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Algonquian Cultures of the Delaware and Susquehanna River Drainages: a Migration Model

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Algonquian Cultures of the Delaware and Susquehanna River Drainages: a Migration Model Algonquian Cultures of the Delaware and Susquehanna River Drainages: A Migration Model PREPARED FOR: Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, National Park Service PREPARED BY: William and Mary Center for Archaeological Research Cover: Artist rendering of the Owasco Migrant group’s first fortification at the Potomac Creek Site (44ST2) along the Potomac River, Stafford County, Virginia (painted by Shelley Pomerleau for WMCAR poster series, 1998). Algonquian Cultures of the Delaware and Susquehanna River Drainages: A Migration Model WMCAR Project No. 09–26 NRAP Project No. DEWA 2010 A PREPARED FOR: Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area National Park Service 1 River Road Bushkill, Pennsylvania 18324 (540) 869–3051 PREPARED BY: William and Mary Center for Archaeological Research The College of William and Mary P.O. Box 8795 Williamsburg, Virginia 23187‑8795 (757) 221‑2580 AUTHOR: Wayne E. Clark PROJECT DIRECTOR: Joe B. Jones PRINTED BY: Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 2019 This draft report was accomplished with assistance from the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. The statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and other data in this report are soley those of the author and do not neccessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. CONTENTS Figures ........................................................................................................................................i Tables .......................................................................................................................................iii Foreword by Joe B. Jones, WMCAR Director ............................................................................... iv Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................... vii 1: Introduction and Project History ..............................................................................................1 2: The Eastern Algonquian Languages, Cultures, and Their Dispersal ...........................................9 3: Historical and Archaeological Evidence of Algonquian Migrations and Development .............53 4: Pre‑Algonquian Cultures of the Atlantic Drainages ...............................................................123 5. Model Testing for the Algonquian‑Speaking Cultures of the Middle Chesapeake Bay Region ....................................................................165 6: Model Testing for the Algonquian‑Speaking Cultures of the Upper Delaware Region ...........235 7: Summary ..............................................................................................................................293 8: Recommendations.................................................................................................................301 References Cited ...................................................................................................................305 FIGURES 1.1 Active erosion of Manna Site along Raymondskill Creek in 2013 ............................................2 1.2 Intersection of Delaware River, Minsi Path, and Minisink Path at the Manna Site ...................4 1.3 Manna Site and Minisink Island National Historical Landmark ..............................................5 2.1 Major archaeological sites and historic groups around AD 1600 ............................................10 2.2 Siebert’s language divisions as sampled by Levy ......................................................................13 2.3 Lexicostatistical classification of Eastern Algonquian languages with mean separation rates given as nodes ...........................................................16 2.4 Siebert’s phonological classifications .......................................................................................17 2.5 Glottochronological results (nodal) ........................................................................................18 2.6 Major biotic provinces of the Great Lakes ..............................................................................21 2.7 Proto‑Algonquian, Central Algonquian, and Eastern Algonquian homelands ........................22 2.8 First leap‑frog spread of Proto‑Algonquian migrant groups to the South ................................30 2.9 Northern Iroquoian–speaking cultures ...................................................................................46 3.1 Archaic traditions/horizons in the study area .........................................................................69 3.2 Estimated range of copper complexes of Trans‑Appalachian tradition, PA, and PEA‑language homelands .......................................................................70 3.3 Meadowood sites with Vinette 1 ware in the Ontario Homeland and spread of PEA migrant groups in the Northeast and Middle Atlantic regions ......................78 i 3.4 Onondaga chert exchange routes during the Meadowood phase ............................................79 3.5 Regional band interaction model ca. 1000 BC from Great Lakes perspective .........................82 3.6 Distribution of sites and cemeteries associated with Trans‑Appalachian tradition migrant groups of the Middle Woodland period (500 BC – AD 500) .................................94 3.7. Distribution of Jack’s Reef points on Kipp Island horizon sites on Delmarva .......................101 3.8. Founding and spread of Iroquoian Princess Point complex ..................................................105 3.9. Distribution of historic ethnic and linguistic groups in the North Carolina coastal plain .....110 3.10 Southern distribution of Mockley ware ca. AD 700 .............................................................111 4.1. Distribution of soapstone quarries and geographic range of Terminal Archaic traditions sites involved in soapstone exchange .....................................................129 4.2. Terminal Archaic traditions complexes .................................................................................131 4.3. Major Koens‑Crispin sites in the inner coastal plain ............................................................138 4.4. Rejected, flat‑bottomed soapstone bowl in situ at a Patuxent River quarry site in the eastern Piedmont province ............................................................139 4.5. Early ceramic traditions and horizons in the Eastern Woodlands .........................................148 4.6. Meadowood habitation and mortuary sites ..........................................................................150 4.7. Meadowood site clusters ......................................................................................................151 4.8. Pig Point Site (18AN50), plan of ritual area.........................................................................159 4.9. Bannerstones of the Terminal Archaic traditions suggesting use of the atlatl ........................162 5.1. Algonquian chiefdoms of the Middle Chesapeake based on John Smith’s 1612 map and later English primary references .............................................169 5.2. Distribution of Potomac Creek and Moyaone wares ............................................................170 5.3. Distribution of Townsend and Rappahannock wares ...........................................................170 5.4. Important archaeological sites and geographic features discussed in this report ....................171 5.5. Potomac River villages recorded by John Smith during his 1608 voyage ..............................174 5.6. Historic Location of Indian chiefdoms and tribes in Maryland ............................................176 5.7. Historic migrations of Maryland’s Algonquians and Iroquoian Indians ................................188 5.8. Winslow Site (18MO9), plan ..............................................................................................200 5.9. Alternate hypothesis for origins of Potomac Creek complex .................................................203 5.10. Potomac Creek (44ST2) and Accokeek Creek (18BR8) decrease in size over time ...............210 5.11. Potomac Creek (44ST2) and Accokeek Creek (18PR8) site plans showing wattle and daub palisade lines and size decrease over time ....................................212 5.12. Potomac Creek Site (44ST2) palisades .................................................................................213 5.13. Stages of Potomac Creek Site (44ST2) development ............................................................228 5.14. Potomac and Susquehanna trade relations in 1607 ..............................................................232 6.1. Munsee and Unami‑Speakers and selected associated bands .................................................238 6.2. Location of recognized bands of Unami and Munsee language‑speakers ..............................243 6.3. Faucett Site projectile point stratigraphic battleship curves ..................................................248 6.4. Archaeological complexes of the Middle Atlantic region ca. AD 1300–1400 .......................255 6.5. Map of Delaware drainage showing Contact‑era tribal names and territories .......................265 6.6. Abbott Zoned motifs from Abbott Farm ..............................................................................272 ii 6.7 Sites of the Princess Point complex in Southern Ontario representing Northern Iroquoian migrations after AD 500 ................................................287
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