The Toraja As an Ethnic Group and Indonesian Democratization Since the Reform Era

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The Toraja As an Ethnic Group and Indonesian Democratization Since the Reform Era The Toraja as an Ethnic Group and Indonesian Democratization Since the Reform Era Inaugural-Dissertation Zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn vorgelegt von Sukri Sukri aus Makassar, Indonesia Bonn, 2018 Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich- Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Zusammensetzung der Prüfungskommission: Herr Prof. Dr. Stephan Conermann, Institut für Orient-und Asienwissenschaften (Vorsitzende) Herr Prof. Dr. Christoph Antweiler, Institut für Orient-und Asienwissenschaften (Betreuer und Gutachter) Herr Prof. Dr. Wolfram Schaffar, Universität Wien (Gutachter) Frau Prof. Dr. Karoline Noack, Institut für Archäologie und Kulturanthropoligie (weiteres prüfungsberechtigtes Mitglied) Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 06. Februar 2016 ii Abstrakt Als das autoritäre Suharto-Regime 1998 fiel, trat Indoensien in eine Periode des Übergangs zur Demokratie ein, die unter dem Namen „era reformasi“ (Reform-Ära) bekannt ist. Für lokale Gemeinschaften bot sich dabei die für sie wichtige Möglichkeit, mehr Mitspracherechte in verschiedenen politischen Feldern zu fordern. Als Antwort auf diese Forderungen und als Teil der Bemühungen zu zeigen, dass Demokratie vor Ort implementiert wird, verabschiedete die Regierung eine Reihe von Gesetzen zur Dezentralisierung und regionaler Autonomie sowie Gesetze zu einem veränderten System der Wahlen der Regierungsoberhäupter auf lokaler und regionaler Ebene (Gouverneur, Landrat, Bürgermeister). Durch diese Maßnahmen hat die lokale Bevölkerung wichtige Rechte erhalten um die regionalen und lokalen Regierungsoberhäupter gemäß der formal demokratischen Verhältnisse zu wählen, aber andererseits beruht das Wahlverhalten der lokalen Bevölkerung auf verschiedenen lokalen Normen. Der Prozess der Wahlen als eine demokratische Arena fordert das demokratische Muster des Staates heraus indem die lokale Bevölkerung darauf in ihren eigenen Kontext reagiert. Dieses Aufeinandertreffen führt zu eigentümlichen Dynamiken und Prozessen, da lokale Nomen und Rechte (adat) ebenfalls die lokalen Wahlen in Toraja reglementieren. Es kam zu besonderen Aktivitäten während der Wahlen in Toraja als eine typische „Toraja-Art“, mit der Wahl und dem staatlichen Recht umzugehen und diesen politischen Prozess auf ihre eigene Weise zu interpretieren. Diese Aktivitäten bezogen sich auf Frage, wie mit Demokratie als der gewünschte Politikform umzugehen ist im Kontext der Gemeinschaft der Indigenen mit ihren spezifischen Traditionen des Politischen. Basierend auf Methoden der qualitativen Sozialforschung analysiert diese Arbeit die Dynamiken der ethnischen Gruppe der Toraja mit Fokus auf dem Landkreis Nord-Toraja, als dort 2010 die ersten Wahlen stattfanden nachdem der Landkreis 2008 vom Landkreis Toraja abgespalten wurde. Die Arbeit betrachtet diese Region als Teil Indonesiens im Rahmen des Demokratisierungsprozesses der Reform-Ära. Mit Bezugnahme auf Ansätze des Rechtspluralismuses wurden 30 Menschen interviewt an verschiedenen Orten (Nordtoraja, Torajaland, Makassar, Luwu, Ost-Luwu und Jakarta). Die Interviewten waren lokale politische Funktionsträger, politische und traditionelle Führungspersönlichkeiten aus politischen Parteien, Akademiker, NRO-Aktivisten sowie Journalisten. Das Material wurde ergänzt durch informelle Gespräche mit relevanten Bürgern mit dem Ziel, so die Bedeutung und Relevanz des adat als Gewohnheitsrecht für die politischen Prozesse, die durch verschiedene formelle Gesetze reglementiert sind, zu erfassen. Die lokale Wahl in Nord-Toraja von 2010 veranschaulicht wie indigene Gruppen ihren eigenen Weg gehen im Wahlprozess, der für das Bestreben des Staates steht, Demokratie auf lokaler Ebene zu implementieren. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung in Nord-Toraja mögen zunächst zu der Annahme führen, dass es sich bei der Wahl um einen undemokratischen Prozess handelte aufgrund der Tatsache, dass die Praktiken die Gleichheit der Bürger nicht berücksichtigten. Aber wenn die politischen Praktiken einer Gemeinschaft auf dem beruhen, was sie selbst für den geeignetsten Weg halten, können die Verhältnisse sicherlich nicht als undemokratisch gelten. Wenn Demokratie als ein System gilt, das die Bedürfnisse der Menschen ins Zentrum rückt, erst nimmt um umsetzt, kann diese Studie aus Toraja einen kritischen Beitrag leisten bezüglich der Tendenz des Staates, seine Ansprüche durch sein Rechtssystem umzusetzen. Ein Blick auf die ethnische Gruppe der Toraja und ihren Erfahrungen gibt einen Einblick in die Art, wie indigene Gemeinschaften staatliche Rahmenbedingungen und demokratische Anforderungen als ihnen auferlegte Pflichten still hinnehmen und dabei dennoch ihre eigenen fundamentalen Normen des adat, das Teil ihrer sozialen Identität ist, nicht ignorieren. iii Dedication My mother Saenab Tamma, My wife Hery Hermas, and my Little“Kacinong” Rhein iv Acknowledgment This work will never done without various help and support from some important Special thanks to Professor Christoph Antweiler and and Professor Wolfram Schaffar, my research supervisors for their kindly supervises. I also would like to thank the Directorate General of Higher Education Republic of Indonesia and the DAAD to fund my program. My grateful thanks are also for the Politics Department of Hasanuddin University, the South Sulawesi Provincial Government, The Government of North Toraja District and the Toraja District. Finally, many thanks addresed to express my gratitude to Tamma’s and Hermas Rerung’s family, Batu Sitanduk family, the Hoodies, RIDeP, and all Collegaues in the Southeast Asian Studies, Bonn University for their supported, inspired, and helped me to finish my works. v List of Tables Table 1 Percentage of Indonesian Population Based on Religion Table 2 Percentage of Indonesian Population based on the Ethnic Group Table 3 The Government Income from the Tourism Sector of the Foreign Tourists Table 4 The Results of Indonesian General Election on 5 July 1971 Table 5 Percentage of the Golongan Karya result on Indonesian General Election during the New Orde era (1977-1997) Table 6 The ethnic population composition in the South Sulawesi province in 2000 Table 7 Spreads of Tangdilino and Buen Manik siblings Table 8 People had as the Head of District Government In Toraja Region Table 9 The Regional Head and its deputies Candidates in the North Toraja local election 2010 Table 10 The age, Birthplace, and Residence Place of Candidates In the North Toraja Local Election 2010 Table 11 Result of Vote Acquisition of North Toraja District Election 2010 1st Round Table 12 Result of the 2nd Round Vote Acquisition of North Toraja District Election 2010 vi List of Figures Figure 1 The Map of Indonesia Figure 2 Some of customary attires in Indonesia Figure 3 Map of Indonesian Provinces Figure 4 The Garuda Pancasila Figure 5 The Taman Mini Indonesia Indah in Jakarta, Indonesia (TMII) from above Figure 6 The Toraja regions map Figure 7 Symbols of Pa’barre Allo Figure 8 The Tongkonan of Ke’te Kesu’ the North Toraja District Figure 9 Yusuf Langsa, one of the to parengnge’ in Nanggala, the North Toraja District Figure 10 The Tedong bonga or the Bonga buffallo Figure 11 The Tedong biasa or the ordinary buffallo Figure 12 The Animal Farm market in Rantepao, The North Toraja Utara Figure 13 The Master of Ceremony in a rambu solo event Checked the name list of the Sacrificial meat recipient in the North Toraja Figure 14 To Parengge sits down in lumbung during a rambu solo event inthe North Toraja Figure 15 List of the candidate for Regent and Vice Regent of North Toraja by numbersand the form of candidacy in the elections of 2010 Figure 16 The guest entourage headed to “lumbung” that provided based on social position in the “rambu solo” event Figure 17 The lumbung where the guests who have high position in the Toraja Social Hierarchy will sits during the rambu solo event Figure 18 Some commoners in the rambu solo event Figure 19 Two Pairs of Candidatse in the second round Figure 30 The oldest church in the Toraja regions located in Rantepao, North Toraja District Figure 21 The Main office of the Central Bureau of Synods (BPS) of the Toraja Church where in the background is the giant Cross Statue in Rantepao vii List of Content Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... iii Dedication ................................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgment .......................................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................... vi List of Figure ............................................................................................................................................... vii List of Content ........................................................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1 – An Overview of Indonesia ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Indonesia as Multiethnic Country ........................................................................................ 1 1.2. Cultural Diversity as an
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