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Home , Aceh Sultanate, Samanhudi, Sarekat Islam

MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 6 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2019

The Role of Sarekat in Promoting the Idea of in (1912-1925)

Apipudin Program Studi Arab, Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya, Universitas Indonesia

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The idea of Muslim world has developed rapidly since the year of 1880’s. The racist treatment and pressure of Western imperialism towards around the world becomes one of factors which caused the emergence of idea that Muslim world is a solution to the failing of Western imperialism order. The role of the Ottoman as a khalifa (caliph) in Istanbul becomes an important key in encouraging the emergence of Muslim world idea. (SI) is one of the modern Islamic organizations in Indonesia which is actively promoting the idea of Muslim world. The role of SI in promoting the idea of Muslim world reached its peak when the Ottoman Sultan declared a great jihad to Muslims around the world in World War 1. In this article, the author would like to argue that, at least before 1925, the vision of Sarekat Islam was not to initiate nationalism, but to mobilize Muslim solidarity globally through various kinds of ideas published in SI newspaper.

Keywords: Sarekat Islam, Muslim World, Indonesia, Global, Ottoman, Newspaper

INTRODUCTION addition, some others said that SI is a Sarekat Islam (SI) is the earliest socialist organization which defends the modern Islamic organization in Indonesia. people's economy from the bondage of This organization has a very important role European capitalists. For me pesonally, in both Indonesian history and global various views regading SI are quite history. Many experts claimed that SI is interesting because this organization has a the first modern organization which vision which is adequately diverse initiated the anti-colonialism movement. In economically, politically and religiously. addition, many people also believed that SI Seeing SI from only one perspective is an was an organization which initiated proto erroneous thing because SI is an nationalism for Indonesia (Kartodirdjo organization which has members with dkk, 1975). The role of SI in criticizing the diverse backgrounds. oppression carried out by the colonial In this paper, the author will try to government toward Indonesian people put SI in global intellectual history becomes one of SI characteristics. In perspective because of its significant role

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 6 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2019 in promoting ideas about Muslim world in to launch an armed rebellion or revolution. Indonesia at the beginning of the 20th Evidently, Pan- which was rolled century. The idea of Muslim world is a out by the Ottoman State did not trigger vision of solidarity which is built to any revolution against the Dutch colonial counteract the flow of racialization and government in Indonesia. Instead, Pan- inferiorization carried out by the Islamism encouraged the present of Europeans towards Muslims around the modernization in Indonesia. In addition, it world. Cemil Aydın’s work is a very is supported by Sultan Abdulhamid II by important source in terms of examining the providing learning opportunities to jawi origin of the idea about Muslim world. students in Istanbul (Supratman, 2016). According to Cemil, the idea of Muslim Therefore, we can see that the idea of the world was born in the 1880s, when the Muslim world was more inclined to the Europeans racalized Muslims. At that intellectual movement than to the anti- time, the Europeans did not consider colonial revolution in colonial countries. Muslims a cosmopolitan community but, Indonesia (before independence in instead, as a separate and divided entity, 1945 was called as the Dutch ) such as, Central Asian Muslims, South is one of the countries which experienced Asian Muslim, Southeast AsianMuslims, oppression from the colonial government. etc. Seeing this situation, Sultan The idea of Muslim world began to appear Abdulhamid II, whose entitled caliph in Indonesia, actually, before the 1880s. It (Khalifa) and Amirul Mukminin (Muslim was triggered by a letter requesting leader), tried to stop the flow of military assistance written by Sultan racialization towards Muslims through Mansur Syah's from Sultanate to Pan-Islamism ideology. Unfortunately, this Sultan Abdulmecid of the Ottoman State Pan-Islamism ideology was not necessarily in 1849. The idea of Muslim world came able to counteract this racialization flow to the fore with the outbreak of World War (Aydin, 2017). I and the emergence of SI as the first With the idea of Muslim world, modern Islamic organization in Indonesia. Pan-Islamist activists and intellectuals This paper will examine how SI expected that Muslim unity throughout the plays important roles in bringing up the world can counteract the inferiorization idea of Muslim world in Indonesia. There towards Muslims. This was not related to are many roles of SI in promoting the idea the anti-colonial movement which tended of Muslim world. However, the historian

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 6 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2019 have been conveyed only few of them for to seek for assistance from the Ottoman several reasons. One of the reasons is the Sultanate, which was led by Sultan lack of global perspective in examining SI. Abdulmecid at that time. Sultan Mansyur In this paper, the author would like to Syah of wrote several present a new perspective, which is a letters in Malay and to Sultan global perspective in examining SI at the Abdulmecid in Istanbul and requested to beginning of the 20th century. The author send military assistance to Aceh. The letter also argues that, at least, before 1925 the was sent in 1849-1850 through an vision of the Sarekat Islam was not to Acehnese envoy named Muhammad initiate nationalism, but to mobilize Gauth. In that letter, the Aceh Sultanate Muslim solidarity globally through various attached a map of Indonesian archipelago. kinds of ideas published in SI newspaper. This is because they wanted to show that the Ottoman State had the right to Indonesia and Muslim World intervene in the archipelago because Aceh To see the role of SI in promoting was a Ottoman subordinate territory (Kadi the idea of Muslim world, it will be better dkk, 2011). Sultan Abdulmecid did not if we are able to put Indonesia in the provide military assistance to Aceh. He dynamics of Muslim world context at the only issued two ferman which contained: end of the 19th century. So far, there are the Ottomans were responsible for many writers who see Islamic movement protecting Aceh; The Ottoman confirmed in Indonesia only in local and national their status of power in Aceh. Sultan perspectives. So that, the global dynamics Abdulmecid then ordered the Governor of are foreign to Muslims in Indonesia. Some Yemen to review regarding the Ottoman scholars, such as, Anthony Reid, Mehmet interests in Aceh (Reid, 1969). Although Özay, İsmail Hakkı Göksoy and Michael Sultan Abdulmecid have already issued Laffan, have tried to bring Indonesian two ferman, it did not give any history with a more global approach. significance meaning to Aceh's The initiative of Indonesia to geopolitical position against pressure from attract the attention of the Ottoman Sultan the Dutch. Thus, it can be concluded that in Istanbul actually appeared before the Aceh mission to ask for Ottoman establishment of the Ottoman Consulate in assistance was failed. Batavia in 1882. The Dutch invasion to Although this mission experienced Aceh was the main cause of Aceh's desire a failure and the Ottoman State never

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 6 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2019 intervened militarily, the sending of as soon as the Minangkabawi King captured him and was Acehnese envoys to Istanbul had an taken to his land on 1253 (hijri) important meaning in generating ideas (Kadi dkk, 2011). about Muslim world. Cemil Aydın (2017) By explaining about the situation emphasized that the idea of Muslim world happen in this country which was invaded emerged in the 1880s along with the by the Dutch, Sultan Mansur Syah from racialization of Europe towards Muslims the Aceh Sultanate wanted The Ottoman (Aydin, 2017). Therefore, that year was Sultanate to make intervention byholding stated as the establishment of ideas about back the pace of Dutch colonialism in the Muslim world. However, if we look at it archipelago. One of the efforts played by from Indonesia perspective, the desire to Sultan Mansur Syah was to draw a present the idea of Muslim world has historical thread which stated that Aceh surfaced before the 1880's. Sultan Mansur was part of the Ottoman State. Mansur Syah of Aceh Sultanate tried to bring up Syah wanted to make sure that the Dutch ideas about Muslim world through his invasion in this country is part of the letter from 1849-1850. At first, Mansur conflict between Islam and European Syah explained to Sultan Abdulmecid Christianity, not geopolitical conflict about the condition of the archipelago between empires or kingdoms. As in his being surrounded by the Dutch invasion. letter Mansur Syah stated: Sultan Mansur Syah mentioned these And gave me the meaning followings in a letter written in Malay of Adam's presence now language: because of the present and the difficulties caused by the As for the issue of this Javanese state and the Bugis letter, we sent down the land and Burniu countries and the because first the land of Jawi state of and the was Muslim and strong in Minangkabau country worship and the religion of condemned by the Dutch, and it Islam and the happy life of the is very difficult for all Muslims poor and the poor and other to be a lack of Islam due to people. And now it is destroyed Dutch violence ... . because it has entered the Dutch ... When the Dutch war infidel on one island of escalated, all Muslims rose up and also with the Bugis Island against it again, hitting every and the Island of Bali and with country it had, for those who Burniu Island and with the had been ruled by the Dutch in island of Aceh which half have each country to fulfill their been taken by the Dutch. And obligations to the land, and my

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challenge awaited the order and the desire of the Ottoman State to put will of the presence of Rome Muslim and non-Muslim communities (Kadi dkk, 2011). equally. They will be treated equally Through this letter, Sultan Mansur regardless of religion (Mardin 2000). On Syah from Aceh really wanted the this matter, of course, the Ottoman Ottoman State to emerge as a Muslim bureaucrats rejected Aceh proposal to defender. In this case, Sultan Mansur Syah intervene militarily against the Dutch had first invited the Ottoman State to because it would endanger the Ottoman generate ideas about the Muslim world. vision to build close friendship with Aceh has asked Sultan Abdulmecid to play European countries. The Ottoman state did the politics of Pan-Islamism in order to be not want to lose support from France and able to defend the entire Muslim world, Britain simply because they wanted to help including Aceh, from the invasion carried Aceh Sultanate which they did not even out by European imperialism. But know where it was. unfortunately, Sultan Mansur Syah's During mid-19th century, proposal to make Ottoman State using Indonesia and other Muslim-majority Pan-Islamism politics was unsuccessful countries did not have a strong position in because, at that time, Istanbul was being convincing the Ottoman State to support controlled by bureaucrats who were very Pan-Islamism politics. However, when pro towards the Western countries. Sultan Sultan Abdulhamid II ascended his throne Abdulmecid was helpless because the in 1876, the idea of bringing up the ide of palace (Enderun Hümayün) was in a weak Muslim world was even greater because of position before the bureaucrats. The the massive invasion of European bureaucrats (kalemiye) under Mustafa imperialism. In addition, the intellectual Reşit Paşa played an overly significant role inferiority carried out by Europeans in controlling the government. Gülhane's towards Muslims increasingly surfaced. declaration, which was initiated by the European writers did not consider Muslims Ottoman Foreign Minister Mustafa Reşit as a cosmopolitan community, but, Paşa under French pressure, showed that instead, as a community divided into the Ottoman State wanted to establish ethnic borders ,such as, Indian Muslims, friendship with the European countries. Javanese Muslims, Malay Muslims and Thus, the Ottomans were ready to become many more. This has caused losses to the modern and secular. This is evidenced by perspective of Muslims. Ernest Renan, for

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 6 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2019 example, saw that Muslims would always This idea aspires to unite Muslims in one be backward and unable to adapt to power in response to the imperialization modernization because basically Islam and inferiorization from Europeans always rejected secularism and towards Muslims around the world from modernization. Muslim intellectuals, like Africa, India to Southeast Asia. Muhammad Abduh and Jamaluddin al- In the regime of Abdulhamid II Afgani, were trying to reject this view in (1876-1909), the Ottoman State was very each of thier writings. In the Ottoman attentive to Indonesia, especially after the State, Ahmet Midhat Efendi as one of the opening of the first Ottoman Consulate in intellectual figures, tried to convince that Batavia in 1882. The person who became Islam and modernization could unite. the first Ottoman Consul in Batavia was Some of the favorite topics written by Syed Aziz Efendi Baghdadi. One year Ahmet Midhat Efendi are science and later, in 1883, the Ottoman State sent technology, Islamic civilization, someone from Bab-ı Ali (center of the superiority of Western progress and Ottoman bureaucracy) named Galip Bey to Western and Eastern cultures (Aydin become consul (Goksoy, 2014). Some 2007). consuls indeed have very strong Pan- The notion of the Muslim world Islamism influences like Kamil Bey. idea in Istanbul cannot be separated from Kamil Bey is an Ottoman consul who is the wave of Muslim migration from very active in promoting Pan-Islamism various regions of the Balkans due to politics and in proposing the idea that rebellion on Crete Island, the Ottoman- Indonesia will enter the Muslim world Russian War, the Ottoman-Greece War arena. In 1898, Kamil Bey sent jawi until the Balkan rebellion and nationalism students to study in Istanbul (Supratman, which ended in persecution towards 2016). Giving scholarships to jawi Muslims in the region Ottoman territory students to study in Istanbul was an which is predominantly Christian. The Ottoman effort to respond to the need for wave of Muslim migration to Istanbul and the rise of Muslim world. But not long Anatolia to find a safe place has motivated ago, Kamil Bey was fired at the request of Sultan Abdulhamid II to launch the Pan- the Dutch Orientalist, Snouck Hurgronje Islamism policy. Therefore, since 1876, (Schmidt, 2002). The role of the Ottoman the Ottoman began to pay attention to the consul in Batavia was very essential in emergence of the idea of Muslim world. encouraging the idea of the Muslim world.

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The pressure and oppression of Muslims in the Muslim world. Pan-Islamism of Indonesia voiced by the Usmani consuls Abdulhamid II is part of the geopolitical with the hopes of the Ottoman State were strategy in maintaining the Ottoman able to more aggressively encouraged balance in the international order. In this Muslim solidarity globally. case, the Ottomans needed Britain to guard With the existence of the Ottoman them in international politics from the consul both in Batavia and Singapore, invasion of Russia. Thus,the Ottoman did Muslims in Southeast Asia, especially in not want England to see Pan-Islamism's Indonesia, have made it easier to voice politics as part of the anti-colonial Muslim solidarity. This is also the movement (Aydin, 2017). In fact, the forerunner for the emergence of aspirations of the Southeastern Asians, aspirations from jawi people or Southeast especially Aceh, which requested the Asian Muslims to demand the integration Ottomans to send military assistance to of Southeast Asia with the Muslim world. Aceh is never being actualized. If the Of course, the Ottoman State is the goal of Ottoman State actualixed to send military Southeast Asian Muslims to convey the support to Aceh, Queen Victoria of aspirations of the need for Muslim England would withdraw her support to solidarity throughout the world to fight the Ottomans and let them alone in facing European imperialism. The aspirations of the Russian invasion. Southeast Asian Muslims towards Usmani The idea of Muslim world is an certainly reinforced the need to re-enact idea of geopolitics. Thus, the aspirations the idea of Muslim world. This is because which demanded the Ottoman State to Muslims in Southeast Asia saw that the fight against colonialism in Indonesia European government has failed to bring would never be realized. Although Southeast Asia to progress. Colonialism Muslims in Indonesia and Southeast Asia and war were the result of an imperialist used Islamic versus Western rhetoric, this order which had failed to apply, so that the effort will never succeed because idea of a Muslim world led by the Abdulhamid II realized his weakness if Ottoman caliph in Istanbul was a solution Britain withdraws support from the to peace in Southeast Asia. Ottoman State. The idea of Muslim world However, Sultan Abdulhamid II was even more radical when it entered the did not seem to really use Pan-Islamism early of the 20th century. At that time, the politics a means of fighting colonialism in Ottoman State saw that Britain had never

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 6 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2019 really wanted to help them. British The emergence of Sarekat Islam expansion of Egypt in 1882 and also their Sarekat Islam (SI) emerged in the influence towards the Arabs to revolt early 20th century when the Ottoman State against the Ottomans had disappointed had shifted its alliance to Germany. At that Ottoman. The Ottoman State finally found time, the relation between Islam versus new alliance, which is Germany. Unlike Western countries grew stronger because England and France, Germany is a the Ottoman did not hesitate to tell European country which does not have a Muslims around the world to fight againts colony in Muslim-majority countries. So colonialism and imperialism. Moreover, it that, it would facilitate the Ottoman State is because of their allies, Germany, which to bring up the idea of Muslim world did not have colonies in Muslim-majority which is more assertive in fighting countries. In this context, SI was preceded European colonialism and imperialism. by two trade union organizations which Germany also saw that the Ottoman State were founded in the early 20th century. was a potential alliance considering Sarekat Dagang Islam (means Islamic Muslims throughout the world were still Trade Union or also called as SDI) was loyal in supporting their Caliph. Germany established by a journalist called R.M. did not know that Muslim solidarity which Tirtoadisuryo in 1909. The initial aim of is built by the Ottomans in the late 19th this organization was to protect Muslim century was a geopolitical strategy traders from competition with Chinese between the Ottoman and the British. traders. Therefore, Tirtoadisuryo invited Muslims in India remain loyal to the Laweyan, traders called Ottomans because of Britain. That is the Haji to form a similar trade reason why the ruler of India still union which later was named as Islamic cooperated with the Ottomans. However, Trade Union (SDI). As a result of the when Britain and the increasing number of SDI members, on were united again, Indian Muslims were September 10th 1912, this organization unable to do much against the Ottomans. changed to Sarekat Islam (means Islamic Likewise with Muslims in Indonesia who Union or also called as SI) (Kartodirdjo, will be very difficult in helping the 1975). The name "Islam" in this Ottomans even though the Dutch were organization becomes a sign that Islam is a neutral in the conflict before World War 1. distinctive identity of SI. According to Siraishi, Islam in this organization is a sign

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 6 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2019 of the identity of the Bumi Putera Arabs. Some of them are the descendant of (Shiraishi, 1997). However, in its practice, Sunkar family in Batavia and Syaikh Abd the struggle and the vision of SI is not only al-Rahman, ‘Abdalalh Ba Junayd from limited to the Bumi Putera. Instead, SI has Buitenzorg () (Freitag, 2003). There a very global vision by struggling to was a strong connection between the Arabs promote the idea of Muslim world. and the Pan-Islamic political movement. Although SI, which was formerly The relations between families, which are SDI, was founded by batik traders to the spread throughout the world, have influence of Chinese traders. However, SI strengthened their networks. In Istanbul, actually has a very strong vision of Abdulhamid II had very good relations Muslim solidarity. The fund donation for with the Alawiyah order which was led by SI are given by the Arabs who have long Syed Fadl (Freitag, 2003). Sayyid Abu been associated with the Pan-Islamic Bakr b, Shihab (Singapore) and Sayyid movement. The Arabs who supported the Ahmad b. Sumayt was an Arab who had establishment of SI included Haji visited Istanbul and built a box with Syed Mohamad Arsar (the Director of PT Fadl. Some Arabs also tried to express the Javansche Boekhandel In Drukkerij In discrimination made by the Dutch colonial Handel in Schrijfbehoeften) and Said bin government to the Ottoman consul (Wells, Abdulrahman Badjenet. In addition, there 2015). were also some wealthy Arabs who The strong relation of the Arabs in supported the establishment of SI, such as, Indonesia with politicians in Istanbul Sheikh Achmad bin Abbdulrachman certainly influenced him when he founded Badjenet, Sheikh Achmad bin Said SI. SI utilizes many Pan-Islamism Badjenet, Sheikh Galib bin Said bin Tebe, rhetorics. Additionally, in the AD/ ART of Sheikh Mohammad bin Said Badjenet, SI, it is written that this organization aims Sheikh Abdullah bin Abdulrachman to promote religion. A.P.E.Korver (1985) Badjenet, Sheikh Ali Rais, and Sheikh considered that SI wore many attributes Abdul Gani (Adam, 1995). related to like Turkish clothing and Several studies have been done to using Turkish flags. The symbol of SI is examine the relationship between the also very similar to Turkish flag symbol Arabs and Pan-Islamism movement. As (Korver, 1985). In SI congress in Solo, mentioned before, jawi students who came H.O.S. Cokroaminoto as the vice president to Istanbul were the children of famous of SI said that the purpose of the

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 6 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2019 establishment of SI was to serve Islam, the inferiorization towards Muslims has risen local industry, independence and ideas about Muslim world, which is the brotherhood. unity of Muslims will be able to counteract SI leaders realized that it seem to the bad opinions launched by Western be impossible for the Ottoman State to orientalists. help Indonesia in fighting the Dutch It cannot be denied that there are militarily. Because of that, a historian two SI figures who have significant named Harry J. Benda stated that, "Pan influence in bringing up the idea of Islam is not a political reality which can be Muslim world.These two SI figures are linked to the Caliphate. (Benda, 1980). It H.O.S. Cokroaminoto and Haji Agus was said by Benda because he saw Pan- Salim. Both of them have modern Islamism more as a political movement educational backgrounds and are quite than an intellectual movement. SI leaders moderate to the Dutch colonial can be categorized as intellectuals. SI government. However, both of them still leaders, such as, Joyopranoto, Ardiwinata have the idea that Muslim world is capable and have encouraged the to elevate Muslim dignity to be better. public to gain knowledge by integrating Both of Cokroaminoto and Western and Islamic knowledge. They (who entered SI before congress want Islam and the West to work in in 1915) grew in the colonial period and harmony (Korver, 1985). Certainly, the saw how Muslims became very backward style of thinking of these SI leaders, who because of the discrimination carried out wanted harmonization between Islam and by the colonial government. In short, SI the West, was part of the vision of Muslim wanted to abolish the racial discrimination world which actually aimed to oppose by Europeans and (Kartodirdjo, Western orientalist opinions that Islam was 1975). not in line with modernization. Thus, these The issue of Muslim world played SI leaders, which are Joyopranoto, by SI figures such as Cokroaminoto was Ardiwinata and Abdul Muis, had similar indeed not to create an anti-colonial thoughts with the intellectuals who movement because SI did not have any initiated the ideas of Muslim world, such intention to fight the Dutch. This is as, Muhammad Abduh, Jamaluddin Al- contained in Cokroaminoto's writing: Afgani and Sayyed Ahmad Khan. Their appearance in opposing Western

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Some of the voices say also with CSI (Kartodirdjo, 1975). Of that SI is a organization for course, it is actually an effort of the traitors, associations of the nation and weri-weri. Some say colonial government to provide a separate that SI is a political association legal entity between CSI and local SI in which wants to fight the country. order to make SI to not be able to form a Gentlemen and brothers! power which is connected from the center Those words are all mere lies. to the regions. The strength of SI was so Such words come from ignorant people who hate Bumi Putra great that it is not only noticed by the and who want to destroy the Dutch colonial government but also Sarekat Islam (Kartodirdjo, 1975). international powers such as Germany and Nevertheless, rumors about SI the Ottoman State. The outbreak of World War 1 in which carried out the anti-colonial political 1914-1918 has given a significant role in movement continued to emerge. There are the dynamics of international politics. The several riots carried out in various regions on behalf of SI which later triggered the Ottoman and German State coalitions since the beginning of the 20th century reaction of the Dutch colonial government have dragged the two into a major war in to stop SI activities like the labor strike the 20th century. Germany knew in detail movement against Chinese companies (Shiraishi, 1997). The presence of anti- that the Ottoman State had the potential to help them in order to face Britain, France Chinese riots in several regions was also and Russia. The large number of Muslims associated with the emergence of SI. Many spread throughout the world is, of course, clashes occurred in Surakarta, Surabaya, and Kudus. For these reason, the an important consideration why Germany attracted the Ottoman State to do coalition Dutch government recognized SI as a legal with together. Germany hoped that the entity called Central Sarekat Islam (CSI). Ottoman State could spread jihad ideology CSI is an organization which is separated in order to make all Muslims around the from the local SI in the regions. Thus, CSI world to rebel against their invaders, and local SI have different lawa and whichare Britain and France. The regulations as well as different AD/ ART existence of strong relations between (means Article of Association/ Bylaws). Germany, Ottoman State and Pan- Every local SI has its own AD/ ART Islamism politics in all Muslim territories which is different from other local SI and has led to rumors of a large rebellion in

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Java led by Cokroaminoto. Cokroaminoto Sarekat Islam and World War 1 (1914- was alleged to have received 150,000 1918) guilders from the German side and Newspapers are one of SI efforts to obtained weapons to launch a rebellion disseminate their ideas, vision and (Mochtar, 1996). On this matter, SI and mission. This is also sometimes used by SI Cokroaminoto have actually been involved to clarify the allegations and rumors in the issues of the emergence of Muslim addressed to them. Through funding world idea which was risen by the support from an Arab called Ali Soeriati, Ottoman State to fight allies in World War SI was able to have a newspaper as a 1. Although the accusations to media. Setia Oesaha is a company funded Cokroaminoto were not necessarily true, at and owned by Ali Soeriati who later least the Dutch colonial government published Oetoesan Indies newspaper. Of believed that SI has a vision to support the course, this is an idea from Ali Soeriati idea of Muslim world. Leter, SI was because every organization must have their considered a support organization of own newspapers like De Expres (which Germany and the Ottoman State. belongs to Indische Vereeniging). The first World War 1 (1914-1918) was the editor is ,of course, H.O.S. Cokroaminoto culmination of the emergence of Muslim (Shiraishi, 1997). In addition, SI world idea. The role of the Ottoman State also has a journal called the Hindia was very important in bringing up global Sarekat. In Hindia Sarekat, we can see that Muslim unity and solidarity through the SI mobilized Muslim solidarity and declaration of jihad which they did. Thus, brought up the idea of Muslim world. Muslims throughout the world united Even so, there is a voice for the Indies against Britain, France and Russia. When (Indonesia) (Shiraishi, 1997). Therefore, the outbreak of World War 1, we can SI relied more on the strength of its directly see who and what organizations in journalists to criticize and oppose the Indonesia which are brave to promote the Dutch colonial government. They wrote idea of Muslim world by supporting the articles and received suggestions regarding Ottoman State in World War 1. SI is an things which have to be corrected from organization which actually plays a very the Dutch colonial government. The two important role in promoting Muslim world people who played the most part in this through its newspapers. propaganda carried out by SI through

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 6 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2019 newspapers were Cokroaminoto and imperialism. However, in World War 1, Goenawan. the Ottoman position which was in The Oetoesan Hindia (OH) coalition with Germany and Austria newspaper was very concerned about the showed that the Ottomans had been condition of the Ottoman State in World unambiguous in determining their position. War 1. They spread the news about Ottoman was clearly confronted with two Ottoman participation in the great war forces of imperialism, which are Britain which occurred between 1914-1918. OH and France. Both of Britain and France are tried to raise awareness of Muslims in the the rulers of many Muslim territories. For Dutch Indies that the Ottomans were in this reason, making Britain and France as trouble. In November 27th 1914, OH wrote the common enemies has cause a very a battle between Ottoman and Russian. essential urge to form Muslim world idea. OH realized that raising a common enemy Constantinople Nov. 21th, next to Erzurum's fights, it all is a significant effort to participate in made profits for Turkish mobilizing the idea of Muslim world. weapons; everywhere where the Rus army troops have been Like with other countries repelled. A fight at the Zwarte in the African and Asian Zee sea has brought losses to continents, Egypt also has Rusland's fleet. The ships of become an object of being Goeben and Breheslau, which chased and wrestled with by started the fight, were assisted European trials which are by the Hamidieh ship and a always trying to raise small two-cruiser Turkije had themselves up. Egypt, which is driven the Rus ships and shot located so well at its borders, 3 the admiral into a fire." continents (Africa, Europe and Under the control of SI, OH Asia) has caused Bonaparte's desire, who wants them, to continued to promote the idea of solidarity make the center of his war and of Muslim unity by convincing their seize in Asia, the bus impedes the British from extending the readers that the Ottoman had a common colonies. Egypt, which is enemy who was ready to expand the mainly in the land of Turkey, has become an object of Ottoman territories in Anatolia and Arab. struggle between France and Previously, in the reign of Abdulhamid II, England, but with skillful practice the British have been it was not clear whether the Ottoman able to expel France from wanted to defend Muslims from the Egypt, and France and then take direction to Africa-West to raise pressure of British and French their prut.

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Based on the above news, OH already hear from a famous European, which said that the emphasized the importance of the Muslim money is rejected. Hilalul Ahmr world idea to block the pace of British and in Constantinople said that he did not like to accept the money French imperialism. Egypt became the because Constantinnopel has focus of attention from OH because there not been lacking of money. were many jawi students who were In addition to the news about studying in Cairo. Thus, the news about fundraising, OH also reported regarding imperialism in Egypt became a concern the power and efforts of Indonesian for OH to mobilize Muslim solidarity. Muslims to help the Ottoman State from In addition to playing a role in various businesses. Oneof the effort was spreading news about the war, OH has that by making a map and selling it. The much to say about the efforts of results of the sale of the map will then be Indonesian Muslims to help the Ottoman sent to Hilal-i Ahmer to help Ottoman in State in overcoming the financial crisis the war. caused by the war. In this case, the Mr. Sajid Mohamad bin Hadrami community plays a large role in Saleh bin Agill in Surabaja told collecting donations for Muslim countries. us that the burden was ordered to make European rust on the As it is known before, the supporters of the continent, first of all the funds of SI are the Hadrami people. Thus, kingdom which was currently in war; the picture was painted OH has an interest in reporting the efforts with color, the name of the sea, of Hadrami community in supporting the cities written with Latin letters and Arabic letters adorned with financial of the Ottoman through images of King of Europe, fundraising conducted by a donor small images and large images and other jewelry that pleases organization called Hilal-i Ahmer people. We have seen an Cemiyeti. example. In the next four or five days, it will be completed, and An Arab in Gresik has will be sold at a reasonable opened a voice that there were price. Half the net profit will be some Arabs in Surabaya who donated to a good charity as has donated and the donation mentioned in rust; and the rest has been collected and has been will be donated to per. "Alhilal sent to Constantinople on Alochmar. September 7th. That money was The power and efforts of said to have arrived in Constantinople. However, there Indonesian Muslims to help the Ottoman is an Arab in Gresik, who State in World War 1 became a hot topic

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 6 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2019 discussed by OH. Therefore SI, through The negative news raised by the OH, created an agenda to invite Muslims West towards the Ottoman State further in Indonesia to unite in helping the strengthened SI spirit to make Western Ottoman through moral and material imperialism a common enemy. For SI, this supports. The unity to help the Ottoman is an opportunity to show the Muslim was nothing but to show that Indonesia world that SI has a global vision in played an important role in Muslim world. supporting Muslim solidarity. Western Thus, the idea of Muslim world can be newspapers like Batavia Nieuwsblaad well conveyed to the public through reported that Enver Paşa was the killer of reporting on the efforts of Indonesian Armenians (Supratman, 2017). In regard Muslims to help the Ottoman State and of that news, the Pantjaran Warta (PW) support Muslim solidarity to help the newspaper owned by SI tried to fight caliph in World War 1. negative news. In its publication, PW tried The desire to risen the idea of to historically explain why the accusations Muslim world which was united in the against Enver Paşa and Usmani are mere a spirit of helping the Ottomans in World slander. By defending the Ottoman and his War 1 was also inseparable from the good political elite, SI and its newspaper media relations between Sarekat Islam and the had brought Indonesian Muslims into Ottoman Consul General in Batavia which debate in favor of the Ottoman State. This was then held by Rafet Bey (Supratman, means that it was an attempt by SI to 2017). In the previous article, the author support the Ottoman State in its has outlined in detail how the relationship resurgence, after being devastated in the between Rafet Bey and SI-owned Balkan Wars (1912-1913) in an attempt to newspapers, for example, Pantjaran Warta form a unity for the Muslim world again. which has helped SI to bring up the idea of During the World War I, SI seemed Muslim world. SI assisted the community to still hope seeing Ottoman becoming the in imagining Muslim unity and global winner of the war and restoring the solidarity in the framework of Muslim integrity of the Ottoman State. SI support world by reporting on the slanders for Ottoman was meant to make the launched by Western countries to Rafet Ottomans to continue to be global Muslim Bey. Once again, SI encouraged the idea leader with the caliph who reigned in of Muslim world by bringing Western Istanbul. To achieve its objectives in imperialist power as the common enemy. supporting the Ottomans, SI promoted

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Muslims in Indonesia regarding discourses taken over by the allies. In short, war has in shaping the idea of Muslim world by delegitimized the idea of the empire in proclaiming news about the problems uniting the ethno-religious community faced by the Ottomans. In addition, SI (Akin, 2018). Thus, the nationalist group through their newspaper, tried to be a led by Mustafa Kemal or Atatürk led the mediator between the Ottomans, through defense from Anatolia. The emergence of his consul in Batavia with Muslim Atatürk as a national leader has weakened communities in order t more convinced the legitimacy of the sultan. In 1923, the Indonesian Muslims about the ideals of nationalist group founded the Republic of Muslim world. Turkey. One year later, in 1924, the nationalist group abolished the Ottoman After the Collapse of the Ottoman State caliphate institution and expelled the World War I had caused sultan and his family from Turkey. devastating effect on the Ottomans. The The abolition of the caliphate by total war carried out by the Ottomans not the nationalist groups led by Atatürk only had an effect on the destruction of the caused a strong reaction from Muslims military but also for the joints of social throughout the world. The idea of Muslim life. In World War I, the Ottoman political world which was painstakingly shaped by elite stated that war was not only a military the Ottoman political elite during World duty but also a civil responsibility. All War I, of course, along with the support of resources, both material and non-material, Muslims outside the Ottomans such as have been used to support the war. At that Indonesia and India, was destroyed time, all that remained is abandoned instantly with the abolition of the Ottoman agricultural land, death of livestock, Caliphate in 1924. World War I has given emergence of epidemics, increasing new powers from the aspirations of population of widows and orphans, which Muslims outside the Ottoman State to are worsened the economic conditions. build solidarity with fellow Muslims in After the Ottoman war in gaining power, helping the Ottomans. With the abolition the Arab region and Anatolia were divided of the Ottomans, strong reactions came for the winners, which are Britain and from all over the world like from India. France. Italy and Greece intervened in the In Indonesia, SI through its division of Ottoman territory. The biggest newspaper media is an important actor in effect was the capital city of Istanbul was providing support for the Ottomans to

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 6 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2019 remain standing as a unifier of all Muslims has weaken SI to continue to voice the in the world. The idea of Muslim world ideas of Muslim world to the the society. which was rolled out by SI during World Dr. was one of many Javanese War I seemed to be wasted if the nationalists who disliked Islamic politics nationalist groups continued to abolish the and the idea of Muslim world. At the Ottomans. For this reason, SI openly beginning of the 20th century, Javanese wanted to defend the idea of the unity of elites, especially those who Muslim world by opposing the abolition of belongs to Budi Utomo, considered that the Ottoman caliphate led by Atatürk. On the pre-Islamic period, namely the reign of this matter, SI strongly condemns the the Kingdom, was the peak of secularization carried out by nationalist glory for the Javanese culture. They groups. Seeing this, Cokroaminoto, the considered Islam to have destroyed charismatic head of SI, tried to rally unity Javanese culture which is based on Hindu among Muslims to strongly condemn the and Buddhist values. Thus ,at this time, the abolition of the Ottoman caliphate led by idea of SI to promote Muslim world to the Atatürk. His efforts were to hold the al- society experienced great challenges from Islam Congress in Batavia in 1931. the Javanese nationalists. They continued Unfortunately, this congress was not to attack Islam through various media such successful because of the lack of support as newspapers. In the Djawi Hisworo for Cokroaminoto's efforts. According to newspaper,in January 1918, there was an Chiara Formichi, the purpose of the article stated that prophet Muhammad was congress was too limited to local issues, an alcohol drinker and opium addict. one of which is the desire to counteract Because of this article, Muslims in anti-Islamic sentiments from the Indonesia reacted by forming the Kanjeng nationalist groups like dr. Sutomo. Sutomo Prophet Muhammad’s Army. Knowing the once stated that going Hajj (holy anti-Islamic sentiments among Javanese pilgrimage) to was the same as the nationalists, the Dutch colonial exiles who were banished by the Dutch to government sought their sympathy by Boven Digul. Moreover, the Islamic pouring funds into the restoration of pre- Ummah Committee in Indonesia stated Islamic relics such as temples and saving that Dr. Sutomo is "the enemy of Islam." Javanese manuscripts. The emergence of Javanese In addition to the challenges from nationalists into the national political stage the Javanese nationalists, anti-Islamic

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 6 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2019 sentiments were also shown by the anticommunism among Islamists in communists, especially the Indonesian Indonesia today. In short, challenges from Communist Party (PKI) which was Javanese nationalists and communists founded in 1924. If SI was filled by towards Islamist groups in Indonesia have or putihan (as opposed to ), the weaken SI effort in promoting the idea of PKI requested more support from abangan Muslim world. circles. PKI support for Lenin who was In the following period, the conflict anti-Pan Islamism and Pan-Asianism, was between Javanese nationalists and rejected by SI figures as well as supporters Islamists became increasingly sharp, of Pan-Islamism, Agus Salim. Since then, especially regarding the problems the conflict between SI and PKI has regarding Islamic state and nationalism. become more evident because of the anti- , who represented Javanese Islamic issues voiced by the communists. nationalists, the founder of the Indonesian , a communist figure who entered National Party (PNI) tended to support into SI, was considered to be the person Ataturk's secularism. While Mohammad who has caused divide the organization Natsir, who represented non-Javanese into two, "SI Merah" which was filled with Islamists such as Agus Salim and Buya communists like Semaun himself, and "SI , actually opposed the ideas of Putih" which filled with Islamists like Ataturk secularism and regretted the Agus Salim. In 1923, "SI Putih" changed abolition of the Ottoman State. However, its name into Sarekat Islam Party (PSI), there are also figures outside Java like while "SI Merah" changed into Sarekat , who are sympathetic to Rakyat. With a very thick anti-Islamic Ataturk because of his efforts to fight element, it is not surprising that the PKI is Western imperialism. At the Anti-Colonial more entrenched in Java compared to the Conference in Belgium in 1928, Hatta Priangan area (). According to praised the Young Turks – Ataturk became Mohammad Iskandar, the Oosthout part of the Young Turks – which had Resident in Priangan said that the encouraged modernization and revolution. Sundanese were more enthusiastic and Hatta even praised Ataturk for saving resolute in being Muslim than Javanese. Turkey from the onslaught of Greek The opposition of the left and Islamists imperialism. In Indonesia Merdeka which occurred at the beginning of the 20th newspaper, Hatta also stated, "Turkey's century was the root of a strong success in the war had aroused [Eastern

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 6 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2019 countries]." Therefore, sympathy and Sultanate only began to give results at the response from Indonesian intellectuals end of the 19th century with the rise of until 1950's to the Ottoman State was Sultan Abdulhamid II (1876-1909) as the divided into several discourses, which are Ottoman sultan. With his title as a caliph anti-colonialism and imperialism , the and Amir al-mu'minin, Abdulhamid II abolition of the caliphate and the evoked ideas and ideals regarding Muslim modernization of the country. world. The idea of Muslim world was raised after colonialism had seized the CONCLUSION sovereignty of Muslim rulers in Asia and The efforts to initiate the idea of Africa. With the idea of Muslim world, Muslim world in Indonesia have existed several elements within Muslim countries since Aceh Sultanate faced the Dutch tried to socialize and spread ideas about colonial invasion in the mid and late of the Muslim world. So that, Muslims in their 19th century. Through the Hadrami agent country will struggle with the Ottoman named Abdurahman az-Zahir, Aceh State and the Amir al-mu'minin Sultan Sultanate fostered relation with the Abdulhamid II. Ottoman State and tried to convince Sultan Sarekat Islam (SI) is considered as Abdulmecid in Istanbul to provide help a modern Indonesian organization which and support from Muslims throughout the has very important role at the beginning of world, especially in Aceh. By sending a the 20th century. Some historians more leter, Sultan Mansur Syah tried to often connect SI with the nationalist convince Sultan Abdulmecid that the movement rather than in to show ts efforts Dutch attack on Aceh was an attack on to promote ideas about Muslim world and Muslims. By playing the issue of religious put this idea into the minds Indonesian conflict between the Islamic Aceh and the society. Through Cokroaminoto figure and Christian , Sultan Mansur their newspaper, SI always tries to Syah tried to generate ideas about Muslim promote ideas about Muslim world. SI world which had been forgotten by the effort in promoting the idea of Muslim Ottoman State since the 18th century world, in particular, was caused by the because they tied close relations to the intensified use of Ottoman elites to Western countries. encourage the spirit of Pan-Islamism. So Although he had tried to risen the that, Muslims around the world supported idea of Muslim world, the efforts of Aceh the Ottomans in World War I (1914 -

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1918). Having declared the fatwa (islamic encountered many obstacles. The most instruction) of jihad by Saykhulislam at obvious obstacle, of course, is the Fatih Mosque in Istanbul, the voices to condition in the Ottoman State itself. The defend the Ottoman State and the drive to nationalist victory under Atatürk's shape the Muslim world in a single leadership had abolished the caliph leadership by the Ottoman sultan, was institution in 1924, a year after the increasing. In Indonesia, the efforts to founding of the Republic of Turkey. As a promote the idea of Muslim world were result of this, the struggle to promote the carried out by SI. idea of Muslim world was difficult Through their newspapers, because SI did not know who held specifically Oetoesan Hindia, SI actively legitimacy as a caliph after the abolition of promotes and informs Indonesian readers the Ottoman State. The struggle to about the importance of understanding the organize the Congress of al-Islam itself unity of Islam and Muslim world. The was not very effective in reviving the idea strong but not radical spirit of of Muslim world. In addition, SI itself modernization has prompted SI to express experienced challenges from within the that the Ottoman State is the only country with the emergence of anti-Islamic independent Muslim country and its sultan groups of nationalist intellectuals such as holds legitimacy as Amir al-mu'minin. The Javanese and Indonesian Communist Party Oetoesan Hindia and Pantjaran Warta (PKI). Some Javanese nationalists, like newspapers were very active in spreading Budi Utomo elites, were not sympathetic to Ottoman conditions during World War 1. the idea of Muslim world. For them, Islam By the news from the SI-owned had destroyed Javanese civilization just newspaper, sympathy continued to flow like destroying noble Majapahit from Indonesia to help the Ottomans, Kingdomhe past. While the PKI group, especially in the form of financial which was mostly filled with abangans, donations made by the Hadrami also did not like Muslim groups or community which, indeed, claimed to be Islamists who tried to promote the idea of Ottoman citizens. Muslim world. Therefore, these things SI newspapers try to provide an weakened SI and, moreover, SI later split understanding of the importance of into SI Merah (Red SI) and SI Putih Muslim unity throughout the world in the (White SI). They later turned into the Muslim world. However, SI efforts also Sarekat Islam Party (PSI).

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In conclusion, in this article, the Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought. New York: Columbia author argues that it is not correct to University Press. consider SI as a nationalist organization. Benda, Harry J. (1980). Bulan Sabit dan Matahari Terbit: Islam Indonesia pada Too examine SI at the beginning of the masa Pendudukan Jepang. Jakarta: th Pustaka Jaya. 20 century, we must use global history Formichi, Chiara. (2015). Indonesian perspective and approach in order to Readings of Turkish History dalam A.C.S. Peacock & Annabel Teh Gallop analyze SI correctly. By using global (ed). From Anatolia to Aceh: Ottomans, Turks and Southeast Asians. London & history approach, we know that at the Oxford: Oxford University Press and beginning of the 20th century, the spirit of British Library. Freitag, Ulrike. (2003). Indian Ocean SI is actually to bring Indonesian people to Migrants and State Formation in become part of Muslim world under the Hadhramaut: Reforming the Homeland. Leiden-Boston: Brill. leadership of the Ottoman sultan. Geertz, Clifford. (2014). Agama Jawa: Santri, Abangan dan Priyayi. Jakarta: Moreover, during the First World War, SI Komunitas Bambu. was very active in doing propaganda to Göksoy, İsmail Hakkı. (2004). Güneydoğu Asya’da Osmanlı-Türk Tesirleri. make people understand the importance of Isparta: Fakülte Kitabevi, 2004. Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. (2008). A Brief History of being part of Muslim world. the Late Ottoman Empire. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Iskandar, Mohammad. (2001). Para REFERENCES Pengemban Amanah: Pergulatan “Hal Alhilaloel Ahmar,” Oetoesan Hindia, 7 Pemikiran Kiai dan di Jawa Oktober 1915. Barat 1900-1951. Yogyakarta: Mata “Haroes Diperhatikan Kaoem Moeslimin,” Bangsa. Oetoesan Hindia, 30 November 1914. Kadı, İsmail Hakkı, A. C. S. Peacock & “Negeri Egypte,” Oetoesan Hindia, 19 Annabel. (2011). The Gallop “Writing November 1914. History: The Acehnese Embassy to “Orang Turkije dan Rus”, Oetoesan Hindia, 27 Istanbul 1849-1852” dalam Michael November 1914. Feener, Patrick Daily & Anthoby Reid Adam, Ahmat. (1995). Sejarah Awal Pers dan (ed). Mapping the Acehnese Past. Kebangkitan Kesadaran Keindonesiaan. Leiden: KITLV Press. Jakarta: Hasta Mitra. Kartodirdjo, Sartono. (1981). Laporan- Akın, Yiğit. (2018). When the War Came Laporan tentang Gerakan Protes di Home: The Ottomans’ Great War and Jawa Pada Abad XX. Jakarta: Arsip the Devastation an Empire. Stanford: Nasional Republik Indonesia. Stanford University Press. Kartodirdjo, Sartono et al. (1975). Sarekat Algadri, Hamid. (1984). Snouck Hurgronje: Islam Lokal. Jakarta: Arsip Nasional Politik Belanda terhadap Islam dan Republik Indonesia. Keturunan Arab. Jakarta: Sinar Kartodirdjo, Sartono et al. (1975). Sejarah Harapan. Nasional Indonesia jilid V (Jakarta: Aydın, Cemil. (2017). The Idea of the Muslim Kementrian Pendidikan dan World: Global Intellectual History. Kebudayaan, 1975) Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Kartodirdjo, Sartono. (1984). Pemberontakan Aydın, Cemil. (2007). The Politics of Anti- Petani Banten 1888. Jakarta: Pustaka Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Jaya.

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Kartodirdjo, Sartono. (1984). Ratu Adil. Wells, Jeyamallar Kathirathamby. (2015). Jakarta: Sinar Harapan. “Hadhrami Mediators of Ottoman Korver, A. P. E. (1985). Sarekat Islam Influence in Southeast Asia,” dalam Gerakan Ratu Adil?. Jakarta: Grafiti A.C.S. Peacock & Annabel Teh Gallop Press. (ed). From Anatolia to Aceh: Ottomans, Laffan, Michael Francis. (2003). Islamic Turks, and Southeast Asia. London: Nationhood and Colonial Indonesia: Oxford University Press and British The Umma Below the Winds. London: Academy. Routledge Curzon. Mardin, Şerif. (2000). The Genesıs of Young Ottoman Thoughts: A Study in the Modernization of Turkish Political Ideas. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. Mochtar, Kustiniyati. (1996). “Agus Salim Manusia Bebas,” Seratus Tahun Haji Agus Salim. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan. Reid, Anthony. (2003). “Pan-Islamism Abad Kesembilan Belas di Indonesia dan ,” dalam N.J.G Kaptein, C.van Dijk dan Jan Schmidt. Kekacauan dan Kerusuhan: Tiga Tulisan tentang Pan- Islamisme Abad Kesembilan Belas di Indonesia dan Malaysia. Jakarta: INIS. Reid, Anthony. (1969). The Contest for North : Atjeh, The Netherlands and Britain 1858-1898. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya and Oxford University Press. Ricklefs, M. C. (2001). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1200. London: Palgrave. Ricklefs, M. C. (2007). Polarising Javanese Society: Islamic and Other Visions 1830-1930. Singapore: NUS Press. Shcmidt, Jan. (2002). Through Legation the Window 1876-1926: Four Essays on Dutch Indian and Ottoman History. Istanbul: Nederlandsh Historich – Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul. Shiraishi, Takashi. (1997). Zaman Bergerak: Radikalisme Rakayta di Jawa 1912- 1926. Jakarta: Grafiti. Supratman, Frial Ramadhan. (2016). “Before the Ethical Policy: The Ottoman State, Pan-Islamism and Modernisation in Indonesia”, Aljami’ah, 54(2), 2016. Supratman, Frial Ramadhan. (2017). “Rafet Bey: The Last Ottoman Consul in Batavia during the First World War 1911-1924,” Studia Islamika, 24(1), 2017.

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