SETTLER COLONIALISM and the AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 1692-1783 Settler Colonialism

SETTLER COLONIALISM AND THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 1692-1783 Settler Colonialism

Resource:

Selling Staten Island

Deed for Purchase of Staten Island

Deed for Purchase of Staten Island, 1670. New-York Historical Society Library.

Document Text

This Indenture made the Thirteenth Day of April in the twenty second year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord Charles the Second by the Grace of God of England Scotland France and Ireland King Defender of the faith etc. etc. and in the year of our Lord God 1670. Between the Right Honorable Francis Lovelace Esquire Governor General under his Royall Highness James Duke of York and Albany etc. of all his territories in America for and on the behalf of his said Royal Highness on the one part and Aquepo, Warrines, Minqua-Sachemack, Pemantowes, Quewequeen, Wewanecameck, and Mataris, on the behalf of themselves as the true Sachem owners, and lawful Indian proprietors of Staten Island and of all other Indians any way concerned therein on the other part.

Witnesseth that for and in consideration of a certain sum in wampum and divers other goods which in the schedule hereunto annexed are expressed unto the said Sachems in hand paid by the said Governor Francis Lovelace or his order, the receipt whereof they the said Sachems do hereby acknowledge and to be fully satisfed and thereof and every part thereof do for themselves and all others concerned, their heirs and Successors and every of them clearly acquit and discharge. The said Governor and his successors have given, granted, bargained, and sold, and by these presents do fully and absolutely give, grant, bargain, and sell unto the said Francis Lovelace Governor for and on the behalf of his Royal Highness aforementioned all that island lying and being in Hudson River commonly called Staten Island, and by the Indians Aquehonga Manacknong.

Having on the South the bay and sandy point, on the North the river and the city of New York on Manhattan Island, on the East Long Island, and on the West the main land of After Coll, or New Jersey, together with all the Lands, soils, meadows, fresh and salt pastures, common wood land, marshes, rivers, rivulets, streams, brooks, waters, lakes, and whatsoever to the said Island is belonging or any way appertaining and all and singular other the premises with the appurtenances and every part and parcel thereof with on any reservation of the herbage or trees or any other thing growing or being thereupon,

And the said Sachems for themselves and all others concerned their heirs and successors do covenant to and with the said Governor and his successors for and on the behalf aforesaid in manner and form following. That is to say, that they the said Sachems now are the very true sole and Lawful Indian Owners of the said Island and all and singular the premises as being derived to them by their ancestors, and that now at the sealing and delivery of these presents they are lawfully seized thereof to the use of themselves their heirs and assigns forever according to the use and custom of the rest of the Native Indians of the Country.

And further that the said Island now is and at the time of executing the said estate to be made as aforesaid shall be and from time to time and at all times hereafter shall and may stand, remain, and continue unto the said Governor and his successors to the use of his Royal Highness as aforesaid freely and clearly discharged and acquitted from all and every former bargains, sales, gifts, grants, and encumbrances whatsoever.

And furthermore the said Sachems for themselves and all others concerned their heirs and successors do covenant that the said Governor, his successors, and assigns for and on the behalf of his Royal Highness as aforesaid shall and may from henceforth forever lawfully peaceably and quietly have hold, possess and enjoy all the said Island with the appurtenances and all and every other the premises with their appurtenances without any Lett resistance, disturbance, or interruption of the said Sachems or any other concerned, their heirs and successors and without any manner of lawful Lett resistance, molestation, or interruption of any other person or persons whatsoever claiming by, from, or under them or any of them.

And it is likewise lastly covenanted and agreed that the said Sachems and the rest of the Indians concerned with them now inhabiting or residing upon the said Island shall have free leave and liberty to be and remain thereupon until the frst day of May next when they are to surrender the possession thereof unto such person or persons as the Governor shall please to appoint to see the same put in execution. Upon which day they are all to transport themselves to some other place, and to resign any interest or claim thereunto or to any part thereof forever to have and to hold the said Island so bargained and sold as fore mentioned unto the said Francis Lovelace Governor and his successors for and on the behalf of his Royal Highness his heirs and assigns unto the proper use and behalf of his said Royal Highness his heirs and assigns forever.

In witness whereof the party to these present indentures have interchangeably set to their hands and seals the day and year frst above written.Sealed & Delivered in the presence of:

FRANCIS LOVELACE Corn : Steenwych Mayor Tho : Lovelace C V Reiyven Olof Stevenson van Cortland Allard Anthony Johannes Vanbrugh Gerrit van Frigt I. Bedloe Warn. Wessels Constapel[4 Youths] William Nicolls HumpheryDevenport Cornelis Bedloo Nicholaes Antonij

The payment agreed upon for the purchase of Staten Island conveyed this day by the Indian Sachem Proprietors is1. Fower hundred fathom of wampum 2. Thirty Match Coats 3. Eight Coats of Duzzens made up 4. Thirty Shirts 5. Thirty Kettles 6. Twenty Guns 7. A Firkin of Powder 8. Sixty Barres of Load 9. Thirty Axes 10. Thirty Howes 11. Fifty Knives

Memorandum It is covenanted and agreed upon by and between the within mentioned Francis Lovelace Esq. Governor etc. for and on the behalf of his Royal Highness and the within written Sachems on the behalf of themselves and all others concerned before then sealing and delivery hereof, that two or three of the said Sachems their heirs or successors or so many persons employed by them shall once every year upon the First day of May yearly after their surrender repair to this fort to acknowledge their sale of the said Staten Island to the Governor or his successor to continue a mutual friendship between them, As witness their hands.

FRANCIS LOVELACE

Memorandum That the young Indians not being present at the sealing and delivery of the within written deed it was again delivered and acknowledged before them whose names are underwritten as witnesses. April the 15th 1670

The mark of Pewowahone, about 5 years old, a boy. The mark of Rokoques, about 6 years old, a girl. The mark of Shinguinnemo, about 12 years old, a girl. The mark of Kanarehante, about 12 years old, a girl. The mark of Mahquadus about 15 years old, a young man. The mark of Asheharewes, about 20 years old, a young man.

Deed for Purchase of Staten Island, 1670. New-York Historical Society Library.

Document Text Summary

This Indenture made the Thirteenth Day of April in the twenty second year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord Charles the Second by the Grace of God of England Scotland France and Ireland King Defender of the faith etc. etc. and in the year of our Lord God 1670. Between the Right Honorable Francis Lovelace Esquire Governor General under his This contract, made April 13, 1670, is Royall Highness James Duke of York and between Francis Lovelace, the governor Albany etc. of all his territories in general of New York, and the Lenni- America for and on the behalf of his said Lenape Sachems of Staten Island. Royal Highness on the one part and Aquepo, Warrines, Minqua-Sachemack, Pemantowes, Quewequeen, Wewanecameck, and Mataris, on the behalf of themselves as the true Sachem owners, and lawful Indian proprietors of Staten Island and of all other Indians any way concerned therein on the other part.

Witnesseth that for and in consideration of a certain sum in wampum and divers other goods which in the schedule hereunto annexed are expressed unto the said Sachems in hand paid by the said Governor Francis Lovelace or his order, the receipt whereof they the said Sachems do hereby acknowledge and to be fully satisfed and thereof and every part thereof do for themselves and all The Lenni-Lenape Sachems of Staten others concerned, their heirs and Island agree to sell their island to Successors and every of them clearly Governor Francis Lovelace in exchange acquit and discharge. The said Governor for the money and goods listed later. and his successors have given, granted, bargained, and sold, and by these presents do fully and absolutely give, grant, bargain, and sell unto the said Francis Lovelace Governor for and on the behalf of his Royal Highness aforementioned all that island lying and being in Hudson River commonly called Staten Island, and by the Indians Aquehonga Manacknong.

Having on the South the bay and sandy point, on the North the river and the city of New York on Manhattan Island, on the East Long Island, and on the West the main land of After Coll, or New Jersey, together with all the Lands, soils, meadows, fresh and salt pastures, common wood land, marshes, rivers, This section describes the exact location rivulets, streams, brooks, waters, lakes, of the island, and its main features. and whatsoever to the said Island is belonging or any way appertaining and all and singular other the premises with the appurtenances and every part and parcel thereof with on any reservation of the herbage or trees or any other thing growing or being thereupon,

And the said Sachems for themselves and all others concerned their heirs and successors do covenant to and with the said Governor and his successors for and on the behalf aforesaid in manner and form following. That is to say, that they the said Sachems now are the very The Lenni-Lenape Sachems promise true sole and Lawful Indian Owners of that the island belongs to them and that the said Island and all and singular the they are authorized to sell it according premises as being derived to them by to the terms described above. their ancestors, and that now at the sealing and delivery of these presents they are lawfully seized thereof to the use of themselves their heirs and assigns forever according to the use and custom of the rest of the Native Indians of the Country.

And further that the said Island now is and at the time of executing the said estate to be made as aforesaid shall be and from time to time and at all times hereafter shall and may stand, remain, Once this contract is signed, it will take and continue unto the said Governor the place of any older contracts, and it and his successors to the use of his will last for all time. Royal Highness as aforesaid freely and clearly discharged and acquitted from all and every former bargains, sales, gifts, grants, and encumbrances whatsoever.

And furthermore the said Sachems for themselves and all others concerned their heirs and successors do covenant that the said Governor, his successors, and assigns for and on the behalf of his Royal Highness as aforesaid shall and may from henceforth forever lawfully peaceably and quietly have hold, possess and enjoy all the said Island The Lenni-Lenape Sachems promise with the appurtenances and all and that their people will never attack the every other the premises with their English settlers of Staten Island after appurtenances without this contract is signed. any Lett resistance, disturbance, or interruption of the said Sachems or any other concerned, their heirs and successors and without any manner of lawful Lett resistance, molestation, or interruption of any other person or persons whatsoever claiming by, from, or under them or any of them.

And it is likewise lastly covenanted and agreed that the said Sachems and the rest of the Indians concerned with them now inhabiting or residing upon the said Island shall have free leave and liberty to be and remain thereupon until the frst day of May next when they are to surrender the possession thereof The Lenni-Lenape people of Staten unto such Island have one year before they have person or persons as the Governor shall to surrender the island to the governor please to appoint to see the same put in and his representatives. On May 1, execution. Upon which day they are all 1671, the Lenni-Lenape must leave the to transport themselves to some other island and never try to reclaim it. After place, and to resign any interest or this date, the island will belong to the claim thereunto or to any part thereof king of England and his heirs forever. forever to have and to hold the said Island so bargained and sold as fore mentioned unto the said Francis Lovelace Governor and his successors for and on the behalf of his Royal Highness his heirs and assigns unto the proper use and behalf of his said Royal Highness his heirs and assigns forever.

In witness whereof the party to these present indentures have All of the people agreeing to this interchangeably set to contract have signed their names on their hands and seals the day and year April 13, 1670. frst above written.Sealed & Delivered in the presence of:

FRANCIS LOVELACE Corn : Steenwych Mayor Tho : Lovelace C V Reiyven Olof Stevenson van Cortland Allard Anthony These are the signatures of every Johannes Vanbrugh English person who signed. The last four Gerrit van Frigt are boys. There are also symbols made I. Bedloe by the Lenni-Lenape Sachem. Warn. Wessels Constapel[4 Youths] William Nicolls HumpheryDevenport Cornelis Bedloo Nicholaes Antonij

The payment agreed upon for the purchase of Staten Island conveyed this day by the Indian Sachem Proprietors is1. Fower hundred fathom of wampum 2. Thirty Match Coats 3. Eight Coats of Duzzens made up This is the list of items the Lenni-Lenape 4. Thirty Shirts Sachem accepted as payment for 5. Thirty Kettles Staten Island. 6. Twenty Guns 7. A Firkin of Powder 8. Sixty Barres of Load 9. Thirty Axes 10. Thirty Howes 11. Fifty Knives

Memorandum It is covenanted and agreed upon by and between the within mentioned Francis Lovelace Esq. Governor etc. for and on the behalf of his Royal Highness and the within written Sachems on the behalf of themselves and all others concerned before then sealing and delivery hereof, that two or three of the said Sachems Note: Every year on May 1, the Sachem their heirs or successors or so many and their heirs will visit New York City to persons employed by them shall once commemorate this agreement and every year upon the First day of May ensure friendship between our peoples. yearly after their surrender repair to this fort to acknowledge their sale of the FRANCIS LOVELACE said Staten Island to the Governor or his successor to continue a mutual friendship between them, As witness their hands.

FRANCIS LOVELACE

The mark of Pewowahone, about 5 years old, a boy. The mark of Rokoques, about 6 years

old, a girl. NOTE: On April 15, 1760, six Lenni- The mark of Shinguinnemo, about 12 Lenape youths signed the treaty as well, to guarantee that future generations years old, a girl. would honor it. The mark of Kanarehante, about 12 years old, a girl. The mark of Mahquadus about 15 years old, a young man. The mark of Asheharewes, about 20 years old, a young man.

Deed for Purchase of Staten Island, 1670. New-York Historical Society Library.

Background

After the English took control over the Dutch colony of New Netherland in 1664, they worked hard to secure the land they had claimed from the Native people who already lived there. They signed new contracts with all of the Native clans and tribes around New York City. They sent scouts to the farthest reaches of their new territory to map

the land and make alliances with the tribes who lived there (Resource 20 in New World —New Netherland—New York). They even sent a group of Haudenosaunee men to meet with the queen of England (Life Story: The Four Indian Kings in New World—New Netherland—New York).

About the Document

In 1670, the New York colonial government purchased Staten Island from the Lenni- Lenape clans who lived there. The document recording the purchase is unique because it was signed by ten young people: four English youth and six Lenni-Lenape youth. While there are no records stating why the young people were included, historians believe that they were there to reinforce that this treaty was to last for all time. By including young members of their community, the Lenni-Lenape and the English were guaranteeing that future generations would honor the deal.

All of the English youth who signed the deed were boys, but the Lenni-Lenape included three girls. The inclusion of these girls refects the gender dynamics of Lenni-Lenape society. In the eighteenth century, Lenni-Lenape women had rights and decision- making power in their communities that English women were denied.

Vocabulary

• alliance: A union between two parties formed for their mutual beneft. • Haudenosaunee: The preferred name of the tribal alliance previously known as the Iroquois Confederacy. Haudenosaunee territory covers much of upstate and western New York. There were fve tribes in the original Haudenosaunee alliance: Mohawk, Onondauga, Oneida, Cayuga, and Seneca. The Tuscarora joined the alliance in 1722.

• Lenni-Lenape: The collective name of the Native American clans who lived in the lower Hudson Valley and northern New Jersey in the 1600s. • New Netherland: The name for the Dutch colony that covered most of modern- day New York and northern New Jersey. • Sachem: Name for a clan or tribe leader in Native communities in the northeastern United States. • scout: A person sent out to gather information. • Staten Island: A large island in New York Harbor that is today one of the fve boroughs of the city of New York.

Pronunciation

• Lenni-Lenape: LEN-ee Len-AH-pay • Haudenosaunee: HOE-den-uh-SHOW-nee • Sachem: SACK-um

Discussion Questions

• Who are the two parties in this deed? What are they agreeing to? • What do the Sachems receive from the English in exchange for Staten Island? • Why does this treaty include the signatures of young people from both parties? • Why did the Lenni Lenape include three girls as signatories? • Why are there no signatures from English women and girls? • What does this document reveal about the status of women in Lenni Lenape and English colonial communities?

Suggested Activities

• Teach this document on any lesson about how Native communities, or the Lenni- Lenape in particular, were forced from their ancestral lands. • Combine this document with the will of Joseph Grover to see how English colonial women did not enjoy the same rights as their Lenni-Lenape counterparts. • Historians believe children were included in this deed to ensure that future generations honored the agreement. Ask the students to brainstorm what, if any, modern-day legal transactions children might need to be a part of. For example, should future generations weigh in on what is to become of their country’s natural resources? • Native people across North and South America had a variety of responses to the arrival of European colonizers. Combine this treaty with any of the resources below for a larger consideration of way Native communities responded to colonization: Life Story: Weetamoo, Life Story: Malitzen (La Malinche), Life Story: The Gateras of Quito, Life Story: Kateri Tekakwitha, Life Story: Quashawam, Revolution in Art, Life Story: Marguerite Fafart, Life Story: Toypurina, Quapaw Masterpiece, Frontier Diplomacy, Life in the Mission System, Life Story: Tituba, and Life Story: Mother Esther Marie-Joseph Wheelwright de l’Enfant.

Themes

POWER AND POLITICS

New-York Historical Society Curriculum Library Connections

• For more resources relating to the New Netherland and New York colonies, see New World—New Netherland—New York.