MotherIndonesian plant Journal productivity of Agriculture and cutting 2(2), quality 2009: of 115-120 chrysanthemum... 115
MOTHER PLANT PRODUCTIVITY AND CUTTING QUALITY OF CHRYSANTHEMUM VARIETIES GROWN UNDER PLASTICHOUSE AND OPEN CONDITIONS1)
K. Budiarto and B. Marwoto
Indonesian Ornamental Plant Research Institute Jalan Raya Ciherang, Segunung, Pacet, Cianjur 43252, PO Box 8 SDL Phone: (0263) 512607, 516684, Facs.: (0263) 512607, E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Indonesian trade on this commodity was surplus about US$ 1 million and its export value was increasing from Chrysanthemum is one of important ornamental plants in national year to year until present. floriculture agribusiness. The increase in production cost due to The increases in export value and world demand the raise in input prices that has led into the unfavorable business actually indicated the prospective market of chrysan- conditions. Efforts have been made to make chrysanthemum production becomes competitive and profitable. One of the themum. However, currently chrysanthemum farming is production input costs that can be reduced is planting the mother perceived less profitable. Many cases showed that plants for cutting production under open conditions. A research traditional chrysanthemum farmers faced unfavorable was conducted to find out the mother plant productivity and the business condition and they changed to other business. cutting quality produced under plastichouse and open conditions. This caused by uncompetitive product selling price at The research was carried out in Indonesian Ornamental Plant farmer level and low quality of cut flowers produced Research Institute, Segunung, Cianjur, West Java, from November 2003 to May 2004. Twelve commercial chrysanthemum varieties, (Marwoto et al. 2004). The increase in input price has led i.e. Sakuntala, Larasati, Kartini, Nyi Ageng Serang, Dewi Ratih, to raise in production costs, especially at initial cultivation Dewi Sartika, Cut Nyak Dien, Saraswati, Chandra Kirana, Cut period. One of production inputs that requires high cost Nyak Meutia, Cat Eye, and Town Talk were planted as mother was to build shelter house for chrysanthemum plants stocks for cutting production under two sets of environmental (Budiarto et al. 2006). conditions, i.e. under plastichouse and open conditions. A randomized completely block design with three replications was Efforts to increase chrysanthemum farmer income can used in each environmental condition. The results showed that be done by implementing plant quality control in more varietal differences were found significant among the varieties efficient cultivation system. Control and improvement of tested in terms of plant productivity and cutting quality in both plant quality was conducted through selection of adaptive environmental conditions. To all varieties tested, better plant and high competitive ability varieties, so use of inputs in productivity and cutting quality were produced by the mother production system can be reduced (Kawata 1987). One of plants grown under plastichouse than those under open conditions. However, insignificant differences in cutting quality and average variety selection aspects which should be considered is number of cuttings produced per plant were found by well adapted the ability of mother plant in producing cuttings at Cut Nyak Dien variety at both planting conditions. cultivation system at open conditions or without shelter house. Through variety selection, cultivation system at [Keywords: Dendranthema grandiflora, mother plants, open conditions has been applied at some chrysanthemum cultivation, cuttings] producing countries such as the Netherland (Van der Hoeven 1987) and Japan (Noble and Ellis 1990). INTRODUCTION Chrysanthemum mother plant was always maintained at juvenile stage to obtain shoot cuttings which have maximum vegetative growth potential. This growth Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelve) is one of the important ornamental plants producing popular potential was determined by response of plant genotype to environment condition. At open conditions, these cut flowers in the world after roses. In Indonesian inter- environmental factors were at suboptimal levels national trade, this commodity has a strategic position. The Indonesian Agricultural Statistics showed that in 2003, (Mortensen 2000) and simultaneously gave negative impact on growth and performance of mother plants which finally affect production and quality of cuttings (Moe 1988). Decrease in cutting quality as planting stock will 1) Article in bahasa Indonesia has been published in Jurnal then influence quality of plant growth and flowers at Hortikultura Vol. 17 No. 4, 2007, p. 321-327 flowering stages (Grunewaldt 1988). 116 K. Budiarto and B. Marwoto
Chrysanthemum varieties that adapt to suboptimal containing macro- and micro-nutrients were given as environment at open conditions were highly recommended recommended rates from 1 week with frequency of twice a to be used in effort to decrease production cost without week. Pesticides were applied every 2 weeks to prevent influencing flower quality at subsequent planting date. the plants to pest and disease infestations. This idiotype of adaptive varieties at open conditions has Cutting harvesting was done every 3 weeks by cutting characteristics those are able to grow at juvenile stage and apical shoots grown 5-7 cm, or if the shoot has 5-7 complete produce cuttings with same quality compared to plant leaves. The shoots were cut by cutting scissor and cultivated in controlled environment under shelter house remained 2-3 leaf nodes. Parameters observed were cutting (Klapwijk 1987). production from mother plants, wet weight, cutting diameter, The objective of this research was to find out pro- length and number of cutting roots after 21 rooting days. duction and quality of chrysanthemum cuttings produced The observation was carried out on 5 plant/cutting samples by mother plants grown under plastichouse and open until six periods of cutting harvest which were taken conditions. Hypothesis in this research was that environ- randomly. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance ment conditions influenced production and quality of and LSD at 5% significance level at each planting condition chrysanthemum cuttings and one or more varieties tested (plastichouse and open conditions) and chrysanthemum was able to well adapted (grew and produced shoot varieties tested at both planting conditions. cuttings) under plastichouse and open conditions.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION MATERIALS AND METHODS Production and Quality of Cuttings from The research was conducted in Indonesian Ornamental Mother Plants Grown under Plastichouse Plant Research Institute, Segunung, Cianjur, West Java, from November 2003 to May 2004. Twelve commercial Production and quality of cuttings produced by mother chrysanthemum varieties, i.e. Sakuntala, Larasati, Kartini, plants under plastichouse were varied among twelve Nyi Ageng Serang, Dewi Ratih, Dewi Sartika, Cut Nyak chrysanthemum varieties tested. Data on Table 1 showed Dien, Saraswati, Chandra Kirana, Cut Nyak Meutia, Cat the mean of stem diameter and wet weight of cuttings and Eye, and Town Talk were planted as mother plants for number and length of cutting roots after 21 rooting days. cutting production under two sets of environmental The highest average stem diameter was produced by conditions, i.e. under plastichouse and open conditions. cuttings of Town Talk, followed by Dewi Ratih and Chandra Cultivation of chrysanthemum mother plants under Kirana. Cuttings of Town Talk showed insignificantly plastichouse was followed the model commonly applied at different performance with those of Cut Nyak Meutia and commercial scale. Planting plots under plastichouse and Chandra Kirana which had highest wet weight. Beside the open conditions were arranged in randomized block design highest stem diameter and wet weight, Town Talk showed with three replications. highest root length as well. However, this root length was Soil was completely cultivated by hoeing for 30 cm and not followed with the highest root number. The highest fertilized with farmyard manure of 30 t/ha and bamboo root number was showed by cuttings of Cut Nyak Meutia. compost equal to 10 t/ha. A planting bed of 1 m was Under plastichouse condition, Town Talk gave better established. Inorganic fertilizer as basal dressing was performance than other varieties. Beside the highest cutting applied evenly with a rate of 0.5 g NPK/plant (32 g/m2) and quality, the variety was also more productive. This was the soil was then sterilized. showed by number of cuttings produced which was Rooting cuttings were grown at planting bed based on insignificantly different with those of Kartini and Cat Eye experimental design with spacing of 25 plants/m2. During which had the highest average cutting production per first week, plants at open conditions were sheltered with plant. Based on observation on mother plant productivity black paranet of 65% to avoid young plant death. The and cutting quality parameters, Sakuntala showed the plants were then maintained with giving day long condition lowest performance than those of chrysanthemum varieties with lamp lighting at night from 10.00 p.m. to 03.00 a.m. tested under plastichouse. using cyclic method (lighting 20 minutes and without The results showed that Town Talk was the most lighting 20 minutes). Light bulbs of 100 watts with internode adaptive variety under plastichouse conditions. This was lamp distance of 2 m x 2 m and height of 1.5 m were applied proven by axillary shoot formation as cutting candidate above plant beds. Successive fertilizers (urea of 1.5 g/m2, which was relatively constant after the apical shoot was 2 2 KNO3 6 g/m and SP-36 6 g/m ) were applied broadcastly harvested. Axillary shoot formation correlated with higher every 2 weeks at row and covered with soil. Foliar fertilizer photosynthate accumulation and translocation on apical Mother plant productivity and cutting quality of chrysanthemum... 117
Tabel 1. Stem diameter, fresh weight, root number, root lenght, and cutting production per plant from mother plants of twelve chrysanthemum varieties grown under plastichouse conditions.
Stem diameter Fresh weight Root length Cutting Varieties Root number (mm) (g) (cm) production/plant
Town Talk 3.35a 2.34a 21.07bc 8.90a 8.04abc Dewi Ratih 3.24ab 2.00b 19.72cd 7.92cde 6.01de Chandra Kirana 3.21ab 2.38a 18.04ef 7.67cdef 8.19ab Cat Eye 3.10bc 1.62c 21.02bc 8.63ab 8.26a Cut Nyak Dien 3.10bc 1.63c 19.39de 7.88cde 6.38d Cut Nyak Meutia 3.09bc 2.46a 29.27a 7.12f 6.29de Kartini 3.01cd 1.45c 21.90b 8.06bcd 8.30a Larasati 2.91de 1.30d 21.87b 8.27abc 6.90cd Dewi Sartika 2.83e 1.43cd 18.93de 7.52def 6.96bcd Saraswati 3.81e 1.43cd 17.20f 8.11bcd 5.97de Nyi Ageng Serang 2.73f 1.44cd 18.92de 7.65cdef 7.20abcd Sakuntala 2.62g 1.27d 19.24de 7,37ef 5.12e
shoots (Ahmad and Marshall 1997). If apical shoots were Data on Table 2 also showed the average cutting used as cuttings, carbohydrate content of the shoots was production per plant of chrysanthemum varieties grown considered as limiting factor of energy source for root under open conditions. The highest cutting production primordial formation, because root became more dominant per plant was showed by Cut Nyak Dien which was sink competitor at rooting process (De Ruiter 1997). insignificantly different with Town Talk and Dewi Ratih. Beside the amount of accumulated photosynthate, De This indicated that beside better quality of cuttings Vier and Geneve (1997) reported that photosynthate produced, Cut Nyak Dien and Dewi Ratih also showed translocation plays an important role in apical shoot growth. higher productivity under open condition amongst Both factors were influenced by plant genotype. The chrysanthemum varieties tested. However, similar difference in photosynthate translocation did not occur performance was showed by Sakuntala. Under open only on shoot interrelation, but also on root primordial conditions, this variety not only showed less productive formation on rooting stage. The rooting capacity of cuttings performance, but also lower cutting quality than other on some chrysanthemum genotypes did not correlate with varieties. number of axillary buds formed at mother plant. The differences in productivity and quality of cuttings produced by chrysanthemum mother plants under open conditions showed the difference in growth response to Production and Quality of Cuttings from more extreme environment. The study was carried out in Mother Plants Grown at Open Conditions wet season. High rainfall (22.54 mm/day) was estimated not only gave physical effect (rain water dashes), but also Intervarietal differences in cutting quality and mother plant negative impact to mother plant’s environment, such as productivity were also found on chrysanthemum plants increases in humidity and water conditions at root zones. grown at open conditions. Table 2 showed the average Beside, cloudy condition at day time affected amount and stem diameter, wet weight, number and length of cutting type of sunlight received by plants. Unfavorable envi- roots produced by mother plants of chrysanthemum ronment at open conditions influenced plant physiological varieties grown at open conditions. The highest stem condition and growth quality which finally decreased diameter was shown by Dewi Ratih followed by Cut Nyak cutting production (Hicklenton and McRae 1984). Dien with insignificantly different. Both varieties also showed high cutting weight with insignificantly different compared to Town Talk cuttings which had highest wet Performance of Chrysanthemum Varieties weight. However, after 21 days of rooting, the highest Grown under Plastichouse and Open cutting root number was showed by Cut Nyak Meutia, Conditions whereas Dewi Ratih and Cut Nyak Dien along with Cat Eye, Town Talk, and Saraswati only showed longer cutting Data on Table 3 showes average stem diameter, wet weight, roots. root number, and root length of cuttings produced by 118 K. Budiarto and B. Marwoto
Table 2. Stem diameter, fresh weight, root number, root lenght, and cutting production per plant from mother plants of twelve chrysanthemum varieties grown at open condition.
Stem diameter Fresh weight Root length Cutting Varieties Root number (mm) (g) (cm) production/plant
Dewi Ratih 2.82a 1.20abcd 17.09bc 6.92ab 5.32a Cut Nyak Dien 2.76ab 1.27ab 16.20bc 7.02ab 5.77a Cat Eye 2.60bc 0,85fg 16.56bc 7.23a 3.70bcd Kartini 2.59bc 1.03cdef 17.74b 6.52abc 4.21b Larasati 2.58cd 0.88fg 16.62bc 6.72ab 3.66bcd Saraswati 2.55cd 1.27ab 12.90de 7.26a 3.82bcd Town Talk 2.53cde 1.32a 17.37bc 7.13a 5.23a Chandra Kirana 2.44def 1.04bcde 13.18de 5.65cd 4.00bc Dewi Sartika 2.42efg 0.98ef 12.18ef 6.16bcd 3.87bcd Cut Nyak Meutia 2.37fg 1.21abc 22.66a 6.18bcd 3.11cd Nyi Ageng Serang 2.22gh 1.01def 10.08f 5.37d 3.07d Sakuntala 2.08h 0.74g 15.06cd 5.62d 3.14cd
mother plants of chrysanthemum varieties tested under both planting conditions (Table 3). This was indicated that plastichouse and open conditions. Generally, average Cut Nyak Dien had good adaptability in plastichouse and cutting production per plant and cutting quality produced open conditions, so the environmental differences in both by mother plants of each chrysanthemum variety grown at locations did not influence growth and quality of cuttings open conditions were lower than those cultivated under produced by mother plants. The broader adaptability of plastichouse. The significant decreases in mother plant Cut Nyak Dien was assumed correlated with plant genetic productivity and cutting quality were revealed on factor, as revealed by De Jong (1981) that the difference in Sakuntala, Larasati, Kartini, Nyi Ageng Serang, Chandra plant response to varied environmental factors was Kirana, Cut Nyak Meutia, and Town Talk varieties. Similar occurred due to plant genotypes. evidence also occurred on Dewi Sartika, eventhough wet weights of cuttings were insignificantly different at plastichouse and open conditions. CONCLUSION The differences in mother plant productivity and cutting quality of most chrysanthemum varieties tested Cutting quality and productivity of mother plants of showed that environmental conditions influenced mother chrysanthemum varieties grown at open conditions were plant growth of all varieties tested. Higher productivity of generally lower than those under plastichouse. Cut Nyak mother plants and cutting quality produced under Dien variety was well adapted at both planting conditions, plastichouse condition indicated that the environmental showed by insignificant differences in cutting productivity condition in plastichouse was more favorable than that at and quality produced by mother plants grown under both open condition. Under plastichouse, plants prevented from planting conditions. environmental stresses, namely sunlight intensity and high rainfall, that inhibit metabolism process. Through shading, high sunlight intensity and rainfall can be avoided, so REFERENCES plants grow optimally (Khattak and Pearson 1997). On the contrary, mother plant growth was inhibited under open Ahmad, J. and C. Marshall. 1997. The pattern of 14C-assimilate conditions due to unfavorable environment. This inhibition distribution in chrysanthemum cv Red Delano with particular was caused by interaction of some environmental factors reference to branch interrelation. J. Hort. Sci. 72(6): 931- 939. which gave negative effect, so unequal metabolism process Budiarto, K., Y. Sulyo, R.H.M. Maaswinkel, dan S. Wuryaningsih. in plants occurred (William and Nelson 1992). Metabolism 2006. Budidaya Krisan Bunga Potong; Prosedur Sistem Produksi. process inhibition finally affected the quality of plant Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hortikultura, Jakarta. growth and cuttings produced. hlm.10-11. Of twelve chrysanthemum varieties tested, only mother De Jong, J. 1981. Effect of irradiance and juvenility on the selection on chrysanthemum. Euphytica 30: 493-500. plant of Cut Nyak Dien revealed quality and production of De Ruiter, H.A. 1997. Axillary bud formation in chrysanthemum cuttings per plant which was insignificantly different in as affected by number of leaves. J. Hort. Sci. 72(1): 77-82. Mother plant productivity and cutting quality of chrysanthemum... 119
7.13a
2.53cde
17.37bc
7.12f 8.90a
2.37fg
29.27a 221.07a
22.66a
1.21abc 1.32a
6.18bcd
Cut Nyak Town
cdef
Kirana Meutia Talk
4.00bc 3.11cd 5.23a
18.04ef
Chandra
1.04bede
2.55cd 2.44def
17.20f
5.97de 8.19ab 6.29de 9.04abc
8.11bcd 7.67
3.82bcd
Saraswati
rysanthemum varieties grown under plastichouse and open
5.77a
1.27ab 1.27ab
7.02ab 7.26a 5.65cd
16.20bc 12.90de 13.18de
Cut Nyak
0.98ef
1.43cd 1.63c 1.43cd 2.38a 2.46a 2.34a
7.52def 7.88cde
12.18ef
6.16bcd
6.96bcd 6.38d
3.87bcd
Varieties
Dewi Dewi
Ratih Sartika Dien
2.82a 2.42efg 2.76ab
2.00b
5.32a
6,92ab
6.01de
17.09bc
1.20abcd
5.37d
Serang
10.08f
2.22gh
18.92de 19.72cd 18.93de 19.39de
7.65cdef 7.92cde
7.20abcd
Nyi Ageng
1.45c 1.44cd
2.59bc
17.74b
Kartini
8.06bcd
6.52abc
1.03cdef 1.01def
0.88fg
6.72ab
21.87b 21.90b
8.27abc
3.66bcd 4.12b 3.07d
Larasati
16.62bc
1.27d 1.30d
0.74g
5.62d
7.37ef
3.14cd
Eye Sakuntala
BB BB B A N A B B BB
BB BB B A B A A B BB
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AB BB B B A A B B BB
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BBAABBB ABBBBABABB
AAAAAAAAAAAA
1.62c
7.23a
8.26a 5.12e 6.90cd 8.30a
0.85fg
3.10bc 2.62f 2.91dc 3.01cd 2.73f 3.24ab 2.83e 3.10bc 3.81e 3.21ab 3.09bc 3.35a
2.60bc 2.08h 2.58cd
8.63ab
3.70bcd
21.02bc 19.24de
16.56bc 15.06cd
Stem diameter, fresh weight, root number, root lenght, and cutting production per plant from mother plants of twelve ch conditions.
Plastic house
Open condition
Plastic house
Open condition
Plastic house
Open condition
Plastic house
Open condition
Plastic house
Open condition
Table 3. Table
Growth parameter/ planting condition Cat
Stem diameter (mm)
Stem fresh weight (g)
Root number
Root lenght (cm)
Cutting production/plant 120 K. Budiarto and B. Marwoto
De Vier, C.I. and R.L. Geneve. 1997. Flowering influences Marwoto, B., L. Sanjaya, dan K. Yuniarto. 2004. Hibridisasi krisan
adventitious root formation in chrysanthemum cuttings. dan karakterisasi tanaman F1 yang novel. J. Hort. (Ed. khusus) Scientia Hort. 70: 309-318. 14: 304-311. Grunewaldt, J. 1988. General aspects of genetics in plant Moe, R. 1988. Effect of stock plant environment on lateral propagation. Acta Hort. 226: 277-282. branching and rooting. Acta Hort. 226: 431-440. Hicklenton, P.R. and K.B. McRae. 1984. Vegetative growth and Mortensen, L.M. 2000. Effects of air humidity on growth, flowering of pot chrysanthemum in response to supplemental flowering, keeping quality and water relations of four short- HPS radiation and split night temperature. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. day greenhouse species. Scientia Hort. 86: 299-310. Sci. 109(1): 30-33. Noble, R. and S. R. Ellis. 1990. Variation in chrysanthemum grown Kawata, J. 1987. The phasic development of chrysanthemum as a five to a pot: The influence of light. J. Hort. Sci. 65(2): 177- basis for the regulation of vegetative and flowering in Japan. 183. Acta Hort. 197: 115-123. Van der Hoeven, A.P. 1987. Chrysanthemum production in the Khattak, A.M. and S. Pearson. 1997. The effect of light quality Netherlands. Acta Hort. 197: 11-19. and temperature on the growth and development of William, K.A. and P.V. Nelson. 1992. Growth of chrysanthemum chrysanthemum cvs. Bright Golden Anne and Snowdon. Acta at low, relatively steady nutrient levels in a commercial-style Hort. 435: 113-131. substrate. Hort. Sci. 27(8): 877-880. Klapwijk, D. 1987. Effect of season on growth and development of chrysanthemum in the vegetative phase. Acta Hort. 197: 63-69.