sign in sign up
<<
Home , Aceh Sultanate, Cut Nyak Meutia, Keumalahayati, Teuku Umar

Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 458 Proceedings of the International Conference On Social Studies, Globalisation And Technology (ICSSGT 2019)

Aceh Women’s Contribution of Military Affairs During Western Colonialism in

1stYuliati* 3rdAfifah Rahmantika Furzaen Dep. of History, Faculty of Social Science, Dep. of History, Faculty of Social Science, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, Indonesia Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, Indonesia [email protected]

2ndMoch. Nurfahrul Lukmanul Khakim 4thEzra Imanuel Suwarno Dep. of History, Faculty of Social Science, Dep. of History, Faculty of Social Science, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, Indonesia Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, Indonesia

Abstract— has a great history of interesting to be thoroughly analyzed faces and against colonialism in Indonesia, through literature study and historical include women's contributions. The women's research. In another place in Indonesia like history clearly shows women's involvement Island, most women of contribution are in politics and military affairs. It is also in education and politics. The characteristic supported by achievements of a number of of women involvement in the government tough women who entitled to heroes, such as was political activity and military affair, as a Cut Nyak Dien, Cut Meutia, and Laksamana queen and an admiral. The purpose of this . In the historical record, Aceh research is to reveal the contribution and the is well known to have a strong Moslem manifestation of women's exist in the past principle that roots deeply in the vein of its time. Women involvement in public affairs people. It gave impact to the function of oppose the myth that political and military religious leaders in progressive government affairs are dominated by male which positions women in important stances. Keywords—Aceh Women, Contribution, Contribution of the struggle in Acehnese Western Colonialism women’s behavior and contributions is quite

I. INTRODUCTION different from the struggle of women in other regions of Indonesia. For example in Java, Aceh is located in Sumatera Island. Aceh struggled to promote the welfare of has a long history line that is not quite well indigenous people through education, culture, known by common Indonesian people. One of and arts such as carving [1]. Based on the most memorable history for Aceh people is historical sources and folklore, during the the emersion of female patriots. For example, Dutch colonial era the majority of Acehnese Laksamana Keumalahayati, Cut Nyak Din, women's struggles in the military field. Cut Meutia, and many others. There were Another purpose of this research is to adopt many female patriots coming from Aceh, and the values of woman's virtue in Acehnese their role is quite important in the history of culture through observing its history. women. A large number of female patriots in the colonization era becomes a great interest The struggle in Acehnese women’s for deeper research. This research’s purpose is behavior and attitude is quite interesting to be to reveal why women in Aceh have important analyzed because Acehnese women are positions, also the reason why Aceh is always sure to risk their souls in maintaining different from any other region. what they see as a matter of nationality and religion. Literally, the Islamic principle is the The struggle of Acehnese women during most important value for Acehnese.This is also the Dutch occupation in Indonesia was could be the reason why Aceh was so strong in

Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Atlantis Press SARL. This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license -http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. 220 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 458

the era of Moslem Kingdoms. This case III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION continued to the colonization era when Aceh was colonized. Aceh's condition in that time Aceh Condition in the Colonization Era provoked various roles to occur, one of them The province of Nangroe Aceh Darussalam was the role of women in Aceh.This study of is located in the far west of Indonesia, which is the history of Acehnese women is important very advantageous. It is spread from for the development of historical material or northwest to southeast, between Strait of information. Historical material that is and Indian Ocean (Biro Pusat Statistik relevant to important facts to build historical dan Sensus Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Aceh awareness in society [2]. 1998). Thus, Aceh is an advantageous place geographically. This advantage makes Aceh II. METHOD people a maritime society that was used to The method of this research is a literature nautical life and pleasant to foreigners. Aceh's study. Literature research method or also First Islamic Kingdom, Samudera, has a named literature study is a way of activities strategic port that was used for 150 years. The related to data collection methods, reading, current port called Lhosumawe is located in reviewing and recording and analyzing the easternmost corner of the island of research materials [3]. This research method is east of the Muslim trade route, from a in accordance with the preparation of this leading center of knowledge and trade[5]. This article because it uses books, journals and virtue was held until the influence of Moslem articles relating to Aceh Women’s reached Aceh. Contribution to against western colonialism in The moslem influence was proved to be Indonesia. The researcher reads all the very strong, that people call Aceh as ‘Serambi literature on the history of Acehnese women Mekkah’, literally means the Foyer of . and then notes and summarizes the important Because had a very strong influence of things. The results of the summary were immigrant virtues and cultures which was analyzed by historical methods. brought in by people around the 12th This literature study method is century. The Sultanate of Aceh once was the complemented by the historical method biggest Sultanate in Southeast Asia under the because the focus of this study is on the governance of Ali Muchayat Shah [6]. contribution of Acehnese women in the fight The Sultanate of Aceh was also related to against Dutch colonialism in the archipelago. the role of women, and Aceh women could This historical method is appropriate for use in make it into the history of Aceh. It is shown by research because it can uphold interpretation a large number of women who were standing and analysis in historiography. The historical out in terms of leadership and insurgent. Long method is a way or step in rebuilding past before The Sultanate of Aceh was established, events, through four stages of research, Aceh was led by a woman named Puteri namely heuristics, source criticism, Lindung Bulan of The Sultanate of Benua or interpretation, and historiography [4]. Teaming (1333-1398) and Queen Nihrasiyah Heuristics or collecting reference sources on Rawangsa Khadiyu of Samudra Pasai the history of women's struggle in Aceh. A Sultanate[17]. literature study consists of 10 books and 15 journals. It is complemented by a critique of The role of women in Aceh continued until the accuracy of relevant reference sources. the colonization era. During that time, many of Interpretation from each source to be able to them existed as a leader of the revolutionary reconstruct the role of Acehnese women in and independence movement. Some of them fighting Dutch colonialism. Historiography is were Pocut Meulingo, Tengku Fakinah, Cut writing the results of reconstruction Nyak Dien, Cut Meutia, dan Pocut Baren Blue. chronologically and scientifically.

221 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 458

The Emerging of Female Patriots in Aceh need a special discussion also regarding many views such as gender, cultures, and religion to Most of the research or academic works in answer it; how they could lead Aceh even terms of nationalism often times are quite when they were underestimated. Not only the unfair in discussing history from the heroic struggle of Aceh women, but we should perspective of gender. Gender relation, which also examine the background of their struggle; plays a major role in the fighting of gaining which makes them decide to stand out in the power, is frequently put aside [7]. Therefore, fight. nationalism is distortedly presented by most researchers as something that comes from was a manifestation of people's ‘masculinized memory, masculinized humi resistance toward Dutch Colony, which was liation, and masculinized hope’[8]. According considered as the hardest and the longest fight to [9] ‘male theorists are typically indifferent for Dutch Colony itself. The persistence of to the gendering of nations’. Aceh people to defend their land was very strong, which made it difficult to occupy. Observing the role of female patriots in During Aceh War, there was a female patriot Aceh in its struggle, apparently, they were who played an important role and made consequently influenced by cultures, locations Dutch Colony pay a great effort and expense in the coast, traditions, and laws that went to stop her; her name was Cut Nyak Dien. through Arabic cultures and Moslem religion. Thus, Indonesia Government grants her a title It is shown by the record in the 7th century, as a National Independence Hero of Indonesia when hundreds of women went to Madinah by Presidential Decree No. 106/1964 dated because Muhammad SAW and his followers May 2nd, 1964 [12]. promised equality and honor for everyone, both men and women, also masters and Cut Nyak Dien is a tough woman during servants. Every woman who came to Madinah Aceh War. Although she was very busy when the Prophet was in charge of politics, participating in the movement, she did not might fully gain the advantages of a citizen neglect her duty as a wife to her spouse. There and were given a title as sahabi or the was a time when her husband, Prophet’s friend. They are called sahabiyat sided with the Colony, but she reminded her and able to join the Moslem Umma Council. husband to keep his loyalty to Indonesia. Cut They have the freedom to communicate with Nyak Dien influenced her husband The Prophet, spar with men, fight for their immensely. She was the one who persuaded happiness, and being involved in the politics Teuku Umar to rebel against Dutch in 1896 and military affairs. [13]. Without Cut Nyak Dien’s support, Teuku

‚When I finished writing this book I had come Umar would find difficulties way to extend his to understand one thing: If women’s rights are fight. the problem for some modern Muslim men, it is neither because of the Qur’an nor the Prophet, Dutch Colony considered Cut Nyak Dien nor the Islamic tradition, but simply because as a fanatics because she did not give up on those rights conflict with the interests of a male Dutch, not even once. [14]assumed that after

elite [10]. the death of Teuku Umar, Cut Nyak Dien Shari’a, Al-, and Moslem tradition continued her fight in West Coast Aceh. are not transcendental nor beyond humans. [15]added that Cut Nyak Dien was the most Even though these studies acknowledge that wanted person among the Colony (1899-1905) there is a sexual hierarchy in Islam, there are because she presented herself as the successor also arguments to shift power it in Moslem of her husband’s fight. It is also interesting ethics [11]. Apparently, nationalism that although she was in her middle age when construction in Aceh is clearly related to her husband died, this middle-aged woman gender. In relation to the discussion above, the boldly took control and led the guerrilla next question is how women in Aceh could movement in West Aceh. Through those manage to be commanders in the war, changes, Cut Nyak Dien became a master of eventually being honored as patriots. It will

222 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 458

guerilla strategy and overwhelmed Dutch Bineh Blang [17].Cut Meutia grew in the time Colony. of the Aceh War, so her parents taught her to defend her faith and especially her nation. Her Firmness, courage, strong in spirit, and father was always cooperated with the agility are courtesy demonstrated by Cut Sultanate and against Dutch Colony. Nyak Dien for Indonesian women to adopt. Therefore, her father’s spirit was indirectly She was an honorable woman, loyal to her imparted to her and her children from early husband, country, and her faith. Those age. qualities make her great. She was highly regarded among Aceh Leaders, even Dutch In Aceh especially Keureunto region, Cut Colony acknowledged her. Dutch Colony Meutia always played a big role in the delivers its admiration toward Cut Nyak frontline. Similar to Cut Nyak Dien, Cut Dien’s agility and spirit during her fight15. Meutia was a faithful wife; she accompanied Almost all Dutch Leader, such as Van Heutsz, her husband in the warzone. Being a woman Van Daalen, Van der Maaten, Veltman, H. did not stop her to stand on the frontline Colijn, Christoffel, up to common officers, had against Dutch. In addition to that, her tried to defeat her, but none of them intelligence helped her to master defending succeeded. Then, one day she was captured and attacking strategy that cost Dutch great and exiled to outside Aceh, although once amount of money. [18] said Dutch officers again she became the object of admiration in acknowledged that their 10 years effort the new place. became useless because of Cut Meutia (Het werk van tien jaren vechten scheen voor ons Dutch had never experienced a bigger volkomen en het moeten prettige dagen zijn battle than the Aceh War [13]. It was the geweest voor Tjoet Meutia, die heel Keureuto in hardest and the longest battle in occupying deining en onrust zag /The work of ten years of Indonesia. The Colony had to lose fighting seemed perfect for us and must have commanders, excellent soldiers, and a big been pleasant days for Tjoet Meutia, who saw amount of money. Occupying Aceh became Keureuto in swell and unrest). overwhelming as there was much rebellion that arose all around Aceh at the same time, Loss and damage caused by guerilla and their blazing spirit made it hard to occupy movement led and arranged by Cut Meutia them in a short time. North Aceh was one of along with her husband urged Dutch to make the regions which rebelled against The a special force called Kolone Macan to defeat Colony; Cut Meutia was a dominant leader Cut Meutia and her people. However, this over there that interested Dutch Colony the special force could not defeat her speed and most. strategy, thus failed many times. The great impact of Cut Meutia among Aceh people Cut Meutia was another female patriot who amazed also irritated the Dutch Colony. rebelled against The Colony all along with her Zentgraaff said everywhere, including Lho' life. Cut Meutia has a very strong jihad spirit Sukon, Keureuto, and other parts of Aceh, which is run in her blood. Jihad comes from partisans are bustling. Villages were empty, the phrase "jahada jahdan" whose meaning is rice fields were abandoned, hundreds of the mobilization of all abilities which when people gathered on the mountain. It was the experiencing difficulties. If "jahada jihadan" is condition when Keureuto, Lho' Sukon, Pase, an effort to protect or defend Islam or the state and other villages got together in a rebellion. so that the designation of al-mujahadah is an Those days were the victorious days of Cut effort to fight the enemy including fighting Meutia [19]. against infidelity, ignorance, illness, and others [16]. Cut Meutia’s ancestor from his After years of fight, eventually, Dutch father’s line (Teuku Ben Daud) who lived managed to ambush Cut Meutia directly. In around 400 years before her, was a religious 1910, Cut Meutia died on war as a nobleman closely related to Darud Dunia commander; she got an honored title from Sultanate in . His name was Tok Queen Wilhemina. After Cut Meutia passed

223 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 458

away, her spirit gave impact immensely and to lead was acknowledged ultimately. encouraged fellow partisans, especially According to , both genders had the same right. So did their women, to fighting for freedom. Cut Meutia duty to contribute in developing and was honored for her noble deed as a National defending the Sultanate …. The said right Independence Hero by Presidential Decree and duty provided opportunities for No. 107/TK/1973 dated November 6th , 1971 Aceh women from The Sultanate of Perlak, Samudera Pasai, and Aceh ecause of her contributions[12]. Darussalam to be acively involved in Besides two great names mentioned above, administration and military affair.‛ apparently Aceh had a long history with The record shows that Aceh women might female leadership. Aceh identity was indeed use the politic condition to hold onto their absolute even though Aceh culture and power for a long time. Aceh women held the perspective that might degrade female in highest power as a queen since the beginning general. Anyone could be the leader to cast out of the 15th century until the end of the 17th cruelty from their land. It is also supported by century. The following table shows great Prof. A. Hajsmy[20]: positions that were held by women in Aceh.

‚… in the past, Aceh Sultanate treated men and women equally. Women’s right

Table 1. List of Aceh Women who had the Responsibility of Making the Decision Before and After the Fight Against Dutch Colony in 1873

Name Position Time Place Putri Lindung Bulan Prime Minister 1353-1398 Perlak Sultanate Nihrasiyah Rawangsa Queen 1400-1428 Samudera Pasai Khadiyu Sultanate Malahayati Admiral 1589-1604 The Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam Meurah Ganti Admiral 1604-1607 The Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam Cut Meurah Inseuen Rear admiral 1604-1607 The Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam Taj’ Al Alam Queen 1641-1675 The Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam Cut Nyak Keureuto Kepala Daerah Otonom / 1641-1675 The Sultanate of Aceh Uleebalang Darussalam Cut Nyak Fatimah Head of Autonomous 1641-1675 The Sultanate of Aceh Region / Uleebalang Darussalam Seri Ratu Nurul Alam Queen 1675-1678 The Sultanate of Aceh Nakiatu’ddin Sjah Darussalam Inayat Queen 1678-1688 The Sultanate of Aceh Zakiatuddin Sjah Darussalam Seri Ratu Kamalat Syah Queen 1688-1699 The Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam Pocut Meulingo Uleebalang, War The end of 18th During the fight consultant, and General in century (1857) against Dutch Colony Samalanga Tengku Fakinah Generals and cleric, have 1856-1933 During the fight a dayah(center of islam against Dutch Colony education) Belanda Cut Nyak Dien General in West Aceh Died on 8th During the fight November 1908 against Dutch Colony

224 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 458

in exile

Cut Meutia General in North Aceh Died on 25th During the fight Oktober 1910 against Dutch Colony Pocut Baren Biheue General in West Aceh Early 19th During the fight century against Dutch Colony The fact shows that prior to the end of the explain about it. In Indonesian, their Aceh 19th century, Aceh women played a great role women are like ‘mutiara berbalut taring singa’, in decision making (as a queen, prime literally, means a pearl protected in lion’s fang. minister, and autonomic governor called They are delicate like pretty tropical pearls ullebalang) and during the war against Dutch covered in the spiked case which not only Colony (as a commander, general, and allures men but also defeats soldiers on the soldier). The war actually start between Aceh warzone. That means their strength behind and Portuguese in 16th century and then their delicate looks is not to be questioned. against Dutch. Table 1 shows data from a Female patriots such as Laksamana historical study about Aceh woman's role in Keumalahayati, Cut Nyak Din, Cut Nyak decision making in the past. The table shows Meutia surely are well-known. However, that a large number of a woman held the another interesting matter apart from history position of decision making, which makes is the condition of Aceh women beyond the their active participation in politics was not an circle of nobility and religious leaders: accident or a political manipulation by whether they follow the model given by great governors. Another historical record women in the past, or satisfied enough being a demonstrates that [21]: housewife not knowing the struggle on their

‚Dutch officers spoke to Aceh women in land [22]. high regard and awe for their courage. It turned out that women beyond nobility Bravely Aceh women not afraid to put their life on the line for the sake of also fight as men did. However, the case might nationalism and faith. Aceh Women is be slightly different although it did not reduce directly involved in the 80-year war patriotism spirit in them. Zentgraaf said that against Aceh and Dutch. In their awe, [22]: Aceh women were called as ‚de grootesDames‛ literally means mighty ‚Even in defending an ideology for the women who played a big role in Aceh sake of nationalism or faith, women had politic war.‛ been led to an amazing fight, not less than men, both behind the scenes and in the At the same page, Jakobi also wrote an frontline. excerpt from H.M Said in ‘Aceh Sepanjang She moved forward with a greater Abad’ that as Van der Heijden attacked emotional outburst compared to women of Samalanga, there was a woman named Pocut other countries, by that spirit they Meuligo, who persuaded her brother named unsheathe swords on the battlefield. They Teuku Chik Samalanga to keep the rebellion were not afraid to follow their husband to the battlefield or inside the jungle, movement against Dutch, so did Cut Nyak knowing all the danger and risk of being Dien to the husband, Teuku Umar. This record seized by the hiding Marsose spies. shows that it really happened at that time. If They patted affectionately the baby inside we do deeper research, we would find that her womb under the rain and so she many Aceh women having strong delivered the baby. Sometimes delivering determination, such as Cut Meutiah who was during the chaotic war time was common among them. Then, right after delivering found dead under the body of Pang Nanggroe babies, they moved along with the troops. [21]. Kelewang and rencong swept enemies in front of them, besides them, even in their The Manifestation of Aceh Women Existence delicate hands. Aceh women who fought Nowadays, the contribution of Aceh based on ‘sabilu’llah’ (God’s way) refuse to compromise; they would not betray their women is unpopular to most Indonesian cause identity and only remembered one thing the curriculum of history in school did not all along: kill or be killed!‛

225 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 458

Zentgraaf’s statement shows that Aceh Aceh and its heroes, both female and male women beyond nobility or religious leader through stories, poems, and songs. Their also experienced the tense of war, especially in children as the student did not get that history relation to her children and her own safety. details at school or from textbooks. Through Their life during the war was not easy, even the content, actually there is a conflict between some of them gave birth in the midst of a Aceh nationalists turning women into a chaotic and dangerous war condition. Being symbol of Islam and female activists fighting brave and courageous, Aceh women should be for equal rights supported by human right. appreciated. They did not afraid of defending This is an excerpt from a song that was herself and her family although they had to usually sung by Aceh women in the time of use weapons. war as they fondled a baby in their bosom: Do We should highly regard the courage of kudaidang Lihatlah layang-layang yang terbang Aceh women, which are usually called as ‘para lepas. Cepat besar sayangku. Untuk membantu srikandi Aceh’. They put their life on the line perang demi membela negerimu. Do Kudaidang for husband, faith, and nation. Among them, cepat besar sayangku, mari berjihad untuk there were Pidie people who were well known membela agama kita (Look at the flying kite. as fanatics. When a partisan was shot to death, Grow quick, my darling. To help fight for your his wife brought him to her lap. Right after he country. Grow quick, my darling. Lets fighting was dead, she took her husband’s kelewang (a to protect our religion [23]. At first, oral traditional blade, used as a weapon) and tradition was delivered to sons and grandsons continued the fight in her husband’s place only, but then daughters and granddaughters [22]. got the chance to hear it. As time goes by, the song became like this: ‚Sayangku bibit selada di The chronicle of Aceh women’s bravery cermin Cepat besar anak perempuanku Gantikan and their heroic story actually are closely ayahmu untuk melawan Belanda (My darling, associated with a repressed situation that lettuce seeds in the mirror, my daughter's fast, forced them to take sword and fight. However, replace your father to fight the Dutch).‛ This as various cultures reached Aceh people year song shows that it was an effort to erode by year, their mindset was shifted. Regardless gender bias in Aceh. of all the proof and history facts, there were no women mentioned in Hikayat Perang Sabil. This Therefore, although Aceh women were not phenomenon indicated that during the process mentioned on the script of Hikayat Perang Sabil of making Hikayat Perang Sabil, women’s right in the 19th century, and perhaps on any other to administration and politics affair was not Islamic script of the rise of religious leaders as acknowledged anymore. a politician, they keep their decision making record alive through oral tradition. Their Knowing the situation that women’s role strategy to spread rebellion and self- was fading on the battlefield, Aceh women did affirmation is subversive toward power not give up. The oral tradition became a relations which stand on Islamic interpretation battlefield between those who wanted to that promotes gender inequality. This fight remove women and those who wanted to get was a process of syllogism against dominant them involved. It is also a battlefield between interpretation. It was about women who those who marginalized women and those actively fought against gendered who empowered them. Interview with a discrimination by subverting representations number of female activists from Aceh reveals of gender and of re-creating new that nowadays Aceh women use oral tradition representations of gender, of womanhood, of in the family to deliver information, value, and identity and the collective self [24]. virtue toward their descendants. Their children would receive in detail the history of

226 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 458

IV. CONCLUSIONS 143). DOI: https://doi.org/https://dx.doi. org/10.2991/icskse-18.2019.27 During the Dutch colonial era in Indonesia the most of Acehnese women's struggles in the [2] Khakim, M. N. L. (2018). KESADARAN military field. Before 12 Century, Before The SEJARAH DALAM NOVEL ‘MENUNGGU Sultanate of Aceh was established, Aceh was BEDUK BERBUNYI’ ( 1950 ) led by a woman named Puteri Lindung Bulan SEBAGAI PENGEMBANGAN MATERI of The Sultanate of Benua or Teaming (1333- AJAR SEJARAH INDONESIA MODERN. 1398) and Queen Nihrasiyah Rawangsa 1(2), pp. 163–175. DOI: https://doi.org Khadiyu of Samudra Pasai Sultanate. After 12 /http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um033v1i22018 Century, the Sultanate of Aceh was related to p163 the role of women. It is shown by a large [3] Zed, Mestika. (2009). Metode Penelitian number of women who were standing out in Kepustakaan. : Yayasan Obor terms of leadership and insurgent. The Indonesia. historical data shows that prior to the end of the 19th century, Aceh women have a great role in [4] Hamid, Abd Rahman & Madjid, decision making (as a queen, prime minister, Muhammad Saleh. (2011). Pengantar Ilmu and autonomic governor called ullebalang). Sejarah. Yogyakarta: Ombak. They also fight for their homeland and justice [5] Reid, Anthony. (2005). Asal-usul Konflik during the war against Dutch Colony (as a Aceh. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. commander, general, and soldier). The war [6] Wahyuningroem, Sri Lestari. (2005). actually starts between Aceh and Portuguese in Jurnal Antropologi Indonesia,29(1),pp. 93- the 16th century and then against Dutch. 101. Between 12-19 AD, all Aceh important women numbered 17 figures but the famous female [7] West, Lois A. (1997). Feminist Nationalism. heroes of Aceh are Laksamana Keumalahayati, New York-London: Routledge. Cut Nyak Din, . The chronicle [8] Enloe, Cynthia. (1990). Bananas Beaches & of Aceh women’s heroic story actually is closely Bases, Making Feminist Sense of associated with a repressed situation that InternationalPolitics. Berkeley Los forced them to give some contributions. Their Angeles: University of California Press. strategy to against colonialism is subversive toward power relations which stand on Islamic [9] McClintock, Anne. (1993). Feminist interpretation that promotes gender inequality. Review, 44,pp. 61-62. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS [10] Mernisi, Fatima. (1991). Women and Islam: A Historical and Theological Enquiry. Thank you to Ms. SitiMalikhahTowaf for Oxford:Basil Blackwell. providing ideas and corrections on gender history in Indonesia. Also official of LP2M, [11] Moghissi, Haideh. (1999). Feminism and History Departement, Faculty of Social Science, Islamic Fundamentalism. London and New UniversitasNegeriMalang for the guidance and York:Zed Books. support of this research. [12] Kamajaya. (1981). Lima Putera-Puteri Aceh REFERENCES Pahlawan Nasional. Yogyakarta: U. P. Indonesia. [1] Yuliati, Khakim, M. N. L., & Towaf, S. M. [13] Veer, P. van. (1985). Perang Aceh: Kisah (2019). KARTINI’S CONTRIBUTION IN Kegagalan Snouck Hurgronje. Jakarta: DEVELOPING THE ART OF CARVING Grafiti Pers. MACAN KURUNG. In Sukamto, S. Susilo, A. Sapto, & J. Sayono (Eds.), [14] Ahmad, Z., Sufi, R., Ibrahim, M., & Proceedings of the 1st International Sulaiman, N. (1982). Sejarah Perlawanan Conference on Social Knowledge Sciences and Terhadap Imperialisme dan Kolonialisme di Education (ICSKSE 2018). 320, pp. 141– Daerah Istimewa Aceh (p. 82-109). Jakarta:

227 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 458

Departemen Pendidikan dan [20] Hardi, S. H. (1993). Daerah Istimewa Aceh: Kebudayaan. Latar Belakang Politik dan Masa Depannya. Jakarta: PT Karya Unipress. [15] Azwar, P. H. (2011). Perempuan Bercahaya dalam Lintasan Sejarah Aceh. Jakarta: [21] Jakobi, Tgk. A. K. (1998). Aceh dalam Yayasan Tun Sri Lanang. Perang Mempertahankan Proklamasi Kemerdekaan1945-1949 dan Peranan Teuku [16] Chirzin, Muhammad, et al. (2017). Hamid Azwar sebagai Pejuang. Jakarta: Reformulasi Ajaran Islam: Jihad, Khilafah, PTGramedia Pustaka Utama. dan Terorisme. Bandung: PT Mizan Pustaka. [22] Madjid, M. Dien. (2013). Catatan Pinggir Sejarah Aceh. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka [17] Hasjmy, A. (1993). Wanita Aceh dalam Obor Indonesia. Pemerintahan dan Peperangan. Banda Aceh: CV Gua Hira’. [23] Ali, Fachry, et all. (1999). Regionalisme, Nasionalisme, dan Ketahanan Nasional. [18] Talsya, T. A. (1982). Cut Nyak Meutia: Yogyakarta: GajahMada University Press. Srikandi yang Gugur di Perang Aceh. Jakarta: Mutiara. [24] Wieringa, Saskia. (1995). Subversive Women: Historical Experiences of Gender [19] Said, H. M. (1985). Aceh Sepanjang Masa. and Resistance. London and New Jersey: Medan: PT. Harian Waspada Medan. Zad Book Ltd.

228