photodynamic therapy (PDT) intiated by bacteriochlorophyll derivatives (Bchl-Der): novel second generation sensitizers Ayelet Vilan Metal/Monomolecular Prof. David Cahen Materials and organic layer/GaAs Interfaces junctions: preparation and controlling their electrical transport properties Xinjiang Wang Mdm2-dependent Prof. Moshe Oren Molecular Cell regulation of tumor Biology suppressor p53 Orit Weiner- The role of TAFII105 in Dr. Rivka Dikstein Biological Chemistry Wolstein transcriptional control of lymphoid cells Eylon Yavin Novel applications of Prof. Abraham Shanzer Organic Chemistry hydroxamic acid derivatives in light- induced processes and as iron chelators Dvir Yelin Third-harmonic Prof. Yaron Silberberg Physics of Complex generation microscopy Systems Alla Zak Synthesis and properties Prof. Reshef Tenne Materials and of pristine and alkali metal Prof. Shimon Reich Interfaces intercalated MoS2/WS2 fullerene-like nanoparticles Sigalit Zchut Cold acclimation in Prof. Uri Pick Biological Chemistry Dunaliella: association with freezing tolerance and glycine-rich, RNA binding protein induction 264 Feinberg Graduate School

Xiaohong Zhu Regulatory role of Prof. Gad Galili Plant Sciences bifunctional lysine- ketoglutarate reductase/ saccharopine dehydrogenase enzyme of lysine catabolism in plants Dror Zur Filling-in of disrupted Prof. Shimon Ullman Computer Science visual input - and Applied measurement, modeling, Mathematics and visual aids Feinberg Graduate School 265

M.Sc. Degree Recipients - Graduation Ceremony 2003

Name Advisor/s Field of Study Depatrment Asmahan Abu-Arish Prof. Michael Elbaum Chemical Materials and Interfaces Dr. Sharon Wolf Sciences Sheera Adar Prof. Zvi Livneh Life Sciences Biological Chemistry Nira Amar Prof. Zvulun Elazar Life Sciences Biological Chemistry Ben-Zion Amarant Prof. Daniel Zajfman Physical Sciences Particle Physics Idan Amit Prof. Uriel Feige Mathematics Computer Science and and Computer Applied Mathematics Science Tali Aqua Prof. Ron Naaman Chemical Chemical Physics Sciences Ifat Ashiri - Kaplan Prof. Reshef Tenne Chemical Materials and Interfaces Sciences Gili Assaf Prof. Amos Breskin Physical Sciences Particle Physics Hila Avidan Prof. Michal Schwartz Life Sciences Neurobiology Efrat Avraham Prof. Lea Eisenbach Life Sciences Immunology David Backlash-Omer Prof. Amiram Grinvald Life Sciences Neurobiology Dr. Hamutal Slovin Oriel Banne Prof. Daniel Kandel Physical Sciences Physics of Complex Systems Maya Bar Sadan Prof. Shimon Reich Chemical Materials and Interfaces Sciences Olga Belenkiy Dr. Shmuel Pietrokovski Life Sciences Molecular Genetics Eyal Ben-Ari Prof. David Milstein Chemical Organic Chemistry Sciences Dan Bernstein Prof. Amitai Regev Mathematics Mathematics and Computer Science Zohar Biron Prof. Jacob Anglister Chemical Structural Biology Sciences Rafi Bistrizer Prof. Ady Stern Physical Sciences Condensed Matter Physics Neta Cagan Prof. Avihai Danon Life Sciences Plant Sciences Yaron Caspi Prof. Joel Stavans Physical Sciences Physics of Complex Systems 266 Feinberg Graduate School

Yonathan Caspi Dr. Shmuel Pietrokovski Life Sciences Molecular Genetics Eden Chlamtac Prof. Uriel Feige Mathematics Computer Science and and Computer Applied Mathematics Science Silvia G. Chuartzman Prof. Yehiam Prior Life Sciences Chemical Physics Max Chvalevsky Prof. Ronen Basri Mathematics Computer Science and and Computer Applied Mathematics Science Naomi Coslovsky Prof. Yitzhak Koch Life Sciences Neurobiology Tali Dadosh Prof. Joseph Sperling Chemical Organic Chemistry Prof. Israel Bar-Josef Sciences Vered Daniel Prof. Lea Eisenbach Life Sciences Immunology Aliza Dayan Prof. Nir Orion Science Teaching Science Teaching Prof. Nathan Aviezer Aviv de-Morgan Prof. Anthony Futerman Life Sciences Biological Chemistry Ady Ecker Prof. Shimon Ullman Mathematics Computer Science and and Computer Applied Mathematics Science Asa Eitan Prof. Eitan Bibi Life Sciences Biological Chemistry Lev Faivishevsky Prof. Shimon Ullman Mathematics Computer Science and and Computer Applied Mathematics Science Yuval Filmus Prof. Uriel Feige Mathematics Computer Science and and Computer Applied Mathematics Science Eran Finkel Prof. Lea Eisenbach Life Sciences Immunology Ram Fishman Prof. Micha Berkooz Physical Sciences Particle Physics Prof. Ofer Aharony Roman Fishman Prof. Mark Safro Chemical Structural Biology Sciences Maksim Frenkel Prof. Ronen Basri Mathematics Computer Science and and Computer Applied Mathematics Science Dan Frumkin Prof. Avraham Levy Life Sciences Plant Sciences Feinberg Graduate School 267

Mika Gabel Prof. Tamar Flash Mathematics Computer Science and and Computer Applied Mathematics Science Hilah Gal Prof. Eytan Domany Life Sciences Physics of Complex Systems Prof. David Givol Sharon Ganor Prof. Ofer Lider Life Sciences Immunology Eran Ginossar Prof. Shimon Levit Physical Sciences Condensed Matter Physics Sarah Goldberg Prof. Daniel Zajfman Physical Sciences Particle Physics Yaara Goldschmidt Prof. Achi Brandt Mathematics Computer Science and Prof. Irun R. Cohen and Computer Applied Mathematics Science Arnon Grafit Prof. Irit Sagi Life Sciences Structural Biology Shira Granot - Attas Dr. Ari Elson Life Sciences Molecular Genetics Olga Grinchtein Prof. Amir Pnueli Mathematics Computer Science and and Computer Applied Mathematics Science Tzahi Grunzweig Prof. Nir Davidson Physical Sciences Physics of Complex Systems Shlomit Hadad Dr. Anat Yarden Science Teaching Science Teaching Dani Halevy Prof. Adi Shamir Mathematics Computer Science and and Computer Applied Mathematics Science Rinatte Hami Prof. Yoram Salomon Life Sciences Biological Regulation Prof. Avigdor Scherz Gili Hart Dr. Idit Shachar Life Sciences Immunology Aron Inger Prof. Shimon Ullman Mathematics Computer Science and and Computer Applied Mathematics Science Berith Isaac Prof. Abraham Minsky Chemical Organic Chemistry Sciences Lior Izhar Prof. Zvi Livneh Life Sciences Biological Chemistry Genady Joffe Prof. Amitai Regev Mathematics Mathematics and Computer Science Ron Kafri Prof. Doron Lancet Life Sciences Molecular Genetics 268 Feinberg Graduate School

Yohai Kaspi Prof. Eli Tziperman Physical Sciences Environmental Sciences and Energy Research Nadav Katz Prof. Nir Davidson Physical Sciences Physics of Complex Systems Eran Keydar Prof. Uriel Feige Mathematics Computer Science and and Computer Applied Mathematics Science Malka Kitayner Prof. Zippora Shaked Life Sciences Structural Biology Per Magne Knutsen Prof. Ehud Ahissar Life Sciences Neurobiology Shimon Kogan Prof. Uriel Feige Mathematics Computer Science and and Computer Applied Mathematics Science Limor Landsman Prof. Ben-Zion Shilo Life Sciences Molecular Genetics Ido Leichter Prof. Ronen Basri Mathematics Computer Science and and Computer Applied Mathematics Science Ronen Levy Dr. Naama Barkai Life Sciences Molecular Genetics Hila Levy (Eldar) Prof. Irith Ginzburg Life Sciences Neurobiology Alex Loebel Prof. Michael Tsodyks Life Sciences Neurobiology Rosemarie Macion Prof. Joel Sussman Life Sciences Structural Biology Prof. Israel Silman Orna Man Prof. Doron Lancet Life Sciences Molecular Genetics Lea Marash Prof. Adi Kimchi Life Sciences Molecular Genetics Roni Mashiach Dr. Deborah Fass Life Sciences Structural Biology Helena Medvedovsky Dr. Idit Shachar Life Sciences Immunology Neri Minsky Prof. Moshe Oren Life Sciences Molecular Cell Biology Einat Mizrahi Dr. Anat Yarden Science Teaching Science Teaching Shahar Molshanski-Mor Prof. Eitan Bibi Life Sciences Biological Chemistry Yaron Mosesson Prof. Yosef Yarden Life Sciences Biological Regulation Hani Neuvirth Prof. Ran Raz Computer Science and Prof. Gideon Schreiber Applied Mathematics Fabio Nudelman Prof. Meir Shinitzky Chemical Biological Chemistry Sciences Roy Opperman Prof. Avraham Levy Life Sciences Plant Sciences Feinberg Graduate School 269

Matti Oron Prof. Jacob Klein Chemical Materials and Interfaces Dr. Rachel Yerushalmi- Sciences Rozen Yuri Paskover Prof. Yehiam Prior Chemical Chemical Physics Sciences Oshrat Peretz Prof. Jeffrey Gerst Life Sciences Molecular Genetics Vicki Plaks Prof. Yoram Salomon Life Sciences Biological Regulation Prof. Michal Neeman Sarah Polak Dr. Zahava Scherz Science Teaching Science Teaching Prof. Ehud Shapiro Dina Preise Prof. Yoram Salomon Life Sciences Biological Regulation Eugene Prosso Prof. Ehud Duchovni Physical Sciences Particle Physics Anna Rapoport Prof. Yakar Kannai Mathematics Mathematics and Computer Science Osnat Ravid Amir Prof. Eytan Domany Life Sciences Physics of Complex Systems Sharon Reef Prof. Adi Kimchi Life Sciences Molecular Genetics Dana Reichmann Dr. Shmuel Pietrokovski Life Sciences Molecular Genetics Adriana Reuveny Prof. Talila Volk Life Sciences Molecular Genetics Naomi Rosen Prof. Doron Lancet Life Sciences Molecular Genetics Gabriel Rosenblum Prof. Irit Sagi Chemical Structural Biology Sciences Nitzan Rosenfeld Dr. Uri Alon Physical Sciences Molecular Cell Biology Assaf Rotem Prof. Henry Markram Physical Sciences Neurobiology Mor Rubinstein Dr. Naama Barkai Life Sciences Molecular Genetics Dr. Ofer Gileadi Niva Russek Prof. Moshe Oren Life Sciences Molecular Cell Biology Sharon Ruthstein Prof. Daniella Goldfarb Chemical Chemical Physics Sciences Avital Sadovski-Sadot Prof. Doron Lancet Mathematics Molecular Genetics and Computer Science Ilia Safro Prof. Achi Brandt Mathematics Computer Science and Prof. Uriel Feige and Computer Applied Mathematics Science 270 Feinberg Graduate School

Ilan Sagiv Dr. Dan Shahar Physical Sciences Condensed Matter Physics Dr. Ziv Reich Neta Sal-Man Prof. Yechiel Shai Life Sciences Biological Chemistry Anat Samuel Prof. Yadin Dudai Life Sciences Neurobiology Ofer Sarig Dr. Naama Barkai Life Sciences Molecular Genetics Roiy Sayag Prof. Eli Tziperman Physical Sciences Environmental Sciences and Energy Research Rachel Segev Prof. Bat-Sheva Eylon Science Teaching Science Teaching Dr. Edit Yerushalmi Shai Senderovich Prof. Varda Rotter Life Sciences Molecular Cell Biology Yaakov Setty Dr. Uri Alon Mathematics Computer Science and Prof. Ran Raz and Computer Applied Mathematics Science Eli Shechtman Prof. Michal Irani Mathematics Computer Science and and Computer Applied Mathematics Science Barak Shenhav Prof. Doron Lancet Life Sciences Molecular Genetics Liran Shimshi Prof. Asher Friesem Physical Sciences Physics of Complex Systems Sophie Shnaper Prof. Yechiel Shai Chemical Biological Chemistry Sciences Denis Simakov Prof. Ronen Basri Mathematics Computer Science and and Computer Applied Mathematics Science Tal Sines Dr. Ari Elson Life Sciences Molecular Genetics Perry Stambolsky Prof. Varda Rotter Life Sciences Molecular Cell Biology Prof. Moshe Oren Hana Stein Dr. Rina Hershkovitz Science Teaching Science Teaching Dr. Alexander Friedlander Eran Tromer Prof. Adi Shamir Mathematics Computer Science and and Computer Applied Mathematics Science Tomer Volansky Prof. Yosef Nir Physical Sciences Particle Physics Prof. Micha Berkooz Adam Wasserstrom Prof. Henry Markram Life Sciences Neurobiology Liat Yakir Prof. Yosef Yarden Life Sciences Biological Regulation Feinberg Graduate School 271

Ronen Zaidel-Bar Prof. Benjamin Geiger Life Sciences Molecular Cell Biology Tzviya Zeev Ben- Prof. Joel Sussman Chemical Structural Biology Mordehai Prof. Israel Silman Sciences Assaf Zemach Dr. Gideon Grafi Life Sciences Plant Sciences Keren Ziv Prof. Michal Neeman Life Sciences Biological Regulation Julia Zonis Prof. Alexander Life Sciences Molecular Cell Biology Bershadsky 272 Feinberg Graduate School

Prizes for Ph.D. and M.Sc. Students 2003

The John F. Kennedy Prize Recipients Advisors Department Boaz Barak Prof. Oded Goldreich Computer Science and Applied Mathematics Khalil Kashkush Prof. Moshe Feldman Plant Sciences Prof. Avraham Levy Roee Ozeri Prof. Nir Davidson Physics of Complex Systems Sebastian Poliak Prof. Elior Peles Molecular Cell Biology

The Elchanan E. Bondi Memorial Prize Recipients Advisor/s Department Iris Visoly-Fisher Prof. David Cahen Materials and Interfaces

The Dov Elad Memorial Prize Recipients Advisor/s Department Elena Vinogradov Prof. Shimon Vega Chemical Physics

The Gad Resheff Memorial Prize Recipients Advisor/s Department Nirit Dudovich Prof. Yaron Silberberg Physics of Complex Systems

The Giora Yoel Yashinski Memorial Prize Recipients Advisor/s Department Rami Marelly Prof. David Harel Computer Science and Applied Mathematics

The Daniel Brenner Memorial Prize Recipients Advisor/s Department Xiaohong Zhu Prof. Gad Galili Plant Sciences

The Lady Anne Chain Memorial Prize Recipients Advisor/s Department Amir Goldbourt Prof. Shimon Vega Chemical Physics Feinberg Graduate School 273

The Esther Helinger Memorial Prize

Recipients Advisor/s Department Dafna Arieli Prof. Daniella Goldfarb Chemical Physics

The Haim Holtzman Memorial Prize Recipients Advisor/s Department Oded Kleifeld Prof. Irit Sagi Structural Biology

The Menashe Milo Memorial Prize Recipients Advisor/s Department David Biron Prof. Elisha Moses Physics of Complex Systems

The Dean's Prize for Ph.D. Students Recipients Advisors Department Anat Afriat-Herskovits Prof. Eitan Bibi Biological Chemistry Oren Dwir Prof. Ronen Alon Immunology Michael Elkin Prof. David Peleg Computer Science and Applied Mathematics Guy Y. Garty Prof. Amos Breskin Particle Physics Alessandro Silva Prof. Shimon Levit Condensed Matter Physics

The Dean's Prize for M.Sc.Students Recipients Advisors Department Asmahan Abu-Arish Prof. Michael Elbaum Materials and Interfaces Dr. Sharon Wolf Dan Bernstein Prof. Amitai Regev Mathematics Naomi Coslovsky Prof. Yitzhak Koch Neurobiology Gili Hart Dr. Idit Shachar Immunology Berith Isaac Prof. Abraham Minsky Organic Chemistry Matti Oron Prof. Jacob Klein Materials and Interfaces Dr. Rachel Yerushalmi- Rozen Osnat Ravid Amir Prof. Eytan Domany Physics of Complex Systems Sharon Ruthstein Prof. Daniella Goldfarb Chemical Physics Eli Shechtman Prof. Michal Irani Computer Science and Applied Mathematics 274 Feinberg Graduate School

Tomer Volansky Prof. Yosef Nir Particle Physics Prof. Micha Berkooz Tzviya Zeev Ben- Prof. Joel Sussman Structural Biology Mordehai Prof. Israel Silman Assaf Zemach Dr. Gideon Grafi Plant Sciences

The D. N. Chorfas Prize Recipients Advisors Department Nirit Dudovich Prof. Yaron Silberberg Physics of Complex Systems Iris Visoly-Fisher Prof. David Cahen Materials and Interfaces

The Wolf Foundation Prize Recipients Advisors Department Uri Keshet Prof. Eli Waxman Condensed Matter Physics Guy Raz Prof. Yosef Nir Particle Physics Uri Zadok Prof. Mordechai Sheves Organic Chemistry Feinberg Graduate School 275

Post Doctoral Fellowships for 2003

The David Aftalion Postdoctoral Fellowship in Biomedical Research

Elina Levina Molecular Cell Biology Jakob Zhurinsky Molecular Cell Biology

The Edith and Edward F. Anixter Postdoctoral Fellowship

Pradeep Kumar Mohanty Physics of Complex Systems

The Jean-Jacques Berreby Postdoctoral Fellowship in Neurobiology and Brain Research

Igor Goncharov Neurobiology

The Dov Biegun Postdoctoral Fellowship

Jasmin Fisher Computer Science and Applied Mathematics

The Sir Charles Clore Postdoctoral Fellowships

Yoav Barak Biological Chemistry Jean-Eudes Dazard Molecular Cell Biology Erez Dekel Molecular Cell Biology Sambandamurthy Ganapathy Condensed Matter Physics Tao He Materials and Interfaces Yael Kalma Biological Regulation Gady Kozma Mathematics Michael Riveline Particle Physics Sujit Sarkar Condensed Matter Physics Andrey Shirak Plant Sciences Jayaraman Shobini Organic Chemistry

The Gina and Leon Fromer Endowed Postdoctoral Fellowship

Noga Alagem Biological Chemistry 276 Feinberg Graduate School

The Dr. Adele Gecht Postdoctoral Fellowship in Biomedical Research

Maya Shelly Molecular Cell Biology

The Goldberg Family Trust Postdoctoral Fellowship in Biomedical Research

Abraham Avigdor Immunology

The Harold and Jean Grossman Postdoctoral Fellowship in Cancer Research

Julia Penso Biological Regulation

The Arthur Kaplan Postdoctoral Fellowship

Guohua Xu Plant Sciences

The Edmond I. and Lillian S. Kaufmann Postdoctoral Fellowship

Yonatan Wexler Computer Science and Applied Mathematics

The Koret Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship

Navot Israeli Physics of Complex Systems

The Koshland Scholars Program

Sven Bergmann Molecular Genetics Jacques Bodennec Biological Chemistry Nir Gov Materials and Interfaces Yukinori Nagatani Particle Physics Ronen Shaltiel Computer Science and Applied Mathematics Itai Yanai Molecular Genetics

The Dr. Saul and Rose Mackoff Postdoctoral Fellowship

Devrim Gozuacik Molecular Genetics Feinberg Graduate School 277

The Sadie, Moses and Harry Marks Postdoctoral Fellowship

Anat Bren Molecular Cell Biology

The Pacific Theatres Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowships

Amir Aharoni Biological Chemistry Ramy Doron Particle Physics Avraham Mayo Molecular Cell Biology

The Louis L. and Anita M. Perlman Postdoctoral Fellowship

Orit Wolstein (Weiner) Molecular Genetics

The Dr. Robert G. Picard Postdoctoral Fellowship in Physics and/or Electronics

Shahar Hod Condensed Matter Physics

The Maurizio Pontecorvo Postdoctoral Fellowship in Cancer Research

Ziv Sevilya Biological Chemistry

The Hughes and Sheila Potiker Postdoctoral Fellowship in Autoimmune Disease Research

Oren Dwir Immunology

The Stephen M. Reich Postdoctoral Fellowship in Cancer Research

Neeru Jain Biological Regulation

The Helena Rubinstein Postdoctoral Fellowship in Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Research

Tamar Sapir Molecular Genetics 278 Feinberg Graduate School

The Sara Lee Schupf Women and Science Fellowship

Galit Shenhar Molecular Cell Biology

The Golda and Dr. Yehiel Shwartzman and Sara & Haim Medvedi Families Postdoctoral Fellowship

Dan Drai Neurobiology

The Marcus and Lily Sieff Postdoctoral Fellowship

Ishai Dror Environmental Sciences and Energy Research

The Norman Sosnow Postdoctoral Fellowship

Asael Herman Biological Chemistry

The Ann Abrams Stone Postdoctoral Fellowship

Stella Aronov Molecular Genetics

The Anne Stone Postdoctoral Fellowship

Adonis Vasile Lupulescu Chemical Physics

The Dewey David Stone Postdoctoral Fellowship

Sergio Peisajovich Biological Chemistry

The Harry K. Stone Postdoctoral Fellowship

Jing Zhang Organic Chemistry

The Hugh David Stone Postdoctoral Fellowship

Revital Pery Shechter Physics of Complex Systems Feinberg Graduate School 279

The Reva G. Stone Postdoctoral Fellowship

Atindra Shukla Organic Chemistry

The Fritz Thyssen Stiftung Postdoctoral Fellowship in Experimental Physics

Bernhard Schnurr Physics of Complex Systems

The Weizmann Institute Postdoctoral Fellowship in Electronics Research

Nir Friedman Physics of Complex Systems

The Phil Zacharia Postdoctoral Fellowship

Joan Simon Soler Particle Physics

The Aron Zandman Postdoctoral Fellowship in Organic Chemistry

Sylvain Gatard Organic Chemistry 280 Feinberg Graduate School

Scholarship Awards

Ph.D. Scholarships in Perpetuity

The Jacques and Gisella Anavy Scholarship Established in 1983 by Jacques and Gisella Anavy, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Recipient: Revital Cohen, Department of Organic Chemistry The Dr. Christian B. Anfinsen Scholarship Established in 1974 in Dr. Anfinsen's honor by the Washington Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, Washington, DC Recipient: Shirly Becker-Herman, Department of Immunology The Eda and Leon Asseo Scholarship Established in 1988 by Eda Asseo, Tel Aviv, Israel Recipient: Gal Haimovich, Department of Biological Regulation The Jacob and Sonia Hager Axelrad Endowed Doctoral Scholarship Fund in Cancer Research Established in 1999 through a bequest of Sonia Hager Axelrad, New York Recipients: Ami Citri, Department of Biological Regulation; Galit Eliyahu, Department of Biological Regulation; Judith Kraut, Department of Molecular Genetics; Galia Mazooz, Department of Biological Regulation; Dana Ravid, Department of Biological Regulation; Nir Shani, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Thomas Ayers Scholarship in Energy Research Established in 1994 by Thomas Ayers, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Robert Ventrella, Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research The Lillian Baker Scholarship Established in 1991 through a bequest of Lillian Baker, Hallandale, Florida Recipient: Einav Gross, Department of Structural Biology The Florence and Theodore Baumritter Scholarship Fund for Russian Students Established in 1991 by Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Baumritter, Boca Raton, Florida Recipient: Tatyana Ponomaryov, Department of Immunology The J. Myron and Zachary Michael Bay Scholarship Established in 1979 by Jerry Adler and friends, The Magen David Wine Corporation, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Sol Efroni, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Bayer Corporation Scholarship in Perpetuity Established in 1996 by the Bayer Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Recipient: Amos Gdalyahu, Department of Molecular Genetics The Becker Family Fund Scholarship Established in 1975 through a bequest of Louis Becker, New York Recipient: Gil Amitai, Department of Molecular Genetics Feinberg Graduate School 281

The Mollie Freeman Becker Scholarship Established in 1971 by Mrs. Samuel Becker, Newton, Massachusetts Recipient: Guy Hed, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Shlomo Beilitz Scholarship Established in 1979 through a bequest of Shlomo Beilitz, Ra'anana, Israel Recipient: Hadar Steinberg, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Abraham Berman Scholarship Established in 1966 through a bequest of Abraham Berman, South Africa Recipient: Roy Mukamel, Department of Neurobiology The Joseph W. and Emily J. Bernstein Scholarship Established in 1990 by the Amber Foundation, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Joy Kahn, Department of Immunology The Dr. Henri H. Birnbaum Scholarship Established in 1979 through a bequest of Dr. Henri H. Birnbaum, New York Recipient: Sharon Ayal, Department of Plant Sciences The Abraham H. Blank Scholarship Established in 1979 by Myron Blank, Des Moines, Iowa Recipient: Avia Herschkovitz, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Alex and Yudas (Yetta) Bloom Scholarship Established in 1971 by Philip Bloom, New York Recipient: Revital Ben-Daniel, Department of Organic Chemistry The Alan I. Bluestein Scholarship Established in 1990 by Milton J. Bluestein, Palm Beach, Florida Recipient: Einat Peled, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Alejandro y Dinorah Margounato Blum Scholarship Established in 1986 by the Leon and Elena Blum Foundation, Montevideo, Uruguay Recipient: Liat Flaishon, Department of Immunology The Joseph Brainin and Sally Brainin Scholarship Established in 1967 in honor of Joseph and Sally Brainin by the American Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, New York Recipient: Avishai Mimran, Department of Immunology The Melva and Martin Bucksbaum Scholarship for Biomedical/Cardiovascular Research Established in 1996 in honor of Melva Bucksbaum and in memory of her husband Martin by family and friends, Des Moines, Iowa RecipientYael Lifshitz, Department of Biological Chemistry The Professor Arthur Charlesby Fund for Doctoral Student Scholarships Established in 2001 by Irene Charlesby, Swindon, UK, in memory of her husband Recipient: Ran Eliash, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Dr. Rebecca Chutick and Dr. Lillian Chutick Doctoral Scholarship Fund for Soviet Immigrant Students Established in 1994 through a bequest of Dr. Rebecca Chutick, New York Recipients: Shimon Bershtein, Department of Biological Chemistry; Shlomit Boguslavsky, Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Oleg Butovsky, Department of 282 Feinberg Graduate School

Neurobiology; Leon Eisen, Department of Physics of Complex Systems; Edi Goichberg, Department of Organic Chemistry; Michael Katkov, Department of Neurobiology The Isidore and Theresa Cohen Scholarship Established in 1973 by the Israel, Theresa, and Ronald Cohen Charitable Trust, Cape Town, South Africa Recipient: Gideon Amir, Department of Mathematics The Sam Cohen Windhoek Scholarships Established in 1981 by the Sam Cohen Trust, Namibia, South Africa Recipients: Ayelet Akselrod-Ballin, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics; Mikkel F. Anderson, Department of Physics of Complex Systems; Efrat Ben-Zeev, Department of Biological Chemistry; Avigdor Eldar, Department of Molecular Genetics; Ofer Fainaru, Department of Molecular Genetics; Nancy Gavert, Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Avia Herschkovitz, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Frank Considine Scholarship in Geophysics Established in 2000 in honor of Frank Considine by the Chicago Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Kadmiel Maseyk, Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research The Leo A. and Sarah G. Copin Scholarship Fund Established in 1994 through a bequest of Sarah Copin, Palm Beach, Florida Recipient: Tal Hazak-Verdene, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Cowen Semester Scholarship in Molecular Biology, In Memory of Belle and Leonard Cowen and Sylvia and Irving Schwartz Established in 1996 by Mr. and Mrs. Stephen A. Cowen, Tenafly, New Jersey, in memory of their parents Recipient: Noam Erez, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Dan Danciger Scholarship Established in 1960 by the Dan Danciger Foundation, Kansas City, Missouri Recipient: Andreas Johansson, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Joseph and Sadie Danciger Scholarships Established in 1960 by the Sadie Danciger Trust and the Joseph and Sadie Danciger Fund, Kansas City, Missouri Recipients: Na’aman Kam, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics; Mira Kipnis, Department of Science Teaching; Eran Ofek, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Jack and Simon Djanogly Scholarships Established in 1971 by Sir Harry Djanogly, London, UK Recipients: Ofra Chen, Department of Plant Sciences; Laila C. Roisman, Department of Biological Chemistry The Pearl and Morris Dry Scholarship Established in 1966 by Sidney Dry, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Shay Marcus, Department of Molecular Genetics Feinberg Graduate School 283

The Dr. Yehuda and Leah Dubowski Scholarship Established in 1988 by Leah Dubowski, Kiryat Ono, Israel Recipient: Mariana Babor, Department of Plant Sciences The Florence Edelman Scholarship in Perpetuity Established in 1987 through a bequest of Florence Edelman, New York Recipient: Amos Gdalyahu, Department of Molecular Genetics The Dr. Joshua and Helene Ehrlich Memorial Scholarship Established in 1987 through a bequest of Helene Ehrlich, Miami, Florida Recipient: Liat Amir-Zilberstein, Department of Biological Chemistry The Leon and Kathe Fallek Scholarships Established in 1974 by Fred S. Fallek, New York Recipients: Eran Eyal, Department of Plant Sciences; Hadas Ner-Gaon, Department of Plant Sciences The Dr. Eugene I. and Charlotte Falstein Graduate Scholarship Established in 1997 by Charlotte R. Falstein, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Eran Perlson, Department of Biological Chemistry The Belle and Philip Feinberg Scholarship Established in 1983 by Abraham Feinberg, New York Recipient: Daphna Ben-Zeev Arieli, Department of Chemical Physics The Lillian Feinberg Scholarship Established in 1983 by Abraham Feinberg, New York Recipient: Amir Bahar, Department of Neurobiology The Shirley and Judge Wilfred Feinberg Scholarship Established in 1983 by Abraham Feinberg, New York Recipient: Ilan Samish, Department of Plant Sciences The Dr. Judith Schneider and Dr. E. Richard Feinberg Scholarship Established in 1983 by Belle S. Meller, New York Recipient: Niv Papo, Department of Biological Chemistry The Harold Feinstein and Bess Rae C. Feinstein Scholarship Fund for Soviet Students Established in 1990 through a bequest of Bess Rae C. Feinstein, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Galina Gabriely, Department of Molecular Genetics The Meyer Feldman Memorial Scholarship Established in 1973 through a bequest of Meyer Feldman, Tucson, Arizona Recipient: David Baram, Department of Structural Biology The Joel Fellner and Gisella Schreiber Fellner and Ernest Ludwig Mannheimer and Arabella Weiss Mannheimer Scholarship Fund Established in 1983 by the Leopold and Clara M. Fellner Charitable Foundation, Los Angeles, California Recipient: Shay Marcus, Department of Molecular Genetics The Joseph E. and Rose Fisher Scholarship Established in 1978 by Mr. and Mrs. Joseph E. Fisher, Canton, Ohio Recipient: Sharon Ayal, Department of Plant Sciences 284 Feinberg Graduate School

The Rita Friedell and Donald Fiterman Scholarship Established in 1970 by Mr. and Mrs. Morlan Fiterman, Highland Park, Illinois Recipient: Ofra Chen, Department of Plant Sciences The Stephen W. Fleck Scholarship Fund Established in 1995 through a bequest of Herta Fleck, New York Recipient: Shav Covo, Department of Biological Chemistry The Alexander and Lilly Foldes Memorial Scholarship Established in 1981 through a bequest of Lilly Foldes, New York Recipient: Alon Rosen, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Joseph F. and Clara Ford Foundation Scholarship in Perpetuity Established in 1989 by the Joseph F. and Clara Ford Foundation, Boston, Massachusetts Recipient: Mark Iron, Department of Organic Chemistry The Harry and Lillian Frankel Scholarship Established in 1959 through a bequest of Lillian Frankel, Shawnee Mission, Kansas Recipient: Tal Hazak-Verdene, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Malcolm Fraser Scholarship in Medical Biology Established in 1987 in honor of Malcolm Fraser by the Australian Association for the Weizmann Institute of Science, Victoria, Australia Recipient: Asa Eitan, Department of Biological Chemistry The Samuel R. and Anna E. Friedman Scholarship Established in 1970 by the S.R. Friedman Charitable Trust, Palm Springs, California Recipient: Sol Efroni, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Margot and Alfred Furth-Regina Fleischer Scholarship in Chemistry Established in 1992 through a bequest of Regina Fleischer, and by Alfred Furth, New York, in memory of his wife, Margot Recipient: Eran Bouchbinder, Department of Chemical Physics The Rita Gehl Scholarship in Cancer Research Established in 1999 by Rita Gehl, London, UK Recipient: Tzippi Hershko, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Bessie and Barnet Ginsburg Memorial Scholarship Established in 1971 by the Bessie and Barnet Ginsburg Memorial Foundation, Westhampton Beach, New York Recipient: Ephraim Fass, Department of Biological Chemistry The Israel, Sara and L. Chester Glaser Scholarship Established in 1975 through a bequest of L. Chester Glaser, New York Recipient: Helit Rozen-Nabel, Department of Molecular Genetics The Goldberg-Guild Scholarships Established in 1984 by Bernard Goldberg, Hallandale, Florida, and by Irwin C. Guild, Palm Beach, Florida Recipients: Jakub Abramson, Department of Immunology; Reit Artzi, Department of Chemical Physics; Emilia-Aline Barbu, Department of Immunology; Guy Cinamon, Department of Immunology; Ilit Cohen-Ofri, Department of Structural Biology; Ayelet Dar, Department of Immunology; Supratim Guha-Ray, Department of Chemical Feinberg Graduate School 285

Physics; Amos Korman, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics; Noga Kozer-Gurevich, Department of Biological Chemistry; Aurelie Lachish-Zalait, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Dr. Anna Goldfeder Scholarship Established in 1994 through a bequest of Dr. Anna Goldfeder, New York Recipient: Refael Aharon, Department of Plant Sciences The J. Barney and Pauline Goldhar Foundation Scholarship Established in 1982 in honor of Paul and Gella Rothstein by Mr. and Mrs. J. Barney Goldhar, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Recipient: Einav Gross, Department of Structural Biology The Richard and Rhoda Goldman Scholarship Established in 1982 by Mr. and Mrs. Richard Goldman, San Francisco, California Recipient: Eyal Emmanuel, Department of Plant Sciences The Phillip and Beverly Goldstick Scholarship Established in 1980 by Phillip C. Goldstick, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Yosef Yehuda Kuttner, Department of Structural Biology The Dorothy and Maurice Gordon Scholarship Established in 1968 by Centrose Associates, Boston, Massachusetts Recipient: Gilad Doitsh, Department of Molecular Genetics The Harold J. and Marion Green Scholarship Established in 1970 by Mr. and Mrs. Harold J. Green, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Miri Cohen-Kandli, Department of Biological Regulation The Nandor F. Gross Scholarship Established in 1982 through a bequest of Kalman Gross, New York Recipient: Nissan Lev-Tov, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Samson David Gruber Memorial Scholarship Established in 1998 by Mr. and Mrs. Irving M. Gruber, New York, in memory of their son Recipient: Ronen Sosnik, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Isadore and Bertha Gudelsky Family Scholarship Established in 1979 by the Isidore and Bertha Gudelsky Family Foundation, Potomac, Maryland Recipient: Amos Gdalyahu, Department of Molecular Genetics The Herbert Leiser Harband Memorial Scholarship Established in 1976 through bequests of Dorothea and Julius Harband, San Francisco, California, in memory of their beloved son Recipient: Gal Haimovich, Department of Biological Regulation The Gertrude and Benjamin R. Harris Scholarship Established in 1989 through bequests of Gertrude and Benjamin R. Harris, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Liat Flaishon, Department of Immunology 286 Feinberg Graduate School

The Dr. Esther Hellinger Memorial Scholarship Established in 1986 through a bequest of Dr. Esther Hellinger, London, UK Recipient: Revital Ben-Daniel, Department of Organic Chemistry The Otto and Mary Hersch Scholarships Established in 1988 through a bequest of Mary Hersch, New York Recipients: Nava Levit-Binnun, Department of Physics of Complex Systems; David Mandelik, Department of Physics of Complex Systems; Arie Melamed-Katz, Department of Particle Physics; Avi Pe'er, Department of Physics of Complex Systems; Dirk Mormann, Department of Particle Physics The Luta and Ludwig Heusinger Scholarships Established in 1993 through a bequest of Dr. Ludwig Heusinger, Kfar Shmaryahu, Israel Recipient: Galit Yahalom, Department of Organic Chemistry The Fay and Harry Hoffman Scholarship Established in 1982 by Harry Hoffman, family and friends, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Gil Amitai, Department of Molecular Genetics The William T. Hogan and Winifred T. Hogan Scholarship Established in 1997 by the International Brotherhood of Teamsters Local 714, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Itsik Bar-Nahum, Department of Organic Chemistry The Lawrence Horowitz Scholarship Established in 1979 by Lawrence G. Horowitz, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Recipient: Revital Cohen, Department of Organic Chemistry The Anna Hurwitz Scholarship Established in 1984 by Allan Hurwitz, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Galia Maayan, Department of Organic Chemistry The John F. Kennedy Memorial Fund Scholarships Established in 1965 by the John F. Kennedy Memorial Foundation, Rehovot, Israel Recipients: Hani I. Al-Ahmad, Department of Plant Sciences; Yevgenia Apartsin, Department of Mathematics; Mark Eisenberg, Department of Neurobiology; Premkumar Lakshmanane, Department of Biological Chemistry; Adi Mesika, Department of Biological Chemistry; Guy Raz, Department of Particle Physics; Dalia Rosin, Department of Molecular Genetics; Neta Sal-Man, Department of Biological Chemistry; Jimmy R. Stehberg, Department of Neurobiology; Oded Suad, Department of Structural Biology; Arul Subramanian, Department of Molecular Genetics; Iyad Suwan, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics; Jianshe Yan, Department of Biological Chemistry; Alexandra Zanin-Zhorov, Department of Immunology; Lidija Zivkovic, Department of Particle Physics The Malcolm Kingsberg Memorial Scholarship Established in 1972 through a bequest of Malcolm Kingsberg, New York Recipient: Laila C. Roisman, Department of Biological Chemistry Feinberg Graduate School 287

The Jeannine Klueger Scholarship Established in 1991 by Seraphina Klueger-Kraus, Dusseldorf, Germany, in memory of her daughter Recipient: Sefi Raz, Department of Structural Biology The Neil David Konheim Memorial Scholarship Established in 1985 by George Konheim, Beverly Hills, California Recipient: Roy Mukamel, Department of Neurobiology The Richard Koret Scholarship Established in 1968 by the trustees of the Richard Koret Foundation, New York Recipient: Shay Marcus, Department of Molecular Genetics The Joseph Korodi Memorial Scholarship Established in 1993 by Emmy Singer Korodi, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Recipient: Neri Minsky, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Samuel and Ronnie Kraut Fund for Scholarships in the Life Sciences Established in 1988 by Ricky Kraut through bequests of her parents, Samuel and Ronnie Kraut, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Recipient: Eilon Woolf, Department of Molecular Genetics The Lillian Hellman Kugler Scholarship in Cancer Research Established in 1995 through the Saerree K. and Louis P. Fiedler Family Fund, Deerfield, Illinois Recipient: Michal Greenberg, Department of Biological Regulation The Robert Alan Kuniansky Memorial Scholarship Established in 1978 by Max L. and Helen Kuniansky, Atlanta, Georgia Recipient: Helit Rozen-Nabel, Department of Molecular Genetics The Harold J. Lawn, M.D. Scholarship Fund Established in 1989 by Dr. Harold J. Lawn, St. Paul, Minnesota Recipients: Oded Danziger, Department of Structural Biology; Clovis Hopman, Department of Condensed Matter Physics; Uri Keshet, Department of Condensed Matter Physics; Keren Shtiegman, Department of Biological Regulation The Dr. Sophie N. Leschin Scholarship Fund Established in 1985 through a bequest of Dr. Sophie N. Leschin, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Niv Papo, Department of Biological Chemistry The Eudyce H. Levin Scholarship in Cancer Research Established in 1984 by Wallace "Bud" Levin, North Miami Beach, Florida Recipient: Gilad Doitsh, Department of Molecular Genetics The Irena and Morris Goldstein and Stefan Joram Lewari Memorial Scholarship Established in 1988 through a bequest of Irena Lewari, Cape Town, South Africa Recipient: Joy Kahn, Department of Immunology The Morris I. Lewisohn Scholarship Established in 1976 through a bequest of Morris I. Lewisohn, Teaneck, New Jersey Recipient: Miriam Cohen-Koren, Department of Molecular Cell Biology 288 Feinberg Graduate School

The Dorothy and Elias Lieberman Memorial Scholarship Established in 1972 by the Elias Lieberman Memorial Foundation, Jamaica, New York Recipient: David Baram, Department of Structural Biology The Sally and Jerome Lipper Scholarship Fund for Young Immigrants Established in 1993 by the Kenneth and Evelyn Lipper Foundation, New York Recipient: Rina Glozman, Department of Plant Sciences The Samuel and Eleanor London Scholarship Established in 1986 through a bequest of Eleanor J. London, Los Angeles, California Recipient: David Margulies, Department of Organic Chemistry The Meyer Loomstein Scholarship Established in 1982 by Meyer Loomstein, Hollywood, Florida Recipient: Keren Mevorat Kaplan, Department of Organic Chemistry The Lou and Miriam Ludwig Scholarship Established in 1974 through a bequest of Louis Ludwig, New York Recipient: Irena Pekker, Department of Plant Sciences The Dr. Saul and Rose Mackoff Doctoral Scholarship Established in 2002 through a bequest of Dr. Saul Mackoff, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Ivo Spiegel, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Henry and Louis Malakoff Scholarship Fund, New Rochelle, New York Established in 1991 by Rebecca Malakoff, Brooklyn, New York Recipient: Hagai Shorer, Department of Biological Chemistry The Rixi Markus Scholarships in Memory of Eugenia, Ignacy and Herbert Alfred Heller Established in 1995 through a bequest of Rixi Markus, MBE, London, UK Recipients: Moshit Lindzen, Department of Biological Chemistry; Na’ama Peshes, Department of Immunology The Rodolfo May Scholarships Established in 2000 through a bequest of Rodolfo May, Montevideo, Uruguay Recipients: Cintia Roodveldt, Department of Immunology; Ilan Volovitz, Department of Immunology The Nora Menasce Scholarships in Cancer Research Established in 2002 through a bequest of Nora Menasce, Milan, Italy Recipients: Assaf Gilead, Department of Biological Regulation; Sharon Kahan, Department of Molecular Genetics The Martin and Dianne Mendoza Scholarship Established in 1991 in honor of Martin and Dianne Mendoza by friends and admirers, London, UK Recipient: Galia Maik-Rachline, Department of Biological Regulation The Leo Meyer Scholarship Established in 1965 through a bequest of Leo Meyer, San Francisco, California Recipient: Ana Hernandez, Department of Molecular Genetics The Dr. Bert Migicovsky Scholarship Established in 1990 by the Ottawa Jewish Community, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Recipient: Mark Iron, Department of Organic Chemistry Feinberg Graduate School 289

The Minzer Family Fund Scholarship Established in 1978 by Margaret and Sol Minzer, Dallas, Texas Recipient: Refael Aharon, Department of Plant Sciences The Paul and Felicia Muskat Scholarship Fund Established in 1984 through a bequest of Paul Muskat, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Recipients: Irena Pekker, Department of Plant Sciences; Zohar Tiran, Department of Molecular Genetics The Inez P. and David N. Myers Scholarship Established in 1981 by the David and Inez Myers Scholarship Fund, Cleveland, Ohio Recipient: Avishai Mimran, Department of Immunology The Gertrude and Valentin Nathan Scholarship Fund Established in 1997 through a bequest of Gertrude Nathan, New York Recipients: Teodor Burghelea, Department of Physics of Complex Systems; Maria Gabriella Fuzesi, Department of Biological Chemistry; Indraneel Ghosh, Department of Molecular Genetics; Tamar Seeman-Emerson, Department of Mathematics The Fanny Fletcher and Meyer Naxon Memorial Scholarship in Perpetuity Established in 1985 through a bequest of Meyer Naxon, Beverly Hills, California Recipients: Yehudit Posen, Department of Biological Regulation; Laila C. Roisman, Department of Biological Chemistry The Clara and Bela B. Nevai Scholarship Established in 1972 by Mr. and Mrs. Bela B. Nevai, Dobbs Ferry, New York Recipient: Michael Milyavsky, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Dr. Louis B. and Rose M. Newman Scholarship Established in 1971 by Dr. and Mrs. Louis B. Newman, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Ilan Samish, Department of Plant Sciences The Cemach Oiserman Scholarship Fund Established in 1979 through Yehuda Assia, Geneva, Switzerland Recipient: Guy Hed, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Dr. Oskar Oliven Memorial Scholarship Established in 2003 through bequests of Gerald and Hedy Oliven, Los Angeles, California Recipient: Olga Singurindy, Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research The Dora Ostre Memorial Scholarships Established in 1987 through a bequest of Dr. Sprinzl Weizenblatt, Asheville, North Carolina Recipients: Eran Borenstein, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics; Alexander Klimov, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics; Noam Erez, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Edith and Henry Plessner Scholarship Established in 1991 through a bequest of Edith Plessner, New York Recipient: Boris Epshtein, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics 290 Feinberg Graduate School

The David and Janet Polak Scholarship Established in 1997 by Mr. and Mrs. David Polak, Beverly Hills, California Recipient: Gil Amitai, Department of Molecular Genetics The Rose Lee and Marvin Pomerantz Scholarship Established in 1998 by Rose Lee and Marvin Pomerantz and friends, Des Moines, Iowa Recipient: Nitzan Rosenfeld, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Alfred Prager Scholarship Established in 1970 by the American Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science and through a bequest of Alfred Auerbach, New York Recipient: Kaiyin Zhang, Department of Chemical Physics The Theodore R. and Edlyn Racoosin Scholarship Fund Established in 1993 through bequests of Theodore and Edlyn Racoosin, New York Recipients: Daniela Amann, Department of Molecular Genetics; Katya Arnold, Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Gad Asher, Department of Molecular Genetics; Mariana Babor, Department of Plant Sciences; Efrat Ben-Zeev, Department of Biological Chemistry; Erez Boukobza, Department of Chemical Physics; Amnon Buxbaum, Department of Materials and Interfaces; Xiumei Cao, Department of Biological Regulation; Raanan Carmieli, Department of Chemical Physics; David Dangoor, Department of Organic Chemistry; Joseph Englander, Department of Organic Chemistry; Ester Feldmesser, Department of Molecular Genetics; Neta Filip-Granit, Department of Materials and Interfaces; Milana Frenkel-Morgenstern, Department of Molecular Genetics; Javier Groshaus, Department of Condensed Matter Physics; Merav Revach, Department of Biological Chemistry; Amir Sagiv, Department of Condensed Matter Physics; Adi Salomon, Department of Materials and Interfaces; Dorit Sloboda- Rozner, Department of Organic Chemistry; Xiaohu Tang, Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Kaiyan Zhang, Department of Chemical Physics The Hirsch and Braine Raskin Foundation Scholarships Established in 1970 by the Hirsch and Braine Raskin Foundation, New York Recipients: Chen Luxenburg, Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Victoria Malina, Department of Immunology; Ronen Zaidel-Bar, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Harry, Lillian and Sylvan Ray Memorial Scholarship in Cancer Research Established in 1997 by Dr. M.L. Ray, Dallas, Texas Recipient: Dorit Granot, Department of Biological Regulation The Harry and Mildred Remis Scholarship Established in 1973 by Mr. and Mrs. Harry Remis, Peabody, Massachusetts Recipient: Avraham Samson, Department of Structural Biology The Charles G. and Belle Reskin Doctoral Graduate Scholarship in Perpetuity Established in 1997 through a bequest of Charles Reskin, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Oded Lewinson, Department of Biological Chemistry The Burton and Sylvia "Sibby" Richards Doctoral Scholarship Established in 2001 by Mr. Burton Richards, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania Recipient: Roee Atlas, Department of Neurobiology Feinberg Graduate School 291

The Lillian L. Rolde Memorial Scholarship Established in 1981 by L. Robert Rolde, Boston, Massachusetts Recipient: Daphna Ben-Zeev Arieli, Department of Chemical Physics The Dorothy and Irving Rom Scholarship Established in 1990 by the Irving and Dorothy Rom Charitable Trust, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Miriam Cohen-Koren, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Ben and Esther Rosenbloom Foundation Scholarship Established in 1990 by Ben and Esther Rosenbloom, Baltimore, Maryland Recipient: Michael Milyavsky, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Dr. Arnold Rosenblum Scholarship in Theoretical Physics Established in 1992 by Dorothy Rosenblum, Brooklyn, New York Recipient: Alessandro Silva, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Anna and Leo Rosner Scholarship Established in 1986 by the Leo Rosner Endowment Fund, Miami Beach, Florida Recipient: Guy Hed, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Celia and Nelson Rostow Scholarship Established in 1990 through a bequest of Nelson Rostow, New Haven, Connecticut Recipient: Keren Mevorat Kaplan, Department of Organic Chemistry The David and Eleanore Rukin Scholarship Established in 1981 by the David and Eleanore Rukin Philanthropic Foundation, Saddle River, New Jersey Recipient: Sol Efroni, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Rymer Family Scholarship Established in 1989 by the Barry Rymer Trust, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Neri Minsky, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Sylvia and Aaron Scheinfeld Scholarship Established in 1977 by Mrs. Aaron Scheinfeld, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Avishai Mimran, Department of Immunology The Harry and Mae Schetzen and Prof. Martin Schetzen Scholarship Established in 1979 by Mrs. Mae Schetzen, New York Recipient: Alon Rosen, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Leon and Lily Schidlow Scholarship Fund Established in 1999 by Sr. and Sra. Leon Schidlow, Bosques de las Lomas, Mexico Recipient: Smadar Even-Tov Friedman, Department of Immunology The Harriet Schiller Scholarships Established in 2000 through a bequest of Harriet Schiller, Teaneck, New Jersey Recipients: Arie (Arik) Cooper, Department of Molecular Genetics; Gal Meiri, Department of Organic Chemistry The Max Schoenfeld Scholarship Established in 1976 by Walter E. Schoenfeld, Seattle, Washington Recipient: Tatyana Ponomaryov, Department of Immunology 292 Feinberg Graduate School

The Rudolph Schoenheimer Memorial Scholarship Established in 1968 by Fritz Schoenheimer, New York Recipient: Gal Haimovich, Department of Biological Regulation The Stuart and Sarah Schulman Scholarship Fund Established in 1991 by Mr. and Mrs. Stuart Schulman, Boca Raton, Florida Recipient: Galia Maik-Rachline, Department of Biological Regulation The Eugene and Lenore Schupak Endowed Doctoral Scholarship in Genetics Established in 1997 by the Schupak Family Foundation, Scottsdale, Arizona Recipient: Gilgi Friedlander, Department of Molecular Genetics The Jacob Schweppe Memorial Scholarship Established in 1971 through a bequest of Jacob Schweppe, Cape Town, South Africa Recipient: Asa Eita, Department of Biological Chemistry The David and Pauline Segal Scholarship Established in 1999 by George and Joan Segal, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Ilan Degani, Department of Mathematics The Simon and Frieda Senderowicz-Perel Graduate Student Research Fund Established in 1999 through a bequest of Lea Senderowicz, Zurich, Switzerland Recipient: Ester Miriam Schallmach, Department of Neurobiology The Max and Lena Sharp Scholarship in Perpetuity Established in 1972 by the Max and Lena Sharp Scholarship Fund, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Recipient: David Baram, Department of Structural Biology The Lily Sieff Doctoral Scholarship Established in 1998 by Helen and Martin Kimmel, New York Recipient: Zohar Biron, Department of Structural Biology The Hon. Sir David Sieff Doctoral Scholarship in Brain Research Established in 2000 by family and friends, UK Foundation of the Weizmann Institute of Science Recipient: Yonatan Ganor, Department of Neurobiology The Irving I. Singer Foundation Scholarship Established in 1974 by the Irving I. Singer Foundation, New York Recipient: Ilan Samish, Department of Plant Genetics The Blanche and Max Steig Memorial Scholarship Fund Established in 1993 through a bequest of Blanche Steig, New York Recipient: Iftach Shaked, Department of Neurobiology The Oscar H. Stern Memorial Scholarship Established in 1976 through a bequest of Oscar H. Stern, New York Recipient: Gideon Amir, Department of Mathematics The Roy L. Swarzman Scholarship in Perpetuity Established in 1990 by Matthew Bucksbaum, Marvin Pomerantz and Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Isaacson, Des Moines, Iowa Recipient: Aya Schneider-Mor, Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research Feinberg Graduate School 293

The Swiss Society of Friends of the Weizmann Institute of Science Scholarship in Perpetuity Established in 1985 by the Swiss Society of Friends of the Weizmann Institute, Zurich, Switzerland Recipient: Amir Bahar, Department of Neurobiology The Armin and Etel (Angyal) Szolovits Doctoral Scholarship Established in 2001 through bequests of Armin and Etel Szolovits, Hollywood, California Recipient: Reut Bartoov, Department of Biological Chemistry The Isaac H. Taylor Scholarship Established in 1972 by Isaac H. Taylor, Ellicott City, Maryland Recipient: Helit Rozen-Nabel, Department of Molecular Genetics The Samara Jan Turkel Scholarship Fund for Autoimmune Diseases Established in 1995 by Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Bach, New York, in memory of their granddaughter Recipient: Uri Sela, MD, Department of Immunology The Frances L. Urban Scholarship Established in 1978 through a bequest of Miriam B. Urban, Palo Alto, California Recipient: Ephraim Fass, Department of Biological Chemistry The Guido Franklin van D. Memorial Scholarship Established in 2000 through a bequest of Hilda van D., Riehen, Switzerland Recipient: Izhar Neder, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Minnie and Arthur Vare Scholarship Established in 1968 by the Minnie and Arthur Vare Foundation, New York Recipient: Keren Mevorat Kaplan, Department of Organic Chemistry The Raoul Wallenberg Scholarship Established in 1980 by the Swedish Committee and the Canadian Society for the Weizmann Institute of Science Recipient: Debbie Baute, Department of Chemical Physics The George Wasserman Foundation/Janice Wasserman Goldsten Scholarship Established in 1994 by the George Wasserman Foundation and by Janice Wasserman Goldsten, Washington, D.C. Recipient: Liat Amir-Zilberstein, Department of Biological Chemistry The Paul and Greta Weinberger Scholarships Established in 1995 through a bequest of Paul Weinberger, New York Recipient: Indranil Sinha, Department of Biological Chemistry The Erwin and Claire Weiner Scholarship Established in 1973 by the Chicago Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: David Backlash-Omer, Department of Neurobiology The Celeste and Joseph Weingarten Memorial Scholarship Established in 1987 by Nancy Weingarten and friends, Boston, Massachusetts Recipient: Niv Papo, Department of Biological Chemistry 294 Feinberg Graduate School

The William W. Wilkow Scholarship Fund Established in 1987 by Mrs. William W. Wilkow, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Asa Eitan, Department of Biological Chemistry The Dr. Albert and Blanche Willner Scholarship for Russian Students Established in 1993 by Dr. and Mrs. Albert Willner, Delray Beach, Florida Recipient: Irina Issaeva, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Ruth Ann and Sam Wolfson Scholarship Established in 1996 by Ruth Ann and Sam Wolfson, Dallas, Texas Recipient: Miri Cohen-Kandli, Department of Biological Regulation The Milton Young Scholarship Established in 1983 by the Max and Victoria Dreyfus Foundation, New York Recipient: Christoph Schuffenhauer, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Samuel Zonne Scholarships Established in 1980 through a bequest of Samuel Zonne, Minneapolis, Minnesota Recipients: Alex Loebel, Department of Neurobiology; Yair Pilpel, Department of Neurobiology; Yin Wang, Department of Neurobiology

Annual and Semester Ph.D. Scholarships

The Fanny Denes Scholarship Established in 1969 by Dr. George Denes, Zurich, Switzerland, in memory of his mother Recipient: Revital Cohen, Department of Organic Chemistry The El-Op Doctoral Scholarship Established in 2003 by El-Op Israel Electro-Optics Industries, Ltd., Rehovot, Israel Recipient: Yelena Gorelick, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Daniel Falkner Scholarship Established in 2001 by Daniel Falkner, London, UK Recipient: Galit Shohat, Department of Molecular Genetics The Eva Glazer Memorial Scholarships in Alzheimer’s Research Established in 2003 by Myra Simon, Herzliya Pituah, Israel, and by Sir Mark Weinberg, London, UK Recipients: Hay Dvir, Department of Structural Biology; Haim Haviv, Department of Structural Biology The Richard and Rhoda Goldman Fund Scholarships Established in 1997 by the Richard and Rhoda Goldman Fund, San Francisco, California Recipients: Roman Dovgard, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics; Maxim Khodos, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Carol and Allan Gordon Scholarship Fund in Women's Health Research Established in 1997 in honor of Dr. and Mrs. Allan Gordon by friends and supporters, Canadian Society for the Weizmann Institute of Science, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Recipient: Sagit Sela-Abramovich, Department of Biological Regulation Feinberg Graduate School 295

The Dr. Francisco Harrison Scholarship Established in 2003 by Dr. Francisco Harrison, Munich, Germany Recipient: Maya (Chetrit) Dadiani, Department of Biological Regulation The Joseph Meyerhoff Scholarships Established in 1983 through the Joseph Meyerhoff Fund and the Rebecca Meyerhoff Fund, Baltimore, Maryland Recipients: Helena Katchman, Department of Immunology; Gregory Linshiz, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Edna Toktali Scholarship Established in 2003 by Dani Toktali, Tel Aviv, Israel Recipient: Miriam Cohen, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Washington Next Generation Scholarship Established in 1993 by Friends of the Weizmann Institute of Science, Washington, DC Recipient: Ofir Goldberger, Department of Immunology The Ida (Ivy) Wharton Scholarships in Cancer Research Established in 2003 through a bequest of Ms. Ida (Ivy) Wharton, Palm Beach, Florida Recipients: Merav Ben-Yehoyada, Department of Molecular Genetics; Arthur Machlenkin, Department of Immunology; Reshmi Parameswaran, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Itzhak Weiman Scholarship in Cancer Research Established in 1990 by Bond America Israel Blades, Ltd., Ramat Gan, Israel Recipient: Ido Amit, Department of Biological Regulation

Honorary Scholarships

The Midori Goto Scholarship Established in 1990 by the American Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, New York Recipient: Revital Shamri, Department of Immunology The Elliott Gould Research Scholarship Established in 1989 by the American Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, New York Recipient: Dafna Ben-Eli Tsafrir, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Lilly Hamlisch Memorial Scholarship in Cancer Research Established in 1987 by the American Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, New York, in memory of Marvin Hamlisch's mother Recipient: Amir Zalcenstein, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Richard M. Hornreich Scholarship in Physics Established in 1996 by the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, and family and friends in Israel and abroad, in memory of Prof. Richard Hornreich Recipient: Eitan Rowen, Department of Physics of Complex Systems 296 Feinberg Graduate School

The Shirley Maclaine Scholarship in Viral Immunology Established in 1988 by the American Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, New York Recipient: Yael Wexler, Department of Biological Chemistry The Shlomo Mintz Scholarship Established in 1982 by the American Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, New York Recipient: Elizabeth Yehuda, Department of Plant Sciences The Barbara Walters Scholarship Established in 1990 by the American Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, New York Recipient: Uri Zadok, Department of Organic Chemistry

M.Sc. Scholarships in Perpetuity

The I.W. Abel Scholarship Established in 2002 by the United Steelworkers of America, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Recipient: Nizan Horesh, Department of Chemical Physics The Henrietta and Jack Abrams Scholarship Established in 1988 by Henrietta Abrams, Lauderhill, Florida Recipient: Keren Carmi, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Egle Forti Ancona Scholarship in Perpetuity (The Dana Fund) Established in 1993 through a bequest of Mrs. Egle Forti, Rome, Italy Recipient: Efrat Furst, Department of Neurobiology The Harvey and Sandy Angell Master’s Scholarship for Research for the Benefit of Children Established in 2001 by Harvey and Sandy Angell, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Michal Cohen, Department of Immunology The Israel W. and Fannie Backe Scholarship Fund Established in 1987 through a bequest of Fannie Backe, Worcester, Massachusetts Recipient: Noam Diamant, Department of Biological Chemistry The Bendit Foundation Scholarship Established in 2000 by Dr. and Mrs. Emile Bendit and the Bendit Foundation, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland Recipient: Gad Elizur, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Abraham Berman Scholarship Established in 1966 through a bequest of Abraham Berman, South Africa Recipient: Vered Ben-Ari, Department of Biological Regulation The Carolyn and Marvin Birger Scholarship Established in 2000 by Marvin Birger, Palm Beach, Florida Recipient: Aya Lange, Department of Neurobiology The Louis C. and Edith B. Blumberg Scholarship Fund Established in 1989 by the Louis Blumberg Foundation, Southfield, Michigan Recipient: Omer Barad, Department of Physics of Complex Systems Feinberg Graduate School 297

The Irena-Ida Bogdanowicz Scholarship Established in 1994 through a bequest of Irena-Ida Bogdanowicz, Tel Aviv, Israel Recipient: Guy Engelhard, Department of Particle Physics The Joan and William J. Brodsky Scholarship in Photodynamic Cancer Therapy in Perpetuity Established in 1995 by the Chicago Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Yoav Gal, Department of Biological Regulation The Adele S. and Abraham Browner Scholarship in Biomedical Research Established in 1999 through a bequest of Adele Browner, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Dafna Gordon, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Helen and Harry Hans Davis Memorial Scholarship Established in 2002 through a bequest of Helen J. Davis, Wyncote, Pennsylvania Recipient: Oded Shaham, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Kitty Waas Dekker, Simon Waas and Rosette Dekker Scholarship Established in 1998 through a bequest of Rosette Dekker, United Kingdom Recipient: Uri Shahar, Department of Molecular Genetics The Detroit Scholarship Fund for Soviet Students Established in 1992 by friends of the Weizmann Institute of Science, Detroit, Michigan Recipient: Tami Kachko, Department of Immunology The Alan Dixon Scholarship in Cancer Research Established in 1995 by the Hon. Alan J. Dixon, St. Louis, Missouri Recipient: Helena Sheikhet, Department of Immunology The Bella and Hyman Eisenbaum Scholarship Established in 1994 through the Bella Eisenbaum Trust, Miami Beach, Florida Recipient: Yael Cohen, Department of Immunology The Alex Elovic Memorial Scholarship Established in 1996 through a bequest of Bernat Elovic, Miami Beach, Florida Recipient: Barak Blumenfeld, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Louis E. Emerman Scholarship in Biomedical Research Established in 1999 by the Saul and Devorah Sherman Fund, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Moran Alaluf, Department of Neurobiology The Charles I. and Fanny Engelstein Endowment Fund Established in 1995 through a bequest of Fanny Engelstein, New York Recipient: Ariel Rinon, Department of Biological Regulation The Harold Feinstein and Bess Rae C. Feinstein Scholarship Fund for Soviet Students Established in 1990 through a bequest of Bess Rae C. Feinstein, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Anna Feldman, Department of Structural Biology The Pauline and Maximilian Firestone Bursary Established in 1978 by Maximilian Firestone, New York Recipient: Amit Mor, Department of Structural Biology 298 Feinberg Graduate School

The Aaron and Zlata Fish Memorial Bursary Established in 1980 by Mr. and Mrs. Abe Fish, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Recipient: Ziv Gefen, Department of Structural Biology The Sonia Floomberg Memorial Scholarship Established in 1998 through a bequest of Sonia Floomberg, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Recipient: Yael Cohen, Department of Immunology The Joyce and Joseph J. Freed Family Scholarship Established in 1995 by Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Freed, Wheeling, Illinois Recipient: Orly Neuvirth, Department of Structural Biology The Yeheshkel and Fruma Freedman Education Fund Established in 2001 through a bequest of Isaac Freedman, Boston, Massachusetts Recipient: Vered Ben-Ari, Department of Biological Regulation The Helen and Charles Friedman Scholarship Fund Established in l986 by Helen and Charles Friedman, Paradise Valley, Arizona Recipient: Hila Benyamin-Rodrig, Department of Molecular Genetics The William F. Fuerst Scholarship Fund Established in 1989 through a bequest of Madeleine Furst, New York Recipient: Neta Moskovitz, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Naomi and Morris Futorian Scholarship Established in 1994 by Naomi Futorian, Northbrook, Illinois Recipient: Lior Segev, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Leo and Frances Gallin Scholarship Established in 1994 by Leo and Frances Gallin, Los Angeles, California Recipient: Maxim Shklar, Department of Molecular Genetics The Florence Gambino Scholarship Established 2000 through a bequest of Florence Gambino, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Ketty Shkolnik,Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Yasha Gluzman Scholarship Established in 1998 by Ilan Gluzman, Nutley, New Jersey Recipient: Yuliya Zilberman, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Morris and Rose Goldman Scholarship Established in 1996 by Mrs. Rose Goldman, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Roy Amariglio, Department of Neurobiology The Samuel L. and Rebecca R. Goldstein Bursary Established in 1977 through a bequest of Samuel Goldstein, Lynn, Massachusetts Recipient: Tal Shay, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Ethel and Anne Gordon Scholarship Established in 1990 through a bequest of Ethel Y. Gordon, New York Recipient: Nimrod Dorfman, Department of Neurobiology The Helena F. and Jacob Y. Gordon Scholarship Established in 1973 by Mrs. Jacob Y. Gordon, Newton, Massachusetts Recipient: Keren Carmi, Department of Materials and Interfaces Feinberg Graduate School 299

The Salomon and Augusta Gottfried Scholarship Established in 1997 by Kurt and Sorel Gottfried, Ithaca, New York, in memory of his parents Recipient: Dori Reichmann, Department of Particle Physics The Harry and Isadore Gudelsky Memorial Bursary Established in 1974 by the Isadore and Bertha Gudelsky Family Foundation, Potomac, Maryland Recipient: Ron Littman, Department of Biological Chemistry The Dr.-Ing. Jerzy Hanowski Scholarship Established through a bequest of Lola Hanowski, Aachen, Germany Recipient: Sharly Fleischer, Department of Chemical Physics The Harry Julius Harris Scholarship Established in 1997 through a bequest of Dorothy Harris and by Anne Ingber, New York Recipient: Binyamin Gil, Department of Biological Chemistry The Joan W. and Irving B. Harris Scholarship in Brain Research Established in 1997 by friends and supporters, Chicago Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, Chicago, Ilinois Recipient: Assaf Lask, Department of Neurobiology The Otto and Mary Hersch Scholarships Established in 1988 through a bequest of Mary Hersch, New York Recipients: Haim Beidenkopf, Department of Condensed Matter Physics; Merav Dolev, Department of Condensed Matter Physics; Nissim Ofek, Department of Condensed Matter Physics; Shiri Margel, Department of Physics of Complex Systems; Michal Sheffer, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Luta and Ludwig Heusinger Scholarships Established in 1993 through a bequest of Dr. Ludwig Heusinger, Kfar Shmaryahu, Israel Recipient: Gal Zahavi, Department of Mathematics The Benjamin S. Hornstein Scholarship Fund Established in 1989 through a bequest of Benjamin S. Hornstein, New York Recipient: Ariel Gabizon, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Jaime and Suzy Iglicky Bursary Established in 1980 by Dr. Jaime and Suzy Iglicky, Caracas, Venezuela Recipient: Chen Guttman, Department of Immunology The Fanny E. and Lewis J. Isaacs Scholarship Established in 1989 through the Fanny E. Isaacs Living Trust, Glencoe, Illinois Recipient: Efrat Furst, Department of Neurobiology The Thomas and Ruth Isackson Memorial Scholarship Awards Established in 1992 through a bequest of Ruth Isackson, Miami Beach, Florida Recipient: Rachel Matichin, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Benjamin Kaufman Memorial Scholarship Established in 1995 by Nathan Jacobs, New York Recipient: Itamar Yadid, Department of Biological Chemistry 300 Feinberg Graduate School

The Udi Khazam Memorial Scholarship Established in 1996 by the Khazam Family, London, UK and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Recipient: Yoav Lahini, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Leon Kole Memorial Bursary Established in 1982 by Isabelle Kole Stein and children, Hollywood, Florida Recipient: Reut Shalgi, Department of Molecular Genetics The Frank Korrick Scholarship Established in 1991 through a bequest of Francis Charles Korrick, Sydney, Australia Recipient: Inbal Dangoor, Department of Plant Sciences The Margaret S. Kramer Scholarship Established in 1999 by Margaret S. Kramer, Palm Beach, Florida Recipient: Ariel Gabizon, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The David and Pola Kuppermann Scholarship Fund Established in 2000 through a bequest of Pola Kuppermann, Flushing, New York Recipient: Inbar Cohen, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Alexander E. Langsam Memorial Master’s Scholarship Established in 2001 by Florence Langsam, Rockville, Maryland Recipient: Yael Eshed, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Liselotte and Richard Laster Endowed Master’s Scholarship in Brain Research Established in 2001 by Mr. and Mrs. Richard Laster, Chappaqua, New York Recipient: Ianai Fishbein, Department of Neurobiology The Susan Lazarus Perpetual Scholarship Fund in Cancer Research Established in 1985 by Charles and Ruth Lazarus, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in memory of their daughter Recipient: Moran Alaluf, Department of Neurobiology The Anne P. Lederer Master's Scholarship in Brain Research Established in 1998 by the Anne P. Lederer Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Jacob Blumenthal, Department of Neurobiology The Philmore A. and Judith Leemon Scholarship in Brain Research Established in 1997 by Philmore A. and Judith Leemon, Las Vegas, Nevada Recipient: Katayun Cohen-Kashi, Department of Neurobiology The Dr. Aaron M. Lefkovits Scholarship Fund Bursary Established in 1986 by Dr. Aaron Lefkovits, Memphis, Tennessee Recipient: Ziv Gefen, Department of Structural Biology The Chaim Michel and Chaya Freyda Levine Scholarship, Established by their Son, Jules Lawren Established in 1995 through a bequest of Jules Lawren, New York Recipient: Ariel Rinon, Department of Biological Regulation The Leyfell Family Master's Scholarship Established in 2001 by Mr. and Mrs. Aleksander Leyfell, Cambridge, Massachusetts Recipients: Ron Littman, Department of Biological Chemistry Feinberg Graduate School 301

The Abe Lisan Educational Grant Bursary Established in 1974 through a bequest of Abe Lisan, Glenside, Pennsylvania Recipient: Hagar Gelbard, Department of Neurobiology The Josef and Avraham (Avi) Isser Luchfeld Memorial Bursary Established in 1986 by Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Luchfeld, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Recipient: Ayal Hendel, Department of Biological Chemistry The Alexander and Mary Margolis and Bernard A. Margolis Perpetual Memorial Scholarship Fund Established in 1993 through a bequest of Bernard A. Margolis, Brooklyn, New York Recipient: Yoav Gal, Department of Biological Regulation The Paula Marshall Bursary Established in 1983 by Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Marshall, Downsview, Ontario, Canada Recipient: Hagar Gelbard, Department of Neurobiology The Joory Mashal Bursary Established in 1981 by Joory and Doreen Mashal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Recipient: Inbal Dangoor, Department of Plant Sciences The Samuel Mayer Bursary Established in 1973 by Elsie Mayer, Santa Monica, California Recipient: Ofri Levy, Department of Neurobiology The Joseph and Mable E. Meites Scholarship Fund Established in 1983 by Joseph and Mable E. Meites, Okemos, Michigan Recipient: Vered Ben-Ari, Department of Biological Regulation The Paul and Felicia Muskat Bursary Established in 1984 through a bequest of Paul Muskat, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Recipient: Nimrod Heldman, Department of Structural Biology The Harold Paul Novick Scholarship in Perpetuity Established in 1982 by Mr. and Mrs. Samson Novick, New York Recipient: Shahar Nuriel, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Walter Pancoe Scholarship Established in 1992 by Walter Pancoe, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Sharly Fleischer, Department of Chemical Physics The Gertrude and Ivar Philipson Bursary Established in 1961 through bequests of Gertrude and Ivar Philipson, Stockholm, Sweden Recipient: Chen Guttman, Department of Immunology The Rona and David Radler/Sun-Times Scholarship for Biomedical Research Established in 2002 in honor of F. David Radler by the Chicago Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Michael Mashiach, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Anna and Max Resnick Scholarship Established in 1996 by Howard Resnick, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Dori Reichmann, Department of Particle Physics 302 Feinberg Graduate School

The Prof. David Rittenberg Memorial Bursary Established in 1971 in memory of her husband by Mrs. S. Rittenberg and friends, New York Recipient: Ziv Gefen, Department of Structural Biology The Paul and Gabriella Rosenbaum Scholarship in Biology Established in 1999 by the Paul and Gabriella Rosenbaum Foundation, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Naama Geva, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Sara Rottenberg Scholarship in Cancer Research Established in 1994 by Sophie Kalina, New York Recipient: Dalia Berman, Department of Molecular Genetics The Ann B. Sadowsky Scholarship Established in 1987 through a bequest of Ann B. Sadowsky, Mineola, New York Recipient: Eliezer Gilsohn, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Bernard and Edith Samers Scholarship for Cancer Research Established in 1997 in honor and in memory of Bernard Samers, former Executive Vice- President, American Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, New York Recipient: Natalia Lukaschuk, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Elsie Olin and Philip D. Sang Scholarship Established in 1995 by Elsie Olin Sang, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Inbar Cohen, Department of Molecular Genetics The Jerome D. and Beverly Scheer Scholarship Established in 1991 by Jerome D. and Beverly Scheer, Potomac, Maryland Recipient: Omer Barad, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Alice and Lewis Schimberg Scholarship Fund Established in 1993 by Alice Schimberg, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Rachel Argov, Department of Neurobiology The Henry and Soretta Shapiro Master's Scholarship Established in 1996 by the Soretta and Henry Shapiro Family Foundation, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Neta Moskovitz, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Sabina D. and Benjamin Shapiro Scholarship Fund Established in 1999 through a bequest of Sabina D. Shapiro, New York Recipient: Reut Shalgi, Department of Molecular Genetics The Rochelle and Harold Sumpson Scholarship Established in 2002 by Harold and Rochelle Simpson, Delray Beach, Florida Recipient: Haim Beidenkopf, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Rachel and Arnold Smith Endowed Master's Scholarship Established in 1996 by Rachel and Arnold Smith, Phoenix and Paradise Valley, Arizona Recipient: Ofri Levy, Department of Neurobiology The Elias and Hilda Sofaer Scholarship Established in 1994 by Michael Sofaer, London, UK Recipient: Sagi Levy, Department of Molecular Genetics

Feinberg Graduate School 303

The Rabbi and Mrs. Aaron Solomon Bursary Established in 1982 by Dr. Jonathan G. Solomon, Hampton, Virginia, in honor of his parents Recipient: Katayun Cohen-Kashi, Department of Neurobiology The Paula and Ernest Sommers Scholarship Established in 2001 by Ernest Sommers, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Hay Dvir, Department of Structural Biology The Sylvia and Leonard Sorkin Scholarship Established in 1997 through a bequest of Leonard Sorkin, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Eyal Kalie, Department of Biological Regulation The Keren Sotskover Scholarship Established in 1992 through bequests of Eliezer and Genia (Chaine) Sotskover, Ramat Gan, Israel Recipient: Noam Diamant, Department of Biological Chemistry The Blanche and Max Steig Memorial Scholarship Fund Established in 1993 through a bequest of Blanche Steig, New York Recipient: Onit Lavi, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Gabriel Armand Stein Scholarship Fund Established in 1991 by Paul Stein, Jackson Heights, New York, in memory of his son Recipient: Hagar Gelbard, Department of Neurobiology The Nachman Syrkin and Mendel Osnos Scholarship Established in 1999 by Drs. Morton G. and Zivia Wurtele, Berkeley, California Recipient: Sharon Wishko, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Armin and Etel (Angyal) Szolovits Master's Scholarship Established in 2001 through bequests of Armin and Etel Szolovits, Hollywood, California Recipient: Dadi Segal, Department of Biological Chemistry The Harry M. Tobe Memorial Bursary Established in 1981 by Dr. Barry A. Tobe, Downsview, Ontario, Canada Recipient: Keren Carmi, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Ann Turman Bursary Established in 1987 by Ann E.K. Turman, Great Barrington, Massachusetts Recipient: Dafna Gordon, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Werner and Daughter Renee Usansky Memorial Bursary Established in 1982 by Sra. Sara Z. de Usansky, Buenos Aires, Argentina Recipient: Natalia Lukaschuk, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Rose and Ben N. Vollen Scholarship Established in 1993 through a bequest of Ben Vollen, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Dan Michael Levi, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Isaac Wagner Bursary Established in 1973 by Isaac Wagner, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Ayal Hendel, Department of Biological Chemistry 304 Feinberg Graduate School

The Dr. Edgar Weil Memorial Bursary Established in 1975 by an anonymous donor, Los Angeles, California Recipient: Yoav Lahini, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Paul and Greta Weinberger Scholarships Established in 1995 through a bequest of Paul Weinberger, New York Recipient: Mati Cohen, Department of Chemical Physics The Charles Weinfeld Memorial Scholarships Established in 1972 by the Charles Weinfeld Trust, Northbrook, Illinois Recipient: Chen Guttman, Department of Immunology The Joe and Celia Weinstein Scholarship Established in 1995 by Major Max and Sylvia Shulman, New York Recipient: Eliezer Gilsohn, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Dr. Lee Franklin Weinstock Leadership Scholarship Established in 1994 through a bequest of Dr. Lee Franklin Weinstock, Detroit, Michigan Recipient: Shahar Nuriel, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Sarah Werch Research Scholarship Fund Established in 1994 by the Solomon Carl Werch Trust, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Dalia Berman, Department of Molecular Genetics The J. Stanley Weyman Memorial Scholarship Established in 1998 by Anne Weyman, London, UK Recipient: Itamar Yadid, Department of Biological Chemistry The Rose Weyman Memorial Bursary Established in 1987 by Stanley Weyman, London, UK Recipient: Rachel Matichin, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Ruth Ann and Sam Wolfson Endowment for the Cure of Alzheimer’s Disease Established in 2001 by Sam Wolfson, Dallas, Texas Recipient: Yehudit Hasin, Department of Molecular Genetics The Women of Vision Scholarship Fund in Breast and Ovarian Cancer Research Established in 1996 by friends and supporters, Florida Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, North Miami Beach, Florida Recipient: Hagit Dafni, Department of Biological Regulation The Yitzhak Fund (Heath Trust) Scholarship Established in 1992 through the offices of Martin Paisner, London, UK Recipients: Anna Aronovich, Department of Immunology; Mor Mishkovsky, Department of Chemical Physics; Miri Tzalyuk, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Milton Young Memorial Bursary Established in 1980 by friends of Milton Young, New York Recipient: Yosef Shaul, Department of Biological Chemistry The Lillian and Samuel L. Zuckerman Bursary Established in 1959 in honor of their parents' golden wedding anniversary by the Zuckerman family, New York Recipient: Lior Segev, Department of Materials and Interfaces Feinberg Graduate School 305

Annual and Semester M.Sc. Scholarships

The Alpina Scholarship Established in 2003 by the Alpina Insurance Company, Ltd., Zurich, Switzerland Recipient: Dan Michael Levi, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Shimon Antin Scholarship Established in 1997 by the Shimon Antin Trust, Tel Aviv, Israel Recipient: Merav Dolev, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Leon David Asseo Foundation Scholarships Established in 2003 by the Leon David Asseo Foundation, Tel Aviv, Israel Recipients: Erez Livneh, Department of Plant Genetics; Amit Mor, Department of Structural Biology The Azrieli Scholarship Established in 2002 by the Azrieli Group, Tel Aviv, Israel Recipient: Iftach Haitner, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Salim and Rachel Benin Scholarship Established in 1996 through the Jewish Agency for Israel (Israel Education Fund), Jerusalem, Israel Recipients: Yael Kfir-Garten, Department of Molecular Genetics; Asaf Nussbaum, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Anna and Sidney Dishal Scholarship Established in 1999 by Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Dishal, Piedmont, California Recipient: Tamar Yifhar, Department of Plant Sciences The Dror Paz Hashka’ot Scholarship, in Memory of Lea and David Lubinsky Established in 2003 by Drora and Pinhas Zakkai, Savyon, Israel Recipient: Nimrod Dorfman, Department of Neurobiology The Saly Frommer Scholarship Established in 2002 by Mr. Saly Frommer, Basel, Switzerland Recipient: Aya Lange, Department of Neurobiology The Cole and Gloria Goldstein Scholarship Established in 2003 by Mr. and Mrs. Cole Goldstein, Potts Point, Australia Recipient: Yael Eshed, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Keren Isler Scholarships Established in 2000 by Dr. Jacob Isler, Tel Aviv, Israel Recipients: Anna Aronovich, Department of Immunology; Evan Elliot, Department of Neurobiology; Maxim Shklar, Department of Molecular Genetics; Ketty Shkolnik, Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Diana Starlets, Department of Immunology The Lena Jacobson Memorial Scholarship Established in 2003 by Ruthie Tamir, Tel Aviv, Israel and Naomi Forman, Ramat Hasharon, Israel Recipient: Eliezer Gilsohn, Department of Molecular Cell Biology 306 Feinberg Graduate School

The Jorge Kassel Scholarship in the Earth Sciences Established in 1990 by Mr. and Mrs. Jorge Kassel, Naucalpan, Mexico Recipient: Dana Baram, Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research The Keter Plastics Scholarship Established in 2003 by Tova and Sami Segoul and Keter Plastics, Ltd., Yafo, Israel Recipient: Michal Cardon, Department of Neurobiology The Dorothy Krohner Scholarship, in Memory of Sholom and Esther Krohner Established in 2002 through a bequest of Dorothy Krohner, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Yosef Shaul, Department of Biological Chemistry The Leon Recanati Scholarships Established in 2003 by Leon Recanati, Tel Aviv, Israel Recipients: Amir Malina, Department of Biological Chemistry; Dmitry Osin, Department of Particle Physics The Anna and Isadore Roseman Foundation Semester Bursaries Established in 1980 through a bequest of Isadore Roseman, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Recipients: Asaf Nussbaum, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics; Offra Sarig, Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Nathan Zauberman, Department of Organic Chemistry The Maxine and Jack Zarrow Scholarship Established in 2003 by the Maxine and Jack Zarrow Family Foundation, Tulsa, Oklahoma Recipient: Uri Shahar, Department of Molecular Genetics The Anda and Henry Zimand Scholarship in Cancer Research Established in 2000 by Mr. Henry Zimand, Herzliya Pituah, Israel Recipient: Noa Rubin, Department of Structural Biology

Scholarship Loan Funds

The Ralph and Shirley Coff Scholarship Loan Fund Established in 1983 through a bequest of Ralph Coff, New York The Bennitt Mandell Memorial Revolving Loan Fund Established in 1991 through the Bennitt Mandell Charitable Remainder Unitrust, Miami Beach, Florida Science Teaching

Abraham Arcavi, Head

The Department is composed of groups working in mathematics, physics, chemistry, life sciences, computer science, earth and environmental sciences, and science and technology for all (junior and senior high school). Extensive research and development is carried out in all these areas, with the aim of a) producing high-quality and up-to-date learning, teaching and assessment materials for use throughout the Israeli educational system, and b) providing ongoing professional development of teachers. The learning and teaching materials include not only textbooks and teacher guides, but also modern technologies such as websites for non- frontal teaching. The work is based upon an underlying philosophy that considers curriculum development and implementation, professional development of teachers, research and evaluation as part of an integrated and continuous long-term activity. Our belief in the central role of teachers in improving education has led us to focus our efforts also on National Teacher Centers, which serve as sources of support, information and materials for teachers throughout the country. The Centers, led by our scientists, also prepare and support teachers in leadership roles in their schools and/or districts. In 2003, we expanded our work with teachers to include pre-service education. We established a program for Teacher Licensing (Teíudat Horaía) in cooperation with the Feinberg Graduate School and with endorsement of the Ministry of Education. The target population of this program is graduate students and post-doctoral fellows from all the departments at the Weizmann Institute. The main objective of the program is to encourage candidates with a very strong scientific background to become teachers and teacher leaders in junior high and high schools in Israel, as well as in teacher education colleges. Our collaboration with the Davidson Institute for Science Education at the Weizmann Institute of Science continues. The main goal of the new Institute is to enhance and enlarge, under the academic umbrella provided by the Department, the scope of the projects in science education - especially those which are more directly related to activities with schools, teachers, students and the public at large. The Davidson Institute provides facilities for the National Teacher Centers and modern classrooms and laboratories for the thousands of hours of teacher development programs and regular teacher courses related to ongoing curricular projects in our department, and run by their respective leaders. The Department of Science Teaching and the Davidson Institute have initiated several joint projects. The three major ones are: the establishment of a Regional Teacher Center to promote the improvement of science education in schools; the establishment of a National Center for Learning through (student) Projects; and the implementation (in collaboration with their school teachers) of model lessons in science for students (The Nechmad Project).

307 308 Science Teaching

Mathematics Group Ruhama Even, Head

The Group pursues ongoing research and development with an emphasis on the dissemination and support of the implementation. The following are the main projects.

• The CompuMath (MatiMachshev) Project: Innovative approaches to teaching mathematics in junior-high school, taking advantage of computerized tools. The research (on learning and teaching in classrooms using this program) includes the study of the ways in which knowledge structures in diverse contexts are used and modified. • The Heterogeneous Classes (Kulam) Project: Innovative approaches to teaching mathematics in junior high school (grades 7-8) to accommodate the needs of several student sub-populations in the same classroom. • "Math for All" (the Shay Program) Project: for non-mathematically oriented high school students toward their matriculation (bagrut) requirements. The approach of the learning materials is based on informal sense-making and graphical methods. The project includes research on learning processes by students who are not mathematically oriented. • The MathComp (Machshavatika) Project: student workbooks for grades 7-12, using the capabilities of Computer Algebra Systems (CAS), accompanied by textbooks for teacher education. The research includes the study of the impact of learning in a CAS environment on curriculum approaches to classical topics, student assessment and habits of mind. The most recent projects include:

• The Elementary Math Project: Development and implementation of mathematical investigations for fifth and sixth graders using computerized tools. • Professionalization of Elementary School Teachers: Development and implementation of courses for elementary school teachers as part of a national project to professionalize the teaching of elementary school mathematics. • The Advancement of Quantitative Thinking: Courses for junior-high school teachers as part of a national project to advance proficiency with arithmetic, measurements, estimation, calculations of area and volume, and the like. • Research on cognitive characteristics of non-mathematically- oriented students. • Research on the process of integrating teaching with the design of curriculum materials. • Research on learning in computer intensive mathematics classrooms. • Teacher Knowledge and Development: Research and development project related to mathematics teachers and teaching, focusing on: (1) studying and theorizing about mathematics teachersí knowledge and practice; (2) developing and studying teacher learning, education and development. As part of this work, the Group runs the MANOR Center ñ a National Mathematics Teacher Center. Science Teaching 309

Physics Group Bat-Sheva Eylon, Head

The Group develops courses for the classical high school physics subjects (mechanics, electromagnetism, optics and waves, physics of the 20th century) and for elective courses and other educational resources for students and teachers. These courses use instructional strategies that are sensitive to student learning processes and include activity units that foster involvement. Computerized networks for course delivery are being developed and studied in selected topics. The Group is developing computerized learning environments and didactical methods for introducing computer-based activities into the curriculum.

Currently the Group is developing several modes of introducing projects into the regular study of physics. The projects are carried out either as part of the regular study, or involve external agents. ìPhysics and Industryî is an example of the latter, and is carried out in collaboration with the electro-optics industry. Appropriate methods of evaluation are being developed to assess and promote this kind of activity. The Group is also involved in the development of courses for the new syllabus in optics, reference frames, and visual quantum mechanics (translated from English).

The Group runs a National Teacher Center responsible for coordinating the professional development of physics teachers throughout Israel. The Center runs an internet site for teachers and develops innovative methods for professional development through the internet.

The Group is engaged in research studies aimed at improving the learning process in several areas: methods for fostering control and feedback in student problem-solving activities; methods for computer- based diagnosis of studentsí conceptions in optics; models for integrating the computer into physics instruction to enhance understanding; detailed studies of the implementation of new instructional strategies; and investigation of the utility of strategies for fostering teacher change in long-term teacher courses, including the support of professional development through the net.

Chemistry Group Avi Hofstein, Head

The Group is engaged in all facets of chemistry curriculum development, namely development, implementation and evaluation. In the last two years the work of the group emphasized the professional development of chemistry teachers. In addition, the group is involved in several research studies focusing on chemical literacy, student understanding of concepts, and learning in the chemistry laboratory. Action research is used in order to gain greater insight regarding the implementation of the chemistry curriculum and to learn more about the work of chemistry teachers in the classroom, in particular their interactions with their students.

In order to improve learning in the chemistry laboratory, the Group is involved in the development, implementation and assessment of inquiry-based chemistry experiments. The Group offers courses for chemistry teachers to train them to use these experiments. The Group 310 Science Teaching has also developed and implemented methods for assessing student achievement in about 100 schools all over Israel. These inquiry-based laboratories were also adopted as part of the GATSBY Project (a joint project of the Chemistry, Physics and Science and Technology for JH School Groups with Kingís College, London, England). In the Gatsby project, a group of teachers participate in a continuous professional development program for science teachers.

The Group runs a National Center for Chemistry Teachers.

A Center for the liaison with the chemical industry in Israel has been established. The main goal of this Center is to provide instructional materials related to the applications of chemistry to industries. These materials include films and booklets that help in the planning and conducting educational field trips to industrial sites in israel. The Center is building a web site containing a collection of pedagogical ideas relating the chemistry class to industry. The main goal of this work is to make chemistry more relevant to students. In addition, the center is initiating the execution of small-scale industrial projects conducted by high school chemistry students (MEYZAM) which become part of the studentsí final matriculation examination in chemistry.

A main project run by the Group is Science and Technology for all (The MUTAV project). This project has developed interdisciplinary learning modules aimed at non-science-oriented students; that is, those who opt not to specialize in the sciences. The following modules have been developed so far: "Energy and the Human Being", "Science as an Ever-Developing Entity", "From the Dinosaurs to Darwin", "Brain, Medicine and Drugs", "The Black Gold", and "Science at the service of the police". The Group conducts research on studentsí achievement and studentsí attitudes towards science and learning science as a result of using these modules. The findings have confirmed that the use of these modules is successful.

Life Sciences Group Anat Yarden, Head

The long-term objective of the Life Sciences Group is to build bridges between the dynamics of biological discoveries and high-school biology education. Toward this objective the Group is focusing its efforts on development and implementation of novel learning materials in biology for the junior- and senior high-school. In addition, the Group conducts research to study the effectiveness of the innovative learning and teaching processes and strategies.

Student difficulties in understanding the microscopic-macroscopic relationships within living organisms are addressed in a new concept, which has been developed in the Group, where the topic of the living cell is taught as a longitudinal axis, that accompanies all the biological topics studied at junior high-school. This concept is now being implemented in various teaching programs.

In an attempt to develop biological literacy among high-school biology students and in order to incorporate updated learning materials into the high-school biology curricula, the Group has developed models for teaching using scientific research papers. The Group has video-taped exemplary teaching episodes in order to help teachers implement these new models in schools. Science Teaching 311

The models and episodes appear in a unique teacherís guide on a CD-ROM, which accompanies a curriculum in developmental biology that the Group developed. The Group is currently developing a new curriculum in Biotechnology, which is also built upon scientific research articles.

The Group adopted some bioinformatics-related techniques employed by molecular biologists in order to teach high school biology majors the basic ideas in genetics. For that purpose, the Group developed web-based learning materials, which includes interactive problem-solving activities that are based on human-genome databases and search engines.

Earth and Environmental Sciences Group Nir Orion, Head

The Group is involved in curriculum development, implementation and evaluation involving students from kindergarten to high school. The curriculum materials are developed for a variety of learning environments: the laboratory, the outdoors, the computer and the classroom.

Ongoing projects include:

• Development of new curriculum materials for the senior high school (topics include earthquakes, the carbon cycle, plate tectonics and evolution in the dimension of geological time); • Development of new curriculum materials for junior high school (topics include the rock cycle, the water cycle and earth systems); • Utilizing the outdoors as a learning environment through geological field trips; • The Geotope, a research project performed by students; • Let's Rock, a curriculum for kindergarten students.

Computer Science Group Mordechai Ben-Ari, Head

The Group has developed a course in concurrent and distributed computation for twelfth grade students. The work this year has focused on introducing new software tools for teaching the subject: jBACI, a concurrency simulator, and a new version of DAJ that includes a novel visualization of the classic Byzantine Generals algorithm.

The current research emphasizes the use of visualizations for teaching computer science: the Jeliot system, developed together with a group in Finland, is used for teaching elementary programming, and the Group is evaluating tools for teaching data structures.

The Group collaborates with the Technion in the running of the National Computer Science Teachers' Center. This year the annual conference will be held at the Weizmann Institute. 312 Science Teaching

Science and Technology in Junior-High School Group Bat-Sheva Eylon, Head

A new syllabus for the unified subject Science and Technology in Junior-High School has been developed, and the Group is part of a national effort to implement this syllabus. The curriculum attempts to cultivate scientific and technological literacy for all citizens and to prepare the necessary background for further studies. To achieve these goals, the curriculum focuses on a thorough understanding of basic concepts and emphasizes the development of independent learning skills in the context of subject matter. The curriculum integrates knowledge among the sciences and between science and technology. Social aspects and relevance to individual students are central considerations in the choice of activities.

The Group runs a National Teacher Center (together with Tel-Aviv University) responsible for coordinating the professional development of junior high school teachers throughout Israel. The Center is involved in intensive activities with teachers throughout the country, and educates teacher leaders. It runs a web site for teachers and trains teacher-leaders to use web- based materials and project-based learning.

Formative evaluation of the new materials is accompanied by the investigation of new instructional strategies, including a constructivist approach to the study of the particle model of matter, project-based learning, knowledge integration using special computerized programs for knowledge representation, longitudinal studies of conceptual development, and acquisition of high-order learning skills. The Group also conducts research on the professional development of teachers and teacher-leaders, and investigates new methods of student assessment.

National Teacher Centers

The Department runs National Teacher Centers in mathematics, physics, chemistry, science and technology in junior high school (in collaboration with Tel Aviv University), and computer science (in collaboration with the Technion).

The aim of the Centers is to provide a framework to support teacher development. The main activities include:

• Education and advancement of professional leadership of teachers. • Support and counseling to regional professional development programs. • Development of a professional teacher community. • Providing of resource databases. • Research and evaluation. http://stwww.weizmann.ac.il/menu/ Science Teaching 313

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professor Uri Ganiel, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (on extension of service) The Rudy Bruner Professor of Science Teaching

Professor Emeritus Maxim Bruckheimer, Ph.D., Southampton University

Associate Professors Abraham Arcavi, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Mordechai Ben-Ari, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Bat Sheva Eylon, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, United States The Chief Justice Bora Laskin Professor of Science Teaching Avi Hofstein, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Nir Orion, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Senior Scientists Ruhama Even, Ph.D., Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States Anat Yarden, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Scientists Oshrit Navon, Ph.D., Ben-Gurion University, Israel Guastalla Fellowships for the Advancement of Science Teaching and Technology Edit Yerushalmi, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Guastalla Fellowships for the Advancement of Science Teaching and Technology

Senior Staff Scientists Alex Friedlander, Ph.D., Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States Zahava Scherz, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Associate Staff Scientists Esther Bagno, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Miri Kesner, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Rachel Mamlok-Naaman, Ph.D., Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel

Assistant Staff Scientist Gilat Brill, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Guastalla Fellowships for the Advancement of Science Teaching and Technology 314 Science Teaching

Consultants

Tommy Dreyfus, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Hanna Goldring Ivy Kidron, Machon Lev, Jerusalem, Israel

Visiting Scientist

Marvyn Black, University of Salford, UK

Postdoctoral Fellows

Ronnie Karsenty, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Yifat Kolikant, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Pazit Libros, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Susan Magidson, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, USA

Research Students

Ayelet Baram Orit Ben- Zvi Assaraf Ronit Ben-Bassat Levy Hana Berger Liora Bialer Rachel Cohen Tamar Eisenmann Osnat Eldar Marcel Frailich Hadas Gelbart Yossi Gudovitch Esther Kapulnik Mira Kipnis Yifat Kolikant Tova Kvatinsky Tamar Levy Nahum Hannah Margel Roni Mualem Noa Ragonis Yael Shwartz Shay Soffer Ornit Spektor-Levy Michal Tabach Tali Wallach Cecile Yehezkel

Administrator

Mali Karni Young@Science

Zvi Paltiel, Director

Extracurricular science activities for youth have been operating at the Weizmann Institute of Science since the early 1960`s, based on the pioneering work of the late Professor Amos de- Shalit. They are aimed at promoting the enthusiasm and interest of school students in science and scientific thinking. The Youth Activities Section was founded in 1972, and since then the activities have been constantly developing and expanding. Most of its programs are held at the Institute`s Amos de-Shalit Youth Science Center which includes the Laub International Science Youth Village and laboratories. Many Youth Activities programs receive support from the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Science.

The Laub International Science Youth Village, a dormitory facility with 12 units that accommodates up to 80 people, a clubhouse, office, and the village square, adds another dimension to the activities. Besides giving participants in all the summer programs modern accommodations, the youth village allows the Youth Activities Section to develop multi-day programs for students from all over Israel.

The Youth Activities Section draws heavily on the cooperation of The Weizmann Institute's scientific community. The involvement of scientists and research students in all the programs provides school students with the unique indispensable experience of interacting with active scientists.

In 2001 the programs offered by the Youth Activities Section and the number of their participants were as follows:

Weekly Science Clubs: Afternoon courses in chemistry, physics, biology, mathematics, computers, astronomy, aerodynamics and space research - 784 students.

Summer Science Residential Programs in which the participants work in actual research laboratories, two or three in a laboratory with a mentor:

The Bessie F. Lawrence International Summer Science Institute - 65 students.

The Amos de-Shalit Summer Science Workshop - 20 students.

The Chais Family Exploration Camp (a science, music and art summer program), sponsored jointly with the Association for Excellence in Education - 60 students.

Science Day Camp for underpreviledged pupils from Bet-Shemesh - 20 students.

315 316 Young@Science

Competitions in Mathematics and Physics

Prof. Joseph Gillis Mathematics Olympiad - 117 students.

Junior High School Mathematics Olympiad - 395 students.

Physics Tournament which is a team competition for 11th and 12th graders - 130 students.

Math-by-mail: A nationwide project via mail aimed at math enthusiasts in grades 3-10 - 147 students. Math-by-Mail in the former Soviet Union - 4,500 participants in grade 5th -10th . (in Russian). Math-by-Mail material is also being translated into Korean language and distributed in South Korea by Young Astronauts Korea (YAK).

Science days

Adventures in Science with advanced science single or multi-day class programs for 10th, 11th and 12th graders. These programs are introducing topics in the frontiers of science in physics, chemistry and biology: One-day programs - 119 classes, (3,415 students) multi-day programs - 157 classes. (1,730 students).

Morning One-day Courses for Junior high-school classes in topics including waves, energy, motion and the senses including a visit to the Garden of Science - 280 classes (9,711 students).

Science Mobile - a large van fitted with science exhibits and models of Garden of Science exhibits which carries instructors and their programs to outlying schools and communities - 180 classes (7,014 students).

Science Forum: 5 Israeli students delegation to the 2 weeks Science forum in London, England.

"Arrow" - a project to nurture young scientists. 10th grade students are accepted for a 3 year project. Starting with an overview of modern science (10th grade), to getting involved in research projects (11th grade) and working on an individual science project under the supervision of a scientist. This summer 17 students participated in the final stage of the project, and 30 10th grade students in the first stage.

Science Workshop for Ethiopian Immigrants - Sponsored by the New York Federation and the Jewish Agency has been held during August - 80 students.

The Amos De-Shalit Popular Science Lectures - Series of 4 lectures by prominent Weizmann Inst. scientists open to the public - 650 students.

The Clore Garden of Science is an outdoor science museum open to the public, which emerged from the Youth Activities Section.

Staff

Dr. Felix Laub Batya Levy The Aharon Katzir-Katchalski Center

Yosef Yarden, Director The Harold and Zelda Goldenberg Professor of Molecular Cell Biology

The Aharon Katzir-Katchalski Center of the Weizmann Institute of Science was established in 1972, following the tragic death of Aharon Katzir-Katchalski at the hands of terrorists. The Center, set up as a living memorial to him, is administered through a Board of Trustees supported by an International Advisory Committee.

The Center promotes activities in physical biology and macromolecular science and in such other areas of science that fall within the wide-ranging interests of Aharon Katzir-Katchalski. The Center furthers international scientific cooperation through the organization of scientific meetings and the exchange of scientists. Of particular concern to the Center is the impact of scientific and technological advances on human society.

The Board of Trustee is presently composed of: E. Katchalski-Katzir, Chairperson; Y. Yarden, Director (Dean of the Feinberg Graduate School, ex officio); and additional officers of the Weizmann Institute of Science (ex officio): I. Chet, President; G. Kober Vice-President for Administration & Finance; B. Geiger, Dean of the Faculty of Biology; and B. Shilo, Dean of the Faculty of Biochemistry. Additional members are: R. Arnon, M. Eisenbach, U.Z. Littauer, Z. Livneh, M. Sela, J.L. Sussman, and I.Z. Steinberg.

The International Advisory Committee is composed of: M. Eigen, Chairperson; A. Engstrom, J, Gross, F. Jacob, E. Kellenberger, J.C. Kendrew, A. Kornberg, D. Koshland, M. Kotani, J. Lederberg, S. Lederberg, F. Oosawa, I. Prigogine, A. Rich, W. Rosenblith, F.O. Schmitt, A.K. Solomon, J. Wyman.

The Director of the Center is the Dean of the Feinberg Graduate School, ex officio. The Dean can appoint an advisory committee which is currently headed by Y. Shaul. The administrative coordinator is Y. Givoli

The Aharon Katzir-Katchalski Center has for many years been the recipient of financial support from various Foundations including the B. de Rothschild Fund for the Advancement of Science in Israel.

317 318 The Aharon Katzir-Katchalski Center

Activities

The Annual Katzir-Katchalski Conference

These conferences are held annually, alternately in Israel and abroad. To date 22 conferences have been held. The latest were:

1990: 17th, Molecular Control of Development-Growth Differentiation and Malignancy, Ein Gedi, Israel Chairperson: L. Sachs, Israel 1990: 18th, From Receptor to Cell Response-Physiology and Pharmacology, Mario Negri Sud, Italy Chairpersons: D. Corda (Italy) and M. Shinitzky (Israel) 1991: 19th, Plant Bioenergetics and Ion Translocation, Rehovot, Israel Chairperson: Z. Gromet-Elhanan, Israel 1992: 20th, In the Crucible of the Scientific Revolution-A Special Symposium Dedicated to Aharon Katzir-Katchalski Twenty Years After His Death Chairpersons: O. Kedem and J. Jortner, Israel 1993: 21st, Applications of Membranes in Industry, Rehovot, Israel Chairperson: O. Kedem, Israel 1994: 22nd, Plant Molecular Biology-Biotechnology and Environment, Max-Planck-Institute, Koln, Germany Chairpersons: R. Fluhr, I. Chet (Israel), J. Schell (Germany) 1996: 23rd, International Conference on Environmental Impact of Polymeric Material. Chairperson: D. Vofsi 1996: 24th, Bioinformatics-Structure. Chairperson: J. Sussman 1997: 25th annual meeting "From the Dawn of Life to the End of Days" 25th Annual Convention im Memory of Aharon Katzir. 1998: 26th annual meeting "Polymer Based Technology (POC 98) Chairpersons: A. Warshavsky, M. Fridkin 1999: 27th Cellular Implications or Redox Signaling Chairpersons: C. Gitler, A. Danon The Annual Katzir-Katchalski Lecture on Biological Foundations and Human Behavior These lectures, endowed by Mr. S. Stulman of New York, have been held in Rehovot since 1975. To date 19 lectures have been delivered. The latest were: 1988:13th, Arthur Kornberg (Stanford University, Stanford), Understanding Life as Chemistry; Initiation of DNA Replication at the Origin of the Chromosome The Aharon Katzir-Katchalski Center 319

1989: 14th, George Klein (Karolinska Institute, Stockholm), I:The Neoplastic Microevolution a; II:The Neoplastic Microevolution b; III: The Role of Viral Transformation and Oncogene Activation by Chromosomal Translocation in the Genesis of B-Cell Derived Tumors 1990: 15th, Jean-Pierre Changeux (Institut Pasteur, Paris), Communications in the Nervous System: From Molecules to Cognitive Functions; Molecular Biology of Synapse Development 1992: 16th , Nicole Le Douarin (Coll?ge de France, Paris),The Development of the Nervous System Analyzed in the Avian Model; Alternative Methods for Inducing Immunological Tolerance 1992: 17th, Daniel E. Koshland (University of California, Berkeley), Transformation of Information Across Membranes in Biological Systems 1993: 18th, Amos Tversky (Stanford University) Rationality of Cognitive Illusion; A New Approach to Subjective Probability 1994: 19th, Joshua Jortner (President, The Isrel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. Te Challenge of the Structure-Function Relation in Photosynthesis. 1996: 20th, Aaron Klug, F.R.S. (President Royal Society, London) Protein Designs for the Regulaiton of Gene Expression 1997: 21st, Charles Weissmann (University of Zurich) Prion Protein in Health and Disease 1998: 22nd, Prof. Judah Folkman (Harvard Medical School) New Directions in Angiogenesis Research. Do Vascular Endothelial Cells Control Organ and Tissue Size? 2000: 23rd, Prof. Miroslav Radman (Universite Paris-V, France) Molecular and Population Genetics of Evolution. Fidelity of Biosynthetic Processes: Mechanistic and Medical Aspects. 2003: 24rd, Prof. Daniel Kahneman (Princeton University and The Hebrew Univesity of Jerusalem): Intuition and Rationality.

Katzir-Katchalski Travel Grants

Travel grants are provided to graduate students working within the areas of the Center's interests, to facilitate their participation in courses, schools, and workshops abroad. Students from all Israeli institutions of higher learning are eligible. The program has been in operation since 1976. Forth-eight such grants were awarded in 2003. Special Activities The Center assists with the organization of scientific meetings that fall within its scope. The latest were: 1987: 9th International Biophysics Congress Chaiperson: H. Eisenberg, Israel 320 The Aharon Katzir-Katchalski Center

1988: 2nd International Congress of Plant Molecular Biology Chairperson: M. Edelman, Israel

1991: The 13th Edmond de Rothschild School in Molecular Biophysics: Chemotaxis of Cells and Unicellular Organisms Chairperson: M. Eisenbach, Israel

1995: Israeli-Hungarian Conference: Plants and the Environment Chairperson: A. Zamir, Israel Institute-Wide Centers

The Clore Center for Biological Physics

Benjamin Geiger, Director The Erwin Neter Professor of Cell and Tumor Biology

The Clore Center was founded to promote and enhance interdisciplinary research in the emerging field of biological physics. Its income is based on a major donation by the Clore Foundation and additional generous gifts by other donors.

In 2003 the Clore Center received a record number of outstanding applications and supported 6 projects, carried out jointly by research groups with complementary background and expertise.

The supported projects included the following topics: (1) Novel embryonic and adult stem cell based bio-informatics strategy for gene discovery; (2) Analysis of the production, secretion and function of MMP secreted by cells migrating in the context of the extracellular matrix; (3) Robust patterning design: quantitative study of morphogen gradients in the Drosophila wing disc; (4) Combined fluorescence resonance energy transfer and voltage clamp approaches to study conformational rearrangements of ion channels at the single molecule level; (5) Systems analysis of a protein network in single living cells; (6) Photo-activated cell-free protein expression on a chip. The Clore Center also supported the purchase of a Hysitron Nanoindenter apparatus for studying the mechanical properties of novel materials.

In addition, the Center, together with the Minerva Foundation supported an international symposium on Optical spectroscopy of biomolecular dynamics.

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The Dolfi and Lola Ebner Center for Biomedical Research

Samuel A. Safran, Vice President The Fern and Manfred Steinfeld Professor

The Dolfi and Lola Ebner Center for Biomedical Research promotes forefront research of human diseases at the molecular level. Studies addressing biochemical mechanisms that underlie the major threats to human health, such as cardiovascular defects, cancer and infectious diseases will be supported by the Center. In addition to investment in major instrumentation, individual grants are awarded in two categories:

1. Start-up support - during the first three years after joining the Institute, selected investigators receive support for start-up and seed money, allowing for later applications to external granting agencies.

2. A significant portion of the Center's resources supports research into the development of experimental models of human diseases, such as cancer and autoimmune disorders. Grants are generally based on applications to external grant foundations that have received ratings of very good or better but received insufficient funding to carry out the project.

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J&R Center for Scientific Research

Samuel A. Safran, Vice President The Fern and Manfred Steinfeld Professor

This Center funds a broad spectrum of research activities as well as the purchase of new instruments. On the order of ten internal grants per year are allocated; in many cases, the grants are leveraged by other funding provided by the individual scientist, Department or Dean.

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Center for New Scientists

Samuel A. Safran, Vice President The Fern and Manfred Steinfeld Professor

This Center provides startup funding for new scientists. The allocation is provided in conjunction with startup monies granted by the Department and the Dean. Each year, approximately seven new scientists join the Institute and their startup funds cover the costs of laboratory supplies and instruments, postdocs, graduate students and other personnel during their first three years at the Institute. During that period, the new scientists are encouraged to apply to external grant agencies for their future research support.

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Center for Scientific Excellence

Samuel A. Safran, Vice President The Fern and Manfred Steinfeld Professor

This Center supports activities at the Institute in all areas of research, on the basis on grant applications submitted to external funding agencies. Scientists whose proposals receive very good ratings but are not funded, can apply for interim support by the Center before reapplying to the funding agency. The Center typically supports about twenty such applications each year and refers worthy applications that could not be supported to other research Centers for consideration.

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Prospective Center for Systems Biology

Eytan Domany, Director The Henry J. Leir Professor

The Prospective Center for Systems Biology was launched in 2003. The main emphasis of the Center is to foster high-level research in Systems Biology, a new and exciting area of highly interdisciplinary scientific investigation, based on intensive collaboration between biologists, chemists, physicists, engineers, mathematicians and computer scientists. To understand life at the system level, it is necessary to study biology on all scales, ranging from the molecular , via the cellular all the way to that of the multicellular organism. The research goals supported by the Center are:

1. To elucidate the design principles of biological networks.

2. To create new experimental and computational technologies.

3. To apply these techniques to the study of cancer and other diseases.

4. To devise new methods for modeling network-based biological activity.

To help reach these goals, the Center will award research grants, research fellowships, organize and sponsor symposia and meetings, support participation in conferences abroad and maintain a visitor program aimed at attracting high level researchers to visit the Weizmann Institute for short as well as long durations.

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Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs

Boaz Avron Academic Secretary and Head, Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs

The Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs includes:

• The Academic Affairs Office

• The Research Grants and Projects Office

• The Visiting Scientists Office

The head of the Directorate is directly subordinated to the President and carries the overall responsibility for the proper functioning and administration of the Offices included in the Directorate.

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Academic Affairs Office

Esther Goldstein, Head

The Academic Affairs Office assists the Academic Secretary in the performance of his duties.

The Office’s principle responsibilities include the administration and follow-up of the:

1. Appointments and Promotions Committees of (i) the Life Sciences Faculties (ii) the Scientific Council (dealing with both non-tenured scientific personnel as well as Staff Scientists) , and (iii) the Council of Professors (dealing with scientific personnel tenured appointments and promotions to the ranks of Associate Professor and Professor). 2. Appointments of Deans, Department heads, Institute heads and Center heads. 3. Appointments of external academic consultants. 4. Annual Scientific Academic Advisory Committees (SAAC) reviews. 5. All regulations pertaining to the academic life at the Institute. 6. Scientific Council meetings and meetings of its various Committees. 7. President’s Advisory Committee meetings 8. Non tenured academic staff (i.e., scientific personnel as well as staff scientists) appointments and their extensions as relevant. 9. Academic Grants allocations. 10. Staff Scientists Tenure Committee. 11. Extension of Service Committee. 12. New Immigrants Funding Support. 13. Visiting Professorships Program 14. Summer Student’s Program 15. Weizmann Lectures Series

The Academic Affairs Office publishes annually:

• Scientific Activities

• Current Research Activities

• Institutes and Centers (support possibilities for Weizmann Institute researchers)

339 340 Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs

Formal Collaboration and Exchange Agreements

In 2003 the Weizmann Institute had formal agreements on scientific collaboration and exchange of personnel with the following foreign institutions:

Argentine National Council for Science and Technology (CONICIT) Argentine National Institute for Industrial Technology Center of Innovative Technology (CIT), Virginia El Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnias (CONICYT) de Uruguay The Costa Rica Council for Research (CONICIT) Czech Academy of Sciences Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), Zurich El Fondo Colombiano de Investigaciones Cientificas y Proyectos Especiales "Francisco Jose de Caldas-Colciencias" Fundacion Campomar, Buenos Aires Georgia Tech Research Corporation Gifu International Institute of Biotechnology, Japan Hungarian Academy of Science-Biological Research Center Cooperation Agreement in the field of Biomedical Research between the Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale and the Weizmann Institute of Science The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore Joint Center for Theoretical Physics of the Landau Institute, Moscow National Laboratory for High Energy Physics (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan Secretariat of Science and Technology (SECYT), Argentina Slovak Academy of Sciences Technische Universität, Berlin Université René Descartes, Paris University of Cambridge University of Tokyo University of Trieste Yale University, New Haven, CT

Appointments and Promotions

Appointments

To the Rank of Professor

Edriss Titi – Computer Science and Applied Mathematics

To the Rank of Senior Scientist

Hezi Gildor – Environmental Sciences and Energy Research Gil Levkowitz – Molecular Cell Biology Yitzhak Pilpel – Molecular Genetics Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs 341

Itay Rousso – Structural Biology Eldad Tzahor – Biological Regulation Anat Yarden – Science Teaching Abraham Zangen – Neurobiology

To the Rank of Associate Staff Scientist

Shira Albeck – Structural Biology Mark Keil – Chemical Physics Yoav Peleg – Structural Biology

To the Rank of Assistant Staff Scientist

Fausi Abed El Al – Particle Physics Elena Aibinder – Biological Chemistry Shani Bialik – Molecular Genetics Gregory Leitus – Materials and Interfaces Yael Pewzner-Jung – Biological Chemistry Dorit Ron – Computer Science and Applied Mathematics Eyal Rothenberg – Environmental Sciences and Energy Research Enrico Segre – Physics Services Elias Shezen – Immunology Duan Wang – Structural Biology

To the Rank of Junior Staff Scientist

Laura Altschuler – Biological Chemistry Catherine Brami – Biological Regulation Orly Dym – Structural Biology Valery Ilyin – Computer Science and Applied Mathematics Ruti Kapon – Biological Chemistry Hadas Peled-Zehavi – Plant Sciences Orly Perl – Immunology Rina Zilkha-Falb – Immunology

Promotions

To the Rank of Professor

Nava Dekel – Biological Regulation Gregory Falkovich – Physics of Complex Systems Uriel Feige – Computer Science and Applied Mathematics Elisha Moses – Physics of Complex Systems Ronny Neumann – Organic Chemistry Ran Raz – Computer Science and Applied Mathematics Dov Sagi – Neurobiology Dan Yakir – Environmental Sciences and Energy Research 342 Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs

Sergei Yakovenko – Mathematics Daniel Zajfman – Particle Physics

To the Rank of Associate Professor

Ofer Aharony – Particle Physics Ronen Alon – Immunology Micha Berkooz – Particle Physics Nir Davidson – Physics of Complex Systems Daniel Kandel – Physics of Complex Systems Elior Peles – Molecular Cell Biology Eitan Reuveny – Biological Chemistry Irit Sagi – Structural Biology Amir Yacoby – Condensed Matter Physics

To the Rank of Senior Staff Scientist

Moshe Balass – Biological Chemistry Sharon Wolf – Chemical Research Support Vera Shinder – Chemical Research Support

To the Rank of Associate Staff Scientist Tali Scherf – Chemical Research Support

To the Rank of Assistant Staff Scientists Harry Greenblatt – Structural Biology Orit Kolet – Immunology

Awards

Allon Fellowships

The Allon Fellowships are awarded on a competitive basis to outstanding young scientists by the Council for Higher Education. The current incumbents are:

Einat Aharonov Environmental Science and Energy Research Ofer Haim Aharony Particle Physics Roy Bar-Ziv Materials and Interfaces Yuval Eshed Plant Sciences Maria Gorelik Mathematics Ernesto Joselevich Materials and Interfaces Steffen Jung Immunology Dan S. Tawfik Biological Chemistry Milko Van Der Boom Organic Chemistry Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs 343

Fellowships for Senior Immigrant Scientists

The fellowships for Senior Immigrant Scientists are awarded to Senior new immigrants from the former Eastern Block by the Council of Higher Education. Anatoly Burshtein Chemical Physics

Guastalla Fellowships for the Advancement of Science Teaching and Technology

The Guastalla Fellowships are awarded by the Sacta-Rashi Foundation and the Council of Higher Education. The current incumbents are: Gilat Brill Science Teaching Oshrit Navon Science Teaching Edit Yerushalmi Science Teaching

Ma’of Fellowships established by the Kahanoff Foundation

Ma’of fellowships are intended for Arab researchers who are residence of Israel who have excelled in their profession so that they may obtain a tenured position in an Israeli Higher Education Institute. The current incumbent is:

Edriss Titi Computer Science and Applied Mathematics

Center for Complexity Science Fellowships

The Center for Complexity Sciences was established in 2001. It is aimed at promoting the Science of Complexity which integrates disciplines of Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics and Psychology. In 2003 the fellowship was awarded to Dr. Y. Pilplel, a Senior Scientist in the Department of Molecular Genetics.

Minerva Junior Research Group on Biological Computation

Minerva Junior Research Group are run at Israeli universities and research institutions and are headed by young junior researchers who have demonstrated that they are capable of qualifying themselves for key positions in research. In general, the groups run for five years and are devoted to innovative and promising areas of mutual interest to research in Germany and Israel. The current incumbent is:

Uri Alon Molecular Cell Biology

Ministry for Immigrant Absorption Fellowships

The Ministry of Immigrant Absorption maintains several programs to aid in the absorption of new immigrants holding a Ph.D. in the Higher Education Institutions of Israel. In 2003 the Institute was a recipient of 7 Fellowships for initial absorption of new immigrant researchers, 2 Gileadi Fellowships and 26 Kamea Fellowships. 344 Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs

Institutional Awards The Gerhard M.J. Schmidt Memorial Prize is awarded by the Gerhard M.J. Schmidt Memorial Fund, established in 1976, for an outstanding Ph.D. thesis in chemistry. The award for 2003 was awarded to Dr. Ayele Vilan, Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, for her thesis on Preparation and Controlling their Electrical Transport Properties, and to Dr. Haim Tsubery, Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, for his thesis on Synthesis and Structure Function Study of Polymyxin B Nonapeptide: A Basis for A novel Approach toward Antibacterial Peptides. The Sir Charles Clore Prize for Outstanding Appointment as Senior Scientist in the Experimental Sciences was established in 1981 by Mrs. Vivien Clore Duffield, Geneva. The 2003 prize was awarded to Dr. Hezi Gildor, Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research. The Morris L. Levinson Prizes were established in 1982 by Mr. Morris L. Levinson, New York. The Physics Prize for 2003 was awarded to Prof. Amir Yacoby, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, for his work achievements in the understanding of one- dimensional transport and the localization in two dimensional systems. The Mathematics Prize in 2003 was awarded to Prof. Michal Irani, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, for her research on Space-Time Analysis of Visual Information. The Biology Prize in 2003 was awarded to Dr. Uri Alon, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, for his achievements in opening new directions in biological research of complex systems. The Maxine Singer Prize for Outstanding Research Associate was established in 1991 by the Scientific Council of the Weizmann Institute. In 2003, the Prize was awarded to Dr. Hagai Cohen, Department of Chemical Research Support, for his innovative contribution to the study of surface analyses, and development of novel techniques related to x-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and to Dr. Vladimir Sobolev, Department of Plant Sciences, for his work on the modeling of ligand recognition by proteins. The Scientific Council Prize in Chemical Research. In 2003, the Prize was awarded to Prof. Irit Sagi, Department of Structural Biology, for her research into the Mechanisms of action of metalloproteins.

Honors

Awarded to Weizmann Institute Scientific Personnel Prof. Ruth Arnon – Elected as a Vice President of the Association of Academies of Sciences in Asia (AASA) Prof. Avraham Ben-Nun – Recipient of the Sobek Prize from the Multiple Sclerosis Society of Germany Prof. David Cahen – Awarded the Israel Vacuum Society Award the EDWARDS Research Excellence Prize Prof. Ilan Chet – Recipient of the EMET Prize in Agriculture Awarded by the A.M.N. Foundation Prof. Yuval Gefen – Recipient of a Max Planck Research Award Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs 345

Prof. Oded Goldreich – Elected as a corresponding Fellow of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities Prof. Oded Goldreich – Elected as a 2003-2004 Radcliffe Fellow at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University Prof. Gershon Kurizki – Elected to Fellowship in the American Physical Society (APS) Prof. Uriel Littauer – Appointed as an honorary member of the Israel Society for Neurosciences Dr. Yuval Oreg – Recipient of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Friedrich Wilhem Bessel Research Award Prof. Moshe Oren – Recipient of the EMET Prize in Biology Awarded by the A.M.N. Foundation Prof. Israel Pecht – Recipient of the Landau Prize in the Life Sciences Prof. Itamar Procaccia – Elected to Fellowship in the American Physical Society (APS) Prof. Yair Reisner – Recipient of an Honorary Degree in Medicine from University of Perugia, Italy Prof. Yair Reisner – Elected as a Fellow of the World Technology Network Prof. Eitan Reuveny – Awarded the Hestrin Prize by the Israeli Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ISBMB) Prof. Michel Revel – Recipient of an ISICR (International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research) Honorary Membership Prof. Varda Rotter – Recipient of the EMET Prize in Biology Awarded by the A.M.N. Foundation Prof. Samuel Safran – Awarded the Lectureship Award of the Colloid Division of the Japanese Chemical Society Prof. Adi Shamir –Recipient of the 2002 A.M. Turing award in Computer Science Prof. Igal Talmi –Recipient of the EMET Prize in Physics Awarded by the A.M.N. Foundation Prof. Alexander Tsafriri – Awarded the Honorary Membership of ESHRE (European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology) 2003 Ms. Iris Visoly-Fisher (in the group of Prof. David Cahen) – Recipient of the 2003 Graduate Student Gold Award of the Materials Research Society Prof. Yosef Yarden – Appointed as an academic scientific member of the International Board of Governors at the Technion, Haifa Prof. Ada Yonath – Elected as a foreign associate of the National Academy of Science, USA Prof. Eli Zeldov – Awarded the Kamerlingh Onnes prize

Doctors of Philosophy Honoris Causa

2003 Eli Amir Prof. Mildred S. Dresselhaus Prof. Allen J. Bard Alan Fischer Prof. Sir Michael V. Berry Prof. Albert J. Libchaber 346 Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs

2002 Dr. Rita R. Colwell Joshua Maor Abraham M. Goldwasser Hubert S. Markl Dani Karavan Theodore H. Teplow

2001 Robert H. Asher Rabbi Abraham E. Firer Lawrence S. Blumberg Arnold J. Levine William M. Davidson Maxime Schwartz Sidney D. Drell Alice Shalvi Maurizio M. Dwek Evelyn Tenenbaum

2000 Yehuda Amichai Raoul de Picciotto Erica Drake Mayer Wolf Bernhard Servatius Lea Nikel

1999 Shulamit Aloni Helmut Kohl Akito Arima Riccardo Muti Nella Benoziyo Bert Sakmann Maks Birnbach Leon Schidlow Stuart Eizenstat Naomi Shemer

1998 David D. Baltimore Manfred D. Moross Edith Cresson Alexandra Poljakoff-Mayber Jean-Marie Lehn Albert Willner

1997 Josef Burg Walter Kohn Shoshana Damari Sara Mayer Martin S. Kimmel Robert Neter

1996 Ted Arison Orna Porat Berthold Beitz Hans Zacher Sir Aaron Klug

1995 Gershon Kekst Maxine Singer Melvin Schwartz S. Donald Sussman 1994 Y. Leon Benoziyo Rowland Schaefer Samy Cohn Ezer Weizman Eli Hurvitz Alejandro Zaffaroni Simone Mallah Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs 347

1993 George S. Hammond Charles Mérieux James Heineman Shalom Rosenfeld Ilse Katz The Hon. David Sieff 1992 Norman D. Cohen Alexander Rich Jack D. Dinitz Harry Zvi Tabor Martha Laub The Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven 1991 Azaria Alon Uzia Galil H. Thomas Beck Lilian Hertzberg Hurbert Curien Dan Mayer Jean Dausset Hans A. Weidenmüller 1990 Lester Crown Maurice Goldschleger Adolf Ebner N. Avrion Mitchison Henry Gestetner Sir David C. Phillips Abraham Ginzburg Yizhar Smilanski 1989 Aharon Barak John Polyani Baruj Benacerraf Heinz F. Riesenhuber Robert W. Kasten

1988 Mildred Cohn Israel Pollak Pierre-Gilles de Gennes Earl R. Stadman Chaim Gvati Lord Wolfson Francois Mitterand

1987 Victor Brailovsky Sir James Lighthill Ilona Feher George P. Schultz Martin D. Kamen Meir Shamgar Helen Kimmelman (Kimmel) Frank H. Westheimer

1986 Teddy Kollek Moshe Porath Leo Picard Bernard Pullman

1985 Ayala Zacks Abramov Samuel W. Lewis Vivien Clore Duffield Charles Lubin Francois Gros Benjamin Mazar Hans Hilger Haunschild Vladimir Prelog 348 Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs

Chaim Herzog Ronald Reagan Niels K. Jerne Steven Weinberg James F. Kay Richard von Weizsacker

1984 Abraham Harman Frank Press Ludwig Jesselson John Ross Daniel Koshland Heinz Staab Yitzhak Navon Lewis Thomas

1983 Mordecai Ardon Zubin Mehta Raymond Aron Francis H. Ruddle Ezra Danin Andrei Dimitrievich Sakharov Ernest I. Japhet

1982 Yehuda Assia Elvin A. Kabat Haim Cohen Alfred Kastler Regina Feigl Severo Ochoa Francois Jacob Shmuel Sambursky

1981 Angel Faivovich

1980 Rudolf M. Bloch Ephraim Urbach Jimmy Carter Veit Wyler Morris L. Levinson

1979 Sir Derek Barton Derrick Kleeman Menachem Begin Hermann Mayer Josef Cohn Joseph Meyerhoff Aryeh Dvoretzky Sol Spiegelman Sir Bernard Katz

1978 Hans A. Bethe Rita Levi-Montalcini Aage Bohr Abraham Levin Adolpho Bloch Marshall W. Nirenberg

1977 Marc Chagall Harold Wilson Henry Kissinger

1976 Maurice Boukstein Murray B. Koffler Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs 349

Paul J. Flory Artur Rubinstein Gerhard Herzberg Ada Sereni Ephraim Katzir Simone Veil

1975 Arnold R. Meyer

1973 Willy Brandt

1964 Meyer W. Weisgal

Honorary Fellows of the Weizmann Institute

1974 Harold L. Perlman

1972 David Ginsburg David Nachmansohn Sir Hans A. Krebs Harold Weill André M. Lwoff

1971 Golda Meir Otto E. Passman Sydney Goldstein

1970 William Benton Hubert H. Humphrey Leonard Bernstein Miriam Sacher

1969 Christian B. Anfinsen Theodore R. Racoosin Walworth Barbour Abram L. Sachar Ernst D. Bergmann Philip D. Sang Sir Charles Clore Gershom Scholem Manfred Eigen Zalman Shazar John C. Kendrew Axel C. Springer Gerhard Herzberg Robert B. Woodward

1968 Lester B. Pearson Harry S. Truman

1967 Shmuel Joseph Agnon Leopold Rusicka Ludwig Erhard Lord (Marcus) Sieff of Brimpton David Rittenberg 350 Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs

1966 Konrad Adenauer Abraham Feinberg Abba Eban Harry Levine

1965 Walter J. Bär Arthur Kornberg Wolfgang Gentner Richard Meinhertzhagen

1964 Richard Kronstein

1963 Herbert H. Lehman John F. Kennedy

1962 Saul Adler Lord Rothschild Carl J. Burckhardt Harry Sacher Nahum Goldmann Victor Weisskopf James G. McDonald Vera Weizmann Heinrich G. Ritzel

1961 Max F. Perutz Edgar Salin Tadeus Reichstein Jerome B. Wiesner

1960 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Dewey David Stone Bernard A. Houssay Hugo A. T. Theorell Theodor von Karman Axel Wenner-Gren

1959 Jean L. A. Brachet Jonas Salk Lord Marks of Broughton Sir Isaac Wolfson, Bart. Giulio Racah

1958 Felix Bloch J. Robert Oppenheimer Sir Christopher Ingold Harold C. Urey

1957 Isidor I. Rabi

1956 Louis Lipsky Arthur Stoll

1955 Pierre Mendes-France Rebecca D. Sieff Lord (Israel) Sieff of Brimpton Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs 351

1954 Patrick M. S. Blackett Adlai Stevenson

1953 Niels Bohr Linus C. Pauling Sir Ernst B. Chain Francis Peyton-Rous Herman F. Mark Sir Robert Robinson

1952 David Sarnoff

Weizmann Awards in the Sciences and Humanities

2003 Friede Springer Wim Kok

1999 Helen Asher

1997 Abba Eban Lord Rothschild David Ginsburg

1995 Veit Wyler Reimer Lüst

1994 Erhard Busek

1992 Ezer Weizmann Mostafa Khalil 1991 Kirk Douglas 1990 Carlos Salinas de Gortari Brian Mulroney 1989 Heinz A. Staab 1987 Jacques Chirac Hermann Mayer Gottlieb Hammer 1985 Bram Goldsmith Alain Poher Charles Mérieux Margaret Thatcher Robert Parienti 352 Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs

1984 Harold Hill 1983 Henry Jackson 1979 Danny Kaye 1971 Theodore R. Racoosin 1970 Max Candiotty Anne Stone Lee Levine 1969 Josef Cohn 1968 Walter P. Reuther Robert I. Wishnick 1967 Joseph Brainin Miriam Sacher Bernard A. Houssay

1966 David Sarnoff Rebecca D. Sieff Lord (Israel) Sieff of Brimpton Summer Science Program for Students

Emma and Oscar Getz Summer Science Program for Israeli Students

The Emma and Oscar Getz Summer Science Program for Israeli Students was established in 2001 and is supported by patrons of the Chicago Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science. Throughout their lifetimes, Chicago industrialist Oscar Getz and his wife Emma, were well-known for their dedication to the arts at home, in Washington, D.C. and in London. Although Oscar Getz died in 1983 and Emma in 1966, they are linked in perpetuity to research and education at the Weizmann Institute of Science through a Professorial Chair, a summer scholarship program, as well as through support of other projects endowed in their names by the Getz Foundation. Approximately 35 undergraduate students are accepted each year to the summer science program.

Karyn Kupcinet International Science School

The Karyn Kupcinet International Science School was established in 1971 in memory of Karyn Kupcinet by her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Irving Kupcinet of Chicago, Illinois, USA. The Academic Secretary's office organizes and runs the program. Approximately 35 undergraduate students are accepted each year.

Participants designate the research preferences of their choice from a list of current projects. These choices are then matched, by a scientific coordinator, with ongoing research teams at the Institute. The students work under the guidance of a scientific personnel member and spend between 10 weeks to 4 months, during their summer holidays, working on the research project to which they have been assigned. A few students from the Southern Hemisphere attend during the winter months, coinciding with these students' university holidays. The overseas participants are given opportunities to tour Israel, to participate in various social activities and, of course, to interact with the other summer students and graduate students and staff from the Institute.

Visiting Professors Program

The Visiting Professorships will be made available to suitable candidates from all countries. They are intended for outstanding scientists from institutions of higher learning and research institutions, who have achieved appropriate recognition in their fields of activity and who hold the rank of Full Professor (or an equivalent rank) in their home institutions.

Visiting Professors who received Belkin, Meyerhoff and Weston Visiting Professorships in 2003 were as follows:

Belkin Prof. M. Keil, University of Oklahoma, Norman, USA

Meyerhoff Prof. G. Feldman, Institute for Low Temperature Physics, Khrakov

Varon Prof. I. Ben-Itzhak, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA

Weston Prof. T. Dittrich, Universitad Nacional de Columbia, South America Prof. H. Hentschell, Emory University, Atlanta, USA Prof. E. Husebye, University of Bergen, Norway Prof. D. Kutasov, University of Chicago, II, USA Prof. B. G. Teitel’baum, Russian Academic of Science, Kazan, Russia 354 Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs

Weizmann Memorial Lectures

The "Weizmann Annual Lectures" program is the most prestigious lectureship program at the Weizmann Institute of Science and commemorates the name of the founder of the Institute, Dr. Chaim Weizmann.

The Weizmann Lecturers are selected by an internal committee from among the proposals for potential lecturers which are made by the members of the Institute's Scientific Council, the body representing all professors at the Institute.

The Lectures are intended to review the state of the art and the newest developments of the particular field chosen. The series usually consists of two lectures, which are open to the Institute's faculty and staff and to the community at large. The first talk is usually aimed for anyone interested in science while the second lecture is mainly aimed for scientists at the Weizmann Institute as well as from other Higher Education Institutions in Israel.

List of past Weizmann Memorial Lecturers 2003 Prof. Albert J. Libchaber (Physics) 2002 Prof. Susan Solomon (Environmental Sciences) 2001 Prof. Michael Rabin (Mathematics) 2000 Prof. Andrew Wyllie (Molecular Biology) 1999 Prof. Jacob N. Israelachvili (Chemistry) 1998 Prof. Steven Chu (Physics) 1997 Prof. James A. Yorke (Mathematics) 1996 Prof. James E. Rothman (Biology) 1995 Prof. Paul B. Sigler (Chemistry) 1994 Prof. D. J. Gross (Particle Physics) 1993 Prof. E. H. Fischer (Biochemistry) 1992 Prof. D. Knuth (Computer Science) 1991 Prof. A. Eschenmoser (Chemistry) 1990 Prof. B. I. Halperin (Physics) 1989 Prof. P. Leder (Molecular Genetics) 1986 Prof. R. N. Zare (Chemistry) 1985 Prof. C. Rubbia (Physics) 1984 Prof. P. D. Boyer (Biochemistry) 1983 Prof. C. Weissman (Biology) 1982 Prof. J. Keller (Mathematics) 1981 Prof. E. M. Shoemaker (Planetary Sciences) 1980 Prof. P. F. De Gennes (Chemistry) 1979 Prof. D. H. Hubel (Neurobiology) 1978 Prof. H. A. Bethe (Physics) 1977 Prof. P. Berg (Biochemistry Genetic Engineering) 1975 Prof. E. Katzir (Fermentation Biochemical Engineering) Prof. Hans L. Kornberg (Regulation of Microbial Metabolism) 1974 Prof. W. W. Lipscomb (Chemistry Crystallography) Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs 355

1973 Prof. D. Gabor (Holography) 1972 Prof. D. Koshland (Biochemistry) 1971 Prof. S. L. Washburn (Anthropology) 1967 Prof. G. Wald (Biology) 1966 Prof. M. M. Schiffer (Pure Mathematics) 1965 Prof. A. Kornberg (Biochemistry) 1964 Prof. F. Hoyle (Astrophysics) 1963 Prof. R. Woodward (Organic Chemistry) 1962 Prof. W. Rosenblith (Biophysics) 1961 Prof. M. Perutz (Chemistry) 1960 Prof. S. Chandrasekhar (Applied Mathematics) 1959 Prof. J. Brachet (Biology) 1958 Prof. Sir Christopher Ingold (Chemistry) 1957 Prof. I. I. Rabi (Physics) 1955 Prof. E. Chain (Biochemistry) 1954 Prof. P. M. S. Blackett (Physics, Mathematics) 1953 Prof. Sir Robert Robinson (Organic Chemistry) 356 Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs

Weizmann Professorial Chairs, CDCs and Fellowships

Professorial Chairs

The Lee and William Abramowitz Chair of Macromolecular Biophysics Established in 1978 through the bequest of Mr. Abramowitz, Leominster, MA Incumbent Professor Mark Safro, Department of Structural Biology The Annenberg Chair of High Energy Physics Established in 1967 by Mrs. Enid A. Haupt, New York, in memory of her mother, Mrs. Moses L. Annenberg Incumbent Professor Haim Harari, Department of Particle Physics The Eugene and Marcia Applebaum Chair Established in 1995 by Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Applebaum, Troy, Michigan Incumbent Professor Avraham Ben-Nun, Department of Immunology The Norman and Helen Asher Chair of Cancer Rsearch Established in 1986 by Mr. and Mrs. Norman Asher, Chicago Incumbent Professor Varda Rotter, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Helen and Norman Asher Chair in Brain Research Established in 1993 by Mr. and Mrs. Norman Asher, Chicago Incumbent Professor Amiram Grinvald, Department of Neurobiology The Carl and Dorothy Bennett Chair of Biochemistry Established in 1982 by the Carl and Dorothy Bennett Foundation, Stamford, CT Incumbent Professor Amnon Horovitz, Department of Structural Biology The Henry and Bertha Benson Chair Established in 1970 by Mr. and Mrs. Benson, Montreal Incumbent Professor Karol A. Muszkat, Department of Structural Biology The Bernstein-Mason Chair of Neurochemistry Established in 1985 by Stuart A. Bernstein and John J. Mason, Washington, DC Incumbent Professor Israel Silman, Department of Neurobiology The Dr. Barnet Berris Chair of Cancer Research Established in 1981 by the Physicians' Committee, Toronto Chapter of the Canadian Society for the Weizmann Institute of Science Incumbent Professor Yoram Groner, Department of Molecular Genetics The Besen-Brender Chair of Microbiology and Parasitology Established in 1981 by Marc Besen, Melbourne, and Joseph Brender, Sydney Incumbent Professor David Mirelman, Department of Biological Chemistry The Patricia Elman Bildner Chair of Solid State Chemistry Established in 1973 by Albert C. Bildner, New York Incumbent Professor Ilya Averbukh, Department of Chemical Physics The Paul and Marlene Borman Chair of Applied Mathematics Established in 1984 by Mr. and Mrs. Borman, Detroit, and their friends and associates Incumbent Professor Adi Shamir, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs 357

The Gilbert de Botton Chair of Plant Sciences Established in 1981 by Mr. de Botton and friends, Zurich and New York Incumbent Professor Jonathan Gressel, Department of Plant Sciences The Isaac and Elsa Bourla Chair of Cancer Research Established in 1979 by bequest of Mr. and Mrs. Bourla, Paris Incumbent Professor Gideon Berke, Department of Immunology The Harold S. and Harriet B. Brady Chair of Cancer Rrsearch Established in 1982 by Mrs. Brady and the late Mr. Brady, Chicago Incumbent Professor Yechiel Shai, Department of Biological Chemistry The Walter and Dr. Trude Borchardt Chair of Structural Biology Established in 2001 by the estate of Dr. Trude Borchardt, New York, NY Incumbent Professor Stephen Weiner, Department of Structural Biology The Bronfman Chair of Plant Science Established in 1979 by Joseph E. Seagram and Sons, Inc., New York Incumbent Professor Gad Galili, Department of Plant Sciences The Rudy Bruner Chair of Science Teaching Established in 1970 by Mrs. Martha Bruner, New York, and Zelon Ltd., Israel Incumbent Professor Uri Ganiel, Department of Science Teaching The Professor Sir Ernst B. Chain Chair Established in 1980 by his friends, London Incumbent Professor Talila Volk, Department of Molecular Genetics The Norman D. Cohen Chair of Computer Sciences Established in 1971 by Mr. Cohen, New York Incumbent Professor David Peleg, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Ruth and Samy Cohn Chair of Computer Sciences Established in 1984 by close Israeli friends of Mr. and Mrs. Cohn, Rio de Janeiro Incumbent Professor Shimon Ullman, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Marvin Myer and Jenny Cyker Chair of Diabetes Research Established in 1971 by Mr. Cyker, Boston Incumbent Professor Michael Walker, Department of Biological Chemistry The Sadie and Joseph Danciger Chair of Molecular Biology Established in 1967 by the Sadie Danciger Trust, Kansas City The Lady Davis Chair of Experimental Physics Established in 1972 by the Eldee Foundation, Montreal, through Bernard M. Bloomfield and Major Louis M. Bloomfield, Q.C. Incumbent Professor Giora Mikenberg, Department of Particle Physics The Harry de Jur Chair of Applied Physics Established in 1982 by the Harry de Jur Foundation, New York Incumbent Professor Victor Steinberg, Department of Physics of Complex Systems 358 Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs

The Amos de Shalit Chair of Theoretical Physics Established in 1976 Incumbent Professor Yitzhak Frishman, Department of Particle Physics The Helen and Sanford Diller Family Chair of Neurobiology Established in 2001 by Helen and Sanford Diller, San Francisco, CA Incumbent Professor Ehud Ahissar, Department of Neurobiology The Jack and Simon Djanogly Chair of Biochemistry Established in 1980 by Sir Harry Djanogly, CBE, London Incumbent Professor Michael Eisenbach, Department of Biological Chemistry The Henry H. Drake Chair of Immunology Established in 1998 by Mrs. Erica Drake, New York Incumbent Professor Yair Reisner, Department of Immunology The Georg F. Duckwitz Chair of Cancer Research Established in 1975 by the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany Incumbent Professor Lea Eisenbach, Department of Immunology The George W. Dunne Chair of Chemical Physics Established in 1971 by his friends and associates, Chicago Incumbent Professor Gershon Kurizki, Department of Chemical Physics The Paul Ehrlich Chair of Immunology Established in 1979 by the European Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science Incumbent Professor Ruth Arnon, Department of Immunology The Joyce and Ben B. Eisenberg Chair of Molecular Endocrinology and Cancer Research Established in 1984 by the Ben B. Eisenberg Charitable Fund, Los Angeles Incumbent Professor Abraham Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Maxwell Ellis Chair of Biomedical Research Established in 1997 through the bequest of Mr. Ellis, London Incumbent Professor Zvi Livneh, Department of Biological Chemistry Estrin Family Chair of Computer Science Established in 2000 by Judith Estrin and William Carrico, Profs. Thelma and Gerald Estrin, California Incumbent Professor Amir Pnueli, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Marshall and Renette Ezralow Chair of Chemical and Cellular Immunology Established in 1984 by Mr. and Mrs. Ezralow, Beverly Hills Incumbent Professor Zelig Eshhar, Department of Immunology Fred and Andrea Fallek Chair of Breast Cancer Research Established in 2000 by Mrs. Andrea Klepetar Fallek, New York Incumbent Professor Hadassa Degani, Department of Biological Regulation The Joseph and Bessie Feinberg Chair Established in 1992 by the Joseph and Bessie Feinberg Foundation, Chicago Incumbent Professor Michael W. Kirson, Department of Particle Physics Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs 359

The Donald Frey Chair Established in 1988 by his friends and associates, Chicago Incumbent Professor Anthony Joseph, Department of Mathematics The Isabelle and Samuel Friedman Chair of Theoretical Physics Established in 1979 by the bequests of Mr. and Mrs. Friedman, San Francisco Incumbent Professor Moshe Kugler, Department of Particle Physics The Charles and Louise Gartner Chair Established in 1993 by Mrs. Louise Gartner, Dallas Incumbent Professor Uri Pick, Department of Biological Chemistry The Wolfgang Gentner Chair of Nuclear Physics Established in 1982 by the European Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science in honor of the late Professor Gentner, Heidelberg Incumbent Professor Uzy Smilansky, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Oscar and Emma Getz Chair Established in 1993 by Mrs. Emma Getz, Chicago Incumbent Professor Yosef Shaul, Department of Molecular Genetics The Harold and Zelda Goldenberg Chair of Molecular Cell Biology Established in 2001 by the Jacob E. Goldenberg Foundation, Minneapolis, MN Incumbent Professor Yosef Yarden, Department of Biological Regulation The Elaine and Bram Goldsmith Chair of Applied Mathematics Established in 1982 by Mr. amd Mrs. Goldsmith, Los Angeles Incumbent Professor Achi Brandt, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Marte R. Gomez Chair Established in 1985 by the Mexican Committee of the Weizmann Institute of Science Incumbent Professor Yehiel Zick, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Dorothy and Patrick Gorman Chair Established in 1966 by the United Food and Commercial Workers International Union, Washington, DC Incumbent Professor Lia Addadi, Department of Structural Biology The William B. Graham Chair of Pharmacology Established in 1978 by his friends and associates, Chicago The Harold J. and Marion F. Green Chair Established in 1991 by Mr. and Mrs. Harold Green, Chicago Incumbent Professor David Mukamel, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Marc R. Gutwirth Chair of Molecular Biology Established in 1967 in memory of Professor Gutwirth by his mother, Mrs. Regina Gutwirth, New York, and his wife, Gloria Incumbent Professor Meir Wilchek, Department of Biological Chemistry The Nicki and J. Ira Harris Chair Established in 1988 by Mr. Harris and his friends and associates, Chicago Incumbent Professor Stephen Gelbart, Department of Mathematics 360 Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs

The Hettie H. Heineman Chair of Mathematics Established in 1989 by James Heineman, Heineman Foundation, New York Incumbent Professor Zvi Artstein, Department of Mathematics The Charles H. Hollenberg Chair of Diabetes and Metabolic Research Established in 1985 by his friends and associates, Toronto Incumbent Professor Yoram Shechter, Department of Biological Chemistry The Lawrence G. Horowitz Chair of Cancer Research Established in 1985 by Mr. Horowitz and his family, Philadelphia Incumbent Professor Ruth Miskin, Department of Biological Chemistry The Erica and Ludwig Jesselson Chair of Theoretical Mathematics Established in 1985 be Erica and Ludwig Jesselson, New York Incumbent Professor Yakar Kannai, Department of Mathematics The Maurice and Ilse Katz Chair of Neuroimmunology Established in 1990 by Mrs. Ilse Katz, Geneva Incumbent Professor Michal Schwartz, Department of Neurobiology The Louis and Florence Katz-Cohen Chair of Neuropharmacology Established in 1984 Incumbent Professor Vivian I. Teichberg, Department of Neurobiology The Aryeh and Mintzi Katzman Chair Established in 1992 by The Carylon Foundation, Chicago Incumbent Professor Ron Naaman, Department of Chemical Physics The Harry Kay Chair of Cancer Research Established in 1985 by the Harry Kay Foundation, Minneapolis Incumbent Professor Eli Canaani, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Gershon Kekst Chair Established in 2002 by The Weizmann Institute of Science Incumbent Professor Sergei Yakovenko, Department of Mathematics The Martin S. and Helen Kimmel Chair Established in 1987 by Mr. Kimmel, New York Incumbent Professor Ada E. Yonath, Department of Structural Biology The Peter and Carola Kleeman Chair of Optical Sciences Established in 1980 by Mr. Derrick Kleeman, London Incumbent Professor Asher A. Friesem, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Hella and Derrick Kleeman Chair of Biochemistry Established in 1979 by Mr. Derrick Kleeman, London Incumbent Professor Haim Garty, Department of Biological Chemistry The Judith Kleeman Chair Established in 1981 by Mr. Derrick Kleeman, London Incumbent Professor Moni Naor, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Dr. Morton and Anne Kleiman Chair Established in 1993 by Dr. and Mrs. Morton Kleiman, Chicago Incumbent Professor Israel Pecht, Department of Immunology Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs 361

The Philip M. Klutznick Chair of Developmental Biology Established in 1967 by friends and associates, Chicago Incumbent Professor Nava Dekel, Department of Biological Regulation The Murray B. Koffler Chair Established in 1993 in honor of Mr. Murray Koffler by The Weizmann Institute of Science Incumbent Professor Michael Hass, Department of Particle Physics The Harold L. Korda Chair of Biology Established in 1974 by the Harold L. Korda Foundation, Inc., New York Incumbent Professor Mordechai Liscovitch, Department of Biological Regulation The Richard Kronstein Chair of Theoretical Magnetism Established in 1977 by the European Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, Zurich The Charles and Charlotte Krown Chair of Medicinal Chemistry Established in 1985 by Mr. Charles Krown, Los Angeles Incumbent Professor Mario D. Bachi, Department of Organic Chemistry The Samuel Lunenfeld-Reuben Kunin Chair of Genetics Established in 1973 by Mr. Lunenfeld, Lausanne, and Mr. Kunin, Blonay, Switzerland Incumbent Professor Avri Ben-Ze'ev, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Harry Kweller and Kathleen Kweller Chair of Condensed Matter Physics Established in 1984 by the estate of the late Mr. Kweller, London Incumbent Professor Shimon Levit, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Chief Justice Bora Laskin Chair of Science Teaching Established in 1984 in honor of the late Canadian Chief Justice by his friends and associates in Canada Incumbent Professor Bat Sheva Eylon, Department of Science Teaching The Henry J. Leir Chair Established in 1999 by the estate of Henry J. Leir of New York Incumbent Professor Eytan Domany, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Harry and Leona Levine Chair of Neurosciences Established in 1986 by Mrs. Harry Levine, Cambridge, MA Incumbent Professor Menahem Segal, Department of Neurobiology The Barbara and Morris L. Levinson Chair of Chemical Physics Established in 1982 by Mr. and Mrs. Levinson, New York Incumbent Professor Itamar Procaccia, Department of Chemical Physics The Hilda and Cecil Lewis Chair of Molecular Genetics Established in 2001 by Cecil Lewis, England and Switzerland Incumbent Professor Ben-Zion Shilo, Department of Molecular Genetics The Charles W. and Tillie K. Lubin Chair of Hormone Research Established in 1982 by Mr. Lubin, Chicago Incumbent Professor Yoram Salomon, Department of Biological Regulation 362 Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs

The Andre Lwoff Chair of Neurogenetics Established in 1984 by his friends through the French Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science Incumbent Professor Rabi Simantov, Department of Molecular Genetics The Ephraim Katzir-Rao Makineni Chair of Chemistry Established in 2001 by Rao Makineni, Los Angeles, CA Incumbent Professor Mordechai Sheves, Department of Organic Chemistry The Jules J. Mallon Chair of Biochemistry Established in 1972 by the Malakoff Foundation, Minneapolis Incumbent Professor Chaim Kahana, Department of Molecular Genetics The Hermann Mark Chair of Polymer Physics Established in 1986 by the American, Austrian, European and German Committees for the Weizmann Institute of Science, in honor of Prof. Mark Incumbent Professor Jacob Klein, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Israel Matz Chair of Organic Chemistry Established in 1966 by the Alice Matz Goodman Endowment Fund, New York Incumbent Professor David Milstein, Department of Organic Chemistry The Helen and Morris Mauerberger Chair of Immunology Established in 1982 by the Mauerberger Foundation Fund, Capetown Incumbent Professor Irun R. Cohen, Department of Immunology The Hermann Mayer Chair Established in 1980 by Mr. Mayer, Paris Incumbent Professor Jacques S. Beckmann, Department of Molecular Genetics The Stephen and Mary Meadow Chair of Laser Photochemistry Established in 1982 by Mr. and Mrs. Meadow, Los Angeles Incumbent Professor Yitzhak Maron, Department of Particle Physics The Otto Meyerhof Chair of Molecular Biology Established in 1968 by the Stiftung Volkswagenwerk, Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany, in memory of the founder of molecular biology Incumbent Professor Leo Sachs, Department of Molecular Genetics The Joseph Meyerhoff Chair of Biochemistry Established in 1971 by Mr. Meyerhoff, Baltimore Incumbent Professor Anthony H. Futerman, Department of Biological Chemistry The Jacques Mimran Chair Established in 1980 by Jean-Claude Mimran, Paris Incumbent Professor Moshe Shapiro, Department of Chemical Physics The Jane and Otto Morningstar Chair of Physics Established in 2000 by Mrs. Jane Morningstar, Boca Raton Incumbent Professor Israel Bar-Joseph, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Dr. Hymie Moross Chair Established in 1981 by Manfred D. Moross, London, in memory of his father Incumbent Professor Tamar Flash, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs 363

The Joseph Moss Chair of Molecular Endocrinology Established in 1981 in memory of his parents, Jacob and Molly Moskowitz, Chicago Incumbent Professor Alexander D. Bershadsky, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The David and Inez Myers Chair Established in 2000 by Mrs. Inez P. Myers, Cleveland Incumbent Professor Eli Zeldov, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Professor Erwin Neter Chair of Cell and Tumor Biology Established in 1986 by Robert and Idi Neter Incumbent Professor Benjamin Geiger, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Livio Norzi Chair Established in 2000 by the late Livio Norzi of Italy Incumbent Professor Daniel Hanoch Wagner, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Olin-Sang Chair of Leukemia Research Established in 1969 in memory of Ida K. and Louis B. Olin and Etta and Jacob Sang by their families and friends, Chicago Incumbent Professor Meir Shinitzky, Department of Biological Chemistry The Gerald and Hedy Oliven Chair in Brain Research Established in 2003 by the estate of Gerald Oliven, Los Angeles, CA Incumbent Professor Michail Tsodyks, Department of Neurobiology The Joseph and Ruth Owades Chair of Chemistry Established in 1999 by Joseph Owades of Sonoma, California Incumbent Professor Jacob Anglister, Department of Structural Biology The Lester B. Pearson Chair of Protein Research Established in 1968 by the Canadian Society for the Weizmann Institute of Science Incumbent Professor Mati Fridkin, Department of Organic Chemistry The William Petschek Chair of Mathematics Established in 1985 by his family, Scarsdale, NY Incumbent Professor Gideon Schechtman, Department of Mathematics The Morton and Gladys Pickman Chair in Structural Biology Established in 2002 Morton and Gladys Pickman of Boca Raton, FL Incumbent Professor Joel L Sussman, Department of Structural Biology The Max Planck Chair of Quantum Physics Established in 1988 by the Weizmann Institute of Science Incumbent Professor Yoseph Imry, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Israel Pollak Chair of Biophysics Established in 1981 by the Edit and Israel Pollak Foundation, Israel Incumbent Professor Zvi Kam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Hilda Pomeraniec Memorial Chair of Organic Chemistry Established in 1961 by Dr. J. Pomeraniec, Vence, France, in memory of his wife Incumbent Professor Joseph Sperling, Department of Organic Chemistry 364 Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs

The Moshe Porath Chair of Mathematics Established in 1990 by The Weizmann Institute of Science in honour of Moshe Porath, Tel-Aviv Incumbent Professor Yosef Yomdin, Department of Mathematics The Isidor I. Rabi Chair of Physics Established in 1988 by an anonymous donor Incumbent Professor Mordehai Milgrom, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Theodore R. Racoosin Chair of Biophysics Established in 1962 by Mr. Racoosin, New York Incumbent Professor Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir, Department of Biological Chemistry The Ruth Epstein Recu Chair of Theoretical Physics Established in 1981 through the estate of Mrs. Epstein Recu, Chicago Incumbent Professor Adam Schwimmer, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Professor T. Reichstein Chair Established in 1989 by the Swiss Friends of the Weizmann Institute of Science Incumbent Professor Abraham Minsky, Department of Organic Chemistry The Robert W. Reneker Chair of Industrial Chemistry Established in 1976 by his friends and associates, Chicago Incumbent Professor Shimon Reich, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Walter P. Reuther Chair of Research in the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy Established in 1968 by the United Automobile Workers of America Incumbent Professor Amos Breskin, Department of Particle Physics The Sophie and Richard S. Richards Chair of Cancer Research Established in 1997 through the bequest of Mr. and Mrs. Richard S. Richards, New York and Paris Incumbent Professor Irith Ginzburg, Department of Neurobiology The Heinrich G. Ritzel Chair of Immunology Established in 1976 by the European Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, Zurich Incumbent Professor Edna Mozes, Department of Immunology The Joseph and Marian Robbins Chair Established in 1980 by Mr. Robbins, the Robbins family and friends, Chicago Incumbent Professor Shimon Vega, Department of Chemical Physics The Matthew B. Rosenhaus Chair of Biophysics Established in 1984 by the Sarah and Matthew Rosenhaus Peace Foundation, Inc., Morristown, NJ Incumbent Professor Vladimir Berkovich, Department of Mathematics The Helena Rubinstein Chair in Cancer Research Established in 1994 by the Helena Rubinstein Foundation, New York Incumbent Professor Adi Kimchi, Department of Molecular Genetics The Helena Rubinstein Chair of Structural Biology Established in 1985 by the Helena Rubinstein Foundation, New York Incumbent Professor Zippora Shakked, Department of Structural Biology Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs 365

The Barry Rymer Family Chair Established in 1987 by the Barry Rymer Charitable Trust, Chicago Incumbent Professor Eli Tziperman, Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research The Rowland and Sylvia Schaefer Chair in Energy Research Established in 2002 Mr. Rowland Schaefer of Pembroke Pines, Florida Incumbent Professor David Cahen, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Herman and Lily Schilling Foundation Chair Established in 1993 by the Herman and Lily Schilling Foundation for Medicine, Germany Incumbent Professor Alexander Tsafriri, Department of Biological Regulation The Irene and David Schwartz Chair of Plant Genetics Established in 1973 by Mr. Schwartz, New York The Samuel Sebba Chair of Pure and Applied Physics Established in 1972 br Mr. Sebba, London Incumbent Professor Itzhak Tserruya, Department of Particle Physics The Sara and Michael Sela Chair of Neurobiology Established in 1982 by their friends in Belgium, Canada, France, Israel, The United Kingdom and the United States Incumbent Professor Yadin Dudai, Department of Neurobiology The Sherman Chair of Physical Chemistry Established in 1966 by the trustees of the Sherman Charitable Foundation in memory of Harry and Abe Sherman of South Wales Incumbent Professor Yehiam Prior, Department of Chemical Physics The Ruth and Sylvia Shogam Chair Established in 1998 in memory of Benjamin, Sarah and Dr. Isador Shogam Incumbent Professor Victor Katsnelson, Department of Mathematics The Rebecca and Israel Sieff Chair of Organic Chemistry Established in 1960 in honor of the founders of the Daniel Sieff Institute Incumbent Professor Ronny Neumann, Department of Organic Chemistry The Ruth and Jerome A. Siegel and Freda and Edward M. Siegel Chair of Virology Established in 1979 by the Titan Industrial Corp., New York Incumbent Professor Michel Revel, Department of Molecular Genetics The Ralph D. and Lois R. Silver Chair of Human Genomics Established in 1998 by Ralph and Lois Silver, Chicago, Illinois Incumbent Professor Doron Lancet, Department of Molecular Genetics The Ruth and Leonard Simon Chair of Cancer Research Established in 1983 by Mr. and Mrs. Simon, Chicago Incumbent Professor Zvi Vogel, Department of Neurobiology The Robert and Yadelle Sklare Chair in Biochemistry Established in 2002 Robert and Yadelle Sklare of Chicago, IL Incumbent Professor Avigdor Scherz, Department of Plant Sciences 366 Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs

The William D. Smithburg Chair of Biochemistry Established in 1986 by his friends and associates, Chicago Incumbent Professor Steven J.D Karlish, Department of Biological Chemistry The Elias Sourasky Chair Established in 1992 by Dr. Jaime P. Constantiner, Mexico Incumbent Professor Uri Nudel, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Agnes Spencer Chair of Physical Chemistry Established in 1965 by the Agnes Spencer Trust, London Incumbent Professor Israel Dostrovsky, Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research The Fern and Manfred Steinfeld Chair Established in 1992 by Mr. Manfred Steinfeld, Chicago Incumbent Professor Samuel Safran, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Adlai E. Stevenson III Chair of Endocrinology and Reproductive Biology Established in 1972 by his friends and associates, Chicago Incumbent Professor Yitzhak Koch, Department of Neurobiology The William Sussman Chair of Mathematics Established in 1992 by S. Donald Sussman, New York Incumbent Professor David Harel, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics Alex and Ida Sussman Chair of Submicron Electronics Established in 2000 by S. Donald Sussman, New York Incumbent Professor Mordehai Heiblum, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Max and Anne Tanenbaum Chair of Nuclear Physics Established in 1976 by Mr. and Mrs. Tanenbaum, Toronto Incumbent Professor Uri Karshon, Department of Particle Physics The Herman P. Taubman Chair of Mathematics Established in 1961 in memory of the late Mr. Taubman, Tulsa, by his family Incumbent Professor Amitai Regev, Department of Mathematics The Margaret Thatcher Chair of Chemistry Established in 1985 by the Weizmann Institute Foundation of the United Kingdom Incumbent Professor Meir Lahav, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Siegfried and Irma Ullmann Chair Established in 1991 by Mrs. Irma Ullmann, New York Incumbent Professor Abraham Shanzer, Department of Organic Chemistry The Sir Siegmund Warburg Chair of Agricultural Molecular Biology Established in 1983 by a special fund of the Stifterverband fuer die Deutsche Wissenschaft Incumbent Professor Marvin Edelman, Department of Plant Sciences The Harry Weinrebe Chair of Laser Physics Established in 2003 by the Dorset Foundation, UK Incumbent Professor Yaron Silberberg, Department of Physics of Complex Systems Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs 367

The Joe and Celia Weinstein Chair Established in 1993 by Major and Mrs. Max Shulman, New York Incumbent Professor Dov Zipori, Department of Molecular Cell Biology Simon Weinstock Chair of Astrophysics Established in 2000 by Lord Weinstock, London Incumbent Professor Daniel Zajfman, Department of Particle Physics The Meyer W. Weisgal Chair Established in 1979 by Arthur B. Krim, William S. Paley, Raphael Recanati, George Sagan, and Robert I. Wishnick, New York Incumbent Professor Oded Goldreich, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Renee and Jay Weiss Chair Established in 1987 by Mr. Weiss, Miami Incumbent Professor Harry Dym, Department of Mathematics The Edna and Mickey Weiss Chair of Cytokines Research Established in 1983 by Mr. and Mrs. Weiss, Los Angeles Incumbent Professor Menachem Rubinstein, Department of Molecular Genetics The W. Garfield Weston Chair of Immunology Established in 1966 by the Garfield Weston Foundation Israeli Trust, London Incumbent Professor Michael Sela, Department of Immunology The Bee Wiggs Chair of Molecular Biology Established in 1983 by Mr. Irving Wiggs, San Marino, CA Incumbent Professor Ephraim Yavin, Department of Neurobiology The Maynard I. and Elaine Wishner Chair of Bio-Organic Chemistry and Malignant Diseases Research Established in 1985 by his friends and associates, Chicago Incumbent Professor Yigal Burstein, Department of Organic Chemistry The Charles and David Wolfson Chair of Theoretical Physics Established in 1965 by the Charles Wolfson Charitable Trust, London Incumbent Professor Alexander Finkelstein, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Sam and Ayala Zacks Chair Established in 1970 by Mr. and Mrs. Zacks, Toronto Incumbent Professor Eliyahu Pollak, Department of Chemical Physics The George Zlotowski Chair Established in 2001 by Gertrude Zlotowski Incumbent Professor Dov Sagi, Department of Neurobiology The Sam Zuckerberg Chair Established in 2002 by Roy J. Zuckerberg Family Foundation, New York Incumbent Professor Brian Berkowitz, Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research 368 Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs

Career Development Chairs

The Armour Family Career Development Chair of Cancer Research Established in 1989 by Mr. Robert N. Armour, Greenwich, Connecticut Incumbent Dr. Atan Gross, Department of Biological Regulation The Graham and Rhona Beck Career Development Chair Established in 1980 by Mr. and Mrs. Beck, South Africa The Beracha Foundation Career Development Chair Established in 1978 by the Beracha Foundation, Geneva Incumbent Dr. Roy Bar Ziv, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Elaine Blond Career Development Chair Established in 1981 by Mrs. Blond, London Incumbent Dr. Dan Tawfik, Department of Biological Chemistry The Adolfo and Evelyn Blum Career Development Chair of Cancer Research Established in 1979 by bequest of Mr. Blum, New York Incumbent Dr. Ari Elson, Department of Molecular Genetics The Anna and Maurice Boukstein Career Development Chair Established in 1981 by family and friends of the late Mr. Boukstein, New York Incumbent Dr. Einat Aharonov, Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research The Delta Career Development Chair Established in 1981 by Delta Textiles, Tel-Aviv Incumbent Dr. Leeor Kronik, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Arye Dissentshik Career Development Chair Established in 1978 by the Association of Friends of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel The Dr. Victor L. Erlich Career Development Chair Established in 1981 by bequest of Dr. Erlich, New York Incumbent Dr. Ernesto Joselevich, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Abraham and Jennie Fialkow Career Development Chair Established in 1990 by Lawrence Fialkov, New York Incumbent Dr. Ziv Reich, Department of Biological Chemistry The Judith and Martin Freedman Career Development Chair Established in 1988 by Mrs. Judy and Gary Freedman, Beverly Hills, California Incumbent Dr. Yuval Eshed, Department of Plant Sciences The Jack and Florence Goodman Career Development Chair Established in 1989 by Jack Goodman, Winnetka, Illinois The Walter and Elise Haas Career Development Chair Established in 1984 by the Walter and Elise Haas Fund, San Francisco The Henry Kaplan Career Development Chair of Cancer Research Established in 1987 by Mrs. Henry S. Kaplan, Stanford, California Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs 369

The Frances and Max Hersh Career Development Chair Established in 2002 by bequest of Frances and Max Hersh of, Florida Incumbent Dr. Maria Gorelik, Department of Mathematics The Helen and Milton A. Kimmelman Career Development Chair Established in 1984 by Mr. and Mrs. Kimmelman, New York Incumbent Dr. Igor Lubomirsky, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Carl and Frances Korn Career Development Chair in the Life Sciences Established in 1983 by Mr. and Mrs. Korn, Chicago Incumbent Dr. Uri Alon, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Daniel E. Koshland Sr. Career Development Chair Established in 1996 by Professor Daniel E. Koshland Jr. of, Berkeley, California Incumbent Dr. Michael Fainzilber, Department of Biological Chemistry The Corinne S. Koshland Career Development Chair Established in 1978 by Dr. Daniel E. Koshland, Jr. and Mr. Daniel E. Koshland, Sr., Berkeley, California Incumbent Dr. Dan Shahar, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Jacob and Alphonse Laniado Career Development Chair of Industrial and Energy Research Established in 1983 by the estate of Jacob Laniado, Montreal The Alvin and Gertrude Levine Career Development Chair of Cancer Research Established in 1994 by Alvin and Gertrude Levine, Los Angeles, California Incumbent Dr. Idit Shachar, Department of Immunology The Dewey David Stone and Harry Levine Career Development Chair Established in 1984 by the Stone Charitable Foundation, Inc., Shoreham, Massachusetts, Max Coffman, Brockton, Massachusetts and Friends of M Incumbent Dr. Milko Van Der Boom, Department of Organic Chemistry The Lilian and George Lyttle Career Development Chair Established in 1985 by Mrs. Helen Kimmelman, New York Incumbent Dr. Deborah Fass, Department of Structural Biology The Robert Edward and Roselyn Rich Manson Career Development Chair Established in 1982 in their memory, by Norman and Sandra Rich, West Liberty, IA, and Martin and Barbara Rich, Davenport, Iowa Incumbent Professor Irit Sagi, Department of Structural Biology The Gertrude and Philip Nollman Career Development Chair Established in 1992 by Debra Gallagher, Irvine, California Incumbent Professor Amir Yacoby, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The William Z. and Eda Bess Novick Career Development Chair Established in 1993 by the American Committee in honor of Eda Bess and William Z. Novick, Chicago Incumbent Professor Yinon Rudich, Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research 370 Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs

The Recanati Career Development Chair of Energy Research Established in 1978 by the Recanati Family, Israel Incumbent Professor Micha Berkooz, Department of Particle Physics The Recanati Career Development Chair of Cancer Research Established in 1978 by the Recanati Family, Israel Incumbent Dr. Doron Ginsberg, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Pauline Recanati Career Development Chair of Immunology Established in 1980 by the Ralli Foundation, Geneva Incumbent Dr. Steffen Jung, Department of Immunology The Joseph and Celia Reskin Career Development Chair Established in 1989 by Charles Reskin, Chicago Incumbent Professor Ofer Aharony, Department of Particle Physics The Louis and Ida Rich Career Development Chair Established in 1982 by Norman Rich, Martin Rich and Roselyn Rich Manson, West Liberty and Davenport, Iowa Incumbent Dr. Yuval Oreg, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Philip Harris and Gerald Ronson Career Development Chair Established in 1986 by Mr. Harris and Mr. Ronson, London Incumbent Dr. Shmuel Pietrokovski, Department of Molecular Genetics The Aser Rothstein Career Development Chair of Genetic Diseases Established in 1987 by the Canadian Society for the Weizmann Institute of Science, Toronto and the Dysautonomia Fund of Canada Incumbent Dr. Yitzhak Pilpel, Department of Molecular Genetics The Helena Rubinstein Career Development Chair Established in 1981 by the Helena Rubinstein Foundation, New York Incumbent Dr. Sima Lev, Department of Neurobiology The Madeleine Haas Russell Career Development Chair Established in 1989 by Mrs. Madeleine Haas Russell, San Francisco Incumbent Professor Elior Peles, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Martha S. Sagon Career Development Chair Established in 1992 by Martha Sagon, Washington DC Incumbent Dr. Rivka Dikstein, Department of Biological Chemistry The Rowland and Sylvia Schaefer Career Development Chair Established in 1989 by Rowland Schaefer, Miami, Florida Incumbent Professor Nir Davidson, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Soretta and Henry Shapiro Career Development Chair Established in 1992 by Mr. Henry Shapiro, Chicago Incumbent Dr. Naama Barkai, Department of Molecular Genetics The Tauro Career Development Chair in Biomedical Research Established in 1986 by the Tauro Stiftung, Switzerland Incumbent Professor Ronen Alon, Department of Immunology Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs 371

The Benjamin H. Swig and Jack D. Weiler Career Development Chair Established in 1988 by Mr. Melvin M. Swig, San Francisco, and Mr. Jack D. Weiler, New-York Incumbent Dr. Gilad Haran, Department of Chemical Physics The Morris and Ida Wolf Career Development Chair Established in 1984 in memory of their parents by Mr. and Mrs. Edwin L. Fishman, Mr. and Mrs. Howard M. Wolf and Mr. and Mrs. Marvin Mills, Highland Park and Northbrook, Illinois Staff Fellowships

The Ludo Altenhaus Memorial Fellowship Established in 1976 by bequest of Dr. George Altenhaus, Worcester, Massachusetts The Joseph C. and Esther Foster Research Fellowship Established by the Joseph C. and Esther Foster Foundation, Inc., Boston The Peter R. Friedman Research Fellowship for Physicians Eestablished in memory of Dr. Leon A. Friedman, New York The Meir and Jeanette Friedman Research Fellowship Established by bequest of Mr. Friedman, Forest City, Iowa The Samuel A. Goldsmith Research Fellowship Established in 1968 by the Chicago Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science The Hettie Heineman Research Fellowships Established in 1975 by the Heineman Foundation, New York The Fanny and Samuel Kay Research Fellowship Established in 1972 by James F. Kay and Irving, Jack and Wilfred Posluns, Toronto The Abraham and Sarah Krumbein Fellowship Established in 1971 by Mr. Krumbein, New York The Ann Landers Research Fellowship Established in 1981 by the Chicago Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science The Michael and Audrey Sacher Research Fellowship Established in 1961 by Mr and Mrs. Sacher, London The Dr. Leopold J. Schwarz and Margarete Schwarz Memorial Cancer Research Fellowship Established in 1961 by bequest of Dr. Schwarz, San Francisco The C.P. Scott Research Fellowship Established in 1959 by Mr. and Mrs. Harry Sacher, London, in memory of C.P. Scott, editor of the Manchester Guardian The Herbert Sidebotham Research Fellowship Established by the late Harry Sacher, London, in memory of Herbert Sidebotham Visiting Fellowships

The Joseph Brainin Fellowship Established in 1967 by the Meier Segals Foundation, Montreal The Morris Belkin Visiting Professorship Established in 1995 by Mrs. Helen Belkin, Canada 372 Directorate for Research and Academic Affairs

The Charpak/Vered Visiting Fellowship Established in 1996 in honor of Dr. Georges Charpak by Sara and Zeev Vered and their friends, Ottawa, for the exchange of Israeli and Canadian Scientists The Federal Republic of Germany Through the Minerva Gesellschaft für die Forschung m.b.H., awards annually a number of fellowships for the exchange of Israeli and German scientists The Heineman Exchange Fellowship Established in 1972 by the Minna James Heineman Stiftung, Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany, in memory of Dr. Konrad Adenauer The Institute of Biochemical Research-Fundacion Campomar (Buenos Aires, Argentina) Exchange Fellowships Established in 1985 The Joseph Meyerhoff Visiting Professorship Established in 1979 by the Joseph Meyerhoff Fund, Baltimore The Erna and Jakob Michael Visiting Professorship at the Weizmann Institute of Science Established by Mr. and Mrs. Michael, New York The Michael Sela Exchange Program in Immunology Established by the Mount Sinai Hospital in association with the Canadian Society for the Weizmann Institute of Science, Toronto The Dr. Gordon M. Shrum Fund Exchange Fellowship Established in 1981 by the Vancouver Chapter of the Canadian Society for the Weizmann Institute of Science The Sieff Research Fellowships Program for Physicians Established in 1986 in honor of Lord Sieff of Brimpton by the American Committee of the Weizmann Institute of Science The Rosie and Max Varon Visiting Professorships Established in 1986 by an anonymous U.S. donor and the estate of Dorothy Greif- Valsecchi, Paris The Garfield Weston Visiting Scholar Program Established in 1999 by Mr. Garry H. Weston , London The Weizmann Institute-Evanston Hospital Exchange Fellowships Established in 1980 by Harold L. Perlman, Chicago, and the Ambrose and Gladys Bowyer Foundation, Chicago The Weizmann Institute-Imperial College of Science and Technology Exchange Fellowship Established in 1981 by Marks and Spencer, London The Weizmann Institute-Johns Hopkins University Exchange Fellowships Established in 1982 The Sir Siegmund Warburg Visiting Professorship Established by the Sir Siegmund Warburg-Weizmann Trust, London The Weizmann Institute-University of Wisconsin Exchange Fellowships Established in 1979 by Harold L. Perlman, Chicago. Various Committees for the Weizmann Institute abroad also provide fellowships from time to time. Research Grants and Projects Office

Susan Sapir, Head

The Principle aims of the Research Grants and Projects Office (RGP) are:

• Collecting and distributing information on sources of funds, both in Israel and abroad.

• Providing guidance, advice, and administrative services to academic staff members in all that concerns the submission of requests for research grants to (external and internal) funding sources.

• Negotiating and authorizing the contractual relationship with funding sources.

• Monitoring the follow-up and assuring adherence to the timetables of the different sponsored research projects.

During the Academic Year 02/03 Institute researchers were active in 1,119 research projects, totaling a gross external research income in access of $42 million.

Sources of approved funding for research grants were geographically distributed between: Israel (approx $20 million), Europe (over $14 million), the USA (over $5 million) and Bi- national and International sources (over $2 million).

The top sources providing external research grant support for research were the Israel Science Foundation, the European Union Framework Programme, research programs originating with the German government as well as research support programs of the Israel Ministry for Science and Technology.

373

Visiting Scientists Office

Liza Leibowitz, Head

This office deals with the non-scientific aspects of a scientist's visit to the Institute, especially when the visits last for a prolonged period. Prior to arrival, an informative guide is sent to the future visitor; accommodations, when available, are reserved. Electronic mail is being maintained all along. Upon arrival, visitors are briefed and advised on matters such as visa, schooling, purchasing or importing of a vehicle, customs, health insurance, public transportation and more. Help is extended to enable visitors to concentrate on research as much as possible, unhindered by administrative matters. While on campus, visitors are kept informed about social and cultural events at the Institute, Jewish Holidays, changes in regulations and so forth. The office founded the International Friendship Club for Spouses of Visiting Scientists, which is quite active and meets every two weeks.

In 2003, the Institute hosted 329 visiting scientists who came from 25 different countries.

375

Division of Information Systems

Yigal Burstein, Head (until June 2003) The Maynard I. and Elaine Wishner Professor of Bio-Organic Chemistry and Malignant Diseases Research

Senior Advisor to the President on Information Systems

The Division of Information Systems provides networking, communications, data processing, library and internet services to Institute scientists, students and administrators. It oversees the smooth implementation of an integrated computing environment, as well as maintaining the infrastructure upon which these information technology services are delivered. The role of fast communication (data, voice and picture) facilities is constantly expanding, with ever-increasing demand for easy multi-platform access to facilitate the retrieval and free flow of continually updated information.

The Division consists of five related departments, all of which have realized major achievements during the past year:

The Computing Center (WICC) has upgraded the entire security system for the Institute network, upgrading and improving the Firewall and Intrusion detection systems with the latest technologies available. A newly-installed, state of the art anti-virus, anti-spam system now monitors and filters all incoming mail. WICC has made fully-clustered Novell Netware-based file servers, and highly reliable Unix file servers available to the thousands of personal computers (PC’s and Mac’s) at the Institute. The expansion of the campus network infrastructure to enable additional network-intensive applications continues, while the current equipment is continually being upgraded for maximum performance and reliability. The Institute proxy servers have been upgraded and are now working in a load balancing mode. In addition to the above projects, WICC is constantly evaluating state-of-the-art techniques and innovations, always seeking to improve the information technology system services for the Institute community.

The Libraries successfully converted to the ALEPH 500 system, which has been disignated as the core of the next generation digital library. The Weizmann Institute library was the first library in Israel to convert to this system, leading the way for all other university and college libraries. In July 2003, the renovations of the Wix Central Library were completed.

The Department of Data Processing has completed the integration of many small pre- existing applications in the Academic Affairs Office into one larger Oracle data base

377 378 Division of Information Systems application. This new, comprehensive system monitors all administrative aspects of the scientific community. Increasing integration of campus-wide online applications are moving the department toward its goal of a completely web-enabled environment. The Internal Services module was expanded and currently includes 86 different campus services.

The Internet Services Unit has completed the Integrated Calendar, a campus-wide feature long requested by Weizmann users of all capacities. All the events that happen at Weizmann-- academic, cultural, international--are now entered via one system and are displayed together in one place.

The Telecommunications Services Unit has completed a comprehensive mapping of all the telephone cables on campus, radiating from the central switchboard to every single structure with a telephone. This information is an invaluable tool in maintaining the smooth running of the Institute’s extensive telephone and communications system.

The Computing Center (WICC) Aviva Greenman, Head

The Weizmann Institute Computing Center strives to provide the most advanced and efficient communications and computing environment for the Institute’s faculty, students and staff. The Weizmann Institute is a member of the Inter University Computing Center, (IUCC) popularly know by its Hebrew Acronym MACHBA (http://www.machba.ac.il). The eight member universities share technology and services, to the benefit of all. From the smallest personal computer to powerful multi-processor servers, the WICC supports and facilitates the campus computing and communications infrastructure, together with providing the network-intensive applications necessary for the pursuit and advancement of science at the Weizmann Institute.

Fully backed-up Novell Netware-based, Unix and Macintosh file and print systems are now available for the thousands of personal computers at the Institute. Support is provided for approximately 3500 personal computers on campus, divided between PC's and Macintoshes. Currently, about 50 new personal computers are installed each month. The WICC continues to make an IBM mainframe available for administrative data processing.

The expansion of the campus network infrastructure to enable additional network-intensive applications continues, while the current equipment is continually being upgraded for maximum performance and reliability. The campus communication network is currently based on a full-mesh redundant and resilient 622Mb ATM backbone, together with emerging gigabit Ethernet backbone with edge devices operating in 100 Mb-switched environment, with the capability now available to supply gigabit Ethernet to the desktop. There are now approximately 5500 active connections to the campus network.

The Unix file server system has grown: in addition to a high performance, high availability EMC file server, a new HP EVA storage system has been added to keep up with an ever- increasing amount of stored data. The new storage capacity currently holds about 9TB of data, shared between Unix and Netware systems. In addition, the tape backup system has been replaced by a fiber channel library capable of holding thousands of tapes. Division of Information Systems 379

During the last year we initiated several major projects and integrated new technologies into our system:

• The Unix Group has overseen the implementation, integration and administration of HPC clusters in various scientific departments. The group also supports connection of Unix/Linux environments to scientific equipment, as well as administering and managing Unicenter to control critical servers. Other projects include the implementation and integration of Tivoli Storage Management for unified backup of computers with various operating systems; installation of LDAP for authentication and automatic registration in cooperation with the PC group; implementation of ADUVA to administer Linux servers and workstations and distribute software automatically. • The central Unix mail server was again upgraded so as to be even more robust under the ever-increasing volume of electronic mail. • Dial-in services have been expanded, using the latest technologies (e.g. SDSL, ADSL and Cable connections), which allow users with computers at home to connect to the Institute network and take advantage of all the network services, such as Internet and file server access. Technologies such as VPN, voice-over IP, and centralized management of all computing and communication resources have been installed. • The entire security system for the Institute network has been upgraded, with a large effort in the areas of proactive monitoring and testing. We have continued to upgrade and improve our Firewall and Intrusion detection systems, with the latest technologies available. We have also installed a state of the art anti-virus, anti-spam system to monitor and filter all incoming mail. • We have started to support the new Macintosh OSX operating system. All new machines come with our supported software installed. • The Institute proxy servers have been upgraded and are now working in a load balancing mode. This was done in response to the termination of the MACHBA proxy service. • All the major NetWare and GroupWise servers have been connected via fiber-channel in a Storage Area Network (SAN) to a central storage array. The previous HP EMA12000 Storage Array was replaced with the much faster HP EVA 5000. This extended capacity also serves the Unix servers. • All our NetWare servers have been upgraded to NetWare 6, and a number of the SAN- attached servers have been "clustered" - including all central file and print servers. In a cluster, even if an individual server fails or is taken off-line, the users will continue to have access to their resources - usually without even noticing that the resource has migrated to another server. • A new service called iFolder was implemented, which allows users to synchronize a folder on the local disk of their computer with a backup copy on a central server. This has the advantage of providing local access to files while providing the security of a backed-up system. In addition, users can log into their iFolder from another computer 380 Division of Information Systems

and thus create a synchronized copy of the same folder in that computer. In this case, changes on either computer’s copy of the folder will be reflected on the other computer. • A new printing service, based on the Internet standard IPP protocol, was implemented. With this service, users can easily define Institute printers to their PCs by clicking on the appropriate icon on a web page. • An additional GroupWise post office was added and the GroupWise system was upgraded to GroupWise 6.5.

We continue to update the CD ROMs (containing our supported software) that we prepare and distribute to our authorized PC dealers. The dealers use these CD ROMs to install our computing environment on PCs they sell to the Institute. These PCs are then delivered directly to the end user, ready to hook up to our network. Our supported software can also be installed from a menu on PCs which are already connected to our campus network. This is enabled by a product called Zen for Desktops.

The PC Group provides support to approximately 2000 PCs on campus. Using another aspect of Zen for Desktops, our helpdesk staff can, with the user's permission, log on to the user’s computer from the Computing Center, thereby eliminating the need to visit the user's lab or office. The PC Group continues to provide regular mini-courses in Windows, Microsoft Office, and GroupWise.

In addition to the above projects, the WICC is constantly evaluating state-of-the-art techniques and innovations, always seeking to improve the computing services and technical support for the Institute community.

The Home Page of the Computing Center is: http://www.weizmann.ac.il/CC/.

The Libraries Ilana Pollack, Chief Librarian

The Libraries are responsible for acquiring, collecting, processing, distributing and storing all printed material (books, journals, patents, articles, etc.) needed by the Institute faculty and staff, as well as for purchasing, licensing, implementing, maintaining and ensuring online access to digital sources such as electronic journals, databases, etc. The Library staff provides users with optimal techniques for finding and using library material as well as for searching the library’s computerized resources and catalogs. The Information Unit carries out intermediated scientific literature searches upon request, and supports the Institute's scientific staff and students with sophisticated use of electronic resources.

The Libraries comprise over 250,000 books and bound volumes of periodicals, some 1137 current periodical subscriptions in printed form, several electronic and aggregated databases, and a constantly growing collection of several thousand electronic journals. A considerable portion of the electronic journals and databases collection is a result of the MALMAD* consortium agreements. Division of Information Systems 381

The Institute's Archives, housed in the Wix Library building, document the history of the Weizmann Institute and its scientific, educational, and cultural contributions to the world of scientific endeavor, from its beginnings to the present day.

Innovations during the past year include the following achievements:

• The Library successfully converted to the fully integrated library system ALEPH 500, in March 2003. This system has been designated as the core of the next generation digital library. The Weizmann Institute Library was the first to convert to Aleph 500 in Israel, leading the way for all other university and college libraries. The Library staff has since been engaged in assimilating the new system into the various existing library management modules. The librarians have been learning to use the system's new features, while at the same time checking and correcting the converted data. Hands-on sessions are offered to scientists and students on how to successfully conduct sophisticated searches in the electronic catalogs. • The various scientific publishers' willingness to change charging models of purchased journals, thereby allowing some cost savings, enabled us to move to electronic-only models of journal subscriptions. Thus we have been able to cancel several hundred print journal subscriptions, maintaining only their online version. In addition, we can now enjoy the benefit of hundreds of other non-subscribed electronic journals within the publishers' online journals packages. In this manner, we were able to meet part of the budget cut imposed upon us. • We are still investing a significant amount of time in the maintenance of the TDNet electronic journal management system. We have also been enhancing it with new features in order to improve our service to the scientists. • A User Satisfaction Survey of library services has been conducted, and we are in the process of analyzing the results in order to improve our Library services. • The Library's Information Unit, in cooperation with the Internet Services Unit and the Feinberg Graduate School, has constructed an electronic database to house Institute M.Sc. theses and Ph.D. dissertations. This system is now ready to receive its first entries. • At the request of the Academic Affairs Office, and again with the cooperation of the Internet Services Unit, the Library's Information Unit has constructed two separate databases of the Weizmann Institute scientific staff's publications. One of the databases has links to the full texts of the publications by DOI recognition.

The Wix Central Library renovations, which began in March 2002, were completed in July 2003, allowing more storage space for books and bound journal volumes, as well as enlarging and modernizing the staff's offices. On September 1st 2003, the Library sustained significant smoke and soot damage as a result of a fire that started in the basement's machine room. The newly renovated building had to undergo extensive repairs, and the collections underwent significant restoration procedures. 382 Division of Information Systems

*MALMAD, the Israel Center for Digital Information Services, (http://libnet.ac.il/~libnet/ malmad.htm), serves as a joint framework for the acquisition, licensing, and operation of information services to all Israeli universities.

The home page of the Libraries is: http://www.weizmann.ac.il/WIS-library/home.htm.

The Data Processing Department Rachel Kazmirsky, Head

The Department of Data Processing is responsible for the development and maintenance of data systems for the use of Institute scientists and administrators. All systems have been, and are currently being, developed in accordance with the newest Client/Server Internet/Intranet technology, in which a client-user is connected to an Internet web server via multi-platform- compatible web browser software. In such an environment the client is not bound by any specific desktop platform, and can communicate freely with any international Internet or local Intranet site. Within this structure, Oracle Development Tools serves as the department’s vehicle for all current and new systems.

The extremely successful Internal Services project, which has been running smoothly in production for over five years, is constantly being upgraded and expanded. This web-enabled system, which monitors all in-house transfer of goods and services, has had a campus-wide impact on internal campus communication. Its current roster of eighty-six services provides an on-line catalogue of items available from various Institute departments (providers), and a user-friendly interface for placing, processing, and tracking internal orders. Most importantly, the system automatically debits and credits the department budgets or projects for these transactions. New services added to the system during the past year include:

• Reservations and Billing on the Confocal Microscope in the Animal Breeding Center • Histochemistry – a maintenance-management service for Animal Breeding • On-line ordering and billing for Transgenic or Knockout Mice • Expansion of on-line systems available to the Department of Chemical Research Support, including Magneone Reservation, NMR scheduling, X-ray Macro-Molecular scheduling, SQUID magnetic and e-transport measurements services. • WSPC1 – manages the financial aspects of the new LIMS system, described below

The Oracle ERP Applications-based Human Resources software package has been in production for three years, and the system has been instrumental in centralizing all of the human resources information and activities of the Institute, as well as providing, at long last, a single updated source of tabular information to be accessed by the entire campus. Additional modules, which help systematize the Institute’s organizational structure, are added regularly according to requests by the Division of Human Resources. Division of Information Systems 383

The Feinberg Graduate School system, which has successfully been in production for almost three years, enables students to register for laboratory time according to availability, and to view their grade scores on-line via the web. Recent enhancements include an equipment and room reservation system, on-line registration for rotations and post-docs, course evaluation and scheduling, and an improved archive of graduate students. A complete menu of on-line interaction among students, lecturers, and the administration includes the automatic production of student cards, on-line questionnaires, a dynamic exchange and updating of grant reports, and the tracking of student and alumni awards.

The department has completed several important new projects this year: • The integration of many small pre-existing applications in the Academic Affairs Office into one larger Oracle data base application has been completed. This new, comprehensive system monitors all administrative aspects of the scientific community, including sabbaticals, appointments, and organizational structure. • LIMS – Laboratory Information Management System, requested by the new Israel Structural Proteomics Center housed on the Weizmann campus and run by Weizmann scientists. Researchers submit targets (DNA or purified protein) for cloning and expression of the target genes and purification, crystallization and 3D structure determination of the target proteins. The new system tracks all of the scientific stages along the way: from primers, PCR experimentation, cloning, mini-prep, expression, production and purification, to crystallization and 3D structure. • Total Computerization of the Mathematics Library: loans and returns, inventory control, overdue fines and reports. • Administrative Assemblies Management System for the Department of Resource Development: enables group visitor tracking, flight information, tours and events scheduling, nametags, place cards, and all other aspects of important group assemblies at the Institute.

In addition, the department maintains important systems whose development is complete. These include: • The system for the Visiting Scientists Office, which monitors the many details associated with visitor housing and tenure. • A touch-screen system for the Levinson Visitors’ Center that funnels information automatically to the Department of Resource Development. • The Telephones Financial Management system. • The young@science system, which monitors after-school science activities offered by the Institute to Rehovot children. A new addition to this system manages a multifaceted program of organized school outings to the Clore Science Park. • The IACUC (International Animal Care and Use Committee) system, which enables scientists to submit applications for veterinary resources via the Internet, replacing the previous email/telephone system. This is one of the department’s most successful 384 Division of Information Systems

smaller systems, and since it went into production in November of 2002, a wide array of new features has been added. • The system to monitor the working hours of the private Security Service the Institute has employed. • A Safety Services system, which monitors reports submitted by Heads of Research Groups about the levels of their biological, chemical and radiations hazards/data. • The transportation system, which enables the ordering of transportation services and movement of goods via the campus Intranet.

Data Processing is moving steadily toward its goal of a completely web-enabled environment. Work is progressing on the department’s next major project: to develop a new integrated software package for the Finance/Supply/Inventory system, which is the only remaining major system to be housed on the Institute’s mainframe computer. The RFP outlining all the specifications has been completed and distributed to the relevant users, and programming has begun. When this is accomplished, the department will have achieved its goal of complete integration of its various systems with the modern operational procedures of computer networking on campus.

The Home Page of the Department of Data Processing is: http://www.weizmann.ac.il/DP/.

The Internet Unit Malka Cymbalista, Head

Since its inception in 1999, the Internet Services unit has played an integral role in the Division’s principal goal of improved communications and the dissemination of information. While the Internet Services unit maintains the Institute’s central web servers, its primary function is the creation of departmental web sites, as well as individually customized applications.

As the focus of web sites has shifted from static web pages to dynamic interactive ones, the unit has made great progress in this area. Together with the Division’s Data Processing unit, Internet Services is concentrating on integrating the Human Resources database with the dynamic resources of the web, making even the smallest change in the data immediately visible and retrievable via the Internet. The first step in this process, the introduction of the Institute’s on-line electronic directory, has proven to be one of the most successful and widely used web applications on campus. When a departmental web site is created, all the staff member pages are now created dynamically; when an individual leaves or joins a department, and that move is registered in Human Resources, the appropriate page on that department’s web site is automatically updated.

One of the exciting innovations of the past year has been the introduction of the Integrated Calendar, an application that has long been requested by our users. All the events that happen at Weizmann—academic, cultural, international-- are now entered via one system and are displayed together in one place. Division of Information Systems 385

Together with the Academic Affairs Office, the Internet Services unit has fully automated the production of the Scientific Activities book, as well as the Current Research Projects. Both of these annual publications are now created first in an electronic version, and can be printed if desired.

These new projects join the highly successful on-line directory and the interactive campus map, as important steps toward making the Weizmann web site a dynamic reflection of a particularly multi-faceted campus. Because the Weizmann web site is often the initial contact between the Institute and the outside world, the Internet Services unit has an important role to play in terms of public relations as well. By managing a continually evolving web site, ensuring the rapid flow of update information via a professional and efficient interface, the unit helps the Institute put its best face forward at all times.

The Internet Services unit’s home page is: http://www.weizmann.ac.il/IU/.

Telecommunications Services Achicam Rosen, Head

The Telecommunications Services unit provides and maintains all telephone communications on the Institute campus.

The hub of its activity is the central switchboard installation, managed by three operators and one supervisor. The switchboard is a “Coral” product of Tadiran, and supports over 3,000 extensions throughout the campus. The Telephone Communications Services unit is responsible for the smooth functioning, maintenance, and (the constant) transfer of these lines, as well as the addition of new extensions as needed.

The unit works closely with Bezeq, and is also responsible for implementing the infrastructure necessary for remote (off-campus) connections to the Institute’s computer network, such as ISDN and fast Internet ADSL lines. This includes international connections as well, in conjunction with the various Israeli international telephone service providers. International telephone service is provided either directly, or via an international calling card.

The unit oversees and maintains all cellular telephone activity on campus, together with the local cellular service providers. To date, there are over 200 cellular phones under the management of the Telecommunications Services unit.

During the past year a major project was concluded: a comprehensive mapping of all the telephone cables on campus, radiating from the central switchboard to every single structure with a telephone. This information is an invaluable tool in maintaining the smooth running of the Institute’s extensive telephone system, and enables the most efficient use of this cable network when installing new phones.

The unit works tirelessly to provide and maintain the most efficient service possible in all areas of communication on the Institute campus that pertain to telephones.

The Telecommunications Services unit’s home page is: http://www.weizmann.ac.il/telecomm/. 386 Division of Information Systems

Research Staff

Professor

Yigal Burstein1, Ph.D., The Weizmann Institute of Science The Maynard I. and Elaine Wishner Professor of Bio-Organic Chemistry and Malignant Diseases Research

Senior Staff Scientist

Morton F. Taragin, Ph.D., George Washington University, Washington, United States

Engineers

Aviva Greenman, M.Sc., The Weizmann Institute of Science Camille Botaz, M.Sc., University of Bucharest, Romania Yehezkel Bialik, B.Sc., Yeshiva University Stephen Druck, B.A., Cornell University Lawrence Israel, Chem. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (left June 2003) Issak Kopp, M.Sc., Novocherkassk Polytechnic Institute Boris Lourie, Ph.D., The Weizmann Institute of Science Iris Mersel, M.Sc., Tomsk University, Tomsk, and M.Sc., Moscow University, Moscow Jerry Mersel, B.Sc., Hunter College, NY Sara Yasur, B.A., Tel Aviv University

1Department of Organic Chemistry Division of Logistics and Research Services

Asher Bar-on, Head

The division consists of highly skilled technicians and engineers, grouped into professional working units. The division provides support to the Weizmann Institute's research program, based on an inter-departmental charging system. The division is also in charge of the Security and Fire Department of the Institute.

Precision Instrument and Engineering Workshop Avi Einhorn, Head The workshop consists of a group of well trained technicians able to construct laboratory equipment from a wide range of materials. The workshop’s machinery is designed to accommodate the demands of modern research laboratories, lathes, milling machines, sanders, drills and all other necessary equipment.

Other facilities used by this workshop and the Physics Instrumentation Workshop are: raw material warehouse, CNC milling machine, welding shop, sheet metal shop and a small tinker shop allowing scientists and students to do some of their own work under the supervision of an experienced technician.

The design of the instruments is drawn up either by the scientist/student working in conjunction with the technicians or through the Instruments Design Unit using advanced CAD/ CAM technologies.

The workshop produces as well a large range of Perspex appliances mainly for the use of the Biology faculties.

Instrument Design Unit Benny Pasmantirer, Head The Instrument Design Unit, a team of skilled engineers, designs prototypes of versatile laboratory instruments according to specific research needs. Innovative solutions to technical problems that arose during the design process are worked out by the team in conjunction with the requesting scientist.

The design process is implemented using parametric software, which simulates the assembly as a solid on the screen, allowing quick changes until the final product is realized. The team accompanies the manufacturing process of the prototype from the workshops of the Weizmann

387 388 Division of Logistics and Research Services

Institute (Precision Instrument and Engineering Workshop and Instrumentation Workshop, Physics) through its installation and finally to its successful operation in the laboratory.

Physics Instrumentation Workshop Shlomo Asayag, Head This unit's vast capabilities and experience enable it to produce custom made instruments for all the research laboratories in the Institute.

Available to the skilled technicians are lathes and milling machines that allow high precision metalwork in the range of 1mm 2000mm. The workshop is fully equipped with drills, sanders, guillotines and all other necessary equipment needed to produce instruments of such high precision and quality.

Our technicians are able to produce equipment from plans drawn up after meetings and discussions with scientists or students. The Instruments Design Unit using CAD/CAM programs is available as well to the facility for the creation of technical plans for scientific instruments to be produced in the workshop.

Scientific Glassblowing Unit Yossi Novema, Head Provides services for scientific research in the campus, including advice and design of special glassware. Creation and modification of pyrex and quartz glass laboratory instruments.

Scientific Instruments Maintenance Oded Sharabi, Head This unit specializes in the repair and maintenance of laboratory equipment. The unit is divided into two main sections: centrifuges and small lab equipment. The centrifuge team repairs and maintains all types of centrifuges in the Institute: floor, tabletop, cooled, ultra etc., as well as lyophilizes.

Small lab equipment such as Pipetman/ Pipetaid, stirrers, mechanical balances, hot plates, shakers and electrophoresis cells are repaired and revamped by the small lab equipment team.

Chemical Warehouse Moti Cohen, Head The Chemical Warehouse carries over 1,000 items, accommodating the needs of all Institute scientists. These items are continually restocked and updated keeping up with the ever- changing demands of modern research.

This year, two large refrigeration rooms were installed to accommodate a new item – FCS, FBS. This item is used by many scientists and by having them in stock on the Institute’s premises we are able to ensure immediate delivery and lower prices. This year we also introduced restriction enzymes as a stocked item in the warehouse. Division of Logistics and Research Services 389

General Warehouse Sa’adia Vadai, Head The General Warehouse supplies the Institute staff with most consumable items necessary for running their labs and offices efficiently. Only items with a relatively large turnover are maintained in the warehouse.

The major groups stocked in the warehouse include: consumable laboratory supplies, basic electrical and technical items, office supplies and cleaning materials.

Moving Services Ehud Idan, Head This service is responsible for handling and moving all goods within the campus, from the campus and to the campus. Besides regular distribution of items/requests from the different warehouses to the Institute departments, this team has vast experience in moving delicate/ heavy/bulky equipment, (e.g. centrifuges, hoods, freezers, optical tables) from place to place.

The unit is also responsible for clearing out basements, labs and offices and often makes use of special cranes and handling equipment.

At the disposal of the unit are three medium sized trucks with loading ramps, a forklift and numerous carts of different types and sizes. This unit also runs the surplus goods "storehouse", where old/used items are sold. A limited amount of storage space is available, which can be used by special request.

Plastics and Polymers Laboratory Baruch Itah, Head The laboratory provides technical and scientific support to development and research projects, in subjects related to technology and chemistry of plastics and polymers, such as: development of various polymeric matrices, emulsions, gels, films, membranes, coatings, etc. Analysis and identification of polymers. Advice and preparation of adhesives for specific purposes is also offered.

Photography Laboratories Shalom Nidam, Head Documentation of experiments, often live, at Institute laboratories. Professional photography, development and processing of photographs.

Video - shooting and editing. Digital photography, screening of photos, computerized photo processing and producing CD ROM discs. We are in the process of purchasing a digital video camera and digital editing equipment, which will increase our support capabilities for the scientific staff. 390 Division of Logistics and Research Services

Publishing, Duplication and Printing Unit Natan Kronenberg, Head Printing, duplication and publishing most of the work produced at the Institute, assisting in the preparation of materials for various forms as well as large format posters of scientific publications and presentations using new digital duplicating machines for color prints.

Graphics Department Haya Yoskovitch, Head From the initial idea to the final product

The Graphics Department at the Weizmann Institute of Science, housed in the Goldsmith- Maltz Building, was established in 1975 to supply the graphics requirements of all the scientists, technical workers and administrative staff.

From a nucleus of two, using pencils, rulers, letter-sets, rapidographs and similar old- fashioned equipment, we have now grown to a very respectable staff of twelve.

Using updated multimedia technology, powerful computers, scanners, high-quality printers, digital recorders, video cameras, and the latest computer programs available on the market, we provide state of the art designs according to the specifications and requirements of our clientele.

Security Department Moshe Gat, Head The Security Department is in charge of all internal security, including fire alarm systems, fire- extinguishing equipment and security alarm systems. They are also involved in assisting social events at the Institute.

Engineers and Laboratories Staff

Asher Bar-on, MSM, Boston University and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva Mordechai Cohen, B.Sc., Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva Mordechai Gabbay, Ph.D., Royal University of Lund, Sweden Lilia Goffer, M.Sc., Polytechnic Institute, Chelabinsk Baruch Itah, M.Sc., Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel Rafael Michaeli, B.Sc., Open University, Tel-Aviv Benjamin Pasmantirer, B.Sc., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Gedalia Perlman, M.Sc., Polytechnical University, Leningrad The Amos de-Shalit Foundation

Haim Harari, Chairman The Annenberg Professor of High Energy Physics

The Foundation bearing the name of Amos de-Shalit was formally established in 1974 on the fifth anniversary of his death. A living memorial to the founder and first head of the Weizmann Institute’s Department of Nuclear Physics, and later of its Department of Science Teaching, the Foundation’s main goal is to foster an increased awareness of the role of science among young Israelis.

This year’s activities included:

The Annual Amos de-Shalit Science Workshop – This intensive on-campus residential two- week summer program is for the best, most outstanding Israeli high-school students. Participants work in actual research laboratories, two or three in a laboratory with a mentor. The Foundation contributed to the running of the school and granted scholarships to 5 of the 20 students who participated in the program.

The Amos de-Shalit Popular Science Lectures – Series of 4 lectures by prominent Weizmann Institute scientists open to the public – 650 students.

Adventures in Science – The Foundation contributed towards the operation of this program run by the Youth Activities Section of the Institute.

The Amos de-Shalit Prize for Excellence in the Teaching of Physics

To motivate teachers, a prize in physics was established in the name of Amos de-Shalit. The 2003 prize was awarded to the physics teachers of Hemda, Haifa and of Ort-Megadim, Carmiel.

The Annual Amos de-Shalit Summer School in Physics and Chemistry

The Institute’s Amos de-Shalit Foundation offers annual summer schools in physics and chemistry, for outstanding undergraduate students studying at Israeli universities. This year, two programs were held in each of the disciplines: a one-week program for students having completed their first academic year, and a two-week program for students entering their third year.

Thirty second-year students and twenty-two first-year students participated in the program.

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The Davidson Institute for Science Education

Haim Harari, Chairman of the Board The Annenberg Professor of High Energy Physics

Yehuda Ben-Hur, Managing Director

The Davidson Institute was established in November 2001, with a large endowment gift from William Davidson of Detroit. Activities at the Institute began January, 2002. It is a direct continuation and expansion of the activities of the Weizmann Institute in the field of science education, initiated in the early 1960's by the late Professor Amos De Shalit.

The Davidson Institute houses a number of educational units, including: the National Headquarters for PERACH (Tutorial Project); four National Teacher Centers (the National Teacher Center of Physics, National Teacher Center of Chemistry, National Teacher Center of Computer Science, National Teacher Center of Science and Technology); the Center for Developing Teaching Staffs (Pisgah) and the unit for producing and publishing learning materials in science, technology and mathematics.

The activities of the Institute are organized around Centers, which specialize in different aspects of science, technology and mathematics education and which are geared to different target audiences. These audiences include students, teachers, administrators and general adult population. All of the Institute’s activities are conducted in full cooperation with the Department of Science Teaching and under its academic supervision.

The Regional Center of Science, Technology and Mathematics The Center provides support and enrichment services in the fields of science, technology and mathematics education to teachers from kindergarten through high school. It started its activities in the school year of 2002-2003 and is based on the scientific infrastructure of the science-teaching department and the experience of the national teachers centers in Davidson institute.

The aim of the center is to give teachers in all levels of the educational system, the possibility to have a continuous professional development by organizing annual in-service training courses, focused workshops, one day conferences, lectures and direct links with teachers and schools. The activities of the center proceeds in several circles: the first is the Rehovot area, the second is the entire Central District and the third circle involves activities in other parts of the country in cooperation with other organizations devoted to teacher’s education in science, technology and mathematics. In the school year 2002 - 2003 we conducted 43 different courses

393 394 The Davidson Institute for Science Education

(around 2520 hours) in which 2250 teachers have participated. Additional activities have dealt with the use of computers and distance learning in teacher’s courses, including the integration of synchronous and asynchronous tools.

The NECHMAD Project (Youth Investigators in the Davidson Institute) Teaching science in high school requires the use of expensive equipments. Most high school laboratories are not well equipped. High school students are usually not exposed to advanced scientific experiments. The Center for Inquiry Labs (NECHMAD) has been established in order to enable high school teachers and students to conduct modern and advanced inquiry laboratories in science.

The project is designed to give high-school students who specialize in the sciences the opportunity to conduct scientific experiments at the university level, on topics connected to their respective curricula and with the use of state-of-the art equipment.

The Center trains high-school science teachers to carry out these scientific experiments, through active experience. The teachers are then invited to conduct these experiments with their students at the Davidson Institute laboratories.

A small scale pilot of this project started in the middle of 2003 and gained momentum towards the end of the year. During 2003, about 1000 students from 10 schools participated in the project.

The National Center of Project-Based Learning (PBL) in Science, Technology and Mathematics The long-term mission of the Center is to promote the understanding and high-quality implementation of Project-Based Learning (PBL) in science, technology and mathematics throughout Israel, in formal and informal learning settings, from kindergarten through high schools. PBL is a teaching and learning model that focuses on the central concepts and principles of a discipline, involves students in problem-solving and other meaningful tasks, allows students to work autonomously to construct their own learning, and culminates in realistic, student-generated products.

In 2003, a program, “Integrating the Culture of Science into the School Culture” was initiated. Its goal is to incorporate the research and learning skills of science into the school culture, through a 3-year program of staff development and educational practice. In each school, teachers from many different disciplines, along with their principals, are guided to (a) learn selected skills (e.g., question-asking, knowledge-mapping, creative thinking, etc.), (b) incorporate these skills into their day-to-day teaching and (c) use these skills to guide student projects in science and technology, based on a common topic. A pilot project of 7 elementary schools is currently underway in Kochav Yair, Modiin, Pardesiya, Rehovot and Tira.

City-Wide Science Support One of the goals of the Davidson Institute is to plan, implement and evaluate projects on the town or city level. One way to accomplish this goal is to guide and support schools in a given The Davidson Institute for Science Education 395 area, with the purpose of improving and upgrading its science, technology and mathematics education.

During 2003, we provided such support in two cities: Kiryat Gat and Ramla. In Kiryat Gat, support was provided for the "Rambam" Elementary School by guiding the teaching staff to integrate inquiry skills and out-of-school learning with the school curriculum. In Ramla, initial activities with 6 elementary and middle schools were based on a program, “Integrating the Culture of Science into the School Culture.”

Conferences - In addition to the above activities, the Davidson Institute hosted in 2003 numerous conferences and seminars for thousands of teachers and other educators. These events included the conference for middle school teachers, organized by the National Teachers Center of Science and Technology; the national conference for all the directors of the Centers for Developing Teaching Staffs (Pisgah); the conference for directors of education departments and supervisors in the Central Region; the national conference for teachers of computer sciences, and many others.

New Projects During 2003, we built the foundations for several projects, which are scheduled to begin in 2004. These projects include:

* The KATOM Computer Project (Computer for the Class, Student and Teacher). This is an educational experiment whose goal is to investigate the effects of integrating portable computers into the activities of teaching and learning. The plan is to provide portable computers to teachers and students in a number of 7th grade classes, in several towns; after studying the effects of this intervention, the plan is to expand the implementation to other schools and towns.

* The Center to Integrate Out-of-School Learning into the School Curriculum. The center will develop instructional materials, guide science teacher staffs and support schools, with the goal of integrating out-of-school learning environments into the school curriculum.

* Project Camp Davidson (Science Activities for the Disadvantaged). The purpose of this project is to establish science activities for high-school age students who have dropped out of the formal educational system and who have an interest in science.

Institute Staff

Prof. Haim Harari, Chairman of the Board Yehuda ben-Hur, Ph.D, Managing Director Ami Carmeli, Director, PERACH Oved Kedem, Ph.D, Director of Educational Projects Miri Kesner, Ph.D, Director of the Regional Teacher Center of Science, Technology and Mathematics 396 The Davidson Institute for Science Education

Hana Margel, Ph.D, Director of the NECHMAD Project (Youth Investigators in the Davidson Institute) Israel Porath, Ph.D, Director of the KATOM Computer Project Sherman Rosenfeld, Ph.D, Director of the National Center of Project-Based Learning (PBL) in Science, Technology and Mathematics Shuli Zaharoni, Administrator Yeda Research and Development Company Ltd.

Haim Garty, Chairman

Isaac Shariv, CEO

Yeda Research and Development Company Ltd. functions as the commercial arm of the Weizmann Institute of Science. Yeda initiates and promotes the transfer of research findings and innovative technologies developed by Institute scientists to the global marketplace.

Yeda holds an exclusive agreement with the Weizmann Institute to market and commercialize its intellectual property and generate income to support further research and education.

Yeda performs the following activities:

• Identifies and assesses research projects with commercial potential

• Protects the intellectual property of the Institute and its scientists

• Licenses the Institute's inventions and technologies to industry

• Channels funding from industry to research projects

Additional information on the business opportunities offered by Yeda, can be found at: http://yeda.weizmann.ac.il Tel: (08) 947 0617 Fax: (08) 947 0739 e-mail: [email protected]

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Weizmann Institute Activities on the Internet

Current Research Activities on the Internet

The full text of this publication may be found on the Internet (the World Wide Web) at the following URL: http://www.weizmann.ac.il/acadsec/Current_Research

You may search for any word or phrase, by using the online SEARCH option.

Scientific Activities on the Internet

The full text of this publication may be found on the Internet (the World Wide Web) at the following URL: http://www.weizmann.ac.il/acadsec/Scientific_Activities

You may search for any word or phrase, by using the online SEARCH option.

399 www.weizmann.ac.il