Scientific Activities 2002

Rehovot, Israel Edited, Designed and Typeset by Aviva Ovadia

Cover Design by Shoshana Zioni, Graphics Department

We wish to thank all the secretarial staff who worked on this project, without whose help this publication would not be possible.

Printed in Israel By Publishing Department Weizmann Institute of Science

ISSN 0083-7849 Contents

Board of Governors vii Scientific and Academic Advisory Committee xv Officers of the Weizmann Institute xvii Weizmann Institute of Science xix

Faculty of Biochemistry

Faculty of Biochemistry - Overview 3 Biological Chemistry 5 Molecular Genetics 13 Plant Sciences 21 Biological Services 27 Avron-Wilstätter Minerva Center for Research in Photosynthesis 29 Y. Leon Benoziyo Institute for Molecular Medicine 31 Dr. Josef Cohn Minerva Center for Biomembrane Research 33 Crown Human Genome Center 35 Mel Dobrin Center for Nutrition 37 Leo and Julia Forchheimer Center for Molecular Genetics 39 Kekst Family Center for Medical Genetics 41 Charles W. and Tillie K. Lubin Center for Plant Biotechnology 43 M.D. Moross Institute for Cancer Research 45 David and Fela Shapell Family Center for Genetic Disorders Research 47 Harry and Jeannette Weinberg Center for Plant Molecular Genetics Research 49

Faculty of Biology

Faculty of Biology - Overview 53 Biological Regulation 55 Immunology 61 Molecular Cell Biology 69 Neurobiology 83 Veterinary Resources 89 Helen and Norman Asher Center for Human Brain Imaging 91 Nella and Leon Benoziyo Center for Neurosciences 93 Carl and Micaela Einhorn-Dominic Institute for Brain Research 95 Murray H. and Meyer Grodetsky Center for Research of Higher Brain Functions 97 Robert Koch-Minerva Center for Research in Autoimmune Diseases 99 Belle S. and Irving E. Meller Center for the Biology of Aging 101 Gabrielle Rich Center for Transplantation Biology Research 103 Willner Family Center for Vascular Biology 105

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Women's Health Research Center 109 Yad Abraham Research Center for Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy 111

Faculty of Chemistry

Faculty of Chemistry - Overview 115 Chemical Physics 119 Environmental Sciences and Energy Research 125 Materials and Interfaces 129 Organic Chemistry 135 Structural Biology 141 Solar Research Facilities Unit 145 Chemical Services 147 Center for Energy Research 155 Fritz Haber Center for Physical Chemistry 157 Ilse Katz Institute for Material Sciences and Magnetic Resonance Research 159 Helen and Martin Kimmel Center for Archaeological Science 161 Helen and Martin Kimmel Center for Molecular Design 163 Helen and Milton A. Kimmelman Center for Biomolecular Structure and Assembly 165 Joseph and Ceil Mazer Center for Structural Biology 167 Gerhard M.J. Schmidt Minerva Center for Supramolecular Architecture 169 Sussman Family Center for the Study of Environmental Sciences 171 Faculty of Physics

Faculty of Physics - Overview 175 Condensed Matter Physics 177 Particle Physics 183 Physics of Complex Systems 191 Physics Services 199 Nella and Leon Benoziyo Center for High Energy Physics 201 Joseph H. and Belle R. Braun Center for Submicron Research 203 Albert Einstein Minerva Center for Theoretical Physics 207 Maurice and Gabriella Goldschleger Center for Nanophysics 209 Minerva Center for Nonlinear Physics of Complex Systems 211

Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science

Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science - Overview 217 Computer Science and Applied Mathematics 219 Mathematics 225 Arthur and Rochelle Belfer Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science 231 Carl F. Gauss Minerva Center for Scientific Computation 233 Minerva Center for Formal Verification of Reactive Systems 235 v

Feinberg Graduate School

Feinberg Graduate School 241 Science Teaching 295 Young@Science 303 Aharon Katzir-Katchalski Center 305

Institute-Wide Centers

Clore Center for Biological Physics 311 Dolfi and Lola Ebner Center for Biomedical Research 313

Academic Secretariat 315 Conference Section 347 Division of Information Systems 351 Division of Logistics and Research Services 361

Amos de-Shalit Foundation 365 Davidson Institute for Science Education 367 Yeda Research and Development Company Ltd. 369

Current Research Activities on the Internet 371 Scientific Activities on the Internet 373 The Board of Governors

Gershon Kekst*, New York, NY, USA, Chair of the Board (until November 2002) Stuart E. Eizenstat**, Washington, DC, USA, Chair of the Board (from November 2002) H. Thomas Beck*, Toronto, Ont, Canada, Deputy Chair of the Board Lawrence S. Blumberg*, New York, NY, USA, Deputy Chair of the Board Robert J. Drake*, Wassenaar, The Netherlands, Deputy Chair of the Board (from November 2002) Dame Vivien Duffield*, Geneva, Switzerland, Deputy Chair of the Board Prof. Michael Sela*, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel, Deputy Chair of the Board S. Donald Sussman*, Greenwich, CT, USA, Deputy Chair of the Board Joshua Maor*, Ramat-Gan, Israel, Chair of the Executive Council (until November 2002) Abraham Ben-Naftali*, Tel Aviv, Israel, Chair of the Executive Council (from November 2002)

Oded Aboodi, New York, NY, USA (from November 2002) Ayala Zacks Abramov, Jerusalem, Israel Gary M. Abramson, N. Bethesda, MD, USA Sem Almaleh, Geneva, Switzerland Prof. Ruth Arnon*, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel Prof. Zvi Artstein**, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel Helen S. Asher, Chicago, IL, USA Robert H. Asher*, Chicago, IL, USA, ex-officio member (also elected member) David Assia, Or-Yehuda, Israel Yehuda Assia*, Tel Aviv, Israel Prof. John M. Ball, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Prof. David Baltimore, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA Prof. Allen J. Bard, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA Hanan Bar-On, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel (from November 2002) Robert G. Begam**, Phoenix, AZ, USA Robert Belfer, New York, NY, USA Prof. Haim Ben-Shahar, Tel Aviv, Israel Dr. Emile Benassayag, Paris, France Marshall Bennett, Chicago, IL, USA

*Member of the Executive Council **Member of the Executive Council from November 2002

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Prof. Sir Michael V. Berry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Maks L. Birnbach*, New York, NY, USA René Braginsky, Zurich, Switzerland (from November 2002) Frances Brody, Los Angeles, CA, USA Andrea M. Bronfman, New York, NY, USA (until August 19, 2002) L. Yehuda Bronicki*, Yavne, Israel Stanley Chais*, Beverly Hills, CA, USA Prof. Ilan Chet*, President, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel Joseph Ciechanover, Tel Aviv, Israel Doron Cohen*, Ramat-Gan, Israel Prof. Marvin L. Cohen, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA (from November 2002) Norman D. Cohen*, New York, NY, USA Sir Ronald Cohen, London, UK Prof. Mildred Cohn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Samy Cohn*, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Lester Crown*, Chicago, IL, USA Prof. Paul J. Crutzen, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Mainz, Germany Dr. Hubert Curien, Paris, France Prof. Constantine M. Dafermos, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Leslie L. Dan, Scarborough, Ont, Canada The Hon. Mrs. Janet de Botton, London, UK Raoul de Picciotto, Monte-Carlo, Monaco Meir de Shalit, Herzliya Pituach, Israel Helen Diller, Woodside, CA, USA Prof. Charles A. Dinarello, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA Dr. Zvi Dinstein, Tel Aviv, Israel Ido Dissentshik*, Tel Aviv, Israel Sonnie Dockser, Bethesda, MD, USA Prof. Israel Dostrovsky*, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel Prof. Sidney D. Drell, SLAC, Menlo Park, CA, USA Prof. Mildred S. Dresselhaus, M.I.T., Cambridge, MA, USA Prof. Aryeh Dvoretzky*, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel Ralph S. Dweck, Washington, DC, USA Maurice M. Dwek*, Geneva, Switzerland Prof. Michael Eisenbach*, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel, ex-officio member (until September 2002) Robert Equey, Chene-Bougeries, Switzerland Michael Federmann*, Tel Aviv, Israel Prof. Mitchell J. Feigenbaum, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA Prof. Sir Alan R. Fersht*, FRS, Cambridge University Chemical Laboratory, Cambridge, UK

*Member of the Executive Council ix

Alan A. Fischer*, Larchmont, NY, USA Prof. Edmond H. Fischer, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Prof. Michael E. Fisher, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Michael R. Forman, Los Angeles, CA, USA William Frankel, Philadelphia, PA, USA Louise Gartner, Dallas, TX, USA Moshe Gavish*, Tel Aviv, Israel Dr. Martin L. Gecht, Chicago, IL, USA Mauricio Gerson, Mexico, D.F., Mexico Martin S. Gerstel*, Jerusalem, Israel Henny Gestetner, OBE, London, UK David Ginsburg*, Washington, DC, USA Françoise Glasberg, Paris, France Prof. Michel E. Goldberg, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (from November 2002) Prof. Patricia S. Goldman-Rakic, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Bram Goldsmith, Beverly Hills, CA, USA Abraham M. Goldwasser*, Savyon, Israel Richard F. Goodman, New York, NY, Israel (until November 2002) Prof. Michael B. Green, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Prof. Yoram Groner*, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel Prof. François Gros*, Academy of Sciences, Paris, France Joseph Gurwin, New York, NY, USA Wilhelm Haas, Bonn, Germany Joseph D. Hackmey*, Tel Aviv, Israel Gideon J. Hamburger*, Ramat-Gan, Israel Prof. Haim Harari*, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel Shimshon Harel, Herzliya Pituach, Israel Irving B. Harris, Chicago, IL, USA Lilian Hertzberg, New York, NY, USA Prof. Michael J. Higatsberger, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Josef D. Hollander, Herzliya Pituach, Israel Ephraim Ilin*, Tel Aviv, Israel Armando Jinich, Mexico, D.F., Mexico Dr. Yair Kadishay*, Ramat Hasharon, Israel Roberto Kaminitz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Prof. Richard M. Karp, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Prof. Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir*, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel Isaac Kaul*, Ra’anana, Israel James F. Kay, Toronto, Ont, Canada Morris Kerzner, Toronto, Ont, Canada Helen L. Kimmel*, New York, NY, USA

*Member of the Executive Council x

Martin S. Kimmel*, New York, NY, USA Prof. Michael W. Kirson*, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel, ex-officio member (from October 2002) Derrick Kleeman*, Geneva, Switzerland Peter J. Kleeman*, London, UK Andrea Klepetar-Fallek, New York, NY, USA Prof. Sir Aaron Klug, FRS, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, UK Marvelle Koffler, Toronto, Ont, Canada Murray B. Koffler*, Toronto, Ont, Canada Prof. Walter Kohn, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA Arthur B. Konviser, Toronto, Ont, Canada (from November 2002) Prof. Daniel E. Koshland, Jr., University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Alain Kostenbaum, Geneva, Switzerland (from November 2002) Reuben Kunin, Toronto, Ont, Canada (deceased August 10, 2002) Martha Laub*, Wilrijk-Antwerpen, Belgium Prof. Leon M. Lederman, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, USA Prof. Jean-Marie Lehn, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France Jonathan D. Leitersdorf, New York, NY, USA (from November 2002) Prof. Arnold J. Levine, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA Morton Levine, Delray Beach, FL, USA Barbara Levinson*, Palm Beach, FL, USA Cecil Lewis*, Geneva, Switzerland Prof. Albert J. Libchaber, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA Robert B. Machinist, Rye, NY, USA Dan Mayer*, Zug, Switzerland Rina Mayer, Tel Aviv, Israel Gurion Meltzer*, Tel Aviv, Israel Dr. Leora Meridor*, Tel Aviv, Israel Roselyn Meyer, Aventura, FL, USA Prof. David Mirelman**, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel Manfred D. Moross*, London, UK Andrew R. Morse*, Harrison, NY, USA Prof. George D. Mostow, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA (until November 2002) Joseph G. Nissim*, Geneva, Switzerland Dr. Joseph L. Owades, Sonoma, CA, USA Martin Paisner*, London, UK Charles I. Petschek, New York, NY, USA Morton Pickman, Boca Raton, FL, USA (from November 2002) Prof. Philip A. Pincus, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

*Member of the Executive Council **Member of the Executive Council from November 2002 xi

Prof. Alexander Pines, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Jeannette Pomeraniec, London, UK Moshe Porath*, Tel Aviv, Israel Dan Propper, Petah Tikva, Israel Eitan Raff, Tel Aviv, Israel (from November 2002) Prof. Alexander Rich, M.I.T., Cambridge, MA, USA John H. Ritblat, London, UK Barrie D. Rose*, Toronto, Ont, Canada Prof. Jesse Roth, MD, FACP, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New Hyde Park, NY, USA Lord Rothschild, GBE, London, UK Prof. Samuel A. Safran*, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel, ex-officio member Prof. Bert Sakmann, Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg, Germany Rowland Schaefer*, Pembroke Pines, FL, USA Leon Schidlow*, Mexico, D.F., Mexico Sara L. Schupf, New York, NY, USA Prof. Shmuel Shaltiel, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel (deceased April 4, 2002) David Shapell, Beverly Hills, CA, USA Prof. Carla J. Shatz, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Barry Sherman, Weston, Ont, Canada Prof. Ben-Zion Shilo*, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel, ex-officio member (until December 2002) The Honorable Sir David Sieff*, London, UK, Vice-Chair of the Executive Council Dr. Maxine F. Singer*, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, USA Dr. Jay A. Smith, Toronto, Ont, Canada Prof. Heinz A. Staab, Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg, Germany Brian J. Steck, Toronto, Ont, Canada Luis E. Stillmann, Mexico, D.F., Mexico Lord Stone of Blackheath, London, UK Doron Tamir, Tel Aviv, Israel Marvin Tanner, Saint-Laurent (Montreal), Quebec, Canada, Evelyn Tenenbaum, Bal Harbour, FL, USA Theodore H. Teplow*, Cambridge, MA, USA Barry S. Townsley*, London, UK Prof. Marc Van Montagu, University of Gent, Gent, Belgium Dr. Yossi Vardi, Tel Aviv, Israel (from November 2002) Saul Waring, New York, NY, USA Prof. Hans A. Weidenmüller*, Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany Irving L. Wein, Chicago, IL, USA (deceased July 14, 2002) Prof. Robert A. Weinberg, Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA (until November 2002)

*Member of the Executive Council xii

Prof. Stephen Weiner*, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel, ex-officio member (from January 1, 2003) Prof. Charles Weissmann, University College London, London, UK Dr. Albert Willner*, Delray Beach, FL, USA Dr. Herbert Winter*, Zurich, Switzerland Peter M. Wolff, London, UK The Rt. Hon. Lord Wolfson of Marylebone, FBA, London, UK Robert E. Woolley, Dallas, TX, USA Dr. Veit Wyler*, Zurich, Switzerland (deceased October 18, 2002) Prof. Yosef Yarden, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel Prof. Dr. Hans F. Zacher, Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches u. intern. Sozialrecht, München, Germany Dr. Alejandro Zaffaroni, Zaffaroni Foundation, Mountain View, CA, USA Dr. Felix Zandman, Malvern, PA, USA Eugene M. Zemsky, Chicago, IL, USA Uzi Zucker*, New York, NY, USA Roy J. Zuckerberg, New York, NY, USA Sharon Zuckerman, Willowdale, Ont, Canada

The Founding Chairperson

The late Dewey D. Stone (served from 1949 to 1971)

Governors Emeriti

Prof. Duilio Arigoni, ETH Hönggerberg, Zurich, Switzerland Prof. Fritz H. Bach, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Amnon S. Barness, New York, NY, USA Prof. Baruj Benacerraf, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Stuart A. Bernstein, Washington, DC, USA Marc Besen, Toorak, Victoria, Australia Albert Bildner, New York, NY, USA Dr. Elkan R. Blout, Cambridge, MA, USA Gerald Blumberg, New York, NY, USA Paul Borman, Southfield, MI, USA Harriet B. Brady, Chicago, IL, USA (deceased January 6, 2003) Joseph Brender, Point Piper, NSW, Australia Edgar M. Bronfman, New York, NY, USA Hugh T. Cameron, Oakville, Ont, Canada

*Member of the Executive Council xiii

Stanley S. Cohen, OBE, London, UK Sir Zelman Cowen, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Prof. Jean Dausset, Human Polymorphism Study Center, Paris, France David L. Dennis, Toronto, Ont, Canada Prof. Samuel Devons, Columbia University, Irvington, NY, USA Sir Harry Djanogly, CBE, London, UK Melvyn A. Dobrin, Westmount, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Abba Eban, Herzliya Pituach, Israel (deceased November 17, 2002) Prof. Gerald M. Edelman, The Neurosciences Institute, San Diego, CA, USA Prof. Manfred Eigen, Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen- Nikolausberg, Germany Prof. Gerald Estrin, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Marshall S. Ezralow, Calabasas, CA, USA Prof. George Feher, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Sir David Frost, OBE, London, UK Herbert M. Gelfand, Los Angeles, CA, USA Mozes B. Gitter, Herzliya, Israel Dr. Amnon Goldenberg, Tel Aviv, Israel Prof. Maurice Goldhaber, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, Long Island, NY, USA Dr. Carlos Goldman, Caracas, Venezuela Dr. Jacob E. Goldman, Umbanet Inc., Norwalk, CT, USA Richard N. Goldman, San Francisco, CA, USA Richard F. Goodman, New York, NY, USA (from November 2002) Joel Greisman, Don Mills, Ont, Canada Shlomo Grofman, Tel Aviv, Israel Dr. George S. Hammond, Portland, OR, USA Dr. Niels Hansen, Bonn, Germany Yeheskiel Harmelech, Rehovot, Israel Dr. Hans-Hilger Haunschild, Bonn, Germany Hy Isenbaum, Toronto, Ont, Canada Jules James, Toronto, Ont, Canada Philip M. Kaiser, Washington, DC, USA Prof. Martin D. Kamen, Montecito, CA, USA (deceased August 30, 2002) Teddy Kollek, Jerusalem, Israel Dr. Adia Konikoff, Geneva, Switzerland Prof. Arthur Kornberg, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Prof. Sir Hans Kornberg, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA Dov Lautman, Tel Aviv, Israel Prof. Joshua Lederberg, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA William Levine, Chicago, IL, USA André Marcus, Monte-Carlo, Monaco Prof. Paul A. Marks, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA John J. Mason, Washington, DC, USA xiv

Prof. N. Avrion Mitchison, FRS, UCL Medical School, London, UK Henri M. Monod, Paris, France Prof. George D. Mostow, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA (from November 2002) Jackie Rosenfeld, OBE, London, UK Dr. George Rosenkranz, Mexico, D.F., Mexico Prof. John Ross, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Samuel Rothberg, Peoria, IL, USA Dr. Aser Rothstein, Toronto, Ont, Canada Barry Rymer, Alpharetta, GA, USA Prof. Jozef S. Schell, Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Köln, Germany Prof. Harold A. Scheraga, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Walter E. Schoenfeld, Seattle, WA, USA Prof. Melvin Schwartz, Ketchum, ID, USA Jerome A. Siegel, New York, NY, USA William H. Singer, Tucson, AZ, USA Stephen L. Stulman, New York, NY, USA Prof. Sir John M. Thomas, FRS, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Lord Weidenfeld of Chelsea, London, UK Adam Weis, Toorak, Victoria, Australia Jay W. Weiss, North Miami, FL, USA Alan B. Weissman, Greenwich, CT, USA Prof. Bernard Winicki, Neuilly/Seine, France Zvi Zur, Zahala, Israel The Scientific and Academic Advisory Committee

Co-Chairs

Prof. Sir Alan R. Fersht, FRS, Cambridge University Chemical Laboratory, Cambridge, UK Prof. Hans A. Weidenmüller, Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany

Prof. John M. Ball, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Prof. David Baltimore, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA Prof. Allen J. Bard, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA Prof. Sir Michael V. Berry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Prof. Ilan Chet, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel, ex-officio member Prof. Marvin L. Cohen, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA (from November 2002) Prof. Mildred Cohn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Prof. Paul J. Crutzen, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Mainz, Germany Prof. Constantine M. Dafermos, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Prof. Charles A. Dinarello, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA Prof. Sidney D. Drell, SLAC, Menlo Park, CA, USA Prof. Mildred S. Dresselhaus, M.I.T., Cambridge, MA, USA Stuart E. Eizenstat, Washington, DC, USA, ex-officio member (from November 2002) Prof. Mitchell J. Feigenbaum, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA Prof. Edmond H. Fischer, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Prof. Michael E. Fisher, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Prof. Patricia S. Goldman-Rakic, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Prof. Michael B. Green, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Prof. François Gros, Academy of Sciences, Paris, France Prof. Richard M. Karp, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Gershon Kekst, New York, NY, USA, ex-officio member (until November 2002) Prof. Sir Aaron Klug, FRS, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, UK Prof. Walter Kohn, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA Prof. Daniel E. Koshland, Jr., University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Prof. Jean-Marie Lehn, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France Prof. Arnold J. Levine, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA Prof. Albert J. Libchaber, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA Prof. George D. Mostow, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA (until November 2002) Prof. Philip A. Pincus, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA Prof. Alexander Pines, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Prof. Alexander Rich, M. I. T., Cambridge, MA, USA

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Prof. Jesse Roth, MD, FACP, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New Hyde Park, NY, USA Prof. Bert Sakmann, Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg, Germany Prof. Carla J. Shatz, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Dr. Maxine F. Singer, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington DC, USA Prof. Heinz A. Staab, Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg, Germany Prof. Marc Van Montagu, University of Gent, Gent, Belgium Prof. Robert A. Weinberg, Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA (until November 2002) Prof. Charles Weissmann, University College London, London, UK Officers of the Weizmann Institute

President Advisory Committee to the President Professor Ilan Chet Professor Lia Addadi Dr. Hanan Alon (until November 2002) Vice President Professor Yigal Burstein Professor Samuel Safran Professor Michael Eisenbach (until September 2002) Vice President for International Affairs and Professor Michael Kirson (from October Public Relations 2002) Dr. Hanan Alon (until November 2002) Professor Haim Garty Professor David Harel Vice President for Technology Transfer Professor David Mirelman Professor Haim Garty Professor David Mukamel (until April 2002) Professor Yaron Silberberg (from May Vice President for Finance and 2002) Administration Yaakov Naan Yaacov Naan Professor Moshe Oren Professor Samuel Safran Senior Advisor to the President Proessor Ben-Zion Shilo Hanan Bar-On Professor Yosef Yarden

Chairperson, Council of Professors The Feinberg Graduate School Professor Ben-Zion Shilo (chartered by the New York State Board of Regents)

Chairperson, Scientific Council President Professor Michael Eisenbach Robert Asher (until September 2002) Chairman Professor Michael Kirson Professor Melvin Schwartz (from October 2002) Founding Chairman Abraham Feinberg (deceased) Vice Chairperson, Scientific Council Professor Michael Kirson Secretary (until September 2002) David Ginsburg Professor Varda Rotter Treasurer (from October 2002) Andrew Morse

Dean of the Feinberg Graduate School Professor Yosef Yarden

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Deans of the Faculties Head, Human Resources Division Yaacov Geva Biochemistry Professor David Mirelman Head, Finance Division Osnat Wishnitzer Biology Professor Moshe Oren Head, Division of Information Systems Professor Yigal Burstein Chemistry Professor Lia Addadi Head, Division of Logistics and Research Services Physics Daniel Tamari (deceased May 2002) Professor David Mukamel (until April Asher Bar-on, Head (from October 2002) 2002) Professor Yaron Silberberg (from May Secretary of the Association 2002) Ilana Eisen

Mathematics and Computer Science Head, Publications and Media Relations Professor David Harel Department Yivsam Azgad The Feinberg Graduate School Professor Yosef Yarden Chief Legal Counsel Gad Kober Administrative Officers Director of Visitors Center Vice President for Finance and Navit Kopelis Administration Yaacov Naan Head, Donor Relations Department Gila Shmueli Academic Secretary and Director of the Office of Research Grants and Projects Internal Auditor Dr. Boaz Avron Doron Yonai

Head, Construction and Physical Plant Maintenance Division Avraham Dines The Weizmann Institute of Science

The Weizmann Institute of Science, a center of scientific research and graduate study, is located on a 1.2 square kilometer campus of lawns and sub-tropical gardens in the town of Rehovot on Israel's coastal plain, 22 kilometers south of Tel Aviv and 42 kilometers west of Jerusalem. The Weizmann Institute staff of 2,596 is made up of scientists, scientific technical support staff, postdoctoral fellows, Ph.D. students, M.Sc. students, and administrative staff. In 2002, the Institute also played host to 437 visiting scientists and their families from 27 countries and hosted numerous international scientific conferences and symposia, as well as a wide range of other cultural and educational activities.

The story of the Institute begins in the ominous year of 1933 when - under the looming shadow of Nazism-Dr. Chaim Weizmann, Chemist and world Zionist leader, decided to found a center of scientific research in what was then a small agricultural community in the British mandate of Palestine. The Jewish population of Palestine numbered less than 400,000; the country lacked virtually all natural resources; industry was essentially non-existent; trade and commerce were extremely limited. Furthermore, the Mandatory Government was inimical to the effort to develop the Jewish national home, and the Arabs of Palestine were also clearly and increasingly hostile to this effort. Nonetheless, an urgent question had to be answered: could the Jews of Palestine, struggling for self-definition and self-sufficiency, possibly absorb thousands-if not tens of thousands-of refugees from Nazism, assure them a livelihood, and still continue the forward surge?

Because he was a scientist who had himself made significant contributions to organic chemistry and industrial fermentation, Dr. Weizmann was quick to appreciate that only the advancement and wise utilization of science and technology could meet the needs of the time. A scientific tradition would have to be established; scientific methodology would have to be linked to the Zionist endeavor; a generation of researchers, their scientific standards set by international criteria, would have to be created. But vision is one thing and implementation another. Fortunately, Dr. Weizmann found partners to back the vision. His friends, Israel and Rebecca Sieff, decided to establish a research institute in Palestine that would bear the name of their son Daniel. In the spring of 1934, the Daniel Sieff Research Institute came into existence. Today the Institute is older and more venerable, but in 1934 it epitomized modernity. It housed two main branches of research, organic chemistry and biochemistry, and Dr. Weizmann's own laboratory. The blueprint called for other departments, among them optics and physics. In the meantime, the staff-in addition to Dr. Weizmann himself-included 10 full-time scientists (of whom six were from Germany and Austria) working on projects that gave pride of place to problems connected to the country's economy: citrus, dairy, silk, and tobacco, as well as the synthesis of chemical products of medical value. In 1939, World War II broke out; it was both natural and inevitable that the scientists of the Sieff Institute would become deeply involved in the war effort, especially in the production of

xix xx pharmaceuticals for the Allied Forces in the Middle East. Dr. Weizmann's vision, however, went far beyond wartime exigencies. One day a Jewish State would be established; its full acceptance-not to say its ability to survive-would depend, in the final analysis, upon the degree of competence in the most demanding areas of modern life. So, throughout the war, the intellectual and scientific code being formed in Rehovot remained a central concern, designed to serve larger needs as they arose-which was sooner than anyone expected.

In 1944, the world still at war, Dr. Weizmann celebrated his 70th birthday. Meyer W. Weisgal- his close associate who was to become the Institute's third President and later its Chancellor- brought together, in New York, some of those who sought to pay tribute to Dr. Weizmann. Unsure of the most suitable present, they decided to ask Dr. Weizmann's advice. "I need nothing for myself," he said. "But if you wish, do something for the expansion of the Daniel Sieff Institute." The suggestion soon acquired new dimensions and developed into the multi- disciplinary complex called the Weizmann Institute. The planning began at once; eminent scientists throughout the world joined a committee charged with formulating a scientific policy for the Institute-to-be, and in 1946 the cornerstone was laid in Rehovot.

War intervened again-this time, Israel's War of Independence. It was not until 1949 that the Weizmann Institute was completed; by then it reflected the transformation that had taken place in Palestine with the birth of the State of Israel. The Weizmann Institute of Science, formally dedicated on November 2, 1949, consisted of buildings housing 60 laboratories. Nine scientific fields were under investigation: organic and inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, bacteriology, optics, electronics, polymer research, isotope research, applied mathematics (including geophysics), and biophysics. The Wolfson Institute of Experimental Biology was already under construction, preparing for a tenth area of research, and the first of several residential quarters was being landscaped.

The increase in staff was enormous; some of the scientists had come from abroad, drawn to the Institute by its growing reputation and by their desire to settle in the new State, and others were young Israelis whom Dr. Weizmann had selected as his scientific heirs. It was decided that departments would rise around outstanding scientists, and this has remained the guiding principle. Under the vigorous twin leadership of founding Board Chairman Dewey D. Stone and Meyer W. Weisgal, the new Institute developed rapidly.

Although from the earliest days the scientists at the Institute had undertaken a substantial share of the graduate training of the future generation of Israeli scientists, the formal academic auspices for their study resided in the two university-level teaching institutions of those years, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the Technion (Israel Institute of Technology) in Haifa. In 1958, the Institute, having decided that the time had come to assert its formal responsibility for its own graduate training program, established the Feinberg Graduate School. At the same time, a joint Hebrew University-Weizmann Institute committee was set up to approve the theses of Ph.D. students in both institutions. This arrangement remained in effect until 1971, when it was discontinued by mutual agreement. The first Ph.D. degree in the name of the Weizmann Institute of Science was conferred in 1964. In 1959, the Yeda Research and Development Co. was founded. Yeda functions as a commercial arm of the Weizmann Institute of Science. Yeda initiates and promotes the transfer xxi to the global marketplace of research findings and innovative technologies developed by the institute scientists. Yeda was the first company of its kind in Israel. The Weizmann Institute played a considerable role in the establishment of the Kiryat Weizmann Industrial Park, founded in 1970. Kiryat Weizmann (developed and managed by Africa-Israel Investments Ltd.) covers 40 acres and serves as the location for nearly 60 companies whose enterprises manufacture fine chemicals, aircraft instruments, environmental control apparatus, computer- associated components, medical instruments, synthetic membranes, immunochemicals, sera, and biological products such as monoclonal antibodies, interferon, growth hormones, bioengineered substances, and so forth. The Weizmann Institute is now involved in the development of another science-based industrial park adjacent to Kiryat Weizmann.

It is entirely typical of the Institute's continuing preoccupation with the future that it established, in 1968, the Department of Science Teaching, which has addressed itself seriously and professionally to educational reform in Israel. An energetic and imaginative Young@Science (formerly Youth Activities section) was developed for the encouragement of science-oriented youngsters. This section reaches out to more than 22,000 pupils annually with a variety of programs, ranging from weekly science clubs and summer science camps on campus to new educational concepts that service extra-curricular school science programs nationwide. In 1999 the Clore Garden of Science, the first totally outdoor science museum was opened to the public with over 50 interactive exhibits on a beautifully landscaped site. It immediately gained popularity with the Israeli public and received international recognition.

At present, nearly five decades after Dr. Weizmann's death, the Institute comprises 17 departments, grouped into five Faculties: Mathematics and Computer Science, Physics, Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biology, and one department attached to the Feinberg Graduate School. In recent years, in response to the evolving demands of modern research, interdisciplinary science centers have been created to promote collaboration throughout the Institute on major contemporary problems. Forty have been established to date, and more are planned. xxii Faculty of Biochemistry

Dean: David Mirelman The Besen-Brender Professor of Microbiology and Parasitology

Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir, Ph.D. (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem) Institute Professor The Theodore R. Racoosin Professor of Biophysics 24 Faculty of Biochemistry Faculty of Biochemistry

Dean: David Mirelman The Besen-Brender Professor of Microbiology and Parasitology

The Faculty of Biochemistry consists of three departments: Biological Chemistry, Molecular Genetics and Plant Sciences. The Faculty is also responsible for the activities of the Biological Services Department. A number of Research Centers operate within the different departments: Plant Sciences The Avron-Willstätter Minerva Center for Research in Photosynthesis; The Charles W. and Tillie K. Lubin Center for Plant Biotechnology. The Harry and Jeanette Weinberg Center for Plant Molecular Genetics Research; the Mel Dobrin Center for Nutrition. Molecular Genetics The Leo and Julia Forchheimer Center for Molecular Genetics; The Crown Human Genome Center; The M.D. Moross Institute for Cancer Research, (headed by Prof. Yoram Groner in this Faculty), and the newly-established David & Fela Shapell Family Centre for Genetic Disorders Research. Biological Chemistry The Dr. Josef Cohn Minerva Center for Biomembrane Research. In addition, the newly established Institute for Molecular Medicine, commemorating the late Y. Leon Benoziyo, is now operating under the auspices of the Faculty.

The number of research groups headed by a Principal Investigator during 2002 was 59. The total scientific personnel was 433. This included 35 research assistants, 208 Ph.D. students, 70 M.Sc. students , 48 postdocs, and 13 visiting scientists.

Members of the Faculty conduct investigations covering a wide range of research programs. One of the more exciting aspects of modern biological research, which is characterizing the post genome era, is that basic questions at the molecular level can be studied in very diverse systems and the findings can become relevant also to other systems. For instance, the results obtained from the identification of genes involved in the development of an organ or a specific tissue in the fruit fly, Drosophila, are frequently found to have similarities in mammalian systems. The characterization of proteins involved in regulating membrane fusion in yeast or the understanding of how membrane transporters recognize and expel a wide range of drugs from bacterial cells is rapidly enabling the search for their mammalian counterparts, and this may help in the rational design of novel therapies for human malignancies.

The completion of the sequencing of the human genome as well as that of the genomes of other organisms represents a major scientific achievement and members of our Faculty have continued to significantly contribute to this worldwide effort. One of the challenges

3 4 Faculty of Biochemistry undertaken is to assign a function to specific genes isolated from human genetic diseases or other sorts of human pathologies and the use of knockout mice is very beneficial.

The availability of a nearly complete plant genome is also revolutionizing research. Plant genomes show a great degree of plasticity, so that the genetic variance within any one plant species can be much greater than anything encountered within animal species. Members of the Faculty have unraveled part of the reason for this rapid genomic evolution which is due to the unique dynamic process of polyploidization. Another exciting area of investigation is the genome organization of plant defense 'sentinels' and trying to understand how they facilitate the plants adaptability to a changing pathogen environment. It has repeatedly demonstrated that finding answers in the molecular biology of plant cells help in the investigations of more complex systems in mammalian cells.

Continuous progress in the Life Sciences is more and more dependent on the ability to introduce modern equipment as well as to increase the cooperation between scientists of different expertise. During 2002 we have expanded our use of the robotic DNA microarray technology which enables the identification of differentially expressed genes. We have also increased our bioinformatics capabilities which allow the analysis of ever increasing amounts of genetic information as well as our proteomics capabilities using novel mass spectrometry based microsequence analysis of isolated proteins. Our facility for transgenic animals was expanded and this will facilitate the in vivo study of the function of certain genes. We are also in the midst of establishing a modern facility for transgenic plants. Faculty members are continuing to develop cooperation with scientists of other disciplines and two young new faculty members, one with a background in bioinformatics and the other in plant genetics, have established laboratories in our Faculty.

The worldwide competition in the Life Sciences is constantly increasing and in order to maintain our competitive position we are constantly searching to recruit talented young scientists and to continue to invest in the establishment of new facilities and the acquisition of new equipment. Biological Chemistry

Zvi Livneh, Head The Maxwell Ellis Professor of Biomedical Research

The Department of Biological Chemistry was established in 1997 by merging the Department of Membrane Research and Biophysics with the Department of Biochemistry. The combined Department has about 30 research groups whose activities span several areas in Life Sciences. The common thread is the study of molecular mechanisms, with emphasis on proteins that participate in key biological functions. We seek a molecular understanding of their structure, function, and interaction with other factors. A variety of biochemical, biophysical and molecular biological methods are being employed, with much overlapping interests and inter- group cooperation. Current research activities evolve around the following five foci of interest:

1. Protein folding, interactions with ligands and protein-protein recognition.

E. Katchalski-Katzir and his colleagues are investigating molecular mechanisms of protein recognition by examining interactions between specific proteins and peptides selected from a random peptide library. In parallel they develop and apply a theoretical protein-protein recognition algorithm (docking). Protein-protein, and protein-ligand associations are being studied also by the group of G. Schreiber. Their work focuses on basic physical understanding of binding processes. The gained understanding is implemented in several medically relevant systems such as the binding of interferon to its receptor, as well as in algorithm development. M. Wilchek and his group are studying the structure of avidin and its exceptionally high affinity to biotin. The avidin-biotin complex is being utilized for a variety of new biotechnological applications. E. A. Bayer and his colleagues are studying the structure, architecture and biotechnological applications of the multi-enzyme cellulosome complex, its interactions with cellulose and other plant cell-wall polysaccharides. C. Gitler is characterizing vicinal thiols in cell proteins and examining their roles in redox regulation and defense against oxidative stress. The group of D. Tawfik is interested in the evolution and mechanism of action of enzymes. The work aims at reproducing Darwinian evolution at the molecular level, and in real time, to generate novel tailor-made enzymes.

2. Structure and function of ion channels, pumps, other transporters, viral envelope proteins, and photosynthesis proteins.

Several groups are investigating proteins that form specific pores across the cell membrane. E. Reuveny is investigating the molecular properties of a group of neuronal

5 6 Biological Chemistry

K+ channels and their interaction with G-proteins. Y. Shai's group is exploring the structure and underlying principles of proteins involved in pore formation, cell lysis, and virus-cell fusion, as well as forces involved in protein-protein recognition within the membrane milieu. Nuclear pore complexes, multi-protein structures that transport macromolecules in and out of the nucleus, are being studied by Z. Reich. His work utilizes biophysical methods such as atomic force microscopy. H. Garty is studying epithelial ionic channels, which participate in maintaining body salt and water balance, as well as a family of proteins that regulate the Na, K ATPase. S. J. D. Karlish and his co-workers are exploring the structure, organization and regulation of the Na+/K+ ATPase. This ion pump plays a central role in maintaining Na+ and K+ gradients across the cell membrane. Another family of transport proteins, which extrude toxins from cells, and hence pose a major obstacle in cancer chemotherapy and antibiotic treatment, is being studied by E. Bibi. Other researchers are interested in photosynthesis and its relation to ion transport. Z. Gromet-Elhanan is studying the rotary mechanism of the photosynthetic F0F1 ATP synthase, using genetically engineered hybrid bacterial/plant F1-core assemblies and single molecule analysis. S. Malkin's research deals with biophysical and physiological aspects of photosynthesis, in particular protection against photodamage in excess light. Physical methods such as photoacoustics, fluorescence and others are used and further developed. The groups of U. Pick and A. Zamir are collaborating to elucidate the mechanisms by which the green alga Dunaliella copes with extreme changes in external salinity and pH.

3. Mechanisms by which proteins and lipids are transported from their point of synthesis, sorted, and inserted into various organelles.

Studies related to this general problem in cell biology are being carried out in a number of laboratories. E. Bibi and his co-workers are studying the role of the signal recognition particle (SRP) and other cellular components in the biogenesis of prokaryotic membrane proteins. Z. Elazar is investigating intracellular protein traffic in eukaryotic systems. His work has led to the identification of new factors that couple transport vesicles to cytoskeletal elements. Delivery of lipids to the cell membrane and their role in neuronal growth is being studied by A. Futerman and his colleagues, with particular emphasis on sphingolipid storage diseases such as Tay-Sachs and Gaucher disease.

4. Signal transduction, and molecular pathogenesis.

Several researchers in the department are interested in problems related to signal transduction, chemotaxis and pathogenesis. M. Eisenbach is investigating mechanisms by which ligand-binding evokes altered cell motion. He is examining chemotaxis in bacteria and human sperm cells. Retrograde signaling complexes, which govern neuronal growth and regeneration are being investigated by M. Fainzilber and his co- workers. They have identified new targeting and scaffolding proteins that enable axon- cell body communication in neurons. The group of D. Wallach is studying mechanisms that control cell death. They have cloned and characterized several signaling proteins that are involved in the signaling for cell death and inflammation by receptors of the TNF/NGF family and in its regulation. D. Mirelman and his co-workers are Biological Chemistry 7

characterizing regulatory mechanisms that control the expression of virulence factors in the human intestinal protozoan parasite, Entamoeba histolytica. Other studies, in collaboration with the group of M. Wilchek, focus on the therapeutic properties of the biologically active garlic molecule Allicin. Y. Shechter is exploring the actions of vanadium salts, which appear to mimic the metabolic effects of insulin. R. Miskin is studying the plasminogen activation system, and is utilizing transgenic animals to reveal biological roles of this system. Therapeutic and pathogenic signals of the cell membrane are being examined by M. Shinitzky in tumor cells subjected to hydrostatic pressure. U. Zor is investigating the formation and cellular action of reactive oxygen species. E. Shapiro' s group is using a high-level computer process description language, Stochastic Pi Calculis, to mathematically specify and simulate signal transduction pathways. The overall goal of I. Chet' research is to understand molecular mechanisms by which opportunistic plant symbionts, with Trichoderma harzianum strains as the model organisms, induce resistance to various plant pathogens.

5. Genome maintenance and function: DNA repair and gene expression.

Two groups are studying mechanisms mediating regulation of gene expression. R. Dikstein and her associates are investigating the molecular mechanism of transcription regulation by TAFs, a highly conserved group of proteins that together with TBP (TATA- binding protein) constitutes the transcription initiation factor TFIID. M. Walker and colleagues are studying specific expression of the insulin gene and other genes in pancreatic beta cells, with a view to better understanding their function, development and involvement in diabetes. Z. Livneh and his co-workers are exploring the molecular mechanisms of DNA repair and mutagenesis. They study DNA polymerases that are specialized in replicating damaged DNA with the concomitant production of mutations, as well as the role of DNA repair in human cancer susceptibility.

The department's Home Page: http://www.weizmann.ac.il/Biological_Chemistry/

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Ilan Chet, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Michael Eisenbach, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel The Jack and Simon Djanogly Professor of Biochemistry Haim Garty, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Hella and Derrick Kleeman Professor of Biochemistry Steven J.D. Karlish, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The William D. Smithburg Professor of Biochemistry Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Institute Professor The Theodore R. Racoosin Professor of Biophysics 8 Biological Chemistry

Zvi Livneh, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Maxwell Ellis Professor of Biomedical Research David Mirelman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Besen-Brender Professor of Microbiology and Parasitology Yechiel Shai, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Harold S. and Harriet B. Brady Professor of Cancer Rrsearch David Wallach, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Meir Wilchek, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (on extension of service) The Marc R. Gutwirth Professor of Molecular Biology

Professors Emeriti

S. Roy Caplan, Ph.D., University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa David Danon, Ph.D., University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Zippora Elhanan, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Carlos Gitler, Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States Ora Kedem, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Shmuel Malkin, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Israel R. Miller, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Nathan Sharon, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Ada Zamir, Ph.D., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

Associate Professors

Ed Bayer, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Eitan Bibi, Ph.D., Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Zvulun Elazar, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Anthony H. Futerman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Ruth Miskin, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Lawrence G. Horowitz Professor of Cancer Research Uri Pick, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Charles and Louise Gartner Professor Gideon Schreiber, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Incumbent of the Dewey David Stone and Harry Levine Career Development Chair (until November 2002) Yoram Shechter, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Charles H. Hollenberg Professor of Diabetes and Metabolic Research Meir Shinitzky, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Olin-Sang Professor of Leukemia Research Michael Walker, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Marvin Myer and Jenny Cyker Professor of Diabetes Research Uriel Zor, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (retired September 2002) The William B. Graham Professor of Pharmacology (until September 2002) Biological Chemistry 9

Senior Scientists

Rivka Dikstein, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Martha S. Sagon Career Development Chair Michael Fainzilber, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Incumbent of the Daniel E. Koshland Sr. Career Development Chair Ziv Reich, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Abraham and Jennie Fialkow Career Development Chair Eitan Reuveny, Ph.D., North Western University, Chicago, United States Dan Tawfik, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Yigal Allon Fellow Incumbent of the Elaine Blond Career Development Chair

Senior Staff Scientists

Carol Asher, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Rina Barak, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Talia Miron, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Daniel M. Tal, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Associate Staff Scientists

Rivka Adar, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Moshe Balass, Ph.D., Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel Elena Bochkareva, Ph.D., Institute of Protein Research, Academy of the USSR, Pushchino, Russian Federation Stefan Leu, Ph.D., University of Berne, Switzerland

Assistant Staff Scientists

Shira Albeck, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (left January 2002) Elena Appel, Ph.D., Medical School, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Tamar Paz-Elizur, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Ada Viterbo-Fainzilber, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Consultants

Diana Bach Dov Gefel, Barzilay Hospital, Ashkelon, Israel Itzhak Goldwaser, Sol-Gel Technologics, Israel Ayelet Gonen, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Alexander Heifetz, Predix Pharmacenticals Ltd., Ramat Gan, Israel Meir Krupsky, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (left October 2002) Shulamit Michaeli, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel Wilfred Donald Stein, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Daniel Yam, Yamega Ltd., Rishon-Lezion, Israel 10 Biological Chemistry

Visiting Scientists

Roman I. Aizman, Karolinska Inst., Stockholm, Sweden Laura Altschuler, Israel Giuseppina Cantarella, University of Sienna, Italy Zeev Handzel, Kaplan Hospital, Rehovot, Israel Yan Huang, University of Changsha, Human, PR China Ehud Isacoff, University of California at Berkeley, U.S.A. Rose Johnstone, NcGill University, Montreal, Canada Anna Jurewicz, University of Lodz, Poland Dieter Kraemer, Roehm GMBH, Germany Shaoling Ma, Henan Med. College, PR China Marina Mironchik, Health Ministry, Petach Tikva, Israel Eli Morag, Zephyr Proteomix, Kiryat-Shmona, Israel Margherita Morpurgo, University of Padova, Italy Yosef Scolnik, Nesher Ramla, Israel

Postdoctoral Fellows

Amir Aharoni, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Elena Ainbinder, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Yoav Barak, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Jacques Bodennec, Ph.D., Claude Bernard University - Lyon I, France Amir Braunstein, M.D., University of Medecine & Pharmacy "Carol Davila", Romania Francisca (Veronica) Bronfman Caceres, Ph.D., University of Leuven, Belgium Rosaria Buccoliero, M.D., Siena University, Italy Silvestro Conticello, Ph.D., University of Bari, Italy Varier Geetha K., Ph.D., Cochin University of Science & Technology, India Yury Goldsab, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Kay Gottschalk, Ph.D., Technical University of Munich, Germany Stephen Gould, Ph.D., University of Nottingham, United Kingdom Asael Herman, Ph.D., Agriculture Faculty, Israel Tae Bong Kang, Ph.D., Konkuk University, Korea Ruti Kapon, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Roni Kasher, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Ramalingam Krishnan, Ph.D., Madurai Kamaraj University, India David Nakar, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Michal Ortal-Schwartz, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Tal Peleg - Shulmam, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Anat Reizelman-Lucassen, Ph.D., University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands Christian Riebeling, Ph.D., Free University of Berlin, Germany Tatyana Savchenko, Ph.D., Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Azerbaijan Hanshuang Shao, Ph.D., South China Tropical Agriculture University, China Michal Shoresh, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Fei Sun, Ph.D., Shanghai Medical University, China Haim Tsubery, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Biological Chemistry 11

Eduardo Villalobo Polo, Ph.D., University of Seville, Spain Wangxia Wang, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Iris Yedidia, Ph.D., Agriculture Faculty, Israel

Research Students

Julia Adler Noga Alagem-Burstein Liat Amir Gali Arad Shlomo Avital Sharon Avkin Dorit Avrahami Reut Bartoov Gad Beck Adi Ben Zeev - Brann Tehila Ben-Moshe Efrat Ben-Zeev Alexander Berchansky Ala Berdichevsky Shimon Bershtein Anat Bren Silvia G. Chuartzman Eytan Cohen Galit Cohen-Ben-Lulu Shay Covo Asa Eitan Ephraim Fass Anat Frenkel Maria Gabriella Fuzesi Anna Gakamsky Doron Gerber Moshe Goldsmith Yury Goltsev Igor Goncharov Tanya Goncharov Shlomit Hanz Alexander Heifetz Anat Herskovits Shachar Iwanir Hanna Jaaro Uriel Katz Andrei Kovalenko Noga Kozer G. Venkataraman Krishnan Premkumar Lakshmanane Oded Lewinson Arthur Liberzon Pazit Libros Yael Lifshitz Moshit Lindzen Gila Lustig Ayelet Maor-Shoshani Adi Mesika Reinat Nevo Michal Ortal-Schwartz Niv Papo Guy Patchornik Yakov Paz Sergio Peisajovich Avishay Pelah Dori Pelled Noa Perlman Eran Perlson Yair Pilpel Amir Porat Krishna Prasad Akhil Rajput Parameswaran Ramakrishnan Ophir Rav-Hon Dana Reichmann Merav Revach Gabriela Ridner Inbal Riven Laila Catalina Roisman Nir Rubins Kelly Sackett Rona Sadja Gertner Yael Sagi-Yoseph Yuval Sagiv Neta Sal-Man Ruth Scherz-Shoval 12 Biological Chemistry

Tzvia Selzer Boaz Shapira Hagit Shapiro Saroj Shekhawat Hagai Shorer Antonina Silkov Indranil Sinha David Strugetsky Marianna Tcherpakov Selena Trajkovic Tal Varsano Gaurav Kumar Varshney Anna Vaskovsky Orit Weiner-Wolstein Nomy Wender Jianshe Yan Sigalit Zchut

Administrator

Maanit Zibziner Molecular Genetics

Adi Kimchi, Head The Helena Rubinstein Chair in Cancer Research

The department of Molecular Genetics focuses on molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying basic biological processes occurring either in the context of the entire organism or at the level of single cells. A wide range of biological problems are being addressed in the fields of human genetics, development, cell biology, cancer, and structure/ organization of genes. Additionally, the fields of bioinformatics and computational biology, which are being developed in the department, provide novel powerful approaches to address some of these biological issues. The specific topics include developmental studies in Drosophila and mouse model systems, a search for the molecular basis of a few human genetic diseases, the study of apoptosis and cancer promoting genes, study of cytokines and their receptors, virus-host interactions, control of gene expression, protein trafficking, and the structure, organization and evolution of genes.

In the Drosophila system, the lab of Benny Shilo studies signaling by the EGF receptor pathway which regulates cell fate decisions at different stages of development. They found that the cardinal ligand in this pathway, Spitz, is activated by a specific cleavage which involves the participation of two other proteins, isolated by genetic screens, They also focus on the development of the tracheal system as a model for branching morphogenesis. Talila Volk's lab studies the molecular events leading to the generation of muscles and tendons during embryonic development. They discovered the existence of a two-way communication pattern between these cell types and further identified among the proteins that control tendon cell differentiation two isoforms of RNA-binding proteins. In the mouse system, the lab of Peter Lonai studies the role of FGF receptors in development. By Knocking out the FGF receptor 2 gene and circumventing early defects, they showed that this receptor is required for limb outgrowth and lung branching morphogenesis. Moreover they found, by working with embryoid bodies, that FGF signaling via the Akt/PKB is connected to basement membrane formation.

The issue of human genetic diseases is confronted by several groups. The lab of. Orly Reiner studies the lissencephaly disease which is a severe human brain malformation caused by mutations in either the LIS1 gene or the Doublecortin (DCX). By connecting LIS1 function with microtubule regulation and showing the existence of cross interactions between the two proteins they provided the first mechanistic clue to their mode of action. Additionally, mice deficient in Lis1 display abnormal neuronal morphology and migration patterns which further explains the severe brain defects in the patients. A long term approach undertaken in lab of Yoram Groner addresses how gene dosage produces the defects found in Down syndrome. For

13 14 Molecular Genetics this purpose, they cloned, characterized, and examined the expression of candidate genes and modeled their gene-dosage in transgenic and knockout mice. An exciting target is the RUNXI gene, a transcription factor involved in human leukemias. The disruption of this gene obliterates definitive hematopoiesis and impairs the formation of vascular capillaries. Jacqui Beckmann (together with Doron Lancet) focuses on genetic variation as a tool for the development of personalized medicine and for identifying chromosomal regions containing susceptibility loci involved in defined traits. The capability to assess polymorphism in a large number of patients by genotyping SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) will open the possibility to reveal genetically determined traits in multifactorial diseases.

Basic cellular processes are being approached from the molecular angle, both in mammalian cells and in yeasts, by several groups. The lab of Jeff Gerst utilizes yeast genetics to dissect the process of intracellular membrane trafficking and exocytosis. They focus on the role of SNAREs, fusogenic proteins necessary for the steps leading to vesicle docking and fusion, and have characterized the involvement of protein kinases and phosphatases and of interacting proteins in regulating their functioning. Work by the lab of Chaim Kahana dissects the regulation of intracellular polyamines. Due to their critical role in several fundamental processes, multiple pathways such as biosynthesis, catabolism, uptake, and excretion tightly regulate their intracellular concentration. Utilization of the yeast system has provided the identification of new components critical for polyamine transport across the plasma membrane. Work by the lab of Yosef Shaul dissects the molecular basis of virus-host interaction, focusing on the Hepatitis B virus which has a distinct type of life cycle. At early phases of infection, a multivalent mechanism of HBV attachment with synergistic interplay has been characterized. In this system, the HBV regulatory protein, pX, plays an essential role in infection. The lab of Ari Elson studies the role of two protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP epsilon and alpha) in cellular signaling and in mouse development. The oncogenic properties of PTP epsilon were unrevealed by the finding that cells from tumors induced by the Neu oncogene in PTP deficient mice appear less transformed and that this phosphatase is a physiological activator of the Src kinase. Young PTP epsilon -null mice generated in the lab, exhibit hypomyelination of sciatic nerve axons suggesting that this enzyme regulates peripheral nerve myelination. This is associated with increased phosphorylation and increased activity of voltage-gated potassium channels in Schwann cells.

Apoptosis, is another fundamental process in cell biology. Function-based genetic selections were developed and used in the lab of Adi Kimchi to identify rate limiting genes that control the complex molecular network of apoptosis. Half a dozen novel pro-apoptotic genes (DAP genes) were discovered. The detailed structure/function studies of these genes, the identification of substrates and interacting proteins, and analysis of their connection to precise subcellular events, highlight critical parts of the apoptotic network. Loss or inactivation of one of these genes (DAP-kinase) is implicated in cancer development. Cytokine signaling is an additional studied theme. The lab of Leo Sachs continues their pioneering work on the cytokine mediated control of multiplication, differentiation and apoptosis of hematopoietic cells, and the ability to suppress malignancy of certain types of leukemic cells by inducing their differentiation. The lab of Michel Revel focuses on regulation and function of cytokines with an emphasis on IL6 and interferon-. They developed new strategies to inactivate or to activate receptors for the IL6 cytokine. A fusion protein of the soluble interleukin-6 receptor to Molecular Genetics 15 interleukin-6 was found to stimulate myelin gene expression in vitro and of sciatic nerve remyelination. The chimera also enhances in vitro maintenance and proliferation of human stem cells (CD34(+)CD38(-/low). The lab of Menachem Rubinstein focuses on regulation and function of two other cytokines and their binding proteins. They identified a secreted protein capable of antagonizing IL18 and thus regulating the Th1 cytokine responses. Another studied cytokine is the leptin whose effects on ovarian steroidogenesis and on angiopoietin-2 expression in adipose tissues have been thoroughly investigated.

Genomic approaches are utilized in the lab of Doron Lancet to study the structure, organization and evolution of olfactory receptor genes. Processes of gene duplication, generation of pseudogenes and recombination can be traced, by comparing clusters of olfactory genes in different organisms. The lab of Shmuel Pietrokovski focuses on computational and experimental analysis of protein sequences. Different algorithms are developed to compare blocks of sequences for predicting protein motifs, identifying new family members, and relating protein structure to function. Functional and evolutionary aspects of the intein family of proteins are being approached experimentally in the lab. Naama Barkai uses computational approaches for analyzing biological networks in order to identify principles that govern the design and function of those networks. One example is the network of genes that mediates the patterning of the dorsal region in the Drosophila embryo. They found that the patterning event is highly robust to changes in the levels of most of the key gene components. In another research direction they explore the genome-wide organization of the network regulating gene expression by developing algorithms to analyze data obtained from DNA expression chips.

Altogether the department combines structural genomic approaches with functional 'post- genomic' studies. Moreover, the work with multiple model organisms (i.e., yeast, fly, mouse and human) removes the species barrier and offers the opportunity to study a single biological process in several systems, thus benefiting from the various genetic and molecular tools that each system provides.

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Jacques S. Beckmann, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Hermann Mayer Professor Yoram Groner, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Dr. Barnet Berris Professor of Cancer Research Adi Kimchi, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel The Helena Rubinstein Professor in Cancer Research Doron Lancet, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Ralph D. and Lois R. Silver Professor of Human Genomics Michel Revel, Ph.D., University of Strasbourg, France The Ruth and Jerome A. Siegel and Freda and Edward M. Siegel Professor of Virology Menachem Rubinstein, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Edna and Mickey Weiss Professor of Cytokines Research 16 Molecular Genetics

Leo Sachs, Ph.D., University of Cabmridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (on extension of service) The Otto Meyerhof Professor of Molecular Biology Yosef Shaul, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Oscar and Emma Getz Professor Ben-Zion Shilo, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Hilda and Cecil Lewis Professor of Molecular Genetics

Professors Emeriti

Alvin M. Kaye, Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, United States Ernest Winocour, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Associate Professors

Jeffrey Gerst, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Chaim Kahana, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Jules J. Mallon Professor of Biochemistry Orly Reiner, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Aser Rothstein Career Development Chair of Genetic Diseases (until November 2002) Rabi Simantov, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Andre Lwoff Professor of Neurogenetics Talila Volk, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Senior Scientists

Naama Barkai, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Incumbent of the Soretta and Henry Shapiro Career Development Chair Ari Elson, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Adolfo and Evelyn Blum Career Development Chair of Cancer Research Shmuel Pietrokovski, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Philip Harris and Gerald Ronson Career Development Chair

Senior Staff Scientists

Judith Chebath, Ph.D., University of Marseilles, France Ditsa Levanon, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Daniela Novick, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Molecular Genetics 17

Associate Staff Scientists

Edna Ben-Asher, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Batya Cohen, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Assistant Staff Scientists

Nili Avidan, Ph.D., Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, United States Adva Mechaly (Zmora), Ph.D., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (left May 2002) Tsviya Olender, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Junior Staff Scientist

Levana Ben-Simchon, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Special Contracts

Catherine Harris-Cerruti, Ph.D., Academie de Montpellier, Universite Montpellier II, Sciences, France (left August 2002) Eyal Schejter, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Engineers

Dalia Gurari-Rotman, Ph.D., University College, London, United Kingdom Joseph Lotem, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Consultants

Levana Ben-Simchon (until July 2002) Ruth Birk, Ben-Gurion University of The Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (left April 2002) Avshalom Elitzur, The Open University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Ruth Gross-Isseroff, Geha Hospital, Petach-Tikva, Israel Hilla Knobler, Kaplan Hospital, Rehovot, Israel Moien Kanaan, Bethlehem University, Jerusalem, Israel Itschak Lamensdorf, Pharmasense, ATI, Ashkelon, Israel (left November 2002) Ron Shamir, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Michael Shmoish Irina Solomon (left July 2002) Idan Tamir, Sense-IT, Herzelia, Israel (left January 2002) 18 Molecular Genetics

Visiting Scientist

Daniel Elbirt, Kaplan, Hospital, Rehovot, Israel Ofer Fainaru, Ichilov, Medical Ctr., Tel Aviv, Israel Li Li, Xian Xiang Public Health School , Henan, PR China David Shafritz, A. Einstein College of Medicine, NY, U.S.A

Postdoctoral Fellows

Avital Adato, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Premkumar Arumugam, Ph.D., Madurai Kamaraj University, India Gad Asher, M.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Dalit Barkan, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Sven Bergmann, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Shani Bialik, Ph.D., Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA Amir Gamliel, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Gabriel Gerlitz, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Devrim Gozuacik, Ph.D., Paris XI University, France Clara Israel Singer, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Anil Kumar Kamaraju, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Eswara Kumar, Ph.D., Madurai Kamaraj University, India Gustavo Javier Melen, Ph.D., University of Buenos Aires, Argentina Tsviya Olender, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel (until July 2002) Itsik Pe'er, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Avital Regev, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Tamar Sapir, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Orit Shmueli, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Kalyan Srivastava, Ph.D., Banaras Hindu University, India Orit Wolstein (Wiener), Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Itai Yanai, Ph.D., Boston University, USA Merav Yarmus, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Pei-Lin Zhang, M.D., West China University of Medical Sciences, China

Research Students

Daniela Bettina Amann Gil Amitai Gad Asher Efrat Assa-Kunik Merav Ben-Yehoyada Harold Burgess Michal Caspi Antonio De Padua Castillo Flores Yehudit Cohen Arie Cooper Yossi Dagon Doris David-Parnes Gilad Doitsh Zohar-Mukamel Dor Ruslan Dorfman Avigdor Eldar Molecular Genetics 19

Omri Erez Ofer Fainaru Ester Feldmesser Milana Frenkel-Morgenstern Gilgi Friedlander Tania Fuchs Galina Gabriely Shilpa Gandre Amos Gdalyahu Indraneel Ghosh Hava Gil-Henn Yoav Gilad Gustavo Glusman Alona Gochberg Sivan Henis-Korenblit Ana Hernandez Vladimir Hurgin Jan Hendrik Ihmels Boaz Inbal Ghil Jona Daphna Joseph-Strauss Ron Kafri Sharon-Reef Kahan Anil Kumar V.S.G. Kamaraju Judith Kraut Hagit Krug Michal Lapidot Yinon Y. Levy Yoav Lubelsky Lea Marash Michael Marash Shay Marcus Idan Menashe Helit Nabel-Rozen Nir Paran Yakov Peter Ziv Porat Amir Pozner Aderet Reich Adriana Reuveny Micah Robinson Dalia Rosin Mor Rubinstein Yehuda Salzberg Amir Sapir Sivan Sapoznik Ofer Sarig Ayelet Schlesinger Daniel Segre Meir Shamay Gidon Shani Barak Shenhav Galit Shohat Einat Sitbon Shalom Guy Slutsky Alona (Adel) Sosinsky Arul Subramanian Tamar Tal Zohar Tiran Hila Toledano Kachalski Rachel Tsruya Michael Tugentman Gloria Volohonsky Adina Weinberger Nomy Wender Eilon Woolf

Administrator

Reuven Haran Plant Sciences

Robert Fluhr, Head

Understanding how plants grow and react to the environment are central to our long-lasting endeavor to appreciate basic mechanisms that drive biological processes as well as to devising a rational approach to secure more food, and food of better quality. This is important as plants offer the world the main renewable resource of foods, building material and energy. Plants as multicellular organisms have developed highly sophisticated short and long-term adaptive mechanisms to the changing environment as a result of the simple fact that they cannot alter their location during environmental change. Thus, the research activities in the Department of Plant Sciences are centered around plant biology and its relation to the environment. Our model systems study the function and regulation of isolated genes and their interactive behavior in the context of the whole plant. To accomplish this we have developed extensive in- house genomic, bioinformatic and transgenic infrastructures that enable us to isolate novel genes by gene trapping, knockout or map-based cloning. With the help of bioinformatic analysis and our ability to transform whole plants, cloned genes are studied and manipulated in the context of the whole organism.

A unique aspect of plant biology is the harnessing the energy of light, a subject of active research in the department. This complex process, on which all life depends, begins with the absorption of photons and transduction of that energy to biologically useful forms. The rapid kinetics of photon absorption starts with the pigment chlorophyll. The way this molecule is built and embedded into its receiving proteins makes for a remarkably efficient light- conversion machine. Avigdor Scherz studies the quantification of atoms, groups and molecules and their electro-negativity using metal substituted bacteriochlorophylls. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by illuminating novel bacteriochlorophyll derivatives has now found its application in photodynamic therapy of tumors. Marvin Edelman's group studies aspects of molecular recognition and regulation. Under joint leadership with Vladimir Sobolev, the group is developing a bioinformatics approach to molecular recognition. The spatial arrangement of protein and water atoms that form polar interactions with ribose was analyzed. It was shown that water-bridging interactions play a major role in stabilizing ATP-, ADP- and FAD-protein complexes. In addition, it was shown that the search space for predicting side chain conformations in the region of a point mutation can be effectively restricted. These findings are being integrated in a comprehensive approach to predicting the structure of ligand - binding site complexes. In collaboration with Autar Mattoo (Beltsville, USA), studies continue on the regulation of photosynthetic protein complexes. It was found that phosphorylation of the D1 photosystem II reaction center protein is controlled by an

21 22 Plant Sciences endogenous circadian rhythm. A hypothesis was put forward that reversible phosphorylation of D1 in higher plants evolutionarily replaced multiple DNA copies in cyanobacteria as a more energy efficient substrate for circadian clock regulation of PSII core metabolism.

Avihai Danon has shown continuous sensing of the state of reducing equivalents generated by the light-reactions of photosynthesis in the chloroplast. Light activates specific oxidation of a regulatory factor called RB60. The reduced compounds directly modify key regulatory proteins that influence the translation rate of mRNA through special RNA-binding proteins. His work implies that these regulatory mechanisms are more universal than previously appreciated, and indicate that regulatory proteins exchange electrons along specific pathways in the soluble compartments of the cell.

The features that distinguish plants from animals are not limited to photosynthesis. Plants are sessile, have rigid cell walls and have no fixed germline. This means that their development differs radically from that found in animals. Gideon Grafi's group showed that cellular de- differentiation has ramifications in chromatin structure Retinoblastoma protein was found to regulate the formation of heterochromatin subdomains within interphase nuclei. This interacts with heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1)-like proteins and histone modifiers, such as histone methyltransferases, histone deacetylases and methyl-binding proteins (MBDs). A new lab featuring development in plants was opened in the Department by Yuval Eshed. Plants lateral organs such as leaves and floral organs are formed by unique groups of organized cells called meristems. Organ formation is highly regulated in time and space partly through communication between the meristem and the already formed organs. Research in Yuval Eshed's lab focuses on the nature of such communication. Recent studies demonstrated that meristem born queues determine the asymmetric development of plant leaves.

Transgenic crops as well as transgenic biocontrol agents are beginning to play an important part in the protection of plants from insect, disease, and weed problems. The group has recently demonstrated that engineering hypervirulence genes into biocontrol agents enhances their effectiveness, and they are now stacking such genes to ascertain whether there is synergy. Often the crops or the biocontrol agents are closely related to weeds or to pathogens of crops (respectively), and there is a likelihood of transfer of genetic material to these relatives. Jonathan Gressel and his colleagues have been developing the framework for assessing the risks that this will happen on a case by case basis. More importantly, they are studying ways to use genetic engineering, to prevent the transfer or to mitigate the effects of such transfer, should it occur. The group is actively developing crops, biocontrol agents and and agrotechnologies to facilitate control of parasitic weeds, in part with colleagues at CIMMYT in Mexico and Kenya.

Cultivated plants are especially prone to disease but, importantly, plants (especially the wild relatives of cultivated plants) have inbuilt pathogen recognition molecules that are called resistance genes. If the genes are present the plant will recognize the pathogen in the early stages of infection and mount successful defense. Robert Fluhr's group used molecular genetic techniques to uncover the genes that are central for resistance to plant vascular diseases. It turns out that many other plant resistance genes and innate animal resistance genes have common molecular features. Understanding their molecular architecture, structure-function Plant Sciences 23 relationships and evolution are crucial for planning rational approaches to plant-pathogen protection. The rapid adaptive responses of plants to the biotic and abiotic environment dictate their success as organisms. One such response was shown in to include rapid activation of reactive oxygen species produced by NADPH oxidase and the participation of a special class of aldehyde oxidases (in collaboration with Moshe Sagi; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev). Stress-related responses are multi-tiered and also affect alternative splicing. A LAMMER-type kinase originally isolated in the lab as a kinase whose activity is modulated by ethylene was shown to localize to the nucleus and regulate alternative splicing of a particular subset of transcripts.

Breeders of higher yielding crops have traditionally relied on assembling the best of what is available in nature into crop plants. But with the help of fundamental understanding of plant metabolism, particularly amino acid synthesis, Gad Galili's group has shown that biosynthetic and catabolic pathways can be manipulated for enhanced production of essential amino acids. The production can be directed to special cells in the seeds. Research is directed in studying the complex regulatory process that controls their steady-state levels, as well as appreciation of the molecular structural folding of storage proteins, the ultimate recipients of the amino acid building blocks. These efforts are directed to improving the quality of plant products by novel means. Realizing that the production of hybrid varieties has enabled massive yield expansion, improved quality and better tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses.

Bread wheat is a polyploid organism. Recently it was found by Moshe Feldman and Avraham Levy that polyploidy induces rapid genetic and epigenetic changes affecting non-coding as well as coding sequences. The mechanism involved in bringing about these changes as well as the biological significance are currently under investigation. One mechanism of epigenetic regulation is the transcriptional activation of retrotransposons. As a result of this activation neighbor genes can be silenced (by antisense-mediated silencing) or activated. Coping with the environment has both short and long-range implications. It has long been appreciated that even the basic plant genome architecture, which dictates the most fundamental aspect of plant biology is fluid and tends to change as a result of stress. Avraham Levy's group has developed tools to examine the mechanisms contributing to this fluidity. This includes the effect of mobile genes on genome structure and expression, the effect and regulation of DNA repair and homologous recombination.

Moshe Feldman (Emeritus) has recently developed a naturally modified wheat genome that facilitates hybrid wheat production. In addition, wild germplasm contains untapped useful genes that can be hybridized into the cultivated wheat. Special lines have been produced that facilitate the identification and mapping of useful qualitative and quantitative genes in wild wheat and transfer them to cultivated background. Esra Galun (Emeritus) continued his work to introduce antigenic components of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) into transgenic tomato fruits. Such fruits are intended to serve as edible vaccines against HAV and HCV respectively (in collaboration with the Institute of Gene therapy of the Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem).

The brief foray into the salient features of our research efforts show the integration of methodologies from genetics, physiology, biochemistry, structural botany, molecular biology 24 Plant Sciences and protein modeling. What has become clear, is that investigating plants not only provides important starting points for their improvement but as an "outsider" organism their study presents fresh scientific viewpoints in general biology.

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Marvin Edelman, Ph.D., Brandeis University, Waltham, United States The Sir Siegmund Warburg Professor of Agricultural Molecular Biology Gad Galili, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Bronfman Professor of Plant Science Jonathan Gressel, Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States (on extension of service) The Gilbert de Botton Professor of Plant Sciences Avigdor Scherz, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Robert and Yadelle Sklare Professor in Biochemistry

Professors Emeriti

Dan Atsmon, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Moshe Feldman, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Esra Galun, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Associate Professors

Avihai Danon, Ph.D., University of Arizona, Tucson, United States Incumbent of the Judith and Martin Freedman Career Development Chair (until November 2002) Robert Fluhr, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Avraham Levy, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Senior Scientists

Yuval Eshed, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Yigal Allon Fellow Incumbent of the Judith and Martin Freedman Career Development Chair Gideon Grafi, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel

Senior Staff Scientist

Vlad Brumfeld, Ph.D., University of Bucharest, Romania Associate Staff Scientist Plant Sciences 25

Vladimir Sobolev, Ph.D., Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Siberia, Russian Federation

Assistant Staff Scientists

Alexander Brandis, Ph.D., Lomonsov Institute of Fine Chemical Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation Olga Davydov, Ph.D., Rsearch Institute for Essential Oil Plants, Crimea, Ukraine Ron Vunsh, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Junior Staff Scientist

Cathy Bessudo, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Engineer

Dvora Aviv, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Consultants

Michal Oren-Shamir, Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel Moshe Flaishman, Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel (left May 2002) Hadar Kless, Nuace Technologies Ltd., Israel (left November 2002) Genady Kostenich, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel Eitan Millet (left June 2002) Moshe Sagi, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (left January 2002) Simcha Lev-Yadun, Haifa University, Haifa, Israel (left September 2002)

Visiting Scientist

Jihong Li, Chinese Acad. of Trop Agri, Chengxi, Haikou, PR China Sai Maruti, Reddy’s Laboratories, Hyderabad, India Luhua Song, Handu Central H., Hebei Province, PR China

Postdoctoral Fellows

Bertrand Gakiere, Ph.D., Joseph Fourier University - Grenoble I, France Jianwei Gao, Ph.D., Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Moshe Greenwald, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Fengying Guo, Ph.D., Southwest Agricultural University, China Uri Hanania, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Mukesh Jain, Ph.D., Jawaharlal Nehru University, India 26 Plant Sciences

David Kaftan, Ph.D., University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic Anat Kahana, Ph.D., Bar-Ilan University, Israel Jihong Li, Ph.D., Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, China Brendan James McConkey, Ph.D., University of Waterloo, Canada Hadas Peled-Zehavi, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Alexander Raskind, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Moshe(Marc) Van Dyke, Ph.D., Technion, Israel Xiaofeng Wang, Ph.D., Northwestern University of Agriculture, China Guohua Xu, Ph.D., Agriculture Faculty, Israel Youli Yao, Ph.D., Ehime University, Japan

Research Students

Refael Aharon Hani Al-Ahmad Tal Alergand Idan Ashur Sharon Ayal Mariana Babor Ofra Chen Rakefet David Schwartz Eyal Emmanuel Eran Eyal Aaron Fait Neta Filip Granit Rina Glozman Hege Hvattum Lund Boaz Kaplan Khalil Kashkush Yael Katz Oksana Kerner Dimitry Kolbasov Alexander Levitan Laurence Libs Igor Meerovitch Eti Meiri Rafael Najmanovich Hadas Ner-Gaon Irena Pekker Vladimir Potapov Efrat Rubinstein Ilan Samish Sigal Savaldi-Goldstein Hezi Shaked Galia Shy Asya Stepansky Yahel Vakrat- Haglili Sarit Weissmann Leor Williams Elizabeth Yehuda Roie Yerushalmi Jing Zhao Xiaohong Zhu Yehudit Zohar

Administrator

Maanit Zibziner Biological Services

Chaim Kahana, Head The Jules J. Mallon Professor of Biochemistry

The Department of Biological Services provides specialized facilities and services to more than 700 scientists and students in areas of molecular biology, protein analysis, cell biology, bacteriology, and immunology. These services include DNA sequencing, protein sequencing, Mass spectroscopy analysis, oligonucleotide synthesis, peptide synthesis, biological computing, bioinformatics, cell sorting, antibody preparation, bacterial fermentation and downstream processing, irradiation, and maintenance of electronic equipment and microcomputers. In addition, staff members of the Biological Services provide courses through the Feinberg Graduate School on the use of the systems. The Biological Computing Unit hosts the Israeli National Node (INN), which maintains a comprehensive collection of DNA and protein databases and programs. The Bioinformatics Unit works together with the Genome Center to generate database-searching tools and import and provide access to a large number of genetic databases. The biological Services are actively involved in research programs in the area of bioinformatics, thereby contributing to the Genome Project. Most of the services are also available to scientists from other academic institutions and to the industry. Public databases are freely accessible through the Internet.

In 2000 a Maldi-Tof mass spectrometer was installed in the new mass-spectrometry unit and started to provide mass analysis of peptides, proteins and nucleic acids. We introduce now two new mass spectrometers, i.e. API-3000 Triple Quadrupole and API-QSTAR Pulsar-i Quadrupole -TOF with o-MALDI source electrospray mass spectrometers. The DNA-chip laboratory is providing standard service utilizing the pre-made arrays and in parallel efforts are made to develop local DNA printing capabilities. A new DAPSAS computer, which was installed last year, was activated.

Research Staff

Professor

Chaim Kahana1, Ph.D., The Weizmann Institute of Science The Jules J. Mallon Professor of Biochemistry

1Department of Molecular Genetics

27 28 Biological Services

Senior Staff Scientists

Leon Esterman, B.S., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (retired June 2002) Ora Goldberg, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Jaime Prilusky, Ph.D., National University of Cordoba Aharon Rabinkov, Ph.D., Leningrad Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Federation

Associate Staff Scientists

Orith Leitner, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Alla Shainskaya, Ph.D., Palladine Institute of Biochemistry, Ukraine Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine Ayala Sharp, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Irina Shin, Ph.D., Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation

Assistant Staff Scientists

Shifra Ben-Dor, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Shirley Horn-Saban, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Junior Staff Scientists

Vered Chalifa-Caspi, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Ron Ophir, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Rehovot, Israel

Engineer

Marilyn Safran, M.Sc., Boston University, Boston, United States

Postdoctoral Fellow

Ron Ophir, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel (until March 2002)

The Avron-Wilstätter Minerva Center for Research in Photosynthesis

Avigdor Scherz, Director The Robert and Yadelle Sklare Professor in Biochemistry

The Minerva Foundation, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJ) and the Weizmann Institute of Science (WIS) established the Avron-Minerva center for Photosynthesis in 1995. The center was outset to promote research in the chemical, physical, technological and regulatory aspects of photosynthesis from the molecular to the global level. Importantly, the Minerva foundation has aided the global need for crops suitable to arid areas by establishing a high profile research in Israel in both at the fundamental and technological aspects of plant growth. To fulfil these goals the Minerva foundation has provided a generous gift for a new center in the HUJ, whose research aims include photosynthesis regulation. The new center was merged with the older, Wilstätter-Minerva center that was established earlier, in WIS, and originally aimed at understanding of solar energy conversion in photosynthesis.

The recent genomic revolution combined with the development of bio-informatics and proteomics, have opened a new frontier in the research of photosynthesis. It is possible now to integrate data from the genotype to the phenotype levels utilizing a multi-disciplinary array of methodologies that deal with a broad range of questions in order to understand the molecular foundation of the photosynthetic machinery as a whole, the clockwork of membrane and globular protein formation, assembly and communication and the related adaptation of the photosynthetic organism to the eco-system. Moreover, products and principle components of the photosynthetic machinery are now used for medicine (like in photodynamic therapy of cancer) and nutrition (carotenoids).

Such progress requires the establishment of research arena which enables integrative application of different disciplines to molecular, cellular and multi-cellular systems.

The activities of the Avron-Minerva center planed for coming years should implement and exploit these new developments. Thus, three major research lines have been selected: (1) photosynthetic protein complexes: Bio-synthesis, assembly into functional units, and cellular organization into supra-structures; (2) acclimation of photosynthetic organisms to environmental stress: (3) development of novel technologies such as photodynamic therapy of different diseases using chlorophylls or bacteriochlorophyll and light, and production of carotenoids derivatives. The principles discovered here are applied to other research fields as well.

29 30 The Avron-Wilstätter Minerva Center for Research in Photosynthesis

Following this rational, the center provides seed money for multidisciplinary research programs (1-3 years), international meetings and exchanges of German and Center's members. On the Israeli side, travel support is mainly provided to students and post-doc fellows. Research funds are limited to members of the center. Four new members have recently joined the center. The Y. Leon Benoziyo Institute for Molecular Medicine

David Mirelman, Director The Besen-Brender Professor of Microbiology and Parasitology

With the increased budget which became available to the Y. Leon Benoziyo Institute for Molecular Medicine (BIMM) during year 2002, the scientific activities took a new impetus. The Steering Committee decided to expand the research support to include additional scientists of the Institute. Grants were given to investigators studying genetic diseases that cause mental retardation and brain genetic defects. A grant was also given to the investigators of the molecular events that precede the onset of cancer and the process of immortalization, as well as to understanding how stem cells differentiate into the different types of blood cells. There is no doubt that the support for the research programs of the newly-included scientific groups will enable their more rapid progress and eventual development of novel therapeutics for some of the diseases.

Unfortunately, due to the geopolitical turmoil in our area, the planned Benoziyo International Symposium 2002 had to be cancelled. No plans for the renewal of these symposiums is contemplated at the moment. A small support was continued, however, to the Life Sciences Colloquia, which is a monthly lecture given each time by a different world-renowned scientist under the sponsorship of the BIMM.

During 2002 BIMM also supported the purchase of very important and sophisticated, novel equipment which will enable to accelerate the research in molecular medicine of all the groups at the Weizmann Institute. A novel and extremely accurate as well as sensitive Fluoroimager was purchased to enable the identification and localization of different components in normal and diseased cells. In addition, a robot, which is able to handle thousand of protein samples and to separate them on two-dimensional gels, was purchased and this will speed up the work of the Mass Spectrometer already purchased in 2001. This equipment will benefit many groups, especially those investigating and discovering numerous new proteins which are engaged in the cell signaling cascade of the inflammatory process. In addition, a Sequenom Mass Spectrometry based setup for detecting DNA variations was purchased to enhance the discovery of mutations in families which suffer from genetic diseases.

There is no doubt that the wide range of activities and support provided by the BIMM have become a major driving force for the investigations of numerous groups at the Weizmann Institute, and its impact will continue to increase in coming years.

31 32 The Y. Leon Benoziyo Institute for Molecular Medicine The Dr. Josef Cohn Minerva Center for Biomembrane Research

Zvi Livneh, Director The Maxwell Ellis Professorial Professor of Biomedical Research

The Josef Cohn Center for Biomembrane Research was officially inaugurated in 1988 to commemorate Dr. Cohn's major contributions to the scientific links between Germany and Israel. The aim of the Center is to initiate and promote interdisciplinary scientific research of processes involved in the transfer of information across membranes of living cells. This is achieved by provision of seed money for original and innovative research activities, by fellowships to young investigators in this field, and by supporting workshops on hot topics in this field.

33 34 The Dr. Josef Cohn Minerva Center for Biomembrane Research The Crown Human Genome Center

Doron Lancet, Director The Ralph D. and Lois R. Silver Professor of Human Genomics

The center has been inaugurated in 1998 in order to advance genome research at the Weizmann Institute. The center addresses the challenges posed by the worldwide enormous progress in DNA sequencing of various genomes. This includes numerous bacterial genomes, as well as those of the nematode C. elegans, the Drosophila fruitfly. Importantly, last year, the Human genome has been completed and this year the mouse genome is finished too. Also, plant genomes, e.g. that of of Arabidopsis are topics of inter-center collaborative research at Weizmann.

The Center, in close collaboration with the Department of Biological Services, helps provide Weizmann scientists with the following infrastructure activities: 1) Large scale DNA sequencing of genomic segments, including the identification and purchase of genomic clones. Projects include sequencing of entire 100kb clones as well as sequencing of hundreds of shorter clones, e.g. Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs). 2) DNA microarray technologies, including an Affymetrix instrument with photolithography-generated oligonucleotide arrays, which analyses mRNAs expression patterns or genomic mutations in thousands of genes from different species. An alternative glass slide cDNA spotting and scanning technology is also implemented. In this framework, considerable computing activity is conducted. Inparticular, The GeneNote project, supported by the Abraham and Judith Goldwasser fund is conducted, to discover the basic patterns of gene expression in dozens of human tissues and for 60,000 genes. 3) Computational genomics, including know-how on the utilization of the human genome draft, as well as other completed genomes, in terms of genomic maps and gene repositories. This includes access to external databases and internal data structures such as GeneCards, Unified Database, (UDB), GeneLoc, GESTALT, and CroW21, a mapping toll for human chromosome 21, in collaboration with Prof. Yoram Groner.

The Sequenom MassArray system for discovering and scoring human genetic variations (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms - SNPs) is highly successful. This technology is becoming a central topic of genomic research, aimed at understanding variations among individuals within a species. In collaboration with Prof. Jacques Beckmann, a pharmacogenetic project has been initiated through Yeda with Teva Pharmaceutical Industry and the Technion, based on this instrumentation. Nearly a dozen other collaborative projects are aimed at understanding how small genetic variations culminate in causing diseases, from cancer to schizophrenia, are also ongoing.

35 36 The Crown Human Genome Center

Gene discovery projects, performed in collaboration with medical establishments throughout Israel, have so far led to the discovery of 6 novel genes that underlie human inherited diseases. These include a gene for a mental retardation gene, mucolipidosis 4, a gene for muscular dystrophy (HIBM), the PVT gene, whose mutations cause childhood heart failure, the USH3A gene that underlies a debilitating blidness-deafness condition and the CDA1 gene that causes an unusual hereditary anemia. The Center also harbors a program in evolutionary genomics, including the evolution of the sense of smell and prebiotic evolution.

The Crown Human Genome Center activities receives support from the Crown Family, the Abraham and Judy Goldwasser Fund, the Israel ministry of Science Culture and Sports (National Laboratory for Genome Infrastructure) and from a Magneton project from the Ministry of Industry and Trade.

Home page: http://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/genome_center/ The Mel Dobrin Center for Nutrition

Robert Fluhr, Director

Increasing plant productivity and nutritional quality are a major human interest. The Dobrin Center provides a coordinating and supportive framework for various activities aimed at increasing our understanding of the genetics, biochemistry, and physiological processes that may lead to improvements in crop plants.

During the past year, the Center supported novel approaches for the production of nutritionally improved plants, and reducing crop plants losses caused by biotic and environmental stresses. In addition, the Center has continued to provide support for the exchange of scientists and for the participation of young scientists in international conferences that deal with plant nutrition.

37 38 The Mel Dobrin Center for Nutrition The Leo and Julia Forchheimer Center for Molecular Genetics

Adi Kimchi, Director The Helena Rubinstein Professor of Cancer Research

The functions of the center, which was established by the Forchheimer foundation of New York in January 1982, are to promote Molecular Genetics in general, and recombinant DNA technologies in particular, to probe into the molecular mechanisms of life processes as well as train scientists in the development of biotechnology and biomedical industries based on Molecular Genetics. The center has been instrumental in enlarging or establishing several scientific services in campus. Recent examples include the laboratory for the production of transgenic and knock out mice and participation of the center in establishing state of the art facilities for the analysis of DNA, including an automated DNA sequencing unit, advanced computer hardware and software. This equipment allows molecular geneticists at the Weizmann Institute to participate in world wide studies on the human genome, to conduct functional studies on isolated genes, and perform genetic studies in invertebrate model organisms. The center supports research in Molecular Genetics by allocating funds for promising and innovative projects, as well as helping in the purchase of new equipment. In 2001, several major projects were funded and the following equipment was purchased: 1. Under the auspices of the Center, we continued to support the pioneering work of Dr. Naama Barkai, who analyzes whole genome expression in yeast. A biological physicist with a broad background in modeling biological processes, Dr. Barkai's comprehensive and quantitative approach to genetic research enables her to organize and sift through vast amounts of generated data, and to separate significant from insignificant bits of information.

2. The Forchheimer Center also supported the research efforts of Prof. Peter Lonai, who studies whole genome expression in mice, as well as the role of FGF (fibroblast growth factor) receptors in patterning the extracellular matrix as the mouse embryo develops. Prof. Lonai has identified genes that are required for epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. ("Epithelia," or epithels, are cell sheets covering our body's external and internal surfaces, and make an overlay above more loosely-arranged cells called mesenchyme.) His use of gene targeting for genetic analysis yields realistic answers as to the "how, when and where" of specific gene function, in an organism which is relatively close to our own.

39 40 The Leo and Julia Forchheimer Center for Molecular Genetics

3. In addition, the Center helped fund the research efforts of Prof. Chaim Kahana, who investigates the role played by polyamines in cell growth control and cancerous processes. Utilization of the yeast system has provided the identification of new components critical for polyamine transport across the plasma membrane.This issue is among those being investigated in Prof. Kahana's laboratory.

4. Many reagents, especially DNA plasmids used for expression of genes in bacteria and mammalian cells, are utilized by the entire community of Molecular Geneticists at the Weizmann Institute. However, in many cases the same plasmids are purchased multiple times, or scientists are not always certain which plasmid is best for a particular purpose. To overcome these problems, Dr. Batya Cohen, an experienced molecular biologist established a centralized plasmid collection. The details of this collection are available on the web for Weizmann scientists, and Dr. Batya Cohen provides the desired plasmids upon request. The center pays 25% of Dr. Cohen's salary.

5. The Forchheimer center has provided funds for the purchase of a new confocal fluorescent microscope for the department. The major advantage of this state of the art microscope is a laser allowing to detect separately the fluorescence of YFP in CFP proteins in live specimens. Thus, the dynamic localization of two differently tagged proteins or cells can be visualized. Studies at the department are focusing not only on the analysis of these processes in cultured cells, but also on the visualization of processes in whole live embryos of the fruit fly. A second laser in this microscope allows the simultaneous staining of nuclei in fixed tissue, while a third laser detects red fluorescence. The Kekst Family Center for Medical Genetics

Yoram Groner, Director The Dr. Barnet Berris Professor of Cancer Research

The Kekst Family Center for Medical Genetics was established by Gershon and Carol Kekst. The Center's main objective is to promote the investigation of medical aspects of genetics, with the aim of understanding the molecular mechanisms of life processes, and its subsequent application to medicine.

The Center provides financial assistance to investigators embarking on new projects in the field of molecular medicine, as well as to cross-disciplinary research collaborations between groups from different departments. It also supports the organization of international and local conferences and workshops aimed at disseminating and promoting communication between researchers in fields related to medical genetics. Funds are allocated to support the purchase of new equipment with the aim of upgrading the technical infrastructure of medical genetics at the Institute.

The activities of the Center are coordinated by a steering committee, comprised of Yoram Groner (Department of Molecular Genetics), Moshe Oren (Department of Molecular Cell Biology) and David Mirelman (Department of Chemical Biology).

41 42 The Kekst Family Center for Medical Genetics The Charles W. and Tillie K. Lubin Center for Plant Biotechnology

Robert Fluhr, Director

The Lubin Center encourages research activities that contribute to the understanding of the biology of crop plants, in general, and cereals, in particular. The Center promotes infrastructure and methodology for the production of transgenic plants for research purposes. This year the Center supported research in plant development and cell cycle research which helped contribute to our understanding about how nuclear scaffolding facilitates regulation of gene expression. Other projects include setting up experimental systems to understand the origin of genes that were important for cultivation of cereals that will play an important part in our appreciation of how plants were domesticated.

43 44 The M.D. Moross Institute for Cancer Research

Yoram Groner, Director The Dr. Barnet Berris Professor of Cancer Research

The M.D. Moross Institute for Cancer Research, established in November 1998 with a generous founding endowment made by the Manfred D. Moross Foundation, will be dedicated to the promotion of excellent cancer research at the Weizmann Institute.

The M.D. Moross Institute aims to promote, facilitate and enhance cancer related research at the Weizmann Institute. To this end the M.D. Moross Institute will work as an umbrella institute encompassing other Weizmann Institute centers and some major funds that are involved in cancer research, in order to achieve a campus-wide synergy in cancer research.

Cancer related research constitutes more than half of all Weizmann Institute activities in the Life Sciences, involving close to 50 groups (approximately 350 people). This breadth is a result of the Institute's inherently interdisciplinary nature, and is a feature that is likely to become even more prominent in the years to come, as disciplines overlap each other's domains and coalesce to create new areas of expertise. Seminal contributions of Weizmann Institute scientists often cannot be realized due to a hiatus in critical funding during the post-discovery period. The M.D. Moross Institute for Cancer Research will provide this timely and significant support.

The main areas of support include:

• Special support for the acquisition of new trans-disciplinary technologies aimed at encouraging research collaboration between different groups.

• Funding collaborative research projects between various cancer researchers at the Weizmann Institute, and between these scientists and clinicians at the Tel Aviv Sourasky-Ichilov Medical Center with the aim of translating basic Weizmann laboratory research into clinical application in the hospital.

• Supporting scientists who have submitted or resubmitted large, ambitious research plans to significant external granting agencies, to cover their research expenses for the interim period between submission and acceptance.

• Life Science Colloquia in the field of cancer research, to which distinguished scientists are invited to present an Institute-wide lecture on their research, and to spend a few days on campus for meetings and discussion with faculty and students.

45 46 The M.D. Moross Institute for Cancer Research The David and Fela Shapell Family Center for Genetic Disorders Research

Yoram Groner, Director The Dr. Barnet Berris Professor of Cancer Research

The David and Fela Shapell Family Center for Genetic Disorders Research was established by David and Fela Shapell in honor of Jacob Shapell, their beloved grandson, to support research on Down syndrome and other genetic disorders. The Center's main objective is to promote the investigation of molecular genetic aspects of Down syndrome and other genetic disorders, with the aim of understanding the molecular mechanisms by which altered genotype leads to altered phenotype.

The Shapell Center provides financial assistance to investigators embarking on new projects in the field of molecular genetics, as well as to interdisciplinary research collaborations between groups using the infrastructure of the Facility for Genetically Modified Animals (FGMA). Funds are also allocated to the purchase of new equipment with the aim of upgrading the technical infrastructure of FGMA.

The Shapell Center also supports the organization of international and local conferences and workshops aimed at disseminating and promoting communication between researchers in fields related to medical genetics.

The activities of the Center are coordinated by a steering committee, including Yoram Groner (Department of Molecular Genetics), Moshe Oren (Department of Molecular Cell Biology) and David Mirelman (Department of Biological Chemistry).

47 48 The David and Fela Shapell Family Center for Genetic Disorders Research The Harry and Jeannette Weinberg Center for Plant Molecular Genetics Research

Robert Fluhr, Director

A most pressing problem currently addressed by plant scientists throughout the world concerns numerous natural and man-made environmental hazards, such as contamination of the environment by pesticides and herbicides, increased salinization of agricultural soils and degraded water resources. The stability of man's environment is key to his steady social and technological progress. - Dealing with these and other problems is critical in planning future environmentally-safe increases in crop yields in face of the growing demands of an expanding global human population.

The Harry and Jeannette Weinberg Center has devoted funds to research committed to these tasks. The areas supported this year include plant protection against weeds and plant growth infrastructure.

49 50 The Harry and Jeannette Weinberg Center for Plant Molecular Genetics Research Faculty of Biology

Dean: Moshe Oren

Michael Sela, Ph.D. (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem) Institute Professor The W. Garfield Weston Professor of Immunology 74 Faculty of Biology Faculty of Biology

Dean: Moshe Oren

The Faculty of Biology is one of two faculties of Life Sciences at the Institute. Originally, the sister Faculty of Biochemistry concentrated on research at the molecular level, whereas the Faculty of Biology focused on the organism level. Although this distinction has many exceptions, the four scientific Departments of the Faculty of Biology dedicate their efforts to understanding biological processes in their normal and in their pathological settings. The efforts of two of our scientific Departments are almost entirely oriented at organs or tissues. These are the Department of Neurobiology and the Department of Immunology, which concentrate on the nervous system and all aspects of the body's defense mechanisms, respectively. The research groups of the Department of Molecular Cell Biology are linked by a common interest in function and structure at the cellular level. Our youngest department, Biological Regulation, was established at the end of 1995 as part of a reorganization in the Life Sciences. A large variety of regulatory processes, including the transmission of biological signals at the cellular level (signal transduction) and at the organism level (hormones and growth factors) is addressed by the Department's scientists.

Complementing the physical organization of the Faculty into Departments, interdisciplinary Research Institutes and Centers coordinate campus-wide research projects. The Einhorn Dominic Institute for Brain Research and its associated centers The Nella and Leon Benoziyo Center for Neurosciences and The Murray H. and Meyer Grodetsky Center for Research of Higher Brain Functions support and fortify studies of the most fascinating and least understood organ, the brain. The Yad Abraham Center for Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy supports work aiming primarily to implement the basic knowledge generated at the Weizmann towards better diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Studies on aging, a major focus of interest in contemporary Western societies, are supported by the Meller Center for the Biology of Aging. Clinically important aspects of our immune system are also being explored: the Robert Koch Center for Research in Autoimmune Disease is studying the consequences of malfunction of the immune system and is exploring ways to intercept such unwelcome processes, while the Rich Center for Transplanation Biology Research is supporting work aimed at increasing the success of bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of cancer and other life threatening diseases. The Willner Family Center for Vascular Biology supports the study of angiogenesis (new blood vessel formation) and of functional aspects of our blood system.

The Faculty considers its major aim to foster biological studies both at the organism and at the molecular level, by using state of the art technologies. Accordingly, we are constantly streamlining services that help research groups generate animal models, including gene- knockout and transgenic animals. In parallel, we seek to enhance our research activities that

53 54 Faculty of Biology use sophisticated imaging methods, including functional MRI and EEG, to follow the function of internal organs, tumors and the brain. In anticipation of changes in the directions of biomedical research in the 21st century, the Faculty is encouraging research in the field of biological physics, bringing together researchers trained in physics and in the life sciences.

Our other major challenge is to attract and recruit outstanding young scientists. In an age of constantly growing complexity of unanswered biological questions and ever increasing competition for discoveries, we consider it our shared responsibility to provide optimal conditions for the creativity of our promising Senior Scientists.

Our only service Department, the facility for Preclinical Research, has recently undergone dramatic changes that bring the Weizmann Institute into the cutting edge of modern biological research. Both the new and the extensively renovated facilities host our laboratory animals under improved disease-free conditions and allow more efficient research of mammals. Of particular importance is the Facility for Genetically Modified Animals. This state of the art facility is providing Weizmann Institute researchers with a powerful timely tool for developing animal models of human diseases. Biological Regulation

Hadassa Degani, Head The Fred and Andrea Fallek Professor of Breast Cancer Research

The regulation of processes responsible for the concerted action of cells, tissues, vascular networks and organs is being carried out in our department. Our studies include the identification of signaling pathways involving hormones, growth promoting factors, as well as programmed cell death and survival factors. We also characterize specific receptors, target cells, and the multiple mechanisms involved in the transduction of the signals through complex intracellular networks. In these investigations we apply a diverse range of methodologies in different in vitro and in vivo systems: namely, biochemical, molecular biology, and physiological methods in tissue cultures, organs and whole animals. We also focus on developing non invasive imaging technology, utilizing optical means as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS). Since changes in the regulation of such processes are a cause for many human diseases (cancer, infertility, heart failure, stroke etc.), we further apply our results to develop new modes of treatment such as drugs for pharmacological intervention, photodynamic cancer therapy and state of the art means for early detection and diagnosis. Our studies this year included:

1. The development of in vivo imaging of molecular, metabolic and physiologic parameters, using nuclear magnetic resonance methodologies. These techniques, along with other biological methods, are applied in investigating tumor progression, metastasis and response to therapies. Specifically, the research focused on hormonal regulation of breast cancer angiogenesis and glucose metabolism and on the the "cause and sense" of phosphocholine metabolism in breast and prostate cancer. We also extended our human research studies to lung cancer and expanded the range of application of our breast MRI three time point (3TP) technique to prostate and lung cancer as well (Hadassa Degani).

2. Intraoocyte activity of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) negatively regulates the meiotic status of the oocyte. The inhibitory c-AMP is not generated by the oocyte but rather transmitted from the somatic cells of the ovarian follicle through gap junctions. Interruption of cell-to-cell communication leads to a decrease in intraoocyte concentrations of c-AMP and resumption of meiosis. Studies are directed at regulation of the expression , posttranslational modifications and degradation of the gap junction protein, Cx43in order to decipher the mechanism of gating of junctional communication. We also explore the molecules that regulate the meiotic cell cycle downstream to PKA trying to determine their hierarchy. The possible involvement of a sequestration

55 56 Biological Regulation

mechanism in modulating PKA action is investigated and attempts to clone and characterize an oocyte-specific PKA anchoring protein are made (Nava Dekel).

3. Our lab is focused on characterizing the role of BCL-2 family members in apoptosis. Most of our studies center on the mitochondria, which is the major site of action for these proteins. We are mainly exploring the function of two pro-apoptotic proteins from this family, BID and BAX, using mammalian systems, as well as yeast as a model system. In addition, we are studying the role of these proteins and of caspases during atresia, a well- documented apoptosis process, in which ovarian follicles are eliminated in-vivo (Atan Gross).

4. The development of novel selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM'S). These include (i) a novel derivative of the phytoestrogen genistein, 6-carboxy-genistein, with unique effects on the vascular, bone and uterus and (ii) synthetic peptides, having estrogen-like activity, derived from a phage display peptide library (in collaboration with E. Katzir, Department of Biological Chemistry, WIS). In addition, we are developing novel membrane impermeant probes for the characterization of putative membranal estrogen binding sites in vascular and bone cells (Fortune Kohen).

5. We are studying the molecular cell biology of 'normal' and multidrug resistant cancer cells with a special emphasis on caveolin and caveolae. In this context, we are exploring the role of caveolin and other lipid rafts constituents in drug export, drug response and trafficking of multidrug transporters. We are also investigating the molecular mechanism(s) of caveolin-1-dependent inhibition of detachment-induced apoptosis. Another topic of our research is the induction of caveolin-1 and -2 expression by PPAR- g and its relation to PPAR-g-induced cell differentiation and drug resistance. In addition, we have been studying the functions of phospholipase D isozymes in yeast and mammalian cells. Specifically, our work is designed to identify molecular targets of phosphatidic acid using novel phosphatidic acid analogs and phosphatidic acid-binding domains. Finally, we are exploring the possible use of novel steroidal alkaloids in chemotherapy of multidrug resistant cancer (Mordechai Liscovitch).

6. Application of MRI and optical imaging for elucidation of the regulatory pathways that control the recruitment of endothelial capillaries (angiogenesis), vascular maturation, and remodeling of the lymphatics. Studies aim to reveal the contribution and interplay between environmental, hormonal and growth factor mediated signaling pathways. Specific steps in the process are detected by monitoring hemodynamic properties, vascular permeability and changes in the extracellular matrix. Vascular remodeling is followed in a range of biological models including reproduction, embryonic development, repair of ischemic injuries, tumor progression and metastatic dissemination (Michal Neeman).

7. The photodynamic therapy (PDT) protocol for treatment of tumors was further developed. A novel concept for on line fMRI imaging of the Photodynamic process with Pd-Bacteriopheophorbide (TOOKAD) and light has been developed and is under Biological Regulation 57

examination for clinical application. Intravital microscopy studies demonstrated that TOOKAD-PDT induces blood stasis in the tumor within minutes much faster than in normal tissue. It was demonstrated that the anti vascular mechanism of TOOKAD-PDT is effective in treatment of drug resistant tumors. Diffusion MRI imaging of prostate tumors following TOOKAD MRI was shown to detect response to treatment within a few hours, much earlier than observed with standard MRI techniques (~week). The role of programmed cell death in tumor response to PDT is being studied. (Yoram Salomon in collaboration with Michal Neeman and Biological regulation and Avigdor Scherz, Plant Sciences).

8. The characterization of the intracellular transmission of extracellular signals by seven distinct signaling pathways: four MAP Kinase cascades (ERK, JNK, p38 and BMK) two PI3K dependent cascades (AKT and S6K) and the PKA cascade. These studies included (i) identification of novel components, (ii) cross-talk between the distinct cascade, (iii) intracellular localization of components of the cascades, and are aimed to elucidate how the signaling network formed by these signaling cascade regulate gene expression, proliferation, and differentiation (Rony Seger).

9. Ovulation in mammals is a preferable target for contraception and fertility regulation. We investigate two of the ovulatory processes: (i) Oocyte maturation, including the differential regulation and expression of phosphodiesterases in the germ cells and somatic compartments in the ovary; and the role of meiosis activating sterols (MAS). (ii) Follicular rupture at ovulation and the involvement of proteolytic cascades (plasmin activating system, and collagenases), eicosanoids and other paracrine regulators. In collaboration with Michal Neeman we examine the role of revascularization in uptake of transplanted ovarian fragments to allow restoration of fertility after chemo/radiotherapy (Alex Tsafriri).

10. Growth factors and their transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases play essential roles in cellular proliferation and migration during both embryogenesis and oncogenesis. An example is the ErbB/HER family of receptors, which play an essential role in development of neuronal and epithelial cell lineages. The receptors are often over- expressed in tumors, whereas the ligands are frequently inappropriately expressed, and both aberrations may predict poor prognosis. Biochemical analyses led to the realization that the four ErbBs and their many ligand growth factors form a layered signaling network. The network structure ensures robust signaling, while maintaining stringent control and finely tunes the output. Especially potent are heterodimers comprising ErbB- 2 and ErbB-3, because they simultaneously stimulate the Ras/MAPK cascade and the PI3K/Akt pathway. In addition, the heterodimer evades the restraining effect of receptor endocytosis, a process initiated by step-wise recruitment of two E3 ubiquitin ligases called c-Cbl and Nedd4, and culminates in the degradation of active receptors in the lysosome. Another pathway leading to ErbB degradation is part of the cellular response to stress. This machinery controls ErbB-2/HER2 by recruiting another ubiquitin ligase called CHIP. 58 Biological Regulation

Detailed understanding of the complex machineries underlying inactivation of oncogenic growth factor receptors holds promise for cancer therapy: antibody-induced receptor endocytosis effectively blocks some types of human cancer, and low molecular weight kinase inhibitors that target ErbBs to destruction are currently tested in patients. The therapeutic potential of these strategies, as well as their molecular bases are studied in our laboratory. Also investigated are novel pathways that restrain ErbB signaling. These effectors of the network are typically over-produced subsequent to receptor activation, as part of a negative feed-back loop. We currently concentrate on effectors like Cbl, Src, Sprouty and Kekkon in the hope that their physiological mechanisms of ErbB restraining will inspire new therapeutic strategies (Yosef Yarden).

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Hadassa Degani, Ph.D., State University of New York, Stony Brook, United States Fred and Andrea Fallek Professor of Breast Cancer Research Mordechai Liscovitch, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Harold L. Korda Professor of Biology Yoram Salomon, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Charles W. and Tillie K. Lubin Professor of Hormone Research Shmuel Shaltiel, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (on extension of service)(deceased April 2002) The Hella and Derrick Kleeman Professor of Biochemistry (until April 2002) Alexander Tsafriri, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Herman and Lily Schilling Foundation Professor Yosef Yarden, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Harold and Zelda Goldenberg Professor of Molecular Cell Biology

Associate Professors

Nava Dekel, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel The Philip M. Klutznick Professor of Developmental Biology Michal Neeman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Rony Seger, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Senior Research Fellow

Fortüne Kohen, Ph.D., Brandeis University, Waltham, United States

Senior Scientist

Atan Gross, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Incumbent of the Armour Family Career Development Chair of Cancer Research Biological Regulation 59

Assistant Staff Scientist

Edna Haran Furman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Junior Staff Scientist

Dalia Seger, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Consultants

Joseph Friedman, Kupat Holim, Petach-Tikva, Israel Eliezer Girsh, Barzilay Hospital, Ashkelon, Israel Irit Granot, Kaplan Hospital, Rehovot, Israel Dov Grobgeld, Orbotech Ltd., Yavneh, Israel Ariel Hourvitz, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel Haim Matzkin, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (left January 2002) Reuven Reich, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Iris Schvartz, Webb and Associates, Patent Attorneys, Rehovot, Israel Dalia Somjen, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel Catherine Tempel-Brami, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel

Visiting Scientists

Daniel Aebersold, University of Bern, Switzerland Edna Beckor, Kaplan Hospital, Rehovot, Israel Gil Chernin, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel Shai Elizur, Sheba Medical Ctr., Tel Hashomer, Israel Valerie Gladish, Kaplan Hospital, Rehovot, Israel Natalya Koudinova, Russian People's Friendship University , Moscow, Russia Seymour Pomerantz, University of Maryland, College Park, U.S.A. Daphna Weinstein, Assaf Harofe Hospital, Zrifin, Israel

Postdoctoral Fellows

Helena Ashkenazi, Ph.D., Bar-Ilan University, Israel Swetlana Boldin-Adamsky, Ph.D.,M.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Elke Burgermeister, Ph.D., University Clinic of the RWTH of Aachen, Germany Malie Chelouche, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Yi Guo, Ph.D., China Medical University, China Gal Gur-Shachar, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Yael Kalma, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Ariel Kaltchenko, Ph.D.,M.D., Chita State Medical Academy, Russia Gabriele Kerber, Ph.D., University of Giessen, Germany Mina Marmor, Ph.D., University of Toronto, Canada 60 Biological Regulation

Yael Rosen, M.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Rachel Sarig, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Anna Katarzyna Wojtowicz, Ph.D., Jagiellonian University, Poland Qiyue Xie, Ph.D., The PLA General Hospital, China

Research Students

Ido Amit Jing Bao Liat Ben-Yehoshua Josefsb Sarit Bendetz Nezer Liora Bogin-Berkowitz Xiumei Cao Maya Chetrit Ami Citri Hagit Dafni Galit Eliyahu Inbal Flash Eran Gershon Assaf Gilead Dorit Granot Michal Grinberg Shimon Gross Gal Haimovich Tomer Israely Miriam Kandli Menachem Katz Rachel Katz-Brull Bose Skaria Kochupurakkal Michal Kovo-Hasharoni Shlomi Lazar Gila Lustig Galia Maik-Rachline Nimrod Maril Goldie Marmor Galit Mazooz Ohad Mazor Yaron Mosesson Shlomo Oved Yael Paran-Peleg Yehudit Posen Dana Ravid Ziv Raviv Dalia Rivenzon-Segal Chanan Rubin Smadar Schreiber Sagit Sela-Abramovich Maria Shatz Yoav Shaul Maya Shelly Liora Shiftan Keren Shtiegman Xiaoqing Tang Lilach Tencer Herschkovitz Hadassa Waterman Keren Yacobi Zhong Yao Yuval Yung

Administrator

Rachel Benjamin Immunology

Israel Pecht, Head (until June 2002) The Dr. Morton and Anne Kleiman Professor

Zelig Eshhar, Head (from July 2002) The Marshaal and Renette Ezralow Professor of Chemical and Cellular Immunology

The exponential growth of research activity in the life sciences has immunology in its center: The wide range of research activities in our Department covers a spectrum of studies in immunology ranging from fundamental aspects of antigen recognition and intracellular signaling to intercellular communication as well as immune-cell differentiation, migration and homing. Naturally, the progress made in resolving the basic principles underlining the mode of operation of the immune system is also applied to furthering the understanding of its disorders such as autoimmunity and allergies, as well as to the design of new immunotherapeutic modalities to fight cancer.

Among the different interesting advances made during the recent years is the effective collaborations that have evolved amongst several researchers of the Department in studying the relationship between migration and adhesion of immune cells and their regulation during the functional maturation of the immune system.

The activities of the different research groups are briefly summarized below:

R. Alon's studies focus on the molecular basis and cellular mechanisms by which vascular adhesion molecules (selectins, integrins and their respective ligands) operate to tether and arrest circulating leukocytes on vascular endothelium under shear flow. The group investigates the crosstalk between these adhesion receptors and chemokine receptors on recruited leukocytes, facilitating their emigration to specific tissues both in normal and pathological immune processes. A new focus of the lab is the role of mechanical signals, transduced to adherent leukocytes by shear flow, in the translation of biochemical signals from vascular endothelial cells into productive transendothelial leukocyte migration.

R. Arnon studies of antigenicity and vaccine development: Synthetic peptides and synthetic vaccines; Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, its suppression by basic copolymers of amino acids and relevance to multiple sclerosis (collaboration with M. Sela, D. Teitelbaum); Exploitation of Copolymer I for additional applications; In addition she studies site-directed

61 62 Immunology drug delivery of the anti-cancer agent, cis-platinum (collaboration with M. Wilchek), as well as cytotoxic T-cells efficacy in cancer.

A. Ben-Nun demonstrated new primary target antigens (MOG, MOBP) in multiple sclerosis and their implications for pathogenic processes and immune-specific therapy; He studies multi-epitope/multi-antigen-directed, altered peptides-mediated, immune-specific therapy of ‘complex EAE’ associated with multiple pathogenic autoreactivities. The mechanisms of T cell modulation; T cell receptor and ligand interaction in autoimmune disease; Non- superantigenic bacterial toxins, T cell subsets and autoimmune diseases; Effect of encephalitogenic myelin-specific T cells and demyelinating antibodies on nerve conduction in the central nervous system in vitro and mechanisms of myelin/neuronal repair.

G. B er ke investigated the regulation of tumor immunity emphasizing tumor escape from immune attack. Along this line, he has addressed the regulation of expression and function of the death receptor Fas and its Ligand in tumors. He studied the binding to and activation of tumor specific T lymphocytes by tetrameric MHC – peptide complexes and showed direct activation of the lymphocytes by the bound tetramers. He developed a novel procedure to determine tumor cell susceptibility to anticancer drugs. Finally, he provided evidence that hypoxia predisposes the heart to myocardial damage induce by the death receptor Fas, a finding with implication to the mechanism of myocardial damage following myocardial infarction.

I.R. Cohen's research activities concentrate on the following topics: Autoimmune diabetes: Pathogenesis and clinical trials; Autoimmunity to hsp60 and the development of subunit vaccines against infectious diseases; Innate receptors for hsp60; Bio-informatics: antigen chip (with Eytan Domany), modeling languages (with David Harel, Amir Pnueli), and T-cell repertoire chip; Regulation of immune inflammation by small carbohydrate molecules (with Ofer Lider) and by lipoid molecules (with Meir Shinitzky); Autoimmunity to p53 and the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (with Varda Rotter).

L. Eisenbach: tumor progression results in the emergence of highly metastatic cells disseminating to distal organs. We are studying the interaction between malignant cells and the cellular immune system. In particular: a) Identification and characterization of human Tumor Associated Antigen (TAA) peptides derived from differentially expressed genes. Differentially expressed genes are discovered through genomic methods (DNA chips, SAGE) or molecular methods. TAAs from breast, colon, prostate and bladder tumors are the focus of our studies b) Design of anti-tumor peptide vaccines. c) Design of anti-angiogenic vaccines d) The role of interferon inducible genes in tumorigenesis e) Antigen presentation in tumor Immunity. f) Brain tumors (together with Prof. I. Cohen) g) Genetically manipulated tumor cell vaccines.

Z. Eshhar pursues the Immuno-gene therapy of tumors by redirecting effector lymphocytes using chimeric receptors and focusing on human prostate and breast carcinoma models. The process of homing of the genetically engineered lymphocytes, their fate, as well as the optimal gene transfer procedure are studied and optimized. Immunology 63

S. Fuchs studies immunoregulation of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) and the relation between myasthenia gravis and acetylcholine receptor (AChR); Structure, function and signal transduction of dopamine receptors and their presence in peripheral tissues in health and disease.

S. Jung studies the in vivo origin and function of cells of the myeloid lineage with a special focus on dendritic cells (DC). Adoptive blood monocyte transfers aim at defining the role of this versatile leukocyte as precursor for myeloid cells in peripheral tissues. The role of DC in various complex immunological processes underlying health and disease will be investigated using mouse models that allow the conditional ablation of DC.

T. Lapidot pursues the identification of cytokines, chemokines, stromal cells, proteolytic enzymes and adhesion molecules that mediate and regulate the migration and developmental program of human stem cells, both normal and leukemic, in a functional in vivo assay as well as the applications for human gene and cancer therapy. In particular, mechanistic insights into the pleotropic roles of the Chemokine SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4 are investigated .

O. Lider studies how the immune system is operating under inflammatory conditions. He analyses the effects of cytokines on lymphocyte migration, cell surface adhesion receptor function. He attempts the evaluation of the enzymatic machinery required for leukocytes migration and examines the capacities of these enzymes to generate natural low molecular weight inhibitors of inflammation.

E. Mozes studies the mechanisms underlying the down regulation of a) myasthenia gravis (MG) by an altered peptide ligand based on two myasthenogenic T cell epitopes of the human acetylcholine receptor and b) systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) by peptides based on the CDR of a pathogenic anti-DNA autoantibody. The immunomodulation of T cell functions (including that of regulatory T cells), cytokine profile, activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), costimulatory molecules, and of molecules involved in signal transduction is investigated.

I. Pecht investigates the process of recognition by immunoreceptors and the mechanism of their signalling. Specifically how the coupling between these receptors’ stimuli and cellular responses is initiated and controlled. Regulation of mast cell secretion of inflammatory mediators is the investigated model for an immunological signalling cascade. T-cell antigen recognition is the main system where the immunological surveillance processes is studied. In addition, the rather different problem of internal electron transfer in proteins is investigated.

Y. Reisner investigates a new approach for tolerance induction, using megadose stem-cell transplants to overcome MHC barriers in sublethally irradiated recipients; the mechanism(s) of tolerance induction by different veto cells is investigated; also human/mouse chimera are used to study the potential use of early embryonic kidney, pancreas and liver as a new source of transplantation.

I. Schechter investigates the regulation of stage specific genes during the life cycle of schistosome (the parasite causing bilharzia) by alternative splicing, a mechanism that 64 Immunology generates structural diversity causing changes in gene function at different developmental stages, as well as the function of stage-specific proteins.

M. Sela collaborates with E. Mozes on mechanism of action of peptides inhibiting experimental myasthenia gravis, with R. Arnon and D. Teitelbaum on mechanism of action of Copolymer 1, a drug against experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis, with Ruth Arnon on its use in prevention of transplant rejection and with Y. Yarden on monoclonal antibodies to ErbB2 and their respective B cell epitopes, their roles in potential anti-tumor strategy.

I. Shachar studies homing, maturation and function of immature B cells. In order to fully mature and to participate in the humoral response, immature B cells first migrate into specific areas in the spleen, where they mature, while their arrival to other compartments is restricted. Her research is focused on the mechanisms controlling homing of immature B cells to the spleen and the differentiation to mature B cells in this compartment.

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Ruth Arnon, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (on extension of service) The Paul Ehrlich Professor of Immunology Gideon Berke, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Isaac and Elsa Bourla Professor of Cancer Research Irun R. Cohen, Ph.D., Northwestern University Medical School (on extension of service) The Helen and Morris Mauerberger Professor of Immunology Zelig Eshhar, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Marshall and Renette Ezralow Professor of Chemical and Cellular Immunology Sara Fuchs, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (on extension of service) The Professor Sir Ernst B. Chain Professor of Neuroimmunology Edna Mozes, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Heinrich G. Ritzel Professor of Immunology Israel Pecht, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (on extension of service) The Dr. Morton and Anne Kleiman Professor Yair Reisner, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Henry H. Drake Professor of Immunology Israel Schechter, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (on extension of service) The Dr. Hymie Moross Professor of Molecular Immunology Michael Sela, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Institute Professor The W. Garfield Weston Professor of Immunology Immunology 65

Professors Emeriti

Michael Feldman, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Nechama Haran-Ghera, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Roald Nezlin, Ph.D., Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation

Associate Professors

Avraham Ben-Nun, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Eugene and Marcia Applebaum Professor Lea Eisenbach, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Georg F. Duckwitz Professor of Cancer Research Tsvee Lapidot, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Ofer Lider, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Senior Scientists

Ronen Alon, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Tauro Career Development Chair in Biomedical Research Steffen Jung, Ph.D., Universitaet zu Koeln, Germany Incumbent of the Pauline Recanati Career Development Chair of Immunology Idit Shachar, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Incumbent of the Alvin and Gertrude Levine Career Development Chair of Cancer Research

Senior Staff Scientists

Bilha Schechter, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Dvora Teitelbaum, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (retired February 2002)

Associate Staff Scientists

Rina Aharoni, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Alexander Kalinkovich, Ph.D., Pirogov Moscow Medical Institute (PMMI), Russian Federation Nicole Claude Marie Kerlero De-Rosbo, Ph.D., La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia (left November 2002)

Assistant Staff Scientists

Esther Bachar-Lustig, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Liora Cahalon, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Tali Feferman, Ph.D., Macquarie University Sydney, Sydney, Australia 66 Immunology

Sara W. Feigelson, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Dmitry Gakamsky, Ph.D., Institute of Physics, Minsk, Belarus

Junior Staff Scientists

Tamar Ben-Yedidia, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Orit Kollet, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Miriam Rozner Paas, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Special Contract

Irina Skavirsky, Ph.D., Dnepropetrovsk Medical Institute, Ukraine (left March 2002)

Engineers

Arieh Licht, M.Sc., Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel Esther Tzehoval, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Consultants

Vitaly Ablamunits, Hadassah Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel Alain Berrebi, Kaplan Hospital, Rehovot, Israel (left July 2002) Alexander Brill, Hadassah Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel Benjamin Dekel, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel Elena Feinstein, QBI, Kiryat Weizmann, Rehovot, Israel (left May 2002) Karmi Geller-Bernstein, Kaplan Hospital, Rehovot, Israel Amiela Globerson Valentin Grabovsky, Biokine Therapatics Ltd., Israel Anat Kerem-Angel (left August 2002) Mona Kidon-Jankovich, Kaplan Hospital, Rehovot, Israel Felix Mor, Rabin Medical Center, Belinson Campus, Betach-Tikva, Israel Alpha Peled Daniela Ram, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel Dvora Teitelbaum

Visiting Scientists

Myong Sool Do, University of Handong, Korea Ole Farver, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Denmark Asher Haviv, Hadassah Hebrew University Med. Ctr., Jerusalem, Israel Eystein S. Husebye, University of Bergen, Norway Steffen Jung, Yeshiva University Medical School, NY, U.S.A. (until June 2002) Alina Luban, Kaplan Hospital, Rehovot, Israel Immunology 67

Svetlana Porozov, Shaare Zedek Med. Ctr., Jerusalem, Israel Sentob Saragosti, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France Shmuel Schwartzenberg, Ichilov Medical Ctr., Tel Aviv, Israel Miriam Souroujon, Open University, Tel Aviv, Israel Maya Zborovsky, Kaplan Hospital, Rehovot, Israel Kai-Yun Zhu, Central South University , Changsha, PR China

Postdoctoral Fellows

Abraham Avigdor, M.D., Ben-Gurion University, Israel Oren Dwir, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Polina Goichberg, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Yechiel Goldman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Iris Hecht, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Basak Kayhan, Ph.D., Gazi University, Turkey Anat Kerem-Angel, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Jianping Liu, M.D., Hunan Medical University, China Dror Luger, Ph.D., Agriculture Faculty, Israel Prasanta Kumar Maiti, Ph.D., Devi Ahilya University, India Gabriel Nussbaum, Ph.D.,M.D., Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA Orly Perl, Ph.D., South Bank University, United Kingdom Isabelle Petit, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Sarah Pri-Chen, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Sigal Tavor, M.D., Sourasky University Hospital, Israel Rina Zilkha-Falb, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel

Research Students

Jakub Abramson Lilach Agemy Hila Amir-Kroll Fabian Arditti Amiram Ariel Shraga Aviner Erez Bar Haim Emilia Alina Barbu Shirly Becker- Herman Talya Belogus Hava Ben David Turgeman Alain Ben-David Guy Cinamon Ido Cohen Michal Cohen Ayelet Dar Benjamin Dekel Oren Dwir Smadar Even-Tov Friedman Marganit Farago Liat Flaishon Lilach Friedman Ofir Goldberger Hilit Gur Gili Hart Iris Hecht Tal Ilani Joy Kahn Helena Katchman Joel Kaye Flaxman 68 Immunology

Itai Kela Sung Hyung Lee Jie Hui Li Ariel B. Lindner Arthur Machlenkin Victoria Malina Yehuda Matza Avishai Mimran Dinorah Morvinski Nathalie Moyal - Amsellem Naama Peshes Isabelle Petit Fridman Jehonathan Haim Pinthus Tatyana Ponomariyov Francisco Quintana Shlomit Reich Zeliger Inbal Ringel Asya Rolls Cintia Roodveldt Sarit Samira Uri Sela Revital Shamri Amir Sharabi Shoham Shivtiel Maya Sokolovsky-Eisenberg Ilya Sotnikov Asaf Spiegel David Steiner Ilan Volovitz Alexandra Zanin Ming-Chao Zhong

Administrator

Nira Toledano Molecular Cell Biology

Benjamin Geiger, Head The Erwin Neter Professor of Cell and Tumor Biology

The molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying cell proliferation, differentiation, dynamics, and death, and their involvement in embryonic development and cancer are the primary topics of interest of the Department. These include studies on the mode of action of growth factors and the nature of signals triggered by them in target cells. Growth regulation is also approached through the study of either tumor suppressors, such as p53, which inhibit cell proliferation and can drive cells towards differentiation or apoptosis or the characterization of growth-activating genes and signaling networks. These studies also address the basis for cancerous transformation either due to deregulated growth or to failure to undergo apoptosis. Advanced gene screening techniques and the study of genetically modified experimental animals are used to identify and characterize specific genes which are involved in normal and malignant growth. In addition, there is broad interest in the molecular mechanisms of cell adhesion and motility and in their involvement in the regulation of cellular and embryonic morphogenesis as well as in the spread of tumor metastases. These studies include characterization of the mechanism of adhesive interaction, the role of sugars in adhesive processes, cell-cell interactions in the nervous system, the binding of surface-associated adhesion molecules to the cytoskeleton and the involvement of cytoskeleton-bound adhesions in cell motility and signaling. The scope of topics is outlined below.

1. The regulation of cell growth and death

Cell proliferation and programmed cell death is studied by several research groups in the department.

The laboratory of Doron Ginsberg is studying the E2F family of transcription factors, focusing on their role in controlling cell proliferation and viability. They have shown that E2F regulates the expression of genes required for a number of distinct biological processes including cell cycle progression, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and the cellular responses to DNA damage. The regulation of some of these novel E2F target genes is currently characterized. In addition, the role of E2F in apoptosis and the responses to DNA damage is being further studied.

Complexes containing E2F and RB, the product of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene, function in repression of gene expression. Doron Ginsberg's group showed that these E2F/RB complexes mediate growth arrest and repression of critical mitotic regulators in response to DNA damage.

69 70 Molecular Cell Biology

The group of Doron Ginsberg is also studying the effects of oncogenes and tumor suppressors on the RB/E2F pathway focusing on the effects of p53 and activated Ras on E2F activity. They found that activated Ras induces an increase in E2F-1 mRNA and protein levels and the induced E2F-1 is transcriptionally active. These data indicate that one of the molecular mechanisms underlying the collaboration between Ras and E2F involves a Ras-induced elevation of E2F-1 levels.

The group of Moshe Oren is studying the role of the p53 tumor suppressor protein in the regulation of growth inhibition and cell death induced by genome damage and by oncogenic stimuli. They have shown that p53 can mediate cell death by transactivating the transcription of target genes, as well as by transactivation-independent mechanisms. In some cases, the death process involves p53-dependent cleavage of the pRB tumor suppressor and of the Akt kinase protein by a caspase protease.

David Givol's group is using DNA microarrays to analyze global gene expression in experimental systems related to p53, cancer and stem cells. They analyzed several cell lines with inducible p53 to understand its function as a transcription factor. They showed a distinction between direct and secondary targets of p53. They analyzed differences between cell lines that do, or do not undergo p53-dependent apoptosis. This allowed detection of Apaf-1 as a direct target of p53. Apaf-1 is central to the apoptosis process by complexing with cytochrome C and Caspas-9 to form the apoptosome which activates caspases. They showed that p53 may cooperate with Zac-1 in transactivation of Apaf-1. They also analyzed the transcription profile of the inhibition of p53-driven apoptosis by IL-6 and other factors. In this study they could demonstrate that the transcription activity of p53 is not impaired significantly by IL-6 and the inhibition of apoptosis is due to IL-6 activated genes which somehow inhibit apoptotic activity downstream, in-spite of induced expression of the p53 apoptotic pathway (collaboration). The p53 homologue gene p73, is known to activate p53 target genes but nevertheless is not involved in tumor suppression as p53. Rather its importance is in brain developmental processes. They compared the transcription profile of induced p73 with that of induced p53, and were able to show that p73 and p53 activate both common and distinct genes. The distinct p73 activated genes are being explored for their importance in development. They were shown to be direct targets of p73 by chromatin immunoprecipitation (collaboration).

Recently they analyzed the effect of UV irradiation on keratinocytes as a model for development of skin cancer. The results show several aspects of DNA damage, DNA repair and apoptosis as important steps in skin cancer formation. They are using now gene expression profile to compare stem cells from different sources for common and distinct genes between human ES cells, bone marrow and skin stem cells. It is assumed that the genes which are common to stem cells from various origins are important for their stemness properties.

Apoptosis in the mammalian ovary is studied by the group of Abraham Amsterdam, with a special emphasis on the selection of the dominant follicle and regression of the corpus luteum. The investigation is focused on the complex crosstalk between hormones, growth factors, the extracellular matrix, oncogenes, survival genes and tumor Molecular Cell Biology 71 suppressor genes which determine cell fate. The lab explores the role of cell-cell contacts, intracellular communication and organization and expression of the cytoskeleton, both during differentiation and apoptosis of granulosa cells, which comprise the main bulk of the ovarian follicle. Most recently Amsterdam's group is investigating the modulation of gene expression in these ovarian follicular cells stimulated by gonadotropins, the major regulants of folliculogenesis, in order to identify novel genes involved in the control of reproduction. They found that expression of a novel apoptotic repressor (ARC) which could protect mitochondrial destruction is elevated following gonadotropin stimulation and that granzyme like proteins, normally reside in T cytotoxic lymphocyte and natural killer cells, are expressed and activated in granulosa cells. Thus the apoptotic signals could bypass mitochondrial signalling for apoptosis, which can preserve their steroidogenic activity until complete cell destruction.

Another project of the Amsterdam's group is investigating novel markers for early diagnosis of ovarian cancer, and creating in vitro and in vivo models for ovarian cancer by injection of the cancer cells into the ovary. Two major aspects are investigated: a) Combined chemotherapy such as cisplatin and theophylin which were found to synergize in inducing apoptosis in the cancer cells, reducing the side effects of chemotherapy. b) The suppressive effect of short polypeptides, corresponding to sites on laminin α and β chains, on tumor development and metastasis. This tumor regression involves down regulation of the oncogene mdm2 and the survival gene BCL2. c) Most recently they found using DNA microarrays that gonadotropic hormones elevate dramatically the expression of tyrosine kinase growth factors and their receptors, elevate the activity of specific oncogenes and tumor markers and attenuate the expression of tumor suppressor genes. Thus excess of gonadotropin in the circulation in menopausal women and fertile women in the case of treatment with exogeneous gonadotropins to stimulate their cycle and the ovulatory process (IVF patients), may elevate the risk for ovarian, breast and other types of cancers.

Mesenchymal stromal cells in the bone marrow regulate hemopoietic stem cell renewal, adhesion, migration, differentiation and death. The group of Dov Zipori is studying these processes using in vivo and in vitro models with the aim of delineating the role of members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)β superfamily in the regulation of hematopoiesis. One such member, activin A, was found to be a negative regulator of B lymphocyte generation. The mode by which activin A affects its target cells involved antagonism with interleukin (IL)-6. It was found that this is due to cross-talk between intracellular signaling pathways of these cytokines occurring at the transcriptional level; the mediators of activin A signaling, Smad2 and Smad3, caused reduced transcriptional activation of IL-6 inducible promoters, by C/EBPβ and STAT3. Since little is known on molecules specific to the mesenchyme that mediate stromal cell functions, this group in now involved in a gene discovery effort aimed at identifying novel proteins that account for the biological activities of mesenchymal cells. An unexpected finding related to this gene discovery effort was that the T cell receptor (TCR) complex, expected to be expressed by T lymphocytes only, is found in mesenchymal cells: primary mesenchyme, as well as mesenchymal cell clones, express T cell receptor (TCR)αβ mRNAs, lacking 72 Molecular Cell Biology

the variable region. Immunological and genetic evidence support the expression of a corresponding TCR protein. Additionally, mRNAs encoding TCRβ complex components including CD3 and ζ chain are present. The level of expression of the mesenchymal TCR, by mesenchymal cell clones, correlated with growth properties and tendency to form tumors, implying association of mesenchymal TCR with cell growth control. In addition to these activities the group of Dov Zipori studies the regulation of mitosis, apoptosis and differentiation by the nuclear pre-mRNA splicing factor PSF (PTB-associated splicing factor). PSF was initially termed a splicing factor due to its association with the second step of pre-mRNA splicing. However, recent evidence shows that PSF and its homologue p54nrb/NonO cannot be categorized to any one such nuclear activity and in fact exhibit multi-functional characteristics in a variety of nuclear functions.

2. The genetic basis for cancer

p53, the tumor suppressor gene that functions as the "guardian of the genome" plays a pivotal role in "sensing" damaged DNA and in regulating critical decisions of whether a cell should repair the damaged DNA or undergo apoptosis. Mutant p53 has lost these activities and thus permits the proliferation of cells which carry damaged DNA, eventually leading to their malignant transformation into cancerous cells. The research in Varda Rotter's laboratory focuses on two main issues: the deciphering of the function of wild type p53 in the normal cell, and the understanding of how mutant p53 acts in tumor cells. The combined results obtained from these two complementary research directions shed light on the basic mechanism of malignant transformation and suggests possible new approaches for cancer therapy that involve p53-dependent gene replacement. It is well possible that in addition of p53 being associated with the initial steps of recognizing damaged DNA; p53 also takes part in the DNA repair process itself. It appears that following genotoxic stress p53 functions as a modulator that determines the pattern of BER activity and apoptosis in a cell cycle specific manner. Interestingly, involvement of p53 in BER is independent of the transcriptional activity of the p53 molecule. A relationship between p53 and the maintenance of genomic integrity is also suggested by the physical interaction between p53 and the Werner (WRN) helicase. Mutations in WRN are responsible for the Werner syndrome, a human disorder resembling premature aging. It is believed that WRN prevents premature aging by reducing the incidence of certain types of genomic damage.

The groups of Oren and Rotter are also studying the effect of p53 mutations on the cellular response to chemotherapy. They have shown that particular human cancer- associated p53 mutations give rise to a protein that can inhibit the killing of tumor cells by certain anti-cancer drugs. The group of Varda Rotter have shown that the ability of mutant p53 to block apoptosis is dependent on its transcriptional activity. A core domain mutant p53 (143 Val to Ala) in which two N-terminal residues (22,23) essential for transactivation were also mutated (Leu to Glu and Trp to Ser, respectively), was examined. While p53 containing the core mutation only, efficiently interfered with drug- induced apoptosis, further modification at the N-terminus abolished this blocking activity. In addition, wild-type p53, mutated in the N-terminus (22,23), was unable to Molecular Cell Biology 73 induce apoptosis by itself. Nevertheless, it synergized with drugs in the induction of apoptosis. This suggests that the integrity of the N-terminus is essential for both the activity of wild-type p53 in apoptosis and for mutant p53 mediated block of drug- induced apoptosis. Thus supporting the notion that core p53 mutants act via a mechanism of "gain of function". A related direction of studies is the mechanism of cancer promotion by the mdm2 oncogene. Oren's group have found that mdm2 can block p53-mediated apoptosis, and thereby prevent cancer cells from being killed.

Eli Canaani's laboratory is studying the molecular basis for human infant acute leukemia. This neoplasm is triggered by a series of chromosome translocations resulting in the fusion of the ALL-1 gene to each of a variety of partner genes. One of the major projects was the application of DNA microarrays technology to identify targets for the leukemogenic ALL-1 fusion proteins. Such Analysis was recently completed, showing that acute lymphoblastic (ALL) and myeloblastic (AML) leukemias with ALL-1 rearrangements have unique transcription profiles involving genes associated with cancer. Moreover, in collaboration with Eitan Domany's group, application of statistical methodologies enabled subclassification of these leukemias into groups with distinct expression patterns. In a second major project we have recently shown that the normal ALL-1 protein is a histone methyltransferase and assembles a very large multiprotein complex of around 30 proteins. Most of these proteins are components of known complexes involved in chromatin alterations, transcription inhibition, or RNA processing. The assembled complex is subsequently recruited to promoters of target genes.

The research in Avri Ben-Ze'ev's group focuses on the integration between signaling by cell-cell adhesion and the regulation of gene expression. They study molecules of the aramadillo family of proteins, in particular β-catenin, since this unique molecule has a dual role in the cell. On the one hand, it is a pivotal component of cell-cell adhesions linking transmembrane adhesion receptors of the cadherin family to the cytoskeleton. In addition, β-catenin is a major component of the Wnt signaling pathway that regulates developmental processes, and its aberrant activation is common in colorectal cancer, melanoma, breast cancer and a variety of other cancers. The oncogenic activity of β- catenin is believed to result from constitutive activation of its target genes thus leading to overt cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. Consistent with this view, the Ben-Ze'ev lab found that a key regulator of the proliferative stage in the cell cycle, cyclin D1, is a target gene of the β-catenin signaling pathway and its expression is enhanced in colon cancer cells. Another effort of the Ben-Ze'ev lab is directed towards identifying novel target genes (by DNA microarrays) of the β-catenin pathway that might be involved in its oncogenic activity. Recent studies have identified several such genes, among them Nr-CAM, a cell adhesion receptor that was previously described only in the brain. The Ben-Ze'ev lab found that Nr-CAM is expressed in human melanoma at an advanced stage, but not in melanocytes and is also prevalent in human colorectal cancer tissue, but not normal colon tissue. Expression of Nr-CAM in normal fibroblasts could confer tumorigenesis and enhanced motility, and thus appears to be a key component in tumor development that involves aberrant β-catenin activation. Since deregulated β-catenin signaling and mutations in the major tumor suppressor p53, are often associated with 74 Molecular Cell Biology

colon cancer, in collaboration with Moshe Oren and Benjamin Geiger, the Ben-Ze'ev lab is addressing the cross talk between the β-catenin and p53 signaling pathways. These studies have shown that deregulated β-catenin induces the accumulation of activated p53, and activated p53 can downregulate the expression of β-catenin. The DNA microarray studies have also shown that -β−catenin induces the expression of PML, a major component of nuclear bodies and a tumor suppressor that is mutated in 95% of promyelocytic leukemia patients. The expression of PML, similar to that of β-catenin, could elicit a tumor suppressive effect in certain human tumor cells. This apparently results from the cooperation between PML, β-catenin and p300 in the activation of growth suppressive genes. The molecular mechanisms that determine the conditions under which such tumor suppressive effects are induced by aberrant β-catenin activation, and the cross talk between the oncogenic and tumor suppressive responses elicited by β- catenin, are currently investigated.

3. Quantitative analysis of cell structure and dynamics

The cytoskeleton is anchored in the cell membrane at multiple sites, especially in regions of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions via a battery of transmembrane receptors and cytoplasmic cytoskeletal proteins. To characterize the molecular interactions and complexity in these regions, Zvi Kam and Benjamin Geiger have developed and applied digital microscopic approaches, which provide quantitative information about the distribution and dynamics of different adhesion- and cytoskeleton-associated molecules and characterized their inter-relationships. These studies indicated that adhesion sites are highly diversified at the molecular level, with respect to their composition, dynamics and signaling capabilities. Using different approached for image segmentation and clustering they have been able to define new molecular sub-domains within cell-matrix adhesions, involved in the extension of adhesions or in their turn-over, and determine their specific roles in such processes as cell motility and assembly of the cytoskeleton. Zvi Kam had further developed novel tools for multidimensional microscopy that enables to simultaneously detect and analyze spatial and temporal changes in the 3-dimensional distribution of multiple molecules in cells and embryos. An automated version of such microscope is currently used for a genome-wide screening for genes encoding new components of adhesion sites or new modulators of cell motility.

4. Control of gene expression

The group of Moshe Oren is studying the regulation of p53 protein stability, which is the major mechanism responsible for the in vivo modulation of p53 function. They found that the proteolytic degradation of p53, which occurs through the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway, is largely controlled by the Mdm2 protein (product of the mdm2 oncogene). The ability of Mdm2 to promote p53 degradation is controlled by phosphorylation events occurring on both p53 and Mdm2. Moreover, the activation of p53 by β-catenin is mediated by another important tumor suppressor protein, known as ARF.

Gad Yagil is using computer analysis of DNA sequences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes. Special binary DNA sequences are found to be highly over-represented in the Molecular Cell Biology 75

recently completed chromosomes 21 and 22 of the human genome as well as in most sequenced genomes. A role as DNA unwinding centers controlling gene expression rates is proposed. A formal approach to biocomplexity has been formulated and applied to the analysis of biopattern specification.

The laboratory of Uri Alon uses a combined experimental and theoretical approach to reverse-engineer genetic regulation circuits. Using the bacterium Escherichia coli as a model system, they have developed GFP-based methods for assaying gene expression on a genomic scale. The aim is to develop the concepts and algorithms needed to map the regulation circuitry of an entire cell in terms of modular multi-gene systems and subsystems and their interactions. The circuit diagrams are then tested experimentally using bacterial genetic methods. Current projects also aim at experimentally and theoretically mapping protein circuitry in mammalian cells, using a novel proteomics living-cell array.

In order to understand the building blocks of complex networks, work in the Alon lab defined 'network motifs': these are patterns of connections that occur many times throughout the network, at numbers that are significantly higher than in suitably randomized 'control' networks. It was found that the transcription network of E. coli is built of three types of network motifs. Each motif was found to have a unique role in information processing, such as filtering fluctuations in external stimuli or generating temporal expression patterns. The same motifs were then found in the transcription network of yeast, as well as in higher organisms. Much of the experimental work in the lab is focused on understanding the function of the network motifs using accurate kinetic gene expression measurements and theoretical models. Intriguingly, network motifs are also found in other biological networks, such as the neuron synaptic connection network of C. elegans. Similar motifs in transcription and neuronal networks may reflect similar design aimed at information processing between sensory and motor components.

5. Transmembrane signaling by cytokines and growth factors

Yehiel Zick's group investigates insulin resistance Failure of target cells to respond to insulin, a state known as insulin-resistance, is a major cause for pathological manifestations associated with diabetes- an ever-increasing "epidemic of the 21st century". Yehiel Zick's group investigates the role of Ser/Thr phosphorylation as a molecular basis of insulin resistance. These studies revealed that agents that induce insulin resistance such as TNFα, exploit phosphorylation-based negative feedback control mechanisms, otherwise utilized by insulin itself, to uncouple the insulin receptor (IR) from downstream effector proteins such as the IRS proteins, and thereby terminate insulin signal transduction. These studies implicate PKCζ and its downstream targets IKKβ as potential IRS kinases. These results may lead to potential pharmacological interventions in disease states where this mechanism can be the underlying cause of insulin resistance, such as the prevalent form of obesity-induced diabetes.

To study the temporal and spatial communication of IRK with downstream effectors, attempts were made to identify novel elements involved in regulating IR trafficking. It 76 Molecular Cell Biology

was found that IR endocytosis occurs independent of phosphorylation of the IRS proteins, however, actin, ECM molecules, and annexin-II are key candidate players in regulating insulin receptor trafficking.

Galectin-8 A second aspect of Zick's group work involves studies of galectins, with a special emphasis on galectin-8, a secreted, surface-expressed mammalian lectin cloned by this group. The studies revealed that immobilized galectin-8 promotes cell adhesion, spreading, and migration, by forming protein-sugar complexes with integrins. Adhesion to galectin-8 triggers integrin-mediated signaling cascades including Tyr phosphorylation of FAK, Paxillin and P130cas; and activation of a Rho-family GTPases, MAPK and PI3K cascades. In contrast, soluble galectin-8 forms complexes with integrins and fibronectin that negatively regulate cell adhesion. Such a mechanism allows local signals emitted by secreted galectin-8 to specify territories available for cell adhesion and migration. Due to its dual effects on the adhesive properties of the cells and its association with fibronectin, galectin-8 might be considered as a novel type of a matricellular protein.

Secreted Galectin-8 induces the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) p21 and p27 and negatively regulates cellular growth. Studies in progress are aimed at identifying the cell surface receptor that mediates the growth-inhibitory effects of soluble galectin-8.

6. Cell adhesion and adhesion-dependent signaling

Several groups in the department investigate the structure, dynamics and signaling properties of cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesions. In Benjamin Geiger's laboratory, the molecular mechanisms underlying the assembly of adhesion sites and their role in the organization of the cytoskeleton are investigated. The Group is specifically studying the involvement, in adhesive interactions, of tyrosine phosphorylation events, mechanical perturbation, cellular contractility and migration as well as the adhesion-dependent activation of diverse signaling and oncogenic pathways. Together with Lia Addadi (Structural Biology) the Geiger group addresses the earliest stages in adhesive surface recognition. They demonstrated that adhesion consists of a fast and apparently direct step of surface recognition, mediated by hyaluronan, followed by more stable interactions, mediated via transmembrane receptors of the integrin family. The assembly of integrin-mediated adhesion during cell migration was shown to involve the sequential recruitment of several adhesion-associated proteins, followed by cytoskeletal interactions, induces by local contractile activity. Using micro- and nano-patterned adhesive surfaces the nature of local and global factors regulating the adhesive interactions is investigated. The roles of specific molecular constituents of matrix adhesions, as well as of local tyrosine phosphorylation of adhesion sites are studies using specific knock-out and RNA-inactivated cells, as well as the application of inhibitors to different signaling pathways. Cell adhesion is also studied in unique cellular systems, where cell-matrix or cell-cell adhesion have a particularly important physiological role, such as migrating endothelial cells, bone-resorbing osteoclasts, cadherin-associated cells and the various cellular components of the outflow pathway in the eye, whose mal- Molecular Cell Biology 77 function is involved in the development of glaucoma.

The group of Alexander Bershadsky is studying interplay between cell signaling, cell adhesion, and cytoskeletal dynamics. Formation of integrin-mediated cell-matrix adhesions (focal adhesions) depends on coordinated activity of the cytoskeletal systems that is in turn regulated by small G-proteins of Rho family. Studies of Bershadsky group showed that a formin homology protein mDia1, a major target of Rho A, is indispensable for the focal adhesion formation, and at the same time strongly affects microtubule dynamics. These results shed a new light on the mechanisms of cross talk between microtubules and focal adhesions. Studying the interrelationship between cell- cell adhesions formation and cell motility revealed that a cytoplasmic partner of adhesion receptor cadherin known as p120 catenin (p120ctn) can control cell motility by activating Rho family G-proteins, Rac and Cdc42, which in turn activate actin polymerization, lamellipodia and filopodia formation and cell migration. p120ctn was shown to localize to the dynamic actin arrays assembled in lamellipodia and associated with motile endocytotic vesicles. Overexpression of p120ctn led to increase in the velocity of these vesicles, while reduction of p120ctn level by corresponding RNAi - diminished the vesicle velocity. Moreover, correlation was found between p120ctn level and the cell migration activity. Thus, p120ctn may function as a link between cell-cell junction formation and cell motility regulation.

Yehiel Zick's group has shown that galectin-8, a secreted mammalian lectin, inhibits adhesion of human carcinoma 1299 cells to plates coated with integrin ligands, and induces apoptosis. Affinity chromatography over immobilized galectin-8 revealed that a major galectin-8 binding-protein is α3β1 integrin. Furthermore, endogenous galectin-8, secreted from 1299 cells, forms complexes with α3β1 integrin. These findings suggest that galectin-8 is a novel matricellular integrin binding-protein that modulates interactions of integrins with the extracellular matrix and thus regulates cell adhesion and cell survival.

The laboratory of Elior Peles focuses on several molecular aspects of myelinated axons, myelinating glial cells, and neuron-glia communication. The reciprocal interactions between neurons and glial cells are crucial for many aspects of neuronal development. These interactions modulate fundamental processes that are required for the correct wiring of nerve cells and are involved in the coordinated differentiation of axons and myelin-forming cells. This lab is studying the molecular mechanisms involved in the development and maintenance of myelinated nerves. They study neuron-glia interactions that are mediated by the Caspr proteins, a family of novel cell recognition molecules, which link axons to their myelinated glial cells. These studies include characterization of the role of the different Caspr proteins during development using microscopic localization, identification of the molecular targets of these proteins that couple them to the axonal cytoskeleton, development of transgenic and knock-out animal models and the use of C. elegans as a genetic model to study the role of two Caspr-like proteins in cell-cell interactions. 78 Molecular Cell Biology

7. Molecular genetics of human diseases

Analysis of the structure, evolution and function of products of the dystrophin gene, which is defective in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), is carried out by the group of Uri Nudel and David Yaffe. Gene inactivation techniques are used to study the function of Dp71, the major non-muscle product of the DMD gene, and its possible involvement in development and learning capacity. Cloning and analysis of the homologous genes from sea urchin and drosophila have important implications with regard to the evolution of the DMD gene family and function of the DMD gene products. Additional studies are directed towards the prenatal diagnosis of DMD on the basis of dystrophin expression in amniotic fluid and chorionic villi cells, and a project related to muscle stem cells, the stability of the differentiated state and trans differentiation. The possible application of some of the findings for DMD gene therapy is being investigated.

In the laboratory of David Givol, a mouse model for achondroplasia was generated by introducing the human mutation (glycine 380 to arginine) into the mouse FGFR3 by a "knock-in" approach using gene targeting. This resulted in dwarf mice that share many features with human dwarfism. David Givol's group found that the FGFR3 locus is sensitive to the presence of neomycin selection marker (Neo) after gene targeting. Neo caused improper RNA expression and functional inactivation of the gene. Mice homozygous with targeted FGFR3 behaved like FGFR3 knockout phenotype with bone overgrowth due to the lack of properly spliced RNA. This bone overgrowth can be inhibited by constitutively active MEK1 indicating that regulation of bone growth by FGFR3 is mediated by the MAPK pathway. Removal of Neo by Cre/lox recombination resulted in regain of FGFR3 mutant function and dwarfism.

Since the dwarf mice demonstrated a poor fertility, the function of the endocrine systems was analyzed by Abraham Amsterdam and David Givol in collaborative efforts, both in females and in males. Pituitary size was dramatically reduced in both sexes and secretion of luteinization hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was clearly attenuated. The development of seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells was inpaired in male, while follicular development was attenuated in the female, but the oocytes could resume their meiotic division in vitro. The incidence of apoptosis in the somatic gonadal cells was clearly elevated in both sexes. Intracellular levels of p53 were dramatically elevated in the gonads, brain and other organs and tissues whereas the intracellular levels of mdm2 remained low. All dwarf animals suffered from hypoglycemia. These finding suggest a functional connection between mutation of the FGF3R and induction of endocrine malfunction.

Research Staff, Visitors and Students Professors

Abraham Amsterdam, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Joyce and Ben B. Eisenberg Professor of Molecular Endocrinology and Cancer Research Molecular Cell Biology 79

Avri Ben-Ze'ev, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Samuel Lunenfeld-Reuben Kunin Professor of Genetics Eli Canaani, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, United States The Harry Kay Professor of Cancer Research Benjamin Geiger, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Professor Erwin Neter Professor of Cell and Tumor Biology Moshe Oren, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Varda Rotter, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Norman and Helen Asher Professor of Cancer Rsearch

Professors Emeriti

David Givol, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel David Yaffe, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Associate Professors

Alexander D. Bershadsky, Ph.D., Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation The Joseph Moss Professor of Molecular Endocrinology Zvi Kam, Ph.D., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel The Israel Pollak Professor of Biophysics Uri Nudel, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Elias Sourasky Professor Yehiel Zick, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Marte R. Gomez Professor of Photosynthesis Dov Zipori, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Joe and Celia Weinstein Professor

Senior Scientists

Uri Alon, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Yigal Allon Fellow Incumbent of the Carl and Frances Korn Career Development Chair in the Life Sciences Doron Ginsberg, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Recanati Career Development Chair of Cancer Research Elior Peles, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Madeleine Haas Russell Career Development Chair

Associate Staff Scientists

Janna Blechman, Ph.D., Moscow University, Moscow, Russian Federation Tatiana A. Rozovskaia, Ph.D., Institute of Molecular Biology, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation 80 Molecular Cell Biology

Assistant Staff Scientist

Dan Michael (Michalovitz), Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Junior Staff Scientist

Michael Shtutman, Ph.D., Russia Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation (left February 2002)

Engineer

Gila Tzur, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehotov, Israel

Consultants

Shmuel Evron, Wolfson Hospital, Holon, Israel Janny Frankel, Assaf Harofeh Hospital, Tzrifin, Israel Meir Krupsky, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (left October 2002) Liat Nadar, Ichilov Hospital, Tel-Aviv, Israel (left May 2002) Shoshana Peller, Assaf Harofeh Hospital, Tzrifin, Israel Peretz Resnitzky, Kaplan Hospital, Rehovot, Israel (left October 2002)

Visiting Scientists

Vitaliano Borromeo, University of Milano, Fac. of Vet. Med., Italy Shai Efrati, Assaf Harofe Hospital, Zrifin, Israel Jun-Yi Luo, Shandong Ctr. of Disease Contol, PR China Gregor Prindull, University of Goettingen, Germany Eli Rimon, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel Lew Romer, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, U.S.A. Einat Sadot, Vulcani Center, Israel Inbal Samuk, Assaf Harofe Hospital, Zrifin, Israel Mordechai Segal Kimihisa Tajima, Fukui Med. School, Matuoka, Japan Avner Yayon, Prochon, Rehovot, Israel

Postdoctoral Fellows

Christoph Graf von Ballestrem, Ph.D., University of Geneva, Switzerland Anat Bren, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Marie Chaussepied, Ph.D., Universite Denis Diderot, France Yehudit Cohen, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Yaron Daniely, Ph.D., New York University, USA Molecular Cell Biology 81

Ayelet David, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Jean-Eudes Dazard, Ph.D., University of Montpellier I, France Erez Dekel, Ph.D., Technion, Israel Leora Gollan, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Joachim Kirchner, Ph.D., Munich University, Germany Irina Lavelin, Ph.D., Agriculture Faculty, Israel Elina Levina, Ph.D., Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Russia Yifat Levy, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Avraham Mayo, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Goren Rinat, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Michal Ronen, Ph.D., Ben-Gurion University, Israel Galit Rozenfeld-Granot, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Ravid Sasson, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Yaron Shav-Tal, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Maya Shelly, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Galit Shenhar, Ph.D., Technion, Israel Sigalit Shimhoni-Leibovitz, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Eli Shoresh, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Jan Taplick, Ph.D., University of Vienna, Austria Laiqun Zhang, Ph.D., China agriculture University, China Jakob Zhurinsky, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel

Research Students

Katya Arnold Konstantin Adamsky Eli Berkovich Jair Bar Shlomit Boguslavsky Gil Blander Cohava Cohen Sigalit Boura-Halfon Miriam Cohen Michal Cohen Alexandros Damalas Maralice Elaine Conacci-Sorrell Noam Erez Neta Erez Polina Goichberg-Shefer Nancy Gavert Rinat Goren Leora Gollan Mira Hasky-Negev Inna Grosheva Tzippi Hershko Avia Herschkovitz Shiraz Kalir Irina Issaeva Smadar Lapter Yael Kalma Yifat Levy Ayelet Laronne Bella Lurie Yanfang Liu Shmuel Mangan Chen Luxenburg Sean Matlies Devorah Matas Michael Milyavsky Ron Milo Miri Moas Neri Minsky 82 Molecular Cell Biology

Suha Naffar Abu-Amara Vered Morad Reshmi Parameswaran Shirley Polager Sebastian Poliak Revital Rosenberg Nitzan Rosenfeld Ravid Sasson Nir Shani Igor Shats Shai Shen-Orr Ohad Shifman Ayelet Shmueli Alexander Sigal Ivo Spiegel Perry Stambolsky Xiaohu Tang Liat Topper Haklai Xinjiang Wang Lilach Weisz Ronen Zaidel Bar Amir Zalcenstein Alon Zaslaver Jakob Zhurinsky Baruch Zimerman Irit Zurer

Administrator

Nira Toledano Neurobiology

Zvi Vogel, Head The Ruth and Leonard Simon Professor of Cancer Research

Research in Neuroscience in the Department of Neurobiology encompasses a wide variety of subjects, in areas including cellular and molecular biology, neuroanatomy, brain imaging (including functional magnetic resonance imaging; fMRI), physiology, pharmacology, psychophysics, and computational sciences. Nearly 20 groups of researchers carry out both independent studies and collaborative research with colleagues from within the Department and outside it.

The research of the various groups of the Department covers many topics, including:

• Analysis of the molecular and cellular basis of neuronal cell activity and synaptic function. Imaging of neuronal activity underlying higher brain functions. • Tracing and characterization of neuronal communication profiles. • Characterization of the nervous system response to trauma and lesion; developing molecular and cellular therapeutic agents. • Determination of the underlying processes and mechanisms of vision, perception, learning, and memory in behaving rodents and primates. • Computer modeling of brain function.

In the Neurobiology Department, the structure, function, development, and plasticity of the nervous system are studied at various levels of analysis, using different types of cell and experimental animal models. The groups studying neuronal function at the molecular and cellular levels use mostly in vitro systems, ranging from non-neuronal and neuronal cell lines to primary neuronal and glial cells of cerebellar, hippocampal, and cortical origin. In many cases, the cells studied are transfected with genes of interest. These cell systems allow the study of the roles of various components of the nervous system, including cell surface membrane components, specific enzymes, neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, growth factors, neuroreceptors, lipid components, ionic channels, and cytoskeletal constituents. Algorithms for synaptic plasticity between neurons, and the role of ion channels in synaptic input and information processing, are also being studied. Injury models of nerve lesion and oxidative stress paradigms are applied to examine the principles of neural regeneration, rescue from ischemia and stroke, and apoptotic cell death and senescence.

83 84 Neurobiology

The groups studying the CNS at the system level are striving to understand the complex neuronal mechanisms underlying learning, memory, and sensory processing (vision, taste, smell), and to determine the relationship between brain and mind. Using track-tracing methods, the rules governing the interconnections in the visual cortex are being unraveled. Behavioral studies focus on principles of learning and consolidation, cortical information processing, learning disabilities, and addiction. Functional brain imaging of the human visual cortex is being studied by various techniques, including fMRI. Psychophysical approaches are being used to define processes involved in image segmentation, learning and memory skill acquisition, motor control, and language.

Neurobiology Department Home Page: http://www.weizmann.ac.il/neurobiology/

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Yadin Dudai, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Sara and Michael Sela Professor of Neurobiology Irith Ginzburg, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Sophie and Richard S. Richards Professor of Cancer Research Amiram Grinvald, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Helen Norman Asher Professor in Brain Research Yitzhak Koch, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (on extension of service) The Adlai E. Stevenson III Professor of Endocrinology and Reproductive Biology Rafael Malach, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, United States Michal Schwartz, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Maurice and Ilse Katz Professor of Neuroimmunology Menahem Segal, Ph.D., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States The Harry and Leona Levine Professor of Neurosciences Israel Silman, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (on extension of service) The Bernstein-Mason Professor of Neurochemistry Vivian I. Teichberg, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Louis and Florence Katz-Cohen Professor of Neuropharmacology Zvi Vogel, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Ruth and Leonard Simon Professor of Cancer Research Ephraim Yavin, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Bee Wiggs Professor of Molecular Biology

Professors Emeriti

Uriel Littauer, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel David Samuel, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Izchak Z. Steinberg, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Neurobiology 85

Associate Professors

Ehud Ahissar, Ph.D., Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Helen and Sanford Diller Family Professor of Neurobiology Henry Markram, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (left November 2002) The Helen and Sanford Diller Family Professor of Neurobiology (until November 2002) Dov Sagi, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The George Zlotowski Professor Michail Tsodyks, Ph.D., L.D. Landau Institute of Theoretical Physics, Moscow, Russian Federation

Senior Scientists

Ilan Lampl, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Sima Lev, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Helena Rubinstein Career Development Chair

Senior Staff Scientists

Amos Arieli, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Ester Yoles, Ph.D., Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel

Associate Staff Scientists

Eduard Korkotian, Ph.D., University of Yerevan, Armenia Hamutal Slovin, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Assistant Staff Scientists

Igal Nevo, Ph.D., University of Paris XI, France Eyal Seidemann, Ph.D., Stanford University, Stanford, United States (left July 2002)

Special Contracts

Knarik Bagdasarian, Ph.D., Orbeli's Institute of Physiology of Armenian Academy of Science, Armenia Shabtai Barash, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Engineers

Daniel Goldian, B.A., Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom Naama Rubin, M.Sc., University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States 86 Neurobiology

Consultants

Yael Adini Ivgenya Agranov, Loewenstein hospital, Ra'anana, Israel (left February 2002) Attali Bernard, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Alexander Cooperman Ilya Fleidervish, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Pnina Green, Beilinson Hospital, Petach-Tikva, Israel Michael Gutnick, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Sebastian Haidarleu Mia Levite, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Moshe Tom (left June 2002)

Visiting Scientists

Michal Besser, University of Tel-Aviv, Israel Frederic Chavane, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France Shlomit Dachir-Kanot, Israel Inst. of Bio. Res., Nes-Ziona, Israel Pinhas Fuchs, Institute for Biological Research, Nes-Ziona, Israel Miroslav Gottlieb, Inst. of Neurobiology, Koscie, Slovakia Luo Jun-Yi, Shandong Ctr. of Disease Control, PR China Xiaozhong Luo, University of Heibei Etan Markus, University of Conneticut, Storrs, CT, U.S.A. Cyril Monier, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France Michele Papa, University of Naples, Italy Sergio Serulnik, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Ma Shaoling, Henan Med. College, PR China Yasuto Tanaka, University of Berkeley, U.S.A. Nandini Vasudevan, Rockfeller University, NY, U.S.A. Caizhi Wu, Shandong Prov. Hosp., Jihan, PR China

Postdoctoral Fellows

Irit Akirav, Ph.D., Haifa University, Israel Diego Berman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Yoram Bonneh, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Frederic Chavane, France Aline Desmedt, Ph.D., Universite Bordeaux 1, France Galit Furmann, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Igor Goncharov, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Istvan A. I. Morocz, M.D., Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA Sree Kumar Ramachandran, Ph.D., Mahatma Gandhi University, India Mark Justin Shulewitz, Ph.D., University of California, USA Adolfo Talpalar, Ph.D.,M.D., Ben-Gurion University, Israel Neurobiology 87

Donghua Tian, Ph.D., M.D., Post-graduate Medical College, China Ofer Yifrach, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Orna Zagoory, Ph.D., Ben-Gurion University, Israel

Research Students

Yael Adini Mark Aizenberg Stella Aronov Yossi Arzouan Roee Atlas Amir Bahar Sharon Bakalash Pazit Bar-On Diego Berman Dmitri Bibitchkov Avital Bitan Elena Butovsky Oleg Butovsky Alon Chen Dori Derdikman Rooma Desai Jasmin Fisher Yonatan Ganor Sharon Gilaie-Dotan Ilan Goldberg Miri Goldin Anirudh Gupta Uri Hasson Ehud Hauben Ariel Kamsler Mikhail Katkov Tal Kenet Jonathan Kipnis Per Magne Knutsen Tali Kobilo Maria Korman Faina Kupershtein Yulia Lerner Vladimir Litvak Alex Loebel Ofer Melamed Armenuhi Melikyan Tal Mizrahi Roy Mukamel Shmuel Naaman Noa Ofen- Noy David Omer-Backlash Yair Pilpel Sonne Preminger Joseline Priya Ratnam Ester Miriam Schallmach Tamar Debora Schirman - Hildeshei Hadas Schori Iftach Shaked Amalia Shalom Gothilf Revital Shani Dahlia Sharon Ekaterina Sigalov Gilad Silberberg Ronen Sosnik Jimmy Stehberg Debora Steiner Alexander Sterkin Anna Sterkin Marcin Szwed Maria Toledo-Rodriguez Ivo Vanzetta Xiaolan Wang Yin Wang Eduard Yakubov Ming-Sha Zhang

Administrator

Shmuel Moshe 88 Neurobiology Veterinary Resources

Alon Harmelin, Head

The Department of Veterinary Resources provides services and facilities to the life science faculties. The department has a staff of 55. Its activities include breeding and maintenance of laboratory animals and the operation of specialized facilities.

Staff

Senior Staff Scientists

Alon Bernstein, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Tatiana Burakova, Ph.D., USSR Academy of Science, Moscow, Russian Federation (left November 2002) Ahuva Knyszynski, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Associate Staff Scientist

Rebecca Haffner-Krausz, Ph.D., University of London, London, United Kingdom

Assistant Staff Scientist

Raya Eilam-Altstadter, Ph.D., Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Veterinarians

Alon Harmelin, BVsc. MRCVS, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, School of Veterinary Medicine, R.S.A., Diplomate Eclam Ori Brenner, B.V.Sc., University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, School of Veterinary Medicine, Diplomate ACVP Bella Finarov, D.V.M., Moscow Veterinary Academy Alina Maizenberg, D.V.M., Latvia, Riga

89 90 Veterinary Resources

Engineer

Lia Itzicovitch, M.Sc., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel

Administrator

Kaduri Abudi The Helen and Norman Asher Center for Human Brain Imaging

Zvi Vogel, Director The Ruth and Leonard Simon Professor of Cancer Research

The Center for Human Brain Imaging will utilize an ultra modern facility dedicated to the imaging and understanding of human brain function. The Center will support the operations of the most advanced neuroimaging technology available, including a 4-tesla f-MRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) machine. This equipment will allow unprecedented research and diagnostic inroads into the functions and malfunctions of the human mind.

Beyond its implications for basic science, however, the potential for clinical and biomedical applications based on this research is enormous. Initially, the f-MRI's high resolution as an imaging tool will allow for much greater precision in mapping the brain (the f-MRI greatly improves upon existing technologies, for example, in locating and assessing the effects of brain tumors and tissue damage caused by cerebral events or head injuries). In the longer term, increased understanding of the causes of such mental disorders as depression, schizophrenia, autism, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, epilepsy, stroke, dementia and countless others, will lead to the development of currently unimaginable diagnostic tools and treatment modalities.

With the physical facilities of the program now in place, and good progress towards the procurement of its major equipment, the Center’s support of the f-MRI operations will enable the translation of the potential of the f-MRI into scientific reality by fostering inter-disciplinary research programs that combine several complementary approaches.

91 92 The Helen and Norman Asher Center for Human Brain Imaging The Nella and Leon Benoziyo Center for Neurosciences

Zvi Vogel, Director The Ruth and Leonard Simon Professor of Cancer Research

The Nella and Leon Benoziyo Center for Neurosciences was established in 1978. Since its creation, this center has been geared toward the promotion and support of studies of the nervous system at molecular, cellular, and multicellular levels. The Benoziyo Center supports the research of scientists in a wide range of fields at the Weizmann Institute, allowing them to unravel structure-function-activity relationships in the brain and to understand the complex neuronal mechanisms underlying learning, memory, and sensory processing (vision, taste, smell), as well as the relationship between brain and mind. Much time, intellectual effort, and financial resources still need to be devoted to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying neuroplasticity, neurosignaling cascades, network patterns, memory, and cognitive psychophysics. Solving the molecular basis of human brain disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, is high on the list of priorities of the Benoziyo Center. The Center provides financial assistance to scientists initiating new projects and to some students in need of salaries. In addition, it provides a means for reknowned world neuroscientists to visit the Weizmann Institute, and supports travel of students to international or local Neuroscience meetings.

93 94 The Nella and Leon Benoziyo Center for Neurosciences The Carl and Micaela Einhorn-Dominic Institute for Brain Research

Amiram Grinvald, Director The Helen and Norman Asher Professor of Brain Research

The Einhorn-Dominic Institute of Brain Research was inaugurated in November 1996. Among its primary missions was the initiation of new activities in brain research at the Weizmann Institute, particularly those requiring collaborations among several disciplines in several faculties. This year we focused on the planning of WIS new human brain imaging facility (F- MRI and Electroencephalography) and supported joint molecular and cellular brain research.

The Einhorn-Dominic Institute policy is to encourage brain research in the Department of Neurobiology and all other faculties at the Weizmann Institute of Science targeted at the studies of higher brain functions. Funding decision are made by the Brain Research Institute's ad-hoc Committee. The Committee will assign higher priority to support multi-disciplinary research collaborations among scientists from different departments and faculties at the WIS. The current policy is to provide a few large grants. Such support may be granted for a few years, depending on the research progress accomplished after the first year.

This year the Dominic Institute funds were allocated to five researchers: Yadin Dudai, Efraim Yavin ,Ehud Ahissar, Misha Tsodyks, Henry Markram, Shabtai Barash and Amiram Grinvald. In addition the Institute also hosted a number of eminent scientists from around the world, who gave lectures in our weekly Seminars. Visiting lecturers came to our campus from Freiburg University, The Hebrew University, Carnegie Mellon University, MIT, New York University, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Bar-Ilan University, Brandeis University and Cornell University.

95 96 The Carl and Micaela Einhorn-Dominic Institute for Brain Research The Murray H. and Meyer Grodetsky Center for Research of Higher Brain Functions

Amiram Grinvald, Director The Helen and Norman Asher Professor of Brain Research

General Activities

Based on the decision of the WIS administration, during the year 2001, 100% of the Murray H. and Meyer Grodetsky Center for Research of Higher Brain Functions supported the research of Prof. A. Grinvald.

97 98 The Murray H. and Meyer Grodetsky Center for Research of Higher Brain Functions The Robert Koch-Minerva Center for Research in Autoimmune Diseases

Irun R. Cohen, Director (until September 2002) The Helen and Morris Mauerberger Professor of Immunology

The Center was established by an endowment from the Minerva Foundation, on the basis of a competitive review by the scientists of the Minerva Foundation. The Center aims to further research in the area of autoimmune diseases.

The activities of the Center are coordinated with a Minerva Steering Committee, whose members include Prof. H. Wekerle (Chairman), Prof. H. Kolb, and Prof. S.H.E. Kaufmann from Germany, and Prof. Irun R. Cohen (Immunology), Prof. Edna Mozes (Immunology), Prof. Yaakov Naparstek (Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem), and Prof. Yehuda Shoenfeld (Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer) from Israel.

Autoimmune diseases are the result of damage to body tissues inflicted by a misguided attack of the immune system against normal self-components. The diseases caused by autoimmunity include multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, and various types of kidney, skin, muscle, and endocrine problems. The Center is active in organizing international and local conferences and workshops aimed at disseminating and strengthening communication and collaboration between research workers in the field of autoimmunity and related fields. Funds dedicated to the purchase of equipment are used to import, develop and upgrade the technical foundation of autoimmunity research at the Weizmann Institute. A third activity of the center is the support of full research proposals based on external review by the steering committee. Research proposals are invited according to the availability of funds.

99 100 The Robert Koch-Minerva Center for Research in Autoimmune Diseases The Belle S. and Irving E. Meller Center for the Biology of Aging

Israel Pecht, Director (until June 2002) The Dr. Morton and Anne Kleiman Professor

Zelig Eshhar, Director (from July 2002) The Marshaal and Renette Ezralow Professor of Chemical and Cellular Immunology

The Center, established in 1979, aims to further research that will contribute to our understanding of the fundamental biological processes related to the phenomena of aging and its pathology. Areas of research supported concentrate on the cellular interactions in the immune system, and related aspects of the structure and function of the vascular system, connective tissues, the molecular genetics of differentiation, and the molecular basis of malignant transformation.

To achieve its aims, the Center provides support for individual research and, in addition, contributes to the infrastructure of interdisciplinary research facilities at the Institute. Thus, the Center is supporting certain activities in the field of gene targeting and transgenic animals, which constitute powerful tools for studying the molecular basis of the immune system as well as various disorders that are involved in the aging process.

101 102 The Belle S. and Irving E. Meller Center for the Biology of Aging The Gabrielle Rich Center for Transplantation Biology Research

Yair Reisner, Director The Henry H. Drake Professor of Immunology

The center supports the research of Prof. Tsvee Lapidot, Prof. Dov Zipori and Prof. Yair Reisner, dedicated to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Highlights of these studies last year were as follows:

Prof. Tsvee Lapidot

To obtain the healthy stem cells for transplantation - either from a healthy donor or from the patient himself before or during treatment with chemotherapy - these cells must be "encouraged" to come out of the marrow into the bloodstream (in other words, they must be "mobilized"). To understand how this happens, we probed the turn of events in the bone marrow and found that stem cells in the marrow are freed into the blood via an "anchors aweigh" mechanism. The findings put a key protein into focus – SDF-1. This protein had previously been found by this and other research teams worldwide to anchor stem cells inside the marrow by activating adhesion molecules (molecules that serve as "glue"). We now have found that SDF-1 must be degraded for stem cell mobilization to take place and uncovered the underlying degradation mechanism. This finding which was published this year in the prestigious journal Nature Immunology, Is not only important for the understanding of the biology of stem cell transplantation but it may also lead to improved collection of stem cells for clinical transplantations.

Prof. Dov Zipori

Our studies on the interactions between hemopoietic cells and the organ me senchymal stroma indicate that transforming growth factor (TGF)β cytokines are involved in the formation of restrictive microenvironments. Activin A, one member of the TGFβ family, was initially found to cause apoptotic death of tumor B lineage cells. We have now found that activin A specifically restrains the differentiation of normal precursor B cells: activin A caused accumulation of B lineage cells at early stages of differentiation both in vivo and in vitro. This restrictive activity is not exerted on other hemopoietic lineages. The expression of such lineage specific restrictive molecules may assure the control of adult pluripotent stem cells, which occur in multiple organs and tissue types, to prevent their differentiation into directions that may endanger the integrity of the tissue.

103 104 The Gabrielle Rich Center for Transplantation Biology Research

Prof. Yair Reisner

Clinical studies continue with the implementation of our new approach, making use of ‘mega dose‘ stem cell transplants, which enables the use of mismatched family members. Although we have adequately shown the efficacy of this approach in more than 300 patients, it must be analyzed properly, the same as for any new drug by formal multi-center clinical trials in Europe and in the USA, and we are presently in the middle of this important final step.

This month we are happy to launch a web site which will serve as a quarterly bulletin, showing update of clinical and scientific data for the benefit of patients and doctors who might be interested in our approach. The site address is: http://www.haplo.org/index.php

In addition, we are focusing our efforts on a new application of stem cell transplantation for patients with diseases that could be cured by transplantation but who are not at immediate risk from their disease and, therefore, should not be exposed to the current risky protocols. Thus, the challenge is how to overcome graft rejection following mild radiation or chemotherapy based protocols. To that end, based on encouraging results in the mouse model, we are currently developing new cell preparations which could be given in conjunction with the stem cells in order to facilitate engraftment of the latter cells under such safe conditions. The Willner Family Center for Vascular Biology

Hadassa Degani, Director Fred and Andrea Fallek Professor of Breast Cancer Research

The Willner Family Center for Vascular Biology was officially inaugurated on November 3rd, 1999. The Center was designed to focus on the regulation of key biological processes in vascular systems such as blood, and on the identification of signaling molecules, their receptors, their target cells, and the mechanisms involved in the transduction of these signals. Since de-regulation of such processes are a cause for many human diseases (e.g., heart failure, stroke, and cancer), an effort is made to use our results to develop tools for early diagnosis of these ailments, and for the design of new drugs for pharmacological intervention.

Designed by Prof. Shmuel Shaltiel, who was the first Director of the Center, the long-range goals of the Center are: (i) to support innovative ideas, while still in their seeding stage, when it is not yet possible to obtain financial support from conventional funding agencies; (ii) to nurture budding research of young outstanding investigators before their reputation is established; (iii) to finance research that requires an inter-disciplinary effort; (iv) to encourage collaboration with hospitals and with other centers of excellence in Israel and abroad; (v) to train doctoral and post-doctoral students in bioregulation and vascular biology.

The Center supported this year the scientific work of the following groups: Prof. Hadassa Degani ($30,000) - "Angiogenesis in Breast Cancer - from Molecular Biology to diagnostic MRI and MRS": The onset, growth and spread of cancer have been characterized by molecular and cellular methods based mostly on extraction and cell-free analyses. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) allow to further explore, noninvasively, the anatomic, physiologic and metabolic characteristics of malignancy. We have performed studies aimed to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the regulation of tumor progression, invasion and metastasis. New methodologies and algorithms to map tumor vasculature architecture and perfusion capacity were developed, using tracers (HDO), contrast agents and difffusion MRI. In addition, a method to measure the perfusion and metabolic fate of glucose and its main product, lactate, was refined. These multiple techniques were applied to monitor progression and metastasis of human breast cancer and prostate cancer implanted orthtopically in mice. The results revealed large inter- and intra- tumoral heterogeneity of the vasculature and highlighted the necessity to image cancer at high spatial resolution. We also demonstrated that the vascular volume and flow show poor correlation in tumors, indicating an irregular structure of the capillary walls. Hormonal modulation of tumor progression using antiestrogens altered the vasculature properties, increasing the capillary permeability and affecting flow, presumably by modulating specific vascular growth and permeability factors. This treatment also modulated the metabolic fate of glucose and suppressed the rate of glycolysis. The clinical

105 106 The Willner Family Center for Vascular Biology testing of the method that we have developed for breast cancer diagnosis (termed the 3TP MRI method), which is based on mapping the vasculature permeability and cell density, has been extended to additional medical centers. In the Hospital of Boca Raton, Florida, the protocol was improved to include imaging of both breasts at the same time. Even in the presence of complex breast enhancement, the 3TP method permitted accurate diagnosis of malignant and benign lesions. The 3TP method has been recently adapted for prostate cancer diagnosis and clinical trials have been initiated in Israel.

Prof. Yosef Yarden ($30,000) Cell-to-cell interactions are essential for embryonic development and for a plethora of physiological processes in adulthood (e.g., wound healing).Along with hormones and neurotransmitters, growth factors are the major messengers of intercellular communication in mammals. Many growth factors bind trans-membrane receptors whose cytoplasmic domain initiates signaling by means of an intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, and oncogenic processes often exploit growth factor signaling for malignant transformation. An example is provided by the ErbB family of receptors for the epidermal growth factor (EGF) and neuregulins: self-production of ligands (autocrine loops), truncated ErbB-1 variants and over-expression of ErbB-2 are frequently associated with virulent tumors, such as carcinomas and glioblastomas. Our past studies concentrated on understanding the layered structure of the ErbB network of signaling and its positive regulators-- a group of adaptors and enzymes. Interestingly, a significant portion of the network is devoted to tuning of signals, a process accomplished by a fine balance between positive and negative signaling pathways. Genetic evidence derived from worms and flies suggests that negative circuits were added to the network relatively late in evolution, and they exhibit unexpected variation and complexity. Concentrating on negative mechanisms, we found that ligand-induced endocytosis and degradation of active receptors is a major regulatory pathway involving not only phopshorylation, but also ubiquitination of receptors and associated molecules. Alongside, constitutive endocytosis and chaperone-mediated stabilization of kinase B9s conformation are essential for network maintenance. In addition, because ErbB proteins are asymmetrically expressed on the surface of neuronal and epithelial cells, multi-molecular complexes regulating post-synthesis sorting are important for signaling. In-depth understanding of network B9s desensitization may facilitate development of new cancer therapies. For example, antibody-induced endocytic removal of ErbB proteins is already in clinical use and drugs interfering with kinase activity or chaperone B9s function are being tested on cancer patients. Identification of still unknown mechanisms that shut down oncogenic signal transduction will eventually expand the arsenal of therapeutic strategies.

Prof. Moti Liscovitch ($20,000) - "Rafts and Caveolae: Platforms for Launching Signaling Cascades and Plasma Membrane Terminals for Drug Transport": Our work is directed towards understanding the cell and molecular biology of phospholipase D and its role(s) in control of cell growth, differentiation and function. We have been studying the cellular and molecular physiology of eukaryotic phospholipase D isozymes, including their localization, mechanisms of activation and possible functions. Currently, we are engaged in identification and cloning of a second yeast phospholipase D gene; we study the differential localization of mammalian phospholipase D isozymes in specific membrane microdomains; we investigate the possible role of phospholipase D2 in caveolae-mediated endocytosis and signaling; and we explore the action(s) and target(s) of phosphatidic acid as a mediator of specific cellular events. The Willner Family Center for Vascular Biology 107

A second, related subject involves the role of caveolin in cancer multidrug resistance. Multidrug resistance severely impairs the efficacy of cancer chemotherapy. Several protein transporters that mediate drug export have been identified, but additional adaptations appear to be necessary for a full-fledged drug resistance. We have recently shown that caveolae and the caveolar coat protein caveolin are dramatically up-regulated in multidrug resistant cancer cells and that the multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein is localized in caveolae-like domains. We are studying the possible involvement of caveolin-dependent mechanisms in mediating drug resistance and the impact of high caveolin expression on the phenotypic transformation of multidrug resistant cancer cells. In addition, studies are underway aimed to elucidate the molecular basis for targeting P-glycoprotein, a multispan integral membrane protein, to caveolae-like domains.

Prof. Michal Neeman ($20,000) - "Magnetic resonance imaging of angiogenesis": Remodeling of blood vessels is an integral and essential component of reproduction, development, wound healing and cancer. The goal of our group is to define the regulation of specific elements involved in the control of angiogenesis and their integration in vivo. For that end we develop non invasive MRI methods for mapping vascular expansion and regression, stabilization of vessels by their maturation, adjustment of vessel permeability and the role of blood vessels and proangiogenic factors in modification of the extracellular matrix and lymphatic function. Using these tools we monitor the kinetics of vascular remodeling in the live animal, during normal development, wound repair and cancer, and study the response to defined molecular, pharmacological or physical intervention aimed to suppress or stimulate angiogenesis. Over the last year our effort included evaluation of the role of neovasculature in dormancy of ovarian carcinoma tumors, analysis of the role of hyaluronan in mediating adhesion and angiogenesis in the normal ovary and ovarian cancer and a study of the acute response to VEGF and the role of VEGF in lymphatic function. 108 The Willner Family Center for Vascular Biology The Women's Health Research Center

Varda Rotter, Director The Norman and Helen Asher Professor of Cancer Research

The Woman's Health Research Center is interested in promoting studies on gender -related physiology and disorder leading to specific pathologies. The center, focused on issues concerning fertility, cancer and osteoporosis, is trying to bridge between between basic research and clinical studies. The center supports basic research in ovarian function, such as the regulation of female germ cell development into an ovum, capable of fertilization and embryonic development. Any impairment in these processes may lead to infertility. Basic research in this area led to remarkable achievements in the development of assisted reproductive techniques and offers high hope improve human health through advances in stem cell research and therapeutic cloning. Another focus of the center are gender specific malignancies. It is well accepted that various cancer types are greatly dependent on hormonal control and thus better understanding of the relationship between gender specific tumors and hormones that may contribute to better diagnosis and therapy of such tumors. Support of the center of basic research on the structure and development of bones is directly pertaining to the development of osteoporosis and its potential cure.

109 110 The Women's Health Research Center The Yad Abraham Research Center for Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy

Benjamin Geiger, Director The Erwin Neter Professor of Cell and Tumor Biology

The Yad Abraham Research Center for Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy was established in 1998 to promote cancer research, and in particular for the development of new avenues for early detection of malignant processes and the of novel therapeutic approaches. The Center supports research projects focusing on the genetic basis for cancer, including the characterization of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes and studies on the relationships between cancer and programmed cell death. Special attention is given to studies concerning the relationship between malignant processes studied in vitro and in experimental animals and those associated with human cancer. The Center promotes interdisciplinary studies combining molecular approaches at the cellular level with studies at the level of the intact organism.

Recently, the Center supported studies on The involvement of p53 and its regulators in human cancer; The modulation of cell-cell adhesion and other cellular manifestations of the transformed phenotype; New approaches for induction of apoptosis in ovarian carcinomas; Involvement of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion in cancer and in the regulation of cell growth and motility; The role of E2F transcription factors in cancer.

In addition, the Center organized a series of nation-wide workshops addressing different aspects of blood-vessel biology, with an emphasis on tumor angiogenesis. The coordinator of these widely attended workshops is Prof. Michal Ne'eman.

111 Faculty of Chemistry

Dean: Lia Addadi The Dorothy and Patrick Gorman Professor

Israel Dostrovsky, Ph.D. (University of London) Institute Professor The Agnes Spencer Professor of Physical Chemistry 136 Faculty of Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry

Dean: Lia Addadi The Dorothy and Patrick Gorman Professor

Department of Chemical Physics

The department consists of theoreticians and experimentalists working at the interface between physics and chemistry. The experimental research is focused, in general, on the understanding of the interaction of matter with different kinds of radiation or charged particles. The effect of the chemical environment on this interaction is investigated by methods such as magnetic resonance, laser spectroscopy, electron tunneling, and electron transmission. New experimental techniques are developed and then applied to a variety of problems in chemistry, physics and biophysics such as photochemistry on semiconductor surfaces, the study of protein folding through single molecule spectroscopy, and the study of molecules as possible candidates for electronic devices. The manipulation of chemical reactions by lasers is studied both theoretically and experimentally and the effect of strong laser fields on matter is probed. Extensive theoretical research is also devoted to the complexity of nature and non linear dynamics, reaction dynamics in condensed matter, electron transfer reaction in solutions and quantum optics.

Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research

The research at the department is focused on understanding the complex inter - relationships among the major Earth systems and between the human need for alternative energy source and the consequent impact on the Earth's environment. The efforts are equally split between field/ experimental work and theoretical studies.

The research into climate change and the atmospheric greenhouse effect takes several directions, including climate dynamics, oceanic circulation, paleoceanography and the study of past climatic patterns, plant-environment interaction and atmospheric chemistry as the basic means to understand and predict future changes.

In Hydrology, the research activity has centered on combination of field and laboratory studies with theoretical models to understand flow of water and chemicals from the ground surface, through the unsaturated zone into the geological saturated formations.

The Solar Energy research is focused on all aspects of using concentrated solar light. It includes the development of new hybrid solar thermal systems, solar fuels, concentrated

115 116 Faculty of Chemistry photovoltaic systems and solar lasers. A technology transfer to the industry was initiated as a result of this work.

Our main objective for the future is to develop scientific activities based on experimental studies, providing the basis for integration of field observations into mathematical models. The dynamic of the atmosphere, environmental analytical chemistry, field hydrology and climate prediction are among the main fields that we want to develop in the near future.

Department of Materials and Interfaces

The Department of Materials and Interfaces of the Weizmann Institute of Science is an interdisciplinary scientific unit composed of physicists, chemists and materials scientists. A common theme of much of the research done in the department is the design of materials from elementary units with unique, pre-designed functionality (either atomic, molecular or macromolecular). A complementary effort involves the understanding of the functionality of various materials, based on cooperative phenomena of assemblage of molecules into supramolecular architectures. In addition to new insights in how materials properties can be understood from their atomic, molecular and macromolecular composition and structure, this permits the development of new high performance materials for numerous applications.

Some recent achievements include: design and preparation of diodes with films of simple organic compounds at the interface, which allow for electrostatic control over the diode performance; understanding how trans-membrane transfer of very large biomolecules such as DNA occurs; development of a new method for getting depth information on a nanometer scale, using XPS measurements; rheological properties of ultra thin water films; spontaneous enantio-selective polymerization of polypeptides on the water surface; new analytical technique for films adsorbed on gold substrate using the shift of the plasmon resonance frequency; predictions of novel network structures in microemulsions and electro- and magneto-rheological fluids. Different research directions include nanotribological studies that reveal that polymer brushes can enormously reduce friction between rubbing surfaces and that liquid films can abruptly solidify when confined; early stages of crystal nucleation-a stereochemical approach using X-crystallography; study of a surface superconducting state in Na-doped WO3 with indications for Tc at 91K; nano-lithography of modified self-assembled organic monolayers; self-standing thin ferroelectric films; nano-mechanics of carbon nanotubes including their use as in-situ stress sensors in polymer matrices; synthesis of inorganic nested fullerenes that display improved tribological properties, as well as the synthesis of new inorganic nanotubes. New insight in how nanoparticulate materials can be used to convert sun light to electrical energy and how polycrystalline film solar cells can be stabilized.

Research in the Department of Organic Chemistry

The areas of research in the Department of Organic Chemistry include synthetic and mechanistic organic, inorganic and organometallic chemistry involving novel reactions for organic synthesis; syntheses of physiologically active compounds; polymeric reagents; bond activation studies; homogeneous catalysis by specifically designed metal complexes; selective Faculty of Chemistry 117 oxidation catalysis by polyoxometalates; and the development of molecule-based technologies. Bioorganic chemistry includes the studies of plant antiviral agents; the molecular mechanism of action of rhodopsin; artificial ion carriers and molecular sensors. Biological chemistry includes studies on structure, function, and mode of action of biologically active peptides and proteins; thermophilic enzymes; enzymes involved in DNA repair, DNA and RNA processing; and studies of ordered, compact states of nucleic acids. Methods for very accurate ab initio calculations of molecular properties are being developed and applied.

Department of Structural Biology

The Department is committed to research in the major areas of structural biology and is investigating biological systems from the atomic to the cellular level of organization. The ultimate goal is to obtain a complete picture of biological structures in their complexity, with a continuity at all length scales, from Angstroms to millimetres. The structures of biological macromolecules and their complexes are studied at the length scale of Angstroms by X-ray diffraction from crystals, and in solution by advanced spectroscopic techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance and EXAFS. Electron microscopy, electron tomography and atomic force miscroscopy are imaging techniques that span the range between nanometers and microns, from single molecules to macromolecular assemblies and whole tissue organization.

The elucidation of the relations between structure and function of key components in main biological pathways is one of the generalized goals of the research conducted in the Department. One such pathway is the translation of the genetic code from DNA to proteins. A highlight of the past year has been the continued progress in determination of different ribosome structures also in complex with antibiotics. These most significant achievements crown the titanic efforts of tens of years of research aimed at elucidating the structure and mechanism of action of ribosomes. Ribosomes are giant particles composed of RNA and more than 50 proteins that are the principal protein synthesis machinery of the cell. The mechanism of translation of the code into proteins is also investigated by X-ray crystallography of tRNA synthetases and their complexes. Additional research in this area includes work on helicases that unwind RNA, analysis of the theoretical linguistic aspects of the code itself and elucidation of the 3-D structure of DNA and of DNA-protein complexes. Chaperone-assisted protein folding constitutes the last 'station' in the pathway.

Structural and dynamical aspects of enzyme and protein function and recognition constitute another focal point of activity. Examples are studies on the mechanism of acetylcholinesterase, a key enzyme in the transmission of nerve impulses, on proteins regulating membrane - fusion and virus entry into the cell and on protein - saccharide complexes. Antibody - antigen recognition is studied using NMR and the tools of molecular biology to unravel the energetic contributions of single interactions, and through antibodies interacting with monolayer and crystal surfaces.

Studies on the relations between organic and mineral components and between structure, function and mechanical properties of mineralised tissues including bone, teeth, shells and many others, are performed over the whole range of hierarchical organizations. The 118 Faculty of Chemistry development of new techniques in archeological chemistry provides information about human life conditions and technologies in prehistoric times .

The X-ray and NMR facilities are now state-of-the-art. A major upgrade in The electron microscopy facility has also taken place with the addition of two high resolution transmission electron microscopes and an environmental field emission scanning electron microscope. Chemical Physics

Daniella Goldfarb, Head

The research in the Department of Chemical Physics covers a wide range of interdisciplinary subjects, combining the fields of chemistry, physics and biophysics

New techniques are being developed in solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for the study of mesoporous materials, polypeptides and proteins by Shimon Vega. Solid and liquid state NMR techniques are also being developed for the investigation of new materials and of biological structure and dynamics by Lucio Frydman. NMR methods are also used by Zeev Luz to investigate ordering and dynamics processes in condensed phases. Electron spin resonance (ESR) and double resonance spectroscopic (ENDOR) techniques are developed and applied by Daniella Goldfarb for the characterization of metal active sites in porous inorganic catalysts and metalloenzymes and for the study of the formation mechanism of the mesostructured mesoporus materials.

Theoretical methods are being applied for the investigation of microscopic and macroscopic properties of matter. Bimolecular reactions and dynamics in condensed phases, photoinduced process, spectroscopy and energy relaxation of polyatomic molecules are being studied by Eli Pollak. The fluorescence quenching by electron transfer assisted by diffusion and spin conversion in free ions, radicals and triplets production are being studied by Anatoly I. Burshtein within the original integral encounter theory, beyond the rate concept. The complexity in nature and the scaling and geometry of turbulence advection are being investigated by Itamar Procaccia. Fractal growth patterns were studied using iterated conformal maps, thus solving some old open problems. Recent research considered fracture of material and drag reduction in turbulent flows.

Lasers and their interaction with matter are being investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Light-matter interactions (quantum optics) and their applications for quantum information are being investigated theoretically by Gershon Kurizki in periodic structures, cavities, cold atom gases and condensates. Ilya Averbukh and Yehiam Prior study, both theoretically and experimentally, various aspects of nonlinear optical interactions, including excitation and detection of atomic and molecular wavepackets prepared by shaped femtosecond pulses, nonlinear optical interactions under the tip of a scanning near-field optical microscope, femtosecond laser material processing and molecular alignment and orientation by strong laser fields, atom optics and atom lithography applications. Moshe Shapiro is investigating, theoretically and experimentally, the coherent control of chemical reactions and the purification by optical means of racemic mixtures of optical isomers and the construction

119 120 Chemical Physics of decoherence-free spaces for quantum computation. David J. Tannor is studying, theoretically, femtosecond control of chemical reactions, and dissipative quantum mechanics.

Ron Naaman is investigating the use of molecules as components in electronic devices and sensors. This includes studying the electronic properties of organized thin molecular films and investigating information transfer through them. Gilad Haran uses fluroescence and Raman microspectroscopy to probe single-molecule dynamics, and study processes ranging from protein folding to adsorbate diffusion on nanoparticles.

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Lucio Frydman, Ph.D., University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Guastalla Fellow Daniella Goldfarb, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Gershon Kurizki, Ph.D., University of New Mexico The George W. Dunne Professor of Chemical Physics Ron Naaman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Aryeh and Mintzi Katzman Professor Eliyahu Pollak, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Sam and Ayala Zacks Professor Yehiam Prior, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, United States The Sherman Professor of Physical Chemistry Itamar Procaccia, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Barbara and Morris L. Levinson Professor of Chemical Physics Moshe Shapiro, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Jacques Mimran Professor David Joshua Tannor, Ph.D., University of California, Los Angeles, United States Shimon Vega, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Joseph and Marian Robbins Professor

Professors Emeriti

Zeev Luz, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel

Associate Professors

Ilya Averbukh, Ph.D., USSR Academy of Science Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation The Patricia Elman Bildner Professor of Solid State Chemistry Gad Haase, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (left October 2002) Incumbent of the Jacob and Alphonse Laniado Career Development Chair of Industrial and Energy Research (until October 2002) Chemical Physics 121

Senior Scientists

Gilad Haran, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Benjamin H. Swig and Jack D. Weiler Career Development Chair Zeev Olami, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (deceased October 2002) Incumbent of the Morris and Ida Wolf Career Development Chair (until October 2002)

Senior Staff Scientist

Peter Stern, Ph.D., The City University of New York, United States

Associate Staff Scientist

Abraham Kofman, Ph.D., Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation

Assistant Staff Scientists

Shifra Kababya, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Anna Pomyalov, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Special Contracts

Anatoly Burshtein, Ph.D., Siberian Branch of the Academy of Science, Russian Federation The Council of Higher Education Fellowship to Senior Immigrant Scientist Victor Lvov, Ph.D., Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation

Engineer

Naomi Raz, M.Sc., University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

Consultant

Avraham Rosenberg (left October 2002) Rafael Pupko

Visiting Scientists

Vladimir Akulin, CNRS, Campus d’Orsay, France Alexander Artemyev, General Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia Mikhail Brik, Kuban State University (KSU), Russia Alexander Burin 122 Chemical Physics

Peter Halevi, University of Mexico, Mexico Yong He, Chinese Acad. of Sci. at Shanghai, PR China G.E. Hentschel, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A. Mark Keil, University of Oklahoma, U.S.A. Biswanath Mallik, Indian Ass. for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta, India Igor E. Mazets, Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia Claude Nogues, CNRS ,Thiers, France Duncan O’Dell, University of Sussex at Falmer, UK Ruben Pasmenter, Royal Dutch Meteorological Inst., de Bilt, Nederland Avraham Rosenberg, Hebrew University , Rehovot, Israel Ming-Liang Zhang, University of Antwerp (RUCA), Belgium Herbert Zimmermann, Max Planck Inst., Heidelberg, Germany

Postdoctoral Fellows

Alexander Artemyev, Ph.D., General Physics Institute, Russia Felipe Javier Barra de la Guarda, Ph.D., Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Patrick Carl, Ph.D., University of Iowa, USA Yossi Elran, Ph.D., Bar-Ilan University, Israel Boris Epel, Ph.D., Kazan State University, Russia Einat Frishman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Tihamer Geyer, Ph.D., University of Freiburg, Germany Thomas Gilbert, Ph.D., University of Maryland, USA Paolo Giuliani, Ph.D., University of L'Aquila, Italy Christopher Vincent Grant, Ph.D., University of California, USA Hanno Hammer, Ph.D., University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Miron Hazani, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Mauricio Rene Herrera Marin, Ph.D. Ramaswamy Kannan, Ph.D., Indian Institute of Science, India Adonis Vasile Lupulescu, Ph.D., Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania M Mahendran, Ph.D., Madurai Kamaraj University, India Kotecha Mrignayani, Ph.D., University of Jabalpur, India Nandakumar Patincharath, Ph.D., Indian Institute of Technology, India Sophie Pellegrin, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, France David Petrosyan, Ph.D., Technological Institute, Holon, Israel Silvia Pizzanelli, Ph.D., Universita' di Pisa, Italy Jyotipratim Ray Chaudhuri, Ph.D., Jadavpur University, India Anna Elizabeth Rhoades, Ph.D., The University of Michigan, USA Alexander Samokhvalov, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Ioannis Thanopoulos, Ph.D., Swiss Federal Institute of Technology-ETH, Switzerland Vasyl Tyberkevych, Ph.D., Kiev National Taras Shevchenko University, Ukraine Qun Zhang, Ph.D., University of Science & Technology of China, China Shesheng Zhang, Ph.D., Wuhan Transportation University, China Chemical Physics 123

Research Students

Itai Arad Dafna Arieli Reit Artzi Debbie Baute Maya Benninga Eran Bouchbinder Erez Boukobza Itai Carmeli Raanan Carmieli Yoram Cohen Zeev Fradkin Inbal Friedler Amir Goldbourt Gil Goobes Julia Grinshtein Supratim Guha Ray Tamar Kustanovich-Flor Yosef Yehuda Kuttner Monika Leibscher Anders Levermann Mari Oara Neumann Iftakh Nevo Iddo Pinkas Alexander Samokhvalov Boaz Shapira Shlomo Sklarz Mark Vilensky Elena Vinogradov Amir Weiss Kaiyin Zhang

Administrator

Varda Katzir 124 Chemical Physics Environmental Sciences and Energy Research

Aldo Shemesh, Head

This Department, established in 1990, is dedicated to understanding the complex inter- relationships among the major earth systems and between the human need for energy and the consequent impact on the earthõs environment. This requires knowledge of all the interdependent ecosystems that together constitute the environment, as well as a commitment to improving the manner in which humans utilize energy.

The Department's research activities have several areas of focus. One is in the field of physical oceanography and hydrology. A second is in the use of stable isotopes for paleoclimatic reconstruction and biosphere-atmosphere interactions, and a third is in the field of atmospheric chemistry. Research in solar energy is conducted in a dedicated facility, the Solar Tower, on campus. The Department is distinguished by the fact that many collaborations exist among faculty members from quite different backgrounds. Such collaborations are viewed as essential in the fields of environmental and energy sciences.

The following is a partial list of research projects that are currently conducted in the department:

Climate Stability and Variability. El Niño Dynamics. Climate Change and the Stable Isotope Record of Marine and Continental Sediments. Plant Environment Interactions. Atmospheric Processes of Key Species in the Ozone Photochemical Production Cycle. Heterogeneous Chemistry of Peroxy Radicals and the Atmospheric Fate of Multifunctional Organic Nitrates. Fluid Flow and Chemical Transport in Fractured and Heterogeneous Porous Media. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (NMRI) of Fluid Flow in Rock Fractures. Water/chemical Infiltration in the Unsaturated Zone and Capillary Fringe Theory of Chemical Transport in Heterogeneous Porous Media. Chemical and Isotopic Indicators of Connate Groundwater. Photochemistry and Solar Energy. Solar Receiver. Energy Transport in complex media. High-Temperature Solar-Driven Thermodynamic Cycles. Solar Neutrinos.

125 126 Environmental Sciences and Energy Research

The interdisciplinary nature of the Department is well reflected in the academic training of the research students. Their backgrounds vary enormously from physics to biology and geology. We encourage the participation of students who are interested in not only investigating in depth a specific subject, but who are also interested in a broader, more integrative approach to science.

Home Page: www.weizmann.ac.il/ESER/home.html

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Israel Dostrovsky, Ph.D., University of London, London, United Kingdom Institute Professor The Agnes Spencer Professor of Physical Chemistry Eli Tziperman, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States The Barry Rymer Family Professor

Professors Emeriti

Joel R Gat, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Martin M. Halmann, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel

Associate Professors

Brian Berkowitz, Ph.D., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel The Sam Zuckerberg Professor Jacob Karni, Ph.D., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States Yinon Rudich, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the William Z. and Eda Bess Novick Career Development Chair Aldo Shemesh, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Dan Yakir, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem at Rehovot, Rehovot, Israel

Senior Scientist

Einat Aharonov, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States Yigal Allon Fellow Incumbent of the Anna and Maurice Boukstein Career Development Chair

Associate Staff Scientist

Ruth Yam, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Environmental Sciences and Energy Research 127

Assistant Staff Scientists

Elisabetta Boaretto, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Irina Vishnevetsky, Ph.D., Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation

Special Contract

Harvey Scher, Ph.D., Syracuse University, Syracuse, United States (retired September 2002)

Engineer

Ruth M.J. Benmair, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Consultants

Israel Carmi Emanuel Mazor Harvey Scher Bruno Yaron Jehuda Yinon (left September 2002)

Visiting Scientists

Sariel Shalev, University of Haifa, Israel Valery Tewilliger, University of Kansas, U.S.A.

Postdoctoral Fellows

Rudi Bertocchi, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Youjian Chen, Ph.D., Peking University, China Andrea Cortis, Ph.D., Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Marco Dentz, Ph.D., Universitat Heidelberg, Germany Jose Marc Gruenzweig, Ph.D., Agriculture Faculty, Israel Deborah Louise Hemming, Ph.D., University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Helene Jacot des Combes, Ph.D., Universite de Lille, France Regina Katsman, Ph.D., Technion, Israel Tongbao Lin, Ph.D., Agriculture Faculty, Israel Eyal Rotenberg, Ph.D., Technion, Israel Burkhard Wilske, Ph.D., Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany 128 Environmental Sciences and Energy Research

Research Students

Hagit Pninah Affek Rudi Bertocchi Simon Emmanuel Alla Falkovich Eli Galanti Ilia Gelfand Morna Isaac Hanna Klein Melissa Levy Gennady Margolin Kadmiel Maseyk Tamar Moise Nir Naftali Hanita Ovdat Miri Rietti-Shati Aya Schneider Mor Olga Singurindy Keren Treves Roberto Ventrella Mark Vilensky

Administrator

Neomi Baumann Materials and Interfaces

Reshef Tenne, Head

The scientific activities of the department, which are interdisciplinary and involve close interactions among chemists, physicists, materials scientists, theoreticians, and experimentalists, follow two major themes: 1) the design and understanding of the properties of new materials, and 2) the investigation of the structure and interactions of interfaces, their modification, and their role in determining macroscopic properties of inorganic, organic, and biological materials. Synthetic studies focus on the generation of new tailor-made functional materials, including molecularly-engineered semiconductors and molecular transistors (D. Cahen), nanocrystalline materials, quantum dot semiconductors and nanowires (G. Hodes, M. Lahav, I. Rubinstein), ultra-strong solid composites and carbon nanotube-based structures (D. Wagner, E. Joselevich), inorganic fullerene-like structures and inorganic nanotubes (R. Tenne), photovoltaic materials (D. Cahen, G. Hodes), thin films of ferroelectric materials and related dielectric materials (I. Lubomirsky). Tungsten oxide, which is surface enriched by alkali metals was found to exhibit superconducitivity with high transition temperatures (S. Reich). Ab-initio calculations of novel nanostructured materials, molecular clusters, and semiconductors is being carried-out (L. Kronik). Materials development at interfaces includes ultrathin films on electrodes (I. Rubinstein), constructive nanolithography (J. Sagiv), polymer functionalisation of surfaces, rheology and tribological behavior of fluids in confined spaces (J. Klein). Thin organic films composed of interfacially active molecules with unique, chemical and physical are being studied, including their optical and electronic properties (D. Cahen, M. Lahav, L. Leiserowitz, I. Rubinstein, J. Sagiv). Analytical and experimental studies treat many aspects of complex fluids (J. Klein, S. Safran), as well as biopolymer networks and membranes in vitro and in living cells, with a focus on their role in molecular transport (M. Elbaum). The kinetics of RecA protein assembly on single strand DNA molecule is followed by polarized fluorescence measurements (R. Bar-Ziv). Artificial mimetic circuits for gene transcription are studied (R. Bar-Ziv). Theoretical studies focus on understanding and prediction of the structure, of bulk and surface properties, surface instabilities in supercooled liquids, microemulsions, ferrofluids, elastic solid films, and the dynamics theory of complex materials (Z. Alexandrowitz, J. Klein, S. Safran). Studies on chiral aggregates and clusters related to the problem of origin of chirality on earth are continuing (M. Lahav, L. Leiserowitz). Sophisticated characterization techniques such as X-ray reflectivity and surface diffraction, X- ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red, surface force measurements, ellipsometry, electrochemistry, surface plasmon spectroscopy, Raman microscopy, high- resolution optical imaging, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy continue to be applied to the study of the structure and function of surfaces, thin films, membranes, and polymers. A nano/bio facility, including

129 130 Materials and Interfaces photo- and e-beam lithography has been established enabling fabrication of biomimetic transducers on silicon chips in a clean room environment. http://www.weizmann.ac.il/material

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

David Cahen, Ph.D., Northwestern University, Evanston, United States The Rowland and Sylvia Schaefer Professor in Energy Research Jacob Klein, Ph.D., University of Cambridg, Cambridge, United Kingdom The Hermann Mark Professor of Polymer Physics Meir Lahav, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (on extension of service) The Margaret Thatcher Professor of Chemistry Shimon Reich, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Robert W. Reneker Professor of Industrial Chemistry Israel Rubinstein, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Samuel Safran, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States The Fern and Manfred Steinfeld Professor Reshef Tenne, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Daniel Hanoch Wagner, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Livio Norzi Professor

Professors Emeriti

Zeev Alexandrowicz, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Joseph Jagur-Grodzinski, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Leslie Leiserowitz, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Moshe Levy, Ph.D., State University of New York, Syracuse, United States Joost Manassen, Ph.D., University of Amsterdam

Associate Professors

Michael Elbaum, Ph.D., University of Washington, Seattle, United States Incumbent of the Delta Career Development Chair (until November 2002) Rony Granek, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (left September 2002) Incumbent of the Morris and Rose Goldman Career Development Chair (until September 2002) Gary Hodes, Ph.D., Queen's University of Belfast Jacob Sagiv, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Materials and Interfaces 131

Senior Scientists

Roy Bar Ziv, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Yigal Allon Fellow Incumbent of the Beracha Foundation Career Development Chair Ernesto Joselevich, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Yigal Allon Fellow Incumbent of the Dr. Victor L. Erlich Career Development Chair Leeor Kronik, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Incumbent of the Delta Career Development Chair Igor Lubomirsky, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Helen and Milton A. Kimmelman Career Development Chair

Senior Staff Scientists

Rivka Maoz, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Ronit Popovitz-Biro, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Isabelle Weissbuch, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Associate Staff Scientist

Alexander Vaskevich, Ph.D., Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys, Moscow, Russian Federation

Assistant Staff Scientist

Rita Rosentsveig, Ph.D., Leningrad Technological Institute, Russian Federation

Special Contracts

Grigorii Leitus, Ph.D., Metallurgy Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation Ilija Zon, Ph.D., Academy of Science USSR, Moscow, Russian Federation

Consultants

Vladimir Alperovich, Negev Torenado Ltd., Sde-Boker, Israel (left December 2002) Haim Grunbaum, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Ana Yaron Albu, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel

Visiting Scientist

Guatam Desiraju, School of Chemistry, Hyderabad, India 132 Materials and Interfaces

Cecile Fradin, CEA Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France Antoine Kahn, Princeton University, USA Yao Feng Yuan, University of Zaragoza, Spain

Postdoctoral Fellows

Eric Assouline, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Asa Hilton Barber, Ph.D., University of London, Imperial College, United Kingdom Yardena Bohbot-Raviv, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Carole Cooper, Ph.D., University of Manchester, United Kingdom Daniel (Janusz) Fidelus, Ph.D., University of Mining and Metallurgy in Krakow, Poland Daniel Frankel, Ph.D., University of St. Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom Mark Frogley, Ph.D., University of London, United Kingdom Nir Gov, Ph.D., Technion, Israel Mark Greenberg, Ph.D., Technion, Israel Hossam Haick, Ph.D., Technion, Israel Tao He, Ph.D., Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy, China Stephanie Hoeppener, Ph.D., W.W.University of Muenster, Germany Nir Kampf, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Michal Lahav, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Amir Lichtenstein, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Shantang Liu, Ph.D., Peking University, China Jaya Parameswaran Nair, Ph.D., Barkatullah University, India Jose Geraldo Nery, Univ. of Sao-Paulo & Santa Barbara, USA Alice Nicolas, Ph.D., Universite Joseph Fourier, France Uri Raviv, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Ella Zimmerman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel

Research Students

Ovadia Abed Alisa Band Ronit Buller Amnon Buxbaum Avi Caspi Liraz Chai Ilanit Doron-Mor Ran Eliash Jamal Ghabboun Guy Hed Ronen Kopito Aurelie Lachish-Zalait Dmitry Lukatsky Rachel Malka Alexander Margolin Diana Ravich Uri Raviv Yaron Rosenfeld Hacohen Irit Ruach Nir Irina Rubinsein Sven Ruhle Hanna Salman Adi Salomon Shaibal K. Sarkar Christoph Schuffenhauer Tali Sehayek Materials and Interfaces 133

Ilya Shlar Inna Solomonov Mao Tang Zvi Tlusty Ayelet Vilan Iris VisolyFisher Palle Von Huth Meni Wanunu Shira Yochelis Gov-Ary Alla Zak Qing Zhao Anton Zilman

Administrator

Zelu Itzicovitch 134 Materials and Interfaces Organic Chemistry

David Milstein, Head The Israel Matz Professor of Organic Chemistry

The research in the Department of Organic Chemistry spans a wide range of topics, including synthetic-, organometallic-, polymer-, biorganic-, biological- and computational chemistry.

Synthetic methods based either on sulfur-mediated sequential reactions or on intramolecularization of reactions by temporary sulfur connection have been developed by Mario Bachi's group and applied to the synthesis of antimalarial peroxides and of neuroactive amino acids. The particular properties of the Carbon to Sulfur bond and its aptitude to participate in homolytic chain reactions allows the integration of these two approaches in a unified strategy. Following this strategy, new stereoselective reactions, as for example, alkenyl group translocation through tandem cyclization - elimination processes are being developed for the synthesis of particular cis-substituted pyrrolidines.

Electron-rich complexes of transition metals, capable of insertion and activation of some of the strongest bonds are being developed by David Milstein. The selective insertion of a metal into a simple carbon-carbon bond presents new prospects for selective hydrocarbon functionalization. Activation of N-H and O-H bonds opens new directions for the selective use of ammonia and water. Facile activation of bonds to carbon by specifically-designed complexes has led to new catalytic reactions of significance to the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, including highly efficient carbon-carbon bond formation. A new approach towards catalysis based on the ordering of metal complexes in thin films was demonstrated (with Meir Lahav, Materials and Interfaces). The use of metals for the generation, stabilization and controlled release of biologically relevant, unstable organic transients is being studied.

Soluble metal oxide clusters termed polyoxometalates are being investigated and developed as homogeneous oxidation catalysts by Ronny Neumann. Polyoxometalates have the ability to activate environmentally benign oxygen donors such as molecular oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, nitrous oxide and ozone. In the presence of hydrocarbons, selective oxidation reactions can be carried out. Catalytic oxidation reactions which are being investigated include the epoxidation of alkenes, the hydroxylation of alkanes, oxydehydrogenation of alcohols and other substrates and oxyhalogenation. Mechanistic and kinetic studies using a large variety of spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques allow the identification of active intermediates, the determination of different modes of activation of oxygen donors and the preparation of improved catalysts.

135 136 Organic Chemistry

Hypericin is a highly potent anticancer agent with cytotoxic and antiproliferative activity. A number of hypericin analogs, which vary in their ability to enter into the cells and generate singlet oxygen, have been synthesized by Yehuda Mazur and are being evaluated (with Gad Lavie, Sadick Hazan,Tel Hashomer Hospital).

Biological activity of visual pigments and bacteriorhodopsin is related to a photocycle during which both the retinal and the opsin moieties undergo a series of structural changes. The molecular changes and their correlation with the corresponding biological functions are of primary importance. The use of artificial pigments, model compounds and spectroscopic methods by Mudi Sheves has resulted in the clarification of the role that single and double bonds play in the photocycle; protein-chromophore interactions in the binding site; and the role of water and light in retinal protein activity.

In Abraham Shanzer's group the principles of Biomimetic Chemistry are being applied to mimic bioactive molecules with emphasis on natural iron-carriers that are recognized by microbial receptors and consequently transported into the living cells. When labeled with fluorescent markers, these carriers provide diagnostic tools. When linked to a cytotoxic agents, they are envisioned as a new generation of anti microbial agents. The molecular-based technologies investigated by Avi Shanzer include: (a) preparation of molecules with desired optical, electronic and magnetic properties, and their assembly on gold surfaces (with Israel Rubinstein, Materials and Interfaces): (b) design and preparation of molecular based devices acting as static and dynamic Molecular Switches for memory storage and Molecular Logic- Gates for performing logical operations.

The structure, function and thermal stability of thermophilic enzymes are being studied by Yigal Burstein, aiming at understanding the mechanisms of adaptation of enzymes to extreme environment and for designing novel enzymes for biotransformations in organic chemistry. A family of highly homologous alcohol dehydrogenases that span the phenotypic range of temperature in microorganisms, is investigated. Structural elements conferring thermal stability were identified and analyzed employing genetic engineering methods.

Chemical, biological and clinical studies of modulatory peptides including immunomodulator antibacterial anticancer and neuroactive compounds are being carried out by Mati Fridkin. Novel technologies for drug delivery and stabilization have been developed and applied to several proteins (e.g. insulin, growth hormone, interferon), peptides (e.g. GnRH ,exendin ) and small molecules ( antibiotics and anticancer drugs ). The clinical-pharmaceutical potential of several compounds are being evaluated. A novel approach toward Fe- chelation in relation to neuroprotection is being developed.

Design, synthesis, structure and function of aminoglycoside-arginine conjugates (AACs), novel HIV-1 inhibitors of viral entry and transactivation of the viral transcripts by Tat protein, are being studied by Aviva Lapidot aiming at understanding the mechanisms of inhibition of the diversity functions of Tat protein, which might be critical for anti-AIDS strategies. This new class of components revealed antiviral activity in cell cultures and inhibited viral-host cell fusion, as well as binding to HIV RNAs. AAC inhibit neuroblastoma death caused by HIV- coat protein gp 120 - the major ethological agent for neuromal loss. Additionally the AACs Organic Chemistry 137 inhibit bacterial RNase P activity and inhibit protein synthesis by blocking peptide chain elongation (with G.Borkow, Kaplan Hospital; J.Este, Spain; V.Gopalan, USA; J.Pelletier, Canada and G.Melino, Italy).

DNA organization and survival under stress is being studied by Avi Minsky. Morphological changes that occur within living cells, following their exposure to various stress conditions are being studied by electron microscopy and X-ray scattering. Under such conditions, genomic DNA undergoes either a spontaneous or a protein-promoted phase transition into highly packed and ordered structures in which the DNA molecules are sequestered and effectively protected. A new and general mode of protection through biocrystallization is indicated. The structural properties of stress-induced DNA-binding proteins that are involved in these structural transitions are being studied. Ultrasensitive calorimetrical methods are used to assess the effects of the large intracellular crowding and viscosity upon the thermodynamic features of interactions between macromolecules, such as DNA and proteins.

The group of Yossi Sperling is studying the structure and function in pre-mRNA processing of supraspliceosomes. These huge macromolecular assemblies contain, in addition to pre- mRNAs, all known components required for their post-transcriptional processing (capping, polyadenylation, editing and splicing). Hence, they can be regarded as representing the nuclear RNA processing machinery. A new mechanism that regulates splicing by affecting splice site selection has been discovered. This discovery implies that the reading frame of mRNAs can be recognized in the nucleus prior to splicing. A model derived from structural studies of supraspliceosomes by electron microscopy is being developed to explain this unexpected finding.

The computational chemistry group of Jan (Gershom) Martin is engaged both in the development of highly accurate ab initio computational thermochemistry methods (W1 and W2 theory) and in the methodology and applications of density functional theory, with a particular focus on organometallic reaction mechanisms relevant to homogenous catalysis. Theoretical vibrational spectroscopy beyond the harmonic approximation and basis set development (the SDB-cc-pVnZ basis sets) are subsidiary research interests.

Milko van der Boom has joined the department this year. His team is working to create novel films with desirable electronic and optical qualities. The formation of organic thin films is at the forefront of nanotechnology research. His team is hoping to replace today's conventional inorganic materials with organic compounds, which would be much easier to modify, thus offering far better, cheaper devices. The challenges of creating these films, however, are considerable - from effectively integrating custom-designed organic and metal-organic molecules into thin films, to creating materials that are highly ordered and smooth as well as thick enough to efficiently convey optical signals. 138 Organic Chemistry

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Mario D. Bachi, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusaelm, Jerusalem, Israel (on extension of service) The Charles and Charlotte Krown Professor of Medicinal Chemistry Yigal Burstein, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Maynard I. and Elaine Wishner Professor of Bio-Organic Chemistry and Malignant Diseases Research Mati Fridkin, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Lester B. Pearson Professor of Protein Research David Milstein, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Israel Matz Professor of Organic Chemistry Abraham Minsky, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Professor T. Reichstein Professor Abraham Shanzer, Ph.D., Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Charlotsville, United States The Siegfried and Irman Ullmann Professor Mordechai Sheves, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Ephraim Katzir-Rao Makineni Professor of Chemistry Joseph Sperling, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Hilda Pomeraniec Memorial Professor of Organic Chemistry

Professors Emeriti

Valeri A. Krongauz, Ph.D., L.Y. Karpov Physical Chemistry Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation Aviva Lapidot, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel David Lavie, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Yehuda Mazur, Ph.D., E.T.H, Zurich, Switzerland Abraham Patchornik, Ph.D., The Hebrew Univesity of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Associate Professors

Gershom (Jan) Martin, Ph.D., University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium Ronny Neumann, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Rebecca and Israel Sieff Professor of Organic Chemistry

Senior Scientist

Milko Van Der Boom, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Dewey David Stone and Harry Levine Career Development Chair Organic Chemistry 139

Associate Staff Scientists

Rina Arad-Yellin, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Alexander M. Khenkin, Ph.D., Academy of Science, Russian Federation Leonid Konstantinovskii, Ph.D., Rostov University, Rostov on Don, Russian Federation Moshe Peretz, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Assistant Staff Scientist

Edward E. Korshin, Ph.D., Kazan State University, Russian Federation

Consultants

Virginia Buchner Shlomo Dukler Amihai Eisenstadt Gary Gellerman, Peptor Ltd., Rishon-Lezion, Israel (left November 2002) Ayelet Gonen, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Alfred Hessner, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel Amiram Hirshfeld Oleg Marder, Iuxenbourg Industries, LTD., Israel (left January 2002) Galina Mengeritsky, Cure Peptide, Haifa, Israel Edna Schechtman, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel Shulamit Michaeli, Bar-Ilan University, RamaGan, Israel (left March 2002)

Visiting Scientist

Alexander Chif, Chromtec, Rehovot, Israel Amiram Hirshfeld, Nat. Police Headquarters, Israel Irving Lisowsky, A. Einstein College of Medicine, NY, U.S.A.

Postdoctoral Fellows

Daniel Boese, Ph.D., University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Sylvain Gatard, Ph.D., University Bordeaux I, France Inna Levin, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Andre Lucassen, Ph.D., University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands U. Kyaw Myo Naing, Ph.D., University of Yangon, Myanmar Shai Rahimipour, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Jayaraman Shobini, Ph.D., Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India Milko Erik Van der Boom, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Michiel C. A. Van Vliet, Ph.D., Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Gregor Franz W. Wille, Ph.D., University of Munich, Germany Jing Zhang, Nanjing University, China 140 Organic Chemistry

Research Students

Amir Aharoni Gonen Ashkenasy Izik Bar-Nahum Eyal Ben-Ari Irit Ben-Avraham Revital Ben-Daniel Olena Branytska Revital Cohen David Dangoor Reto Dorta Tamar Eliash Joseph Englander Guibao Fan Daphna Frenkiel-Krispin Mark Gandelman Edi Goichberg Roman Goikhman Rivka Goobes (Konforty) Shelley Haber Adina Haimov Mark Iron Hagit Kornreich-Leshem Vered Lev-Goldman Smadar Levin-Zaidman Galia Maayan David Margulies Michael Meijler Gal Meiri Galina Melman Keren Mevorat Kaplan Kikkeri Raghavendra Boris Rybtchinski Dorit Sloboda Alex Szpilman Boaz Tirosh Haim Tsubery Maxym Vasylyev Haim Weissmann Galit Yahalom Eylon Yavin Uri Zadok Hailin Zheng

Administrator

Asher Bar-On (until January 2002) Tiki Rosen (from February 2002) Structural Biology

Amnon Horovitz, Head The Carl and Dorothy Bennett Professor of Biochemistry

The Department is committed to research in the major areas of structural biology and is investigating biological systems from the atomic to the cellular level of organization. The ultimate goal is to obtain a complete picture of biological structures in their complexity, with a continuity at all length scales, from Ångstroms to millimeters. The structures of biological macromolecules and their complexes are studied at the length scale of Ångstroms by X-ray diffraction from crystals, and in solution by advanced spectroscopic techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance and EXAFS. Electron microscopy, electron tomography and atomic force miscroscopy are imaging techniques that span the range between nanometers and microns, from single molecules to macromolecular assemblies and whole tissue organization.

The elucidation of the relations between structure and function of key components in main biological pathways is one of the generalized goals of the research conducted in the Department. One such pathway is the translation of the genetic code from DNA to proteins. A highlight of recent years has been the continued progress in determination of different ribosome structures also in complex with antibiotics. These most significant achievements crown the titanic efforts of tens of years of research aimed at elucidating the structure and mechanism of action of ribosomes. Ribosomes are giant particles composed of RNA and more than 50 proteins that are the principal protein synthesis machinery of the cell. The mechanism of translation of the code into proteins is also investigated by X-ray crystallography of tRNA synthetases and their complexes. Additional research in this area includes work on helicases that unwind RNA and elucidation of the 3-D structures of DNA molecules and DNA-protein complexes. Research is also being carried out on molecular chaperones and catalysts of disulphide bridge formation that assist protein folding which is the last station in the pathway.

Structural and dynamical aspects of enzyme and protein function and recognition constitute another focal point of activity. Examples are studies on the mechanism of acetylcholinesterase, a key enzyme in the transmission of nerve impulses, and on proteins regulating membrane- fusion and virus entry into the cell. Antibody-antigen recognition is being studied using NMR and molecular biology tools in order to unravel the structural basis and energetics of these interactions. Antibody-antigen recognition is also being studied using antibodies that interact with monolayer and crystal surfaces.

Studies on the relations between organic and mineral components and between structure, function and mechanical properties of mineralized tissues including bone, teeth, shells and many others, are performed over the whole range of hierarchical organizations. The

141 142 Structural Biology development of new techniques in Archeological Chemistry provides information about human life conditions and technologies in prehistoric times.

The X-ray and NMR facilities are now state-of-the-art. A major upgrade is on the way in the electron microscopy facility, with the addition of two high resolution transmission electron microscopes and an environmental field emission scanning electron microscope.

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Lia Addadi, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Dorothy and Patrick Gorman Professor Jacob Anglister, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Joseph and Ruth Owades Professor of Chemistry Zippora Shakked, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Helena Rubinstein Professor of Structural Biology Joel L Sussman, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States The Morton and Gladys Pickman Professor in Structural Biology Stephen Weiner, Ph.D., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States The Walter and Dr. Trude Brochardt Professor of Structural Biology Ada E. Yonath, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Martin and Helen Kimmel Professor

Professors Emeriti

Henryk Eisenberg, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Wolfie Traub, Ph.D., University of London, London, United Kingdom Edward Trifonov, Ph.D., Moscow Physico-Technical Institute, Russian Federation

Associate Professors

Amnon Horovitz, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Carl and Dorothy Bennett Professor of Biochemistry Karol A. Muszkat, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Henry and Bertha Benson Professor Mark Safro, Ph.D., Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, Russian Federation The Lee and William Abramowitz Professor of Macromolecular Biophysics

Senior Scientists

Deborah Fass, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States Incumbent of the Lilian and George Lyttle Career Development Chair Structural Biology 143

Aaron J. Gilboa (Kalb), Ph.D., University of California, Davis, United States (retired March 2002) Irit Sagi, Ph.D., Georgetown University, Washington, United States Incumbent of the Robert Edward and Roselyn Rich Manson Career Development Chair

Associate Staff Scientists

Ilana Agmon, Ph.D., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Tamar Unger, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Assistant Staff Scientists

Naama Kessler, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Brenda Mester, Ph.D., University de la Republica, Uruguay Anat Zaytzev-Bashan, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Junior Staff Scientists

Harry-Mark Greenblatt, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Maggie Kessler, Ph.D., University of North London, United Kingdom

Special Contract

Dmitry Tvorovski, Ph.D., Pyatigorsk State Pharmaceutical Academy, Pyatigorsk, Russian Federation

Consultants

Alexander Cooperman Simone Bottie, Biostrx Ltd., Ramat-Gan, Israel Felix Frolow, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Yehuda Goldgur, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel Bernard Green, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (left December 2002) Uriel Olsher, Ministry of Defense, Haifa, Israel (left December 2002) Yitzhak Orion, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (left February 2002) Sariel Shalev, Haifa University, Haifa, Israel Emanuel Yakobson, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (left November 2002) Anat Zvi, Research Institute of Biology, Nes-Ziona, Israel (left December 2002)

Visiting Scientists

Debbie Bartfeld, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Fred Naider, CUNY, Staten Island, Island 144 Structural Biology

Clive Trueman, Nat. Museum of Natural History, Chicago, U.S.A. Giovanni Verri, University of Ferrara, Italy

Postdoctoral Fellows

Igor Berezovsky, Ph.D., Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Silvina Federman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Dalia Rivenzon-Segal, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Edwin Harold Rydberg, Ph.D., The University of British Columbia, Canada Luana Scheffer, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Ruth Shahack-Gross, Washington Art & Sciences, USA Ingrid Maria Weiss, Ph.D., Technical University of Munich, Germany Dawn Mae Wong, Ph.D., University of Salford, United Kingdom

Research Students

Barak Akabayov Adi Bahar-Eliyahu Deborah Bartfeld Zohar Biron Jordan Chill Ilit Cohen-Opri Oded Danziger Hay Dvir Rivka Elbaum Yael Fridmann Merav Geva-Melamud Bat Ami Gotliv Galit Greber-Kafri Einav Gross Arnon Henn Yakov Kipnis Oded Kleifeld Olga Kogan Yael Levi Cameel Makhoul Erez Pyetan Sabine Quadt Sefi Raz Osnat Rosen Avraham Olivier Samson Luana Scheffer Michal Sharon Roy Sirkis Ariel Solomon Oded Suad Raz Zarivach Paul Zaslansky Tzviya Zeev Ben-Mordehai Ella Zimmerman

Administrator

Asher Bar-On (until January 2002) Tiki Rosen (from February 2002) Solar Research Facilities Unit

Jacob Karni, Scientist-in-Charge

Michael Epstein, Head

A main project of the Unit is the 73-m2 hyperboloidal reflector, which was completed and annexed to the Solar Tower at around 40 m above the ground in 1999, and is now being utilized for beam-down optics. The heliostats on the field concentrate the solar energy on the tower reflector, which directs this energy down to the ground through a funnel-like concentrating device (compound parabolic concentrator - CPC). This is the world largest non- imaging secondary concentrator. It is aimed at providing approximately 600 kW of solar energy concentrated to a level of 4500 kW/m2. The experimental setup is to be used at the first stage for testing a 500-kW high pressure/high temperature solar/air receiver, which was constructed and assembled within the framework of the CONSOLAR program, and the experiments continue as scheduled. The bench-scale thermochemical reactor tests, aimed at the development of a high-temperature solar system for the production of hydrogen and zinc via solar carbothermal reduction of zinc oxide, were accomplished after four consecutive years of arduous efforts. The results laid the basis of a proposal submitted to the European Commission to upscale the system. The proposal was already accepted and with the collaboration of major European research institutes, the project will start in early 2002. An extensive experimental study was undertaken in order to determine the capabilities and limitations of the Tornado flow configuration as a gasdynamic method for protection of a solar reactor quartz window against destruction caused by deposition of incandescent solid particles on its surface. The dependence of the Tornado flow characteristics on Ekman number has been demonstrated and the value of the transition Ekman number was established, beyond which the regular Tornado configuration degenerates into a diffuse flow pattern. In the framework of the project of production of hydrogen and carbon black by solar thermal splitting of methane, the study of enhanced absorption of radiation in the gas in the reaction zone by seeding of fine solid particles has been intensified. A simulation test program is presently being conducted in the laboratory. Gas flowing in a Tornado configuration in the solar reactor model is seeded with carbon black powder, which is entrained in a secondary gas stream. The objective of these tests is the establish an envelope of parameters, such as main and carrier gas flowrates, carbon black injection speed, appropriate location of carbon black injection port and angular coordinates of the injected carbon black carrier stream, for which

145 146 Solar Research Facilities Unit successful seeding of gas inside the reactor cavity can be accomplished without any powder deposition on the reactor window. Another significant undertaking, aimed at solar reforming of low hydrocarbons with steam in an open cycle, within the framework of the EU/JOULE program, is going on, with the purpose of burning carbon monoxide and hydrogen mixture directly into an adapted gas turbine, in order to generate up to 300 kW of electricity. The experimental system was accomplished and solar testing was initiated. This activity is performed in cooperation with the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt eV (DLR), Stuttgart, Germany. Two new projects, supported by the Israel Ministry of National Infrastructures, have been started: the conversion of the air receiver to a chemical reactor by applying an innovative catalytic system on its ceramic configuration, and the gasification of dispersed biomass particles in a continuous phase of molten salt. Staff

Professor

Jacob Karni 1, Ph.D., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States

Senior Staff Scientist

Akiba Segal, Ph.D., Jassy University, Romania

Associate Staff Scientists

Roman Adinberg, Ph.D., Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation Alexander Berman, Ph.D., Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation

Engineers

Rami Ben-Zvi, M.Sc., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Michael Epstein, B.A., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Itzhak Levy, B.A., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Doron Lieberman, M.Sc., Ben-Gurion Univesity of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel

Visiting Scientists

Abraham Kogan, Technion, Haifa, Israel Stephan Moller, Inst. of Tech. Thermodynamics, Stuttgart, Germany

Postdoctoral Fellow

Rakesh Kumar Karn, Ph.D., Banaras Hindu University, India

1Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research Chemical Services

Mordechai Sheves, Head The Ephraim Katzir-Rao Makineni Professor of Chemistry

Chemical Services, comprising seven major units, offers advanced and routine facilities for analytical and preparative chemical techniques to Institute scientists. Each unit is headed by a Research Fellow or a Staff Scientist and is operated by qualified technical staff. The development program for Chemical Services and its mode of operation is supervised by Users Committees and by scientific advisers.

The NMR Unit (People in Charge: Raphael Poupko and Peter Bendel)

The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Unit comprises four laboratories equipped with high resolution Fourier transform NMR spectrometers ranging from 250-500 MHz. The low-field NMR instrument (Bruker WH-250) is used primarily for routine identification and standard work with small organic molecules. The Bruker AMX-400 system was upgraded during 1998 to the "Advance DMX" version. It includes three probes: A selective 5 mm proton probe with highest sensitivity for biological systems and 2D measurements; a 5 mm automatic QNP probe, switchable by computer for 1H, 19F, 31P and 13C nuclei, and a 10 mm multinuclear probe covering the range Ag to P. It mainly serves scientists in the Department of Organic Chemistry and provides a modern facility for their analyses. The high-field NMR instrument, Bruker AM-500, was used mainly for specialized research, including 2D NMR and biologically oriented work. The instrument is equipped with dedicated NMR probes for 1H, 2H, 13C, 15N, and 31P measurements, as well as for "inverse" experiments, and a 13C CP- MASS probe.

In addition, a Bruker 400-DMX widebore spectrometer is used for NMR microscopic imaging. Spectroscopic capabilities include 1H and broad band multi nuclei probes and an automatic QNP probe, switchable by computer. Imaging is provided by two systems: a microscopy probe includes actively shielded gradients (up to 200 G/cm) with 5 mm rf coils for 1H, 1H/13C and 1H/31P. A microimaging probe with actively shielded gradients (up to 20 G/cm) includes a 5 cm birdcage 1H coil and is used for imaging samples of 5 mm-3 cm (including small mice). NMR measurements can be performed with cardiac or respiratory gating. The spectrometer is used mainly for research in biology for non-invasive physiological and metabolic measurements of small samples.

147 148 Chemical Services

The Biospec laboratory contains an NMR spectrometer (Bruker) based on a 4.7 Tesla magnet with a 30 cm horizontal bore. The system was upgraded during 1996 to the "Advance DBX" version with fully broadband dual-channel operation, self-shielded gradients and an assortment of resonators and surface coils with active coil detuning for crossed-coil operation. The system performs NMR spectroscopy and imaging experiments on animals, plant systems and other large and heterogeneous samples and specimens. It is being used by researchers from the Chemistry and Biology faculties for investigating tumors implanted in mice, models for angiogenesis of tumor blood vessels, spinal cord vessels, spinal cord damage and its treatment in rats, and characterizing flow and transport in porous media in three-dimensional rock fracture models.

The 800 MHz high-resolution spectrometer (Bruker, DRX Avance-800) provides access to the highest magnetic field currently available of commercial spectrometers, enabling state-of-the- art high-resolution experiments for macromolecular structure determination. The accessories include a multi-nuclear TXI probe with z gradient (15N, 13C, 1H, 5mm), a multi-nuclear QXI probe with x, y and z gradients (15N, 13C, 31P, 1H, 5mm), and two solid-statte MASS probes covering both low and high multi-nuclear frequency ranges.

The ESR Unit (Person in Charge: Lev Weiner)

The Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Unit is equipped with a Bruker ER 200 D-SRC spectrometer (9.5 GHz, X band). The various measurement techniques of radicals and paramagnetic ion in a solid state and in solutions is available at a wide range of temperatures.

The ESR Unit provides consultation and training for scientists interested in techniques for the detection and quantitation of oxidative stress in chemical and biological systems.

A novel spin-tapping technique has been developed for quantitating and monitoring the kinetics of appearance of short lived reactive oxygen species and carbon-centered radicals in chemical, photochemical and biological systems. The technique can also be used to distinguish between the various reactive oxygen species, which include superoxide and hydroxyl (OH) 1 radicals, as well as singlet oxygen ( O2). The ESR technique is applicable to strongly scattering and stained systems, such as organ homogenates and cell cultures.

A novel ESR approach has been developed for the quantitative determination of sulfhydryl groups (down to 10-12 moles) in chemical and biological systems.

The Mass-Spectrometry and Chemical Analysis Unit (Person in Charge: Arye Tishbee)

The Chemical Analysis Laboratory, provides training, consultation and method development for separation, purification, and isolation of a wide range of organic compounds by Gas Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Amino Acids, Atomic Absorption spectrophotometry, and Micro RAMAN analysis, units. Chemical Services 149

The Micro RAMAN unit provides micro Raman measurements, using 780 nm and or 633nm laser excitation, magnification range from x5 to x100, for a verity of samples, including temperature controlled stage with operating range of - 200 to + 500 Celsius.

Available equipment: Renishaw Micro Raman Imaging Microscope Controlled via a PC base software, with temperature control, moving xyz stage, dual lasers 633 and 780nm, and Grams 2c spectral manipulation software.

The Mass Spectrometry Unit provides mass spectra for the determination of molecular weights and structure elucidation of organic compounds up to 4000AMU including labile metal complexes, and for Peptides and proteins up approx. 40,000AMU Detection limit approx. 50 pg.

Analyses of complex mixtures of volatile organic compounds up to 1000 AM with, system peak matching and library search and MS/MS capability. Detection Limit approx. 10pg.

Available equipment: HPLC - MS Micromass ZMD 4000 Mass Spectrometer equipped with ESI and APCI probes for Electrospray and APCI analysis. Connected to a MassLynx data station. High Sensitivity GCQ Polaris Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer with MS/MS capabilities for volatile compound, connected to Xcalibur data station equipped with NIST Library search capabilities.

The Amino Acid Analyzer Unit provides qualitative and quantitative Analysis of protein and peptide hydrolyzates. Detection Rage of 100-3000 pmoles, using OPA and FMOC pre column derivatization, monitoring at UV, using reverse phase separation. Detection range of 5 - 3000 pmole using AccQ.Tag pre column derivatization and monitoring Fluorescent emission.

Available equipment: Waters PicoTag Work Station for gas phase Hydrolysis Hewlet Packard 1090 HPLC equipped with Diode array Detector and autoinjector with a PC based Chemstation database, utilizing Amino Quant chemistry for the analysis. Waters 2690 Alliance HPLC equipped with fluorescence and Diode Array detectors and autoinjector , utilizing AccQ.Tag and or Pico Tag chemistries for the analysis of Hydrolizates and some physiological Amino acids.

The Atomic Absorption unit provides Analysis for a verity of elements in sensitivity of few mg/L depending on the analyte, a wide range of lamps is available for different elements. Both Flame and Graphite Oven atomizers are available.

Available equipment: Perkin Elmer 5100 atomic absorption unit equipped with HGA Graphite furnace, and PC based gem software to control the instrument.

The X-Ray Crystallography Unit (People in Charge: Linda Shimon and Ellen J. Wachtel)

The Unit for X-ray Crystallography offers facilities for advanced chemical, biochemical, physical, and geophysical research. The service provides crystal structure solution and 150 Chemical Services refinement of atomic parameters, training for users interested in crystallographic computing and consultation for growing crystals suitable for X-ray analysis. The measurements of organic and organometallic materials are performed either at LN or ambient temperatures using a Nonius KappaCCD diffractometer mounted on a FR590 generator Mo radiation. Measurements may also be performed on a Nonius Mach3 Kappa diffractometer mounted on a FR590 generator with Cu radiation. Inorganic materials are measured on a Rigaku AFC5R 4 circle diffractometer mounted on a Rigaku RU300 rotating anode with Ag radiation.

Macromolecular crystallographic measurements are made on two systems. One, a state-of-the- art R-Axis4++ image plate detector mounted on a Rigaku rotating anode generator equipped with Osmic confocal focusing mirrors. This system is also outfitted with a 2-theta stage allowing high resolution data collection. The second system is an R-AxisIIc image plate detector mounted on a Rigaku rotating anode generator with Osmic confocal mirrors. Both systems are equipped with Oxford cryostream cooling systems for low temperature measurements.

The Low Angle X-Ray Scattering Laboratory is intended for use by scientists studying the solution structure of macromolecules or partially organized systems, such as microemulsions, liquid crystals, and natural and synthetic polymeric fibers. A modified Rigaku low-angle camera used in conjunction with a one-dimensional linear position sensitive detector is provided for isotropic materials; a Searle camera with Franks optics and an Imaging Plate detector is used for samples displaying anisotropic patterns. Software is provided for calculating Guinier fits and Patterson-like functions and for the Hayter-Penfold method for determining structure factors for macroion solutions. Simple modeling programs are also available.

The X-Ray Powder Diffractometry Laboratory makes available for general use the Rigaku D/ Max-B automated powder diffractometer interfaced to a DECpc 433dxlp computer. Attachments are provided for high temperature measurements and automated handling of large numbers of samples. A variable temperature cell for capillary specimens is also available. The IBM software package includes peak finding, unit cell constant determination and SEARCH/ MATCH with the on-line Powder Diffraction File database.

Spectroscopy Unit

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy consists of a Nicolet 460 single beam infrared Fourier transform spectrophotometer (FTIR) fully operated by a Nicolet computer (512K RAM, 13" high- resolution color monitor) equipped with two internal 3.5 inch disk drives for programming and data storage. The optical bench provides a maximal resolution of 2 cm-1 over the complete spectral range from 4000 to 400 cm-1 and contains a sample compartment built especially for introducing various IR accessories, such as gas cell, ATR, and so forth. This equipment is suitable for a large variety of analytical IR applications, offering high sensitivity and photometric accuracy and computerized data manipulation capabilities. Chemical Services 151

In addition, the Spectrometry Unit provides facilities for measuring optical absorption, optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) and circular dichroism (CD) at a wavelength range of 180-1000 nm and at a temperature range of -190_C to 70_C.

Available equipment: Aviv Model 202 spectropolarimeter, UV-visible diode array spectrophotometer, Beckman DU-7500.

The Unit for Radioactive Counting provides facilities for scintillation counting of β - radioactive sources. The unit is equipped with a Beckman Model LS7500 β -scintillation counter.

The Surface Analysis Unit (Person in Charge: Sidney Cohen)

The surface analysis group provides the means for a variety of surface-sensitive measurements. These include chemical composition of the exposed atomic layers, atomic scale surface topography, electronic and mechanical surface properties, and detection of adsorbed molecules.The various units of this group are housed in two laboratories and include facilities for rudimentary sample preparation and cleaning, such as ozone cleaner, clean hood, and so forth.

The Ultrahigh Vacuum Unit is a multifaceted system for surface analyses at pressures below 10-9 torr. The main analysis chamber includes a Kratos Axis HS photoelectron spectrometer, which detects elements and determines their chemical state on the surface at depths up to 3 nm with sensitivity of 0.1%. The system includes an ultraviolet lamp for valence band measurements, monochromator for high resolution work, ion gun for sputtering the surface, and flood gun for insulating samples. In addition, an electron gun for performing electron energy loss spectroscopy has been installed. A second vacuum chamber attached to the analysis chamber contains a VG Low Energy Electron Diffractometer to determine the surface crystalline state, and scanning tunneling microscope (Omicron) for atomic-scale structure.

The Scanned Probe Microscopy Unit contains three separate scanning tunneling/scanning force microscopes (Digital Instruments Nanoscope, NT-MOT P47/LS and Topometrix TMX2010) that enable determination of surface topography and mechanical and electrical properties at resolutions ranging from tens of microns down to atomic scale. Liquid cells and a gas inlet allow working in different media and under controlled humidity.

The Surface-Sensitive Infrared Unit consists of a Bruker IS66 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer fitted with both DTGS and MCT detectors for a range of system throughputs. The stardard KBr beamsplitter can be switched with a Mylar beamsplitter, allowing access to the far IR spectral region (down to 150 wavenumbers). Surface studies are enhanced by the use of a grazing angle external reflection attachment and attenuated total reflection attachment, both of which enable obtaining clean spectra of a single monolayer in minutes. 152 Chemical Services

Electron Microscopy Unit (Person in Charge: Konstantin Gartzman)

The staff of the Electron Microscopy Unit provides analytical services to all of the departments of the Weizmann Institute and other institutes, and helps scientists to carry out their own research using the units equipment. The unit provides on-the-spot practical training in electron microscopy and sample preparation.

For general applications, there are two scanning (SEM) microscopes, one of them with a new micromanipulator and Electron Beam Induced Current (EBIC) imaging system, and dedicated for materials science and another Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) with Field Emission Gun (FEG) that provides high resolution imaging for both biology and material science in high and low vacuum environment, one transmission (TEM) instrument, equipped with a cryo-holder for low-temperature work. There are also three general elemental analysis facilities (EDS - energy-dispersive analysis of electron-induced X ray fluorescence) attached to these three microscopes. One more high resolution TEM dedicated to material science is able to obtain images with atomic resolution and is equipped with Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy tool for analytical purposes. For samples of biological interest there are three more TEMs, two of which are equipped for low-temperature applications as well as having digital slow-scan cameras (CCDs) for low-dose work. The newest cryo-capable TEM also includes a completely computer-controlled sample stage and high-resolution CCD, for automated tomographic applications. In addition, various pieces of auxiliary equipment for sample preparation are available in the unit. These include polishing apparatus, dimpling and ion milling machines, sputter, and physical evaporation apparatus, a critical point dryer, and several ultramicrotomes. The EM unit is also equipped for conventional as well as low- temperature preparation of biological samples and immuno-labeling. There is equipment for cryo-applications such as high-pressure freezing, cryo-plunging, freeze substitution and cryo- sectioning. Image processing facilities include Unix workstations, and several Macintosh and PC computers, with advanced software for image analysis, 3-D reconstruction and visualization. A laser optical bench allows for quantitative analysis of negatives, and there is one high-resolution scanner for digitization of images.

The Molecular Modeling Unit (Person in Charge: Miriam Eisenstein)

This unit offers diverse modeling services to many groups in the Chemistry and Biology faculties. These include homology modeling and fold recognition for proteins, protein-protein docking and ligand-protein docking, conformational analysis of organic molecules, DNA/ RNA-ligand interactions and analysis of macromolecular assemblies. The available equipment is a Silicon Graphics Indigo-II-Extreme work station. Several different computer programs and packages are in constant use: The MSI Biosym package for display, homology modeling and energy minimization, Encad for energy minimization and molecular dynamics, Chem-3D+ and Model for conformational analysis of organic molecules, Emol for accurate interaction energy calculations for organic molecules, Molfit for docking large biological molecules, Dock for ligand-protein docking and Profit for fold recognition. Chemical Services 153

Staff

Professor

Mordechai Sheves1, Ph.D., The Weizmann Institute of Science The Ephraim Katzir-Rao Makineni Professor of Chemistry

Senior Research Fellow

Arye Tishbee, Ph.D., University of Houston, Houston, United States

Senior Staff Scientists

Peter Bendel, Ph.D., State University of New York, Stony Brook, United States Hagai Cohen, Ph.D., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Sidney Cohen, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Miriam Eisenstein, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Konstantin Gartsman, Ph.D., Physical Technical Institute, Russian Federation Eugenia Klein, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Linda J.W. Shimon, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Ellen J. Wachtel, Ph.D., Yale University, New Haven, United States Lev Weiner, Ph.D., Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation

Associate Staff Scientists

Vera Shinder, Ph.D., Moscow University, Biochemical Institute, Academy of Science Sharon G. Wolf, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Assistant Staff Scientists

Shirley Daube, Ph.D., University of Oregon, Eugene, United States Yishay Feldman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Veronica Frydman, Ph.D., University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Tali Scherf, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Junior Staff Scientists

Haim Rozenberg, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Eyal Shimoni, Ph.D., ETH, Zurich, Switzerland

1Department of Organic Chemistry 154 Chemical Services

Special Contract

Tatiana Rubinova, Ph.D., Domsk Technical University, Domsk, Russian Federation

Engineer

Alexander Yoffe, M.Sc., University of Tashkent, Russian Federation

Visiting Scientist

Rama Govindarajan, J. Nehru Ctr. for adv. Sci. Rese., Jakkur, India

The Center for Energy Research

Jacob Karni, Director

The Energy Research Center was established in 1980 to promote and encourage research in all aspects of energy-related research. Energy research covers a broad range of disciplines, and all the Faculties in the Institute are involved. The basic philosophy of the Center is to keep the various energy projects within the framework of the departments in which they originated as long as possible and to promote close contact between scientists working in the various fields, thereby encouraging innovation.

The Center provides facilities shared by all the research groups, holds seminars and disseminates information.

Most of the energy research work done in the Institute is related to the exploitation of solar radiation. There are research projects in the direct conversion area, in thermal electricity generation, in thermally driven chemical processes, and in photochemistry.

Within the commissioning of the Canadian Institute for the Energies and its Solar Research Facilities Unit, and the operation of the Schaeffer Solar Furnace, it became possible to carry out many new projects.

Solar fuels

Research on the gasification of carbonaceous materials was continued. In this program, concentrated solar light is used for gasification of low value materials like heavy oil, coal and urban waste. At high temperature of the solar receiver, the carbonaceous materials are reacted with Zn oxide to produce CO and Zn vapor. The reaction products are then reacted with water to produce hydrogen and recover the Zn oxide.

High temperature receivers

A new generation of receivers that can reach higher temperatures by direct heating of compressed gas is being developed. The goal of the research is to achieve temperatures above 2000°C. These receivers will be used in the future to operate a new generation of thermal machines or chemical systems that are now under development.

155 156 The Center for Energy Research

Novel solar optical systems

The goal of this project is to achieve peak solar concentrations above 20,000 in solar central receiver systems. This goal will be achieved by closed loop continuous tracking of the sun by heliostats, improved imaging optics and new concepts of nonimaging optics. High peak solar concentration will improve the performance of existing solar thermal systems, and will allow in the future achieving higher temperatures with the newly developed solar receivers.

Solar-pumped lasers

Work on solar-pumped lasers continued. The focus of the present research is to develop phase conjugate mirrors for high power solar lasers to improve beam quality that will support in the future transmission of high power lasers, and communication in space systems. In another research, gas phase solar molecular dimer lasers are being developed. These lasers will be the first generation of tunable directly pumped solar lasers.

Technology transfer to industry

The following major activities took place during last year:

An industrial consortium, with four Israeli industries and two universities, which was established in 1995 as part of the MAGNET Program of the Israeli Ministry of Industry for the industrialization of the solar technologies that were developed under the framework of the Energy Research Center, completed its successful second year of operation. The goal of these projects is to develop the technologies of small- and large-scale solar thermal and solar photovoltaic electric systems, and solar lasers.

An industrial consortium based on the cooperation between American and Israeli industries was formed under the framework of the Joint Israeli-American Commission for Advanced Technologies. The goal of this project is to develop solar thermal plants based on the concept of the solar reflective tower.

An industrial consortium based on cooperation between Israeli and European organizations was established under the Fourth Framework Program of the European Union. The goal of this organization is to develop advanced solar-assisted systems that will use synthesis gas obtained by solar reforming to operate gas turbines and fuel cells. The Fritz Haber Center for Physical Chemistry

Daniella Goldfarb, Director

The Fritz Haber Center supports various activities in Physical Chemical Physics. The support of the Center is given directly to research groups to help initiate new endeavors and for ongoing activities. The support is usually dedicated to the purchase of new scientific equipment, upgrade of operating laboratories and extension of existing experimental systems. In 2001/2002 the Center supported the following activities:

1. The purchase of electronics for contact potential measurements used for monitoring the electronic properties of organized organic films adsorbed on surfaces.

2. The purchase of an automated system for measurements of contact angles was purchased. This instrument is used for study of wettability of surfaces and thin films.

3. The experimental set up for coherently controlling the products of chemical reactions was enhanced by the purchase of an injector seeder supported by the center.

4. An inverted microscope for the study of surface-enhanced raman scattering of single molecules.

5. Purchase of lock-in amplifier that allows quadrature detection in continuous wave high field EPR spectrometer that facilitates studies of single crystal of proteins.

6. Purchase of a high frequency digital oscilloscope for the newly installed 600 MHz spectrometer. This spectrometer is used for the development of new multi-dimensional experimental schemes in solid state NMR.

157 158 The Fritz Haber Center for Physical Chemistry The Ilse Katz Institute for Material Sciences and Magnetic Resonance Research

Lia Addadi, Director The Dorothy and Patrick Gorman Professsor

The Institute was established in November 2000 with a generous founding endowment made by the Ilse Katz Foundation. The Dean of the Faculty of Chemistry is the Director.

The Institute is dedicated to the promotion of excellent research in the fields of materials and magnetic resonance at the Weizmann Institute. Both fields represent to date spear points of technologically advanced interdisciplinary research, encompassing topics ranging from medicine to physics, through chemistry and biology. Large investments are required in infrastructure and instrumentation, including support for the personnel responsible for the laboratories. This is the main focus of the Ilse Katz Institute. In addition, the Ilse Katz Institute encourages and supports young investigators committed to advanced research in any field of materials and magnetic resonance.

159 160 The Ilse Katz Institute for Material Sciences and Magnetic Resonance Research The Helen and Martin Kimmel Center for Archaeological Science

Stephen Weiner, Director Dr. Walter and Dr. Trude Borchardt Professor of Structural Biology

Archaeology is the study of ancient cultures based on the material remains that have survived the ravages of time. This represents a most challenging objective that requires on the one hand, some of the most sophisticated analytical tools available, and on the other hand a keen understanding of human culture and history. This blend of science and humanities is unique. Israel's geographic location at the cross-roads between Africa, Europe and Asia, and its relatively mild climate, are two of the main reasons why this small country is so well endowed with a wonderfully rich archaeological record.

The achievements of the archaeological community of this country over the last 80 years have contributed enormously to the overall knowledge of past human culture. The last 40 years have, however, witnessed a shift in the way archaeological research is practised. There is an increasing use of the scientific method, along with a dependence on more and more sophisticated analytical capabilities. This trend in turn has exasperated a situation that exists in Israel, and almost all western countries, namely that archaeologists are educated in the faculties of humanities, yet the practice of archaeology in many respects is most suited to the natural sciences.

This situation prompted the Weizmann Institute to establish the Kimmel Center for Archaeological Science, with its primary aim for the forseeable future being the training of students at the PhD level in both the natural sciences and archaeology. In November 1997, the Center was formally established in a newly renovated building on the campus designed by the famous architect, Mendelsohn. At present 5 PhD students are enrolled in the program.

The Center's resources are used primarily for fellowships and modest research funds for PhD students participating in the program. Some of the research topics currently being investigated are domestication of wheat using both modern and ancient DNA, ethno-archaeological study of the Maasai in Kenya to develop better means of identifying archaeological sites occupied by pastoralists, the structure and preservation of charcoal from archaeological sites, the study of authigenic minerals that form in the sediments of prehistoric caves as a means of reconstructing the paleochemical environment within ancient sediments, and the development of chert mining in prehistory using cosmogenic isotopes. The Center also supports the maintenance and upgrading of the technological infrastructure required for archaeological

161 162 The Helen and Martin Kimmel Center for Archaeological Science research at the Institute. The main campus facilities currently used for archaeological research, include the Radiocarbon Laboratory, an ancient DNA laboratory, a laboratory for archaeometallurgical research, electron microscope facilities for imaging and elemental analyses, Raman and infrared vibrational spectrometers, and the Accelerator Mass Spectrometry beam line in the Pelletron accelerator. The Center also supports scientific exchanges with foreign scientists, and holds weekly meetings and seminars for scientific communication. The Helen and Martin Kimmel Center for Molecular Design

David Milstein, Director The Israel Matz Professor of Organic Chemistry

The Helen and Martin Kimmel Center for Molecular Design was established in November 2000. It is aimed at the design and synthesis of organic and organometallic molecules of novel properties and at the development of new synthetic methodology. Cooperation between scientists working on various aspects of these areas is strongly encouraged.

The Center deals with the following topics:

1. The design and synthesis of novel metal-binding coordination compounds with special chemical properties.

2. Development of methodology for the synthesis and structural modification of organic compounds of importance for the pharmaceutical- and fine chemical industries.

3. Development of novel molecular catalysts for efficient, selective and environmentally friendly processes of high industrial and academic interest.

4. Development and application of theoretical calculations of molecular properties and computational studies of the reactivity of organic and organometallic molecules.

163 164 The Helen and Martin Kimmel Center for Molecular Design The Helen and Milton A. Kimmelman Center for Biomolecular Structure and Assembly

Ada E. Yonath, Director The Martin and Helen Kimmel Professor

The Helen and Milton A. Kimmelman Center for Biomolecular Structure and Assembly, established in 1988, aims at encouraging research at the molecular level on frontier scientific problems concerning the assembly of biological macromolecules into functionally active intracellular units and organelles. The center is fully responsible for the following aspects of bio-macromolecular structural research: nucleic-acids and protein expression purification, crystallization, crystallographic data collection and data evaluation facilities, computing stations and visualization units. It also shares responsibility for the newly established molecular-NMR laboratory as well as other functions of the chemical and biological services. In addition, it provides the means for the upgrading and the maintenance of key inter- departmental common facilities.

Funds are being divided into the following categories: a. Purchasing, installation and development of state-of-the-art sophisticated equipment to be used for the investigation of structural aspects of life sciences. The methods supported are cryo and ambient-temperature X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, EM imaging and time-resolved experiments at the micro-second limits. b. Supporting the biocrystallographic laboratory. This is a common facility for large scale preparations of sensitive biological materials in purity allowing high performance of crystallographic analysis and/or NMR studies. c. Sponsoring structural aspects of the Human Genome Project. d. Funding selected programs of an outstanding quality, albeit premature and/or risky to be funded by the common agencies. e. Assisting in activities of young scientists as well as of more experienced new comers. f. Providing means for the organization of conferences, seminars courses and symposia dealing with aspects of structural biology; facilitating short and long term visits of

165 166 The Helen and Milton A. Kimmelman Center for Biomolecular Structure and Assembly

leading scientific figures as well as post doctoral fellows. Facilitating the attendance of graduate students in workshops and advanced courses, carried out in Israel and/or abroad. The center also stimulates interactions with experts with specific skills in the area of structural biology. g. The upgrading, maintenance, development and repair of the existing instrumentation on a regular basis and by emergency calls. The Joseph and Ceil Mazer Center for Structural Biology

Ada E. Yonath, Director The Martin and Helen Kimmel Professor

The Joseph and Ceil Mazer Center for Structural Biology, established in 1980, encourages research and cooperation among scientists working in this area. The Center operates by (a) direct grants to selected research projects, especially those that attempt to solve significant albeit risky problems; (b) participation in providing biological, chemical, and crystallographic services, in purchasing equipment and in improving experimental facilities; and (c) sponsoring seminars, symposia, short-term visits and the participation of young scientists in schools, workshops and meetings.

A significant part of the funds are allocated for the maintenance of the laboratory for biological structure determination. Support was also given to Chemical and Biological Services.

167 168 The Joseph and Ceil Mazer Center for Structural Biology The Gerhard M.J. Schmidt Minerva Center for Supramolecular Architecture

Reshef Tenne, Director

The Gerhard M.J. Schmidt Center on Supramolecular Architectures was founded in 1995 to promote interdisciplinary research in the field of condensed matter chemistry and physics.

The activity comprises experimental and theoretical studies in the field of structure and function of thin organic films, and other soft architectures (such as micelles, vesicles and membranes) related to the material sciences, as well as inorganic-organic nanocomposites and mesoporous materials.

The Center supports collaborative studies among German and Israeli scientists, in general, and of young scholars, in particular. This is done by holding joint seminars, winter schools, and short exchange visits of graduate and post-doctoral students.

A 3rd joint workshop between young Israeli and German scientists on "Functional Molecular Architectures", supported by the Center was held on October 4-7, 1999, in Kaput, Germany

The 4th student workshop of the Center on "Molecular, Interfacial and Biological Aspects of Mesostructure" was held in Kibbutz Mashabei Sade, Israel 1-4 April 2001.

A 5th student workshop on the theme “Advances in Materials and Interfaces”, will take place in Naurod, Germany in 9-11 April 2003.

169 170 The Gerhard M.J. Schmidt Minerva Center for Supramolecular Architecture The Sussman Family Center for the Study of Environmental Sciences

Aldo Shemesh, Director

The Center began operating in 1993. Its main goals are to promote, coordinate, and support research on the environment in the Institute in general, and in the Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research in particular.

Last year the Center supported the purchase of a state of the art, multiple computing processor/ server (four processor ES40 666Mhz alpha machine, from Compaq/Digital). This computer is used to investigate Ocean-atmosphere dynamics. It is used to study climate phenomena both from El Nino, which is on a scale of a few years, and from glacial-interglacial cycles that occur every 100,000 years. Our group is also involved in an attempt to insert observations from the Pacific Ocean into an El Nino model, in order to improve prediction skills, and to predict global warming.

Another large scientific project that was supported by the Sussman Family Center is the Yatir Forest Project. We exploit Israel's geographic location in a climate transition zone, between arid and semi-arid, and use a forest ecosystem at the edge of the Negev desert as a model for monitoring and investigating the effects of climate on forest activity. This study is part of a large scale, global effort to better understand the influence of plants and the land biosphere on the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide and, consequently, global warming.

A new unit, Gas Bench II, was purchased with the aid of Center funding, and was connected to our continuous flow mass spectrometer. This new equipment enables us to delve into really exciting research on coral reefs. Recently, a phenomenon called coral bleaching has raised concerns about the deteriorating conditions in the world's oceans and the implications for life on our planet. The process of coral bleaching exposes the white calcium carbonate skeletons of the coral colony, due to the loss of their symbiotic algae from the tissues of polyps. Using our new GasBench, we are engaged in the study of reconstructing stress conditions in corals. We conduct this research on corals that were retrieved from Japan and the Seychelles Islands, and hope to get a better understanding of the isotopic manifestation of environmental parameters on coral response.

The Center also supported the absorption of a new senior scientist in the field of Geophysics. It provided a partial support to establish a state of the art computing capacity for geophysical problems in the field of Earthquake and Rock Mechanics.

171 172 The Sussman Family Center for the Study of Environmental Sciences

Other activities supported by the center are:

1. Scientific conference organized by the department students that brought together students of all fields of Environmental Sciences in Israel from all Institutions. 2. Negev Planning: Environmental Reserves, Urban Complexes, Production areas and Interconnected Scenery Roads. In this project environmental planning emphasizing natural heritage assets of the Central Negev were planned and presented to the Government for implementation during the Negev planning for year 2020. 3. Two post-doctoral fellows that are operating the tower site at Yatir, collecting the data necessary for both field and laboratory experiments.

The Center will continue to allocate funds both for the acquisition of new equipment, and for individual research projects. Applications for individual research projects and/or small equipment can be made at any time. Faculty of Physics

Dean: David Mukamel (until April 2002) The Harold J. and Marion F. Green Professor

Dean: Yaron Silberberg (from May 2002)

Haim Harari, Ph.D. (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem) Institute Professor The Annenberg Professor of High Energy Physics 192 Faculty of Physics Faculty of Physics

Dean: David Mukamel (until April 2002) The Harold J and Marion F Green Professor of Physics

Dean: Yaron Silberberg (from May 2002)

The Faculty of Physics consists of three departments: Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Department of Particle Physics. The research in the faculty is conducted by 45 faculty members, about 80 graduate students and about 40 post doctoral fellows and visitors.

The research in the faculty covers a wide range of experimental and theoretical areas. The experimental effort combines studies of solid state and semiconductor physics, superconductors, plasma, radiation detection physics, nuclear and molecular physics, hydrodynamics and optics. In addition, the faculty is involved in large scale high energy experiments done at accelerators in Brookhaven, Geneva and in Hamburg. This activity is carried out by some 20 experimental groups operating within the faculty, most of which established and developed during the last decade. The faculty is now engaged in plans to extend its activity in optics and laser physics, and to enter into new areas such as experimental astrophysics.

Theoretical studies at the faculty cover areas like high energy physics, string theory, mesoscopic systems, interacting electron systems, equilibrium and non-equilibrium statistical physics and astrophysics.

In addition, a new interdisciplinary direction of research, biologically oriented physics, has been developed within the faculty. Several research groups are engaged in theoretical and experimental studies in this exciting direction in cooperation with groups from other faculties.

The faculty hosts The Albert Einstein Minerva Center for Theoretical Physics, The Joseph H. and Belle R. Braun Center for Submicron Research, The Minerva Center for Nonlinear Physics of Complex Systems, The Nella and Leon Benoziyo Center for High Energy Physics. A new Center for Experimental Physics has been established last year.

175 176 Faculty of Physics Condensed Matter Physics

Shimon Levit, Head (until August 2002) The Harry Kweller and Kathleen Kweller Professor of Condensed Matter Physics

Israel Bar-Joseph, Head (from September 2002) The Jane and Otto Morningstar Professor of Physics

Research in our department covers a broad range of subjects in condensed matter physics and in astrophysics. It can be broadly divided into three main groups. The first group consists of five faculty members and focuses on experimental condensed matter physics, including transport in low-dimensional systems, interacting electrons in high magnetic fields, scanning probe measurements, optical spectroscopy and superconductivity. An important part of this activity is conducted within the Braun center for sub-micron research, which provides state of the art fabrication and measurements facility. The experimental activities in more details are:

Israel Bar-Joseph: - The optical spectrum in the fractional quantum Hall regime. - Near field spectroscopy of neutral and charged excitons (with M. Rappaport, V. Umansky and Hadas Shtrikman). - Transport through nano-particles and molecules (with A. Yacoby and J. Sperling).

Moty Heiblum: - Controlled dephasing of electrons –‘Which Path’ type Experiments (with D. Mahalu, V. Umansky and H. Shtrikman). - Statistics of fractional charges in the fractional quantum Hall effect regime (with V. Umansky and D. Mahalu). - Phase measurements of Electrons (with D. Mahalu and H. Shtrikman). - Growth of High Purity Semiconductors by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (with V. Umansky).

Dan Shahar: - The fractional and integer quantum Hall effects and related phenomena. - Electronic transport of inorganic nanotubes (with R. Tenne). - The superconductor-insulator transition in two-dimensional films and one-dimensional wires.

177 178 Condensed Matter Physics

Amir Yacoby: - Electrostatic imaging of the local electronic properties of a two-dimensional electron gas (with D. Mahalu and H. Shtrikman). - Transport in quantum wires.(with V. Umansky).

Eli Zeldov: - High-temperature superconductivity. - Vortex dynamics. - Vortex matter phase transitions. - Magneto-optical imaging.

The second research direction in the department is in theoretical condensed matter physics. It includes seven theorists and focuses on theory of low-dimensional systems, covering a broad range of research areas such as correlated electrons, dephasing phenomena, quantum noise, field theory in condensed matter, the fractional quantum Hall effect and large N interacting matrix model. The theoretical activities in more details are:

Alexander Finkelstein: - Highly correlated electrons.

Yuval Gefen: - Non-equilibrium and quantum noise. - Electron-electron interactions in finite quantum systems. - Electronic dephasing in mesoscopic systems (with Y. Imry, Y. Levinson and S. Levit). - Spin effects in quantum dots and mesoscopic conductors - spintronics.

Joe Imry: - Electronic dephasing in mesoscopic systems (with Y. Gefen, Y. Levinson and S. Levit). - Low-temperature dephasing, the special effects of low energy (e.g. two-level) modes. - Effects of interaction on localization, on single-electron resonances and A-B interferometers. - Mesoscopic superconductivity, including very small grains (with Y. Levinson). - Quantum noise and shot noise (with Y. Levinson).

Yehoshua Levinson: - Electronic dephasing in mesoscopic systems (with Y. Gefen, Y. Imry and S. Levit). - Quantum noise in josephson junctions.

Shimon Levit: - Dephasing in quantum dots (with Y. Levinson). - Large N interacting matrix models. - Chaos and interactions. - Statistics of quasiparticle and quasihole levels in small interacting disordered systems - quantum dots. Condensed Matter Physics 179

- Controlled decoherence of phenomena in mesoscopic systems. - Coupled dephasor-dephasee pairs.

Yuval Oreg: - Disordered superconductors in low dimension. - Field-theory in condensed matter. - Luttinger liquids and multi-channel Kondo effect. - Many body effects in nano-scale systems.

Ady Stern: - The fractional quantum hall effect, - Coulomb drag in low dimensional systems, - Transport in novel materials (e.g., p-wave superconductors).

The third research direction in the department is in theoretical astrophysics. It consists of four members who study a range of problems in astrophysics such as black holes, modified Newtonian dynamics, Gamma ray burst and high energy astrophysics. The activities in astrophysics in more details are:

Tal Alexander: - Super-massive black holes in galactic centers. - Gravitational lensing effects in the Galactic Center. - Stellar dynamics and tidal effects near a black hole.

Moti Milgrom: - Underlying theories for the modified dynamics. - Non-linear potential theories. - Phenomenology of galaxy dynamics. - Quark Stars (with V. Usov).

Vladimir Usov: - Explosion Induced by Gamma-Ray Bursters (with M. Milgrom). - Quark Stars (with M. Milgrom). - Physical processes in relativistic electron-positron plasma. - Physical processes in very strong magnetic fields. - The theory of nonthermal radiation from compact astronomical objects (pulsars, white dwarfs, gamma-ray bursters, etc.). - Hydrodynamics and high-energy physics of colliding stellar winds in binary systems.

Eli Waxman: - High energy astrophysics. - Gamma-ray bursts: origin and underlying physics. - Ultra-high energy cosmic-rays. - High energy neutrinos from astrophysical sources. - Non-thermal processes in the inter-galactic medium. 180 Condensed Matter Physics

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Israel Bar-Joseph, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Jane and Otto Morningstar Professor of Physics Alexander Finkelstein, Ph.D., Landau Institue, Moscow, Russian Federation The Charles and David Wolfson Professor of Theoretical Physics Yuval Gefen, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Mordehai Heiblum, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, United States Alex and Ida Sussman Professor of Submicron Electronics Yoseph Imry, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Max Planck Professor of Quantum Physics Shimon Levit, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Harry Kweller and Kathleen Kweller Professor of Condensed Matter Physics Mordehai Milgrom, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Isidor I. Rabi Professor of Physics Vladimir Usov, Ph.D., Space Research Institute, Moscoe, Russian Federation Eli Zeldov, Ph.D., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel The David and Inez Myers Professor

Associate Professors

Ady Stern, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Incumbent of the Dr. Victor L. Erlich Career Development Chair (until February 2002) Eli Waxman, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Incumbent of the Beracha Foundation Career Development Chair (until November 2002)

Senior Scientists

Tal Alexander, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Yuval Oreg, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Louis and Ida Rich Career Development Chair Dan Shahar, Ph.D., Princeton University, Princeton, United States Incumbent of the Corinne S. Koshland Career Development Chair Amir Yacoby, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Gertrude and Philip Nollman Career Development Chair

Senior Staff Scientists

Hadas Shtrikman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Vladimir Y. Umansky, Ph.D., Academy of Science of the USSR, Leningrad, Russian Federation Condensed Matter Physics 181

Assistant Staff Scientists

Yuri Myasoedov, Ph.D., Franko Lvov State University, Ukraine Daniel Rohrlich, Ph.D., Institute for Theoretical Physics, SUNY, Stony Brook, United States

Special Contract

Yehoshua Levinson, Ph.D., Semiconductor Physics Institute, Leningrad, Russian Federation (retired September 2002) The Council of Higher Education Fellowship to Senior Immigrant Scientist

Engineers

Igor Bolbatov, M.Sc., University of Tashkent, Russian Federation Diana Mahalu, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Olga Raslin, M.Sc., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Michael Shneiderman, M.Sc., University of Tashkent, Russian Federation Nahum Stern, M.Sc., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Consultants

Yakir Aharonov, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (left September 2002) Amnon Aharony, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Orah Entin, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Konstantin Kikoin, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel

Visiting Scientists

Alexey G. Aksenov, Moscow Inst. of Phys. & Tech., Russia Maxim Cheremisin, University of Karlsruhe, (TKM), Germany Yunchul Chung, University of Oxford, UK Axel Esser, Humbolt University, Berlin, Germany Soenke Groth, University of Hamburg, Germany Arkady Krasheninnikov, University of Helsinki, Finland Abraham Loeb, Harvard University, MA, U.S.A. Eros Mariani, University of Hamburg, Germany Kathryn Moler, Stanford University, U.S.A. Uri Sivan, Technion, Haifa, Israel Bjoern Trauzettel, University of Freiburg, Germany Lev Ya Vinnikov, Russian Acad. of Sci., Moscow, Russia Felix Von Open, Free Univ., Berlin, Germany Stephan Wildermuth, University of Heidelberg, Germany 182 Condensed Matter Physics

Postdoctoral Fellows

Satyajit Banerjee S., Ph.D., University of Mumbai, India Sambandamurthy Ganapathy, Ph.D., Indian Institute of Science, India Shahar Hod, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Eugene Kanzieper, Ph.D., Bar-Ilan University, Israel Roman Mark Krahne, Ph.D., University of Hamburg, Germany Jens Martin, Ph.D., University of Tuebingen, Germany Sarah Mimran, Ph.D., University Joseph Fourier, France Alexander Punnoose, Ph.D., Indian Institute of Science, India Sujit Sarkar, Ph.D., Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, India

Research Students

Ophir Auslaender Michal Avinun Nurit Avraham Vitaly Braude Eyal Comforti Uri Gavish Shmuel Glasberg Yoav Gordin Javier Groshaus Dmitry Gutman Tal Hazak-Verdene Clovis Hopman Shahal Ilani Andreas Johansson Uri Keshet Maxim Khodas Izhar Neder Yossi Paltiel Assaf Pe'Er Einat Peled Amir Sagiv Moshe Schechter Arkady Shechter Alessandro Silva Alexander Soibel David Sprinzak Hadar Steinberg Ekaterina Teitelbaum Basile Verdene Yossi Yayon

Administrator

Tomer Hansen Particle Physics

Itzhak Tserruya, Head The Samuel Sebba Professorial Professor of Pure and Applied Physics

The Department of Particle Physics is composed of several groups which have inter-related research directions.

In Experimental Physics, we have groups in High Energy Physics, Heavy Ions, Molecular Physics, Nuclear Physics, Plasma Physics and Radiation Detection. In Theoretical Physics, we have activities in Particle Physics and Field Theory, as well as Many Body Theory and Quantum Mechanics.

The Department has a total of 16 tenured faculty members, 9 experimentalists and 7 theorists and 2 senior scientists. We also have 1 professor on extension of service and 9 professors emiriti.

Experimental High Energy Physics: OPAL, ATLAS, and ZEUS

The group which includes Giora Mikenberg, Ehud Duchovni, Eilam Gross and Daniel Lellouch, participates in the OPAL experiment run at the LEP collider at CERN, Geneva. The group is mainly involved in the search for the Higgs boson and for supersymmetric particles. The group also participates in the ATLAS experiment which is being constructed by 1900 collaborators in 144 institutes around the world. ATLAS will study proton-proton interactions at the Large Hadron Collider LHC at CERN.

The group led by Uri Karshon and including also Yehuda Eisenberg, participates in the ZEUS experiment run at the HERA accelerator which provides e-p collisions at the DESY laboratory in Hamburg. The group is specifically involved in the analysis of the production of heavy quarks (charm and beauty), the measurement of the gluon density in the proton and the study of the photon structure, in particular its charm content.

Heavy Ions: the CERES and PHENIX Experiments

Led by Itzhak Tserruya, the group includes also Zeev Fraenkel and Ilia Ravinovich. The CERES/NA45 (Cherenkov Ring Electron Spectrometer) experiment is devoted to studying the production of low-mass electron-positron pairs in heavy-ion collisions at the CERN SPS. A new set of measurements with an upgraded spectrometer has been completed in order to elucidate the intriguing excess of low-mass pairs previously observed by CERES in central Pb- Au collisions.

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The main activity of the group is now focussed on the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory which started operations in the summer of the year 2000. As part of its contribution to the PHENIX detector, the group is responsible for the innermost set of pad chambers that are essential elements of the charged particle tracking system. The group is mainly interested in the measurement of low-mass electron-positron pairs and is carrying out a comprehensive R&D effort to upgrade the PHENIX detector to allow such a measurement. The group is also involved in analysis of global and hadronic observables.

Molecular Physics

Led by Daniel Zajfman, the group includes also Zeev Vager. The main subjects of research are related to the structure and dynamics of molecular ions, as well as the trapping and cooling of these ions. More specifically, experiments dedicated to the study of molecular structures as well as ion reactivity using the Coulomb Explosion Imaging technique are being carried out, mainly at the Test Storage Ring (TSR) located at the Max-Planck-Institut at Heidelberg. Also a new type of electrostatic ion trapping device is now in use, which allows to measure the lifetime of metastable states, as well as the study of trapped beam dynamics.

Experimental Nuclear Physics

Led by Michael Hass, the group also includes Gvirol Goldring. Measurements are carried out in two major areas: a) Nuclear Structure and electromagnetic moments in nuclei with extreme values of isospin as exist far from the valley of stability. Among them are tilted-foil measurements of electromagnetic momens of ground states and isomeric states at the REX- ISOLDE (CERN) post-accelerator facility, studies of isomeric levels at GANIL using fragmentation reactions and the investigation of nuclear parity-violation at GSI. b) Nuclear- astrophysics experiments such as measurement at the 3 MV VDG accelerator of the 7Be(p,gamma)8B cross section which is essential for understanding the "solar-neutrino puzzle" and the cross sections of 3He on 7Li and 7Be pertaining to primordial nucleusynthesis. Nuclear astrophysics experiments at REX-ISOLDE are planned for the near future. At the Koffler Accelerator, in collaboration with Prof. Michael Paul of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, experiments are carried out on the production and identification of radioactive nuclide such as 44Ti and 7Be using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS).

Plasma Physics

Led by Yitzhak Maron, the subjects of research include nonequilibrium plasmas under high energy density or in the presence of strong electric and magnetic fields. Investigations of the particle flow, non-thermal electron distribution, temporal and spatial magnetic field evolution, turbulent fields, and energy balance are based on high-resolution spectroscopic diagnostics in the visible, UV, VUV, and X-ray regions. Theoretical aspects include effects of dense plasmas on atomic levels, radiation transport, spectra under oscillating electric and magnetic fields, Stark broadening of spectral lines, atomic-physics modellings, and magnetohydrodynamics. Applications are related to Inertial Confinement Fusion, High-Current Switching, X-ray lasers, X-ray sources, X-ray lithography, and Space Physics. Particle Physics 185

Radiation Detection Physics

The work led by Amos Breskin and including Rachel Chechik, Sergei Shchemelinin and Sana Shilstein, involves study of radiation interactions with gas and solid matter and the development of novel methods to exploit the secondary charges created in these interactions for radiation detection. This permits conceiving fast and accurate advanced radiation imaging detectors equipped with novel electron multipliers and efficient radiation converters, such as photocathodes for ultraviolet and visible light, and X-ray and neutron converters. The research program includes both experimental investigations and theoretical modeling. An important activity is the development of modern detection concepts for nuclear and particle physics, synchrotron radiation, material science, medicine and radio-biology. New methods are investigated in improving the detectability of small cancer tumors, early detection of prostate cancer and in quantifying and understanding the causes of radiation damage to DNA.

Theoretical Particle Physics

Led by Yossi Nir, subjects include phenomenology of supersymmetric theories; grand unification; CP violation, especially in B decays; neutrino masses and oscillations; baryogenesis and leptogenesis.

Field Theory

The work of Doron Gepner is centered around two subjects: 1) Solving the quantum field theory associated with manifolds of exceptional holonomy: minimal models associated with the so called Shatashvili-Vafa algebra are investigated and smooth non-orbifold constructions are realized in analogy with the Gepner construction. 2) Realising pseudo conformal field theories: these have the same fusion rules as known affine or bosonic theories, but different modular matrix. All pseudo bosonic theories and also some of the pseudo affine theories can be realised. The plan is to realise all affine theories by using multi-para fermions.

The work of Yitzhak Frishman includes various subjects in non-Abelian gauge theories, perturbative and non-perturbative. Extending previous works on the spectrum of QCD2, the 2D analogue of meson-baryon scattering has been investigated. Semi-classical methods have been used, perturbing around classical soliton solutions, within the strong coupling limit. In the case of several flavors, a potential which depends on the momentum of the incoming particle was derived. It turns out that only elastic scattering occurs, with no resonances. The transmission and reflection amplitudes were computed. The case of one flavor yields a reflectionless potential.

The work of Ofer Aharony involves field theories, string theories, and the recently discovered relations between them along the lines of the AdS/CFT correspondence. Particular interest is in the study of string theory duals for non-conformal field theories like QCD, in understanding non-gravitational non-local field theories (such as "little string theories") and in finding a general non-perturbative definition for string theory / M theory. 186 Particle Physics

The work of Micha Berkooz includes String Theories, Gravity, Field Theories, and their interplay. It currently focuses on non-perturbative aspects of these theories such as basic non- perturbative definitions of String Theory/Gravity, UV/IR relations, strong coupling phase transitions, strongly coupled string theories, string theories without gravity, black holes, the quantum behavior at singularities of spacetime, and the cosmological constant. Another interest is in phenomenological aspects of String theory in particular in the astro-particle context.

Many Body Theory

Michael Kirson works on nuclear models, within the general framework of interacting many- body systems, and on applications of algebraic methods to the study of simplified models of strongly-interacting many-body systems. Recent work has concentrated on issues of nucleon pairing in nuclei, especially near the N = Z line and in connection with even-even ground state systematics.

Quantum Mechanics

The work of Shmuel Gurvitz includes Multi-dimensional tunneling; quantum measurement and decoherence; Zeno effect; deep inelastic scattering.

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Amos Breskin, Ph.D., University of Grenoble, France The Walter P. Reuther Professor of Research in the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy Yitzhak Frishman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Amos de Shalit Professor of Theoretical Physics Haim Harari, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Institute Professor The Annenberg Professor of High Energy Physics Uri Karshon, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (on extension of service) The Max and Anne Tanenbaum Professor of Nuclear Physics Michael W. Kirson, Ph.D., Cornell University, Ithaca, United States The Joseph and Bessie Feinberg Professor Moshe Kugler, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Isabelle and Samuel Friedman Professor of Theoretical Physics Yitzhak Maron, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Stephen and Mary Meadow Professor of Laser Photochemistry Giora Mikenberg, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Lady Davis Professor of Experimental Physics Yosef Nir, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Itzhak Tserruya, Ph.D., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel The Samuel Sebba Professor of Pure and Applied Physics Particle Physics 187

Professors Emeriti

Abraham E. Blaugrund, Ph.D., State University of Utrecht Yehuda Eisenberg, Ph.D., Cornell University, Ithaca, United States Zeev Fraenkel, Ph.D., Columbia University, New York, United States Gvirol Goldring, Ph.D., University of London, London, United Kingdom Harry J. Lipkin, Ph.D., Princeton University, Princeton, United States Avraham S. Rinat, Ph.D., University of Amsterdam Igal Talmi, Ph.D., E.T.H., Zurich, Switzerland Zeev Vager, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Zeev Zinamon, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Associate Professors

Eli Cheifetz, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (retired September 2002) Ehud Duchovni, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Doron Gepner, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Eilam Gross, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Shmuel Gurvitz, Ph.D., Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russian Federation Michael Hass, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Murray B. Koffler Professor Daniel Zajfman, Ph.D., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Simon Weinstock Professor of Astrophysics

Senior Scientists

Ofer Aharony, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Yigal Allon Fellow Incumbent of the Joseph and Celia Reskin Career Development Chair Micha Berkooz, Ph.D., Rutgers University, Piscataway, United States Incumbent of the Recanati Career Development Chair of Energy Research

Senior Staff Scientists

Rachel Chechik, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Vladimir Fisher, Ph.D., Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Moscow, Russian Federation Daniel Lellouch, Ph.D., University of Paris VI, Paris, France

Associate Staff Scientists

Vladimir A. Bernshtam, Ph.D., Donetsk State University, Donetsk, Ukraine Yuri V. Ralchenko, Ph.D., Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation (left November 2002) Ilia Ravinovich, Ph.D., Yerevan Physics Institute, Armenia Sergei Shchemelinin, Ph.D., Leningrad University 188 Particle Physics

Alexander Starobinets, Ph.D., The Institute of High Current Electronics, Russian Federation

Special Contracts

Boris Khachaturov, Ph.D., Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russian Federation Sana Shilstein, Ph.D., Giredmet, Moscow, Russian Federation Vladimir Smakhtin, Ph.D., Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation

Engineers

Eliahu Elias, B.A., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Donald Hochman, Ph.D., SUNY, Stony Brook, United States

Consultants

Avraham Akkerman, Soreq NRC, Nachal Soreq, Israel (left November 2002) Rina Baksht, CNR Oren Bergman, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (left June 2002) Shmuel Elitzur, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Amnon Fisher, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Amnon Fruchtman, Center for Technology Education, Holon, Israel Amit Giveon, The Hebrew University of Jerusaelm, Jerusalem Yuval Grossman, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Marek Karliner, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Edmond Klodg, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (left October 2002) Barak Kol, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Paul Michael, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Alexander Milov, State University of New York, USA (left August 2002) Shmuel Nussinov, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (left May 2002) Yaron Oz (left June 2002) Yael Shadmi, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Natan Weiss, ELRA, Ashdod, Israel Gustavo Wolf, CERN, Switzerland (left April 2002) Refael Yaari Jacob Zonnenschein, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel

Visiting Scientists

Avraham Berkovitz, Kaplan Hospital, Rehovot, Israel Daniella Bigatti, Cath. University of Louvain, Belgium Richard Chasman, Argonne Nat. Lab., IL, U.S.A. Volker Dangendorf, Physics Research Lab., Braunschweig, Germany Bartomeu Fiol, Rutgers University , NJ, U.S.A. Shaul Hanany, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, U.S.A. Masahide Inuzuka, University of Tokio, Japan Particle Physics 189

David Kutasov, University of Chicago, IL, U.S.A. Dipali Pal, Cyclotron Ctr., Calcutta, India Vladimir Peskov, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden Daniel Savin, Columbia University , NYC, U.S.A. Lev Shekhtman, Budker Inst. for Nuc. Phys., Novosibirsk, Russia Joan Simon (Soler), University of Barcelona, Spain Leonid Vainshtein, Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, Russia Leonid Weissman, CERN, Euro. Org. For Nuclear Rese., Geneva, Switzerland

Postdoctoral Fellows

Ron Arad, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Lagy Baby Thundiyam K., Ph.D., Bangalore University, India Marcin Balcerzyk, Ph.D., Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Poland Cristina Bordeanu, Ph.D., University of Bucharest, Romania Nadav Drukker, Ph.D., Princeton University, USA Leonid Gladilin, Ph.D., Moscow State University, Russia Corinne Leloup, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Debsankar Mukhopadhyay, Ph.D., University of Calcutta, India Yukinori Nagatani, Ph.D., Nagoya University, Japan Michael Riveline, Ph.D., McGill University, Canada Harlan Saul Robins, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, USA Suijian Zhou, Ph.D., Institute of High Energy Physics, China

Research Students

Yaron Emanuel Antebi Ron Arad Alexander Cherlin Dimitri Fisher Guy Y. Garty Lev Gregorian Oleg Khasanov Amit Klier Alexandre Kozlov Eyal Kroupp Michael Kupper Arie Melamed-Katz Alexander Milov Dirk Michael Moermann Adi Naaman Boris Noyvert Dmitrey Osin Gilad Perez Guy Raz Peter Renkel Evgeny Stambulchik Daniel Strasser Konstantin Tsigutkin Lidija Zivkovic

Administrator

Kobi Ben-Shmuel 190 Particle Physics Physics of Complex Systems

Yaron Silberberg, Head (until May 2002)

Adam Schwimmer, Head (from June 2002) The Ruth Epstein Recu Professor of Theoretical Physics

Three groups study topics related to soft matter physics, biologically motivated physics and experimental nonlinear dynamics:

Elisha Moses is an experimentalist who is currently studying physical aspects of biological systems:

1. The division of cells is completed only when the two daughter cells are physically separated - by a "ring" of actin and myosin molecules that constricts it till the cell is cut in two. What are the mechanics and the structure of this ring of molecular motors? The latest amazement is that co-operation between amoeba can help division - by signaling a neighbor to assist mechanically in the final stage of physical separation ("mid-wife" phenomenon of a-sexual cells).

2. What are the signaling dynamics of neurons that are arranged in special, specified configurations?

3. How can we improve the measurement and interpretation of signals that emanate in brain activity?

4. Can we improve the resolution of imaging in living objects by using Scanning Electron Microscopy on an atmospheric environment?

In the past five years he has studied: 1) Nonlinear dynamics in membranes, a number of striking configuration transitions induced by the application of optical tweezers. 2) A new instability in flames - the fingering of two dimensional combustion fronts. 3) The dynamics of objects falling in fluids - and whether they flutter or tumble (e.g. the Dakar submarine). 4) The shape of living cells and the "pearling" instability induced in them by an actin-sequestering drug. 5) Neuronal connectivity and cooperativity - as portrayed by their migration and aggregation patterns.

191 192 Physics of Complex Systems

Joel Stavans` group has studied the interaction of hydrophobically-modified polymers and artificial membranes, as a simple model that mimics the mechanical properties of real biological membranes. In particular they have focused their attention on the morphological transitions the polymers induce on membranes of different geometrical shape. In addition, experiments are being carried out to probe the elasticity of protein-DNA complexes at the level of single DNA molecules, to understand the role the proteins play in the formation and structure of the bacterial nucleoid.

Victor Steinberg's group is studying nonlinear dynamics in various systems. This year they worked on several projects: (i) Elastic turbulence and Batchelor regime of mixing in dilute polymer solutions; (ii) Single polymer dynamics in a random flow; (iii) Pattern selection and dynamics in Rayleigh-Benard convection in SF6 near its critical point in very large aspect ratio cells; (iv) Convective turbulence in SF6 near its gas-liquid critical point; (v) Developing of new acoustic detection technique of vorticity distribution in turbulent flows; (vi) Microfluidics with polymer solutions. Significant progress has been made in the first subject: The new effective method of mixing of viscous fluids, based on the elastic turbulence, was suggested. It turns out that this regime of mixing maybe quantitatively described by the Batchelor model, one of two models of turbulent mixing which were solved analytically. It was the first experimental verification of numerous predictions based on this model. New project on a single polymer dynamics in a random flow was started. Using fluorescent microscopy for long lambda phage and T2 DNA molecules they were able to follow a single DNA molecule in laminar and turbulent flows. Together with the group of Prof. A. Warshawsky from Department of Organic Chemistry they developed, tested and used a new fluorescent probe for PAAM high molecular weight polymer molecules. It is the first time that the fluorescent visualization was conducted for artificial polymers. In Rayleigh-Benard convection they observed new pattern selection mechanism which shows up in reentrant hexagons due to non- Boussinesq effect at various Prandtl numbers in the range between 20 and 40. This system provides us an opportunity to reach also extremely large Rayleigh numbers and study developed turbulence as a function of Prandtl number that was impossible with other systems. This year we conducted measurements of thermal boundary layer in a wide range of Ra and Pr numbers. New project on acoustic detection of vorticity and particularly vorticity distribution in von-Karman swirling turbulent flow between two discs was started. First result on sound scattering from a single vortex and simultaneous measurements by a conventional particle image velocimetry technique was obtained.

Five groups are studying topics related to the theory of statistical mechanics, nonlinear dynamics, turbulence and chaos :

Eytan Domany's research turned in the last few years towards problems that lie near the interface between physics and other disciplines; Protein Folding, Clustering of Data and related topics in Bioinformatics. He also maintain a certain level of activity in Statistical Mechanics. In nearly all aspects of his work computers play a central role. In statistical mechanics, he tries to understand the structure of the low temperature phase of short-range spin glasses. Physics of Complex Systems 193

Clustering techniques are used to study a variety of biological data. In particular, DNA expression profiles obtained from gene chips are analyzed. We collaborate with Weizmann research groups in immunology and cell biology, and also with groups from the US and Europe, on analysis of their gene expression data (mainly from a several forms of cancer). We also use clustering for classification of protein structure.

In the field of protein folding, a contact-map representation of protein structure was used in a long-term program aimed at identifying a protein's structure from its amino acid sequence. An efficient way to make moves in the space of physical contact maps was developed. We proved that simple contact energy functions cannot be used to stabilize the native fold of even a single protein and are trying to attack the problem by other methods.

Gregory Falkovich studied the role of interaction between Solitons in causing errors in optical soliton transmission.

Daniel Kandel's research focuses on the physics of thin films and membranes. In the thin film area, he has studied growth and decay processes of structures on crystalline films, using kinetic models of step flow as well as continuum descriptions of surface evolution. In addition, he has investigated elastic relaxation in epitaxially grown strained films. He has also theoretically studied shape instabilities induced by inclusions in membrane vesicles. This work is relevant to the experimental work of the group of Joel Stavans.

David Mukamel's group is active in the general area of statistical physics. In particular extensive studies of collective phenomena far from thermal equilibrium have been carried out. Models corresponding to phase separation, wetting and roughening transitions, and coarsening processes have been introduced and studied. Equilibrium collective phenomena are also investigated in various contexts. The denaturation and unzipping phase transitions of DNA molecules have been analyzed. Peculiar phenomena which are characteristic of systems with long range interactions (such as gravitational systems) have also been investigated.

In Uzy Smilansky's group, research on Quantum Chaos evolved around the following topics:

1. Quantum graphs - spectral statistics, scattering and trace formulae.

2. Conditions for hyperbolicity for billiards on surfaces with constant curvatures.

3. Quantization of billiards in homogeneous magnetic fields, and the density of exterior and interior edge states.

4. Level statistics in periodic, extended chaotic billiards, and the effects of weak disorder.

5. The classical and quantum spectral duality.

Three groups are active in laser science and optics : Nir Davidson's group develops new techniques for laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms. They are studying new optical traps that are based on repulsive light forces, in which 194 Physics of Complex Systems spontaneous emission of photons is suppressed. Such traps provide long atomic coherence times and hence enable extremely accurate spectroscopic and dynamical measurements, including observation of chaotic motion of ultra-cold atoms in optical "billiards". They are also conducting experiments in a Bose-Einstein condensate including measurements of its zero- temperature excitation spectra its ground state properties and its coherence.

Asher Friesem and his group are conducting basic investigations on non-conventional elements based on diffractive and planar optics, on the resonance behavior of grating- waveguide structures, on the performance of special phase elements inside laser cavities, and on new optical architectures for a variety of applications. These investigations are leading to new laser configurations, and highly advanced optical systems for display, storage and retrieval, metrology, and high-speed and high density communication.

Yaron Silberberg and his group are studying ultrafast and nonlinear optics. Using femtosecond optical pulses, they study how the shape of these pulses affects the interaction between the light and atoms or molecules. In particular, this year the group investigated how shaped pulses can be used in nonlinear laser spectroscopy. In another effort, the group investigates the nonlinear microscopy - using femtosecond pules in biological microscopy. The group has developed a new type of microscope based on third-harmonic generation and it tests it on various types of biological specimens. Finally, the group also works on soliton physics, and continues its studies of discrete solitons in waveguide arrays.

Shmuel Shtrikman is interested in Magnetic Levitation, the Mathematics and Physics of Magic Squares and in the Application of the Singular Moment Method.

Adam Schwimmer continued to study various aspects of Quantum Field Theory and String theory and their interrelation. In particular the group studied the relation between Conformal Field Theories appearing on the boundary of AdS type space-times and the String Theory description in the bulk. The role played by the stringy Solitons ("D-branes") in holographic theories was elucidated. http://www.weizmann.ac.il/physics/complex/complex.home.html

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Eytan Domany, Ph.D., Cornell University, Ithaca, United States The Henry J. Leir Professor Asher A. Friesem, Ph.D., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States (on extension of service) The Peter and Carola Kleeman Professor of Optical Sciences David Mukamel, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Harold J. and Marion F. Green Professor Adam Schwimmer, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Ruth Epstein Recu Professor of Theoretical Physics Physics of Complex Systems 195

Yaron Silberberg, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Uzy Smilansky, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Wolfgang Gentner Professor of Nuclear Physics Victor Steinberg, Ph.D., Laboratory of Critical Phenomena, Moscow, Russian Federation The Harry de Jur Professor of Applied Physics

Professors Emeriti

Amikam Aharoni, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (deceased January 2002) Ephraim H Frei, Ph.D., University of Vienna, Austria Shmuel Shtrikman, Ph.D., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

Associate Professors

Gregory Falkovich, Ph.D., Novosibirsk State University Elisha Moses, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Joel Stavans, Ph.D., University of Chicago, United States

Senior Scientists

Nir Davidson, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Rowland and Sylvia Schaefer Career Development Chair Daniel Kandel, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Ruth Epstein Recu Career Development Chair (until November 2002)

Junior Staff Scientist

Michal Vechoropoulos, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (left June 2002)

Special Contracts

Yuri Burnishev, Ph.D., Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Ural Branch of the, Russian Federation Michael Meyklyar, Ph.D., State Institute of Applied Optics, Kazan, Russian Federation Jeff Steinhauer, Ph.D., University of California, Los Angeles, United States (left July 2002)

Engineer

Rostyslav Baron, Ph.D., Institute of Low Temperatures, Kharkov's, Russian Federation

Consultants

Joseph Avron, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (left April 2002) 196 Physics of Complex Systems

Shmuel Blit, Independent (left June 2002) Ido Canter, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel Nahum Gorbatov, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (left January 2002) Erez Hasman, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Yossi Kedmi Ruvin Lipyanski, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel (left July 2002) Aharon Peled, Academic Institute of Technology, Holon, Israel (left February 2002) Eliezer Rabinovich, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Shmuel Starobinets, Israel Aircraft Ind, Israel Victor Weiss, El-Op, Rehovot, Israel

Visiting Scientists

Jean-Pierre Eckmann, CERN, Euro. Org. For Nuclear Rese., Geneva, Switzerland Martin Evans, University of Edinburgh, Scotland Michael Golub, Holo-Or Ltd, Nes-Ziona, Israel David Kutasov, University of Chicago, IL, USA J. Polonyi, University Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France Enrico Segre, University of Turin, Italy Michael Stepanov, Russian Acad. of Sci., Novosibirsk, Russia Norman Zabusky, Rutgers University, NJ, U.S.A.

Postdoctoral Fellows

Himanshu Agrawal, Ph.D., Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India Liat Ben-Tovim, Ph.D., University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Gregory Berkolaiko, Ph.D., University of Bristol, United Kingdom Liat Ein-Dor, Ph.D., Bar-Ilan University, Israel Nir Friedman, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Anna Gribun, Ph.D., Bar-Ilan University, Israel Yariv Kafri, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Sven Werner Helmut Lubeck, Ph.D., Gerhard Mercator Universitat, Germany Pradeep Kumar Mohanty, Ph.D., Allahabad University, India Alejandro Gabriel Monastra, Ph.D., Universite Paris - Sud, France Sankara Narayanan, Ph.D., Gujarat University Arun Roy, Ph.D., Raman Research Institute, India Bernhard Schnurr, Ph.D., University of Michigan, USA Revital Shechter, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Stephan Yves Thiberge, Ph.D., Institut Non-Lineaire - Universite de Nice, France Physics of Complex Systems 197

Research Students

Roee Amit Mikkel Andersen Dafna Ben-Eli Tsafrir David Biron Ilan Breskin Teodor Burghelea Barak Dayan Nirit Dudovich Leon Eisen Hagai Eisenberg Helen Rachel Eisenberg Golten Alexander Feigel Ofer Feinerman Alexander Fouxon Nir Friedman Eugene Frumker Sergiy Gerashchenko Gaddy Getz Tzahi Grunzweig Boris Gutkin Amiel Ishaaya Navot Israeli Ariel Kaplan Tsvi Katchalski Nadav Yehuda Katz Erel Levine Nava Levit-Binnun Guy Levy-Yurista Daniel Mandelik Dan Oron Roee Ozeri Avi Pe'Er Dror Sagi Shahar Seifer Revital Shechter Liran Shimshi Eran Tal Ekaterina Teitelbaum Ilan Tsafrir Shuki Vardi Dvir Yelin Or Zuk

Administrator

Israel Gonen 198 Physics of Complex Systems Physics Services

Israel Bar-Joseph, Head (until August 2002) The Jane and Otto Morningstar Professor of Physics

Daniel Zajfman, Head (from September 2002) Simon Weinstock Professor of Astrophysics

The Physics Services, comprising of four different units, offers advanced services in particle accelerators, electronics, data acquisition, vacuum and cryogenics, thin films and mechanical workshop. These units provide services to the scientific groups throughout the institute as well as to various external users. The structure of the Physics Services is:

1. Accelerator Laboratory (Prof. M. Hass, in charge) Operation of the 14 MV Pelletron accelerator and the 2 MV VDG accelerator

2. Electronics and Data Acquisition (Dr. L. Levinson, in charge) DAQ solutions to research problems Electronics design and construction Repair of sophisticated electronic instruments Real-time DAQ software

3. UHV, cryogenics and thin films (Dr. M. Rappaport, in charge) Consultation and design for experimental systems Thin films deposition: evaporation, sputtering, electron-gun, rolling

4. Mechanics workshop (Y. Asher, in charge)

Staff

Associate Professor

Daniel Zajfman1, Ph.D., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Simon Weinstock Professor of Astrophysics

1Department of Particle Physics

199 200 Physics Services

Senior Staff Scientists

Oded Heber, Ph.D., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Lorne Levinson, Ph.D., Brown University, Providence, United States Michael Rappaport, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, United States

Engineer

Alexander Roich, M.Sc., Technological Institute for Electricity and Communication, Tashkent

Consultant

Michael Paul, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

The Nella and Leon Benoziyo Center for High Energy Physics

Giora Mikenberg, Director The Lady Davis Professor of Experimental Physics

Although the universe in which we live looks very complex, with a large variety of different molecules and forces that binds them together, it is commonly assumed that shortly after the moment of creation the universe was a much simpler place. In particular, it is believed that only a single (unified) force existed. During the expansion of the universe its temperature dropped and the unified force was split into the four forces we know today (gravitation, nuclear, electromagnetic and the weak force which drives the radioactive decay). First viable models of the unification concept were suggested about 25 years ago and were experimentally confirmed some 15 years ago. A major consolidation of this concept was later done at LEP, the Large Electron Positron accelerator situated at CERN. Virtually all of the present knowledge about the fundamental particles and their interaction is included in a model named 'Standard Model. In spite of its spectacular success and its incredible predictive power, the Standard Model cannot be the ultimate theory of particles and their interactions. Few fundamental measurements are still to be done and few crucial questions are still to be answered. The following projects that are supported by the Benoziyo center, address some of the more fundamental aspects of the Standard Model.

Physics at LEP

Major among the missing ingredients of the Standard Model is the existence of the predicted Higgs boson which give rise to mass, and the prediction of the existence of a whole family of new particles which are connected to regular particles by a new type of basic symmetry of nature (Supersymmetry). With the closure of the LEP accelerator, the largest accelerator in the world, a wealth of data has been accumulated at the highest energy of e+e- collisions. A group of Weizmann scientists has taken part in one of the four large LEP experiments - OPAL. The group plays a major role in the search for the Higgs boson, which was culminated in a recent report of a hint for a 115 GeV Higgs boson. Although no new particles, that are predicted by the Standard Model have been found, the group is looking for hints of deviations of the data from the Standard Model, which could be used as a guidance to search in future accelerators, including possible unconventional signs of the existence of s-particles, which are predicted by Supersymmetry. Our team at OPAL also pursued searches for signs of these particles. Physics at HERA The Weizmann Institute HERA group is an active member of the ZEUS experiment, which is run by a big international collaboration. The data is taken at the HERA accelerator at DESY,

201 202 The Nella and Leon Benoziyo Center for High Energy Physics

Hamburg, which is a unique high-energy electron-proton (e-p) collider. The group is specifically involved in analyzing production of the heavy quarks charm and beauty. By studying the production of pairs of charm or beauty quarks in high-energy e-p collisions one can infer the density of the gluons within the proton. The interaction between the electron and proton takes place by exchanging a particle that is responsible for the electric force - the photon. Heavy quarks can also be produced in e-p collisions when a parton in the proton collides with a parton in the exchanged photon. The study of these processes sheds light on the partonic structure of the photon, in particular its charm content. Accurate tests on the predictions of the theory of the strong force, QCD, are performed in a new regime, which was never explored before.

Physics with Heavy Ions: The CERES and PHENIX Experiments

An exciting prediction of QCD, the currently accepted theory of strong interactions, is the existence of a transition from normal matter into a new state called the Quark-Gluon-Plasma which is the strong force equivalent of the electromagnetic plasma. It is believed that the universe underwent such a transition some ten microseconds after the big bang when the temperature was roughly 10 000 higher than the temperature at the center of the sun. These temperatures can be reached today in the laboratory, in collisions of heavy nuclei, like lead or gold, accelerated to ultra-relativistic energies using modern accelerators. The Weizmann group is engaged in a highly original experiment called CERES running at CERN and specially designed to identify and study this primordial state of matter. The results of the CERES experiment seem to hint at modifications of particle properties (like mass and/or width) as a precursor of chiral symmetry restoration, a phenomenon predicted to occur together with the formation of a Quark-Gluon-Plasma. To further elucidate this exciting finding the grouphas extended its activities to the new and more powerful accelerator called RHIC (the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider) at Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA. Together with scientists from other countries, the Weizmann group has constructed a novel detector called PHENIX, one of the two major detectors operating at RHIC. RHIChas started regular operations in the summer of year 2000, opening a new era and new horizons in the study of nuclear collisions at unprecedented high energies, and offering the best ever conditions to detect the phase transition and to measure the properties of the Quark-Gluon-Plasma.

Preparations for LHC

The LEPaccelerator has been taken out of its tunnel and a new machine - the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will start to be installed. The LHC is expected to start operating in 2006 delivering proton beams of 7 TeV each. The new machine will host two large detectors - ATLAS and CMS. The Weizmann group, together with the Technion and Tel-Aviv groups and with seven groups from Japan, is constructing the forward muon trigger system of the ATLAS experiment. The system is based on the innovative Thin-Gap Chamber, which was developed at Weizmann. By now more 700 large area detectors, out of the 2500 that are planed, have already been built in our newly built laboratory (Mexico). The muon trigger system will play a crucial role in increasing the ability of the ATLAS detector to discover the Higgs boson and the various SUSY particles. It is predicted that the LHC will provide a decisive test of the Standard Model and some of its extensions. The Joseph H. and Belle R. Braun Center for Submicron Research

Mordehai Heiblum, Director Alex and Ida Sussman Professor of Submicron Electronics

Research activities at the Center are concentrated on fabrication and investigation of small semiconductor structures. The energy spectrum, interactions, and dynamics of electrons in these structures are strongly affected by the reduced dimensions. The structures are grown by state-of-the-art molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), patterned using very high resolution electron beam writing and processed using advanced techniques.

Research at the Center is conducted by a staff of approximately 30 people, organized in three scientific groups (headed by Israel Bar-Joseph, Moty Heiblum, and Amir Yacoby), and a highly skilled professional team. Major research activities are directed toward studying the transport properties of electrons and holes at a large parameter range: from DC to microwave frequencies, from room temperature to a few milliKelvin above absolute zero, and from zero to extremely high magnetic fields. Another research effort is directed toward studying the optical properties, with continuous wave or with short pulses, of two-dimensional electron gas and of highly excited one-dimensional wires. An important facet of the research at the Center is the development of new confining structures and the fabrication of a very pure material.

The activity at the Center also involves application-oriented research. Projects are funded by the ministry of science and the ministry of defense. The Center was also chosen to be a Large Scale Facility in the Europian Union, having the resources to host many scientists from Europe for short periods of time.

Here are some of the scientific projects conducted by the different groups:

Controlled Dephasing of Electrons (Which path experiments)

By observing with a sensitive detector the path an electron chooses to take interference of the electronic waves vanishes. A Quantum Point Contact (QPC) in close proximity to an Aharonov-Bohm ring interferometer allows the controlled dephasing (destruction of interference) via affecting the properties of the QPC. Phase detection as well as current detection are being sought.

Yang Ji (Post Doc), Yunchul Chung (Post Doc), Diana Mahalu, H. Shtrikman, Vladimir Umansky, and Moty Heiblum).

203 204 The Joseph H. and Belle R. Braun Center for Submicron Research

Statistics of Fractional Charges

The charge of the quasiparticle in the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) regime had been predicted to be a fraction of the electronic charge. Via shot noise measurements this charge had been measured in the FQHE regime at a filling factor 1/3 and was found to be e/3 as predicted. More recently charges e/5 and e/7 were measured at filling factors 2/5 and 3/7, respectively. The behavior of these fractional charges are now being investigated under different conditions. The effect of barriers on bunching of such fractional charges is being investigated at extremely low electron temperature (of 9mK). (Eyal Comforti, Ph.D. student, Yunchul Chung (Post Doc), Vladimir Umansky, Diana Mahalu, and Moty Heiblum).

Phase Measurements of a Mesoscopic System

An interferometer with a quantum dot (QD) in the Kondo regime was constructed in order to measure phase evolution of the 'Kondo QD'. Such a QD is expected to behave differently from a QD in the Coulomb Blockade regime measured before. Phase was measured and results are different from the predicted ones theoretically. Moreover, charge in the QD was measured as a function of different parameters and was found to be redistributed as function of magnetic field. Controlled dephasing experiments of such Kondo QD are now under way. (M. Avinun, Ji Yang, H. Shtrikman, D. Mahalu, and Moty Heiblum).

Local Thermodynamic Probing of the two Dimensional Electron and Hole Gases

We use a single electron tarnsistor as a local electrostatic probe to study the underlying spatial structure of the metal insulator transition (MIT) in two dimensions (2D). Our local compressibility measurements reveal a striking microscopic evolution from a continuous liquid phase to a discrete insulating phase. In contrast to the continuous compressible phase, the new discrete phase consists of microscopic charge configurations that are surrounded by the liquid phase and are compressible only at discrete values of the local density. The discrete phase appears already on the metallic side of the MIT and when the density is lowered its volume increases on account of the continuous phase. The individual charge configurations, that comprise the discrete phase, are found to interact via quantum mechanical tunneling and via mutual Coulomb interaction. (Shahal Ilani, Ph.D. student, Katya Teitelbaum, Ms.c. student, Diana Mahalu, Hadas Shtrikman, and Amir Yacoby).

Tunneling Spectroscopy of One Dimensional Conductors

We have studied experimentally the tunneling conductance of a 1D wire in two different geometry's using the cleaved edge overgrowrth method. The first consists of tunneling between two parallel 1D wires that are separated by a 6nm barrier. Conservation of energy and momentum in the tunneling process restricts current flow to very specific values of the relative voltage between the wires and external magnetic field. We will show that our measurements provide a direct way of measuring the detailed dispersion relation, E(k), of the electrons in the wires. In the second geometry we have measured the low temperature conductance of a one- dimensional island embedded in a single mode quantum wire. The tunneling is through a single state of the island. Our results show that while the resonance line shape fits the The Joseph H. and Belle R. Braun Center for Submicron Research 205 derivative of the Fermi function the intrinsic line width decreases in a power law fashion as the temperature is reduced. This behavior agrees quantitatively with Furasaki's model for resonant tunneling in a Luttinger liquid. (Ophir Auslaender, Ph. D. student, Vladimir Umansky, and Amir Yacoby).

Near field spectroscopy of a gated electron gas

The near-field photoluminescence of a gated two-dimensional electron gas was measured. We used the negatively charged exciton, X-, formed by binding of an electron to a photo-excited electron-hole pair, as an indicator for the local presence of charge. We have shown that the X- lineshape is a Lorenzian with an amplitude that is linearly proportional to the local electron density. Thus, by analyzing the X- line at each spatial point we could get a quantitative image of the electron density distribution in the plane (Y. Yayon, Ph.D student, M. Rappaport, V. Umansky, and Israel Bar-Joseph).

Charged excitons in the fractional quantum Hall regime

We studied the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of a low-density two-dimensional electron gas at high magnetic fields and low temperatures. Our work was motivated by recent theoretical studies that have suggested that the charged exctions (X-) could be useful in describing the many electrons + hole system in that regime. Using a gated structure we were able to follow the dependence of the PL spectrum on the filling factor not only by changing the magnetic field at a constant density, as is commonly done in PL experiments, but also by varying the density at constant magnetic field. Our main finding is that the singlet and triplet X- lines evolve continuously from the dilute limit into the fractional quantum Hall (FQH) regime, where they are sensitive probes for the many-body interactions. This observation calls for new interpretation of the PL data at the FQH regime in terms of bound electron-hole complexes. We also identified conclusively the ''dark'' triplet and show that it crosses the singlet line at high magnetic field. This observation resolved a serious contradiction between theoretical predictions and the available experimental data. (G. Yusa, post-doctorat fellow, H. Shtrikman and Israel Bar-Joseph). 206 The Joseph H. and Belle R. Braun Center for Submicron Research The Albert Einstein Minerva Center for Theoretical Physics

Yoseph Imry, Director The Max Planck Professor of Quantum Physics

The Albert Einstein MINERVA Center for Theoretical Physics was established in 1980 with the generous donation of an endowment fund from the Bundes Ministerium für Forschung und Technologie (BMFT) of the Federal Republic of Germany, through the joint committee for German Israeli Scientific Cooperation (Minerva). The main emphasis of the Center is to foster high level research in theoretical physics, while promoting cooperation among German and Israeli theorists. The Center supports human contact activities, such as theoretical physicists visiting from abroad and consultants working with different theory groups in the Institute. The Center also supports, partially or fully, small topical meetings and workshops. Naturally, most of the activity of the Center is related to research projects based at the Faculty of Physics, but considerable support has also been lent to appropriate projects in the Faculty of Chemistry and, to a lesser extent, in the Faculty of Mathematics. The support from the Center plays an important role in almost all the research in theoretical physics at the Institute.

Visiting Theoretical Physicists

During 2002 we supported 25 visitors who came to the Institute to collaborate and to give lectures. The visitors came from Germany (6), United States (11), England (2), France (2), Switzerland (1), Italy (1), Canada (1), and The Netherlands.

The Advisors (Associate Membership) Program

The advisors are theoretical physicists, with appointments in other academic institutes in Israel, who come to the Weizmann Institute for up to 1 day per week for part or the whole of the academic year. They collaborate with scientists from the Weizmann Institute and give lectures here. Much joint work results.

In 2002, three advisors were in the Department of Condensed Matter Physics, seven in the Department of Particle Physics, and two in the Department of Complex Systems. The advisors for Condensed Matter Physics were Prof. Ora Entin-Wohlman from Tel Aviv University; Prof. Yakir Aharonov, Tel Aviv University; and Prof. Yigal Meir, Ben-Gurion University. The advisors for Particle Physics were Prof. Amit Giveon, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Prof. Marek Karliner, Tel Aviv University; Dr. Oren Bergman, Technion; Dr. Yael Shadmi, Technion; Prof. Yaron Oz, Tel Aviv University, Dr. Yuval Grossman, Technion; and Prof. Shmuel Elitzur, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The advisors for Complex Systems were

207 208 The Albert Einstein Minerva Center for Theoretical Physics

Prof. Eliezer Rabinovici, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; and Prof. Ido Kanter, Bar-Ilan University.

The Center supported two conferences:

The 7th Minerva Winter School on Frontiers in Non-Linear Physics - Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, 10.03.2002 - 15.03.2002

Indo-Israel Workshop on Current Issues in Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science - Jerusalem, Israel, 27.01.2002 - 30.01.2002 The Maurice and Gabriella Goldschleger Center for Nanophysics

Yoseph Imry, Director The Max Planck Professor of Quantum Physics

The Maurice and Gabriella Goldschleger Center for Nanophysics was established in 2001. Fueled by the success of the research on Mesoscopic Physics, the main goal of this center is to promote theoretical research in Nanophysics. This is the small-size end of the mesoscopic regime. The fundamental interplay of the microscopic quantum mechanical behavior and the environmental degrees of freedom will be studied in both equilibrium and nonequilibrium aspects. Primary examples of systems on which these studies are relevant are nanofabricated devices such as quantum dots and conducting lines as well as novel molecules such as carbon nanotubes. The electronic conducting (and perhaps superconducting), thermal, magnetic and optical properties of such systems will be addressed. While this research is concerned with basic Physics, it is relevant to, for example, future electronic and optical applications.

209 210 The Maurice and Gabriella Goldschleger Center for Nanophysics The Minerva Center for Nonlinear Physics of Complex Systems

Uzy Smilansky, Director The Wolfgang Gentner Professor of Nuclear Physics

The Center was established jointly by the Technion and the Weizmann Institute. It maintains strong links with the Max Planck Institute for Physics of Complex Systems in Dresden. The Center supports the activities of three groups at the Weizmann Institute.

Hydrodynamics, Turbulence and Pattern Formation-Theory

1. Turbulence. Our research in the last few years concentrated on understanding the universality of turbulence, with a focus on the "anomalous" exponents that characterize the scaling properties of correlation functions and structure functions. We had three major lines of progress, in each of which we have achieved significant results. First, anomalous scaling was related to the existence of "Statistically Preserved Structures", which remain invariant (on the average) on the background of the turbulent flow. Such invariant functions are responsible for the observed anomalous exponents that were mysterious for decades to turbulence researchers. Now we can identify them as eigenfunctions of eigenvalue 1 of appropriate operators. Second, we have presented a systematic and accurate approach to peeling off anisotoropic contribution from turbulent statistical objects. We showed how each anisotropic sector exhibits its own set of anomalous exponents which are universal. This way we have settled long standing issues related to the decay of aniostropy as a function of length scale and Reynolds number. Finally we have addressed the problem of drag reduction in turbulence by polymeric additives, and have begun to unravel the mechanism of this mysterious phenomenon.

2. Fractal Grourth. We considered Laplacian growth and Diffusion Limited Aggregates (DLA). By constructing conformal maps from the unit circle to the fractal patterns we obtained dynamical equations for the conformal maps, allowing us to solve for the interesting patterns that evolve in these systems. We understood completely Laplacian dynamics and developed a theory of DLA which is able to predict all the multifractal properties from first principles. In particular we have offered a convergent calculation of the fractal dimension of DLA, settling a long standing question whether it is fractal or not (it is).

In the last year we have developed the dynamics of conformal maps to problems of fracture of brittle materials. We have solved the quasi-static fracture problem and are making progress in dynamic fracture.

211 212 The Minerva Center for Nonlinear Physics of Complex Systems

Hydrodynamics, Turbulence and Pattern Formation-Experimental

During the past years the main progress has been on the following projects :

1. Spatio-temporal chaos in Rayleigh-Benard convection in very large aspect ratio cells in a gas near the gas-liquid critical point was studied. This unique system gave us the possibility to discover new spiral and target defect chaotic state, coexisting up- and downflow hexagons, labyrinth state and more. We studied in detail part of these new instabilities and patterns in close collaboration with theorists from Bayreuth University, Germany, Profs. F. Busse and W. Pesch.

2. Nonlinear interaction of first and second sound waves and possible wave turbulence state were studied in superfluid helium. Meantime just one mechanism of the wave interaction, namely parametric generation of the second sound by first one, was investigated. After its theoretical prediction about 20 years ago, it was first observed by us experimentally. New technology of the second sound detection by superconducting bolometers evaporated on glass fibers was developed. Two unexpected effects were observed: intermittent nature of the second sound and sudden drop of the second sound amplitude at large values of the first sound amplitude far away from the threshold. Universality of amplitude fluctuations in a wide range of the control parameter above the instability threshold was established and explained by four-waves indirect interaction of the second sound waves via the first sound. Amplification of the second sound by the first one and an effect of phase conjugation for the second sound were found. However, theoretically predicted wave turbulence for the nonlinearly interacting second sound waves was not observed.

3. Significant progress has been made in our understanding of the role of elastic stresses in hydrodynamics of polymer solutions. In particular we studied the role of viscoelasticity on stability and pattern selection in Couette-Taylor flow of a dilute polymer solution. We succeeded to vary the solution elasticity by three orders of magnitude, and in this way to get the complete stability diagram of this flow from pure inertial case of Newtonian fluid till very elastic flow. New type of patterns were observed and characterized, in particular novel localized stationary vortex pairs state was discovered. Their properties and interaction, as well as the mechanism of the elastic instability were quantitatively studied in details. As a continuation of these studies we discovered new turbulent state, coined by us the elastic turbulence, which occurs at negligible values of Re and large values of De. It results just from elastic nonlinearity and driven by the elastic forces in 3D complex how. Further studies of 3D complex viscoelastic flows will help to reveal the mechanism of turbulent drag reduction.

4. Turbulent convection was studied in a gas SF6 near the gas-liquid critical point. This unique system provides us an opportunity to reach extremely large Raleigh numbers (up to 1015) and to study the Pr dependence over an extremely wide range in the same system. The existence of the critical fluctuations provided us the possibility to perform The Minerva Center for Nonlinear Physics of Complex Systems 213

laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) measurements of the velocity field in a rather wide range of the closeness to the critical point. Using this novel technique developed in our laboratory, we studied statistical properties of the velocity field in a wide range of Re and Pr numbers. Together with the local temperature and global heat transfer measurements it provided us complete information about convective turbulence.

5. Appearance and dynamics of shock sound waves in a gas near the gas-liquid critical point was investigated. It is a first step towards the acoustic turbulence problem. The onset of wave resistance due to generation of surface waves is still ongoing project. Quantum vortex nucleation and detection were investigated as a first step to future experimental program. Dynamics of topological defects in nonequilibrium structure was further investigated as a continuation of our joint efforts with the theoretical group of Profs. L. Kramer and W. Pesch from Bayreuth University, Germany.

Quantum Chaos - Theory

The main problem in "quantum chaos" is to reveal the quantum mechanical implications of classical chaos. Chaotic dynamics - a generic property in classical physics, leave universal fingerprints in quantum physics, which are unraveled by the on going research in "quantum Chaos". The results are relevant and applicable in Mesoscopics, Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear physics. As a matter of fact, "quantum chaos" appears in all problems where wave propagation is studied in the short wavelength limit. Thus, "quantum chaos" is also studied in acoustics, electromagnetic propagation, cavities etc. The observation which brought "quantum chaos" to the focal point of modern theoretical physics, was the intimate connection between the distributions and statistics of many quantum observables, and the underlying classical dynamics. More precisely, it was found that the predictions of random matrix theory, a minimum-information statistical approach, accurately reproduce the properties of simple quantum systems, as long as the underlying classical dynamics is chaotic. In this way, the ergodicity which is the hallmark of classical chaos is extended into the quantum domain. In our recent research we contributed to this effort along the following lines:

1. The semiclassical approximation and the interior-exterior duality. Some years ago we developed an alternative approach to the quantization of bounded systems, using scattering theory. It is based on an intimate relationship between the bounded (interior) problem, and a properly constructed scattering (exterior) problem. We extended this approach to the discussion of edge states in magnetic billiards, where both the exterior and the interior spectra are discrete. In this case, the duality implies pair-wise correlations between eigenstates and very prominent spectral correlations across the boundary which separates the exterior from the interior. Presently we generalize this approach and use it in new contexts, such as the quantization of the Laplacians for compact Riemannian manifolds without boundaries.

2. Quantum graphs. In the quest for the simplest quantum systems which display spectral fluctuations which are reproduce by random matrix theory, we proposed quantum 214 The Minerva Center for Nonlinear Physics of Complex Systems

graphs, for which an exact trace formula exists, and the "classical dynamics" was shown to be mixing. An extensive test of the spectra of simple graphs have shown an excellent reproduction of various statistical measures derived from random matrix theory. Moreover, the derivation of spectral correlation functions can be reduced to the solution of combinatorial problems. With this insight, the applicability of random matrix theory for graphs was theoretically established to better degree than hitherto achieved in any other system. Various other problems of interest, such as isospectrality (which relates to the question- "Can one hear the shape of a graph?"), quantum irreversibility (dephasing) and nodal structures of wave functions on graphs are also studied.

3. The statistics and structure of nodal domains. Real wave functions (in 2d for simplicity) vanish along lines which separate domains where the wave function has a constant sign. The properties of the sets of nodal lines and nodal domains are sensitive to the underlying classical dynamics. We revived the interest in this aspect of "quantum chaos" by introducing a new statistical measure for the distribution of the number of nodal domains. We derived the universal features of this distribution for quantum integrable problems, and conjectured its behavior for chaotic ones. Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science

Dean: David Harel The William Sussman Professor of Mathematics

Aryeh Dvoretzky, Ph.D. (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem) Institute Professor 234 Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science

Dean: David Harel The William Sussman Professor of Mathematics

The Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science consists of two departments: the Department of Mathematics, and the Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics. In actuality, we carry out research in three categories: pure mathematics, applied mathematics, and computer science.

There are no clear-cut lines separating these areas, and many projects span more than one of them. The research itself ranges from abstract and very theoretical considerations within mathematics and computer science, through using and applying mathematics and computer science in other sciences, to their application in concrete industrial developments. It is not easy to divide the faculty members into well identified research groups, as there is a large overlap in research interests and expertise, an overlap that in turn contributes to the strength of the Faculty. Thus, the best way to see what is done in the Faculty is to read the research summaries provided in our Faculty brochure for each of the departments and for each individual scientist.

The Faculty also hosts the Carl F. Gauss Minerva Center for Scientific Computation, the John von Neumann Minerva Center for Verification of Reactive Systems, and the Moross Laboratory for Vision Research and Robotics.

217 218 Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science Computer Science and Applied Mathematics

Shimon Ullman, Head The Ruth and Samy Cohn Professor of Computer Sciences

Research in computer science encompasses theoretical studies on the foundations of computer science, experimental aspects of computer science, computer vision and robotics, and the study of information processing by biological systems, theoretical biology and bio- informatics. On the theoretical side, topics include computational complexity, cryptography, algorithms, distributed computing, methods for system verification, specification and development, logics of programs, combinatorics and number theory, combinatorial games, information retrieval, and numerical analysis. Experimental research includes the development of concurrent languages, visual languages, and programming environments. The study of vision, robotics, and motor control includes both theoretical and experimental components. We have expanded our activity at the interface of biology and computation by adding a program in bio-informatics, and studying computational aspects of olfaction and computations by biological machinery.

Research in applied mathematics includes two main themes. The first is the basic study of applied mathematics and the development of new mathematical tools of general applicability in science and engineering. The second theme is the use of mathematical techniques to elucidate phenomena of interest in the natural sciences, such as biology, medicine, and physics.

Complexity theory: Classifying computational problems by the amount of computation, the number of processing steps and the memory required for their solution. One recent focus is on the complexity of approximation, that is, investigating whether efficient approximation algorithms exist for problems that are inherently complex. Some approximations were found to exhibit a threshold phenomenon: for a particular ratio of approximation there is a transition from inefficient to efficient approximation. Other work establishes lower bounds on the complexity of models of computation, including boolean circuits, communication complexity, and length of proofs.

Cryptography deals with methods for protecting the privacy, integrity, and functionality of computer and communication systems. The research activities on the area range from providing firm foundations to the construction of such methods to providing actual constructions for specific needs. Correspondingly, research in Cryptography ranges from very abstract (or theoretical) to very applied (or concrete). The full range of these activities is represented in the Department of Computer Science at the Weizmann Institute of Science. Recent directions include the design and analysis of practical cryptosystems, the development

219 220 Computer Science and Applied Mathematics of session-key generation based on passwords, the study of new types of zero-knowledge proofs and of the complexity of secure function evaluation.

Randomness: Finding methods that allow a deterministic process to simulate randomness, and using randomness for solving computational problems, including computer communication applications, and protecting privacy in information exchange over computer networks.

Program verification: Research on the automatic verification of computer systems, including digital circuit design, reactive and real-time systems, and reactive systems. Current research includes the synthesis of reactive modules, automatic verification of multi-process systems, and specification methods that combine transition systems with temporal logic.

System specification: Research on languages for the modeling and simulation of complex reactive systems. Work focuses on visual formalisms, based on topological and geometric constructs. It includes the semantics and implementation of Statecharts, an object-oriented version of Statecharts, and a new language for inter-object message specification, called LSC's (live sequence charts). Related work is on the layout of diagrams, such as undirected graphs and blob/window hierarchies.

Distributed computing and communication networks: Work in this area includes the design of efficient communication patterns and efficient transmission of information between sites in a network. Dynamical systems: Studies of the chaotic behavior in dynamical systems, with applications to physical problems, including fluid flow and mixing, atmospheric science, plasma physics and others. Recent work also include the study of parabolic resonance, and the explanation of weather balloon drift in the atmosphere by parabolic resonance.

Vision: Object recognition: developing methods for recognizing objects, such as faces or cars, from their images.

Aids for the visually impaired: Using computer vision methods to help the visually impaired.

Visually guided navigation: using vision to guide mobile robots and robotic arms to reach a desired position.

Video Analysis and Application: using video analysis to handle and manipulate information from multiple video cameras imaging the same scene (either simultaneously or at different times). Video enhancement, video indexing and browsing (e.g., over the internet), compression (for storage and transmission), video-based surveillance and monitoring, and multi-media applications.

Robotics: Movement control in biological and robotic systems: studying the processes of motion planning and control in biological systems and the strategies employed by the brain in the planning, execution and control of multi-joint movements and different motor tasks, such as reaching, pointing, grasping and drawing. Computer Science and Applied Mathematics 221

Motor learning and adaptation: Investigating the rules that govern skill acquisition and learning in humans, and developing learning algorithms and architectures for robotic systems.

Parkinson's disease research: In collaboration with neurologists we investigate and characterize the motor impairments manifested in Parkinson's disease.

Scientific computing: Developing new efficient methods for solving equations that appear in many natural problems. Solving the mathematical equations that describe natural phenomena in physics, chemistry, and other branches of science, is often a formidable computation task. We are involved in developing more efficient computational methods with possible applications in diverse areas, such as fluid dynamics, medical imaging, image processing, astrophysics, and others. One major direction is the development of hierarchical methods that approximate the problem is space and time simultaneously on several resolution levels. Another direction is the analytic estimation of the errors caused in the computation by discrete computer calculations, and developing methods for controlling such errors.

Nonlinear Hamiltonian dynamics, and its applications to physical problems such as fluid flow and mixing, atmospheric science and plasma physics.

Biology and computation: bio-informatics, computational aspects of olfaction, computation by biological machinery. http://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Achi Brandt, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Elaine and Bram Goldsmith Professor of Applied Mathematics Tamar Flash, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States Oded Goldreich, Ph.D., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel The Meyer W. Weisgal Professor Shafrira Goldwasser, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, United States David Harel, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States The William Sussman Professor of Mathematics Moni Naor, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, United States David Peleg, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Norman D. Cohen Professor of Computer Sciences Amir Pnueli, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Estrin Family Professor of Computer Science Adi Shamir, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel The Paul and Marlene Borman Professor of Applied Mathematics Edriss Titi, Ph.D., Indiana University, Bloomington, United States 222 Computer Science and Applied Mathematics

Shimon Ullman, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States The Ruth and Samy Cohn Professor of Computer Sciences

Professors Emeriti

Ari Ben-Menahem, Ph.D., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States Aviezri S. Fraenkel, Ph.D., University of California, Los Angeles, United States Isaac M. Horowitz, Ph.D., Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn Alexander Lerner, Ph.D., Academy of Sciences of USSR, Moscow, Russian Federation Philip Rabinowitz, Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, United States Lee A. Segel, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States

Associate Professors

Ronen Basri, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Uriel Feige, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Michal Irani, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Incumbent of the Frances and Max Hersh Career Development Chair (until November 2002) Daniel Michelson, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Ran Raz, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Incumbent of the Elaine Blond Career Development Chair (until July 2002) Vered Rom-Kedar, Ph.D., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States Ehud Shapiro, Ph.D., Yale University, New Haven, United States

Junior Staff Scientist

Meirav Galun, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Special Contract

Valery Ilyin, Ph.D., Kiev State University

Engineers

Yorram Kalef, M.Sc., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Rehovot, Israel Leah Mory Rauch, M.Sc., Weizmann Institute of Technology Dorit Ron, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Technology, Rehovot, Israel Oded Smikt, M.Sc., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

Consultants

Noga Alon, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (left June 2002) Yonit Kesten, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel Computer Science and Applied Mathematics 223

Orna Lichtenstein, Center for Technological Education, Holon, Israel Baruch Radin (left May 2002) Bilha Sandak, Independent William Silverman Irad Yavneh, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (left August 2002)

Visiting Scientists

Moshe Bar, Harvard Med. School, MA, U.S.A. Nathan Dinar, Israel Inst. of Bio. Rese., Nes Ziona, Israel Richard Fish Smadar Karni, University of Michigan, U.S.A. Oren Livne, IDF, Israel Anna Melnikov, University of Haifa, Israel Hjorth Poul Ron Shamir, Tel-Aviv University, Israel Dmitry Turaev, Weiestrasse Institute, Berlin, Germany Dmitri Vainchtein, University of California at Santa Barbara, U.S.A.

Postdoctoral Fellows

Aya Aner - wolf, Ph.D., Columbia University of New York, USA Ravi Duggirala, Ph.D., Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Igor Gejadze, Ph.D., Moscow Aviation Institute, Russia Peter Gordon, Ph.D., St Petersburg State University, Russia Gady Kozma, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Monika Lang, Ph.D., University of Essen, Germany Baruch Radin, Technion, Israel Guy Sella, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Elad Shahar, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Ronen Shaltiel, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Eitan Sharon, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Amir Shpilka, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Eric Vigoda, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, USA

Research Students

Ayelet Akselrod Tamarah Arons Boaz Barak Jaakov Benenson Armin Biess Eran Borenstein Chen Brestel Liran Carmel Yaron Caspi Roman Dovgard Sol Efroni Michael Elkin 224 Computer Science and Applied Mathematics

Boris Epshtein Alexey Etin Dana Fisman Jason Friedman Rima Gandlin Dan Harnik Tzvika Hartman Iyad Eil Hasan Suwan Yehuda Hassin Tal Hassner Byung-Woo Hong Alexander Iliesh Na'Aman Kam Anat Kirshenberg Alexander Klimov Yehuda Koren (Kornweitz) Amos Korman Hillel Kugler Oded Lachish Michael Langberg David Lehmann Nissan Lev-Tov Raya Leviathan Yehuda Lindell Gregory Linshiz Yoad Lustig Moshe Machline Itsik Mantin Rami Marelly Yaacov (Kobbi) Nissim Kobliner Eran Ofek Nir Piterman Felix Polyakov Ofer Rahat Anna Rapoport Yoav Rodeh Alon Rosen Michael Rozantsev Sitvanit Ruah Elad Shahar Eitan Sharon Eliezer Shochat Ofer Shtrichman Yael Tauman Michel Vidal-Naquet Gera Weiss Ehud Wieder Lihi Zelnik-Manor Dror Zur

Administrator

Raanan Michael Mathematics

Amitai Regev, Head (until July 2002) The Herman P. Taubman Professor of Mathematics

Gideon Schechtman, Head (from August 2002) The William Petschek Professor of Mathematics

The principal research interests of the Department lie in the two general areas of mathematical analysis and its applications, and of algebra, mainly representation theory, algebraic geometry, and number theory. Topics covered in analysis include the structure of finite and infinite dimensional spaces, operator and matrix theory, function theory on the plane, graphs and Riemann surfaces, spectral theory, several aspects of probability, and some applications of statistics, linear and nonlinear ordinary and partial differential equations, harmonic analysis, dynamical systems, control theory in its various manifestations, optimization, game theory and mathematical economics, approximation and complexity of functions, numerical analysis, singularity theory, and robotics. The algebraic direction includes some aspects of algebraic geometry, representation theory, quantum groups, combinatorics, number theory, automorphic forms, ring theory, and enveloping algebras. Although the approach taken is primarily that of pure mathematics, some of the research leans toward possible applications. Listed below is a sample of some of the specific topics that the department's members have pursued lately or are involved in now.

Algebraic geometry: Study was continued on integration on p-adic analytic spaces. It was shown that one can construct on every smooth p-adic analytic space an algebra of locally analytic functions which includes all analytic ones, satisfies the uniqueness property, and contains local primitives of all closed one-forms with coefficients in the algebra. This allows one to integrate such a one-form along a path so that the integral depends on the homotopy class of the path.

Automorphic forms: First, work was continued on the boundedness in vertical strips of L- functions that appear in constant terms of Eisenstein series; one question studied was whether the boundedness is really a product of complex function theory. Second, topics were explored about how Riemann's zeta function, and its generalizations, depends on Riemann's orginal ideas.

225 226 Mathematics

Banach spaces: The geometry of finite and infinite dimensional normed spaces and maps between them is investigated, particularly the classification of Banach spaces under Lipschitz and uniform homeomorphisms, and under Lipschitz and uniform quotient maps.

Differential and integral operators: An explicit functional calculus for various degenerate operators related to the Heisenberg group was studied. In particular, the wave kernels for operators such as the Grushin operator, the Heisenberg Laplacian, and the harmonic oscillator were calculated, and the relation with the associated sub-Riemannian geometry was clarified.

Game theory and mathematical economics: Costs of time and negotiations were incorporated into a dynamic system leading to the Nash bargaining solution for cooperative games.

Dynamical systems: The singular limits of fast dynamics was modeled by measure-valued dynamics. Applications of this model to coupled slow and fast ordinary differential equations and to ergodic dynamics were worked out.

Hilbert 16th problem and related areas: A general theorem was proved on the number of zeros for functional fields obtained as Picard-Vessiot extensions of the field of meromorphic functions. Using an explicitly derived system of Picard-Fuchs differential equations, this result is applied to Abelian integrals, giving a first constructive solution of the infinitesimal Hilbert 16th problem (in the hyperelliptic case).

Deep relations between Hilbert's problem (as well as another closely connected one - Poincare's Centre-Focus problem) and several fields in Classical and modern Analysis and Algebra have been found. Among them Generalized Moments, Several Complex variables, Composition Algebra and D-modules. These promising relations are now investigated.

Local properties of maps: The inverse image of every point y mapped by an essential map in Euclidean space contains a point x such that no neighborhood of x is mapped into a coordinate half space with y on its boundary. We also determine when the image of a neighborhood of x covers a neighborhood of y, and obtain differential versions for quasi-analytic functions.

Operator theory and Matrix Function theory: The theory of the joint system realization of rational matrix function is developed. Applications to the Fuchsian differential systems are carried out.

A simple connection between Riccati equations and finite dimensional reproducing kernel Krein spaces was established and then exploited to resolve a number of interpolation and factorization problems. The investigation of inverse problems for canonical integral and differential system continued. In particular, a parameterization of the set of all solutions to an inverse input impedance problem was given under reasonably general conditions and applied to the inverse spectral problem. Explicit formulas were derived for the case that the input impedance matrix was of Wiener class and subsequently when it was restricted further to be rational. A new characterization of the classes of left strongly and right strongly J-inner matrix valued functions were obtained. Mathematics 227

Optimization and control: The control of coupled slow and fast motions was examined. The model is of singular perturbations with measure-valued variables representing the limit of the fast variables. Relaxation in such models was examined. The rates of convergence in the sense of distributions to the variational limit were computed and applied. Variational limits of the measure-valued type were examined and applied to problems of best approximation in Orlicz- Young classes.

Probability and geometry: Several subjects relating probability and geometry of sets in finite dimensional space or in discrete structures are investigated. These include problems pertaining to Statistical Physics; in particular, percolation, random walks on diverse geometrical structures, and the study of convex sets in high dimensional Euclidean space.

Representation theory and related topics: This concerns the representation theory of algebraic groups, enveloping algebras and quantum groups -- specifically, at present, the determination of semi-invariants for parabolic subalgebras, the analysis and quantization of hypersurface orbital varieties and the decomposition of Demazure crystals and their module theory.

For both associative and Lie algebras with polynomial identities, the study of their codimension growth is continued, via the applications of the representation theory of the Symmetric groups.

The Vershik-Kerov representation theory of the infinite symmetric group, together with Probability and with the Theory of Symmetric Functions, are applied to the study of combinatorial identities.

Spectral theory on graphs: Several results on Spectral theory of differential operators on trees were obtained. In particular, for the Schrodinger operator on homogeneous trees the behaviour of eigenvalues appearing in the gaps of the spectrum of the free Laplacian was studied in detail. For the so-called regular trees the necessary and sufficient condition of positive definetness of the Laplacian was established.

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professors

Zvi Artstein, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Hettie H. Heineman Professor of Mathematics Vladimir Berkovich, Ph.D., University of Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation The Matthew B. Rosenhaus Professor of Biophysics Aryeh Dvoretzky, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Institute Professor Harry Dym, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States The Renee and Jay Weiss Professor Stephen Gelbart, Ph.D., Princeton University, Princeton, United States The Nicki and J. Ira Harris Professor 228 Mathematics

Anthony Joseph, Ph.D., University of Oxford The Donald Frey Professor Yakar Kannai, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Erica and Ludwig Jesselson Professor of Theoretical Mathematics Victor Katsnelson, Ph.D., Kharkov University, Kharkov The Ruth and Sylvia Shogam Professor Amitai Regev, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Herman P. Taubman Professor of Mathematics Gideon Schechtman, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The William Petschek Professor of Mathematics Oded Schramm, Ph.D., Princeton University, Princeton, United States (left August 2002) The Sam and Ayala Zacks Professor (until August 2002) Yosef Yomdin, Ph.D., Novosibirsk State University, Russian Federation The Moshe Porath Professor of Mathematics

Professor Emeritus

Michael Solomyak, Ph.D., University of Leningrad

Associate Professors

Itai Benjamini, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Sergei Yakovenko, Ph.D., Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation The Gershon Kekst Professor

Senior Scientist

Maria Gorelik, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Yigal Allon Fellow Incumbent of the Frances and Max Hersh Career Development Chair

Junior Staff Scientist

Nina Roytvarf, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (left June 2002)

Consultant

Joseph Bernstein, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Vladimir Hinich, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel Anna Melnikov, Center fo Technological Education, Holon, Israel (left September 2002) Andre Reznikov, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Nina Roytvarf Victor Zalgaller Mathematics 229

Visiting Scientists

Damir Arov, S. Ukrainian University, Odessa, Ukraine Gennady Feldman, Inst. for Low Temperature Physics, Kharkov, Ukraine Anne Henke, University of Oxford, UK William B. Johnson, Texas A&M University, U.S.A. Leonid Makar-Limanov, Wayne State University, U.S.A. Mark Nagurka, University of Marquette, Milwaukee, WI, U.S.A. Shahar Nevo, Bar-Ilan University, Israel Leonid Positselski, University of Stockholm, Sweden Vladimir Zolotarev, Kharkov State University, Ukraine

Postdoctoral Fellows

David Holcman, Ph.D., Pierre & Marie Curie University, France Dmitry Kalyuzhniy-Verbovetz, Ph.D., Karazin National State University, Ukraine Gady Kozma, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel Claire Moura, Ph.D., Universite Paul Sabatier, France Shahar Nevo, Ph.D., Bar-Ilan University, Israel Boris Noyvert, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Fedor Pakovich, Ph.D., Joseph Fourier University - Grenoble I, France Dan Romik, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University, Israel

Research Students

Omer Angel Yevgenia Apartsin Yuri Bazlov Mikhail Blinov Yonah Cherniavsky Ilan Degani Dvir Kleper Olga Maleva Elena Perelman Constantin Cristian Popa Boris Rabinovich Tamar Seeman Michael Temkin Dan Volok Artem Zvavitch

Administrator

Raanan Michael 230 Mathematics The Arthur and Rochelle Belfer Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science

David Harel, Director The William Sussman Professor of Mathematics

The endowment of the Arthur and Rochelle Belfer Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science was established in May 1996. It has been designated to provide long-term, secure financial support for the entire spectrum of research activities of the Faculty. The last payment toward the Institute was made in December 2001, bringing the endowment up to $5 million for the fiscal year 2002/2003. The full endowment will enable our scientists to expand existing projects or pursue new initiatives in areas which seem to hold great potential for future development.

General Aims

One significant aim of the Belfer Institute is to support visits to the Weizmann Institute of Science campus of the best international talents in mathematics and computer science, including short-term visiting lecturers, as well as longer-term researchers, both from Israel and abroad. One notable part of this effort is support for the prestigious Pekeris Lecture, which is organized by the Faculty in memory of its founder, Prof. Chaim Pekeris. The lecture is given annually by a leading mathematician or computer scientist, at the Faculty’s invitation. Another aim of the Belfer Institute is to support workshops and conferences, both on and off campus, organized by Faculty scientists.

A portion of the Institute’s funds is used to purchase computing equipment, such as personal computers, servers and communication equipment, thus updating and improving our ability to communicate with the world at large and to carry out our computerized research with state-of- the-art means.

The Belfer Institute also supports activities that do not normally fall under the day-to-day activities of the Faculty, such as visits of groups of scientists to work on joint projects not necessarily represented by current efforts of the Faculty. We also plan to support advanced courses to be given by outsiders whose fields are not necessarily represented within the Faculty. We hope, thereby, to increase our visibility and to attract more outstanding students, thus contributing to the overall quality and impact of our work.

231 232 The Arthur and Rochelle Belfer Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science

Major activities 2001 – 2002

In the 2001 - 2002 fiscal year, the Belfer Institute sponsored many programs and projects. Here we list the main ones:

1. The 2002 Pekeris Lecture, delivered by Prof. Noga Alon of the Tel Aviv University, 28 May, 2002, "Methods and Challenges in Discrete Mathematics". 2. Workshop, 27 December, 2001, organized by Dr. Michal Irani, “Vision Workshop”. 3. Conference, 17-24 March, 2002, organized by Prof. Vladimir Berkovich and Prof. Steve Gelbart, “P-adic analysis and arithmetic algebraic geometry”. 4. Conference, 1-8 July, 2002, organized by Prof. Vladimir Berkovich and Dr. Anna Melnikov, “Representations of Lie Algebras”. 5. Support given for the Annual Israeli BioInformatics Symposium (AIBS), 14 May, 2002. 6. Support for particular research of scientists: Dr. Maria Gorelik and Prof. Ron Shamir (who is currently visiting, but will hopefully join the Faculty next year). 7. Travel support for the following postdoctorates and doctoral students: Dr. Amir Shpilka, Dr. Ronen Shaltiel, Dr. Guy Sella and Yehuda Lindell. 8. Support for a long list of guests, including: Prof. Maini, Prof. Hjorth Poul, Prof. Alexander Ram, Prof. Edriss Titi, Prof. Yehudit Gal-Ezer, Dr. Dov Bai, Dr. Madhu Sudan, Dr. David Holcman. 9. Support for Computer System Experts: Danny Koifman and David Abu. 10. Support for two M.Sc. students. 11. Support for grants to young scientists. 12. Support for new equipment and continuing upgrading of communication equipment and ongoing supplies. 13. Support for upgrading of computers. 14. Continued support for the Faculty Library, mainly for enriching the book collection. 15. Support for hosting of visiting scientists and seminar lecturers. 16. Support for renovation of student common rooms and public areas. Future Plans

Besides the usual activities supported by the Belfer Institute, it is noteworthy that during 2003 we are hoping to add a number of prominent applied mathematicians to our faculty. These people will doubtless add a significant amount of activity, including students, postdocs and visitors. Some of these activities, including some set-up expenses for the new scientists, will be covered by Belfer Institute funds. The Carl F. Gauss Minerva Center for Scientific Computation

Achi Brandt, Director

The Elaine & Bram Goldsmith Professor of Applied Mathematics

The Gauss Center was officially inaugurated in the fall of 1993, thanks to a generous endowment from the Ministry for Science and Technology (BMFT) of the Federal Republic of Germany, through the joint committee for German-Israeli cooperation (Minerva). Its objective is to act as a catalyst for the development of new fundamental computational approaches in physics, chemistry, applied mathematics and engineering, introducing, in particular, advanced multi-scale (multi-resolution) and parallel-processing methods. The Gauss Center interacts with many fields of application, contributing to the transfer of algorithmic ideas back and forth among widely varying types of problems. It offers workshops, short courses, temporary supervision and graduate studies for full-time students, guest students, and visiting scientists.

Current Work

1. New top-efficiency multigrid methods for steady-state fluid dynamics at all Mach and Reynolds numbers, and other non-elliptic stationary PDE systems.

2. Multilevel approaches to time-dependent partial-differential equations, emphasizing applications to oceanic and atmospheric flows.

3. Grid adaptation techniques for bounded and unbounded domains, exploiting multigrid structures and resulting in a one-shot solver-adaptor.

4. Direct multigrid solvers for inverse problems, including system identification (e.g., impedance tomography) and data assimilation (in atmospheric simulations).

5. Optimal control: Feedback control via very fast updating of open-loop solutions, based on their multiscale representations.

6. General and highly accurate algebraic coarsening schemes (e.g., for algebraic multigrid).

7. Top-efficiency multilevel algorithms for highly indefinite (e.g., standing wave) problems, with ray (geometrical-optics) equations at the limit of very coarse grids.

8. Multigrid solvers for the Dirac equations arising in quantum field theory.

233 234 The Carl F. Gauss Minerva Center for Scientific Computation

9. Compact multiresolution representation of the inverse matrix of a discretized differential operator; fast updating of the inverse matrix and of the value of the determinant upon changing an arbitrary term in the matrix itself; with application to the QCD fermionic interaction.

10. Collective multiscale representation and fast calculation of many eigenfunctions of a differential operator, e.g., the Schroedinger operator in electronic-structure calculations. Fast expansion in terms of the eigenfunctions of a general differential operator.

11. Multiscale Monte-Carlo algorithms for eliminating both the critical slowing down and the volume factor in increasingly advanced models of statistical physics.

12. Multigrid Monte-Carlo approaches for solving the high-dimensional (several-particle) Schroedinger equation by real-time path integrals.

13. Introducing multiscale computations to many-particle (macromolecule or many-small- molecule) calculations, including fast evaluation of forces, fast convergence to local and global ground states, fast Monte Carlo simulations and large time steps, with application to molecular mechanics; a new approach to molecular dynamics, based on stochastic implicit time steps.

14. Multigrid methods for integral transforms and integro-differential equations, on adaptable grids, with applications to tribology.

15. Multiscale methods for the fast evaluation and inversion of the Radon transform and other line-integral transforms; applications to medical tomography (CT, MRI, PET and SPECT) and airplane and satellite radar reconstruction.

16. Multiscale algorithms for early vision tasks such as surface reconstruction, edge and fiber detection, segmentation, and meaningful picture coarsening.

17. Multilevel global optimization methods, applied to VLSI-CAD and to various graph optimization problems.

18. Rigorous quantitative theory for predicting the performance of multigrid solvers. The Minerva Center for Formal Verification of Reactive Systems

Amir Pnueli, Director Estrin Family Professor of Computer Science

The Minerva Center for Formal Verification of Reactive Systems was established in December 1998, thanks to a generous endowment from the ministry for Science and Technology (BMFT) of the Federal Republic of Germany, through Minerva, the joint committee for German-Israeli cooperation.

The mission of the center for verification is to advance and promote the state of the art of formal verification of reactive systems until it is transformed from an academic discipline with a few success stories into a working practice that will take its right place within industrial processes as a standard stage in the development life-cycle of reactive systems.

Our plans for accomplishing this long-range and ambitious goal are based on a three-pronged approach, consisting of

• An extensive basic and applied research program for the development of new paradigms and tools for formal verification, emphasizing compositionality, abstraction, and other techniques for model reduction.

We will mainly focus on deductive verification techniques and ways for merging them with algorithmic approaches such as symbolic model checking.

• Education: the development of a verification engineering methodology and curriculum at different levels of academic training.

• Consultation, education/training, dissemination, and interaction with Israeli, German, and international industry.

The currently active research projects are:

1. Deductive verification of hardware designs. As part of a plan for checking the feasibility of deductive verification of hardware, we focus on architectural features with high degree of parameterization and regularity, concentrating on the out-of-order execution (OOOE) com- ponents of modern micro-processors. We verified first a basic design for OOOE and are currently extending it with additional features, such as in-order retirement, speculation and branch prediction, and memory access.

235 236 The Minerva Center for Formal Verification of Reactive Systems

2. Algorithmic verification of hardware designs. Complementing the deductive approach, we also investigate algorithmic approach for verification of similar designs. We focus on the use of uninterpreted functions for representing the design and apply techniques such as systematic annotation, and instantiation by small but adequate concrete data domains.

3. Model checking, abstraction, and composition in a linear framework. Traditionally, model checking and the associate techniques of abstraction and composition were developed in a branching-time framework. We have launched a program for reformulating these tech- niques in a linear framework.

4. Translation validation. Wishing to ensure the absolute correctness of a code generator in a safety-critical context, we developed a method, implemented by the code validation tool CV which, following every run of the code generator, verifies that the object program pro- duced by the generator is a correct implementation of the source. Currently, we study the extension of this method to deal with highly optimizing compilers, in particular compilers which are targeted to particular processor architectures, including EPIC architectures.

5. Uniform verification of parameterized systems. Many systems that require verification can be viewed as parameterized in the sense that they consist of identical modules intercon- nected in different ways, where the parameter is the number of processes or the intercon- nection configuration. We investigate methods for algorithmic verification of such systems that will establish their correctness for all values of the parameters. As part of this effort, we have constructed the automated systems TLV[P], which verifies networks in which the processes are arranged in a row or along a ring, and TLV[T] verifying networks with a tree interconnection scheme.

Education for Verification

Besides the graduate courses in verification which are standardly given at the Weizmann Feinberg school, we actively participated in the preparation and running of undergraduate courses for verification.

In the center of Technological Education in Holon, which is a college training computer science students which will take their place in industry, one of our affiliates has constructed a course in verification with minimal pre-requirements of logic and automata theory, and hands- on experience in verification. This involved significant modifications and enhancements to our principal user-programmable verification tool TLV.

Another undergraduate course which will be presented at the department of communication at Ben Gurion University is in preparation. The Minerva Center for Formal Verification of Reactive Systems 237

Training and Consulting for Industry

The Minerva Center for Formal Verification of Reactive Systems maintains continuous con- tacts with several Israeli companies and plans to extend these to companies outside Israel.

We made a special effort to invite attendants from industry to the series of courses on verifica- tion given at the Weizmann Institute.

We continuously interact with the local branch of Intel about our hardware verification (and abstraction) work.

Other consulting contacts are maintained with the companies Verisity, and Perfecto Technolo- gies, which became interested in applying techniques of formal verification in the develop- ment of their software. 238 The Minerva Center for Formal Verification of Reactive Systems Feinberg Graduate School

Dean: Yosef Yarden The Harold and Zelda Goldenberg Professor of Molecular Cell Biology 258 Feinberg Graduate School Feinberg Graduate School

Dean: Yosef Yarden The Harold and Zelda Goldenberg Professor of Molecular Cell Biology

The Feinberg Graduate School, founded in 1958, serves as a training ground for future generations of creative researchers and scientific leaders. The student body also contributes to the atmosphere of intellectual stimulation and challenge at the Weizmann Institute of Science.

Operating under charters granted by both the State of Israel and by the Board of Regents of the State of New York, the Feinberg Graduate School confers Master of Science (M.Sc.) and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degrees in the Life Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Physical Sciences, Mathematics and Computer Science, and Science Teaching. A total of 268 new students were accepted throughout the academic year 2001/2002; of these students, 134 to the M.Sc. program and 134 to the Ph.D program.

The extensive facilities of the Weizmann Institute are available to all students of the Feinberg School, and the Institute's senior staff forms the teaching faculty. The Ph.D student-teacher ratio is approximately 2:1, allowing considerable individual attention to each Ph.D. student. Every student is required to attend courses and participate in a research project at the Weizmann Institute.

Admission to the Graduate School is based upon a student's previous academic record and letters of recommendation from former teachers. In addition, there may be a personal interview with faculty members who assess the candidate's ability and skills. Once accepted, the student is exposed to a wide range of activities including lecture courses, teaching laboratories, individually guided study, and an independent research project. The research project is supervised by a scientific advisor, as well as a small committee of experts in the relevant field who examine the research proposal, evaluate its feasibility, and monitor the progress of the project. Finally, a thesis is submitted and evaluated; when approved, the appropriate degree is granted by the Scientific Council of the Weizmann Institute of Science.

In recognition of the ever-increasing importance of advanced science-based industry in Israel, students are also introduced to basic concepts relevant to applied science and to research and development in an industrial environment. In addition, selected M.Sc. candidates are encouraged to perform their research projects in collaboration with industrial, medical, or government laboratories.

Multidisciplinary programs of study have been instituted in Biological Physics, Molecular and Structural Biology, Computational Biology and Bioinformatics (with separate tracks for

241 242 Feinberg Graduate School

Biology and for Mathematics & Computer Science). Special programs are also available in Energy and Environment and Archeological Sciences (for Ph. D. Students only).

The official language of instruction at the Feinberg Graduate School is English, which enables foreign students to take part in all the School's programs. This, as well as the inclusion of foreign visiting scientists in the teaching program, contributes to an international atmosphere.

As a matter of policy, students accepted to the School receive a scholarship covering tuition and living expenses. These are supported by (a) John F. Kennedy Memorial Foundation; (b) Levi Eshkol Fellowships, administered by the Israel Ministry of Science and Technology; (c) Clore Scholars Program; and approximately 300 individual supporters whose generosity sponsors the studies of graduate students at the School; (d) Planning & Budgeting Committee of the Council for Higher Education in Israel; and (e) Dr. Jacob Isler Foundation.

The Feinberg Graduate School has for many years been the recipient of financial support from the United States through the Agency for International Development (AID), within the framework of the American Schools and Hospitals Abroad (ASHA) program. The 2001/2002 AID grant was $900,000. AID funds are used to purchase a significant portion of the scientific equipment and literature needed by students for their advanced research projects.

Structure

The Feinberg Graduate School's academic activities are conducted and supervised by Boards of Studies in Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Life Sciences and Science Teaching. The five Chairs together with the head of the Postdoctoral Fellowships Program and the Dean form the Steering Committee of the School. A student representative participates in deliberations of the Steering Committee, with the exception of those relating to the evaluation of individual students.

Professor Uriel Feige - Mathematics and Computer Science Professor Adam Schwimmer - Physical Sciences Professor David Cahen - Chemical Sciences Professor Varda Rotter - Life Sciences Professor Bat-Sheva Eylon - Science Teaching

Fields of study and multidisciplinary programs include:

Mathematical Sciences:

• Mathematics

• Computer Science and Applied Mathematics

• Bioinformatics: Mathematics and Computer Science track Feinberg Graduate School 243

Physical Sciences:

• Physics

• Applied Physics

• Biological Physics

Chemical Sciences:

• Chemistry (Physical/Theoretical, Molecular/Material/Nano Sciences, Environmental Sciences

• Structure and Molecular Biology

• Computational Biology and Bioinformatics

Life Sciences:

• Biology (Cell/Molecular, Neurobiology, Immunology, Plant Sciences, Biological regulation, Molecular Genetics)

• Computational Biology and Bioinformatics.

Science Teaching:

• Mathematics, computer science, physics, chemistry, earth and environmental science and biology

A postdoctoral Fellowship Program, headed by Professor Menachem Rubinstein, is also administered by the Graduate School. The program currently provides about sixty stipends per year for Postdoctoral Fellows. These stipends are awarded for periods which run from 1-3 years. In addition the Graduate School helps administer prestigious Koshland Scholars Program for distinguished postdoctoral fellows. A significant number of other postdoctoral fellowships are available through grants that are administered by individual scientists.

Policy

The scientific and educational policy of the Feinberg School is directed toward the promotion of academic excellence. Emphasis is placed on maintaining a high level of teaching, with particular attention given to exceptionally bright and creative students. These are encouraged to enroll in a special program leading directly to the Ph.D. degree (thereby skipping the Master's thesis). They may be allowed to take special combinations of courses and to participate in summer schools, workshops, and conferences in Israel and abroad. In addition, the regular curriculum is enriched by the inclusion of prominent visiting scientists who teach 244 Feinberg Graduate School at the School. A distinguishing feature of the School is its practical approach to teaching with a strong emphasis on laboratory work. Teaching laboratories in the Life Sciences and in Physics ensure that new students acquire skills in basic experimental procedures. A large number of more advanced courses in laboratory techniques are offered as well. In addition, students have access to the central computer facilities of the Institute. To provide new students with as wide a variety of research projects as possible, the School conducts a rotation program that allows first year M.Sc. students to spend three 10-week periods in different Institute laboratories. This enables them to make informed decisions regarding the research area in which they wish to specialize.

On-going Programs

Efforts are made to attract the best Israeli students to the Feinberg Graduate School by conducting open-house days, student-targeted seminars, and a summer student program. The School also encourages the admission of qualified foreign students from all over the world. This is facilitated by the School's presence on the World Wide Web where a wealth of information is available (http://www.weizmann.ac.il/feinberg). The number of foreign students at the Graduate School in 2002 was 139. A significant number of them are from developing countries. These figures, of course, refer to those students accepted from a much larger number of qualified applicants.

Services to Society

The Feinberg Graduate School has academic and administrative responsibility for four other educational programs: the Science Teaching Department, the Young@Science Section, and "Perach," the one-on-one Tutorial Program, and the Katzir Center.

The Science Teaching Department, headed by Prof. Abraham Arcavi is responsible for the development of curricula for primary and secondary schools, with special emphasis on implementation. The Department hosts a variety of in-service training programs and seminars in mathematics, physics, chemistry, environmental - computer- and life sciences. These accomplishments have earned it national and international recognition (for details, see the Science Teaching section).

Young@Science, headed by Dr. Zvi Paltiel, organizes extracurricular science programs designed to stimulate and expand the interest of young people in science. These activities include dozens of on-campus weekly science clubs; hundreds science days for classes annually; three different mathematics and computer sciences Olympiads; and Physics tournament for teams of high school students. During the summer vacation Young@Science hosts over hundred Israeli and oversea high school graduates in the Weizmann Institute research labs in the framework of the Amos De Shalit Science Workshop and the Dr. Bessie F. Lawrence International Science Institute. Dozens of eight graders take part in the Chais Family Exploration camp arranged in collaboration with the Society for Excellence Through Education. In a unique enrichment program. Young@Science is helping over hundred Ethiopian immigrants to bridge the gaps barring higher science education. Among the off- campus outreach programs the Math-by-Mail draws hundreds of math enthusiasts. Equipped Feinberg Graduate School 245 with various science demos the Young@Science's science mobile brings science to thousands of school students in schools and community centers all over the country. Over 24,000 students take part in one or more Young@Science activity annually. Other activities, such as the Amos De Shalit Popular Science lectures and the monthly astronomy club, welcome not only school students but also science enthusiasts of all ages. Young@Science plays also an active role in the annual Science Plus science festival at the Weizmann Institute and the Yerucham Science fair. 246 Feinberg Graduate School 246 Feinberg Graduate School

Ph.D. Degree Recipients - Graduation Ceremony 2002

Name Title of Thesis Advisor/s Depatrment Yael Adini Cooperative networks in the Prof. Dov Sagi Neurobiology human visual cortex Prof. Michael Tsodyks Amir Aharoni Light induced conforma- Prof. Mordechai Sheves Organic tional changes in bacterior- Chemistry hodopsin Itai Arad Anisotropy in turbulence Prof. Itamar Procaccia Chemical Physics Ron Arad Interaction of a pulsed mag- Prof. Yitzhak Maron Particle Physics netic field with a multi-com- ponent plasma Gonzalo Tau mRNA binding pro- Prof. Irith Ginzburg Neurobiology Aranda-Abreu teins: identification and physiological role in the multi-step mRNA localiza- tion pathway Amiram Ariel Regulation of T cell-extra- Prof. Ofer Lider Immunology cellular matrix (ECM) inter- Prof. Irun R. Cohen actions by cytokines, chemokines and ECM- degrading enzymes Gonen Functional assemblies: Tai- Prof. Abraham Shanzer Organic Ashkenasy lor-made metalloporphyrin Chemistry complexes as components of structure-function model Michael Batkin The catalytic subunit of pro- Prof. Shmuel Shaltiel Biological tein kinase A: an insight into Regulation biorecognition and bioregu- lation Dan Ben-Zvi Children as explorers: Prof. Avraham Arcavi Science exploratory data analysis by Dr. Alexander Friedlander Teaching junior high school students in a computer assisted envi- ronment Feinberg Graduate School 247

Sven Windows to new physics: Prof. Yosef Nir Particle Physics Bergmann neutrino oscillations and CP violation Diego Berman Molecular mechanisms of Prof. Yadin Dudai Neurobiology taste learning and memory in the rat insular cortex Yaroslav V. Organic synthesis through Prof. Mario Bachi Organic Bilokin temporary sulfur connection Chemistry Simone Botti Multiple roles for the elec- Prof. Israel Silman Structural trostatic properties of cho- Prof. Joel Sussman Biology linesterases: catalysis and molecular recognition Anat Bren Switching mechanism in Prof. Michael Eisenbach Biological bacterial chemotaxis Chemistry Harold Burgess Functional characterization Prof. Orly Reiner Molecular of doublecortin-like kinase: Genetics activity and expression dur- ing development of the cere- bral cortex Avi Caspi Diffusion and directed Prof. Michael Elbaum Materials and motion in cellular transport Interfaces Alon Chen A second form of the neu- Prof. Yitzhak Koch Neurobiology ropeptide GnRH (GnRH-II) in the mammalian brain: identification, distribution and possible physiological functions Dvora Cohen The development, imple- Prof. Avi Hofstein Science mentation, and assessment Dr. Ruth Ben-Zvi Teaching of the learning module "brain, medicines, and drugs" in high schools in Israel Doris The trafficking of secretory Prof. Jeffrey Gerst Molecular David-Parnes vesicles in the yeast Saccha- Genetics romyces cerevisiae 248 Feinberg Graduate School

Rooma Desai Small conductance Ca2+- Prof. Bernard Attali Neurobiology activated K+ channels (SK) in human leukemic T cell line Jurkat: molecular, bio- chemical and functional characterization Jeff Dodick Cognitive development of Prof. Nir Orion Science temporal thinking in geology Prof. Steve Weiner Teaching of high school students Oren Dwir The biophysics of L-selectin Dr. Ronen Alon Immunology adhesions in shear flow: contribution of structural elements, cytoskeletal anchorage and clustering to kinetics of rolling adhesions Silvina Studies on the assembly of Prof. Avigdor Scherz Plant Sciences Federman photosynthetic pigment-pro- Prof. Shmuel Malkin teins from Pisum sativum and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6083 into energy transfer and electron transfer com- plexes Nir Friedman Atom optics billiards - the Dr. Nir Davidson Physics of dynamics of ultra-cold Complex atoms inside dark optical Systems traps Igor Friedmann Thrombin as a regulatory Prof. Michal Schwartz Neurobiology wound-healing enzyme in the injured central nervous system Einat Frishman Control of bimolecular reac- Prof. Moshe Shapiro Chemical tions Physics Efrat Gamzu Sensory encoding and the Prof. Ehud Ahissar Neurobiology role of velocity in tactile per- ception. Hezi Gildor Dynamics of glacial-inter- Prof. Eli Tziperman Environmental glacial cycles: the sea ice Sciences and switch mechanism and the Energy role of ocean biochemistry Research Feinberg Graduate School 249

Shmuel Optical studies of two- Prof. Israel Bar-Josef Condensed Glasberg dimensional hole and elec- Matter Physics tron gases in intrinsic GaAs quantum wells Lillian R. Identification of new com- Prof. Ben-Zion Shilo Molecular Glazer ponents in Drosophila tra- Genetics cheal patterning Gustavo Mining the genome: the Prof. Doron Lancet Molecular Glusman olfactory receptor gene Genetics superfamily as a model Polina Involvement of N-cadherin- Prof. Benjamin Geiger Molecular Cell Goichberg- mediated signaling in mus- Biology Shefer cle differentiation Igor Goncharov Structure-function analysis Prof. Shulamit Michaeli Biological of the Leptomonas collo- Chemistry soma SL RNA and its cog- nate particle SL RNP Alexei Regularity properties of Prof. Sergey Yakovenko Mathematics Grigoriev dependence on parameters of Pichard-Fuchs systems for polynomials, and the implied estimates on oscilla- tion of complete Abelian integrals Boris Gutkin Billiards on surfaces of con- Prof. Uzy Smilansky Physics of stant curvature Complex Systems Shelley Haber 13C MRS studies of fetal Prof. Aviva Lapidot Organic cerebral metabolism under Chemistry normal and pathological conditions Yacov Helfman Systematic inventive think- Prof. Bat-Sheva Eylon Science ing in junior high school Teaching study of science and technol- ogy: development, imple- mentation and evaluation of an innovative approach to problem-solving 250 Feinberg Graduate School

Sin-Hyeog Im Immunomodulation of anti- Prof. Sara Fuchs Immunology body-mediated autoimmu- nity: experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis as a model Boaz Inbal DAP-Kinase and DRP-1 Prof. Adi Kimchi Molecular death kinases: structural Genetics analysis and functional implications in type II pro- grammed cell death. Navot Israeli Macroscopic dynamics of Dr. Daniel Kandel Physics of stepped surfaces Complex Systems Yariv Kafri Collective phenomena far Prof. David Mukamel Physics of from thermal equilibrium Complex and study of the denaturation Systems of DNA Yael Kali The rock-cycle program as a Prof. Nir Orion Science means for fostering thinking Prof. Bat-Sheva Eylon Teaching skills: development, imple- mentation and research Yael Kalma Identification and character- Dr. Doron Ginsberg Molecular Cell ization of novel genes regu- Biology lated by the transcription factor E2F Gregory Metal ion binding in self- Prof. Israel Rubinstein Materials and Kalyuzhny assembled monolayers and Interfaces molecular switches Joel Kaye The autoimmune T cell Prof. Avraham Ben Nun Immunology Flaxman response to CNS-specific myelin proteins MOG and MOBP: relevance to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and implications for immune-specific therapy Yossef Kliger HIV-1 induced membrane Prof. Yechiel Shai Biological fusion Chemistry Feinberg Graduate School 251

Dimitry The role of the electronic Prof. Avigdor Scherz Plant Sciences Kolbasov matrix elements in control- ling electron transfer in reac- tion centers of purple bacteria Eugene Kolker Segmented structure of pro- Prof. Edward Trifonov Structural tein sequences Biology Robert Coping with NP-hardness: Prof. Uriel Feige Computer Krauthgamer approximating minimum Science and bisection and heuristics for Applied maximum clique Mathematics Dorothy Integrating inquiry activities Prof. Bat-Sheva Eylon Science Langley into physics instruction in a Teaching computer-based information technology environment Smadar Morphologlical and physi- Prof. Avraham Minsky Organic Levin-Zaidman cal aspects of stress resis- Chemistry tance in bacteria Guy Resonant grating waveguide Prof. Asher Friesem Physics of Levy-Yurista structures: tunable reso- Complex nances; one and two dimen- Systems sional configurations Jie Hui Li Regulation and function of Prof. Gideon Berke Immunology CD95-CD95 ligand death pathway in tumor and allograft immunity Alexander Aminoglycoside-arginine Prof. Aviva Lapidot Organic Litovchick conjugates as novel HIV Tat Chemistry antagonists Yehuda Matza Invariant chain cytosolic Dr. Idit Shachar Immunology domain, a membrane bound signaling component released during the transition of immature to mature B cell to activate NF-kB. Ruth Maya Regulation of MDM2 medi- Prof. Moshe Oren Molecular Cell ated p53 degradation Biology 252 Feinberg Graduate School

Ohad Medalia Structural characterization Prof. J. Sperling Organic of large macromolecular Chemistry assemblies by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy Galina Melman Chromophoric metal com- Prof. Abraham Shanzer Organic plexes as molecular gates Chemistry and switches Nir Naftali Phase conjugated mirror Prof. Amnon Yogev Environmental (PCM) in solar pumped laser Sciences and Energy Research Yossi Paltiel Dynamic instabilities, mem- Prof. Elia Zeldov Condensed ory effects, and noise in vor- Matter Physics tex matter Nir Paran Molecular mechanisms of Prof. Yosef Shaul Molecular Hepatitis B virus infection Genetics and propagation Idit Pe'Er Solar pumped dimer gas Prof. Amnon Yogev Environmental Laser Sciences and Energy Research Iddo Pinkas Perparation and monitoring Prof. Yehiam Prior Chemical of wavepackets in the elec- Physics tronic ground state Krishna Prasad Function of fumarate in bac- Prof. Michael Eisenbach Biological terial chemotaxis Chemistry Shai Potential cytotoxic deriva- Prof. Matityahu Fridkin Organic Rahimipour tives of gonadortopin-releas- Prof. Yitzhak Koch Chemistry ing hormone (GnRH): synthesis and evaluation Alexander Ras- Calcium-dependent protein Prof. Meir Edelman Plant Sciences kind phosphorylation in the chlo- roplast thylakoid membrane Miri Isotopic records of lacustrine Prof. Aldo Shemesh Environmental Rietti-Shati biogenic silica as indicator Sciences and of continental climate vari- Energy ability Research Feinberg Graduate School 253

Ilana Rogachev Amphiphilic dithiocarbam- Prof. Abraham Warshawsky Organic ates: relations between their Prof. Jonathan Gressel Chemistry binding, enzyme inhibition and transport properties and their action as regulators of radical production Hadara The regulation of the subcel- Prof. Rony Seger Biological Rubinfeld lular localization of ERK2 Regulation and MEK1 Moshe Thermodynamic properties Prof. Yosef Imry Condensed Schechter of a small superconducting Prof. Yehoshua Levinson Matter Physics grain and reflectionless tun- neling in normal-metal- superconductor junctions Daniel Segre The primordial emergence Prof. Doron Lancet Molecular of compositional inheritance Genetics Elad Shahar Tools and techniques for Prof. Amir Pnueli Computer verifying parameterized sys- Science and tems Applied Mathematics Eitan Sharon Multiscale methods for effi- Prof. Ronen Basri Computer cient curve detection and Science and hierarchical image segmen- Applied tation Mathematics Revital Novel configurations for Prof. Asher Friesem Physics of Shechter planar optics Dr. Yaakov Amitai Complex Systems Ofer Efficient decision proce- Prof. Amir Pnueli Computer Shtrichman dures for formal validation Science and Applied Mathematics Alexander Visualizaition of vortex-lat- Prof. Elia Zeldov Condensed Soibel tice melting transition and Matter Physics transport current flow in BSCCO with differential magneto- optical technique Alona (Adel) Genomic structure of olfac- Prof. Doron Lancet Molecular Sosinsky tory genes and control of Genetics their expression 254 Feinberg Graduate School

Boaz Tirosh Identification of tumor asso- Prof. Lea Eisenbach Organic ciated antigens and develop- Prof. Matityahu Fridkin Chemistry ment of new methods for cancer immunotherapy Zvi Tlusty Self-assembling networks in Prof. Sam Safran Materials and microemulsions and dipolar Interfaces fluids Tatyana Highly oriented TMDC thin Prof. Reshef Tenne Materials and Tsirlina films: growth mechanism, Interfaces properties and applications Haim Tsubery Synthesis and structure func- Prof. Matityahu Fridkin Organic tion study of polymyxin B Prof. Itzchak Ofek Chemistry nonapeptide: a basis for a novel approach toward anti- bacterial peptides Ivo Vanzetta Spatio-temporal characteris- Prof. Amiram Grinvald Neurobiology tics of the brain microvascu- lar responses: mechanisms underlying functional brain imaging technologies Dan Volok The Schlesinger system and Prof. Victor Katsnelson Mathematics the Riemann-Hilbert prob- lem Palle Von Huth The inverted p-diamond/n- Prof. Reshef Tenne Materials and CdTe heterojunction solar Interfaces cell Yun Wang Functional microcircuitry of Prof. Henry Markram Neurobiology rat neocortex Hadassa Tuning of ErbB signaling by Prof. Yosef Yarden Biological Waterman receptor endocytosis Regulation Yu-Xin Xu Structure-functional analy- Prof. Shulamit Michaeli Biological ses of small RNAs in trypa- Chemistry nosomatids Talia Yarnitzky Functional analysis of the Prof. Talila Volk Molecular Drosophila Neuregulin Genetics homologue, Vein, in embry- onic and adult development Feinberg Graduate School 255

Eli Zamir Molecular diversity and Prof. Benjamin Geiger Molecular Cell dynamics of cell matrix Biology adhesions in cultured fibro- blasts Ella Molecular mechanism of Prof. Lia Addadi Structural Zimmerman cell-substrate recognition Prof. Benjamin Geiger Biology and attachment Artem Zvavitch Finite dimensional sub- Prof. Gideon Schechtman Mathematics spaces of Lp 256 Feinberg Graduate School

M.Sc. Degree Recipients - Graduation Ceremony 2002

Name Advisor/s Field of Study Depatrment Alisa Band Prof. Reshef Tenne Chemical Materials and Sciences Interfaces Talya Belogus Prof. Ofer Lider Life Sciences Immunology Ronit Ben-Bassat Prof. Mordechai Ben-Ari Science Teach- Science Levy ing Teaching Maya Benninga Dr. Gad Haase Chemical Chemical P Sciences hysics Ala Berdichevsky Prof. Zvi Livneh Life Sciences Biological Chemistry Yonah Cherniavsky Prof. Amitai Regev Mathematics Mathematics and Computer Science Maya Chetrit Prof. Hadassa Degani Life Sciences Biological Regulation Cohava Cohen Prof. David Yaffe Life Sciences Molecular Cell Prof. Uri Nudel Biology Michal Cohen Prof. Dov Zipori Life Sciences Molecular Cell Biology Adi Diner (Naaman) Dr. Daniel Zajfman Physical Sci- Particle Physics ences Roman Dovgard Prof. Gideon Schechtman Mathematics Computer and Computer Science and Science Applied Mathematics Alon Fichman Prof. Ehud Ahissar Life Sciences Neurobiology Inbal Flash Prof. Rony Seger Life Sciences Biological Regulation Jason Friedman Prof. Tamar Flash Mathematics Computer and Computer Science and Science Applied Mathematics Yonatan Ganor Prof. Yitzhak Koch Life Sciences Neurobiology Dr. Mia Levite Feinberg Graduate School 257

Eran Gershon Prof. Nava Dekel Life Sciences Biological Regulation Alona Gochberg Prof. Yoram Groner Life Sciences Molecular Genetics Ofir Goldberger Prof. Lea Eisenbach Life Sciences Immunology Adina Haimov Prof. Ron Neumann Chemical Organic Sciences Chemistry Gal Haimovich Dr. Atan Gross Life Sciences Biological Regulation Mira Hasky-Negev Dr. Doron Ginsberg Life Sciences Molecular Cell Biology Tal Hassner Prof. Michal Irani Mathematics Computer and Computer Science and Science Applied Mathematics Byung-Woo Hong Prof. Shimon Ullman Mathematics Computer and Computer Science and Science Applied Mathematics Weihong Huang Prof. Asher Friesem Physical Physics of Dr. Yaakov Amitai Sciences Complex Systems Morna Isaac Prof. Dan Yakir Chemical Environmental Sciences Sciences and Energy Research Ruth Noemi Prof. Robert Fluhr Life Sciences Plant Sciences Kaplan-Levy Itamar Kass Prof. Amnon Horovitz Chemical Structural Sciences Biology Tsvi Katchalski Prof. Asher Friesem Physical Physics of Sciences Complex Systems Itai Kela Prof. David Givol Life Sciences Immunology Prof. Eytan Domany Uri Keshet Prof. Eli Waxman Physical Particle Physics Sciences 258 Feinberg Graduate School

Anat Kirshenberg Prof. Achi Brandt Mathematics Computer and Computer Science and Science Applied Mathematics Dvir Kleper Prof. Gideon Schechtman Mathematics Mathematics and Computer Science Judith Kraut Dr. Ari Elson Life Sciences Molecular Genetics Oded Lachish Prof. Ran Raz Mathematics Computer and Computer Science and Science Applied Mathematics Melissa Levy Prof. Brian Berkowitz Chemical Environmental Sciences Sciences and Energy Research Gregory Linshiz Prof. Mark Safro Mathematics Structural and Computer Biology Science Yoav Lubelsky Prof. Yosef Shaul Life Sciences Molecular Genetics Bella Lurie Prof. Alexander Bershadsky Life Sciences Molecular Cell Biology Gila Lustig Prof. Zvulun Elazar Life Sciences Biological Chemistry Yoad Lustig Prof. Oded Goldreich Mathematics Computer and Computer Science and Science Applied Mathematics Moshe Machline Prof. Michal Irani Mathematics Computer and Computer Science and Science Applied Mathematics Itsik Mantin Prof. Adi Shamir Mathematics Computer and Computer Science and Science Applied Mathematics Feinberg Graduate School 259

Goldie Marmor Prof. Rony Seger Life Sciences Biological Regulation Sean Matlies Dr. Elior Peles Life Sciences Molecular Cell Biology Idan Menashe Prof. Doron Lancet Life Sciences Molecular Genetics Miri Moas Prof. Moshe Oren Life Sciences Molecular Cell Biology Vered Morad Dr. Gideon Grafi Life Sciences Plant Sciences Roni Mualem Prof. Bat-Sheva Eylon Science Teach- Science Dr. Joseph Nussbaum ing Teaching Eran Ofek Prof. Uriel Feige Mathematics Computer and Computer Science and Science Applied Mathematics Dana Peled Prof. Irith Ginzburg Life Sciences Neurobiology Noa Perlman Prof. David Mirelman Life Sciences Biological Chemistry Yair Pilpel Dr. Ziv Reich Life Sciences Biological Chemistry Ziv Porat Prof. Michal Schwartz Life Sciences Neurobiology Ofer Rahat Prof. Aviezri S. Fraenkel Mathematics Computer and Computer Science and Science Applied Mathematics Diana Ravich Prof. Daniel Wagner Chemical Materials and Sciences Interfaces Guy Raz Prof. Yosef Nir Physical Particle Physics Sciences Shlomo S. Razamat Dr. Ofer Aharony Physical Particle Physics Sciences Gabriela Ridner Prof. Michael Walker Life Sciences Biological Chemistry Inbal Ringel Prof. Irun R. Cohen Life Sciences Immunology Prof. Varda Rotter 260 Feinberg Graduate School

Osnat Rosen Dr. Irit Sagi Chemical Structural Sciences Biology Revital Rosenberg Dr. Uri Alon Life Sciences Molecular Cell Biology Chanan Rubin Prof. Yosef Yarden Life Sciences Biological Regulation Rinat Sack Prof. Avraham Minsky Chemical Organic Sciences Chemistry Kelly Sackett Prof. Yechiel Shai Life Sciences Biological Chemistry Adi Salomon Prof. David Cahen Chemical Materials and Sciences Interfaces Yehuda Salzberg Prof. Jeffrey Gerst Life Sciences Molecular Genetics Ayelet Schlesinger Prof. Ben-Zion Shilo Life Sciences Molecular Genetics Hadas Schori Prof. Michal Schwartz Life Sciences Neurobiology Tali Sehayek Prof. Israel Rubinstein Chemical Materials and Sciences Interfaces Shai Shahar Dr. Gideon Grafi Life Sciences Plant Sciences Boaz Shapira Prof. Eprhraim Katchalski-Katzir Chemical Biological Dr. Miriam Eisenstein Sciences Chemistry Igor Shats Prof. Varda Rotter Life Sciences Molecular Cell Biology Yoav Shaul Dr. Sima Lev Life Sciences Neurobiology David Shaya Prof. Joel Sussman Chemical Sci- Structural Prof. Israel Silman ences Biology Shai Shen-Orr Dr. Uri Alon Life Sciences Molecular Cell Biology Michal Tabach Dr. Rina Hershkovitz Science Teach- Science Dr. Baroch Schwarz ing Teaching Mao Tang Prof. Meir Lahav Chemical Materials and Dr. Isabelle Weissbuch Sciences Interfaces Xiaohu Tang Prof. Varda Rotter Life Sciences Molecular Cell Biology Feinberg Graduate School 261

Ekaterina Teitelbaum Dr. Amir Yacoby Physical Condensed Sciences Matter Physics Michael Tugentman Prof. Ben-Zion Shilo Life Sciences Molecular Genetics Basile Verdene Prof. Uzy Smilansky Physical Physics of Sciences Complex Systems Mark Vilensky Prof. Brian Berkowitz Chemical Environmental Prof. Abraham Warshawsky Sciences Sciences and Energy Research Amir Weiss Dr. Gilad Haran Chemical Chemical Sciences Physics Nomy Wender Prof. Chaim Kahana Life Sciences Molecular Genetics Ehud Wieder Prof. Uriel Feige Mathematics Computer and Computer Science and Science Applied Mathematics Tomer Yanir Prof. Yosef Nir Physical Particle Physics Sciences 262 Feinberg Graduate School

Prizes for Ph.D. and M.Sc. Students 2002

The John F. Kennedy Prize

Recipients Advisors Department Diego Berman Prof. Yadin Dudai Neurobiology Yaron Caspi Prof. Michal Irani Computer Science and Applied Mathematics Hagai Eisenberg Prof. Yaron Silberberg Physics of Complex Systems Boris Rybtchinski Prof. David Milstein Organic Chemistry

The Elchanan E. Bondi Memorial Prize

Recipients Advisor/s Department Uri Raviv Prof. Jacob Klein Materials and Interfaces

The Dov Elad Memorial Prize

Recipients Advisor/s Department Anat Bren Prof. Michael Eisenbach Biological Chemistry

The Gad Resheff Memorial Prize

Recipients Advisor/s Department Dahlia Sharon Prof. Amiram Grinvald Neurobiology

The Giora Yoel Yashinski Memorial Prize

Recipients Advisor/s Department Sivan Henis-Korenblit Prof. Adi Kimchi Molecular Genetics

The Daniel Brenner Memorial Prize

Recipients Advisor/s Department Alexander Fouxon Prof. Gregory Falkovich Physics of Complex Systems

The Lady Anne Chain Memorial Prize

Recipients Advisor/s Department Uri Gavish Prof. Yosef Imry Condensed Matter Physics Feinberg Graduate School 263

The Esther Helinger Memorial Prize

Recipients Advisor/s Department Yehuda Lindell Prof. Moni Naor Computer Science and Applied Mathematics

The Haim Holtzman Memorial Prize

Recipients Advisor/s Department Ronit Buller Prof. Meir Lahav Prof. Leslie Leiserowitz Materials and Interfaces

The Feinberg Graduate School Prize for Ph.D. Students

Recipients Advisors Department Rudi Bertocchi Prof. Jacob Karni Environmental Sciences and Energy Research Benjamin Dekel Prof. Yair Reisner Immunology Hava Gil-Henn Dr. Ari Elson Molecular Genetics Rivka Goobes (Konforty) Prof. Avraham Minsky Organic Chemistry Nir Paran Prof. Yosef Shaul Molecular Genetics Daniel Segre Prof. Doron Lancet Molecular Genetics Jakob Zhurinsky Prof. Avri Ben -Zeev Molecular Cell Biology

The D. N. Chorfas Prize

Recipients Advisor/s Department Shahal Ilani Dr. Amir Yacoby Prof. Yosef Imry Condensed Matter Physics

The Wolf Foundation Prize

Recipients Advisors Department Raanan Carmieli Prof. Daniella Goldfarb Chemical Physics Doron Gerber Prof. Yechiel Shai Biological Chemistry Shiraz Kalir Dr. Uri Alon Molecular Cell Biology

The Feinberg Graduate School Prize for M.Sc.Students

Recipients Advisors Department Dvir Kleper Prof. Gideon Schechtman Mathematics Oded Lachish Prof. Ran Raz Computer Science and Applied Mathematics 264 Feinberg Graduate School

Itsik Mantin Prof. Adi Shamir Computer Science and Applied Mathematics Roni Mualem Prof. Bat-Sheva Eylon Dr. Joseph Nussbaum Science Teaching Guy Raz Prof. Yosef Nir Particle Physics Hadas Schori Prof. Michal Schwartz Neurobiology Amir Weiss Dr. Gilad Haran Chemical Physics Gera Weiss Prof. Zvi Artstein Mathematics Feinberg Graduate School 265

Postdoctoral Fellowships for 2002

The David Aftalion Postdoctoral Fellowship in Biomedical Research

Elina Levina Molecular Cell Biology Galit Shenhar Molecular Cell Biology

The Jean-Jacques Berreby Postdoctoral Fellowship in Neurobiology and Brain Research

Igor Goncharov Neurobiology

The Dov Biegun Postdoctoral Fellowship

Eitan Sharon Computer Science and Applied Mathematics

The Sir Charles Clore Postdoctoral Fellowships

Jean-Eudes Dazard Molecular Cell Biology Boris Epel Chemical Physics Sambandamurthy Ganapathy Condensed Matter Physics Yariv Kafri Physics of Complex Systems Fedor Pakovich Mathematics Fei Sun Biological Chemistry Rina Zilkha-Falb Immunology

The Gina and Leon Fromer Endowed Postdoctoral Fellowship

Mark Justin Shulewitz Neurobiology

The Goldberg Family Trust Postdoctoral Fellowship in Biomedical Research

Abraham Avigdor Immunology

The Harold and Jean Grossman Postdoctoral Fellowship in Cancer Research

Gad Asher Molecular Genetics

The Arthur Kaplan Postdoctoral Fellowship

Guohua Xu Plant Sciences

The Edmond I. and Lillian S. Kaufmann Postdoctoral Fellowship

Cristina Bordeanu Particle Physics 266 Feinberg Graduate School

The Koret Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship

Igor Gejadze Computer Science and Applied Mathematics

The Koshland Scholars Program

Sven Bergmann Molecular Genetics Jacques Bodennec Biological Chemistry Harlan Saul Robins Particle Physics Guy Sella Computer Science and Applied Mathematics Itai Yanai Molecular Genetics

The Sadie, Moses and Harry Marks Postdoctoral Fellowship

Anat Bren Molecular Cell Biology

The Pacific Theatres Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowships

Amir Aharoni Biological Chemistry Joachim Kirchner Molecular Cell Biology

The Louis L. and Anita M. Perlman Postdoctoral Fellowship

Nir Gov Materials and Interfaces

The Dr. Robert G. Picard Postdoctoral Fellowship in Physics and/or Electronics

Shahar Hod Condensed Matter Physics

The Maurizio Pontecorvo Postdoctoral Fellowship in Cancer Research

Mina Marmor Biological Regulation

The Stephen M. Reich Postdoctoral Fellowship in Cancer Research

Christoph Graf von Ballestrem Molecular Cell Biology

The Helena Rubinstein Postdoctoral Fellowship in Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Research

Rachel Sarig Biological Regulation Feinberg Graduate School 267

The Sara Lee Schupf Women & Science Fellowship

Regina Katsman Environmental Sciences and Energy Research

The Golda and Dr. Yehiel Shwartzman and Sara and Haim Medvedi Families Postdoctoral Fellowship

Edwin Harold Rydberg Structural Biology

The Marcus and Lily Sieff Postdoctoral Fellowship

Iris Yedidia Biological Chemistry

The Norman Sosnow Postdoctoral Fellowship

Asael Herman Biological Chemistry

The Liora and Menachem Sternberg Postdoctoral Fellowship in Breast Cancer Research

Gal Gur-Shachar Biological Regulation

The Ann Abrams Stone Postdoctoral Fellowship

Eduardo Villalobo Polo Biological Chemistry

The Anne Stone Postdoctoral Fellowship

Adonis Vasile Lupulescu Chemical Physics

The Dewey David Stone Postdoctoral Fellowship

Varier Geetha Krishna Biological Chemistry

The Harry K. Stone Postdoctoral Fellowship

Patrick Carl Chemical Physics

The Hugh David Stone Postdoctoral Fellowship

Jens Martin Condensed Matter Physics

The Reva G. Stone Postdoctoral Fellowship

Ravi Duggirala Computer Science and Applied Mathematics 268 Feinberg Graduate School

The Fritz Thyssen Stiftung Postdoctoral Fellowship in Experimental Physics

Roman Mark Krahne Condensed Matter Physics

The UNESCO and Israel Council for Higher Education Postdoctoral Fellowship

U. Kyaw Myo Naing Organic Chemistry

The Weizmann Institute Postdoctoral Fellowship in Electronics Research

Nir Friedman Physics of Complex Systems

The Phil Zacharia Postdoctoral Fellowship

Claire Moura Mathematics

The Aron Zandman Postdoctoral Fellowship in Organic Chemistry

Miron Hazani Chemical Physics Feinberg Graduate School 269 Feinberg Graduate School 269

Scholarship Awards

Ph.D. Scholarships in Perpetuity

The Jacques and Gisella Anavy Scholarship Established in 1983 by Jacques and Gisella Anavy, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Recipient: Shlomi Lazar, Department of Biological Regulation The Dr. Christian B. Anfinsen Scholarship Established in 1974 in Dr. Anfinsen's honor by the Washington Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, Washington, DC Recipient: Shirly Becker-Herman, Department of Immunology The Eda and Leon Asseo Scholarship Established in 1988 by Mrs. Eda Asseo, Tel Aviv, Israel Recipient: Shimon Gross, Department of Biological Regulation The Jacob and Sonia Hager Axelrad Endowed Doctoral Scholarship Fund in Cancer Research Established in 1999 through a bequest of Sonia Hager Axelrad, New York Recipients: Fabian Arditti, Department of Immunology; Ami Citri, Department of Biological Regulation; Moshe Goldsmith, Department of Biological Chemistry; Sivan Henis-Korenblit, Department of Molecular Genetics; Galit Mazooz, Department of Biological Regulation; Dana Ravid, Department of Biological Regulation The Thomas Ayers Scholarship in Energy Research Established in 1994 by Mr. Thomas Ayers, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Robert Ventrella, Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research The Lillian Baker Scholarship Established in 1991 through a bequest of Lillian Baker, Hallandale, Florida Recipient: Arnon Henn, Department of Structural Biology The Florence and Theodore Baumritter Scholarship Fund for Russian Students Established in 1991 by Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Baumritter, Boca Raton, Florida Recipient: Tatyana Ponomaryov, Department of Immunology The J. Myron and Zachary Michael Bay Scholarship Established in 1979 by Jerry Adler and friends, The Magen David Wine Corporation, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Sol Efroni, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Bayer Corporation Scholarship in Perpetuity Established in 1996 by the Bayer Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Recipient: Amos Gdalyahu, Department of Molecular Genetics The Becker Family Fund Scholarship Established in 1975 through a bequest of Louis Becker, New York Recipient: Gil Amitai, Department of Molecular Genetics 270 Feinberg Graduate School

The Mollie Freeman Becker Scholarship Established in 1971 by Mrs. Samuel Becker, Newton, Massachusetts Recipient: Uriel Katz, Department of Biological Chemistry The Shlomo Beilitz Scholarship Established in 1979 through a bequest of Shlomo Beilitz, Ra'anana, Israel Recipient: Alex Szpilman, Department of Organic Chemistry The Abraham Berman Scholarship Established in 1966 through a bequest of Abraham Berman, South Africa Recipient: Uri Gavish, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Joseph W. and Emily J. Bernstein Scholarship Established in 1990 by the Amber Foundation, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Joy Kahn, Department of Immunology The Dr. Henri H. Birnbaum Scholarship Established in 1979 through a bequest of Dr. Henri H. Birnbaum, New York Recipient: Sharon Ayal, Department of Plant Sciences The Abraham H. Blank Scholarship Established in 1979 by Myron Blank, Des Moines, Iowa Recipient: Michal Caspi, Department of Molecular Genetics The Alex and Yudas (Yetta) Bloom Scholarship Established in 1971 by Philip Bloom, New York Recipient: Yoav Gilad, Department of Molecular Genetics The Alan I. Bluestein Scholarship Established in 1990 by Milton J. Bluestein, Palm Beach, Florida Recipient: Einat Peled, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Alejandro y Dinorah Margounato Blum Scholarship Established in 1986 by the Leon and Elena Blum Foundation, Montevideo, Uruguay Recipient: Liat Flaishon, Department of Immunology The Joseph Brainin and Sally Brainin Scholarship Established in 1967 in honor of Joseph and Sally Brainin by the American Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, New York Recipient: Noa Ofen-Noy, Department of Neurobiology The Melva and Martin Bucksbaum Scholarship for Biomedical/Cardiovascular Research Established in 1996 in honor of Melva Bucksbaum and in memory of her husband Martin by family and friends, Des Moines, Iowa Recipient: Noga Burstein Alagem, Department of Biological Chemistry The Professor Arthur Charlesby Fund for Doctoral Student Scholarships Established in 2001 by Irene Charlesby, Swindon, UK, in memory of her husband Recipient: Ran Eliash, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Dr. Rebecca Chutick and Dr. Lillian Chutick Doctoral Scholarship Fund for Soviet Immigrant Students Established in 1994 through a bequest of Dr. Rebecca Chutick, New York Recipients: Shimon Bershtein, Department of Biological Chemistry; Oleg Butovsky, Department of Neurobiology; Leon Eisen, Department of Physics of Complex Systems; Feinberg Graduate School 271

Edi Goichberg, Department of Organic Chemistry; Julia Grinshtein, Department of Chemical Physics; Gennady Margolin, Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research The Isidore and Theresa Cohen Scholarship Established in 1973 by the Israel, Theresa, and Ronald Cohen Charitable Trust, Cape Town, South Africa Recipient: Irit Ruach-Nir, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Sam Cohen Windhoek Scholarships Established in 1981 by the Sam Cohen Trust, Namibia, South Africa Recipients: Ofra (Hadrian) Chen, Department of Plant Sciences; Avigdor Eldad, Department of Molecular Genetics; Bat-Ami Gotliv, Department of Structural Biology; Avia Herschkovitz, Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Shiraz Kalir, Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Olga Maleva, Department of Mathematics; Avishay Pelah, Department of Biological Chemistry The Frank Considine Scholarship in Geophysics Established in 2000 in honor of Frank Considine by the Chicago Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Alla Falkovich, Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research The Leo A. and Sarah G. Copin Scholarship Fund Established in 1994 through a bequest of Sarah Copin, Palm Beach, Florida Recipient: Yehuda Lindell, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Cowen Semester Scholarship in Molecular Biology, In Memory of Belle and Leonard Cowen and Sylvia and Irving Schwartz Established in 1996 by Mr. and Mrs. Stephen A. Cowen, Tenafly, New Jersey, in memory of their parents Recipient: Noam Erez, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Dan Danciger Scholarship Established in 1960 by the Dan Danciger Foundation, Kansas City, Missouri Recipient: Ilanit Doron-Mor, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Joseph and Sadie Danciger Scholarships Established in 1960 by the Sadie Danciger Trust and the Joseph and Sadie Danciger Fund, Kansas City, Missouri Recipients: Eli Berkovich, Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Liran Carmel, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics; Barak Dayan, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Jack and Simon Djanogly Scholarships Established in 1971 by Sir Harry Djanogly, London, UK Recipients: Gaddy Getz, Department of Physics of Complex Systems; Leor Williams, Department of Plant Sciences The Pearl and Morris Dry Scholarship Established in 1966 by Sidney Dry, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Shay Marcus, Department of Molecular Genetics 272 Feinberg Graduate School

The Dr. Yehuda and Leah Dubowski Scholarship Established in 1988 by Mrs. Leah Dubowski, Kiryat Ono, Israel Recipient: Boaz Kaplan, Department of Plant Sciences The Florence Edelman Scholarship in Perpetuity Established in 1987 through a bequest of Florence Edelman, New York Recipient: Amos Gdalyahu, Department of Molecular Genetics The Dr. Joshua and Helene Ehrlich Memorial Scholarship Established in 1987 through a bequest of Helene Ehrlich, Miami, Florida Recipient: Omri Erez, Department of Molecular Genetics The Leon and Kathe Fallek Scholarships Established in 1974 by Fred S. Fallek, New York Recipients: Eran Eyal, Department of Plant Sciences; Galia Shy, Department of Plant Sciences The Dr. Eugene I. and Charlotte Falstein Graduate Scholarship Established in 1997 by Charlotte R. Falstein, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Eran Perlson, Department of Biological Chemistry The Belle and Philip Feinberg Scholarship Established in 1983 by Abraham Feinberg, New York Recipient: Daphna Ben-Zeev Arieli, Department of Chemical Physics The Lillian Feinberg Scholarship Established in 1983 by Abraham Feinberg, New York Recipient: Amir Bahar, Department of Neurobiology The Shirley and Judge Wilfred Feinberg Scholarship Established in 1983 by Abraham Feinberg, New York Recipient: Ilan Samish, Department of Plant Sciences The Dr. Judith Schneider and Dr. E. Richard Feinberg Scholarship Established in 1983 by Belle S. Meller, New York Recipient: Niv Papo, Department of Biological Chemistry The Harold Feinstein and Bess Rae C. Feinstein Scholarship Fund for Soviet Students Established in 1990 through a bequest of Bess Rae C. Feinstein, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Galina Gabriely, Department of Molecular Genetics The Meyer Feldman Memorial Scholarship Established in 1973 through a bequest of Meyer Feldman, Tucson, Arizona Recipient: Iris Visoly-Fisher, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Joel Fellner and Gisella Schreiber Fellner and Ernest Ludwig Mannheimer and Arabella Weiss Mannheimer Scholarship Fund Established in 1983 by the Leopold and Clara M. Fellner Charitable Foundation, Los Angeles, California Recipient: Shay Marcus, Department of Molecular Genetics The Joseph E. and Rose Fisher Scholarship Established in 1978 by Mr. and Mrs. Joseph E. Fisher, Canton, Ohio Recipient: Sharon Ayal, Department of Plant Sciences Feinberg Graduate School 273

The Rita Friedell and Donald Fiterman Scholarship Established in 1970 by Mr. and Mrs. Morlan Fiterman, Highland Park, Illinois Recipient: Leor Williams, Department of Plant Sciences The Stephen W. Fleck Scholarship Fund Established in 1995 through a bequest of Herta Fleck, New York Recipient: Gad Beck, Department of Biological Chemistry The Alexander and Lilly Foldes Memorial Scholarship Established in 1981 through a bequest of Lilly Foldes, New York Recipient: Alon Rosen, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Joseph F. and Clara Ford Foundation Scholarship in Perpetuity Established in 1989 by the Joseph F. and Clara Ford Foundation, Boston, Massachusetts Recipient: Mark Iron, Department of Organic Chemistry The Harry and Lillian Frankel Scholarship Established in 1959 through a bequest of Lillian Frankel, Shawnee Mission, Kansas Recipient: Yehuda Lindell, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Malcolm Fraser Scholarship in Medical Biology Established in 1987 in honor of Malcolm Fraser by the Australian Association for the Weizmann Institute of Science, Victoria, Australia Recipient: Amir Pozner, Department of Molecular Genetics The Samuel R. and Anna E. Friedman Scholarship Established in 1970 by the S.R. Friedman Charitable Trust, Palm Springs, California Recipient: Sol Efroni, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Margot and Alfred Furth-Regina Fleischer Scholarship in Chemistry Established in 1992 through a bequest of Regina Fleischer, and by Alfred Furth, New York, in memory of his wife, Margot Recipient: Eylon Yavin, Department of Organic Chemistry The Rita Gehl Scholarship in Cancer Research Established in 1999 by Rita Gehl, London, UK Recipient: Dana Ravid, Department of Biological Regulation The Bessie and Barnet Ginsburg Memorial Scholarship Established in 1971 by the Bessie and Barnet Ginsburg Memorial Foundation, Westhampton Beach, New York Recipient: Tal Varsano, Department of Biological Chemistry The Israel, Sara and L. Chester Glaser Scholarship Established in 1975 through a bequest of L. Chester Glaser, New York Recipient: Helit Rozen-Nabel, Department of Molecular Genetics The Goldberg-Guild Scholarships Established in 1984 by Bernard Goldberg, Hallandale, Florida, and by Irwin C. Guild, Palm Beach, Florida Recipients: Reit Artzi, Department of Chemical Physics; Guy Cinamon, Department of Immunology; Supratim Guha-Ray, Department of Chemical Physics; Ariel Kamsler, Department of Neurobiology; Amos Korman, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics; Aurelie Lachish-Zalait, Department of Materials and Interfaces; 274 Feinberg Graduate School

Isabelle Petit-Fridman, Department of Immunology; Sebastian Poliak, Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Xiaolan Wang, Department of Neurobiology The Dr. Anna Goldfeder Scholarship Established in 1994 through a bequest of Dr. Anna Goldfeder, New York Recipient: Yael S. Katz, Department of Plant Sciences The J. Barney and Pauline Goldhar Foundation Scholarship Established in 1982 in honor of Paul and Gella Rothstein by Mr. and Mrs. J. Barney Goldhar, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Recipient: Arnon Henn, Department of Structural Biology The Richard and Rhoda Goldman Scholarship Established in 1982 by Mr. and Mrs. Richard Goldman, San Francisco, California Recipient: Eyal Emmanuel, Department of Plant Sciences The Phillip and Beverly Goldstick Scholarship Established in 1980 by Phillip C. Goldstick, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Oded Kleifeld, Department of Structural Biology The Dorothy and Maurice Gordon Scholarship Established in 1968 by Centrose Associates, Boston, Massachusetts Recipient: Gilad Doitsh, Department of Molecular Genetics The Harold J. and Marion Green Scholarship Established in 1970 by Mr. and Mrs. Harold J. Green, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Galit Greber-Kafri, Department of Structural Biology The Nandor F. Gross Scholarship Established in 1982 through a bequest of Kalman Gross, New York Recipient: Jordan Chill, Department of Structural Biology The Samson David Gruber Memorial Scholarship Established in 1998 by Mr. and Mrs. Irving M. Gruber, New York, in memory of their son Recipient: Ronen Sosnik, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Isadore and Bertha Gudelsky Family Scholarship Established in 1979 by the Isidore and Bertha Gudelsky Family Foundation, Potomac, Maryland Recipient: Amos Gdalyahu, Department of Molecular Genetics The Herbert Leiser Harband Memorial Scholarship Established in 1976 through bequests of Dorothea and Julius Harband, San Francisco, California, in memory of their beloved son Recipient: Shimon Gross, Department of Biological Regulation The B.J. Harris Scholarship Established in 1970 by B.J. Harris, Palm Beach, Florida Recipient: Omri Erez, Department of Molecular Genetics The Gertrude and Benjamin R. Harris Scholarship Established in 1989 through bequests of Gertrude and Benjamin R. Harris, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Liat Flaishon, Department of Immunology Feinberg Graduate School 275

The Dr. Esther Hellinger Memorial Scholarship Established in 1986 through a bequest of Dr. Esther Hellinger, London, UK Recipient: Revital Ben-Daniel, Department of Organic Chemistry The Otto and Mary Hersch Scholarships Established in 1988 through a bequest of Mary Hersch, New York Recipients: David Biron, Department of Physics of Complex Systems; Guy Y. Garty, Department of Particle Physics; Uri Gavish, Department of Condensed Matter Physics; Roee Ozeri, Department of Physics of Complex Systems; Avi Pe'er, Department of Physics of Complex Systems; The Luta and Ludwig Heusinger Scholarships Established in 1993 through a bequest of Dr. Ludwig Heusinger, Kfar Shmaryahu, Israel Recipient: Amiel Ishaaya, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Fay and Harry Hoffman Scholarship Established in 1982 by Mr. Harry Hoffman, family and friends, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Gil Amitai, Department of Molecular Genetics The William T. Hogan and Winifred T. Hogan Scholarship Established in 1997 by the International Brotherhood of Teamsters Local 714, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Itsik Bar-Nahum, Department of Organic Chemistry The Lawrence Horowitz Scholarship Established in 1979 by Lawrence G. Horowitz, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Recipient: Shlomi Lazar, Department of Biological Regulation The Anna Hurwitz Scholarship Established in 1984 by Allan Hurwitz, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Irit Ruach-Nir, Department of Materials and Interfaces The John F. Kennedy Memorial Fund Scholarships Established in 1965 by the John F. Kennedy Memorial Foundation, Rehovot, Israel Recipients: Mark Aizenberg, Department of Neurobiology; Roee Amit, Department of Physics of Complex Systems; Yevgenia Apartsin, Department of Mathematics; Merav Ben-Yehoyada, Department of Molecular Genetics; Liran Carmel, Department of Computer Sciences and Applied Mathematics; Yoram Cohen, Department of Chemical Physics; Avigdor Eldar, Department of Molecular Genetics; Neta Erez-Alon, Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Guibao Fan, Department of Organic Chemistry; Mark Gandelman, Department of Organic Chemistry; Jan Hendrik Ihmels, Department of Particle Physics; Premkumar Lakshmanane, Department of Biological Chemistry; Adi Mesika, Department of Biological Chemistry; Shlomo Sklarz, Department of Chemical Physics; Jimmy R. Stehberg, Department of Neurobiology The Malcolm Kingsberg Memorial Scholarship Established in 1972 through a bequest of Malcolm Kingsberg, New York Recipient: Alla Falkovich, Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research The Jeannine Klueger Scholarship Established in 1991 by Mrs. Seraphina Klueger-Kraus, Dusseldorf, Germany, in memory of her daughter Recipient: Sefi Raz, Department of Structural Biology 276 Feinberg Graduate School

The Neil David Konheim Memorial Scholarship Established in 1985 by George Konheim, Beverly Hills, California Recipient: Avital Bitan, Department of Neurobiology The Richard Koret Scholarship Established in 1968 by the trustees of the Richard Koret Foundation, New York Recipient: Shay Marcus, Department of Molecular Genetics The Joseph Korodi Memorial Scholarship Established in 1993 by Emmy Singer Korodi, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Recipient: Marganit Farago, Department of Immunology The Samuel and Ronnie Kraut Fund for Scholarships in the Life Sciences Established in 1988 by Ms. Ricky Kraut through bequests of her parents, Samuel and Ronnie Kraut, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Recipient: Konstantin Adamsky, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Lillian Hellman Kugler Scholarship in Cancer Research Established in 1995 through the Saerree K. and Louis P. Fiedler Family Fund, Deerfield, Illinois Recipient: Michal Greenberg, Department of Biological Regulation The Robert Alan Kuniansky Memorial Scholarship Established in 1978 by Max L. and Helen Kuniansky, Atlanta, Georgia Recipient: Helit Rozen-Nabel, Department of Molecular Genetics The Harold J. Lawn, M.D. Scholarship Fund Established in 1989 by Dr. Harold J. Lawn, St. Paul, Minnesota Recipients: Sharon Ayal, Department of Plant Sciences; Deborah Bartfeld, Department of Structural Biology; Yehuda Hassin, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics; Yanfang Liu, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Dr. Sophie N. Leschin Scholarship Fund Established in 1985 through a bequest of Dr. Sophie N. Leschin, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Niv Papo, Department of Biological Chemistry The Eudyce H. Levin Scholarship in Cancer Research Established in 1984 by Wallace "Bud" Levin, North Miami Beach, Florida Recipient: Gilad Doitsh, Department of Molecular Genetics The Irena and Morris Goldstein and Stefan Joram Lewari Memorial Scholarship Established in 1988 through a bequest of Irena Lewari, Cape Town, South Africa Recipient: Tamarah Arons, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Morris I. Lewisohn Scholarship Established in 1976 through a bequest of Morris I. Lewisohn, Teaneck, New Jersey Recipient: Yoav Gilad, Department of Molecular Genetics The Dorothy and Elias Lieberman Memorial Scholarship Established in 1972 by the Elias Lieberman Memorial Foundation, Jamaica, New York Recipient: Shlomi Lazar, Department of Biological Regulation The Sally and Jerome Lipper Scholarship Fund for Young Immigrants Established in 1993 by the Kenneth and Evelyn Lipper Foundation, New York Recipient: Rina Glozman, Department of Plant Sciences Feinberg Graduate School 277

The Samuel and Eleanor London Scholarship Established in 1986 through a bequest of Eleanor J. London, Los Angeles, California Recipient: Anat Herskovits, Department of Biological Chemistry The Meyer Loomstein Scholarship Established in 1982 by Meyer Loomstein, Hollywood, Florida Recipient: Michael Elkin, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Lou and Miriam Ludwig Scholarship Established in 1974 through a bequest of Louis Ludwig, New York Recipient: Marganit Farago, Department of Immunology The Henry and Louis Malakoff Scholarship Fund, New Rochelle, New York Established in 1991 by Rebecca Malakoff, Brooklyn, New York Recipient: Dori Derdikmann, Department of Neurobiology The Rixi Markus Scholarships in Memory of Eugenia, Ignacy and Herbert Alfred Heller Established in 1995 through a bequest of Mrs. Rixi Markus, MBE, London, UK Recipients: Moshit Lindzen, Department of Biological Chemistry; Ofer Feinerman, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Rodolfo May Scholarships Established in 2000 through a bequest of Rodolfo May, Montevideo, Uruguay Recipients: Maralice Elaine Conacci-Sorrell, Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Cintia Roodveldt, Department of Immunology The Nora Menasce Scholarships in Cancer Research Established in 2002 through a bequest of Nora Menasce, Milan, Italy Recipient: Assaf Gilead, Department of Biological Regulation The Martin and Dianne Mendoza Scholarship Established in 1991 in honor of Martin and Dianne Mendoza by friends and admirers, London, UK Recipient: Galia Maik-Rachline, Department of Biological Regulation The Leo Meyer Scholarship Established in 1965 through a bequest of Leo Meyer, San Francisco, California Recipient: Iris Visoly-Fisher, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Dr. Bert Migicovsky Scholarship Established in 1990 by the Ottawa Jewish Community, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Recipient: Mark Iron, Department of Organic Chemistry The Minzer Family Fund Scholarship Established in 1978 by Margaret and Sol Minzer, Dallas, Texas Recipient: Yael Katz, Department of Plant Sciences The Paul and Felicia Muskat Scholarship Fund Established in 1984 through a bequest of Paul Muskat, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Recipients: Ravid Sasson, Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Zohar Tiran, Department of Molecular Genetics The Inez P. and David N. Myers Scholarship Established in 1981 by the David and Inez Myers Scholarship Fund, Cleveland, Ohio Recipient: Noa Ofen-Noy, Neurobiology 278 Feinberg Graduate School

The Gertrude and Valentin Nathan Scholarship Fund Established in 1997 through a bequest of Gertrude Nathan, New York Recipients: Teodor Burghelea, Department of Physics of Complex Systems; Maria Fuzesi, Department of Biological Chemistry; Indraneel Ghosh, Department of Molecular Genetics; Tamar Seeman-Emerson, Department of Mathematics The Fanny Fletcher and Meyer Naxon Memorial Scholarship in Perpetuity Established in 1985 through a bequest of Meyer Naxon, Beverly Hills, California Recipients: Michal Caspi, Department of Molecular Genetics; Oded Kleifeld, Department of Structural Biology The Clara and Bela B. Nevai Scholarship Established in 1972 by Mr. and Mrs. Bela B. Nevai, Dobbs Ferry, New York Recipient: Konstantin Adamsky, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Dr. Louis B. and Rose M. Newman Scholarship Established in 1971 by Dr. and Mrs. Louis B. Newman, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Ilan Samish, Department of Plant Sciences The Cemach Oiserman Scholarship Fund Established in 1979 through Yehuda Assia, Geneva, Switzerland Recipient: Uriel Katz, Department of Biological Chemistry The Dora Ostre Memorial Scholarships Established in 1987 through a bequest of Dr. Sprinzl Weizenblatt, Asheville, North Carolina Recipients: Eran Borenstein, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics; Alexander Klimov, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics; Hagit Shapiro, Department of Biological Chemistry The Edith and Henry Plessner Scholarship Established in 1991 through a bequest of Edith Plessner, New York Recipient: Rima Gandlin, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The David and Janet Polak Scholarship Established in 1997 by Mr. and Mrs. David Polak, Beverly Hills, California Recipient: Gil Amitai, Department of Molecular Genetics The Rose Lee and Marvin Pomerantz Scholarship Established in 1998 by Rose Lee and Marvin Pomerantz and friends, Des Moines, Iowa Recipient: Lilach Friedman, Department of Immunology The Alfred Prager Scholarship Established in 1970 by the American Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science and through a bequest of Alfred Auerbach, New York Recipient: Boaz Kaplan, Department of Plant Sciences The Theodore R. and Edlyn Racoosin Scholarship Fund Established in 1993 through bequests of Theodore and Edlyn Racoosin, New York Recipients: Daniela Amann, Department of Molecular Genetics; Omer Angel, Department of Mathematics; Mariana Babor, Department of Plant Sciences; Yuri Bazlov, Department of Mathematics; Efrat Ben-Zeev, Department of Biological Chemistry; Erez Boukobza, Department of Chemical Physics; Amnon Buxbaum, Department of Feinberg Graduate School 279

Materials and Interfaces; Xiumei Cao, Department of Biological Regulation; Yoram Cohen, Department of Chemical Physics; David Dangoor, Department of Organic Chemistry; Roman Dovgard, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics; Joseph Englander, Department of Organic Chemistry; Ester Feldmesser, Department of Molecular Genetics; Neta Filip-Granit, Department of Materials and Interfaces; Milana Frenkel-Morgenstern, Department of Molecular Genetics; Amir Goldbourt, Department of Chemical Physics; Javier Groshaus, Department of Condensed Matter Physics; Fan Guibao, Department of Organic Chemistry; Dror Sagi, Department of Physics of Complex Systems; Michal Sharon, Department of Structural Biology The Hirsch and Braine Raskin Foundation Scholarships Established in 1970 by the Hirsch and Braine Raskin Foundation, New York Recipients: Reinat Nevo, Department of Biological Chemistry; Sergio Peisajovich, Department of Biological Chemistry; Yael Sagi-Yoseph, Department of Biological Chemistry The Harry, Lillian and Sylvan Ray Memorial Scholarship in Cancer Research Established in 1997 by Dr. M.L. Ray, Dallas, Texas Recipient: Gidon Shani, Department of Molecular Genetics The Harry and Mildred Remis Scholarship Established in 1973 by Mr. and Mrs. Harry Remis, Peabody, Massachusetts Recipient: Revital Ben-David, Department of Organic Chemistry The Charles G. and Belle Reskin Doctoral Graduate Scholarship in Perpetuity Established in 1997 through a bequest of Charles Reskin, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Debora Steiner, Department of Neurobiology The Burton and Sylvia "Sibby" Richards Doctoral Scholarship Established in 2001 by Mr. Burton Richards, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania Recipient: Roee Atlas, Department of Neurobiology The Lillian L. Rolde Memorial Scholarship Established in 1981 by L. Robert Rolde, Boston, Massachusetts Recipient: Daphna Ben-Zeev Arieli, Department of Chemical Physics The Dorothy and Irving Rom Scholarship Established in 1990 by the Irving and Dorothy Rom Charitable Trust, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Shimon Gross, Department of Biological Regulation The Ben and Esther Rosenbloom Foundation Scholarship Established in 1990 by Ben and Esther Rosenbloom, Baltimore, Maryland Recipient: Alla Falkovich, Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research The Dr. Arnold Rosenblum Scholarship in Theoretical Physics Established in 1992 by Dorothy Rosenblum, Brooklyn, New York Recipient: Alessandro Silva, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Anna and Leo Rosner Scholarship Established in 1986 by the Leo Rosner Endowment Fund, Miami Beach, Florida Recipient: Uriel Katz, Department of Biological Chemistry 280 Feinberg Graduate School

The Celia and Nelson Rostow Scholarship Established in 1990 through a bequest of Nelson Rostow, New Haven, Connecticut Recipient: Gaddy Getz, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The David and Eleanore Rukin Scholarship Established in 1981 by the David and Eleanore Rukin Philanthropic Foundation, Saddle River, New Jersey Recipient: Sol Efroni, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Rymer Family Scholarship Established in 1989 by the Barry Rymer Trust, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Omri Erez, Department of Molecular Genetics The Sylvia and Aaron Scheinfeld Scholarship Established in 1977 by Mrs. Aaron Scheinfeld, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Noa Ofen-Noy, Department of Neurobiology The Harry and Mae Schetzen and Prof. Martin Schetzen Scholarship Established in 1979 by Mrs. Mae Schetzen, New York Recipient: Alon Rosen, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Leon and Lily Schidlow Scholarship Fund Established in 1999 by Sr. and Sra. Leon Schidlow, Bosques de las Lomas, Mexico Recipient: Tal Ilani, Department of Immunology The Harriet Schiller Scholarships Established in 2000 through a bequest of Harriet Schiller, Teaneck, New Jersey Recipients: Arie (Arik) Cooper, Department of Molecular Genetics; Gal Meiri, Department of Organic Chemistry The Max Schoenfeld Scholarship Established in 1976 by Walter E. Schoenfeld, Seattle, Washington Recipient: Tatyana Ponomaryov, Department of Immunology The Rudolph Schoenheimer Memorial Scholarship Established in 1968 by Fritz Schoenheimer, New York Recipient: Benjamin Dekel, MD, Department of Immunology The Stuart and Sarah Schulman Scholarship Fund Established in 1991 by Mr. and Mrs. Stuart Schulman, Boca Raton, Florida Recipient: Galia Maik-Rachline, Department of Biological Regulation The Eugene and Lenore Schupak Endowed Doctoral Scholarship in Genetics Established in 1997 by the Schupak Family Foundation, Scottsdale, Arizona Recipient: Gilgi Friedlander, Department of Molecular Genetics The Jacob Schweppe Memorial Scholarship Established in 1971 through a bequest of Jacob Schweppe, Cape Town, South Africa Recipient: Amir Pozner, Department of Molecular Genetics The David and Pauline Segal Scholarship Established in 1999 by George and Joan Segal, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Ilan Degani, Department of Mathematics The Simon and Frieda Senderowicz-Perel Graduate Student Research Fund Established in 1999 through a bequest of Lea Senderowicz, Zurich, Switzerland Recipient: Yaron Caspi, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics Feinberg Graduate School 281

The Max and Lena Sharp Scholarship in Perpetuity Established in 1972 by the Max and Lena Sharp Scholarship Fund, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Recipient: Iris Visoly-Fisher, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Lily Sieff Doctoral Scholarship Established in 1998 by Helen and Martin Kimmel, New York Recipient: Zohar Biron, Department of Structural Biology The Hon. Sir David Sieff Doctoral Scholarship in Brain Research Established in 2000 by family and friends, UK Foundation of the Weizmann Institute of Science Recipient: Ehud Hauben, Department of Neurobiology The Irving I. Singer Foundation Scholarship Established in 1974 by the Irving I. Singer Foundation, New York Recipient: Ilan Samish, Department of Plant Genetics The Blanche and Max Steig Memorial Scholarship Fund Established in 1993 through a bequest of Blanche Steig, New York Recipient: Sigalit Boura-Halfon, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Oscar H. Stern Memorial Scholarship Established in 1976 through a bequest of Oscar H. Stern, New York Recipient: Rafael Najmanovich, Department of Plant Sciences The Roy L. Swarzman Scholarship in Perpetuity Established in 1990 by Matthew Bucksbaum, Marvin Pomerantz and Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Isaacson, Des Moines, Iowa Recipient: Tal Varsano, Department of Biological Chemistry The Swiss Society of Friends of the Weizmann Institute of Science Scholarship in Perpetuity Established in 1985 by the Swiss Society of Friends of the Weizmann Institute, Zurich, Switzerland Recipient: Amir Bahar, Department of Neurobiology The Armin and Etel (Angyal) Szolovits Doctoral Scholarship Established in 2001 through bequests of Armin and Etel Szolovits, Hollywood, California Recipient: Reut Bartoov, Department of Biological Chemistry The Isaac H. Taylor Scholarship Established in 1972 by Isaac H. Taylor, Ellicott City, Maryland Recipient: Helit Rozen-Nabel, Department of Molecular Genetics The Samara Jan Turkel Scholarship Fund for Autoimmune Diseases Established in 1995 by Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Bach, New York, in memory of their granddaughter Recipient: Iris Hecht, Department of Immunology The Frances L. Urban Scholarship Established in 1978 through a bequest of Miriam B. Urban, Palo Alto, California Recipient: Galit Greber-Kafri, Department of Structural Biology 282 Feinberg Graduate School

The Guido Franklin van D. Memorial Scholarship Established in 2000 through a bequest of Hilda van D., Riehen, Switzerland Recipient: Amit Klier, Department of Particle Physics The Minnie and Arthur Vare Scholarship Established in 1968 by the Minnie and Arthur Vare Foundation, New York Recipient: Irit Ruach-Nir, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Raoul Wallenberg Scholarship Established in 1980 by the Swedish Committee and the Canadian Society for the Weizmann Institute of Science Recipient: Michael Klein, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The George Wasserman Foundation/Janice Wasserman Goldsten Scholarship Established in 1994 by the George Wasserman Foundation and by Janice Wasserman Goldsten, Washington, D.C. Recipient: Hanna Jaaro, Department of Biological Chemistry The Paul and Greta Weinberger Scholarships Established in 1995 through a bequest of Paul Weinberger, New York Recipient: Ilanit Doron-Mor, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Erwin and Claire Weiner Scholarship Established in 1973 by the Chicago Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Gilad Silberberg, Department of Neurobiology The Celeste and Joseph Weingarten Memorial Scholarship Established in 1987 by Nancy Weingarten and friends, Boston, Massachusetts Recipient: Niv Papo, Department of Biological Chemistry The William W. Wilkow Scholarship Fund Established in 1987 by Mrs. William W. Wilkow, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Rima Gandlin, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Dr. Albert and Blanche Willner Scholarship for Russian Students Established in 1993 by Dr. and Mrs. Albert Willner, Delray Beach, Florida Recipient: Tanya Goncharov, Department of Biological Chemistry The Ruth Ann and Sam Wolfson Scholarship Established in 1996 by Ruth Ann and Sam Wolfson, Dallas, Texas Recipient: Amir Sapir, Department of Molecular Genetics The Milton Young Scholarship Established in 1983 by the Max and Victoria Dreyfus Foundation, New York Recipient: Daphna Frenkiel-Krispin, Department of Organic Chemistry The Samuel Zonne Scholarships Established in 1980 through a bequest of Samuel Zonne, Minneapolis, Minnesota Recipients: Amir Bahar, Department of Neurobiology; Avital Bitan, Department of Neurobiology; Miri Goldin, Department of Neurobiology Feinberg Graduate School 283

Annual and Semester Ph.D. Scholarships

The Fanny Denes Scholarship Established in 1969 by Dr. George Denes, Zurich, Switzerland, in memory of his mother Recipient: Revital Cohen, Department of Organic Chemistry The Daniel Falkner Scholarship Established in 2001 by Daniel Falkner, London, UK Recipient: Galit Shohat, Department of Molecular Genetics The Richard and Rhoda Goldman Fund Scholarships Established in 1997 by the Richard and Rhoda Goldman Fund, San Francisco, California Recipients: Maxim Khodos, Department of Condensed Matter Physics; Roman Dovgard, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Carol and Allan Gordon Scholarship Fund in Women's Health Research Established in 1997 in honor of Dr. and Mrs. Allan Gordon by friends and supporters, Canadian Society for the Weizmann Institute of Science, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Recipient: Irit Zurer, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Joseph Meyerhoff Scholarships Established in 1983 through the Joseph Meyerhoff Fund and the Rebecca Meyerhoff Fund, Baltimore, Maryland Recipients: Yaakov Benenson, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics; Elena Vinogradov, Department of Chemical Physics The Rosenzweig-Coopersmith Foundation Doctoral Scholarship Fund Established in 2002 by the Rosenzweig-Coopersmith Foundation, Grand Rapids, Michigan Recipient: Igor Meerovitch, Department of Plant Sciences The Dr. Otto Schwarz Memorial Graduate Scholarship Fund Established in 1995 through a bequest of Dr. Otto Schwarz, Las Vegas, Nevada Recipients: Hani Al-Ahmad, Department of Plant Sciences; Khalil Kashkush, Department of Plant Sciences; Galia Maayan, Department of Organic Chemistry; Vered Morad, Department of Plant Sciences; Boris Noyvert, Department of Particle Physics; Guy Raz, Department of Particle Physics; Sefi Raz, Department of Structural Biology The James M. Senor Memorial Scholarship Fund in Perpetuity Established in 1986 by the Canadian Society for the Weizmann Institute of Science, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Recipient: Hava Gil-Henn, Department of Molecular Genetics The Solomon and Marshall Smoler Scholarships Established in 2002 through a bequest of Rachel Smoler, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Jakub Abramson, Department of Immunology The Richard and Cecilia Sonnenberg Scholarship Established in 1983 by the Richard and Cecilia Sonnenberg Educational and Charitable Trust, Cape Town, South Africa Recipient: Yoav Gilad, Department of Molecular Genetics The Ben N. Teitel Scholarship Established in 2002 by the Ben N. Teitel Charitable Trust, Farmington Hills, Michigan Recipient: Hava Gil-Henn, Department of Molecular Genetics 284 Feinberg Graduate School

The Washington Next Generation Scholarship Established in 1993 by Friends of the Weizmann Institute of Science, Washington, DC Recipient: Sharon Avkin, Department of Biological Chemistry

Honorary Scholarships

The Midori Goto Scholarship Established in 1990 by the American Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, New York Recipient: Hagit Shapiro, Department of Biological Chemistry The Elliott Gould Research Scholarship Established in 1989 by the American Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, New York Recipient: Hanna Jaaro, Department of Biological Chemistry The Lilly Hamlisch Memorial Scholarship in Cancer Research Established in 1987 by the American Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, New York, in memory of Marvin Hamlisch's mother Recipient: Amir Zalcenstein, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Richard M. Hornreich Scholarship in Physics Established in 1996 by the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, and family and friends in Israel and abroad, in memory of Prof. Richard Hornreich Recipient: Erel Levine, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Shirley Maclaine Scholarship in Viral Immunology Established in 1988 by the American Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, New York Recipient: Jordan Chill, Department of Structural Biology The Shlomo Mintz Scholarship Established in 1982 by the American Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, New York Recipient: Selena Trajkovic, Department of Biological Chemistry The Barbara Walters Scholarship Established in 1990 by the American Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, New York Recipient: Avishai Mimran, Department of Immunology

M.Sc. Scholarships in Perpetuity

The Henrietta and Jack Abrams Scholarship Established in 1988 by Henrietta Abrams, Lauderhill, Florida Recipient: Dan Frumkin, Department of Plant Sciences The Egle Forti Ancona Scholarship in Perpetuity (The Dana Fund) Established in 1993 through a bequest of Mrs. Egle Forti, Rome, Italy Recipient: Arnon Grafit, Department of Structural Biology Feinberg Graduate School 285

The Israel W. and Fannie Backe Scholarship Fund Established in 1987 through a bequest of Fannie Backe, Worcester, Massachusetts Recipient: Shahar Multshanski-Mor, Department of Biological Chemistry The Abraham Berman Scholarship Established in 1966 through a bequest of Abraham Berman, South Africa Recipient: Orna Man, Department of Molecular Genetics The Carolyn and Marvin Birger Scholarship Established in 2000 by Marvin Birger, Palm Beach, Florida Recipient: Hila Eldar, Department of Neurobiology The Louis C. and Edith B. Blumberg Scholarship Fund Established in 1989 by the Louis Blumberg Foundation, Southfield, Michigan Recipient: Yaron Penn, Department of Neurobiology The Irena-Ida Bogdanowicz Scholarship Established in 1994 through a bequest of Irena-Ida Bogdanowicz, Tel Aviv, Israel Recipient: Sharon Ruthstein, Department of Chemical Physics The Joan and William J. Brodsky Scholarship in Photodynamic Cancer Therapy in Perpetuity Established in 1995 by the Chicago Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Dina Preise, Department of Biological Regulation The Adele S. and Abraham Browner Scholarship in Biomedical Research Established in 1999 through a bequest of Adele Browner, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Sheera Adar, Department of Biological Chemistry The Helen and Harry Hans Davis Memorial Scholarship Established in 2002 through a bequest of Helen J. Davis, Wyncote, Pennsylvania Recipient: Assaf Zemach, Department of Plant Sciences The Kitty Waas Dekker, Simon Waas and Rosette Dekker Scholarship Established in 1998 through a bequest of Rosette Dekker, United Kingdom Recipient: Jonathan Caspi, Department of Molecular Genetics The Detroit Scholarship Fund for Soviet Students Established in 1992 by friends of the Weizmann Institute of Science, Detroit, Michigan Recipient: Anna Rapaport, Department of Mathematics The Alan Dixon Scholarship in Cancer Research Established in 1995 by the Hon. Alan J. Dixon, St. Louis, Missouri Recipient: Tal Sines, Department of Molecular Genetics The Bella and Hyman Eisenbaum Scholarship Established in 1994 through the Bella Eisenbaum Trust, Miami Beach, Florida Recipient: Aviv de-Morgan, Department of Biological Chemistry The Alex Elovic Memorial Scholarship Established in 1996 through a bequest of Bernat Elovic, Miami Beach, Florida Recipient: Eran Keydar, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Louis E. Emerman Scholarship in Biomedical Research Established in 1999 by the Saul and Devorah Sherman Fund, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Hilah Gal, Department of Physics of Complex Systems 286 Feinberg Graduate School

The Charles I. and Fanny Engelstein Endowment Fund Established in 1995 through a bequest of Fanny Engelstein, New York Recipient: Roni Mashiach, Department of Structural Biology The Harold Feinstein and Bess Rae C. Feinstein Scholarship Fund for Soviet Students Established in 1990 through a bequest of Bess Rae C. Feinstein, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Julia Zonis, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Aaron and Zlata Fish Memorial Bursary Established in 1980 by Mr. and Mrs. Abe Fish, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Recipient: Dror Mirzayof, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Sonia Floomberg Memorial Scholarship Established in 1998 through a bequest of Sonia Floomberg, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Recipient: Eran Finkel, Department of Immunology The Joyce and Joseph J. Freed Family Scholarship Established in 1995 by Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Freed, Wheeling, Illinois Recipient: Shira Granot, Department of Molecular Genetics The Yeheshkel and Fruma Freedman Education Fund Established in 2001 through a bequest of Isaac Freedman, Boston, Massachusetts Recipient: Yaron Caspi, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Helen and Charles Friedman Scholarship Fund Established in l986 by Helen and Charles Friedman, Paradise Valley, Arizona Recipient: Roy Opperman, Department of Plant Sciences The Naomi and Morris Futorian Scholarship Established in 1994 by Naomi Futorian, Northbrook, Illinois Recipient: Rakefet Seifer, Department of Neurobiology The Leo and Frances Gallin Scholarship Established in 1994 by Leo and Frances Gallin, Los Angeles, California Recipient: Naomi Coslovsky, Department of Neurobiology The Yasha Gluzman Scholarship Established in 1998 by Ilan Gluzman, Nutley, New Jersey Recipient: Berith Isaac, Department of Organic Chemistry The Samuel L. and Rebecca R. Goldstein Bursary Established in 1977 through a bequest of Samuel Goldstein, Lynn, Massachusetts Recipient: Liat Yakir, Department of Biological Regulation The Ethel and Anne Gordon Scholarship Established in 1990 through a bequest of Ethel Y. Gordon, New York Recipient: Tal Sines, Department of Molecular Genetics The Helena F. and Jacob Y. Gordon Scholarship Established in 1973 by Mrs. Jacob Y. Gordon, Newton, Massachusetts Recipient: Dan Frumkin, Department of Plant Sciences The Salomon and Augusta Gottfried Scholarship Established in 1997 by Kurt and Sorel Gottfried, Ithaca, New York, in memory of his parents Recipient: Tomer Volansky, Department of Particle Physics Feinberg Graduate School 287

The Harry and Isadore Gudelsky Memorial Bursary Established in 1974 by the Isadore and Bertha Gudelsky Family Foundation, Potomac, Maryland Recipient: Yaron Penn, Department of Neurobiology The Harry Julius Harris Scholarship Established in 1997 through a bequest of Dorothy Harris and by Anne Ingber, New York Recipient: Yaakov Setty, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Joan W. and Irving B. Harris Scholarship in Brain Research Established in 1997 by friends and supporters, Chicago Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, Chicago, Ilinois Recipient: Adam Wasserstrom, Department of Neurobiology The Otto and Mary Hersch Scholarships Established in 1988 through a bequest of Mary Hersch, New York Recipients: Gili Assaf, Department of Particle Physics; Oriel Banne, Department of Physics of Complex Systems; Sarah Goldberg, Department of Particle Physics; Osnat Ravid, Department of Physics of Complex Systems; Tomer Volansky, Department of Particle Physics The Luta and Ludwig Heusinger Scholarships Established in 1993 through a bequest of Dr. Ludwig Heusinger, Kfar Shmaryahu, Israel Recipient: Il'ya Safro, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Jaime and Suzy Iglicky Bursary Established in 1980 by Dr. Jaime and Suzy Iglicky, Caracas, Venezuela Recipient: Asaf Mahadav, Department of Biological Chemistry The Fanny E. and Lewis J. Isaacs Scholarship Established in 1989 through the Fanny E. Isaacs Living Trust, Glencoe, Illinois Recipient: Arnon Grafit, Department of Structural Biology The Thomas and Ruth Isackson Memorial Scholarship Awards Established in 1992 through a bequest of Ruth Isackson, Miami Beach, Florida Recipient: Shimon Kogan, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Sophie Kalina Scholarship Established in 1994 by Sophie Kalina, New York Recipient: Roy Opperman, Department of Plant Sciences The Benjamin Kaufman Memorial Scholarship Established in 1995 by Nathan Jacobs, New York Recipient: Limor Landsman, Department of Molecular Genetics The Udi Khazam Memorial Scholarship Established in 1996 by the Khazam Family, London, UK and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Recipient: Ilan Sagiv, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Leon Kole Memorial Bursary Established in 1982 by Mrs. Isabelle Kole Stein and children, Hollywood, Florida Recipient: Vered David, Department of Immunology 288 Feinberg Graduate School

The Frank Korrick Scholarship Established in 1991 through a bequest of Francis Charles Korrick, Sydney, Australia Recipient: Natalie Lehavi, Department of Plant Sciences The Margaret S. Kramer Scholarship Established in 1999 by Margaret S. Kramer, Palm Beach, Florida Recipient: Sharon Ruthstein, Department of Chemical Physics The David and Pola Kuppermann Scholarship Fund Established in 2000 through a bequest of Pola Kuppermann, Flushing, New York Recipient: Keren Ziv, Department of Biological Regulation The Susan Lazarus Perpetual Scholarship Fund in Cancer Research Established in 1985 by Charles and Ruth Lazarus, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in memory of their daughter Recipient: Vicki Plaks, Department of Biological Regulation The Anne P. Lederer Master's Scholarship in Brain Research Established in 1998 by the Anne P. Lederer Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Asaf Mahadav, Department of Biological Chemistry The Philmore A. and Judith Leemon Scholarship in Brain Research Established in 1997 by Philmore A. and Judith Leemon, Las Vegas, Nevada Recipient: Hila Avidan, Department of Neurobiology The Dr. Aaron M. Lefkovits Scholarship Fund Bursary Established in 1986 by Dr. Aaron Lefkovits, Memphis, Tennessee Recipient: Aviv de-Morgan, Department of Biological Chemistry The Chaim Michel and Chaya Freyda Levine Scholarship, Established by Their Son, Jules Lawren Established in 1995 through a bequest of Jules Lawren, New York Recipient: Eran Finkel, Department of Immunology The Leyfell Family Master's Scholarship Established in 2001 by Mr. and Mrs. Aleksander Leyfell, Cambridge, Massachusetts Recipients: Julia Zonis, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Jacob P. and Estelle Lieberman Scholarship Established in 1990 by the International Fund for Education and Career Development, Tel Aviv, Israel Recipient: Rona Sadja Gertner, Department of Biological Chemistry The Abe Lisan Educational Grant Bursary Established in 1974 through a bequest of Abe Lisan, Glenside, Pennsylvania Recipient: Avital Sadovski-Sadot, Department of Molecular Genetics The Alexander and Mary Margolis and Bernard A. Margolis Perpetual Memorial Scholarship Fund Established in 1993 through a bequest of Bernard A. Margolis, Brooklyn, New York Recipient: Limor Landsman, Department of Molecular Genetics The Ben and Ruth Marks Scholarship Established in 1990 by Ben and Ruth Marks, North Miami Beach, Florida Recipient: Sophie Shnaper, Department of Biological Chemistry Feinberg Graduate School 289

The Joory Mashal Bursary Established in 1981 by Joory and Doreen Mashal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Recipient: Gabriel Rosenblum, Department of Structural Biology The Samuel Mayer Bursary Established in 1973 by Mrs. Elsie Mayer, Santa Monica, California Recipient: Eran Keydar, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Joseph and Mable E. Meites Scholarship Fund Established in 1983 by Joseph and Mable E. Meites, Okemos, Michigan Recipient: Naomi Coslovsky, Department of Neurobiology The Nora Menasce Scholarships in Cancer Research Established in 2002 through a bequest of Nora Menasce, Milan, Italy Recipient: Sharon Kahan, Department of Molecular Genetics The Paul and Felicia Muskat Bursary Established in 1984 through a bequest of Paul Muskat, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Recipient: Hila Avidan, Department of Neurobiology The Harold Paul Novick Scholarship in Perpetuity Established in 1982 by Mr. and Mrs. Samson Novick, New York Recipient: Liat Yakir, Department of Biological Regulation The Walter Pancoe Scholarship Established in 1992 by Walter Pancoe, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Eran Tromer, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Gertrude and Ivar Philipson Bursary Established in 1961 through bequests of Gertrude and Ivar Philipson, Stockholm, Sweden Recipient: Keren Ziv, Department of Biological Regulation The Anna and Max Resnick Scholarship Established in 1996 by Howard Resnick, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Sophie Shnaper, Department of Biological Chemistry The Prof. David Rittenberg Memorial Bursary Established in 1971 in memory of her husband by Mrs. S. Rittenberg and friends, New York Recipient: Hani Neuvirth, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Paul and Gabriella Rosenbaum Scholarship in Biology Established in 1999 by the Paul and Gabriella Rosenbaum Foundation, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Lior Izhar, Department of Biological Chemistry The Ann B. Sadowsky Scholarship Established in 1987 through a bequest of Ann B. Sadowsky, Mineola, New York Recipient: Vicki Plaks, Department of Biological Regulation The Bernard and Edith Samers Scholarship for Cancer Research Established in 1997 in honor and in memory of Bernard Samers, former Executive Vice- President, American Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, New York Recipient: Efrat Avraham, Department of Immunology 290 Feinberg Graduate School

The Elsie Olin and Philip D. Sang Scholarship Established in 1995 by Mrs. Elsie Olin Sang, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Roni Mashiach, Department of Structural Biology The Jerome D. and Beverly Scheer Scholarship Established in 1991 by Jerome D. and Beverly Scheer, Potomac, Maryland Recipient: Helena Medvedovsky, Department of Immunology The Alice and Lewis Schimberg Scholarship Fund Established in 1993 by Alice Schimberg, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Ronen Levy, Department of Molecular Genetics The Henry and Soretta Shapiro Master's Scholarship Established in 1996 by the Soretta and Henry Shapiro Family Foundation, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Roy Opperman, Department of Plant Sciences The Sabina D. and Benjamin Shapiro Scholarship Fund Established in 1999 through a bequest of Sabina D. Shapiro, New York Recipient: Avital Sadovski-Sadot, Department of Molecular Genetics The Rachel and Arnold Smith Endowed Master's Scholarship Established in 1996 by Rachel and Arnold Smith, Phoenix and Paradise Valley, Arizona Recipient: Tzviya Zeev-Ben-Mordehai, Department of Structural Biology The Elias and Hilda Sofaer Scholarship Established in 1994 by Michael Sofaer, London, UK Recipient: Sabine Ruth Quadt, Department of Structural Biology The Rabbi and Mrs. Aaron Solomon Bursary Established in 1982 by Dr. Jonathan G. Solomon, Hampton, Virginia, in honor of his parents Recipient: Hilah Gal, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Paula and Ernest Sommers Scholarship Established in 2001 by Ernest Sommers, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Hay Dvir, Department of Structural Biology The Sylvia and Leonard Sorkin Scholarship Established in 1997 through a bequest of Leonard Sorkin, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Lior Nissim, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Keren Sotskover Scholarship Established in 1992 through bequests of Eliezer and Genia (Chaine) Sotskover, Ramat Gan, Israel Recipient: Sheera Adar, Department of Biological Chemistry The Blanche and Max Steig Memorial Scholarship Fund Established in 1993 through a bequest of Blanche Steig, New York Recipient: Shlomit Hadad, Department of Science Teaching The Gabriel Armand Stein Scholarship Fund Established in 1991 by Paul Stein, Jackson Heights, New York, in memory of his son Recipient: Natalie Lehavi, Department of Plant Sciences Feinberg Graduate School 291

The Nachman Syrkin and Mendel Osnos Scholarship Established in 1999 by Drs. Morton G. and Zivia Wurtele, Berkeley, California Recipient: Shimon Kogan, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Armin and Etel (Angyal) Szolovits Master's Scholarship Established in 2001 through bequests of Armin and Etel Szolovits, Hollywood, California Recipient: Alon Schwartz, Department of Chemical Physics The Harry M. Tobe Memorial Bursary Established in 1981 by Dr. Barry A. Tobe, Downsview, Ontario, Canada Recipient: Dan Frumkin, Department of Plant Sciences The Ann Turman Bursary Established in 1987 by Ann E.K. Turman, Great Barrington, Massachusetts Recipient: Matti Oron, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Werner and Daughter Renee Usansky Memorial Bursary Established in 1982 by Sra. Sara Z. de Usansky, Buenos Aires, Argentina Recipient: Niva Russek, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Dr. Edgar Weil Memorial Bursary Established in 1975 by an anonymous donor, Los Angeles, California Recipient: Ronen Levy, Department of Molecular Genetics The Paul and Greta Weinberger Scholarships Established in 1995 through a bequest of Paul Weinberger, New York Recipient: Eran Tromer, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Joe and Celia Weinstein Scholarship Established in 1995 by Major Max and Sylvia Shulman, New York Recipient: Vered Daniel, Department of Immunology The Dr. Lee Franklin Weinstock Leadership Scholarship Established in 1994 through a bequest of Dr. Lee Franklin Weinstock, Detroit, Michigan Recipient: Ya'ara Goldschmidt, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Sarah Werch Research Scholarship Fund Established in 1994 by the Solomon Carl Werch Trust, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Rina Sadja Gertner, Department of Biological Chemistry The J. Stanley Weyman Memorial Scholarship Established in 1998 by Anne Weyman, London, UK Recipient: Shahar Multshanski-Mor, Department of Biological Chemistry The Rose Weyman Memorial Bursary Established in 1987 by Stanley Weyman, London, UK Recipient: Liat Yakir, Department of Biological Regulation The Women of Vision Scholarship Fund in Breast and Ovarian Cancer Research Established in 1996 by friends and supporters, Florida Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, North Miami Beach, Florida Recipient: Hagit Dafni, Department of Biological Regulation 292 Feinberg Graduate School

The Yitzhak Fund (Heath Trust) Scholarship Established in 1992 through the offices of Martin Paisner, London, UK Recipients: Maksim Frenkel, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics; Eli Shechtman, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics; Yuri Paskover, Department of Chemical Physics The Milton Young Memorial Bursary Established in 1980 by friends of Milton Young, New York Recipient: Ilan Sagiv, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Lillian and Samuel L. Zuckerman Bursary Established in 1959 in honor of their parents' golden wedding anniversary by the Zuckerman family, New York Recipient: Nira Amar, Department of Biological Chemistry

Annual and Semester M.Sc. Scholarships

The Shimon Antin Scholarship Established in 1997 by the Shimon Antin Trust, Tel Aviv, Israel Recipient: Amnon Amir, Department of Structural Biology The Salim and Rachel Benin Scholarship Established in 1996 through the Jewish Agency for Israel (Israel Education Fund), Jerusalem, Israel Recipients: Maya Bar Sadan, Department of Materials and Interfaces; Denis Simakov, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Anna and Sidney Dishal Scholarship Established in 1999 by Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Dishal, Piedmont, California Recipient: Yohai Kaspi, Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research The Josef and Clementine Erman Scholarship Fund Established in 2001 through a bequest of Irma C. Erman, San Francisco, California Recipient: Oshrat Perets, Department of Molecular Genetics The Saly Frommer Scholarship Established in 2002 by Mr. Saly Frommer, Basel, Switzerland Recipient: Aya Lange, Department of Neurobiology The Jorge Kassel Scholarship in the Earth Sciences Established in 1990 by Mr. and Mrs. Jorge Kassel, Naucalpan, Mexico Recipient: Gennady Margolin, Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research The Dorothy Krohner Scholarship, in Memory of Sholom and Esther Krohner Established in 2002 through a bequest of Dorothy Krohner, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Berith Isaac, Department of Organic Chemistry The Lucius N. Littauer Foundation Scholarship for Russian Students Established in 1996 by the Lucius N. Littauer Foundation, New York Recipient: Helena Medvedovsky, Department of Immunology Feinberg Graduate School 293

The Anna and Isadore Roseman Foundation Semester Bursaries Established in 1980 through a bequest of Isadore Roseman, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Recipients: Yaron Caspi, Department of Physics of Complex Systems; Lior Izhar, Department of Biological Chemistry; Rakefet Seifer, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Solomon and Marshall Smoler Scholarships Established in 2002 through a bequest of Rachel Smoler, Chicago, Illinois Recipient: Hani Neuvirth, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics

Scholarship Loan Funds

The Ralph and Shirley Coff Scholarship Loan Fund Established in 1983 through a bequest of Ralph Coff, New York The Bennitt Mandell Memorial Revolving Loan Fund Established in 1991 through the Bennitt Mandell Charitable Remainder Unitrust, Miami Beach, Florida 294 Feinberg Graduate School Science Teaching

Abraham Arcavi, Head

The Department is composed of groups working in mathematics, physics, chemistry, life sciences, computer science, earth and environmental sciences, and science and technology for junior-high school. Extensive research and development is carried out in all these areas, with the aim of producing high-quality and up-to-date learning materials for use throughout the Israeli education system. The learning materials include not only textbooks, but also modern technologies such as web sites for non-frontal teaching. The work is based upon an underlying philosophy that considers curriculum development and implementation, teacher in-service development, research and evaluation as part of an integrated and continuous long-term activity.

Our belief in the central role of teachers in improving education has led us to focus our efforts also on National Teacher Centers, which serve as sources of support, information and materials for teachers throughout the country. The Centers also prepare and support teachers in leadership roles in their schools or districts.

In 2002, the Davidson Institute for Science Education at the Weizmann Institute of Science was inaugurated and began to function. The main goal of the new Institute is to enhance and enlarge, in close collaboration with the Department, the scope of the projects in science education - especially those which are more directly related to activities with schools, teachers, students and the public at large. The Davidson Institute provides facilities for the National Teacher Centers and modern classrooms and laboratories for the thousands of hours of teacher development programs already taking place. The Davidson Institute and the Department of Science Teaching have initiated several joint projects. The two major ones are: the establishment of a Regional Teacher Center to promote the improvement of science education in schools and the establishment of a National Center for Learning through (student) Projects.

Mathematics Group The development of student and teacher materials in the following projects has been completed and the main effort is now concentrating in the dissemination and support of their implementation. • The CompuMath (MatiMachshev) Project: Innovative approaches to teaching mathematics in junior-high school, taking advantage of computerized tools. The research (on learning and teaching in classrooms that study according to this program) includes the study of the ways in which knowledge structures in diverse contexts are used and modified.

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• The Heterogeneous Classes (Kulam) Project: Innovative approaches to teaching mathematics in junior high school (grades 7-8) to accommodate the needs of several student sub-populations in the same classroom. • "Math for All" (the Shay Program) Project: for non-mathematically oriented high school students toward their matriculation (bagrut) requirements. The approach of the learning materials is based on informal sense-making and graphical methods. The project includes research on learning processes by students who are not mathematically oriented. • The MathComp (Machshavatika) Project: student workbooks for grades 7-12, using the capabilities of Computer Algebra Systems (CAS), accompanied by textbooks for teacher education. The research includes the study of the impact of learning in a CAS environment on curriculum approaches to classical topics, student assessment and habits of mind.

The most recent projects include:

• The Elementary Math Project: Development and implementation of mathematical investigations for fifth and sixth graders using computerized tools. • Professionalization of Elementary School Teachers: Courses for elementary school teachers as part of a national project to professionalize the teaching of elementary school mathematics. • The Advancement of Quantitative Thinking: Courses for junior-high school teachers as part of a national project to advance proficiency with arithmetic, measurements, estimation, calculations of area and volume, and the like. • Teacher Knowledge and Development: Research and development project related to mathematics teachers and teaching, focusing on: (1) characterization and examination of teacher knowledge, (2) development and study of research-based teacher education programs, (3) preparation of research-based materials for use in teacher education. As part of this work, the Group runs the MANOR Center - a National Mathematics Teacher Center.

Physics Group

The Group develops courses for the classical high school physics subjects (mechanics, electromagnetism, optics and waves, physics of the 20th century) as well as for elective courses and other educational resources for students and teachers. The courses use instructional strategies that are sensitive to student learning processes and include activity units that foster involvement. Computerized networks for course delivery are being developed and studied in selected topics. The Group is developing computerized learning environments and didactical methods for introducing computer-based activities into the curriculum. Science Teaching 297

Currently the Group is developing several modes of introducing projects into the regular study of physics. The projects are carried out either as part of the regular study, or involve external agents. "Physics and Industry" is an example of the latter, and is carried out in collaboration with the electro-optics industry. Appropriate methods of evaluation are being developed to properly assess and promote this kind of activity. The Group is also involved in the development of courses for the new syllabus in optics, reference frames, and visual quantum mechanics (translated from English).

The Group runs a National Teacher Center responsible for coordinating the professional development of physics teachers throughout Israel. The Center runs an internet site for teachers and develops innovative methods for professional development through the net.

The Group is engaged in research studies aimed at improving the learning process in several areas: methods for fostering control and feedback in student problem-solving activities; methods for computer based diagnosis of students' conceptions in optics, models for integrating the computer into physics learning to enhance understanding; detailed studies of the implementation of new instructional strategies; and investigation of the utility of strategies for fostering teacher change in our long-term teacher courses, including the support of professional development through the net.

Chemistry Group

The Group develops teaching units and instructional techniques, based on the diagnostic assessment of students' learning difficulties and misconceptions, their frames of interest and motivational characteristics.

Currently the Group is involved in developing two modules called "The Nature of Chemistry" and "Chemistry and Life" that are part of the new syllabus in chemistry for 10th grade students, "Chemistry 2000". These modules include textbooks and interactive computer programs. The project is accompanied by a comprehensive study of the definition, characterization, and assessment of chemical literacy and understanding of concepts. Action research is used in order to gain more insight regarding implementation of the chemistry curriculum.

In order to improve learning in the chemistry laboratory, the Group is involved in the development, implementation and assessment of inquiry-type experiments. Courses for chemistry teachers are conducted to train them in the use of these laboratories. Methods for assessing student achievement have been developed and implemented in schools all over the country.

The Group runs National Center for Chemistry Teachers:

A Center for liaison with the chemical industry has been established; this Center assists schools in conducting industrial field trips, and provides instructional materials such as information about industries, films, and booklets that help in the planning and execution of 298 Science Teaching these field trips. The Center is also involved in building a web site with a large collection of pedagogical ideas mostly from industry. The main goal of this work is to make chemistry more relevant to students.

Science and Technology for All (MUTAV project): This project has developed interdisciplinary learning modules aimed at non-science-oriented students; that is, those who opted not to specialize in the disciplinary sciences. The following modules have been developed so far: "Energy and the Human Being", "Science as an Ever-Developing Entity", "From the Dinosaurs to Darwin", "Brain, Medicine and Drugs" and "The Black Gold". Currently under development is a module that deals with forensic science called "Science in the service of the police". Diagnostic research on student knowledge prior to the study of these modules accompanies the development effort. Research is also conducted on student achievement as well as the changes in their interest in learning science as a result of studying these modules. These studies have clearly shown that these modules are appropriate for this target population.

Life Sciences Group

The long-term objective of the Life Sciences Group is to develop means to bridge between the dynamics of biological discoveries and high-school biology education. Toward this objective the Group is focusing its efforts on development and implementation of novel learning materials in biology for the junior- and senior-high school level, as well as on research to study the effectiveness of the newly suggested learning strategies.

Student difficulties in understanding the microscopic-macroscopic relationships within living organisms are addressed in a new concept, which has been developed in the Group, where the topic of the living cell is taught as a longitudinal axis, that accompanies all the biological topics studied at junior-high school. This concept is now being implemented in various teaching programs.

A curriculum in developmental biology, based on learning through scientific research papers, has been prepared in an attempt to develop biological literacy among high-school biology students. As a result, the possible benefits of learning using primary literature versus secondary literature, and especially its influence on the creation and formation of scientific literacy, has been examined. It was found that students who learn using primary literature could demonstrate better inquiry skills, whereas students who learn using secondary literature comprehend the text better and demonstrate less negative attitudes towards the reading task.

Some bioinformatics-related techniques, which are employed by molecular biologists, were adopted in order to teach high school biology majors the basic ideas in genetics. For that purpose a web-based learning material, which includes interactive problem-solving activities that are based on the human-genome databases and search engines was developed. Science Teaching 299

Earth and Environmental Sciences Group

The Group is involved in curriculum development, implementation and evaluation involving target populations from kindergarten to high school. The curriculum materials are developed for a variety of learning environments: the laboratory, the outdoors, the computer and the classroom.

Ongoing projects include: Development of new curriculum materials for the senior high school on earthquakes, the carbon cycle, plate tectonics and evolution in the dimension of geological time; development of new curriculum materials for junior high school on the rock cycle, the water cycle and earth systems; utilizing the outdoors as a learning environment through geological field trips; the Geotope, a research project performed by students; Let's Rock, a curriculum for kindergarten.

Computer Science Group

The Group is engaged in the development of a course in concurrent and distributed computation for twelfth grade students. The activities include: writing textbooks, developing lab software, teacher training and research on cognitive aspects of learning this advanced subject.

In support of courses on logic programming, a Prolog compiler to work in Hebrew has been adapted.

The main focus of research is on teaching computer science to beginners in the tenth grade. The Group participated in the development of the Jeliot system for animation of programs and has evaluated its use as a pedagogical aid. Currently the Group is teaching an experimental course in object-oriented programming in Java to evaluate the possibility of changing the programming paradigm taught to beginners.

This year the Group continued the collaboration with the Technion in the running of the National Teacher Center in computer science.

Science and Technology in Junior-High School Group

A new syllabus for the unified subject Science and Technology in Junior-High School has been developed, and the Group is part of a national effort to implement this syllabus. The curriculum attempts to cultivate scientific and technological literacy for all citizens and to prepare the necessary background for further studies. To achieve these goals, the curriculum focuses on a thorough understanding of basic concepts and emphasizes the development of independent learning skills in the context of subject matter. The curriculum is integrated; that is, it integrates knowledge among the sciences and between science and technology. Social aspects and relevance to the individual student are central considerations in the choice of activities.

300 Science Teaching

The Group runs a National Teacher Center (together with Tel-Aviv University) responsible for coordinating the professional development of junior-high-school teachers throughout Israel. The Center is involved in intensive activities with teachers throughout the country, and educates teacher leaders. It runs a web site for teachers and trains leader teachers to use web- based materials and project-based learning.

Formative evaluation of the new materials is accompanied by the investigation of new instructional strategies, including a constructivist approach to the study of the particle model of matter, project-based learning, knowledge integration using special computerized programs for knowledge representation, longitudinal studies of conceptual development, and acquisition of high-order learning skills. The Group also conducts research on the professional development of teachers and teacher-leaders, and investigates new methods of student assessment.

National Teacher Centers

The National Teacher Centers functioning in the department are in mathematics, physics, chemistry, science and technology in junior high school (in collaboration with Tel Aviv University), and computer science (in collaboration with the Technion).

The aim of the Centers is to provide a framework to support teacher development. The main activities are:

• Education and advancement of professional leadership of teachers. • Support and counseling to regional professional development programs. • Development of a professional teacher community. • Provision of resource databases. • Research and evaluation.

Research Staff, Visitors and Students

Professor

Uri Ganiel, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (on extension of service) The Rudy Bruner Professor of Science Teaching

Professor Emeritus

Maxim Bruckheimer, Ph.D., Southampton University

Associate Professors

Abraham Arcavi, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Incumbent of the Walter and Elise Haas Career Development Chair (until November 2002) Science Teaching 301

Mordechai Ben-Ari, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Bat Sheva Eylon, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, United States The Chief Justice Bora Laskin Professor of Science Teaching Avi Hofstein, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Nir Orion, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Senior Scientist

Ruhama Even, Ph.D., Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States Incumbent of the Reiter Family Career Development Chair

Scientists

Oshrit Navon, Ph.D., Ben-Gurion University, Israel Guastalla Fellowships for the Advancement of Science Teaching and Technology Edit Yerushalmi, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Guastalla Fellowships for the Advancement of Science Teaching and Technology

Senior Staff Scientists

Alex Friedlander, Ph.D., Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States Zahava Scherz, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Associate Staff Scientists

Esther Bagno, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Miri Kesner, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Rachel Mamlok-Naaman, Ph.D., Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel Guastalla Fellowships for the Advancement of Science Teaching and Technology

Assistant Staff Scientist

Gilat Brill, Ph.D., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Guastalla Fellowships for the Advancement of Science Teaching and Technology

Special Contract

Anat Yarden, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Consultant

Tommy Dreyfus, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Hanna Goldring Ivy Kidron, Machon Lev, Jerusalem, Israel 302 Science Teaching

Visiting Scientists

Marvyn Black, University of Salford, UK Tommy Dreyfus, Tel-Aviv University, Israel

Postdoctoral Fellows

Ronnie Karsenty, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Ivy Kidron, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Susan Magidson, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, USA Orly Michael, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Oshrit Navon, Ph.D., Ben-Gurion University, Israel (until September 2002) Idit Yerushalmi, Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel (until September 2002)

Research Students

Ayelet Baram Orit Ben- Zvi Assaraf Hana Berger Liora Bialer Miriam Carmi Tamar Eisenmann Osnat Eldar Marcel Frailich Hadas Gelbart Yossi Gudovitch Yacov Helfman Esther Kapulnik Mira Kipnis Yifat Kolikant Tova Kvatinsky Tamar Levy Nahum Hannah Margel Roni Mualem Noa Ragonis Yael Shwartz Shay Soffer Ornit Spektor-Levy Michal Tabach Tali Wallach Cecile Yehezkel

Administrator

Mali Karni Young@Science

Zvi Paltiel, Director

Extracurricular science activities for youth have been operating at the Weizmann Institute of Science since the early 1960`s, based on the pioneering work of the late Professor Amos de- Shalit. They are aimed at promoting the enthusiasm and interest of school students in science and scientific thinking. The Youth Activities Section was founded in 1972, and since then the activities have been constantly developing and expanding. Most of its programs are held at the Institute`s Amos de-Shalit Youth Science Center which includes the Laub International Science Youth Village and laboratories. Many Youth Activities programs receive support from the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Science.

The Laub International Science Youth Village, a dormitory facility with 12 units that accommodates up to 80 people, a clubhouse, office, and the village square, adds another dimension to the activities. Besides giving participants in all the summer programs modern accommodations, the youth village allows the Youth Activities Section to develop multi-day programs for students from all over Israel.

The Youth Activities Section draws heavily on the cooperation of The Weizmann Institute's scientific community. The involvement of scientists and research students in all the programs provides school students with the unique indispensable experience of interacting with active scientists.

In 2001 the programs offered by the Youth Activities Section and the number of their participants were as follows:

Weekly Science Clubs: Afternoon courses in chemistry, physics, biology, mathematics, computers, astronomy, aerodynamics and space research - 784 students.

Summer Science Residential Programs in which the participants work in actual research laboratories, two or three in a laboratory with a mentor:

The Bessie F. Lawrence International Summer Science Institute - 65 students.

The Amos de-Shalit Summer Science Workshop - 20 students.

The Chais Family Exploration Camp (a science, music and art summer program), sponsored jointly with the Association for Excellence in Education - 60 students.

Science Day Camp for underpreviledged pupils from Bet-Shemesh - 20 students.

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Competitions in Mathematics and Physics

Prof. Joseph Gillis Mathematics Olympiad - 117 students.

Junior High School Mathematics Olympiad - 395 students.

Physics Tournament which is a team competition for 11th and 12th graders - 130 students.

Math-by-mail: A nationwide project via mail aimed at math enthusiasts in grades 3-10 - 147 students. Math-by-Mail in the former Soviet Union - 4,500 participants in grade 5th -10th . (in Russian). Math-by-Mail material is also being translated into Korean language and distributed in South Korea by Young Astronauts Korea (YAK).

Science days

Adventures in Science with advanced science single or multi-day class programs for 10th, 11th and 12th graders. These programs are introducing topics in the frontiers of science in physics, chemistry and biology: One-day programs - 119 classes, (3,415 students) multi-day programs - 157 classes. (1,730 students).

Morning One-day Courses for Junior high-school classes in topics including waves, energy, motion and the senses including a visit to the Garden of Science - 280 classes (9,711 students).

Science Mobile - a large van fitted with science exhibits and models of Garden of Science exhibits which carries instructors and their programs to outlying schools and communities - 180 classes (7,014 students).

Science Forum: 5 Israeli students delegation to the 2 weeks Science forum in London, England.

"Arrow" - a project to nurture young scientists. 10th grade students are accepted for a 3 year project. Starting with an overview of modern science (10th grade), to getting involved in research projects (11th grade) and working on an individual science project under the supervision of a scientist. This summer 17 students participated in the final stage of the project, and 30 10th grade students in the first stage.

Science Workshop for Ethiopian Immigrants - Sponsored by the New York Federation and the Jewish Agency has been held during August - 80 students.

The Amos De-Shalit Popular Science Lectures - Series of 4 lectures by prominent Weizmann Inst. scientists open to the public - 650 students.

The Clore Garden of Science is an outdoor science museum open to the public, which emerged from the Youth Activities Section.

Staff

Dr. Felix Laub Batya Levy The Aharon Katzir-Katchalski Center

Yosef Yarden, Director The Harold and Zelda Goldenberg Professor of Molecular Cell Biology

The Aharon Katzir-Katchalski Center of the Weizmann Institute of Science was established in 1972, following the tragic death of Aharon Katzir-Katchalski at the hands of terrorists. The Center, set up as a living memorial to him, is administered through a Board of Trustees supported by an International Advisory Committee.

The Center promotes activities in physical biology and macromolecular science and in such other areas of science that fall within the wide-ranging interests of Aharon Katzir-Katchalski. The Center furthers international scientific cooperation through the organization of scientific meetings and the exchange of scientists. Of particular concern to the Center is the impact of scientific and technological advances on human society.

The Board of Trustee is presently composed of: E. Katchalski-Katzir, Chairperson; S. Safran, Director; The Preisdent, The Vice-President for Finance & Administration, and the Deans of the Faculties of Biology and Biochemistry of the Weizmann Institute of Science; R. Arnon, M. Eisenbach, U.Z. Littauer, Z. Livneh, M. Sela, J.L. Sussman, and I.Z. Steinberg.

The International Advisory Committee is composed of: M. Eigen, Chairperson; A. Engstrom, J, Gross, F. Jacob, E. Kellenberger, A. Kornberg, D. Koshland, M. Kotani, J. Lederberg, S. Lederberg, F. Oosawa, I. Prigogine, A. Rich, W. Rosenblith, F.O. Schmitt, A.K. Solomon, J. Wyman.

The Director of the Center is the Dean of the Feinberg Graduate School, ex officio. The Dean can appoint an advisory committee which is currently headed by Z. Livneh.

The Aharon Katzir-Katchalski Center has for many years been the recipient of financial support from various Foundations including the B. de Rothschild Fund for the Advancement of Science in Israel. Activities

The Annual Katzir-Katchalski Conference

These conferences are held annually, alternately in Israel and abroad. To date 22 conferences have been held. The latest were:

305 306 The Aharon Katzir-Katchalski Center

1990: 17th, Molecular Control of Development-Growth Differentiation and Malignancy, Ein Gedi, Israel Chairperson: L. Sachs, Israel

1990: 18th, From Receptor to Cell Response-Physiology and Pharmacology, Mario Negri Sud, Italy Chairpersons: D. Corda (Italy) and M. Shinitzky (Israel)

1991: 19th, Plant Bioenergetics and Ion Translocation, Rehovot, Israel Chairperson: Z. Gromet-Elhanan, Israel

1992: 20th, In the Crucible of the Scientific Revolution-A Special Symposium Dedicated to Aharon Katzir-Katchalski Twenty Years After His Death Chairpersons: O. Kedem and J. Jortner, Israel

1993: 21st, Applications of Membranes in Industry, Rehovot, Israel Chairperson: O. Kedem, Israel

1994: 22nd, Plant Molecular Biology-Biotechnology and Environment, Max-Planck-Institute, Koln, Germany Chairpersons: R. Fluhr, I. Chet (Israel), J. Schell (Germany)

1996: 23rd, International Conference on Environmental Impact of Polymeric Material. Chairperson: D. Vofsi

1996: 24th, Bioinformatics-Structure. Chairperson: J. Sussman

1997: 25th annual meeting "From the Dawn of Life to the End of Days" 25th Annual Convention im Memory of Aharon Katzir.

1998: 26th annual meeting "Polymer Based Technology (POC 98) Chairpersons: A. Warshavsky, M. Fridkin

1999: 27th Cellular Implications or Redox Signaling Chairpersons: C. Gitler, A. Danon

The Annual Katzir-Katchalski Lecture on Biological Foundations and Human Behavior

These lectures, endowed by Mr. S. Stulman of New York, have been held in Rehovot since 1975. To date 19 lectures have been delivered. The latest were:

1988:13th, Arthur Kornberg (Stanford University, Stanford), Understanding Life as Chemistry; Initiation of DNA Replication at the Origin of the Chromosome The Aharon Katzir-Katchalski Center 307

1989: 14th, George Klein (Karolinska Institute, Stockholm), I:The Neoplastic Microevolution a; II:The Neoplastic Microevolution b; III: The Role of Viral Transformation and Oncogene Activation by Chromosomal Translocation in the Genesis of B-Cell Derived Tumors

1990: 15th, Jean-Pierre Changeux (Institut Pasteur, Paris), Communications in the Nervous System: From Molecules to Cognitive Functions; Molecular Biology of Synapse Development

1992: 16th , Nicole Le Douarin (Coll?ge de France, Paris),The Development of the Nervous System Analyzed in the Avian Model; Alternative Methods for Inducing Immunological Tolerance

1992: 17th, Daniel E. Koshland (University of California, Berkeley), Transformation of Information Across Membranes in Biological Systems

1993: 18th, Amos Tversky (Stanford University) Rationality of Cognitive Illusion; A New Approach to Subjective Probability

1994: 19th, Joshua Jortner (President, The Isrel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. Te Challenge of the Structure-Function Relation in Photosynthesis.

1996: 20th, Aaron Klug, F.R.S. (President Royal Society, London) Protein Designs for the Regulaiton of Gene Expression

1997: 21st, Charles Weissmann (University of Zurich) Prion Protein in Health and Disease

1998: 22nd, Prof. Judah Folkman (Harvard Medical School) New Directions in Angiogenesis Research. Do Vascular Endothelial Cells Control Organ and Tissue Size?

2000: 23rd, Prof. Miroslav Radman (Universite Paris-V, France) Molecular and Population Genetics of Evolution. Fidelity of Biosynthetic Processes: Mechanistic and Medical Aspects.

Katzir-Katchalski Travel Grants

These are provided to graduate students working within the areas of the Center's interests, to facilitate their participation in courses, schools, and workshops abroad. Students from all Israeli institutions of higher learning are eligible.

The program has been in operation since 1976. Through 2000, 731 grants were approved. In 2001, 50 such grants were awarded. 308 The Aharon Katzir-Katchalski Center

Special Activities

The Center assists with the organization of scientific meetings that fall within its scope. The latest were:

1987: 9th International Biophysics Congress Chaiperson: H. Eisenberg, Israel

1988: 2nd International Congress of Plant Molecular Biology Chairperson: M. Edelman, Israel

1991: The 13th Edmond de Rothschild School in Molecular Biophysics: Chemotaxis of Cells and Unicellular Organisms Chairperson: M. Eisenbach, Israel

1995: Israeli-Hungarian Conference: Plants and the Environment Chairperson: A. Zamir, Israel Institute-Wide Centers 66 Institute-Wide Centers The Clore Center for Biological Physics

Benjamin Geiger, Director The Erwin Neter Professor of Cell and Tumor Biology

The Clore Center was founded to promote and enhance interdisciplinary research in the emerging field of biological physics. Its income is based on a major donation by the Clore Foundation and additional generous gifts by other donors. In 2002 the Clore Center supported 4 research projects, carried out jointly by research groups with complementary background and expertise. The supported projects included the following topics: (i) cooperative division in amoebae; (ii) threading macromolecules in nanoporous membranes; (iii) a novel, capacitor- based detector for single molecule studies and (iv) single molecule studies of protein folding. In addition, the Center, together with the Curie Institute in Paris, initiated and supported an international symposium on selected topics in biological physics.

The steering committee of the Center has defined the following activities as high priority for funding during 2003:

1. One research project, conducted jointly by two research groups with different disciplinary background. The study should be a new and genuine collaborations (rather than a continuation of an existing project). Support will be at a level of up to $80.000 (for the two groups together) for one year.

2. Seed support for novel projects at early stages. The supported projects should be in the general field of biological physics and the support will be modest, ranging form a few thousands and up to $20.000.

3. Organization of workshops in the field of biological physics to enhance research cooperation between investigators at the Weizmann Institute and other universities in Israel. The Clore Center will support local workshops on specific selected topics.

4. Organization of international symposia – the Center plans to support one international meeting to be held in Israel.

311 The Dolfi and Lola Ebner Center for Biomedical Research

Samuel A. Safran, Director The Fern and Manfred Steinfeld Professor

The Dolfi and Lola Ebner Center for Biomedical Research was established in August 1999. The Center promotes cutting edge research of human diseases at the molecular level. Studies addressing biochemical mechanisms that underlie the major threats to human health, such as cardiovascular defects, cancer and infectious diseases will be supported by the Center. In addition to investment in major instrumentation, individual grants are awarded according to two categories:

1. Start-up support - during the first three years after joining the Institute, selected investigators receive support for start-up and seed money, allowing for later applications to external granting agencies.

2. A significant portion of the Center's resources is supporting research into the development of experimental models of human diseases, such as cancer and autoimmune disorders.

3. Another major investment is providing new services for the structural studies of proteins and enzymes using post-genomic technologies (proteomics). Receptors and enzymes studied using these techniques are considered emerging targets for new therapeutic approaches.

The activities of the Center are governed by an Advisory Committee that includes the Deans of the Faculties of Life Sciences, and Prof. Michael Sela.

313 314 The Dolfi and Lola Ebner Center for Biomedical Research Academic Secretariat

Boaz Avron, Academic Secretary

Appointments

To the Rank of Senior Scientist

Steffen Jung – Immunology Leeor Kronik – Materials and Interfaces Ilan Lampl – Neurobiology Milko Van Der Boom – Organic Chemistry

To the Rank of Scientist

Oshrit Navon – Science Teaching Edit Yerushalmi – Science Teaching

To the Rank of Associate Staff Scientist

Alexander Kalinkovich – Immunology

To the Rank of Assistant Staff Scientist

Brenda Mester – Structural Biology Yuri Myasoedov – Condensed Matter Physics Ron Ophir – Biological Services Tsviya Olender – Molecular Genetics Daniel Rohrlich – Condensed Matter Physics Rita Rosentsveig – Materials and Interfaces Irina Vishnevetsky – Environmental Sciences and Energy Research Ada Viterbo-Fainzilber – Biological Chemistry

To the Rank of Junior Staff Scientist

Levana Ben-Simchon – Molecular Genetics Miri Paas-Rozner – Immunology Dalia Seger – Biological Regulation

315 316 Academic Secretariat

Promotions

To the Rank of Professor Israel Bar-Joseph – Condensed Matter Physics Irith Ginzburg – Neurobiology Rafael Malach – Neurobiology Abraham Minsky – Organic Chemistry Moni Naor – Computer Science and Applied Mathematics Yechiel Shai – Biological Chemistry Zippora Shakked – Structural Biology To the Rank of Associate Professor Avihai Danon – Plant Sciences Michael Elbaum – Materials and Interfaces Gad Haase – Chemical Physics Michal Irani – Computer Science and Applied Mathematics Orly Reiner – Molecular Genetics Yinon Rudich – Environmental Sciences and Energy Research Gideon Schreiber – Biological Chemistry To the Rank of Senior Staff Scientist Linda J.W. Shimon – Chemical Services To the Rank of Associate Staff Scientist Nicole Claude Marie Kerlero De-Rosbo – Immunology Tatiana A. Rozovskaia – Molecular Cell Biology Hamutal Slovin – Neurobiology Ruth Yam – Environmental Sciences and Energy Research To the Rank of Assistant Staff Scientists

Esther Bachar Lustig – Immunology Dmitry Gakamsky – Immunology Edna Haran Furman – Biological Regulation Anat Zaytzev-Bashan – Structural Biology

Awards

The Gerhard M.J. Schmidt Memorial Prize is awarded by the Gerhard M.J. Schmidt Memorial Fund, established in 1976, for an outstanding Ph.D. thesis in chemistry. The award for 2002 was awarded to Dr. Michal Lahav, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Chemistry, for her thesis on Functionalized Surfaces as Interface for Molecular Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices, and to Dr. Edit Y. Tshuva, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, for her thesis on Early Transition Metal Complexes of Amine-Phenolate Ligands: Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis in Olefin Polymerization. Academic Secretariat 317

The Sir Charles Clore Prize for Outstanding Appointment as Senior Scientist in the Experimental Sciences was established in 1981 by Mrs. Vivien Clore Duffield, Geneva. The 2002 prize was awarded to Dr. Ilan Lampl, Department of Neurobiology.

The Morris L. Levinson Prizes were established in 1982 by Mr. Morris L. Levinson, New York. The Physics Prize for 2002 was awarded to Dr. Dan Shahar, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, for his contribution to the quantum transport of electrons in lower-dimension systems. The Mathematics Prize in 2002 was awarded to Prof. Moni Naor, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, for his work on the development of algorithms for cooperation in computer networks, especially those termed "oblivious". The Biology Prize in 2002 was awarded to Dr. Elior Peles, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, for his studies on the discovery and characterization of new proteins that are involved in the organization of the cell membrane in neuron-glia contacts.

The Maxine Singer Prize for Outstanding Research Associate was established in 1991 by the Scientific Council of the Weizmann Institute. In 2002, the Prize was awarded to Dr. Hadas Shtrikman, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, for her work on crystal growth and characterization in the Sub-Micron Center and for her effective and innovative contributions to the advancement of a broad range of research projects and to Dr. Isabela Weisbuch, Department of Materials and Interfaces, for her work on the elucidation of the structures of complex 2-dimenional architectures at the air/water interface by X-ray synchrotron radiation.

The Scientific Council Prize. In 2002, the Prize was awarded to Dr. Eytan Reuveny, Department of Biological Chemistry, for his impressive achievements in understanding the gating and activation of potassium channels via receptor-coupled G proteins.

Allon Fellowships

The Allon Fellowships are awarded on a competitive basis to outstanding young scientists by the Council for Higher Education. The current incumbents are:

Einat Aharonov Environmental Science and Energy Research Ofer Haim Aharony Particle Physics Uri Alon Molecular Cell Biology Roy Bar-Ziv Materials and Interfaces Yuval Eshed Plant Sciences Maria Gorelik Mathematics Ernesto Joselevich Materials and Interfaces Dan S. Tawfik Biological Chemistry 318 Academic Secretariat

Guastalla Fellows

The Guastalla Fellowships are awarded to new immigrant by the Rashi Foundation and the Council of Higher Education:

Lucio Frydman Biological Chemistry

Guastalla Fellowships for the Advancement of Science Teaching and Technology

The Guastalla Fellowships are awarded by the Sacta-Rashi Foundation and the Council of Higher Education. The current incumbents are:

Gilat Brill Science Teaching Rachel Mamluk Science Teaching Oshrit Navon Science Teaching Edit Yerushalmi Science Teaching

Fellowships for Senior Immigrant Scientists

The fellowships for Senior Immigrant Scientists are awarded to Senior new immigrants from the former Eastern Block by the Council of Higher Education.

Anatoly Burshtein Chemical Physics Yehoshua Levinson Condensed Matter Physics

Emma and Oscar Getz Summer Science Program for Israeli Students

The Emma and Oscar Getz Summer Science Program for Israeli Students was established in 2001 and is supported by patrons of the Chicago Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science. Throughout their lifetimes, Chicago industrialist Oscar Getz and his wife Emma, were well-known for their dedication to the arts at home, in Washington, D.C. and in London. Although Oscar Getz died in 1983 and Emma in 1966, they are linked in perpetuity to research and education at the Weizmann Institute of Science through a Professorial Chair, a summer scholarship program, as well as through support of other projects endowed in their names by the Getz Foundation. Approximately 35 undergraduate students are accepted each year to the summer science program.

Participants designate the research preferences of their choice from a list of current projects. These choices are then matched, by a scientific coordinator, with ongoing research teams at the Institute. The students work under the supervision of a scientific personnel member and spend between 10 weeks to 4 months, during their summer holidays, working on the research project to which they have been assigned. Academic Secretariat 319

Karyn Kupcinet International Science School

The Karyn Kupcinet International Science School was established in 1971 in memory of Karyn Kupcinet by her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Irving Kupcinet of Chicago, Illinois, USA. The Academic Secretary's office organizes and runs the program. Approximately 35 undergraduate students are accepted each year.

Participants designate the research preferences of their choice from a list of current projects. These choices are then matched, by a scientific coordinator, with ongoing research teams at the Institute. The students work under the guidance of a scientific personnel member and spend between 10 weeks to 4 months, during their summer holidays, working on the research project to which they have been assigned. A few students from the Southern Hemisphere attend during the winter months, coinciding with these students' university holidays.

The overseas participants are given opportunities to tour Israel, to participate in various social activities and, of course, to interact with the other summer students and graduate students and staff from the Institute.

Formal Collaboration and Exchange Agreements

In 2002 the Weizmann Institute had formal agreements on scientific collaboration and exchange of personnel with the following foreign institutions:

Argentine National Council for Science and Technology (CONICIT) Argentine National Institute for Industrial Technology Center of Innovative Technology (CIT), Virginia El Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnias (CONICYT) de Uruguay The Costa Rica Council for Research (CONICIT) Czech Academy of Sciences Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), Zurich El Fondo Colombiano de Investigaciones Cientificas y Proyectos Especiales "Francisco Jose de Caldas-Colciencias" Fundacion Campomar, Buenos Aires Georgia Tech Research Corporation Gifu International Institute of Biotechnology, Japan Hungarian Academy of Science-Biological Research Center Cooperation Agreement in the field of Biomedical Research between the Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale and the Weizmann Institute of Science The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore Joint Center for Theoretical Physics of the Landau Institute, Moscow National Laboratory for High Energy Physics (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan Secretariat of Science and Technology (SECYT), Argentina Slovak Academy of Sciences Technische Universität, Berlin Université René Descartes, Paris 320 Academic Secretariat

University of Cambridge University of Tokyo University of Trieste Yale University, New Haven, CT

Honors

Prof. Ed Bayer - Elected to Fellowship in the American Academy of Microbiology Mr. Mark Gandelman (Group of Prof. David Milstein) - Recipient of the annual Student Award By the International Precious Metals Institute (IPMI) Prof. Daniella Goldfarb - Recipient of the Silver Medal for Chemistry by the International EPR/ESR Society Prof. Daniella Goldfarb - Appointed as a Deputy President of Atomes et Molecules Par Etudes Radio-Electriques (AMPERE) Prof. Amiram Grinvald - Appointed as The Alice and Joseph Brooks International Lecturer in Neurosciences at Harvard Medical School Prof. Yoram Groner - Awarded the 2002 Landau Prize Prof. Tsvee Lapidot - Recipient of the James Heineman Research Award Prof. Harry J. Lipkin - Recipient of the Wigner Medal Prof. David Milstein - Recipient of the Kolthoff Prize in Chemistry by the Technion Prof. Moshe Oren - Recipient of the 2002 Lombroso prize for Cancer Research Prof. Itamar Procaccia - Elected as a member of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina Prof. Ran Raz - Recipient of the Erdos Prize for Mathematics by the Israel Mathematical Union Prof. Israel Rubinstein - Elected as a fellow of the Electrochemical Society Prof. Leo Sachs - Recipient of the EMET Prize in Life Sciences Awarded by the A.M.N. Foundation Prof. David Samuel - Recipient of a "For God, for Country and for Yale" Medal. Prof. Michal Schwartz - Appointed as the G. Heiner Sell Memorial Lecturer for Outstanding Achievement in the Field of Spinal Injury (awarded by the American Spinal Injury Association) Prof. Michal Schwartz - Recipient of the Post-Polio Syndrome Research Award from the Polio Connection of America Prof. Yosef Yarden - Elected as a Member of the Council of the European Association for Cancer Research Prof. Ada E. Yonath - Awarded the Israel Prize for Chemistry Research Prof. Ada E. Yonath - Awarded the F.A. Cotton Medal sponsored by the ACS Texas A&M Section and the Texas A&M University Chemistry Department Prof. Ada E. Yonath - Recipient of an Honorary Doctorate by Tel Aviv University (to be conferred in 2003) Prof. Ada E. Yonath - Recipient of the Harvey Prize in Science and Technology by the Technion Academic Secretariat 321

Honorary Fellows of the Weizmann Institute

1952 David Sarnoff 1953 Niels Bohr Linus C. Pauling Sir Ernst B. Chain Francis Peyton-Rous Herman F. Mark Sir Robert Robinson

1954 Patrick M. S. Blackett Adlai Stevenson

1955 Pierre Mendes-France Rebecca D. Sieff Lord (Israel) Sieff of Brimpton

1956 Louis Lipsky Arthur Stoll

1957 Isidor I. Rabi

1958 Felix Bloch J. Robert Oppenheimer Sir Christopher Ingold Harold C. Urey

1959 Jean L. A. Brachet Jonas Salk Lord Marks of Broughton Sir Isaac Wolfson, Bart. Giulio Racah

1960 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Dewey David Stone Bernard A. Houssay Hugo A. T. Theorell Theodor von Karman Axel Wenner-Gren

1961 Max F. Perutz Edgar Salin Tadeus Reichstein Jerome B. Wiesner

1962 Saul Adler Lord Rothschild Carl J. Burckhardt Harry Sacher Nahum Goldmann Victor Weisskopf James G. McDonald Vera Weizmann Heinrich G. Ritzel 322 Academic Secretariat

1963 Herbert H. Lehman John F. Kennedy

1964 Richard Kronstein 1965 Walter J. Bär Arthur Kornberg Wolfgang Gentner Richard Meinhertzhagen

1966 Konrad Adenauer Abraham Feinberg Abba Eban Harry Levine

1967 Shmuel Joseph Agnon Leopold Rusicka Ludwig Erhard Lord (Marcus) Sieff of Brimpton David Rittenberg

1968 Lester B. Pearson Harry S. Truman

1969 Christian B. Anfinsen Theodore R. Racoosin Walworth Barbour Abram L. Sachar Ernst D. Bergmann Philip D. Sang Sir Charles Clore Gershom Scholem Manfred Eigen Zalman Shazar John C. Kendrew Axel C. Springer Gerhard Herzberg Robert B. Woodward

1970 William Benton Hubert H. Humphrey Leonard Bernstein Miriam Sacher

1971 Golda Meir Otto E. Passman Sydney Goldstein

1972 David Ginsburg David Nachmansohn Sir Hans A. Krebs Harold Weill André M. Lwoff

1974 Harold L. Perlman Academic Secretariat 323

Doctors of Philosophy Honoris Causa

1964 Meyer W. Weisgal

1973 Willy Brandt 1975 Arnold R. Meyer

1976 Maurice Boukstein Murray B. Koffler Paul J. Flory Artur Rubinstein Gerhard Herzberg Ada Sereni Ephraim Katzir Simone Veil

1977 Marc Chagall Harold Wilson Henry Kissinger

1978 Hans A. Bethe Rita Levi-Montalcini Aage Bohr Abraham Levin Adolpho Bloch Marshall W. Nirenberg

1979 Sir Derek Barton Derrick Kleeman Menachem Begin Hermann Mayer Josef Cohn Joseph Meyerhoff Aryeh Dvoretzky Sol Spiegelman Sir Bernard Katz

1980 Rudolf M. Bloch Ephraim Urbach Jimmy Carter Veit Wyler Morris L. Levinson

1981 Angel Faivovich

1982 Yehuda Assia Elvin A. Kabat Haim Cohen Alfred Kastler Regina Feigl Severo Ochoa Francois Jacob Shmuel Sambursky 324 Academic Secretariat

1983 Mordecai Ardon Zubin Mehta Raymond Aron Francis H. Ruddle Ezra Danin Andrei Dimitrievich Sakharov Ernest I. Japhet

1984 Abraham Harman Frank Press Ludwig Jesselson John Ross Daniel Koshland Heinz Staab Yitzhak Navon Lewis Thomas

1985 Ayala Zacks Abramov Samuel W. Lewis Vivien Clore Duffield Charles Lubin Francois Gros Benjamin Mazar Hans Hilger Haunschild Vladimir Prelog Chaim Herzog Ronald Reagan Niels K. Jerne Steven Weinberg James F. Kay Richard von Weizsacker

1986 Teddy Kollek Moshe Porath Leo Picard Bernard Pullman

1987 Victor Brailovsky Sir James Lighthill Ilona Feher George P. Schultz Martin D. Kamen Meir Shamgar Helen Kimmelman (Kimmel) Frank H. Westheimer

1988 Mildred Cohn Israel Pollak Pierre-Gilles de Gennes Earl R. Stadman Chaim Gvati Lord Wolfson Francois Mitterand

1989 Aharon Barak John Polyani Baruj Benacerraf Heinz F. Riesenhuber Robert W. Kasten

1990 Lester Crown Maurice Goldschleger Adolf Ebner N. Avrion Mitchison Henry Gestetner Sir David C. Phillips Abraham Ginzburg Yizhar Smilanski Academic Secretariat 325

1991 Azaria Alon Uzia Galil H. Thomas Beck Lilian Hertzberg Hurbert Curien Dan Mayer Jean Dausset Hans A. Weidenmüller

1992 Norman D. Cohen Alexander Rich Jack D. Dinitz Harry Zvi Tabor Martha Laub The Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven

1993 George S. Hammond Charles Mérieux James Heineman Shalom Rosenfeld Ilse Katz The Hon. David Sieff

1994 Y. Leon Benoziyo Rowland Schaefer Samy Cohn Ezer Weizman Eli Hurvitz Alejandro Zaffaroni Simone Mallah

1995 Gershon Kekst Maxine Singer Melvin Schwartz S. Donald Sussman

1996 Ted Arison Orna Porat Berthold Beitz Hans Zacher Sir Aaron Klug

1997 Josef Burg Walter Kohn Shoshana Damari Sara Mayer Martin S. Kimmel Robert Neter

1998 David D. Baltimore Manfred D. Moross Edith Cresson Alexandra Poljakoff-Mayber Jean-Marie Lehn Albert Willner

1999 Shulamit Aloni Helmut Kohl Akito Arima Riccardo Muti Nella Benoziyo Bert Sakmann Maks Birnbach Leon Schidlow Stuart Eizenstat Naomi Shemer 326 Academic Secretariat

2000 Yehuda Amichai Raoul de Picciotto Erica Drake Mayer Wolf Bernhard Servatius Lea Nikel

2001 Robert H. Asher Rabbi Abraham E. Firer Lawrence S. Blumberg Arnold J. Levine William M. Davidson Maxime Schwartz Sidney D. Drell Alice Shalvi Maurizio M. Dwek Evelyn Tenenbaum

2002 Dr. Rita R. Colwell Joshua Maor Abraham M. Goldwasser Hubert S. Markl Dani Karavan Theodore H. Teplow

Weizmann Awards in the Sciences and Humanities

1966 David Sarnoff Rebecca D. Sieff Lord (Israel) Sieff of Brimpton

1967 Joseph Brainin Miriam Sacher Bernard A. Houssay

1968 Walter P. Reuther Robert I. Wishnick

1969 Josef Cohn

1970 Max Candiotty Anne Stone Lee Levine

1971 Theodore R. Racoosin

1979 Danny Kaye

1983 Henry Jackson

1984 Harold Hill Academic Secretariat 327

1985 Bram Goldsmith Alain Poher Charles Mérieux Margaret Thatcher Robert Parienti

1987 Jacques Chirac Hermann Mayer Gottlieb Hammer 1989 Heinz A. Staab

1990 Carlos Salinas de Gortari Brian Mulroney

1991 Kirk Douglas

1992 Ezer Weizmann Mostafa Khalil

1994 Erhard Busek

1995 Veit Wyler Reimer Lüst

1997 Abba Eban Lord Rothschild David Ginsburg

1999 Helen Asher 328 Academic Secretariat 328 Academic Secretariat

Chairs and Fellowships

Professorial Chairs

The Lee and William Abramowitz Chair of Macromolecular Biophysics Established in 1978 through the bequest of Mr. Abramowitz, Leominster, MA Incumbent Professor Mark Safro, Department of Structural Biology The Annenberg Chair of High Energy Physics Established in 1967 by Mrs. Enid A. Haupt, New York, in memory of her mother, Mrs. Moses L. Annenberg Incumbent Professor Haim Harari, Department of Particle Physics The Eugene and Marcia Applebaum Chair Established in 1995 by Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Applebaum, Troy, Michigan Incumbent Professor Avraham Ben-Nun, Department of Immunology The Norman and Helen Asher Chair of Cancer Rsearch Established in 1986 by Mr. and Mrs. Norman Asher, Chicago Incumbent Professor Varda Rotter, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Helen and Norman Asher Chair in Brain Research Established in 1993 by Mr. and Mrs. Norman Asher, Chicago Incumbent Professor Amiram Grinvald, Department of Neurobiology The Carl and Dorothy Bennett Chair of Biochemistry Established in 1982 by the Carl and Dorothy Bennett Foundation, Stamford, CT Incumbent Professor Amnon Horovitz, Department of Structural Biology The Henry and Bertha Benson Chair Established in 1970 by Mr. and Mrs. Benson, Montreal Incumbent Professor Karol A. Muszkat, Department of Structural Biology The Bernstein-Mason Chair of Neurochemistry Established in 1985 by Stuart A. Bernstein and John J. Mason, Washington, DC Incumbent Professor Israel Silman, Department of Neurobiology The Dr. Barnet Berris Chair of Cancer Research Established in 1981 by the Physicians' Committee, Toronto Chapter of the Canadian Society for the Weizmann Institute of Science Incumbent Professor Yoram Groner, Department of Molecular Genetics The Besen-Brender Chair of Microbiology and Parasitology Established in 1981 by Marc Besen, Melbourne, and Joseph Brender, Sydney Incumbent Professor David Mirelman, Department of Biological Chemistry The Patricia Elman Bildner Chair of Solid State Chemistry Established in 1973 by Albert C. Bildner, New York Incumbent Professor Ilya Averbukh, Department of Chemical Physics The Paul and Marlene Borman Chair of Applied Mathematics Established in 1984 by Mr. and Mrs. Borman, Detroit, and their friends and associates Incumbent Professor Adi Shamir, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics Academic Secretariat 329

The Gilbert de Botton Chair of Plant Sciences Established in 1981 by Mr. de Botton and friends, Zurich and New York Incumbent Professor Jonathan Gressel, Department of Plant Sciences The Isaac and Elsa Bourla Chair of Cancer Research Established in 1979 by bequest of Mr. and Mrs. Bourla, Paris Incumbent Professor Gideon Berke, Department of Immunology The Harold S. and Harriet B. Brady Chair of Cancer Rrsearch Established in 1982 by Mrs. Brady and the late Mr. Brady, Chicago Incumbent Professor Yechiel Shai, Department of Biological Chemistry The Walter and Dr. Trude Borchardt Chair of Structural Biology Established in 2001 by the estate of Dr. Trude Borchardt, New York, NY Incumbent Professor Stephen Weiner, Department of Structural Biology The Bronfman Chair of Plant Science Established in 1979 by Joseph E. Seagram and Sons, Inc., New York Incumbent Professor Gad Galili, Department of Plant Sciences The Rudy Bruner Chair of Science Teaching Established in 1970 by Mrs. Martha Bruner, New York, and Zelon Ltd., Israel Incumbent Professor Uri Ganiel, Department of Science Teaching The Professor Sir Ernst B. Chain Chair of Neuroimmunology Established in 1980 by his friends, London Incumbent Professor Sara Fuchs, Department of Immunology The Norman D. Cohen Chair of Computer Sciences Established in 1971 by Mr. Cohen, New York Incumbent Professor David Peleg, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Ruth and Samy Cohn Chair of Computer Sciences Established in 1984 by close Israeli friends of Mr. and Mrs. Cohn, Rio de Janeiro Incumbent Professor Shimon Ullman, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Marvin Myer and Jenny Cyker Chair of Diabetes Research Established in 1971 by Mr. Cyker, Boston Incumbent Professor Michael Walker, Department of Biological Chemistry The Sadie and Joseph Danciger Chair of Molecular Biology Established in 1967 by the Sadie Danciger Trust, Kansas City The Lady Davis Chair of Experimental Physics Established in 1972 by the Eldee Foundation, Montreal, through Bernard M. Bloomfield and Major Louis M. Bloomfield, Q.C. Incumbent Professor Giora Mikenberg, Department of Particle Physics The Harry de Jur Chair of Applied Physics Established in 1982 by the Harry de Jur Foundation, New York Incumbent Professor Victor Steinberg, Department of Physics of Complex Systems 330 Academic Secretariat

The Amos de Shalit Chair of Theoretical Physics Established in 1976 Incumbent Professor Yitzhak Frishman, Department of Particle Physics The Helen and Sanford Diller Family Chair of Neurobiology Established in 2001 by Helen and Sanford Diller, San Francisco, CA Incumbent Professor Ehud Ahissar, Department of Neurobiology The Jack and Simon Djanogly Chair of Biochemistry Established in 1980 by Sir Harry Djanogly, CBE, London Incumbent Professor Michael Eisenbach, Department of Biological Chemistry The Henry H. Drake Chair of Immunology Established in 1998 by Mrs. Erica Drake, New York Incumbent Professor Yair Reisner, Department of Immunology The Georg F. Duckwitz Chair of Cancer Research Established in 1975 by the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany Incumbent Professor Lea Eisenbach, Department of Immunology The George W. Dunne Chair of Chemical Physics Established in 1971 by his friends and associates, Chicago Incumbent Professor Gershon Kurizki, Department of Chemical Physics The Paul Ehrlich Chair of Immunology Established in 1979 by the European Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science Incumbent Professor Ruth Arnon, Department of Immunology The Joyce and Ben B. Eisenberg Chair of Molecular Endocrinology and Cancer Research Established in 1984 by the Ben B. Eisenberg Charitable Fund, Los Angeles Incumbent Professor Abraham Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Maxwell Ellis Chair of Biomedical Research Established in 1997 through the bequest of Mr. Ellis, London Incumbent Professor Zvi Livneh, Department of Biological Chemistry Estrin Family Chair of Computer Science Established in 2000 by Judith Estrin and William Carrico, Profs. Thelma and Gerald Estrin, California Incumbent Professor Amir Pnueli, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Marshall and Renette Ezralow Chair of Chemical and Cellular Immunology Established in 1984 by Mr. and Mrs. Ezralow, Beverly Hills Incumbent Professor Zelig Eshhar, Department of Immunology Fred and Andrea Fallek Chair of Breast Cancer Research Established in 2000 by Mrs. Andrea Klepetar Fallek, New York Incumbent Professor Hadassa Degani, Department of Biological Regulation The Joseph and Bessie Feinberg Chair Established in 1992 by the Joseph and Bessie Feinberg Foundation, Chicago Incumbent Professor Michael W. Kirson, Department of Particle Physics Academic Secretariat 331

The Donald Frey Chair Established in 1988 by his friends and associates, Chicago Incumbent Professor Anthony Joseph, Department of Mathematics The Isabelle and Samuel Friedman Chair of Theoretical Physics Established in 1979 by the bequests of Mr. and Mrs. Friedman, San Francisco Incumbent Professor Moshe Kugler, Department of Particle Physics The Charles and Louise Gartner Chair Established in 1993 by Mrs. Louise Gartner, Dallas Incumbent Professor Uri Pick, Department of Biological Chemistry The Wolfgang Gentner Chair of Nuclear Physics Established in 1982 by the European Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science in honor of the late Professor Gentner, Heidelberg Incumbent Professor Uzy Smilansky, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Oscar and Emma Getz Chair Established in 1993 by Mrs. Emma Getz, Chicago Incumbent Professor Yosef Shaul, Department of Molecular Genetics The Harold and Zelda Goldenberg Chair of Molecular Cell Biology Established in 2001 by the Jacob E. Goldenberg Foundation, Minneapolis, MN Incumbent Professor Yosef Yarden, Department of Biological Regulation The Elaine and Bram Goldsmith Chair of Applied Mathematics Established in 1982 by Mr. amd Mrs. Goldsmith, Los Angeles Incumbent Professor Achi Brandt, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Marte R. Gomez Chair of Photosynthesis Established in 1985 by the Mexican Committee of the Weizmann Institute of Science Incumbent Professor Yehiel Zick, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Dorothy and Patrick Gorman Chair Established in 1966 by the United Food and Commercial Workers International Union, Washington, DC Incumbent Professor Lia Addadi, Department of Structural Biology The William B. Graham Chair of Pharmacology Established in 1978 by his friends and associates, Chicago Incumbent Professor Uriel Zor, Department of Biological Chemistry The Harold J. and Marion F. Green Chair Established in 1991 by Mr. and Mrs. Harold Green, Chicago Incumbent Professor David Mukamel, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Marc R. Gutwirth Chair of Molecular Biology Established in 1967 in memory of Professor Gutwirth by his mother, Mrs. Regina Gutwirth, New York, and his wife, Gloria Incumbent Professor Meir Wilchek, Department of Biological Chemistry The Nicki and J. Ira Harris Chair Established in 1988 by Mr. Harris and his friends and associates, Chicago Incumbent Professor Stephen Gelbart, Department of Mathematics 332 Academic Secretariat

The Hettie H. Heineman Chair of Mathematics Established in 1989 by James Heineman, Heineman Foundation, New York Incumbent Professor Zvi Artstein, Department of Mathematics The Charles H. Hollenberg Chair of Diabetes and Metabolic Research Established in 1985 by his friends and associates, Toronto Incumbent Professor Yoram Shechter, Department of Biological Chemistry The Lawrence G. Horowitz Chair of Cancer Research Established in 1985 by Mr. Horowitz and his family, Philadelphia Incumbent Professor Ruth Miskin, Department of Biological Chemistry The Erica and Ludwig Jesselson Chair of Theoretical Mathematics Established in 1985 be Erica and Ludwig Jesselson, New York Incumbent Professor Yakar Kannai, Department of Mathematics The Maurice and Ilse Katz Chair of Neuroimmunology Established in 1990 by Mrs. Ilse Katz, Geneva Incumbent Professor Michal Schwartz, Department of Neurobiology The Louis and Florence Katz-Cohen Chair of Neuropharmacology Established in 1984 Incumbent Professor Vivian I. Teichberg, Department of Neurobiology The Aryeh and Mintzi Katzman Chair Established in 1992 by The Carylon Foundation, Chicago Incumbent Professor Ron Naaman, Department of Chemical Physics The Harry Kay Chair of Cancer Research Established in 1985 by the Harry Kay Foundation, Minneapolis Incumbent Professor Eli Canaani, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Gershon Kekst Chair Established in 2002 by The Weizmann Institute of Science Incumbent Professor Sergei Yakovenko, Department of Mathematics The Martin and Helen Kimmel Chair Established in 1987 by Mr. Kimmel, New York Incumbent Professor Ada E. Yonath, Department of Structural Biology The Peter and Carola Kleeman Chair of Optical Sciences Established in 1980 by Mr. Derrick Kleeman, London Incumbent Professor Asher A. Friesem, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Hella and Derrick Kleeman Chair of Biochemistry Established in 1979 by Mr. Derrick Kleeman, London Incumbent Professor Haim Garty, Department of Biological Chemistry The Judith Kleeman Chair of Molecular Biophysics Established in 1981 by Mr. Derrick Kleeman, London Incumbent Professor Edward Trifonov, Department of Structural Biology The Dr. Morton and Anne Kleiman Chair Established in 1993 by Dr. and Mrs. Morton Kleiman, Chicago Incumbent Professor Israel Pecht, Department of Immunology Academic Secretariat 333

The Philip M. Klutznick Chair of Developmental Biology Established in 1967 by their friends and associates, Chicago Incumbent Professor Nava Dekel, Department of Biological Regulation The Murray B. Koffler Chair Established in 1993 in honor of Mr. Murray Koffler by The Weizmann Institute of Science Incumbent Professor Michael Hass, Department of Particle Physics The Harold L. Korda Chair of Biology Established in 1974 by the Harold L. Korda Foundation, Inc., New York Incumbent Professor Mordechai Liscovitch, Department of Biological Regulation The Richard Kronstein Chair of Theoretical Magnetism Established in 1977 by the European Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, Zurich The Charles and Charlotte Krown Chair of Medicinal Chemistry Established in 1985 by Mr. Charles Krown, Los Angeles Incumbent Professor Mario D. Bachi, Department of Organic Chemistry The Samuel Lunenfeld-Reuben Kunin Chair of Genetics Established in 1973 by Mr. Lunenfeld, Lausanne, and Mr. Kunin, Blonay, Switzerland Incumbent Professor Avri Ben-Ze'Ev, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Harry Kweller and Kathleen Kweller Chair of Condensed Matter Physics Established in 1984 by the estate of the late Mr. Kweller, London Incumbent Professor Shimon Levit, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Chief Justice Bora Laskin Chair of Science Teaching Established in 1984 in honor of the late Canadian Chief Justice by his friends and associates in Canada Incumbent Professor Bat Sheva Eylon, Department of Science Teaching The Henry J. Leir Chair Established in 1999 by the estate of Henry J. Leir of New York Incumbent Professor Eytan Domany, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Harry and Leona Levine Chair of Neurosciences Established in 1986 by Mrs. Harry Levine, Cambridge, MA Incumbent Professor Menahem Segal, Department of Neurobiology The Barbara and Morris L. Levinson Chair of Chemical Physics Established in 1982 by Mr. and Mrs. Levinson, New York Incumbent Professor Itamar Procaccia, Department of Chemical Physics The Hilda and Cecil Lewis Chair of Molecular Genetics Established in 2001 by Cecil Lewis, England and Switzerland Incumbent Professor Ben-Zion Shilo, Department of Molecular Genetics The Charles W. and Tillie K. Lubin Chair of Hormone Research Established in 1982 by Mr. Lubin, Chicago Incumbent Professor Yoram Salomon, Department of Biological Regulation 334 Academic Secretariat

The Andre Lwoff Chair of Neurogenetics Established in 1984 by his friends through the French Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science Incumbent Professor Rabi Simantov, Department of Molecular Genetics The Ephraim Katzir-Rao Makineni Chair of Chemistry Established in 2001 by Rao Makineni, Los Angeles, CA Incumbent Professor Mordechai Sheves, Department of Organic Chemistry The Jules J. Mallon Chair of Biochemistry Established in 1972 by the Malakoff Foundation, Minneapolis Incumbent Professor Chaim Kahana, Department of Molecular Genetics The Hermann Mark Chair of Polymer Physics Established in 1986 by the American, Austrian, European and German Committees for the Weizmann Institute of Science, in honor of Prof. Mark Incumbent Professor Jacob Klein, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Israel Matz Chair of Organic Chemistry Established in 1966 by the Alice Matz Goodman Endowment Fund, New York Incumbent Professor David Milstein, Department of Organic Chemistry The Helen and Morris Mauerberger Chair of Immunology Established in 1982 by the Mauerberger Foundation Fund, Capetown Incumbent Professor Irun R. Cohen, Department of Immunology The Hermann Mayer Chair Established in 1980 by Mr. Mayer, Paris Incumbent Professor Jacques S. Beckmann, Department of Molecular Genetics The Stephen and Mary Meadow Chair of Laser Photochemistry Established in 1982 by Mr. and Mrs. Meadow, Los Angeles Incumbent Professor Yitzhak Maron, Department of Particle Physics The Otto Meyerhof Chair of Molecular Biology Established in 1968 by the Stiftung Volkswagenwerk, Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany, in memory of the founder of molecular biology Incumbent Professor Leo Sachs, Department of Molecular Genetics The Joseph Meyerhoff Chair of Biochemistry Established in 1971 by Mr. Meyerhoff, Baltimore Incumbent Professor Shmuel Malkin, Department of Biological Chemistry The Jacques Mimran Chair Established in 1980 by Jean-Claude Mimran, Paris Incumbent Professor Moshe Shapiro, Department of Chemical Physics The Jane and Otto Morningstar Chair of Physics Established in 2000 by Mrs. Jane Morningstar, Boca Raton Incumbent Professor Israel Bar-Joseph, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Dr. Hymie Moross Chair of Molecular Immunology Established in 1981 by Manfred D. Moross, London, in memory of his father Incumbent Professor Israel Schechter, Department of Immunology Academic Secretariat 335

The Joseph Moss Chair of Molecular Endocrinology Established in 1981 in memory of his parents, Jacob and Molly Moskowitz, Chicago Incumbent Professor Alexander D. Bershadsky, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The David and Inez Myers Chair Established in 2000 by Mrs. Inez P. Myers, Cleveland Incumbent Professor Eli Zeldov, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Professor Erwin Neter Chair of Cell and Tumor Biology Established in 1986 by Robert and Idi Neter Incumbent Professor Benjamin Geiger, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Livio Norzi Chair Established in 2000 by the late Livio Norzi of Italy Incumbent Professor Daniel Hanoch Wagner, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Olin-Sang Chair of Leukemia Research Established in 1969 in memory of Ida K. and Louis B. Olin and Etta and Jacob Sang by their families and friends, Chicago Incumbent Professor Meir Shinitzky, Department of Biological Chemistry The Joseph and Ruth Owades Chair of Chemistry Established in 1999 by Joseph Owades of Sonoma, California Incumbent Professor Jacob Anglister, Department of Structural Biology The Lester B. Pearson Chair of Protein Research Established in 1968 by the Canadian Society for the Weizmann Institute of Science Incumbent Professor Mati Fridkin, Department of Organic Chemistry The William Petschek Chair of Mathematics Established in 1985 by his family, Scarsdale, NY Incumbent Professor Gideon Schechtman, Department of Mathematics The Morton and Gladys Pickman Chair in Structural Biology Established in 2002 Morton and Gladys Pickman of Boca Raton, FL Incumbent Professor Joel L Sussman, Department of Structural Biology The Max Planck Chair of Quantum Physics Established in 1988 by the Weizmann Institute of Science Incumbent Professor Yoseph Imry, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Israel Pollak Chair of Biophysics Established in 1981 by the Edit and Israel Pollak Foundation, Israel Incumbent Professor Zvi Kam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Hilda Pomeraniec Memorial Chair of Organic Chemistry Established in 1961 by Dr. J. Pomeraniec, Vence, France, in memory of his wife Incumbent Professor Joseph Sperling, Department of Organic Chemistry The Moshe Porath Chair of Mathematics Established in 1990 by The Weizmann Institute of Science in honour of Moshe Porath, Tel-Aviv Incumbent Professor Yosef Yomdin, Department of Mathematics 336 Academic Secretariat

The Isidor I. Rabi Chair of Physics Established in 1988 by an anonymous donor Incumbent Professor Mordehai Milgrom, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Theodore R. Racoosin Chair of Biophysics Established in 1962 by Mr. Racoosin, New York Incumbent Professor Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir, Department of Biological Chemistry The Ruth Epstein Recu Chair of Theoretical Physics Established in 1981 through the estate of Mrs. Epstein Recu, Chicago Incumbent Professor Adam Schwimmer, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Professor T. Reichstein Chair Established in 1989 by the Swiss Friends of the Weizmann Institute of Science Incumbent Professor Abraham Minsky, Department of Organic Chemistry The Robert W. Reneker Chair of Industrial Chemistry Established in 1976 by his friends and associates, Chicago Incumbent Professor Shimon Reich, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Walter P. Reuther Chair of Research in the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy Established in 1968 by the United Automobile Workers of America Incumbent Professor Amos Breskin, Department of Particle Physics The Sophie and Richard S. Richards Chair of Cancer Research Established in 1997 through the bequest of Mr. and Mrs. Richard S. Richards, New York and Paris Incumbent Professor Irith Ginzburg, Department of Neurobiology The Heinrich G. Ritzel Chair of Immunology Established in 1976 by the European Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science, Zurich Incumbent Professor Edna Mozes, Department of Immunology The Joseph and Marian Robbins Chair Established in 1980 by Mr. Robbins, the Robbins family and friends, Chicago Incumbent Professor Shimon Vega, Department of Chemical Physics The Matthew B. Rosenhaus Chair of Biophysics Established in 1984 by the Sarah and Matthew Rosenhaus Peace Foundation, Inc., Morristown, NJ Incumbent Professor Vladimir Berkovich, Department of Mathematics The Helena Rubinstein Chair in Cancer Research Established in 1994 by the Helena Rubinstein Foundation, New York Incumbent Professor Adi Kimchi, Department of Molecular Genetics The Helena Rubinstein Chair of Structural Biology Established in 1985 by the Helena Rubinstein Foundation, New York Incumbent Professor Zippora Shakked, Department of Structural Biology The Barry Rymer Family Chair Established in 1987 by the Barry Rymer Charitable Trust, Chicago Incumbent Professor Eli Tziperman, Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research Academic Secretariat 337

The Rowland and Sylvia Schaefer Chair in Energy Research Established in 2002 Mr. Rowland Schaefer of Pembroke Pines, Florida Incumbent Professor David Cahen, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Herman and Lily Schilling Foundation Chair Established in 1993 by the Herman and Lily Schilling Foundation for Medicine, Germany Incumbent Professor Alexander Tsafriri, Department of Biological Regulation The Irene and David Schwartz Chair of Plant Genetics Established in 1973 by Mr. Schwartz, New York The Samuel Sebba Chair of Pure and Applied Physics Established in 1972 br Mr. Sebba, London Incumbent Professor Itzhak Tserruya, Department of Particle Physics The Sara and Michael Sela Chair of Neurobiology Established in 1982 by their friends in Belgium, Canada, France, Israel, The United Kingdom and the United States Incumbent Professor Yadin Dudai, Department of Neurobiology The Sherman Chair of Physical Chemistry Established in 1966 by the trustees of the Sherman Charitable Foundation in memory of Harry and Abe Sherman of South Wales Incumbent Professor Yehiam Prior, Department of Chemical Physics The Ruth and Sylvia Shogam Chair Established in 1998 in memory of Benjamin, Sarah and Dr. Isador Shogam Incumbent Professor Victor Katsnelson, Department of Mathematics The Rebecca and Israel Sieff Chair of Organic Chemistry Established in 1960 in honor of the founders of the Daniel Sieff Institute Incumbent Professor Ronny Neumann, Department of Organic Chemistry The Ruth and Jerome A. Siegel and Freda and Edward M. Siegel Chair of Virology Established in 1979 by the Titan Industrial Corp., New York Incumbent Professor Michel Revel, Department of Molecular Genetics The Ralph D. and Lois R. Silver Chair of Human Genomics Established in 1998 by Ralph and Lois Silver, Chicago, Illinois Incumbent Professor Doron Lancet, Department of Molecular Genetics The Ruth and Leonard Simon Chair of Cancer Research Established in 1983 by Mr. and Mrs. Simon, Chicago Incumbent Professor Zvi Vogel, Department of Neurobiology The Robert and Yadelle Sklare Chair in Biochemistry Established in 2002 Robert and Yadelle Sklare of Chicago, IL Incumbent Professor Avigdor Scherz, Department of Plant Sciences The William D. Smithburg Chair of Biochemistry Established in 1986 by his friends and associates, Chicago Incumbent Professor Steven J.D Karlish, Department of Biological Chemistry 338 Academic Secretariat

The Elias Sourasky Chair Established in 1992 by Dr. Jaime P. Constantiner, Mexico Incumbent Professor Uri Nudel, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Agnes Spencer Chair of Physical Chemistry Established in 1965 by the Agnes Spencer Trust, London Incumbent Professor Israel Dostrovsky, Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research The Fern and Manfred Steinfeld Chair Established in 1992 by Mr. Manfred Steinfeld, Chicago Incumbent Professor Samuel Safran, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Adlai E. Stevenson III Chair of Endocrinology and Reproductive Biology Established in 1972 by his friends and associates, Chicago Incumbent Professor Yitzhak Koch, Department of Neurobiology The William Sussman Chair of Mathematics Established in 1992 by S. Donald Sussman, New York Incumbent Professor David Harel, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics Alex and Ida Sussman Chair of Submicron Electronics Established in 2000 by S. Donald Sussman, New York Incumbent Professor Mordehai Heiblum, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Max and Anne Tanenbaum Chair of Nuclear Physics Established in 1976 by Mr. and Mrs. Tanenbaum, Toronto Incumbent Professor Uri Karshon, Department of Particle Physics The Herman P. Taubman Chair of Mathematics Established in 1961 in memory of the late Mr. Taubman, Tulsa, by his family Incumbent Professor Amitai Regev, Department of Mathematics The Margaret Thatcher Chair of Chemistry Established in 1985 by the Weizmann Institute Foundation of the United Kingdom Incumbent Professor Meir Lahav, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Siegfried and Irman Ullmann Chair Established in 1991 by Mrs. Irma Ullmann, New York Incumbent Professor Abraham Shanzer, Department of Organic Chemistry The Sir Siegmund Warburg Chair of Agricultural Molecular Biology Established in 1983 by a special fund of the Stifterverband fuer die Deutsche Wissenschaft Incumbent Professor Marvin Edelman, Department of Plant Sciences The Joe and Celia Weinstein Chair Established in 1993 by Major and Mrs. Max Shulman, New York Incumbent Professor Dov Zipori, Department of Molecular Cell Biology Simon Weinstock Chair of Astrophysics Established in 2000 by Lord Weinstock, London Incumbent Professor Daniel Zajfman, Department of Particle Physics Academic Secretariat 339

The Meyer W. Weisgal Chair Established in 1979 by Arthur B. Krim, William S. Paley, Raphael Recanati, George Sagan, and Robert I. Wishnick, New York Incumbent Professor Oded Goldreich, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics The Renee and Jay Weiss Chair Established in 1987 by Mr. Weiss, Miami Incumbent Professor Harry Dym, Department of Mathematics The Edna and Mickey Weiss Chair of Cytokines Research Established in 1983 by Mr. and Mrs. Weiss, Los Angeles Incumbent Professor Menachem Rubinstein, Department of Molecular Genetics The W. Garfield Weston Chair of Immunology Established in 1966 by the Garfield Weston Foundation Israeli Trust, London Incumbent Professor Michael Sela, Department of Immunology The Bee Wiggs Chair of Molecular Biology Established in 1983 by Mr. Irving Wiggs, San Marino, CA Incumbent Professor Ephraim Yavin, Department of Neurobiology The Maynard I. and Elaine Wishner Chair of Bio-Organic Chemistry and Malignant Diseases Research Established in 1985 by his friends and associates, Chicago Incumbent Professor Yigal Burstein, Department of Organic Chemistry The Charles and David Wolfson Chair of Theoretical Physics Established in 1965 by the Charles Wolfson Charitable Trust, London Incumbent Professor Alexander Finkelstein, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Sam and Ayala Zacks Chair Established in 1970 by Mr. and Mrs. Zacks, Toronto Incumbent Professor Eliyahu Pollak, Department of Chemical Physics The George Zlotowski Chair Established in 2001 by Gertrude Zlotowski Incumbent Professor Dov Sagi, Department of Neurobiology The Sam Zuckerberg Chair Established in 2002 by Roy J. Zuckerberg Family Foundation, New York Incumbent Professor Brian Berkowitz, Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research

Career Development Chairs

The Armour Family Career Development Chair of Cancer Research Established in 1989 by Mr. Robert N. Armour, Greenwich, Connecticut Incumbent Dr. Atan Gross, Department of Biological Regulation The Graham and Rhona Beck Career Development Chair Established in 1980 by Mr. and Mrs. Beck, South Africa 340 Academic Secretariat

The Beracha Foundation Career Development Chair Established in 1978 by the Beracha Foundation, Geneva Incumbent Dr. Roy Bar Ziv, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Elaine Blond Career Development Chair Established in 1981 by Mrs. Blond, London Incumbent Dr. Dan Tawfik, Department of Biological Chemistry The Adolfo and Evelyn Blum Career Development Chair of Cancer Research Established in 1979 by bequest of Mr. Blum, New York Incumbent Dr. Ari Elson, Department of Molecular Genetics The Anna and Maurice Boukstein Career Development Chair Established in 1981 by family and friends of the late Mr. Boukstein, New York Incumbent Dr. Einat Aharonov, Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research The Delta Career Development Chair Established in 1981 by Delta Textiles, Tel-Aviv Incumbent Dr. Leeor Kronik, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Arye Dissentshik Career Development Chair Established in 1978 by the Association of Friends of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel The Dr. Victor L. Erlich Career Development Chair Established in 1981 by bequest of Dr. Erlich, New York Incumbent Dr. Ernesto Joselevich, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Abraham and Jennie Fialkow Career Development Chair Established in 1990 by Lawrence Fialkov, New York Incumbent Dr. Ziv Reich, Department of Biological Chemistry The Judith and Martin Freedman Career Development Chair Established in 1988 by Mrs. Judy and Gary Freedman, Beverly Hills, California Incumbent Dr. Yuval Eshed, Department of Plant Sciences The Morris and Rose Goldman Career Development Chair Established in 1994 br Mrs. Rose Goldman, Chicago Incumbent Professor Rony Granek, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Jack and Florence Goodman Career Development Chair Established in 1989 by Jack Goodman, Winnetka, Illinois The Walter and Elise Haas Career Development Chair Established in 1984 by the Walter and Elise Haas Fund, San Francisco Incumbent Professor Abraham Arcavi, Department of Science Teaching The Henry Kaplan Career Development Chair of Cancer Research Established in 1987 by Mrs. Henry S. Kaplan, Stanford, California The Frances and Max Hersh Career Development Chair Established in 2002 by bequest of Frances and Max Hersh of, Florida Incumbent Dr. Maria Gorelik, Department of Mathematics Academic Secretariat 341

The Helen and Milton A. Kimmelman Career Development Chair Established in 1984 by Mr. and Mrs. Kimmelman, New York Incumbent Dr. Igor Lubomirsky, Department of Materials and Interfaces The Carl and Frances Korn Career Development Chair in the Life Sciences Established in 1983 by Mr. and Mrs. Korn, Chicago Incumbent Dr. Uri Alon, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Daniel E. Koshland Sr. Career Development Chair Established in 1996 by Professor Daniel E. Koshland Jr. of, Berkeley, California Incumbent Dr. Michael Fainzilber, Department of Biological Chemistry The Corinne S. Koshland Career Development Chair Established in 1978 by Dr. Dan E. Koshland, Jr. and Mr. Dan E. Koshland, Sr., Berkeley, California Incumbent Dr. Dan Shahar, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Jacob and Alphonse Laniado Career Development Chair of Industrial and Energy Research Established in 1983 by the estate of Jacob Laniado, Montreal Incumbent Dr. Gad Haase, Department of Chemical Physics The Alvin and Gertrude Levine Career Development Chair of Cancer Research Established in 1994 by Alvin and Gertrude Levine, Los Angeles, California Incumbent Dr. Idit Shachar, Department of Immunology The Dewey David Stone and Harry Levine Career Development Chair Established in 1984 by the Stone Charitable Foundation, Inc., Shoreham, Massachusetts, Max Coffman, Brockton, Massachusetts and Friends of M Incumbent Dr. Milko Van Der Boom, Department of Organic Chemistry The Lilian and George Lyttle Career Development Chair Established in 1985 by Mrs. Helen Kimmelman, New York Incumbent Dr. Deborah Fass, Department of Structural Biology The Robert Edward and Roselyn Rich Manson Career Development Chair Established in 1982 in their memory, by Norman and Sandra Rich, West Liberty, IA, and Martin and Barbara Rich, Davenport, Iowa Incumbent Dr. Irit Sagi, Department of Structural Biology The Gertrude and Philip Nollman Career Development Chair Established in 1992 by Debra Gallagher, Irvine, California Incumbent Dr. Amir Yacoby, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The William Z. and Eda Bess Novick Career Development Chair Established in 1993 by the American Committee in honor of Eda Bess and William Z. Novick, Chicago Incumbent Professor Yinon Rudich, Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research The Recanati Career Development Chair of Energy Research Established in 1978 by the Recanati Family, Israel Incumbent Dr. Micha Berkooz, Department of Particle Physics 342 Academic Secretariat

The Recanati Career Development Chair of Cancer Research Established in 1978 by the Recanati Family, Israel Incumbent Dr. Doron Ginsberg, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Pauline Recanati Career Development Chair of Immunology Established in 1980 by the Ralli Foundation, Geneva Incumbent Dr. Steffen Jung, Department of Immunology The Ruth Epstein Recu Career Development Chair Established in 1981 by bequest or Mrs. Recu, Chicago Incumbent Dr. Daniel Kandel, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Reiter Family Career Development Chair Established in 1984 by the Reiter Famyli Foundation, Chicago Incumbent Dr. Ruhama Even, Department of Science Teaching The Joseph and Celia Reskin Career Development Chair Established in 1989 by Charles Reskin, Chicago Incumbent Dr. Ofer Aharony, Department of Particle Physics The Louis and Ida Rich Career Development Chair Established in 1982 by Norman Rich, Martin Rich and Roselyn Rich Manson, West Liberty and Davenport, Iowa Incumbent Dr. Yuval Oreg, Department of Condensed Matter Physics The Philip Harris and Gerald Ronson Career Development Chair Established in 1986 by Mr. Harris and Mr. Ronson, London Incumbent Dr. Shmuel Pietrokovski, Department of Molecular Genetics The Aser Rothstein Career Development Chair of Genetic Diseases Established in 1987 by the Canadian Society for the Weizmann Institute of Science, Toronto and the Dysautonomia Fund of Canada Incumbent Professor Orly Reiner, Department of Molecular Genetics The Helena Rubinstein Career Development Chair Established in 1981 by the Helena Rubinstein Foundation, New York Incumbent Dr. Sima Lev, Department of Neurobiology The Madeleine Haas Russell Career Development Chair Established in 1989 by Mrs. Madeleine Haas Russell, San Francisco Incumbent Dr. Elior Peles, Department of Molecular Cell Biology The Martha S. Sagon Career Development Chair Established in 1992 by Martha Sagon, Washington DC Incumbent Dr. Rivka Dikstein, Department of Biological Chemistry The Rowland and Sylvia Schaefer Career Development Chair Established in 1989 by Rowland Schaefer, Miami, Florida Incumbent Dr. Nir Davidson, Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Soretta and Henry Shapiro Career Development Chair Established in 1992 by Mr. Henry Shapiro, Chicago Incumbent Dr. Naama Barkai, Department of Molecular Genetics Academic Secretariat 343

The Tauro Career Development Chair in Biomedical Research Established in 1986 by the Tauro Stiftung, Switzerland Incumbent Dr. Ronen Alon, Department of Immunology The Benjamin H. Swig and Jack D. Weiler Career Development Chair Established in 1988 by Mr. Melvin M. Swig, San Francisco, and Mr. Jack D. Weiler, New-York Incumbent Dr. Gilad Haran, Department of Chemical Physics The Morris and Ida Wolf Career Development Chair Established in 1984 in memory of their parents by Mr. and Mrs. Edwin L. Fishman, Mr. and Mrs. Howard M. Wolf and Mr. and Mrs. Marvin Mills, Highland Park and Northbrook, Illinois Incumbent Dr. Zeev Olami, Department of Chemical Physics (deceased October 2002)

Staff Fellowships

The Ludo Altenhaus Memorial Fellowship Established in 1976 by bequest of Dr. George Altenhaus, Worcester, Massachusetts The Joseph C. and Esther Foster Research Fellowship Established by the Joseph C. and Esther Foster Foundation, Inc., Boston The Peter R. Friedman Research Fellowship for Physicians Eestablished in memory of Dr. Leon A. Friedman, New York The Meir and Jeanette Friedman Research Fellowship Established by bequest of Mr. Friedman, Forest City, Iowa The Samuel A. Goldsmith Research Fellowship Established in 1968 by the Chicago Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science The Hettie Heineman Research Fellowships Established in 1975 by the Heineman Foundation, New York The Fanny and Samuel Kay Research Fellowship Established in 1972 by James F. Kay and Irving, Jack and Wilfred Posluns, Toronto The Abraham and Sarah Krumbein Fellowship Established in 1971 by Mr. Krumbein, New York The Ann Landers Research Fellowship Established in 1981 by the Chicago Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science The Michael and Audrey Sacher Research Fellowship Established in 1961 by Mr and Mrs. Sacher, London The Dr. Leopold J. Schwarz and Margarete Schwarz Memorial Cancer Research Fellowship Established in 1961 by bequest of Dr. Schwarz, San Francisco The C.P. Scott Research Fellowship Established in 1959 by Mr. and Mrs. Harry Sacher, London, in memory of C.P. Scott, editor of the Manchester Guardian The Herbert Sidebotham Research Fellowship Established by the late Harry Sacher, London, in memory of Herbert Sidebotham 344 Academic Secretariat

Visiting Fellowships

The Joseph Brainin Fellowship Established in 1967 by the Meier Segals Foundation, Montreal The Morris Belkin Visiting Professorship Established in 1995 by Mrs. Helen Belkin, Canada The Charpak/Vered Visiting Fellowship Established in 1996 in honor of Dr. Georges Charpak by Sara and Zeev Vered and their friends, Ottawa, for the exchange of Israeli and Canadian Scientists The Federal Republic of Germany Through the Minerva Gesellschaft für die Forschung m.b.H., awards annually a number of fellowships for the exchange of Israeli and German scientists The Heineman Exchange Fellowship Established in 1972 by the Minna James Heineman Stiftung, Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany, in memory of Dr. Konrad Adenauer The Institute of Biochemical Research-Fundacion Campomar (Buenos Aires, Argentina) Exchange Fellowships Established in 1985 The Joseph Meyerhoff Visiting Professorship Established in 1979 by the Joseph Meyerhoff Fund, Baltimore The Erna and Jakob Michael Visiting Professorship at the Weizmann Institute of Science Established by Mr. and Mrs. Michael, New York The Michael Sela Exchange Program in Immunology Established by the Mount Sinai Hospital in association with the Canadian Society for the Weizmann Institute of Science, Toronto The Dr. Gordon M. Shrum Fund Exchange Fellowship Established in 1981 by the Vancouver Chapter of the Canadian Society for the Weizmann Institute of Science The Sieff Research Fellowships Program for Physicians Established in 1986 in honor of Lord Sieff of Brimpton by the American Committee of the Weizmann Institute of Science Established in 1986 by an anonymous U.S. donor and the estate of Dorothy Greif- Valsecchi, Paris The Rosie and Max Varon Visiting Professorships The Garfield Weston Visiting Scholar Program Established in 1999 by Mr. Garry H. Weston , London The Weizmann Institute-Evanston Hospital Exchange Fellowships Established in 1980 by Harold L. Perlman, Chicago, and the Ambrose and Gladys Bowyer Foundation, Chicago The Weizmann Institute-Imperial College of Science and Technology Exchange Fellowship Established in 1981 by Marks and Spencer, London The Weizmann Institute-Johns Hopkins University Exchange Fellowships Established in 1982 Academic Secretariat 345

The Sir Siegmund Warburg Visiting Professorship Established by the Sir Siegmund Warburg-Weizmann Trust, London The Weizmann Institute-University of Wisconsin Exchange Fellowships Established in 1979 by Harold L. Perlman, Chicago. Various Committees for the Weizmann Institute abroad also provide fellowships from time to time. 346 Academic Secretariat

Department of Visiting Scientists

Liza Leibowitz, Head

This department deals with the non-scientific aspects of a scientist's visit to the Institute, especially when the visits last for a prolonged period. Prior to arrival, an informative guide is sent to the future visitor; accommodations, when available, are reserved. Electronic mail is being maintained all along. Upon arrival, visitors are briefed and advised on matters such as visa, schooling, purchasing or importing of a vehicle, customs, health insurance, public transportation and more. Help is extended to enable visitors to concentrate on research as much as possible, unhindered by administrative matters. While on campus, visitors are kept informed about social and cultural events at the Institute, Jewish Holidays, changes in regulations and so forth. The department founded the International Friendship Club for Spouses of Visiting Scientists, which is quite active and meets every two weeks. Annual parties are organized.

In 2002, the Institute hosted 437 visiting scientists who came from 27 different countries. Conference Section

Janet Kiesari, Head (until May 2002)

Tal Eizman, Head (from June 2002)

The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger Conference Foundation was established in 1981 through the generosity of the late Mr. and Mrs Goldschleger of France. The aim of the Foundation is to support international scientific conferences held under the auspices of the Weizmann Institute of Science.

During the year 2002 The Weizmann Institute Conference Section coordinated 19 international conferences and workshops in various fields. Participants came from all over the world.

The Conference Section keeps in close contact with the scientific departments, and extends its assistance to conference organizers at all stages of planning and execution, from the initial preparation of a budget, to choice of venue, scheduling, social events, transportation and conference tours.

The following scientific conferences were held in 2002: January 6-8 * Deposition of Aerosols and Gasses in the Eastern Mediterranean Organized by: Dr. Yinon Rudich Department: Environmental Sciences and Energy Research Location: Dead Sea

January 16 * Life Sciences Open Day 2002 Organized by: Prof. David Mirelman & Prof. Moshe Oren Department: Biological Chemistry Location: Weizmann Institute of Science

January 25-28 * Indo-Israeli Workshop on Current Issues in Condensed Matter Physics Organized by: Prof. David Mukamel Department: Physics of Complex Systems Location: Jerusalem

347 348 Conference Section

February 3 * Chemical Physics of Biological Systems - Symposium in Memory of Shneior Lifson Organized by: Prof. Daniella Goldfarb & Prof. Moshe Shapiro Department: Chemical Physics Location: Ebner Auditorium, Weizmann Institute of Science

March 5 * The 5th Israeli Conference on Plasma Science & Applications Organized by: Prof. Yuri Ralchenko Department: Particle Physics Location: Weizmann Institute of Science

March 7 * Molecular Genetics Basis of Human Cancer Organized by: Prof. Avri Ben-Ze’ev Department: Molecular Cell Biology Location: Weizmann Institute of Science

March 11 Israeli Society for Cell Biology Organized by: Prof. Eitan Bibi & Prof. Benny Aroeti Department: Biological Chemistry Location: Kibbutz Maale Hachamisha

April 7-12 * Workshop on Morphological Evolution of Crystalline Surface Organized by: Prof. Daniel Kandel Department: Physics of Complex Systems Location: Mitzpe Hayamim

May 14 * Annual Israeli Bioinformatics Symposium 2002 Organized by: Dr. Shmuel Pietrokovski Department: Molecular Genetics Location: Weizmann Institute of Science

June 2 * SOLIDARITY SYMPOSIUM IN THE LIFE SCIENCES Organized by: Prof. Berke Gideon & Prof. David Mirelman Department: Biological Chemistry Location: Weizmann Institute of Science

Conference Section 349

June 29-July 7 * Representation of Lie Algebras Organized by: Prof. Vladimir Berkovich Department: Mathematics Location: Weizmann Institute of Science

July 25 The 6th International Conference on Ancient DNA and Biomolecules Organized by: Prof. Stephen Weiner Department: Structural Biology Location: Weizmann Institute of Science

September 11-12 21st IVS General Conference Organized by: Dr. Sidney Cohen Department: Chemical Services Location: on and off campus

October 1-4 * Signal Transduction in Health and Disease(STADY) Organized by: Prof. Abraham Amsterdam Department: Molecular Cell Biology Location: off campus

October 20-25 28th Meeting of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies Organized by: Kenes Department: Immunology Location: off campus

October 26-27 * Biophysical Chemistry in Health and Disease - A Symposium in Honor of the 65th Birthday of Prof. Israel Pecht Organized by: Prof. Doron Lancet & Prof. Stanimir Vuk-Pavlovic Department: Molecular Genetics Location: Schmidt Auditorium, Weizmann Institute of Science

October 31 * Enzyme - Inhibator Interactionas a Model for Biological Recognition - A Memorial Conference to Prof. Arie Berger Organized by: Prof. Schechter Israel Department: Immunology Location: Weizmann Institute of Science 350 Conference Section

December 16 Polymer and Plastics Society Meeting in memory of Prof. David Vofsi Organized by: Prof. Moshe Levy Department: Materials and Interfaces Location: Weizmann Institute of Science

December 31-January 6 Winter School for Particle Astrophysics Organized by: Prof. Eli Waxman Department: Condensed Matter Physics Location: Kibbutz Ein Gedi

* Sponsored by the Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger Conference Foundation at The Weizmann Institute of Science Division of Information Systems

Yigal Burstein, Head The Maynard I. and Elaine Wishner Professor of Bio-Organic Chemistry and Malignant Diseases Research

The newly expanded Division of Information Systems provides networking, communications, data processing, library and internet services to Institute scientists, students and administrators. It oversees the smooth implementation of an integrated computing environment, as well as maintaining the infrastructure upon which these information technology services are delivered. The role of fast communication (data, voice and picture) facilities is constantly expanding, with ever-increasing demand for easy multi-platform access, to facilitate the retrieval and free flow of continually updated information.

The Division consists of five related departments:

• The Computing Center • The Libraries • The Department of Data Processing • The Internet Services Unit • The Telecommunications Services Unit

The Computing Center (WICC) Aviva Greenman, Head

The Weizmann Institute Computing Center strives to provide the most advanced and efficient communications and computing environment for the Institute's faculty, students and staff. The Weizmann Institute is a member of the Inter University Computing Center (IUCC), popularly know by its Hebrew Acronym MACHBA. The eight member universities share technology and services, to the benefit of all. From the smallest personal computer to powerful multi- processor servers, the WICC supports and facilitates the computing and communications infrastructure, together with providing the network-intensive applications necessary for the pursuit and advancement of science at the Weizmann Institute.

Fully backed-up Novell Netware-based, Unix, and Macintosh file and print systems are available for the personal computers, workstations and departmental servers at the Institute.

351 352 Division of Information Systems

Technical support is provided for approximately 3500 personal computers on campus, divided between PCs and Macintoshes. Currently, about 50 new personal computers are installed each month. In addition, the WICC continues to make an IBM mainframe available for administrative data processing.

The expansion of the campus network infrastructure to enable additional network-intensive applications continues, while the current equipment is upgraded for maximum performance and reliability. The campus communication network is now supported by a full-mesh redundant and resilient 622Mb ATM backbone with edge devices operating in a 100 Mb- switched environment, with the increased capability to supply gigabit Ethernet to the desktop. There are now approximately 4500 active connections to the campus network.

During the past year the department initiated several major projects, and integrated new technologies into our system:

• We installed a sophisticated new, interactive Help Desk, accessible either via the Internet or by mail. This very successful system has already greatly improved the level of support and efficient service provided to all Institute staff. • The central Unix file server system -- a high performance, high availability EMC file server -- was upgraded to keep pace with the ever-increasing amount of stored data. The current storage capacity is 4 terabytes. • The main web proxy for the Institute was replaced with a high-performance system. • The diverse computer systems controlling the tape backup systems were replaced with a state of the art, unified system. • The central Unix mail server was again upgraded so as to be even more robust under the ever-increasing volume of mail. In addition, all mail coming into the Institute is now checked for viruses, which are removed when found. • Dial-in services were expanded, using the latest technologies (i.e. SDSL and ADSL), which allow users with computers at home to connect to the Institute network and take advantage of all the network services, such as Internet and file server access. Technologies such as VPN, voice-over IP, and centralized management of all computing and communication resources have been installed.

• The entire security system for the Institute network has been upgraded, with a major emphasis in the area of proactive monitoring and testing of our systems. This process in an ongoing effort. • Citix Metaframe, which enables access to Windows applications in Hebrew (by allowing multiple concurrent users to run separate secure Windows 2000 sessions on one server), was installed and is now in standard use. • All the major NetWare and GroupWise servers are connected, via fiber-channel in a Storage Area Network, to a central storage array. Having outgrown the capacity of the Compaq RA8000 central storage array, the WICC replaced it this year with the much Division of Information Systems 353

larger Compaq EMA12000, which should be sufficient for our needs for at least the next two years. • Because of ever-increasing disk usage, we upgraded our backup software to ARCserve 7, which enables multiple SAN-attached servers to back themselves up over the fiber- channel. Several servers can now back themselves up simultaneously to a shared tape library. Our estimate is that this method of backup is approximately 2.5 times faster than the former backup system over the campus LAN. • We have begun migrating all our NetWare servers to NetWare 6. This will enable "clustering" of the SAN-attached servers. In a cluster, even if an individual server fails or is taken off-line, the users will continue to have access to their resources - usually without even noticing that the resource has migrated to another server. • Concurrently, GroupWise was upgraded to Version 6, in preparation for clustering its resources as well. • This year we started supporting WindowsXP as our recommended operating system for PCs. We have prepared and distributed CD ROMs containing our supported software to our authorized PC dealers. The dealers use these CD ROMs to install our computing environment on PCs they sell to the Institute and deliver the PCs, ready to hook up to our network, directly to the end-user. • Our supported software can now be installed from a menu on PCs that have been connected to our campus network. This is made possible by a product called Zen for Desktops--a package that also allows us, with the user's permission, to help users from our own offices, without having to visit the user's laboratory or office. • This year we developed a package that registers users automatically for NetWare and/or GroupWise, when such a request is entered via Internal Services. Any relevant changes in Internal Services about users are also updated automatically. • A system has been developed to update user PCs with the proper workstation name, and to check that the workstation is using its proper IP address. In addition to the above projects, the WICC is constantly evaluating, and searching for, state of the art techniques, which will improve the computing services and support for the ongoing research of the scientific community at the Weizmann Institute. The Home Page of the Computing Center is: http://www.weizmann.ac.il/CC/

The Libraries Ilana Pollack, Chief Librarian

The Libraries are responsible for acquiring, collecting, processing, distributing and storing all printed material (books, journals, patents articles etc.) needed by the Institute faculty and staff as well as licensing, implementing and ensuring online access to digital sources such as electronic journals, databases etc. 354 Division of Information Systems

The Libraries comprise some 250,000 books and bound volumes of periodicals, some 1270 current periodical subscriptions in printed form, several electronic and aggregated databases and a constantly growing collection of several thousand electronic journals. Part of the electronic journals and databases collection is a result of the MALMAD* consortium agreements.

*MALMAD, the Israel Center for digital Information Services, (http://libnet.ac.il/~libnet/ malmad.htm), serves as a joint framework for the acquisition, licensing and operation of information services to all Israeli universities.

The Institute's Archives, housed in the Wix Library building, document the history of the Weizmann Institute and its scientific, educational, and cultural contributions to the world of scientific endeavor from its beginnings to the present day.

• The Library is now converting to the new ALEPH 500 library management system, which complies with the latest technological trends. Toward this end, the ALEPH 300 system has been converted to the MARC format (a cataloging standard used worldwide), and the working environment is being adjusted with respect to hardware and software. Together with staff members from Tel Aviv and Haifa Universities, our staff has been training intensively to work with ALEPH 500, and will be among the forerunners of this conversion in Israel. Several trial conversions of the catalog to ALEPH 500 have been conducted, and the staff is constantly checking and correcting the converted files. Our final transition to ALEPH 500 is scheduled for 2003.

• A combination of advanced technology, intensive user-education and support by the Library staff, as well as publishers' willingness to change charging models, has enabled us to cancel numerous journals in their printed version. • We have acquired TDNet - a new journal management system - after a thorough survey of similar existing systems. TDNet fulfills all basic requirements of seamless online access to full-text electronic journals. In addition, it provides a table of contents and abstracts (both searchable) of all subscribed electronic journals. This system enables automated update of the coverage years of the electronic journal collection, and provides usage statistics. From the Library's standpoint, it represents a successful outsourcing of electronic journal management, as well as an efficient tool for sophisticated users. • The Information Unit, in cooperation with the Internet Services Unit, has prepared a continuously updated bibliography database of all articles authored by Weizmann Institute scientists. The "Online Database of Scientific Publications by Weizmann Institute Personnel," starting from the year 2000, is hosted in http://www.weizmann.ac.il/ acadsec/, and is linked to our homepage. • The Wix Central Library has been undergoing renovations to allow for enlarged and modernized offices, as well as additional storage space for books and journals. Division of Information Systems 355

• The Library has been very involved in the establishment of the new library of the Davidson Institute of Scientific Education, by providing all of the technical and professional services. The home page of the Libraries is: http://www.weizmann.ac.il/WIS-library/

The Data Processing Department Rachel Kazmirsky, Head

The Department of Data Processing is responsible for the development and maintenance of data systems for the use of Institute scientists and administrators. All systems have been, and are currently being, developed according to the newest Client/Server Internet/Intranet technology, in which a client-user is connected to an Internet web server via multi-platform- compatible web browser software. In such an environment the client is not bound by any specific desktop platform, and can communicate freely with any international Internet or local Intranet site. Within this structure, Oracle Development Tools serves as the department's vehicle for all current and new systems.

The extremely successful Internal Services project, which has been running smoothly in production for over four years, is constantly being upgraded and expanded. This web-enabled system, which monitors all in-house transfer of goods and services, has had a campus-wide impact on internal campus communication. It provides an on-line catalogue of items available from various Institute departments (providers), and a user-friendly interface for placing, processing, and tracking internal orders. Most importantly, the system automatically debits and credits the department budgets or projects for these transactions. Many services have been added to the system in the past year:

• Worker cards • Affymetrix Genechip • Spotted Microarrays • Nano-Bio Lab • Software and Analysis

• Microarray Queue • Microtechnology • Facs Safety System The Oracle ERP Applications-based Human Resources software package has been in production for two years, and the system has been instrumental in centralizing all of the human resources information and activities of the Institute, as well as providing, at long last, a single updated source of tabular information to be accessed by the entire campus. Additional modules, which help to systematize the Institute's organizational structure, are added regularly according to requests by the Division of Human Resources. Most recently, a link between the 356 Division of Information Systems

HR data base and the Internal Services system was developed to enable individual staff members to access and update his or her own personal details (for viewing in the supremely successful on-line Electronic Directory) via the already familiar Internal Services screens.

The department is moving steadily toward its goal of a completely web-enabled environment:

• The Feinberg Graduate School system, which has successfully been in production for almost two years, enables students to register for laboratory time according to availability, and to view their grade scores on-line via the web. Recent enhancements include instructors' being able to enter student grades via the system, and the addition of pictures to the students' files. A complete menu of on-line interaction among students, lecturers, and the administration now includes the automatic production of student cards, on-line questionnaires, the scheduling of rooms, a dynamic exchange and updating of grant reports, and the tracking of student and alumni awards. • The integration of many small applications in the office of the Academic Secretariat into one larger Oracle data base application has been completed. The new system monitors all administrative aspects of the scientific community, including sabbaticals, appointments, and organizational structure. In addition, the department maintains important systems whose development is complete. These include:

• the system for the Visiting Scientists Office, which monitors the many details associated with visitor housing and tenure.

• the system for the Department of Donor Relations, which monitors all financial and social contacts with donors and Institute support committees, in Israel and abroad. • a touch-screen system for the Levinson Visitors' Center that funnels information automatically to the Department of Donor Relations. • the Telephones Financial Management system. • the young@science system, which monitors after-school science activities offered by the Institute to Rehovot children. A new addition to the system manages a multifaceted program of organized school outings to the Science Park.

• the IACUC (International Animal Care and Use Committee) system, which enables scientists to submit applications for veterinary resources via the Internet, replacing the previous email/telephone system. In the first month of production, over forty applications were processed. • the system to monitor the working hours of the private Security Service the Institute has employed. • the transportation system, which enables the ordering of transportation services and movement of goods via the campus Intranet. Division of Information Systems 357

Work is progressing on the department's next major project, which is to develop a new integrated software package for the Finance/Supply/Inventory system, which is the only remaining major system to be housed on the Institute's mainframe computer. The RFP outlining all the specifications has been completed and distributed to the relevant users, and programming is about to begin. When this is accomplished, the department will have achieved its goal of complete integration of its various systems with the modern operational procedures of computer networking on campus.

The Home Page of the Department of Data Processing is: http://www.weizmann.ac.il/DP/

The Internet Unit Malka Cymbalista, Head

Since its inception in 1999, the Internet Services unit has played an integral role in the Division's principal goal of improved communications and the dissemination of information.

While the Internet Services unit maintains the Institute's central web servers, its primary function is the creation of departmental web sites, as well as individually customized applications. The most dramatic innovation has been the recent introduction of a new homepage for the Institute's central web site. Modern graphics, together with the latest programming capabilities, make the new homepage an efficient and friendly conduit to all areas of the Weizmann Institute's large and varied presence on the World Wide Web.

As the focus of web sites has shifted from static web pages to dynamic interactive ones, the unit has made great progress in this area. Together with the Division's Data Processing unit, Internet Services is concentrating on integrating the Human Resources database with the dynamic resources of the web, making even the smallest change in data immediately visible and retrievable via the Internet. The first step in this process, the introduction of the Institute's on-line electronic directory, has proven to be one of the most successful and widely used web applications on campus. When a departmental web site is created, all the staff member pages are now created dynamically; when an individual leaves or joins a department, and that move is registered in Human Resources, the appropriate page on that department's web site is automatically updated.

The most exciting instance of the increased emphasis on dynamic programming in the Internet Services unit is the introduction of an interactive campus map, a feature that has long been requested by our users. The map includes pop-up windows of all the buildings on campus, including the departments housed in each building, on demand.

Because the Weizmann web site is often the initial contact between the Institute and the outside world, the Internet Services unit has an important role to play in terms of public relations as well. By managing a continually evolving web site, ensuring the rapid flow of update information via a professional and efficient interface, the unit helps the Institute put its best face forward at all times.

The Internet Services unit's home page is: http://www.weizmann.ac.il/IU/ 358 Division of Information Systems

Telecommunications Services Achicam Rosen, Head

The Telecommunications Services unit provides and maintains all telephone communications on the Institute campus.

The hub of its activity is the central switchboard installation, managed by three operators and one supervisor. The switchboard is a "Coral" product of Tadiran, and supports over 3,000 extensions throughout the campus. The Telephone Communications Services unit is responsible for the smooth functioning, maintenance, and (the constant) transfer of these lines, as well as the addition of new extensions as needed.

The unit works closely with Bezeq, and is also responsible for implementing the infrastructure necessary for remote (off-campus) connections to the Institute's computer network, such as ISDN and fast Internet ADSL lines, for scientific personnel. This includes international connections as well, in conjunction with the various Israeli international telephone service providers. International telephone service is provided either directly, or via an international calling card.

The unit oversees and maintains all cellular telephone activity on campus, together with the local cellular service providers. To date, there are over 200 cellular phones under the management of the Telecommunications Services unit.

The Telecommunications Services unit's home page is: http://www.weizmann.ac.il/telecomm/ The unit works tirelessly to provide and maintain the most efficient service possible in all areas of communication on the Institute campus that pertain to telephones.

Research Staff

Professor

Yigal Burstein1, Ph.D., The Weizmann Institute of Science The Maynard I. and Elaine Wishner Professor of Bio-Organic Chemistry and Malignant Diseases Research

Senior Staff Scientist

Morton F. Taragin, Ph.D., George Washington University, Washington, United States

Engineers

Aviva Greenman, M.Sc., The Weizmann Institute of Science Shlomit Afgin, B.Sc., Ben-Gurion University of the Negev

1Department of Organic Chemistry Division of Information Systems 359

Camille Botaz, M.Sc., University of Bucharest, Romania Yehezkel Bialik, B.Sc., Yeshiva University Stephen Druck, B.A., Cornell University Lawrence Israel, Chem. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology Issak Kopp, M.Sc., Novocherkassk Polytechnic Institute Boris Lourie, Ph.D., The Weizmann Institute of Science Iris Mersel, M.Sc., Tomsk University, Tomsk, and M.Sc., Moscow University, Moscow Jerry Mersel, B.Sc., Hunter College, NY Sara Yasur, B.A., Tel Aviv University

360 Division of Information Systems Division of Logistics and Research Services

Daniel Tamari, Head (deceased May 2002)

Asher Bar-on, Head (from October 2002)

The division consists of 90 highly skilled technicians and engineers, grouped into professional working units. The division provides support to the Weizmann Institute's research program, based on an interdepartmental charging system. The division is also in charge of the Security and Fire Department of the Institute.

Instruments Design and Drawing Unit Benjamin Pasmantirer, Head Design of custom made instruments, according to the researchers needs, using up to date solid computer aided design systems which are later implemented at the instruments workshops to create high precision lab instruments.

Rothberg Precision Instrument and Engineering Workshop Avraham Einhoren, Head Creation of custom made lab instruments of various metals and plastic materials as required by the Institute's research staff in the central part of the campus.

Instruments Workshop, Physics Shlomo Asayag, Head Creation of custom made lab instruments of various metals as specified by the scientists in the eastern part of the campus, mainly serving the Faculty of Physics. Sub units supporting both workshops are the welding unit and CNC machine shop.

Scientific Instruments Maintenance Oded Sharabi, Head Repairs and maintenance of lab instruments, including a large number of centrifuges.

Graphics Haya Yoskovitch, Head Preparation of materials for scientific publication, presentation and conferences as well as internet design, building and upkeep using powerful computers and multimedia technology.

361 362 Division of Logistics and Research Services

Photography Laboratories Shalom Nidam, Head Documentation of experiments, often live, at the Institute's laboratories, using computerized and digital equipment based on state of the art technologies, including a still photo and video studios as well as a black and white and color photo laboratory. In addition, the New Analog Digital Photography Lab is now in use, enabling the Photography Unit to cut costs drastically. All the photo jobs are being directly transferred via the network and vice-versa from the Scientists computers to the photo-lab for processing.

Publishing Natan Kronenberg, Head Printing, duplication and publishing most of the work produced at the Institute, assisting in the preparation of materials for various forms as well as large format posters of scientific publication and presentation using new digital duplicating machines for color prints.

Scientific Glassblowing Unit Yossi Novema, Head Provide services for the scientific research of the campus including advice and design of glassware. Creation and modification of pyrex glass laboratory instruments including quartz work.

Plastics and Polymers Laboratory Baruch Itah, Head Support for development and research related to chemistry and technology of polymers and plastics.

• Development of specific polymeric matrices, gels, films, membranes, coatings, etc. • Identification of plastic materials. • Advice and preparation of adhesives for specific uses. • Preparation of plastic parts by casting, thermoforming, injection, vacuum forming, etc. • Preparation of prototypes and structures using composites, foams, elastomers, etc.

Chemical Warehouse Mordechai Cohen, Head Supplying various chemicals and biological materials to the Institute's labs from a stock which is updated regularly and providing daily transportation of the sensitive materials to the customer's doorstep. Additional materials for Life Science research have been made available.

General Warehouse Saadia Vadai, Head Providing supplies from a varied stock of lab instruments mainly for Life Sciences, as well as technical, office and other supplies from a varied range of items. Division of Logistics and Research Services 363

Transportation Unit Ehud Idan, Head Delivery of the Warehouse supplies to the doorsteps of the labs and offices plus transporting of instruments between the labs on campus. Also involved in assisting social events at the Institute.

Security and Fire Deparmtent Moshe Gat, Head In the Security and Fire Department there are fifteen Weizmann Institute personnel plus an external Security Team who are in charge of all internal security, including fire alarm systems, fire-extinguishing equipment and security alarm systems. The department is also involved in assisting social events at the Institute.

New Developments

1. The Photography Laboratories started to process and scan photos plus documents from different archives in the Institute in order to build a computerized archive linked to the world-wide network.

2. The Photography Laboratories now offer a new service of transferring VCR to DVD media.

3. The Division now offers a machine tinker shop for scientists and staff who wish to do some of their own machining. The shop is fully equipped and an experienced technician is on hand to advise and help.

Engineers and Laboratories Staff

Mordechai Cohen, B.Sc., Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel Mordechai Gabbay, Ph.D., Royal University of Lund, Sweden Lilia Goffer, M.Sc., Polytechnic Institute, Chelabinsk Baruch Itah, M.Sc., Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel Rafael Michaeli, B.Sc., Open University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Benjamin Pasmantirer, B.Sc., Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Gedalia Perlman, M.Sc., Polytechnical University, Leningrad 364 Division of Logistics and Research Services The Amos de-Shalit Foundation

Haim Harari, Chairman The Annenberg Professor of High Energy Physics

The Foundation bearing the name of Amos de-Shalit was formally established in 1974 on the fifth anniversary of his death. A living memorial to the founder and first head of the Weizmann Institute's Department of Nuclear Physics, and later of its Department of Science Teaching, the Foundation's main goal is to foster an increased awareness of the role of science among young Israelis.

This year's activities included:

The Annual Amos de-Shalit Science Workshop - This intensive on-campus residential two- week summer program is for the best, most outstanding Israeli high-school students. Participants work in actual research laboratories, two or three in a laboratory with a mentor. The Foundation contributed to the running of the school and granted scholarships to 5 of the 30 students who participated in the program.

Adventures in Science - The Foundation contributed towards the operation of this program run by the Youth Activities Section of the Institute.

Tehuda - The Foundation contributed towards the publication of the journal of the Israeli teachers issued by the Department of Science Teaching, presenting the teachers with contemporary topics in physics and advising them on the latest teaching methods - two issues were published during 2000.

Fellowships for Mathematics Teachers - Five Fellowships were granted to new mathematics teachers. The purpose of these fellowships is to enable worthy new teachers to have direct contact with the Mathematics Group of the Science Teaching Department, to receive counsel and advice and, in time, be leaders in their schools in the teaching of innovative and updated curricula.

The Amos de-Shalit Prize for Excellence in the Teaching of Physics - To motivate teachers, a prize in physics was established in the name of Amos de-Shalit. The 2000 prize was awarded to Francis Dreksler, teacher at the Ort Kiryat Bialik School. Haifa. The prize also includes a special contribution to the school's physics laboratory.

365 366 The Amos de-Shalit Foundation

The Annual Amos de-Shalit Summer School in Physics, Chemistry, and Life Sciences - The Institute's Amos de-Shalit Foundation offers annual summer schools in physics, chemistry, and the life sciences for outstanding undergraduate students studying at Israeli universities. This year, two programs were held in each of the disciplines: a one-week program for students having completed their first academic year, and a two-week program for students entering their third year. As in previous years, several outstanding participants were selected to receive foundation scholarships for advanced studies.

Forty two second-year students and thirty-one first year students participated in the program. The Davidson Institute for Science Education

Haim Harari, Chairman of the Board

Yehuda Ben-Hur, Managing Director

The Davidson Institute was established in November 2001, with a large endowment gift from William Davidson of Detroit. Activities at the Institute began in January 2002. It is a direct continuation and expansion of the activities of the Weizmann Institute in the field of science education, initiated in the early 1960’s by the late Professor Amos de-Shalit.

Goals

The Davidson Institute was established with the realization that a necessary requirement for a healthy and strong society in Israel is a high level of scientific and technological education for the nation's citizens.

Based on this understanding, the principal goals of the Institute include:

1. Developing science, technology and mathematics education in Israel.

2. Professional development of teachers and educational leadership in teaching the sciences, technology and mathematics.

3. Planning, implementation and evaluation of projects in the area of science, technology and mathematics education, on different levels of organization (e.g., school-based, city- based, region-based, countrywide, international).

4. Guidance, accompaniment and support of schools, institutions and organizations that deal with science, technology and mathematics education.

Activities

The Institute's activities are organized into a number of units. The National Teacher Centers of the Department of Science Teaching support the professional development of teachers on a national level. Such centers have been established in the following areas: physics, mathematics, chemistry, science and technology for middle schools (in cooperation with the Tel Aviv University), and computer science (in cooperation with the Technion).

367 368 The Davidson Institute for Science Education

Other units in the Institute include: (1) a unit for creating and publishing learning materials; (2) teams dealing with the development, implementation and evaluation of educational programs in science, technology and mathematics education; (3) a unit for teacher in-service training; (4) the national office of "Perach," the one-on-one Tutorial Program; (5) the center for the development of teacher leadership ("Pisgah") of Rehovot; (6) the regional teacher center for science, technology and mathematics; (7) the national center for Project-Based Learning (PBL) in science, technology and mathematics; and (8) the center for advanced lab activities in the sciences, for middle-school and high-school students.

All of the Institute's activities are conducted in close cooperation with the Department of Science Teaching in the Weizmann Institute of Science, the Young@Science unit and the Clore Garden of Science.

Several projects are conducted in collaboration with a variety of units of the Ministry of Education as well as with other organizations such as "Pisgah" centers, the Association for Excellence in Education and the Racshi Foundation.

Facilities

The Institute's physical facilities include:

1. A central building with 4 science laboratories, 5 classrooms and an auditorium (capacity for 180 people).

2. An administration pavilion including the headquarters of the Davidson Institute and the national “Perach” headquarters.

3. A curriculum development building including the national teacher centers as well as the various units for creating and publishing learning materials.

4. A pedagogical library, production workshop for teachers and cafeteria.

5. Center for the development of teacher leadership ("Pisgah") of the City of Rehovot.

6. An inner garden. Yeda Research and Development Company Ltd.

Haim Garty, Chairman

Isaac Shariv, CEO

Yeda Research and Development Company Ltd. functions as the commercial arm of the Weizmann Institute of Science. Yeda initiates and promotes the transfer of research findings and innovative technologies developed by Institute scientists to the global marketplace.

Yeda holds an exclusive agreement with the Weizmann Institute to market and commercialize its intellectual property and generate income to support further research and education.

Yeda performs the following activities:

• Identifies and assesses research projects with commercial potential

• Protects the intellectual property of the Institute and its scientists

• Licenses the Institute's inventions and technologies to industry

• Channels funding from industry to research projects

Additional information on the business opportunities offered by Yeda, can be found at: http://yeda.weizmann.ac.il Tel: (08) 947 0617 Fax: (08) 947 0739 e-mail: [email protected]

369 370 Yeda Research and Development Company Ltd. Current Research Activities on the Internet

The full text of this publication may be found on the Internet (the World Wide Web) at the following URL: http://www.weizmann.ac.il/acadsec/Current_Research

You may search for any word or phrase, by using the online SEARCH option.

371 Scientific Activities on the Internet

The full text of this publication may be found on the Internet (the World Wide Web) at the following URL: http://www.weizmann.ac.il/acadsec/Scientific_Activities

You may search for any word or phrase, by using the online SEARCH option.

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