Pengaruh Peradaban Islam Di Papua PENGARUH PERADABAN ISLAM DI PAPUA

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Pengaruh Peradaban Islam Di Papua PENGARUH PERADABAN ISLAM DI PAPUA M. Irfan Mahmud Pengaruh Peradaban Islam di Papua PENGARUH PERADABAN ISLAM DI PAPUA M. Irfan Mahmud (Balai Arkeologi Jayapura) Research on Islamic civilization in Papua has been implemented since 1996. Starting with limited exploration in the area of ​​Raja Ampat Sorong regency. Then proceed in Fak-Fak regency and Kaimana. Study conducted found that the influence of Islamic civilization was stimulated by trade dynamics, especially the Islamic empire in the Moluccas, the Kingdom of Ternate and Tidore. In its development, the kingdom of Tidore absolute power and give a big hand in the formation of Islamic civilization color via satellite countries in the Bird’s Head region along the surrounding islands to colonial entered. Many archaeological remains indication, other than oral sources and the tradition continues. Archaeological remains were found, including the mosques, tombs, pottery, ceramics, religious symbols, and ancient manuscripts. This paper will focus the discussion on three things: (1) a review of Islamic civilization studies conducted Jayapura Archeology, particularly the constraints and problems that still contain the debate to date, (2) the elements of Islamic civilization are essential, such as cultural character and government (petuanan), network scholars, and elements of material culture, and tradition, (3) Islamic cultural traditions inherited colored Muslim communities in certain pockets on the coast. Thirdly it is expected to provide information and research results that will be developed within the framework of the Islamic era in Papua theme. Key words: Islamic influence, Islam Cultural, Papua Latar Belakang Kerajaan-kerajaan (petuanan) di Papua dalam konteks jaringan Islamisasi dan perdagangan, tampak sebagai halaman belakang dengan meletakkan wilayah Aceh sebagai serambinya. Posisi di halaman belakang menjadikan kajian terhadap kerajaan-kerajaan (petuanan) di Papua sering belum mendapat tempat dan perhatian para ilmuan. Padahal, Papua TH. IV NO. 2 / November 2012 27 M. Irfan Mahmud Pengaruh Peradaban Islam di Papua sumber lisan dan data arkeologis dari wilayah Papua juga masih ada yang tersimpan. Karenanya, telaah arkeologis dalam hubungan dengan jaringan dakwah, perdagangan antarwilayah, akulturasi dan asimilasi budaya, dan toleransi yang tumbuh dalam masyarakatnya dapat memberi tambahan data sejarah peradaban Islam di Nusantara. Pengaruh peradaban Islam di Papua merupakan bagian dari suatu rangkaian proses panjang perjalanan Islam di Nusantara selama lima belas abad hingga sekarang. Para sejarawan muslim telah menyepakati bahwa Islam masuk ke Indonesia pertama kali pada abad sejak abad VII dan VIII Masehi, ditandai dengan tumbuhnya pemukiman muslim di pesisir utara Sumatera. Masa selanjutnya tumbuh Kerajaan Perlak (Aceh) sebagai negeri Islam pertama di Indonesia pada tahun 840. Setelah Kerajaan Perlak, berturut-turut muncul Kerajaan Islam Samudera Pasai (1042), Kerajaan Islam Aceh (1025), Kerajaan Islam Benua Tamiyyah (1184), Kerajaan Islam Darussalam (1511)1. Pada periode kekuasaan Kerajaan Samudera Pasai, Agama Islam berkembang pesat dengan mengambil peran aktif sebagai pusat pendidikan Islam di Asia Tenggara. Saat itu dalam pengembangan pendidikan Islam mendapatkan dukungan dari pimpinan kerajaan, sultan, uleebalang, panglima sagi dan seluruh unsur-unsur kerajaan lainnya. Berbeda dengan wilayah serambi dan wilayah lain di Indonesia, persoalan kapan kehadiran pengaruh peradaban Islam di Papua sampai saat ini belum dapat ditentukan dengan bukti dan penjelasan ilmiah yang memadai. Sejumlah seminar yang pernah digelar seperti di Aceh pada tahun 1994, di Kabupaten Fak-Fak dan di Jayapura pada tahun 1997, juga belum dapat menetapkan dengan tepat. Persoalan lain yang belum mendapat penjelasan memadai terkait dengan dari mana saja asal-usul mubaligh yang datang ke Papua, selain dari Maluku? Bagaimana karakteristik budaya Islam yang diterima masyarakat Papua? Demikian pula bukti-bukti sejarah dan arkeologis kehadiran pengaruh peradaban Islam di Papua memiliki kaitan dengan perdagangan dan kekuasaan sultan-sultan Maluku, masih membutuhkan rekonstruksi lebih lanjut. 1 Berkaitan dengan dinamika perkembangan islamisasi dan tumbuhnya kerajaan Islam di Nusantara dapat ditelusuri lebih lanjut pada karangan Al-Habib Alwi bin Thahir Al-Haddad, Sejarah Masuknya Islam di Timur Jauh (1995);Badri Yatim, Sejarah Peradaban Islam (1999); De Graaf & TH. Pigeaud, Kerajaan Islam Pertama di Jawa (2001); Musyrifah Sunanto, Sejarah Per- adaban Islam Indonesia (2005); dan Darmawijaya, Kesultanan Islam Nusantara (2010). 28 Papua TH. IV NO. 2 / November 2012 M. Irfan Mahmud Pengaruh Peradaban Islam di Papua Kerangka Pemikiran Nusantara pra-kolonial --- secara tradisional disebut “negeri di bawah angin” (the lands below the wind). Sejarah awal masuknya Islam di Nusantara, ditandai dengan banyak ilustrasi yang memperlihatkan karakternya yang terkait erat dengan integrasi Islam, perdagangan, dan politik (Burhanudin, 2012: 17). Karena itu, kapan Islam terintegrasi dengan masyarakat lokal, jaringan perdagangan, dan tumbuhnya kekuasaan raja-raja muslim dalam bentuk kerajaan menjadi studi yang penting dalam mengkaji pengaruh karakter peradaban Islam di suatu wilayah. Sejauh menyangkut kedatangan Islam di Nusantara, terdapat diskusi dan perdebatan panjang di antara para ahli mengenai tiga masalah pokok: tempat asal kedatangan Islam, para pembawanya, dan waktu kedatangannya. Berbagai teori dan pembahasan yang berusaha menjawab ketiga masalah pokok ini jelas belum tuntas, tidak hanya karena kurangnya data yang dapat mendukung suatu teori tertentu, tetapi juga sering terjadi karena sifat sepihak dari berbagai teori yang ada. Taufiq Abdullah (1987) menyatakan bahwa terdapat tiga konsep tentang masuknya agama Islam ke suatu daerah, yaitu: (1) datang, yang dinyatakan dengan adanya bekas peninggalan Islam di kawasan yang bersangkutan; (2) berkembang, yang dinyatakan dengan adanya masjid, pusat-pusat pendidikan dan komunitas dan sarana keagamaan lainnya; (3) kekuasaan politik, dengan munculnya kekuasaan kerajaan tersebut. Dari sudut pandang Taufiq Abdullah, petuanan di wilayah Kepala Burung Papua dapat dikaji dalam konteks penerimaan, pengembangan, dan tatanan politik yang legitimate. Menurut Wertheim, prinsip egalitarianisme dalam Islam --- tidak seperti sistem kasta dalam Hindu-Budha --- membentuk solidaritas sosial yang kuat di antara para pedagang, dan membuka jalan bagi integrasi mereka ke dalam berbagai komunitas lokal (Burhanudin, 2012: 19). Dengan penaklukan Portugis atas Malaka pada tahun 1511 memberi jalan bagi keterlibatan Aceh dan wilayah pesisir Jawa dalam perdagangan jarak jauh pada abad XVI. Di bagian Timur Jawa, Giri-Gresik muncul sebagai pelabuhan penting yang mencapai kemajuannya pada masa pemerintahan Sunan Prapen (±1548 – 1605) dan menjadi pusat Islamisasi di wilayah timur Nusantara. Giri-Gresik memberi pengaruh kuat ke wilayah Lombok di Nusa Tenggara, Makassar di Sulawesi Selatan, dan Hitu di Maluku (Burhanudin, 2012: 20). Pengaruh Giri-Gresik ini dapat ditemukan buktinya dalam bentuk ragam aspek peradaban, seperti arsitektur, ajaran, dan tatanan keagamaan lainnya. Papua TH. IV NO. 2 / November 2012 29 M. Irfan Mahmud Pengaruh Peradaban Islam di Papua Dalam konteks Papua, asal-usul para ulama yang datang juga tidak dapat dilepaskan dari jaringan yang telah terbentuk sebelumnya di Lombok, Makassar, dan Hitu (Maluku). Peran ulama lokal dan Arab juga tidak dapat disanksikan. Ulama dalam proses kulturasi memainkan peran sebagai “pialang budaya” (cultural broker) yang berkontribusi pada pembentukan kehidupan sosial dan keagamaan umat Islam. Mereka mendirikan pesantren dan tarekat, memimpin praktik-praktik keagamaan di tengah masyarakat (Burhanudin, 2012: 74-75). Diketahui bahwa mencari keuntungan ekonomi merupakan alasan utama bagi orang-orang Arab, khususnya komunitas Hadramaut2 bermigrasi ke Nusantara. Dari sensus 1885, jumlah imigran Arab di Nusantara mencapai 20.501; 10.888 bermukim di Jawa dan Madura, sementara sisanya, 9.613 tinggal di pulau-pulau di luar Jawa (Burhanudin, 2012: 101-102). Tidak mustahil, beberapa orang diantara dapat mencapai pulau-pulau di ujung timur, sampai daratan pantai baratdaya Papua berserta pulau-pulau di wilayah Kepala Burung. Memasuki abad XIX teknologi percetakan telah digunakan para ulama muslim di Nusantara mengenalkan ajaran Islam (Burhanudin, 2012: 123). Teknologi cetak atau litografi telah memproduksi kitab-kitab yang tersebar juga ke berbagai wilayah Nusantara sampai Papua. Kitab-kitab tersebut penting ditelusuri sumbernya. Tampaknya, kedatangan dan pengaruh peradaban Islam di Papua tidak dapat dilepaskan dengan perkembangan perdagangan. Meskipun demikian, kapan Islam membentuk koloni awal memerlukan pembuktian arkeologis. Dalam perkembangannya, hibrida Arab dan muslim Nusantara memegang peranan penting dalam pembentukan peradaban Islam di Papua. Aspek-aspek peradaban yang dipengaruhi Islam, mulai dari aspek pemerintahan, arsitektur, perdangangan, sampai kesenian. Aspek-aspek pengaruh peradaban Islam itulah yang akan menjadi pusat perhatian dalam beberapa penelitian Balai Arkeologi Jayapura dan akan di gambarkan dalam tulisan ini. Semua data yang dikembangkan dalam tulisan ini diperoleh dengan metode yang lazim dalam penelitian arkeologi, berupa survei (arkeologis dan wawancara) serta telaah pustaka. 2 Hadramaut daerah utama asal Orang Arab yang datang dan bermukim di Nusantara. Daerah ini pada peta bumi meliputi seluruh pantai Arab Selatan, sejak Aden hingga Tanjung Rās al-Hadd. Bagi
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