From Rivalry to Partnership Between US and Iranian Interests

CEU eTD Collection

The GeopolitThe t In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Artsof Masters ofthe degree for requirements the of fulfilment partialIn o Partnership Supervisor: Professor AntonPelinka Professor Supervisor: i cs of Azerbaijan:Fromcs of Rivalry Department of Department Central European University European Central

Budapest, Hungary Budapest, b Interests etween U.S. and Iranianetween U.S.and Ulvi Alizada Ulvi Submitted to Submitted 2015 By Political Science Political

CEU eTD Collection ForeignKeywords: TheU.S., Policy, AzerbaijanProgram, Nuclear Azerbaijan.United States towards policy foreign the in aspects negative main two have would U.S. the and Iran between that argue will thesis The 2015. June, 30 by completed be should nuclearproblem Iranian the solve to order in international Iran with talks started mediators international and six 2012 Since security peace. national U.S. the to threat a as perceived U.S. the which program U the seized Iran in Revolution Islamic were T hostile. extremelybeen has Iranand States United Azerbaijan. in particularly Caucasus, South in policy foreign States United the affect will processes these how importantly and Ir States Unitedbetween the warming of Thisrelations thesisrecent the analyzes the Iranian Hostage Crisis when a group of students who were active supporters of the the of supporters active were who students of group a when Crisis Hostage Iranian the . Recently in Lausanne parties reached a framework nuclear deal with Iran which Iranwith nuclear dealframework a partiesreached in Lausanne Recently . After the Islamic revolution in 1979, the relationship between the the between relationship the 1979, in revolution Islamic the After

Abstract . S .

mas i Tha i 17 ad erns nuclear Tehran’s and 1979 in Tehran in embassy ii

he reasons for such a belligerent relationship belligerent a such for reasonshe

reaching a final agreement agreement final a reaching an,mostand

of the the of

CEU eTD Collection lot. a Thanks help. and support her without study this finish to impossible to next been have would FuadChiragov gratefultheirforcontinued car Prof. Pelinka. with working pleasure great a been has It inspiration. and guidance feedback, support, Civil the Society ofAward.Leadership recipients the of one be to honored am I scholarship. full receive to opportunity

Thank youyoursuppoThankall for It Inga. to thanks huge and gratefulness of sense deepest my express must I finally, And friends my thank to wish I particular, In am myI grateful also hiseverything.myforcousin,to nephews wife and eternally am I Sister. my and Father my Mother, my family, my thank to like would I su my to gratitude deep my express to want also I the me giving for Foundations Society Open thank to like would I foremost, and First manyTherearegreatly me finish to who peoplesupported

for theirencouragementandI help.

Acknowledgement e, support andsupport unconditional e, love. rt. iii

and

greatlyv

my professor from Baku States University States Baku from professor my alue their friendshiptheiralue assistance. and pervisor Prof. Anton Pelinka for his his for Pelinka Anton Prof. pervisor

Master’s

Degree at CEU. at Degree

CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Appendix Chapter4 Conclusion AnalysisChapter3 andResults Chapter2 U.S. Chapter1 I Acknowledgement Abstract 1.1 Literature 1.1 review Structure: 3.4 3.4 Consequencesthedealof Nuclear onU.S.theforeign policy inAzerbaijan 3.3 Futureperspective ofagreementon nuclearprogram Groups 3.2 supporting nuclearprogram Groups 3.1 2. 2. Historical 2.1 Background 1.3 Methodologyandmethod 1.2 Theo 3 U.S.2 2.3.2 Negotiation2.3.2 onprocessnuclear Iran's program 2.3.1 2.2. Security2.2.2 Diplomacy Energy2.2.1 Diplomacy 1.2.2 Content1.3.1 analysis

...... 3 -

IranRelations A: US Relationsbetween countriestwo years 5 in the past Discourseanalysis - reticalframework AzerbaijanRelations ntroduction

......

...... - againstnuclearprogram Iran relations1979 after - AzerbaijanandU.S.

......

...... - Iran RelationsIran

...... Table of Contents of Table

......

...... iv ......

......

49 45 43 38 34 31 27 26 24 23 21 19 17 15 14 12 12

iii

ii 9 8 8 6 3 3 1

CEU eTD Collection ma played history of periods different in which neighbors, its to linked closely was region the historically building main the of one then noticed the mid to the In element. accustomed single a become as USSR the haveof thinking they as analysts, American for difficult very was states soviet po independent newly the of independence economic and political the accept To USSR. the ofbecause unclear was region the toward foreignpolicy U.S. the Initially, the of one as itself establish could it Relations, International of world the in actors global other and Turkey and Iran Russia, was an Iran Russia, as states neighboring such of influence the of object foreignintersectioninterestsand of ofa the isCaucasus.This zone in regionaSouth certainlythe war cold subsys regional of number a and relations international of system global the in de this region an arena of struggle between these three countries. three these between struggle of arena an region this de U . a Joining of Azerbaijan of Joining . geographically S a The end of the "cold war" and the collapse of the Soviet Union brought profound changes changes profound brought Union Soviet the of collapse the and war" "cold the of Theend . on 11 September, 2001 September, 11 on

, the U.S has been involved in the democratization process and economic developments developments economic and process democratization the in involved been has U.S the , crucial role. crucialrole. interest in the region. While the strategic importance of th of importance strategic the While region. the in interest Location of the South Caucasus in the periphery of Russia, Turkey and Iran Iran and TurkeyRussia, of periphery inthe Caucasus South the of Location f ar and comparatively new, non new, comparativelyand ar blocks to the fight against international terrorism international against fight the to main powers and became active in the political affairs of the region. region. the of affairs political the in active became and powers main , it was not a major concern in the making of U.S. policy until until policy U.S. of making the in concern major a not was it ,

of the p the of Introduction Chapter rosecution of the global war on terrorism. terrorism. on war global the of rosecution 1

- traditional actor in this region paralleled to to paralleled regionin this actor traditional - 1990s, energy affairs became a reason of of reason a became affairs energy 1990s, 1

d Turkey. Although the U.S. U.S. the Although Turkey. d e South Caucasus had been been had Caucasus South e Furthermore, Furthermore,

made the South Caucasus Caucasus South the made the

sudden collapse of of collapsesudden tems. tems. Azerbaijan in Azerbaijan Nevertheless After

the the st - , CEU eTD Collection interesAzerbaijanandis leadingpartner inthe a countryCaucasus South the shared on based partnership strategic of indicator and ally Azerbaijan U research proposed Iran. and States United thesis The whole. only not changes profound public. the from secret 2013 November 24 on parties the by signed agreement the Iran and countries thesebetween relations program nuclear Iranian the on agreement an signed security, ( ISIS Yemen, of Republic Russia and Asia, and communicationsandbetweenraisesimportance West Southofcorridor theEast Caucasus. the Europe of crossroads the at situated being the Russia, China, France, Germany, UK, USA) UK, Germany, France, China, Russia, . S

. is which country a region, Caucasus South integration of Azerbaijan into the international community as communityinternational the into Azerbaijan of integration of the US in the Caucasus the in US the of - Iran affect relations - Ukraine oaas we the when Nowadays, in particular in ? According to Congressman Dan Burton CongressmanDan to According

conflict analyze address

for

Such warming of relations between relations of warming Such cnen bu dangerous about concern , iig o otiue no h tertcl icsin i ti fi this in discussions theoretical the into contribute to Aiming the s among others among the es

the possible consequences of normalization of relations between relations of normalization of consequences possible the

n etr pltc bt lo n th in also but politics western in U the following main question: How How question: main following the uh f international of much South Caucasus South .S. . The stability The

foreign policy in in foreignpolicy , the agreement between Iran and the "six" the and Iran between agreement the . Nevertheless, the most interesting thing is that, isinteresting thing most the Nevertheless, .

of the Azerbaijani economy, economy, Azerbaijani the of

region. is no less important for the world of politics of world the for important less no is rich in various mineral and energy resources and resources energy and mineral various in rich 2

Azerbaijan

teto fcsd on focused attention (2013) eeomns in developments

and it was a major milestone in warming warming in milestone major a was it and On

January 20, 2014, 2014, 20, January

the on nuclear program nuclear on Azerbaijanis ts and values, which means that that means which values, and ts , and what impa what and , pltcl ie f h re the of life political e

United States and Iran will have have will Iran and States United will having the transportation and and transportation the having a partner of NATO is NATO of partner a . recent improvements in improvements recent

errs atvte in activities terrorist

a stable exchange rate exchange stable a partner strategic a a

recent “ ct will this have on haveon willthis ct Big Six Big , the text is kept kept is text the ,

world powers powers world saain of escalation ” gion as a a as gion

and Iran Iran and a strong a l, the eld,

unlike

and and and the the the the

CEU eTD Collection which scientists, and analysts Russian and foreign of studies cou in policy foreign 1.1 Azerbaijan.and governme warming. gradual the of period the of analysis the Iran U with concluding and diplomacy chronologicalorder, Azerba about background historical cente and method, analyzestrategic Azerbaij of importance strategic the study to approach theoretical Iran. and Azerbaijan specifically Caucasus South Structure: ntries is not unambiguous. The unambiguous. not is ntries Literature review Literature relations ijan and Iran separately. I separately. Iran and ijan It should be noted that noted be should It reviewis 1 literature Chapter related the nt documents, government positions government documents, nt

on the period of hostile relations between Iran and the U.S. and then following with followingwith and then U.S. betweenhostilethe Iranand relations of period the on

Chapter 4 is4 Chapterconcluding the part thesis.of the sig the r - Azerbaijane I of nificance periphery appro periphery beginning South Caucasus region. Caucasus South

zrajn olwd by followed Azerbaijan

with there is there

.S. analyze U analyze the ach as a theoretical framework theoretical a as ach U - Azerbaijan re Azerbaijan . S

U a .

foreign policy in varying degrees was reflected in the the in reflected was degrees varying in policy foreign . considerable amount of theoretical works on works theoretical of amount considerable S .

.S. energy diplomacy, continuing withenergycontinuing diplomacy, mploy content analysis and discourse analysis as a a as analysis discourse analysis and content mploy , speeches , The The - 3 to the foreign policy of the United States towards foreign towards the States Unitedofto thepolicy Azerbaijan rela Azerbaijan

In chapter 3 chapter In lations in the past 5 years. 5 past the in lations U Secondly, . S

. nomto about information

foreign policy towards South Caucasus Caucasus South towards policy foreign from the three the from

can be divided into the following 2 2 following the into divided be can

I , in i he ifrn hss in phases different three in tions

I analyze I describe a methodological and and methodological a describe n for an . Chapter 2 Chapter

countri

official press releases, releases, press official the the

I investigate I United States. States. United

U starts with some some with starts the the es, the US, Iran Iran US, the es, . S . U

eain to relations . S .

the security U U.S. . S To . - CEU eTD Collection Asia. of expansion for vision his outlined Brzezinski continent. Eurasian inthe especiallyand world, inthe decade current the situationof of members influential Imperatives Geostrategic Its And Primacy American Chessboard: Grand “The the is on based is thesis this that relations international and region. the in States United al(2009) et McPherson as such authors other while perspective, security the from Caucasus South in foreignpolicy U.S. BarabanovMuradyan Lebedeva Hajiyev (2009), and(2009), others. (2000) (2001), as researches Russian such of inworks the presented Caucasus region South inthe foreignpolicy and Iran Turkey, Russia, as countries such with Asia of content actual the identify to sought they which in study Washington J at Starr F. by founded region the in relations international of the of One policy. foreign American of context the engaged were others andFuller L. Starr, F. Cohen, A. Cornell, S. King, Charles Waal, De Thomas as researches prominent Such scientists. CIS and Russian and themselves; of researchers American including Western, groups:

n Suh Caucasus South and In his book, book, his In Such scholars as J. Nichol (2011), A. Jafalian Jafalian A. (2011), Nichol J. as scholars Such . This Institute and the Atlantic Council of the United States in 2001 published a full full a published in2001 States United the of Council Atlantic the and Institute This . the U . zrajn an iprat epltcl egt ecie b Brzezinski by described weight geopolitical important gains Azerbaijan S .

influence and its European partners in the Eurasian continent to Central to continent Eurasian the in partners European its and influence , J. Bugajski (2008), Ebel et al (2000) focused on the energy policy of the the of policyenergy the focusedon (2000) alEbel et Bugajski(2008), J. ,

ohns Hopkins University Hopkins ohns h U pltcl elite political US the t cmae mrcn neet wt ntoa itrss n h region the in interests national with interests American compare to ,

However, o However,

in studying the development of Caucasian countries, including in including countries, Caucasian of development the studying in

the

is fall of communism in the USSR. the in communism of fall ne of the of ne the Central Asia Central the ”. ”. This thesis employs insights employs thesis This 4 Zbigniew Brzezinski. He analyzes the political political the analyzes He Brzezinski. Zbigniew

’s China

pop

School of Advanced International Studies in Studies International Advanced of School main research center research main ular books in the field of political science political of field the in books ular (2011) and G and (2011) . Analysis of various aspects of aspects various of Analysis - Caucasus the priorities of the U the of priorities the

. Tracey (2012) cov (2012) Tracey . institute (CACI) which (CACI) institute s

i strategic His

dealing with the study study the with dealing from one of the of one from

. S

In his book hisIn .

in Central Central in

plan was was plan the ered

most

U w the the .S. as as as as ,

CEU eTD Collection deterfrom anisnuclear mainitsattack weaponto rivals Israel and view. of point this rejects categorically Sagan opponent his while welcomed, is it then gradually spread weapons world? the to do weapons viewpoints different weapons. nuclear is authors the of concerns main the WaltzKenneth N. Sagan D. and U the of response the and dilemma to control Moscow’s submit to but choice no have would then Azerbaijan Asia. Central to and Sea Caspian the vit west’s Europe. the cut Central would inGeorgia Subduing conflicts ignite to potential the with Russia, imperial an effect in restore rever to fashion U serious are there regio whole also he region, geopolitical important an as Caucasus South considers Brzezinski any hegemonpower inthe that with countrynext cancatch up the twenty Brzezinski. Zbigniew bywritten also basinAsia”Centraland c that ‘bottle’ the to access controlling ‘cork’ “important . S .

and the Russian Federation. The bottom line is that that is line bottom The Federation. Russian the and Also book Another n is very fluid. very is n ,

a considerable amount of literature has been published on the Iranian nuclear nuclear Iranian the on published been has literature of amount considerable a se the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Gaining control over Ukraine would would Ukraine over control Gaining Union. Soviet the of disintegration the se ”. – In an In

ct Sgn osdr Ia a atpcl case typical a as Iran considers Sagan Scott huh o war not though

that that eadn mi qeto o te ok “ book the of question main regarding

astute debate between Scott D. Sagan and Kenneth N. Waltz N. Kenneth andSagan D. Scott between debate astute (Kleveman, 2004) (Kleveman, ” (2013:3). (2013:3). ” influenced Brzezinski (2009) Brzezinski is one of the important books about nuclear proliferation. One of nuclear of Onebooksabout proliferation. important the of oneis . S -

. threatening the question about the consequences of the proliferation of of proliferation the of consequences the about question the the ideasthe

He Waltz’s main conclusion of his arguments is that if nuclear if that is arguments his of conclusion main Waltz’s to it. to openly identifies openly .

T al energy connection (the Baku (the connection energy al he book he

c in research this laims 5 –

geopolitical conflicts of interest between the the between interest of conflicts geopolitical

“The Spread of Nuclear Weapons” by Scott byWeapons”Scott Nuclear “Theof Spread that that “nor should one ignore the reality that that reality the ignore one should “nor the United States asa States United the ontains the riches of the Caspian Sea Sea Caspian the of riches the ontains Mr. is

What will the spread of nuclear nuclear of spread the will What Putin resents and wants in some some in wants and resents Putin The Geostrategic TriadThe Geostrategic

which main goal of obtaining obtaining of goal main which the United States (2006:47).Unitedthe States - fiveyears. - C eyhan pip eyhan modern imperial modern thinks that the that thinks

Eventhough , we can see see can we ,

eline) to to eline) which iswhich

CEU eTD Collection the of founder the of writings the in given was It concept. geopolitical special of framework (2012:21). periphery, and center its leveldeterminedwith m bydevelopment the of has process each and phenomenon every Busygina, to According science. political and relations international of fields the in approaches popular the of one is It 1.2 ithow will relations change of relations affect might it how on only focusing while from program deal. policy. Hilar Iran Obama's President of by welcomed was program support nuclear Iranian the on in agreement an of framework the letter Furthermore, open an with Congress to appealed Adv Security process; this supporting opinion.in hand,their political was elitedivided On other the Times York New Interest National Affairs, Foreign Policy, Foreign journals including publications, recent Theoretical framework Theoretical

y and Bill Clinton. Clinton. Bill and y various angles. The above studies and recent publicatio recent and studies above The angles. various The theoretical grounding of the proposed thesis will rely on rely will thesis proposed the of grounding theoretical The studied scholars aforementioned conclusion, In The

with

The main features of the "center "center the of features main The U

. isor S the .

concern rega concern

U.S. big rivals such as China and China as such rivals big U.S. and others and rn Socot and Scowcroft Brent moreover, In contrast, there are groups who are really skeptical about the nuclear the about skeptical really are who groups are there contrast, In

m rding Iran’s nuclear program nuclear Iran’s rding

the ainly supported O supported ainly

U.S. with Caucasus, U.S. South specifically other well other Former secretary of state state of secretary Former - -

known personalities such as as such personalities known bilateral periphery" theory was originally developed in the the in developed originally was theory periphery" ore developed center and lessdevelopedand center developedore periphery 6

bama's desire to solve this problem peacefully. peacefully. problem this solve to desire bama's

Russia, do not address the main the address not do Russia, the the relations

South Caucasus region region Caucasus South covered in the mainstream media and and media mainstream the in covered Brzezinski addressed an open letter openan addressed Brzezinski ns on ns

ewe Ia ad h US and U.S. the and Iran between

the the

Madeleine Albright also also Albright Madeleine Iranian nuclear problem, problem, nuclear Iranian center with Former U.S. National National U.S. Former Azerbaijan. - periphery model. model. periphery systematically systematically question

, The The ,

of of

CEU eTD Collection West’sattention,bymaneuveringwhich disappointed were recent the of Turkey. Soviet the of fall the After 1991. until Union Soviet the of part as was Azerbaijan countries Caucasus South the of rest the Likeintersect. Iran incountry centuries States. United the now and Iran, and Russia as empires mention As commun military, economic, political, as such groups different into imperialism classifies Galtung 1998:47). al, et (Coppieters both between ties mutual establish to sees c thewhere control,center of center the the formdifferentasa imperialism In isthis of centersunderstood periphery”context, and (1971:81). its has turn, in nation, each and nations; Periphery and Center of consists world “the Galtung center presents he where of concept The Azerbaijan. di political geopolitical“centerthrough the concept analyzed was study of object main the where others, and (1994) Cohen S. (1979), Wallerstein concepts geopolitical of number large a develop regions 1920s situation model wasHe"center alsooffirst 1904). developedthe (Mackinder, the geopolitical global the of analysis comprehensive a made "periphery" and "center" Anglo - - 90 Huhfr otne t suy hs prah n dvlpd h ie of idea the developed and approach this study to continued Haushofer 1940s mrcn s American

There r pee (Klin spheres or

the the csin. atn’ mdl f center of model Galtung’s scussions. ed earlier, Azerbaijan has always historically been the focus of attention of such such of attention of focus the been historically always has Azerbaijan earlier, ed

ot acss eaea rn fgooiia srgl. Azerbaijan struggle. geopolitical of arena an became Caucasus South r dfeet concepts different are South Caucasus region whereCaucasus region South chool of geopolitics Halford Mackinder, who was by using the concepts concepts the using by was who Mackinder, Halford geopolitics of chool g - periphery model as a “structural theory of imperialism”. Ac imperialism”. of theory “structural a as model periphery ofr 06. Mackinder 2006). hoffer the eihr i Glugs center Galtung’s in periphery

n h rsac o periphery of research the in - periphery”. the interests of such countries as Russia, Turkey and Turkeyand Russia, as countries suchinterests of the enter of the periphery as some kind of connection ofconnection some kind periphery of theas enter 7 Union Azerbaijan was on the periphery of the the of periphery the on was Azerbaijan Union

- periphery is quite applicable in the case of of case the in applicable quite is periphery - to basis the as served models Houshofer’s –

Nicholas Spykman (1944), (1944), Spykman Nicholas t h tr o te 19 the of turn the At - periphery model is damaging, damaging, is model periphery in international relations and and relations international in ication or cultural (1971:87). (1971:87). cultural or ication -

periphery".in Later

n te 20 the and

is the only only the is cording to to cording Immanuel Immanuel

pan

the the th -

CEU eTD Collection systematically identify is method this of importance The research. qualitative 1.3 Americanapp analysis discourse 1. the conflict ethnic ongoing Nagorno the over Armenia and Azerbaijan between also Ossetia, South and Abkhazia republics, breakaway Georgia’s periphery, cleavages. ethnic and religious by defined much very is region whole the as region, Caucasus South the of politics needed bridgeheadRussiaprotectionthat against and Iran. F interests. Western for springboard a as seen been have West the in Azerbaijan of position peripheral the view, of point military a from also but economically, only Not 2006:5). (Coppieters, continents or states par the approach this In bridgehead. a as periphery 3 .1 Content analysis.1Content

SouthCaucasus region. Methodology Content analy content Qualitative method. research qualitative the on based is thesis This Rockan and Lipset Moreover, center of model Another

state state roach towards Azerbaijan. towards roach , quantification of the data and interpretation of the results in order to evaluate and evaluate to order in results the of interpretation and data the of quantification ,

nlss s n o te ot omn tools common most the of one is analysis vs

According to Lipset and Rockan and Lipset to According

hrh land church, provide a method of assessing and understanding future perspectives of of perspectives future understanding and assessing of method a provide

r ln tm Aebia ws en o te U the for seen was Azerbaijan time long a or and method and

s nuty wre vs worker industry, vs - eihr apoc ta cn e ple t Aebia is Azerbaijan to applied be can that approach periphery

cleavage 8

- hoy s lo prpit i epann the explaining in appropriate also is theory

- hr r fu ye fcevgs center cleavages: of types four are there Karabakhregi iua ein sse s lnae between linkage a as seen is region ticular

owner

for ing

Hge & odn 20, p.7) 2002, Gordon, & (Hughes study

and fixing certain fixing and on are the crucial cleava crucial the are on ing . S

. eta ifrain in information textual

administration items of text itemsof sis and and sis s ges in ges

as a a as

vs .

CEU eTD Collection li used. is it where context information. communicated of kind Discourse1.2.2 analysis mainfindideas,out significant themost or the for points purposes theof research. scenarios. future possible on information broad get to reveal to help will analysis might that are p.3).there Mayring, to According 2000 (Mayring, interpretation” text qualitative more a for analysis content quantitative However aspects. qualitative and quantitative consequences. abovementioned assessing of model Mayring’s objectively. businessininterestspoliticalforces andof the analytics, on. and securitythe so studiedpromotionalthemateria American the by used first was analysis content studies politicalfieldof inthe However, publications. mediapromotional andadvertising American in centuries twentieth early and nineteenth late the content term The politics. world in actors ofactions or policies predict kd o om hae, etne and sentences phrases, form to nked The term discourse may be described in different ways and it sometimes ascribed to any to ascribed sometimes it and ways different in described be may discourse term The docum particular analyze to assist will analysis Content technique research used widely is analysis content Currently,

be ap be plied in text analysis (2010). (2010). analysis text in plied

T he the se

main goals and principles used in data and analyze them in order order in them analyze and data in used principles and goals main WorldSecondlsWar.the of things which can go together with the act of communication are are communication of act the with together go can which things two qualitative However, its meaning will definitely differ according to the to according differ definitely will meaning its However,

kinds of of kinds

ttmns Acrig o n o te ot prominent most the of one to According statements. political scientist H scientist political Mayring mentions that almost all researches have both have researches all almost mentionsthat Mayring , his main goal is “to preserve the advantages of of advantages the preserve “to is goal main his , category otn aayi wl b te main the be will analysis content Application of the inductive category of content content of category inductive the of Application 9

Inductive such as inductive and deductive category category deductive and inductive as such

. Lass . journ ap proach well alism to study the content of of content the study to alism ents and assess its results results its assess and ents - analysis was first used in used first was analysis

and his and Mthl 1967:230) (Mitchel, requires researcher to researcher requires

associates,

prah in approach

who who

in CEU eTD Collection U agreements and internationalmultilateral treaties and bilateralof sources of up made of relationsfuture analysisfor of used were literature publications and papers scientific various leaders, political of Data: e researchers or context” political and social the in talk and bytext resisted and reproduced, enacted, inequalityare and dominance,abuse, power, r analytical discourse of “type a is (CDA) analysis possible the analyzing and t understanding in consequences in model a be will Analysis Discourse Critical featur those all distinguish to how is thing main The characteristics. itsemphasizingsocial culturalto text. andthe relation the explained Paltridge and grammar, beyond Zelling was Harris by of focus 1952 main The in Harris. writing and speech connected studying of way a as introduced first was t (2012), Paltridge to According literature. relevant the in approaches ideas. philosophical different expressing to acts a discourse . S .

and Iran. The second group is group second The Iran. and

The thesis The different by considered be may which discourse of kinds different are There nalysts xperts shouldxperts arebe particulartryinginterpret carefulthe they when discourse. , is

he relations between countries. countries. between relations he Van Dijk, Van

based on the on based dis course is used to describe verbal practices from public speaking speaking public from practices verbal describe to used is course

(1993:249). study

reports, speeches and interviews of heads of Azerbaijan, Iran Iran Azerbaijan, of heads of interviews andspeeches reports, investigation of linguistic and non and linguistic of investigation

wide range o range wide

However, the word critical itself stimulates that that stimulates itself critical word the However,

analysis of discourse as a study of the context context the of study a as discourse of analysis numerous in used is analysis discourse term The

esearch that primarily studies the way social social way the studies primarily that esearch According to Van Dijk, critical discourse discourse critical Dijk, Van to According

the

f sources f

U.S. with Azerbaijan. The first group is group first withTheAzerbaijan. U.S. .

Various Various -

official documents, official es and how to study them. study to how and es he term discourse analysis analysis discourse term he - linguistic connections connections linguistic types of sources and and sources of types

between

speeches

the

CEU eTD Collection ineffective De le the in published articles the the of consisted group about third The states. information these of leaders obtain the of to position possible it makes materials these of analysis The U.S. and ading journals of foreign policy and global affairs, also materials published in various media. media. various in published materials also affairs, global and policy foreign of journals ading spite the political partisanship and bias of most of today's media, it should not be media,considereditpolitical ofspitemosttheshouldnot today's bias as of and partisanship

CEU eTD Collection Apr in and Azerbaijan South in started Khiyabani and Sattarkhan by led movement liberation national 1917 in Moreover, AzerbaijanSSR. the as USSR the entered formally Azerbaijan republicand created republic secular parliamentary empiresperiod ofpoliciestime,the two Azerbaijan.differentof these twocreated a North the invaded Russia 2007). (Ismailov, parts two into divided was Azerbaijan treaties, (1828) Turkmanchay and Gulistan 20 early the In 19 Northern and Azerbaijan Persian and Russian of clashes politicsempires.power All modernhadthe of these shaped great Azerbaijhistory day of the of context the in formed is land this of century two last Moreover religions. and cultures ofdifferent crossroad the locatedat been has Azerbaijan its geography, to Due 2009:12). Background Historical 2.1 th

century the Russian Empire and Empire Russian the century U In 1918 Russian Azerbaijan declared its independence from the empire and formed a a formed and empire the from independence its declared Azerbaijan Russian 1918 In present the 1747 in Empire Nadir’s of collapse the After present of history The . S l 90 hy rae Ntoa Gvrmn wih a dsryd y ern later. Tehran by destroyed was which Government National created they 1920 il . - th Azerbaijan U and

century , its past had always been related to the history of great empires and the the and empires great of history the to related been always had past its , , -

West part of Iran were shattered into tiny khanates. At the end of the the of end the At khanates. tiny into shattered were Iran of part West these two empires fought over the Azerbaijani khanates and with the the with and khanates Azerbaijani the over fought empires two these - day territory of Azerbaijan goes back to the Paleolithic (Aliyarli, (Aliyarli, Paleolithic the to back goes Azerbaijan of territory day ,

bu js to er ltr osei Rsi ivdd h newly the invaded Russia Bolshevik later years two just t

d esa nae te ot (eeoa 21) Fo that From 2010). (Necefova, South the invaded Persia nd the Chapter 2

newly created Qajars created newly 12

. S .

Iran Relations

state began to invade the khanates. khanates. invadethe beganto state - day territory of the Republic of of Republic the of territory day

an. an.

CEU eTD Collection interfere Russian the of because Bayramov, to According Union. Soviet the Armeniawith war the in especiallywith independence USA provideto AzeripreferenceRussianinthe languageof Azerbaijan over (Ismayilli, SSR 2009). o membership the from expelled and nationalism of accused were ImamMustafayev as such officials, top Azeri Most rules. those obey to had SSR Azerbaijan the of government and Moscow Politburo, from came orders Main SSR. Azerbaijan the of leadership the thr and country are 19 (Said, Azeris] forth” [here Oriental the that “Orientalism” under lamentably appeared “…suddenly his in described Said Edward which cannot “they that principle mu they themselves, the represent on based was Azerbaijan to attitude Soviets the Moreover, intendedmigrate Russian the Christians, forwhoprivileges to (Yuzefovich, to Empire1869:185). agree Turkmanchay the of article fifth The Armenians. mainly Christians, of favor in changed Azerbaijan of composition ethnic the 1828 after Firstly, 2010) year( later exista ceased thisarmyto but government Soviet the help Iranof with the from independence the declared movement led Pishevari Jafar 1945 November in Furthermore,

still After the second independence of Azerbaijan from Russia/USSR in 1991, Russia and and Russia 1991, in Russia/USSR from Azerbaijan of independence second the After policies. Soviet then and Russian the by influenced greatly been hadAzerbaijan Northern

opt wt ec ohr vr h influe the over other each with compete ,

the oughout the existence of existence the oughout the 77:150). Thus in the first years of Azerbaijan SSR only foreigners ruled the the ruled foreigners only SSR Azerbaijan of years first the in Thus 77:150). , the ,

government of Azerbaijan tried Azerbaijan of government United States. At same the States. Unitedtime First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party of the AzerbaijanSSR AzerbaijanPartyofSecretary the Communist First the of over Nagorno Karabakh Nagorno over st be represented” (Marx, 2014), and this was the same approach approach same the was this and 2014), (Marx, represented” be st - the humanized, antidemocratic, backward, barbaric, and so so and barbaric, backward, antidemocratic, humanized, Soviet Empire, Soviet 13 ,

which was one of the most infamous legacy of legacyof infamousmost the of one was which

the to build to

nce in the region. In the first years of of years first the In region. the in nce youngofAzerbaijaninvolved government ment provided large social and economic economic and social large provided ment

a Russians always played always Russians

strong relationship with the West, the with relationship strong f the Party, because he wanted wanted he because Party, the f nce

the domestic domestic the

key roles in roles key Ismayilova,

th e

local

CEU eTD Collection logistics center, important becamean Azerbaijan strategic 2001:40). (Aybak, whic Sea, Caspian the of Iran and ofRussia borders the on the allowed has Caucasus South the in countries geo and geopolitics economy, 2. apursue to trulyindependentpolicy in region. the West. the side of other the on and Russia, andIran activitiesofthe of2008) Iran’sand clerics (Goyushov, spies. Northern its in revolt Azeri potential the about Thus people. those of some on impact significant a have clerics Iran’s thus Shia, are Azerbaijan in Muslims of majority the Also, Hamadan. and Ardabil Zanjan, Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan, West East inprovinces of the populated areof most them inliveIranand Republic buildandnot governmentalstabilitystrong a structure country.inside the could Azerbaijan Caucasus, South in movements separatist to help its and Azerbaijan of affairs 2

U .S. fe the After Followingsub g The Iran location; - of Azerbaijan as its own “ostan own its as Azerbaijan of Azerbaijan Relations Azerbaijan

also overnment of Azerbaijan is in a very vulnerable very a in is Azerbaijan of overnment

has a great influence in Azerbaijan because even today Iran wants to see the the see to wants Iran today even because Azerbaijan in influence great a has olpe f h Sve Union, Soviet the of collapse

it h g The borders both Iran and Russia, and has access to the Caspian Sea. Moreo Sea. Caspian the to access has and Russia, and Iran both borders - chapter chapter h account for a significant portion of the world's oil and gas reserves gas and oil world's the of portion significant a for account h ooiia iprac o Aebia ws soitd any ih its with mainly associated was Azerbaijan of importance eopolitical describes - taey f h West. the of strategy

(Friedman, 2011:140) (Friedman,

U . ” S . .

- prxmtl mr hn2 mlinehi Azeris ethnic million 20 than more Approximately Azerbaijaninrelations differen three - West part, on the other hand, Azerbaijan concerns Azerbaijanconcerns hand, other the on part, West 14

Azerbaijan which connected which

However, despite all this, Azerbaijan is trying trying isAzerbaijan all this, despite However, . S .

and the EU the and h frain f h tre independent three the of formation The , as well as access to the energy resources resources energy the to asaccess well , as

began to play a special role in the the in role special a play to began

positi , on one hand one on ,

the East with the West and the and West the with the East the to on;

have

there is there

convenient foothold convenient ,

Iran

a t stages. t

pressure from pressure is concerned is

ver,

CEU eTD Collection government 1999:170) (Amineh, Chirag Palace, completely 2005). (Ismayilzade, in trust of lack in fields oil the to access for BP British the with rivalry intense the of because Azerbaijan with working influe Russian 2014:20) (Bayramov, diplomatic wes other and China Russia, as was gas and oil of reserves large had security. energy increase to was Washington of priorities main the of on effect great a 2.2 policy, at started before Eurasia and South, the with North .1Energy Diplomac - securitypolicy One of the important aspectsofU.S. important Onethe of Deepwater Guneshli (ACG) oil field, named by local analysts "Contract of the Century" the of "Contract analysts local by named field, oil (ACG) Guneshli Deepwater Aliyev and Aliyev Cenasi 2013:190) (Chernyavski, changed after lengthy negotiations. lengthy after changed

n ee mltr pwr o g to power military even and and cd country, nced

the U

the h bgnig f 1990s. of beginning the .S. major oil executives met at the ceremony of signing the contract for Azeri for contract the signing of ceremony the at met executives oil major

zrajn sd ascae wt Scin 0 o te reo Spot Act Support Freedom the of 907 Section with associated side Azerbaijani formation bilateral ties between two countries. two between ties bilateral formation .

businesses growingof interesttheWashington to contributed

oee, with However, and Despite the fact that official Washington Washington official that fact the Despite oevr s Moreover, y

(Maresca, 1998). 1998). (Maresca, relations betweenrelations served

rvt Aeia ol opne wr mc mr itrse in interested more much were companies oil American private

. tern countries. Those countries could easily use economic, economic, use easily could countries Those countries. tern as a corridor for communications, transport and energy in the the in energy and transport communications, for corridor a as

c de uch R

elations between Azerbaijan and the U.S. U.S. the and Azerbaijan between elations

particularly the

eomn o coeain between cooperation of velopment It The situation of American oil investors was not easy, not was investors oil American of situation The - oig o oe o Hya Aliyev Heydar of power to coming et Azerbaijan relations is energy diplomacy, which had had Azerbaijanwhich diplomacy, energyisrelations the

a b aaye i tre ifrn pae: energy phases: different three in analyzed be can

15 the On two countries years.in5 two past the

of great strategic great of

control over huge reserves of oil and gas gas and oil of reserves huge over control September 2 September 0, 1994 1994 0, was thinking of Azerbaijan as a a as Azerbaijan of thinking was

interest to interest In the post the In The in Baku at the Gulustan Gulustan the at Baku in

Caspian region which which region Caspian

- such great powers great such

cold war era, one era, war cold

the

Azerbaijan and and Azerbaijan in s mentioned as the situation situation the

Azerbaijani Azerbaijan. -

CEU eTD Collection regar sides both for beneficial very was partnership new This level. new qualitatively a to relations Azerbaijan. to assistance government against sanctions Republiclegal(AliyevAzerbaijanis of a& state” 1997:11) democratic andShahbazov, independent the that world the to more once demonstrated we contract, this signing In economy. gl the into Azerbaijan integrating for basis the and companies, oil biggest their with world, the of countries developed the with relations created we contract this signing In wealth. own their control people its that and state independent fully a is Azerb that world the to demonstrated more oncewe contract thissigning “In importance: its on uttered Aliyev Heydar Azerbaijan of President later country, the of history the in agreements Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan Clinton, Bill States United the of presidents the by signed addition, In Turkey. to oil Azerbaijani of transportation on agreement Geor Azerbaijan, of presidents 1999 18, November Tbilisi relations. bilateral in milestone Washington in signed Aliyev H Azerbaijan Accordingly, region. the geo of importance the signing After Congress. in decisions the influence could security. energy Azerbaijan toward policy foreign American 1990s early the in So dless the fact that American interest in the region was fully pragmatic. pragmatic. fully was region the in interest American that fact the dless - Ceyh Additionally, n n Baku and an eydar Aliyev to Washington in AuinWashington to Aliyev eydar Furth –

Saparm Clinton - ermore, huge and influential companies such as Amoco, Exxon, Mobil Mobil Exxon, Amoco, as such companies influential and huge ermore, strategic Caspian Sea basin and started to prepare special strategy tow strategy special prepare to started and basin Sea Caspian strategic under pressure from Amoco, President Clinton invited the president of of president the invited Clinton President Amoco, from pressure under - Tbilisi urat Niyazov urat rmsd o o i bs i odrt wtda the withdraw to order in best his do to promised a

joint political declaration political joint an oi o dsusos a a was discussions of topic Main - Erzurum. Erzurum.

(Socor, 2006) (Socor, Later 16 gust 1997 (Scott, 2005). Bill Clinton and Heydar Heydar and Clinton Bill 2005). (Scott, 1997 gust

, during the OSCE summit in Istanbul on on Istanbul in summit OSCE the during , obal economy and establishing a free market market free a establishing and economy obal gia and Turkey signed an intergovernmental intergovernmental an signed Turkey and gia .

As this contract was one of the biggest biggest the of one was contract this As contracts

l ti hs ruh U brought has this All on ene on rgy transit rgy

the e ppln poet Baku project pipeline new

was U.S. government r government U.S. – the

Nursultan Nazarbayev Nazarbayev Nursultan largely based on the the on based largely

gemn as was also agreement which The The

U.S. . S

United States States United was a major major a was . - Azerbaijan

economic

ealized aijan aijan ard - CEU eTD Collection inthe Azerbaijan U 2001, Since interest. security as fundamental as not but strong still were politicians partn drastically. 2.2 markets, hydrocar rich exporting on contracts vital signing by earlier mentioned prevent to was Washington Consequently respectively.Russia or Iranvia either export, oil for routes different them suggesting by countries independent newly forcing were Russia and Iran as such powers regional main as Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan Azerbaijan, towards cor thepursue to it wasdifficult analysts policy American initiallyfor Turkmenistan, 2011:224). (Mehdiyeva, deb political the of agenda the on region geo the and naturalresources to attention drawingby Washington, in States Caspian ofinterests the advocate oil U.S. the played relations bilateral of improvement the in role supporting were .2 r tts n ot Cuau ad eta Ai. lhuh nry neet o American of interests energy Although Asia. Central and Caucasus South in states er SecurityDiplomacy global war on war terror global After the terrorist attacks on the United States on 11 September 2001 September 11 on States United the on attacks terrorist the After The Azerbaijanlessenth could have begun have According to Herd and Moroney (2003), (2003), Moroneyand Herd to According Caspian Sea shared between five countries, Azerbaijan, Russia, Iran, Kazakhstan and and KazakhstanIran, Russia, Azerbaijan, countries, fivebetween shared Sea Caspian - taei iprac o te apa Sa ein ad lo y utn frad the forward putting by also and region, Sea Caspian the of importance strategic the the financial and political independence of the young state. state. young the of independence political and financial

to to

strengthen strategic alliance strategic strengthen (p.163) the . dominance of big two powers in the region. However, as as However, region. the in powers two big of dominance

e pressureeof officia ate in Washington in ate 17

the . Two countries were cooperating together together cooperating were countries Two . l Moscow and lTehran.Moscow U .

, S to support calls to repeal Section 907 Section repeal callsto support to the .

began to show more interest in interest more show to began main goal of political analysts in analysts political of goal main companies which tried to to tried which companies bon reserves to western to reserves bon In addition, In

situation rect strategyrect

changed changed a major major a . S .

and the the CEU eTD Collection good of indicator the are countries.betweenrelations two facts these All State. of Department U.S. the at Affairs Business received Azerbaijan of President Co Affairs, Cooperation Economic Business for Commission and Intergovernmental Azerbaijan Economic in Secretary State US to Advisor yea same the In expansion. military and economic 2007, In terrorism. international against steps important apparent, countrieswere two between relations improved conventions of number a joined had Azerbaijan (Ibrahimov airspace itsuse to soldiers U.S. the allowed Azerbaijan where 2011:31). (Nichol, The Iraq. and Afghanistan in conducted operations military U.S. the to support moral and political member active an as 2000s the an terrorisminternational against fight the in Azerbaijan of potential the on commented Bush W. George of administration The countries. those of one was Azerbaijan and terrorism against war global the in them support to degree some to Iraq to Azerbaijan of proximity geographical the Also Turkey. and Iran Russia, between the on. so and security international cooperation, regional, economic, political, as areas

location of the South Caucasus particularly of Azerbaijan had huge importance as it was was it as importance huge had Azerbaijan of particularly Caucasus South the of location U .

S made Azerbaijan a reliable partner of partner reliable a Azerbaijan made 2005 Betweenand 1998 .

was

pleased by participation of Azerbaijan soldiers in the NATO peacekeeping troops troops peacekeeping NATO the in soldiers Azerbaijan of participation by pleased The U.S. was supported also by Azerbaijan in “Operation Iraqi Freedom” Freedom” Iraqi “Operation in Azerbaijan by also supported was U.S. The

relations between United States andin such AzerbaijanimprovedStates betweenrelationsUnited

d its efforts in ensuring in efforts its d f h anti the of rn Me Frank rmoud rmoud - the errs caiin Aebia hs had has Azerbaijan coalition, terrorist 18

U.S.

r President Ilham Aliyev met Aliyev Ilham President r Special Representative for Commercial and and Commercial for Representative Special

The Uni The the regional peace and stability. and peace regional ted States turned to various states states various to turned States ted , then in May 2007, 2007, May in then ,

, 2014:11) , were taken were - himn f US of Chairman Daniel Sullivan Sullivan Daniel .

towards the towards In addition, In military, a The During During refore, the -

CEU eTD Collection that interesti the this, all Despite (2011). community” Western the with associated places public in particularly vigilant, “remain to Azerbaijan in citizens American urges which interests U the andDepartment mansions Al alleged about Obamalobby Armenian to 2010). groups administration (Sassounian, and Azerbaijan between relations bilateral this. all with satisfied inc power, regional from pressures policy despiteindependent the pursue an Azerbaijanisto trying that showed statements pro increasingly t throughout development and stability improve U on commented also Azerbaijan of administration presidential the of Department Relations Foreign 2010). (Antidze, Washington with relationship its "reconsider" might Baku official that Reuters agency news to told Aliyev, Ilham President Azerbaijani the of el Keyrhetoric Azerbaijani of government. anti demonstrated clearly media Mass ever. point lowest its reached 2. ite 2 .3 the

started . Relations between two countriesRelations yearstwo 5 between the past in S Later official Washington warnedWashington official Later article an was States United with relations Azerbaijan’s worsened that reason Another to Compared . U - Azerbaijan relations by mentioning that “while Washington says that its aim is to to is aim its that says Washington “while that mentioning by relations Azerbaijan

. on Palmon Jumeirahinfor Dubai S

making embassyo iyev family’s property in Dubai. It was written that Aliyev family bought nine bought family Aliyev that written was It Dubai. in property family’s iyev - Armenian

tough statements about the relations of two countries. Ali Hasanov, advisor advisor Hasanov, Ali countries. two of relations the about statements tough the . It was assumed that Armenian lo Armenian that assumed was It S r government inr did particular .

Embassy in Baku, there is information about potential threat to Western potentialto threat about informationis there Baku, inEmbassy 2000s, luding --

and exclusive of Azerbaijan” (Mammadov, 2010). 2010). (Mammadov, Azerbaijan” of exclusive and i the n the first half of 2010, 2010, of half first the n .. s el Hwvr Oaa diitain a not was administration Obama However, well. as U.S. $ Azerbaijanimakersfromdecisionthe

the 44 milliondollars.44 the U.S. the U 19 . S he region, in reality U.S. policies have become have policies U.S. reality in region, he .

citizens in Azerbaijan. On the website of State State of website the On Azerbaijan.in citizens , as there is a tremendous pressure from the from pressure tremendous a is there as , not specify ofnot thenature the threats. bby played an important role in role important an played bby

(Hough, 2010).(Hough, iaea U.S. bilateral No vruz Mammadov, head of the the of head Mammadov, vruz - Western and anti and Western

- Azerbaijani relations relations Azerbaijani

Azerbaijani ruling Azerbaijaniruling - American American g at is fact ng All these these All spoil

ing

CEU eTD Collection Howe countries. two the between relations of thread last the broke dollars. U.S. million 10 of amount the in leavehomes. their to had people Azerbaijani million 1 approximately result, a As Russia. of help the with forces Nagorno of territory the 1992 ethno the of one co a as Karabakhproblem r on States United the of activities and position the was dissatisfaction reasonof Another American cooperation. partnershipand about madeBaku skeptical officialthat between relations on impact negative a had also fact This Azerbaijan. to ambassador an appoint not did re two for limits constitutional the eliminated life hisfor way the paving terms, presidentialconsecutive which referendum a passed Aliyev 2008, in 200 (2014:96). society” institutions,lawaccountability andcontroldemocraticand over civil enforcement participation of o number a on behind lags “Azerbaijan pressure which reforms, o issues on Washington official of criticism was U.S the with - electedaforin thirdterm 2013. 9, a Constitutional referendum was held in Azerbaijan. Following his reelection as a president president hisAzerbaijan.a inFollowingas heldreelectionConstitutional a 9, referendum was In early 2010, the U.S. Congress agreed to support the separatist regime by allocation aid aid allocation by regime separatist the support to agreed Congress U.S. the 2010, early In reasonsignificantwasquite related Another Ibrahimov,one According to two countries. two its of because just

- official political conflicts which started in 1980s between Azerbaijan and Armenia. In In Armenia. and Azerbaijan between 1980s in started which conflicts political

Washington also criticized the presidential election in Azerbaijan in 2013. In In 2013. in Azerbaijan in election presidential the criticized also Washington Moreover, Moreover, Baku - chair of the OSCE Minsk Group. Group. Minsk OSCE the chair of

own interests in the region the in interests own

- osdrd s nefrne n nenl far and affairs internal in interference as considered aaah n 7 ad 7 and Karabakh

Ibrahimov

of the main reasons in declining of Azerbaijan’s relationship in of declining main reasons of the This kind of direct relation with the separatists almost almost separatists the with relation direct of kind This f democratic indicators, such as fighting corruption, corruption, fighting as such indicators, democratic f

(2014) (2014) 20

to aet itit wr ocpe b Armenian by occupied were districts jacent mentions that mentions

the fact that morethan that fact the

(2014:15) - longpresidenc The NagornoThe hmn ihs and rights human f . According to Freedom House, House, Freedom to According

still there were other reasons other were there still e, h U the ver, esolving of the Nagorno the of esolving y. President Aliyev was was Aliyev President y. - Karabakh conflict was Karabakhconflict six months six . S .

the very quickly quickly very democratic democratic

U.S. put put U.S.

the U . S - .

CEU eTD Collection a into regional maintransformwasto goalsRepublic Islamic ofcountry theIran the reason hostile. extremely been has Iran and States United the between relationship U the 2. States United of eyes the in government. loyal not Azerbaijan makes is which Iran, and Russia as such pow regional major other with balance maintain to tries Azerbaijan years 10 last the In etc. democracyand press, of freedom rights, human of issues the to sensitive Azerbaijani Nevertheless, negotiations. authori the of effectiveness the achieve order in Karabakh o of requirements c any make to willing not Azerbaijani is authorities account that into take analystsU.S. haveto that important point another view of point economic th Given ra U the since the that realized pidly(2014:14 changingregion 3

U US . S nited s ties have to realize that unlike the Bush administration, current administration is highly highly is administration current administration, Bush the unlike that realize to have ties

After 10 itoncewasabout as as great countries not are two between Relationsthe . - for such an unfriendly relationship was allegedly was relationship unfriendly an such for

Iran Relations Iran Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in July 2010 could alleviate the tensions the alleviate could 2010 July in Clinton Hillary State of Secretary e strategic significance of of significance strategic e .S. States. it will have no good result in result good no have willit

World War II, US II, WarWorld

has been very been has fca Baku fficial

In approximately Azerbaijan is Azerbaijan

nesos eadn Nagorno regarding oncessions

concerned about the possible loss of its ally in such a strate a such in ally its of loss possible the about concerned s o e bc a lat ee ajcn dsrcs rud Nagorno around districts adjacent seven least at back get to is - Iranian relations had a vital significance in the regional policy of of policy regional the in significancevital a had Iranianrelations - 15). zrajn it Azerbaijan

a stable country among the former Soviet republics, also also republics, Soviet former the among country stable a 5 er, fe te sai rvlto o 17, the 1979, of revolution Islamic the after years, 35

such development of relations, and the official visit of of visit official the and relations, of development such 21

certa ny ed t b improved be to needs inly , - Tehran's nuclear program. One of the the of One program. nuclear Tehran's Karabakh conflict. conflict. Karabakh ers in the South Caucasus, Caucasus, South the in ers n o te main the of One n o the of One - 15 years ago. years15 ago. for a while a for From . power power gic and gic

main

and the - ,

CEU eTD Collection analysis period ofthegradualof the warming. of period the on focusing h 2013 the on negotiations when level. new qualitativelya hasreached Iran towards foreignpolicy unchanged. anfor However, seekingoptimalIran. towards policy and War Cold the after Yet, relati re main a and beginning the was this view, office of oath the took RonaldReagan president new thewhen a imposed had diplomatic broke relations. in problem this Ca hostages,Jimmy release the to operation armed an option of an was there that, fact the Despite days. 444 for hostage held were staff embassy and families U inIran RevolutionIslamic the of activesupporters were who students of group awhen se national States later is best insolve bestis order internationalto problem.isolationIran’s . S .

onship. the mas i Tha i Nvme 4 1979. 4, November in Tehran in embassy when

of the per the of In the following sub following the In

leader of the Islamic World. Such situation contributed to the emergence the to contributed situation Such World. Islamic the of leader curity and international peace. However, another reason of such hostile relations was was relations hostile such of reason another However, peace. international and curity

the president president the With

a o imports on ban a ception peaceful way. peaceful the the election of Barack Obama as 44 as Obama Barack of election

of the theocratic hostile regime which was seen as a threat to the U.S. the to threat a as seen was which regime hostile theocratic the of in this country became Hassan Rouhani. Hassan became country inthis hostile relations between Iran and the U.S. and then following with the the with following then and U.S. the and Iran between relations hostile rna ncerporm between program nuclear Iranian Iranian assets inU assets Iranian - the the chapters chapters

f rna ol Te otgs ee eesd fe a e minutes few a after released were hostages The oil. Iranian of The United States imposed economic sanctions against Iran and and Iran against sanctions economic imposed States United The replacement of replacement U . S . - Iran relations Iran .

S sn o te eiie worsening decisive the for ason 22 . the the

banks were frozen and the Carter administration Carter the frozenand bankswere

codn t Houghton, to According bipolar system by unipolar, Washington was was Washington unipolar, by system bipolar the th

President of President U are . S . analyzed in two subsections two in analyzed the

policy regimethe toward remained

(2001:50) rter insistently demanded to solve solve insistentlyto demanded rter “ The s The He promised that he that promised He Big S Big

the ame situation was in Iran, inIran, situationwas ame ix”

. United States, States, United From the U Fromthe

and Iran resumed in in resumed Iran and t e ilmt, their diplomats, he

f h bilateral the of

. the S will do all willdo seized the the seized .

the point of of point

, United United

firstly U . S .

CEU eTD Collection purchasing fromprevent Iranexporting not did this However, stop to allies European its pressure to started U.S. goods other and oil its of delivery inthe euro the using conditions. had embargoes weapons nuclear build to aimed allegedly which program, nuclear Iran’s was Tehran against sanctions includingmethods,financial varioussanctions.economicand oflastlongcooperationnot al, et did (Snetkov 2013:36). sharedcommonby condemn positions anti of basis the on cooperation bilateral and Iran between relations serve had In addition,Iran USSR. of themonitorborders southern territory usedto the of Iran United States post in foothold strong a have East. Middle the and supporting in role significant a played which Iran, control 2014:69). (Winston, changed completely pro the of overthrow the after However, II. War 2.3.1 an

US U.S. energy interests in the region (Leupp, 2012). 2012). (Leupp, region the in interests energy U.S. enormous military power which could fight against any liberat anyagainst fight could which militarypower enormous ni vr recently, very Until between Relations - in Iran (Chatterji et al, 2011:177). 2011:177). al, et (Chatterji Iran in Iranrelations after1979 After blocking Iranian mutual settlements with other countries in dolla in countries other with settlements mutual Iranian blocking After

a negative effect on Iranian economy, it could manage to adapt to these these to adapt to manage could it economy, Iranian on effect negative Pro -

American the

the h U.S. the

- United States and Iran were qui were Iran and States United war confrontation between the United States United the between confrontation war

U .

foreign policy of Shah Pahlavi allowed Pahlavi Shah of policy foreign .

ing Soviet intervention However, inthis Afghanistan. kind ing Soviet administrations tried to put Tehran under control, using using control, under Tehran put to tried administrations became relatively stable. There were specific areas of of areas specific were There stable. relatively became - communism, communism, The m The Despite the fact that U.S. econo U.S. that fact the Despite 23 ain desire of the American ruling circl ruling American the of desire ain

its energy reserves, the direction of oil and gas gas and oil of direction the reserves, energyits - western Shah Pahlavi in 1979 1979 in Pahlavi Shah western

and and to European countries. Consequently countries. European to With t With

especially the In the lastmainIndecade thethe of cause he release of the hostages in 1981 1981 in hostages the of release he te close and friendly after after friendly and close te U . S. rna ptoem products petroleum Iranian

interests in the Gulf region region Gulf the in interests ion movement and thereby thereby and movement ion the the United States and Iran Iran and States United

the and the USSR the and mic sanctions and and sanctions mic

United States to States United rs, Iran began began Iran rs, the es was to was es situation situation World World . , The the the . CEU eTD Collection sowithdo Russia,aims he I to with relations “reset” to failed Obama if even Nevertheless, Kremlin. to the of position due inadequate relations bilateral in progress tangible achieve to failed Americans the However, especially Russia, with relations its “reset” to initiative foreign first its launched administration Obama the 2009, In position. global China. administration militaryoperations I against actions military the fact the problem. the of settlement the for formula acceptable mutually some find will parties the that predicted have would people few Very issue. nuclear Iranian the to solution 2.3.2 weapon o from Iran prevention the not East, Middle the of region the over control T Iran. whole throughout order Katasonov restore to according to then and Syria against war quick and resolving Tehran India China, After China. and India towards changed exports N

The egotiation processegotiation n 08 hn aak bm ws lce the elected was Obama Barack when 2008 In mentioned As addition In (Wroughton& Hafezi, 2015) .

the Iranian nuclear issue nuclear Iranian the

U.S. administration considered China as one of the main threat main the of one as China considered administration U.S.

announced ,

neverrealized. since sanctions on Iran were not effective, not were Iran on sanctions since above

(2014)

on Iran's nuclearon program a tee a a atv dsuso o the of discussion active an was there , e srtg “ioig oad Ai” n re t cnan risi contain to order in Asia” towards “pivoting strategy new ran te an ol of goal main the ,

(Chiragov,2014)

by force. by .

fe te uut 20 August the after slamic Republic of Iran have always been on the agenda, the on been always have Iran of Republic slamic

The 24

United States wanted to to wanted States United

. the

United 08 war between Georgia and Russia. Russia. and Georgia between war 08 P eiet f h U the of resident

States was establishing effective effective establishing was States another plan of of plan another eae the became osblt o a military a of possibility s

conduct regardless However, biggest oil client of of client oil biggest to btaining a nuclear nuclear a btaining

the Washington Washington . S .

, United States States United

a the

successful successful herefore

Obama

was was the ng ng ,

CEU eTD Collection bysolution,not methods offorceintervention. traditionalusingand Tehran and Washington between relations of warming (See forth so and on so and facilities military its to access inspectors reducingparticular, known. not is doors closed position strongest possible to inthe us put to ablebe to inorder in place sanctions these “weput that reporters told Kerry John until lifted be to have products petroleum and oil of supply the related ones the mainly sanctions EU and which and year per plutonium of kilograms eleven to up producing of capable is which reactor, Arak 40 Iran’s especially facilities, nuclear Iran’s of status the over contradictions workin Irancan 2014). to continuedirection this (Chiragov, and agenda negotiation the on not is question ballistic that stating by WendySherman negotiator i that saying opposite, Congress 10, February In agreed parties the Lausanne, In issue. nuclear 2014, 20, January in earlier, stated As

Iran proves the peaceful purpose of its nuclear program nuclear its of peacefulpurpose the proves Iran

immediately. is enough to produce one nuclear weapon (Jones, 2014). 2014). (Jones, weapon nuclear one produce to enough is oee, h cnet f h ncer rmwr areet hc ws ind behind signed was which agreement framework nuclear the of content the However, program, nuclear the for As make concessions. hadto Iran economy, its Iranparalyzed against sanctionsnumerous As re t icue provision a include to urged

2014 However by two thirds the number of centrifuges used to enrich IAEA giving uranium, usedto number ofcentrifuges thirds the by two

hn rn conducted Iran when cno b icue i te otat wih a as spotd by supported also was which contract, the in included be cannot t The i The ,

benegotiate. ablenegotiating” are nowWe to (Guardian). U.S. officials answered that sanctions cann sanctions that answered officials U.S. mposed sanctions made Iran to make significant concessions, in concessions, significant make to Iran made sanctions mposed

the “Big Six” and Iran and Six” “Big the the "Big Six" and Iran signed an agreement on the Iranian Iranian the on agreement an signed Iran and Six" "Big iiig alsi msie use. missiles ballistic limiting

on ts o is alsi msie, oe eaos in senators some missiles, ballistic its of test a 25

the basic framework of the future compromise future the of framework basic the

was was .

In 2013 In managed to to managed In turn, Iran insisted that the U.S U.S the that insisted Iran turn, In civd hog a diploma a through achieved

Appendix the U.S. Secretary of State State Secretary of U.S. the ot be lifted immediately liftedbe ot first of all of first Iranian reaction was was reaction Iranian -

eaat heavy megawatt A) .

Luckily, resolve the the resolve

the tic tic .

CEU eTD Collection i program nuclear the of solution military that believe o Austin, itself. Azerbaijan affect will processes these how and Azerbaijan in policy foreign fourth final powers world and Iran between upon agreed is deal nuclear final a if happen will what on process into divided is chapter between agreement concrete of case the in program the of consequences some bring to purpos The process. inthis makeconcessions any wishto not whichdo groups s 2015. program nuclear Iranian on Plan Action Comprehensive Joint politica important of is Iran. against restrictions of removal total the mean not does agreement of lifting on Lausanne in anctions on Iran.anctions on s A However, deal framework the about attitude positive and optimistic an is there that fact the Despite

e f h mi agmns f hs wo upr te eoito poes s ht they that is process negotiation the support who those of arguments main the of ne sanctions on the Islamic Republic of Iran. It is very obvious that this preliminary preliminary this that obvious very is It Iran. of Republic Islamic the on sanctions cesu areet ewe pris promises parties between agreement uccessful the part

light Ira

the

s about is s etoe earlier, mentioned as nian nuclear pro nuclear nian to the issue of issue the to still there program, nuclear Iranian l and diplomatic importance. importance. diplomatic and l four

Analysis and Analysis the

sections: first, the first, sections:

osqecs f h American the of consequences gram, second, the groups that against it, against that groups the second, gram,

the Chapter

nuclear prog nuclear analysis reveals the fact that that fact the reveals analysis analysis of analysis 26

The final The a between ram Results s not acceptable, as rigorous analysis of of analysis rigorous as acceptable, not s 3 exists

the

lifting all political and economic economic and political all lifting groups that support that groups -

results of the key parameters of a a of parameters key the of results rna Ncer deal Nuclear Iranian 30, June by concluded be to have eti skeptic certain Iran and the U.S. the and Iran

hr ae w conflicting two are there However, this agreement agreement this However, these two parties two these third part is analysis analysis is part third s bu h full the about ism e of this chapter is chapter this ofe

the According to to According

n h U.S. the on

n further and negotiation

and . This This

the

CEU eTD Collection various considering senator State Florida already Republican A Iran. are against sanctions additional Mississippi and Kansas as states such addition In Tehran. states twenty than More rights. human of violation the and terrorism for support Iranian is there until “revoked” be not leaders. Israeli of criticism compulsive as well as class, political Iranian and American the of segments program. program; six States of partner strategic a into Iran turn definitely will agreement successful A optimists. Arab an for hope to than rather Mid existing the in backwardness 3.1 eitherconsidering historicasevent mistake.thisvictory or biga on. so and Right Radical Israel's by supported about the support not do who (2012:10) stability” economic including stability, regional and global for consequences Iran against actions military contemplating that shows costs and benefits world powers world Groups against nuclear program nuclear against Groups ,

the which Eventhough political of problem the solve to option best the that decided States United The

One of the main challenges of Obama Administration is the resistance of influential influential of resistance the is Administration Obama of challenges main the of One there is still a group of people who express their disc their express who people of group a still is there nuclear program most likely because of their ideological views, others are people people are others views, ideological their of because likely most program nuclear

will will

have agreement on the key the on haveagreement help stabilize the situation in the Middle East. Middle inEast. the situationhelp stabilizethe the

process can be divided into several groups, into divided becan process U

. n h U.S. the in S .

and

Iran dle East regimes is the normalization of relations with Iran Iran with relations of normalization the is regimes East dle - sal daou, hc ses nel vn o inveterate for even unreal seems which dialogue, Israeli

agreed to conclude historic deal, sanctions against Iran will conclude against historicsanctions deal, to agreed ae imposed have

parameters parameters 27

n oh s both In

restrictions on corporations working with with working corporations on restrictions of the of ides, there are lots of opinion, opinion, of lots are there ides,

Islamic Republic of Iran's nuclear Iran's Republicof Islamic

Despite the fact that Iran and Despitefact the the that ontent ontent those who are really skeptical are who those ,

Don Gaetz said that “our that said Gaetz Don with will have “problematic have will

h rna nuclear Iranian the the .

United which which T hose hose CEU eTD Collection fullthe leade the of interests the for membersObamaCongresscriticized of once 2015). Times, concession R Administration distrust growing to contributed turn in which beginning, been governmentcompanies,U.S. aswithprohibitsthe work to themIran. 2015). (Reuters, voice” one with act to needs government the where case a uniquely is policy “foreign that saying issue this on opinion his expressedReinsch William Council, Trade Foreign National d latter the as governments, state of competence the in not are relations international and policy foreign achieving thus while governments, local and to lead might it Iran, on sanctions additionalnew impose 2015). (Reuters, account into opinion nego Obama's President to governmenthim, Iranians”.state Accordingthe to way any in tied not are sanctions investment epublican Party, but also but Party, epublican rship of Iran, where they state theywhere Iran, of rship the the oes have little experience in regulation of foreign affairs. Moreover, the president of the of president the Moreover, affairs. foreign of regulation in experience little have oes Another group group Another These imposed sanctions clearly show that it affects not not affects it that show clearly sanctions imposed These support beofit Congress(Whiterealizedsupport would 2015). not House, congressmen who considered dialogue with Tehran as a negative step step negative a as Tehran with dialogue considered who congressmen s

to Tehran just in order to achieve at least some positive result (The New York York New (The result positive some least at achieve to order in just Tehran to

when negotiationswhen hsoia success. historical a oevr Irei ob hs o has lobby Israeli Moreover, with r own ir

Democrats. State legislators believe legislators State Democrats. which the Obama administration had to find a common language has has language common finda to had administration Obama the which preventing the preventing

state. state. were

that that

However, one should consider the fact that such issues as as issues such that fact the consider should one However, n diin 7 eulcn eaos et lte t th to letter a sent senators Republican 47 addition In

However, extended twice. no matter what Obama Administration promises, without Administrationpromises, Obama what matter no federalgovernment that theythat 28 e f h pwru ifune o ti process. this on influences powerful the of ne

f acin remain sanctions if is not going to take Obama’sgoing histake not isentourage and to stand for the interestsof thefor stand And it is not only the opponents from the not is onlyopponents ittheAnd a

greater gap between federal and state state and federalbetween gap greater ewe Congress between

that Obama offers unacceptable offers Obama that from signing the agreement and and agreement the signingfrom

ny rn u as foreign also but Iran only in place or the states will will states the or place in

others tiations with the the with tiations

and the Obama Obama the and , ratherthan , from the the from e

CEU eTD Collection andimmediatelycallIranianaggressiveregime ceasefor should destruction to the ofIsrael. Israel. toward Iran of attitude aggressive Is of interest insistent an such that noting the are they and deceived Prim Israeli of actions discursive (Feld affairs” internal our in interfering is “he as concern her expressed of ideology the in situated intervention obviously is speech Netanyahu’s 2015). Jazeera, (Al agenda” impose to attempt “desperate was Congress in speech Netanyahu's that responded region entire the for also but Israel, to only threat a not is it and infrastructure Congress. U.S. the in speech his in negotiations criticized harshly who 2015 March, of beginning the at Minister Prime Israeli Netanyahu. Benjamin withallconditionsagreement( of thethe in provide should administration Obama’s provide not does administration Obama if canceled be cannot Representatives of House the and Senate 14 the on scheduled was vote out carry Senate Iran with agreement the that . Tennessee Republican, Bob Corker Bob Tennessee Republican, . Moreover, one of the most insistent critics of the talks was Israeli Prime Minister Minister Prime Israeli was talks the of critics insistent most the of one Moreover, this, all Despite

them n gemn on agreement an

into , therefore , with all the details of the Iranian nuclear agreement. Additionally, every 90 days days 90 every Additionally, agreement. nuclear Iranian the of details the all with

internal affairs, where where affairs, internal sros tep t dsutte negoti the disrupt to attempt serious A

Iran and the U.S. the and Iran it will it victims of slippery policy of policy slippery of victims

the is

th According to Netanyahu, as Iran Iran as Netanyahu, to According

manage to build easily a nuclear weapon after sanctions after weapon nuclear a easily build to manage

an international treaty and therefore it must be approved by the the by approved be must it therefore and treaty international an Iranian nuclear program through Congress (Senate, 2015). The The 2015). (Senate, Congress through program nuclear Iranian April, 2015. Bob Corker Corker Bob 2015. April, Mnse Bnai Ntnau exposed Netanyahu Benjamin Minister e Congress,2015) even Former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright Albright Madeleine State of Secretary Former even The main concern of the Israeli side is that the radical the that is side Israeli the of concern main The rael in blocking nuclear program is mainly due to the the to due mainly is program nuclear blocking in rael

for could achieve agreement. achieve could prepared a billrequiring a prepared mation confirming that Iran in all aspects complies complies aspects all in Iran that confirming mation 29

the .

stated White House. House. White to poes a crid u by out carried was process ation

il stil will that that (BBC, 2015) (BBC,

the The sanctions imposed by the the by imposed sanctions

Obama administration to Obamaadministration man, 2015). 2015). man, nuclear huge a have l In addition, it is worth worth is it addition, In Congressmen

ht sal a been has Israel that . Tehran, in turn, turn, in Tehran,

However, irrationa removal removal claimed

CEU eTD Collection sanctions. financial circumvent to Iran helped banks Russian Moreover, energy. nuclear peaceful develop to appealed more Iran made reactors instancefor Iranians, and American disunitethe to just ways of sorts all tried Russia Russia. of influence of sphere the in still are which Union States United the preventing thereby wanted, Russia what exactly is Tehran and Washington between hostility and program becamethe issue. nuclear Iran, with negotiating principles. is rhetoric nuclear ideological on agreement signan to agreed grudgingly he if Even religion. world. Islamic against rule” and“divide of principle ancient the applies still U.S. the believesthat Khamenei Inaddi regard. U the negotiationswith was mistrus Iran’s demonstrated Iraq in events of example prosperity. economic to contributed will that think they which sanctions, of removal the regarding Iranians of euphoria general the dispel process negotiation agreement, the welcomed initially published on his official website, Khamenei officialhiswebsite, on published Although Russia is one of of one is Russia Although although side, Iranian the From

owne tion he noted tha noted he tion According to Bhalla to According The r of nuclear weapons. However, However, nuclear weapons. of r .

urm lae’ speeches leader’s Supreme h mi ga o hs eet peh hc ws ul f skeptic of full was which speech recent his of goal main The

it cannot be regarded as a supporter of a diplomatic solution of the Iranian Iranian the of solution diplomatic a ofsupporter a as regarded be cannot it . S .

and that is not because of an illusion, but because of experience in that inthat experience because but of illusion, ofbecausean not is andthat

from still t the U.S. threats against Iran makeagainstIran threats U.S. the t

being seriously engaged in the territories of th of territories the in engaged seriously being revolutionary

(2015) the e tl t sm etn i setc regarding skeptic is extent some to still he the In addition, Ayatollah Khamenei by giving an obvious obvious an giving by Khamenei Ayatollah addition, In members of a group of six world powers that that powers world six of group a of members , R , current Supreme leader of Iran Ayatollah Khamenei Ayatollah Iran of leader Supreme current ussia does not want that in its neighborhood Iran neighborhood its in that want not does ussia 30 Currently ,

, are are (2015) offering help in the construction of new nuclear new of construction the in help offering

nuclear Iranian implementation the of smooth a which is which mainly t to the world powers. In a statement that that statement a In powers. world the to t

said: “I have never been optimistic about about been optimistic havenever “Isaid: ,

Russia is Russia ,

in turn in ae o the on based

the

all the nucleartalksdoubtful allthe , nuclear

mainly based on the Islamic the on based mainly a

key supplier of petroleum petroleum of supplier key

national ideology and and ideology national program, e former Soviet Soviet former e

Khamenei’s Khamenei’s ism was to to was ism h whole the the the are ” .

CEU eTD Collection review to Congress U.S. the allow to States United the of affair internal an is it that bill the regarding groups supportare thatidea.there this 3.2 build countriesstart moreto canalso close withrelations Russia. rapprochement further to lead rebels.armed the assistanceprovides latter the as countries, Arab and Iran between relations strained government Syrian of support Iran’s fe aroused program nuclear Iranian the addition, In affairs. the Arabia. Saudi with especially countries, Arab and Iran between ongoin still is there powers, world and Iran between program nuclear Iranian the on “schizophrenic”. as t 2013 December in with met was policy Iran criticismconsiderable opposition strong and Obama’s Barack Gulf. Persian the of states Arab the is program indecreasefurther ruble. oilthe prices and 37%. EU,for products

mostly Groups supporting nuclear program nuclear supporting Groups The re The h Peiet f h Ilmc eulc f Iran of Republic Islamic the of President The Despite most the of one Additionally, the the

nuclear deal. However, he added that “ that added he However, deal. nuclear Sunni - entry of extra barrels of Iranian oil to the world oil market will eventually lead to a to lead eventually will market oil world the to oil Iranian of barrels extra of entry

the fact that there is quite a lot of skepticism about the Iranian nuclear program, program, nuclear Iranian the about skepticism of lot a quite is there that fact the

providing by far Europe’s demand for natural gas and oil, respectively 29% and and 29% respectively oil,and natural gas for demand Europe’s far providingby Muslim he Minister of Foreign Affairs of Bahrain called the U the called Bahrain ofAffairs Foreign of Ministerhe Although

monarchy

the Gulf countries discreetly welcomed the preliminary agreement agreement preliminary the welcomed discreetly countries Gulf the of Sunni ally of the U.S. with Israel against Iran. against Israel with U.S. the of ally Sunni of accused Shiite Iran of meddling in Arab countries’ internal internal countries’ Arab in meddling of Iran Shiite accused

ocre aot ia areet vr rns nuclear Iran’s over agreement final about concerned

The

from its Sunnyitsfrom allies 31 United States rapprochement with Shiite Iran can can Iran withShiiterapprochement States United

w e are in talks with the major powers and not and powers major the with talks in are e

Hassan Rouhani expressed his opinion opinion his expressed Rouhani Hassan r i te rb world. Arab the in ars

. According to Coughlin According to . According to Boghardt to According . S .

policy in the region region the in policy Besides, Arab Besides, Moreover, Moreover, g tension tension g

(2013) (2014) , ,

CEU eTD Collection Depa State the to addition In re the after expectationsIran. war with no are there that guarantee Obama candefinitely election Pentagon president of the of head the as appointment Hagel’s Chuck relations. of warming 2015). House, new of kinds any veto to right his use will he that mentioned he Congress, to address annual his in 2015, January is Iran ofstatehood that stated program nuclear the about talked Obama Barack President four the of seconds 30 Only Obama Barack program, nuclear 2015). House, White (Hudson, Obama programnuclearabandonits persuadeIran managed to to whoPresident the radicalhisstyleofpredecessor rhetoric the that fact meeting year, past the Over 2015). level” international at achievement greatest the be will this and unfounded been had country the against leveled accusationsall that world the to prove to is deal the in goal (De Congress” the with

tl, nleta crls fo bt te U the both from circles, influential Still, hand, other the On n o te icriey mhszd sus f bm’ speeches. Obama’s of issues emphasized discursively the of one s called called

of which have been carr been have which of

Iranian ,

which would make them a major power in the region (Doran, 2015). in2015). region the (Doran, major whichpower themmake woulda

the s

sanctions that might endanger might that sanctions have civmn o areet n h Iain ula porm s “historic” a as program nuclear Iranian the on agreement of achievement

Young et al, 2015). 2015). al, et Young Ro a unique unique President Obama President u .. fiil m officials U.S. hani - rtment, head of the Pentagon as well as the representatives of the the of representatives the as well as Pentagon the of head rtment, iue ie ws eoe o congratulation, to devoted was video minute ,

Ahmadinejad. On the eve of signing the preliminary agreement on agreement preliminary the signing of eve the On

congratulated congratulated cultur is ied out after Hassan Rouhani became a became Rouhani Hassan after out ied

also e

, based on based great scientific potential great could go down in down go could t t es fv tms with times five least at et Answering journalists' questions, he said that “main that said he questions, journalists' Answering

32 the

.S. the

na Iran

and tionalist achieved progress between parties (White parties between progress achieved ians on Nowruz on ians Iran sides are not satisfied with such such with satisfied not are sides Iran

Wie os, 2015) House, (White ic ideas ic

the

, as well as as well as , history of history ,

it is it – rna clege, four colleagues, Iranian

the Persian New Year. Year. New Persian the president. Despite the Despite president. Additional much softer than the the than softer much

without firing shot. without a h rs f h time the of rest the the an ( h I The ancient tradition tradition ancient United States as States United Arelation with . Obama also also Obama ran Project, Project, ran

the y o 20 on ly,

Iranian Iranian th -

CEU eTD Collection region the in peace and development sustainable to Azerbaijani any leadimpactto positive nuclear Iran's to solution military Howe program. a of consequences possible the about was articles the of one particular, In Iran. towards policy the on analysis objective an giving was project the of goal former diplomats, influen other and of statesmen ambassadors, lot a Fund, Brothers Rockefeller the from support financial with 2002 th in circles and people influential active idea This individuals. House White of product a only not is Iran and position. un always States Pentagon. the of heads formed by done was it as Israel of security and interests the in AIPAC organization Ha of confirmation postponed Congress Initially, thoughts. earlier its of reminded the was he after defense, of secretary However, for Hagel politician. of nomination any of career political the of end the mean would statements senator” States United a I’m senator. Israeli an not such of author the is He States. United the in lobby Jewish the and his express directly could who Israel criticized hemorepopularopenlybecame when He those negotiations. in of thoughts process the of one was Hagel Thus, policy. foreign country’s of and agencies security Azerbaijan is also one of the states that support Iran's negotiations with the West. West. the with negotiations Iran's support that states the of one also is Azerbaijan States United the between relations of warming such that is fact interesting the However,

officials ver, the authors came to the conclusion that military actions against Iran will not will Iran against militaryactions that conclusion the to came authors the ver, ambiguously supported, is supporting and will support in the future the Israeli the future the in support will and supporting is supported, ambiguously mentioned that mentioned

the the the

resident’s closest senior advisors actively participate in the formation formation the in participate actively advisors senior closest resident’s (Chiragov,2014) United States, where he apologized and promised to take into account into take to promised and apologizedhe where States, United e United States. In the “Iran the In States. United e

the final agreement between Iran and the “Big Six” will lead lead will“BigSix” the and betweenIranfinal agreement the tial pe tial e’ cniay H hd o ii te an Jewish main the visit to had He candidacy. gel’s .

33 ople were as part of the of part as were ople

(Chiragov, (Najafova, 2015). 2015). (Najafova,

rjc”wihws one in founded was which project”

2014)

controversial

“Iran project”. The main The project”. “Iran . Before, such kind of of kind such Before, . ly supported by other other by supported ly lhuh Azerbaijan Although

quote as “I’m as quote The United The CEU eTD Collection precedentfor good a set will it certainlynegotiations, in success a achieve partiesIf intervention. through not solution, diplomatic a through agreement agreement. framework Iran prevent to was States weap program mistake. big a made Obama with Iran agreement ansigning by that claim Obamaadministrations criticsthe of hand, other the On region. East Middle the stabilize to help will it also and regime proliferation foPrize Peace Nobelreceivedthe by even nuclear talks defendingthe may derail that obstacles or problems of kind demanded he process, negotiation the During mission. agreement. Hassan H successfully. up end will it that guarantee 3.3 muspeak in progress welcomed unwillingly Future perspective of agreement on nuclear program nuclear on agreement of Futureperspective ons s it As are There wee e pointe he where , t going will Rouhani any state has the right develop a peaceful nuclear program. The mainThe program. nuclearpeaceful adevelop right hasthe state any ch about it. about ch It It H is not a secreta that not is was was is opponents cannot agree with Obama’s opini withObama’sagree cannot opponents is a etoe earlier mentioned ubr f unsol of number

from d out out sad p tucl fr hs da n big t p o h final the to up it bring and idea this for staunchly up stand o

dev PresidentObama r a reas a r

that that the elop Congress skeptical confronting ,

e ise bten h pris hc means which parties the between issues ved

the main goal goal main the negotiation process, Azerbaijani officials do not prefer to to prefer not do officials Azerbaijani process, negotiation within ing on. on.

nuclear weapons and they could achieve it under the the under it achieve could they and weapons nuclear A f A owever, there is no doubt that doubt no is there owever,

the h Tet o te Non the of Treaty the 34 inal deal with Iran will Iran with dealinal

negotiation process. He made a lot of efforts in efforts of lot a made He process. negotiation refers to the negotiation process as his personal personal his negotiationtheas process refersto of the “Iran project” project” “Iran the of to be notified be to rdtoa mtos f sn fre and force using of methods traditional on regarding Iran's nuclear weapons weapons nuclear Iran's regarding on . H

imm e

- lead to saving of to lead attempts proliferation of Nuclear Nuclear of proliferation ediately if there is any any is there if ediately Barack Obama and and Obama Barack was to achieve an an achieve to was goal

to justifyhe that to

of the United the of hr i no is there the non -

CEU eTD Collection canthat nationalagainst bethe interestsofIran. normalizationthe support wi relations of consider program enrichment uranium dil who those of one was regime, Pahlavi Reza during Organization country” isIranour power, inis who matter No patriotism. their maintain must “Iranians told 2012 in BBC to interview his in Zahedi Ardeshir States United to Iran of ambassador last the as such regime mullah’s the of opponents country. the from expelled were who technology nuclear 2015). (Hoffmann, requireconflict” not does that mentioned th with differences Zarif Javad Mohammad Minister Foreign Iranian Spiegel, foreignpolic successful Persiansthemore thanArabs.radical the support will Tehran and a o reason main The Yemen. to Libya from starting conflicts regional all in groups East terrorist Middle supports Tehran region. the of stabilization the in country essential an as Iran considers Obama Barack region. the in destabilizations and conflicts the s a result of the nuclear program negotiations Iran will achieve achieve will Iran negotiations program nuclear the of result a s

future that such problems can be resolved through peaceful means in order to avoid new new avoid to order in means peaceful through resolved be can problems such that future However, it is important to take into account the fact that even if both parties achieve a achieve parties both if even that fact the account into take to important is it However, the

ia da, it deal, final y issues. Recently in his interview with one of the most popular news magazines Der magazinespopularmostinterviewhisnewsDer with issues.in ofyonetheRecently Iranian nuclear program in the context of context the in program nuclear Iranian f Tehran is just to strengthen its position in the region. the in position its strengthen to just is Tehran f e United States no matter what… matter no States United e is s is upported by all political forces in Iran in forces political all by upported

the will not mean a rapprochement between Tehran and Washington on on Washington and Tehran between rapprochement a mean not will

United States in the Middle East. In this proce this In East. Middle the in States United .

Unambiguously, the discourse of these people shows that they they that shows people these of discourse the Unambiguously, . Akbar Etemad, who was the founder of the Atomic Energy the founderof the was who AkbarEtemad, . th the United States, they oppose anyStates, agreements they of oppose kind United the th

codn t Es to According And this in turn means that the administration of of administration the that means turn in this And The most important fact is that Iran’s possession of of Iran’spossession that is fact important most The 35

It’s a part of our identity, but that but identity, our of part a It’s the hraghi nation’s interests. nation’s , even by those Shah’s supporters supporters Shah’s those by even , regional leadership regional

(2015) igently supported the idea of of idea the supported igently , vn h ms ardent most the even Americans expect that that expect Americans ss Americans rely on on rely Americans ss Even though they they though Even “we will have have will “we

in the region region the in

identity

CEU eTD Collection between attacks partieswas obviousindicator an of alliance. close Iranian the While (ISIS). Syria and Iraq in State Islamicagainst States United the and Iran between alliance commo other. each e trust However, to accustomed not are countries which in issues plenty are there as friends successful a is there if even indefinitelyinternational games ofrulesdeal.changethe politics. the It can the benefitsof overestimate the to not necessaryis it However, few months. next issuesinthe the Russian gas. on dependence Europe’s reduce would which Iran, from oil cheap of influx large a expecting is tra terminalsto investors. attracted definitely will placesthese naturaluntouchedoil Iranreserves.hasfieldsalmost gas a cause will turn in which future. 35 about has Iran export and supply addition increased.In the that means it economy world the For industry? U . S - Therefore, Iran’s return to the oil market can lead to the overstocking of of overstocking the to lead can market oil the to return Iran’s Therefore, n interest which will lead to close cooperation in the future. For example, we have seen seen have we example, For future. the in cooperation close to lead will which interest n is it and deal nuclear final a signing the prevents nothing Yet, oil global the of politics the affect might it how that arises question another However, . backed militias. In other words, words, other In militias. backed

Air Force

of petroleum products petroleum of ven if parties do not admit, there are issues in the region that both sides have a a have sides both that region the in issues are there admit, not do parties if ven

nsship gas to European market. Furthermore, in a few years, the global gas market market years,gas global the infew market.Furthermore, Europeana nsshipto gas million barre million conducted air attacks against ISIS, land operations were carried out by Iran or or by Iran out carried were landoperations ISIS, against airattacks conducted , foreign , significant decline in oil prices. oil in decline significant

el ewe ernad ahntn twl nt aete best them make not will it Washington, and Tehran between deal

investors will invest will investors ls in ls

will be increased even more. According to Smith et al et Smith to According more. even increased be will tankers in the Persian Gulf that will be marketed in the near the in marketed be will that Gulf Persian the in tankers the synchronization and coordination of land and air air and land of coordination and synchronization On the coast of the Persian Gulf will be new LNG LNG new be willGulf Persian the of coast the On 36

in a country, which means that the production production the meansthat country,which ina Moreover, w Moreover, It is worth noting that except its giant its except that noting worth is It f erlu pout wl be will products petroleum of

henlifted, bewillsanctions possible to solve most of most solve to possible As mentioned above, Asmentionedabove, the oil market, oil

(2015) , CEU eTD Collection Hamilton Lee Congressmen the were authors whose 2006 December in published i on process MohammadJavad Zarifprocess this said that years” enrich of purpose the for facilities new any build not to agreed has “Iran An Parliament. the Protocolto Treatythe Non the on temporarily will Iran that says it side, Iranian by published document States, United the by published document, the accordingto Moreover, facilities. militaryits accessto inspectors IAEA allowed also enrichuranium, to used centrifuges of number the thirds two by reduced particular, conc little made has Iran contrary, the On benefits. great achieved has Iran nor States United neither that shows documents both of analysis Thorough contract. the of conditions the Iran. against that noted he where statement, his However,victory. theiras preliminaryagreement agreement. the in word parties. the by highlights stated some for except known, not is doors closed behind signed agreement framework the of content specific the Although contract. single a of versions two are there that revealed ts ts conceptual basis has been developed during during developed been has basis conceptual . s etoe erir dsie h fc ta Brc Oaa osdr te negotiation the considers Obama Barack that fact the despite earlier, mentioned As addition, In However, in his interview on Iranian State TV Channel 1, Iranian Foreign Minister Minister Foreign Iranian 1, Channel TV State Iranian on interview his in However, the Iranian Iranian nuclear program as his own m own his as programnuclear Iranian te eape ht ulse i te ht Hue website House White the in published that example other s otn aayi of analysis content

did not like John Kerry’s statement where they accused him of lying about about lying of him accused they where statement Kerry’s John like not did Iran will remain a party to party a remain will Iran Both parties had very serious discussions and debates over every single single every over debates and discussions serious very had parties Both Both advised advised the - Obama and and Obama ProliferationappropriateWeaponsNuclearapproval after of by the President Bush to focus on four main iss main four on focus to Bush President

United States United the

interim agreement on the Iranian nuclear program program nuclear Iranian the on agreement interim willyears.continue10 for only the 37 the

the Rouhani NPT over the next 25 years. However, in the the in However, years. 25 next the over NPT presidency of George W. Bush. In the report report the In Bush. W. George of presidency

ission, however, according to Do to accordinghowever, ission, Iranian govern Iranian

is former secretary state James Baker and and Baker James state secretary former ed osfe rdal h sanctions the gradually soften to ready

administration ment accused John Kerry for for Kerry Johnaccused ment s presented the reached reached the presented s fulfill the terms of the the of terms the fulfill

ing uranium for 15 15 for uranium ing ues, one of which which of one ues,

(2015) ran essions, in essions,

says that that says

(2015) , , CEU eTD Collection fast June of end the for scheduled is which agreement final likely, Most industry. reserves Addis, to According gas. natural 3.4 Azerbaijaniitwill andrelations the how ingenerallyaffect overallAzerbaijan? situation was that question people. influential various a of interest the in is it and roots deep is Iranand States alwaystrue not are arguments of kinds such that fact the reveals It Bush. Jeb Candidate Party Republican is policy Iran’s Obama’s supporting is who and state However, 2016. in president will strategy Iran Obama’s that Rhodes f administration, team of some later that is issues interesting most the of one normalization the was Consequences of the Nuclear deal on the U.S. foreign policy inAzerbaijan foreignpolicy theU.S. on deal theNuclear of Consequences the f ae Bkr n Le Hamilton Lee and Baker James of , Removal of sanctions on Iran means the return of Iran to the world market market world the to Iran of return the means Iran on sanctions of Removal all, in All

sanctions will be dropped, this might happen by the adoption of steps to reduce to steps of adoption the by happen might this dropped, be will sanctions who is deputy national security advisor for strategiccommunication for advisor securitynationalis deputy who (2010:2). (2010:2). .

or example, Denis Mcdonough, the White House Chief of Staff Staff of Chief House White the Mcdonough, Denis example, or

not this shows once again that the normalization of of normalization the that again once shows this e, rns eun o lc gl mre wl big rcs on in down prices bring will market gold black to return Iran’s Yet, ruh up brought

this process will be soft and gradual. Sanctions will be removed after after removed be will Sanctions gradual. and soft be will process this of relations of

initiative of the Obama Administration, conversely this process has very very has process converselythis Administration, Obama the initiative of

it is worth noting that noting worth is it

ale, ht il e h o the be will what earlier, end if someone someone if end

Iran has 10% of world oil reserves and 20% of world gas gas world of 20% and reserves oil world of 10% has Iran and cooperation with Islamic Republic of Iran. of Republic Islamic with cooperation and

ok the took 38 is

elected from elected

James Baker who was former secretary of of secretary former was who Baker James

the edn pstos in positions leading those who were involved in the research research the in involved were who those , 2015 ,

current foreign policy advisor of 2016 2016 of advisor policy foreign current toe f hs agreeme this of utcome . Though it is not known yet how yet known not is it Though . the the relations between relations However Republican Party as a new a as Party Republican . the Barack Obama Obama Barack the , Some experts think think experts Some again, back to the to back again, and Nonetheless, t to nt the United United the

of oil and and oil of Benjamin Benjamin

the

Iran’s U . the S oil oil

. - CEU eTD Collection WTI while barrel, per dollars decline market. world the on production oil excess the increasing to contribute will turn in which products petroleum Iranian of exports and production increase quickly will reserves, oil world of percent 10 about has which Iran, against aspects potential,hasofwhichrichnatural reserves resources? between relations affe will processes normalize could Iran control that from other Azerbaijan with In relations strengthening by basin. words, Caspian the of resources natural the to access easy getting thereby Moscow, seekingto W region. the of resources the to accesssecuretheir interestedto been havealways and Iran Turkey, Caucasus.South the sanctionsIran against down,it beitwill not asgo assharp the to infrastructure nuclear willwhichtake program,

the region its main geopolitical rivals geopolitical main its region the

Reaching state the among cooperation for advantageous most the is Azerbaijan Economically of of policy foreign the in

take the Transcaucasian states out of the control of its main strategic rivals Tehran and and Tehran strategicrivalsmain its control of ofthe out Transcaucasianstates the take h wrd i pie. rn ol eae hae b ams 4 rahn coe o 54 to close reaching 4% almost by cheaper became oil Brent prices. oil world the s

the

resources of the South Caucasus and even Central Asia. However, the U.S. and and U.S. the However, Asia. Central even and Caucasus South the of resources a the the ct

ia areet ewe Ia ad h US wud ae w mi negative main two have would U.S. the and Iran between agreement final

full capacity after after fullcapacity

Its geographical location is in in islocationgeographical Its

bilateral relations. Such a warming of relations raises a question, how these these how question, a raises relations of warming a Such relations. bilateral Unite willhave West, where the interests of these powers intersect. intersect. powers these of interests the where West, Azerbaijan d States and Iran Iran and States d

– inregion,the

the months. Moreover, it will take time to bring t backitmonths. will Moreover, time to take

y . rahn coe o 0 olr pr barrel. per dollars 50 to close reaching 1.8 by its

is United States towards States United l? ht id f osqecs would consequences of kind What elf? The anno The

the expect years of severe embargoes. severe yearsof –

ed. have have specificallyCaucasus? in South

Russia and Iran, becoming the only world power power world only the becoming Iran, and Russia uncement of agreement on April 2 led to to led 2 April on agreement of uncement 39

However,

, the United States would be able be would States United the , on Azerbaijan, a country with great great with country a Azerbaijan, on the

periphery of such world powers as Russia,as powers world such periphery of

what kindwhat does ofeffects

Azerbaijan. Even though oil prices will will oilprices though Even

Firstly, These world powers powers world These

normalization of of normalization lifting sanctions sanctions lifting ashington was was ashington According to to According he Iranian oil heIranianoil the to to economic economic drive out drive lifting of further s

of of

CEU eTD Collection Iranians with the as well as Iran, and US the forIran. against intervention foothold armed potential a as used be could Azerbaijan of territory the where facilities, nuclear Iran’s bombarding aerial by mainly Iran, against war a undertaking by program nuclear Iranian ofeyes in the Azerbaijan ofimportance l before States United the and Azerbaijan between cooperation economicfurther on impact negatively affect resou state of management poor Corruption, AZN. of rate exchange the affect definitelywill it prices oil in changes significant of incase Just before. dollar 1 to AZN 0.78 was which dollar, U.S. 1 for AZN 1.05 at rate exchange official the set 2015 21, February In Azerbaijan. currenc the (AZN, average were prices oil that knew Azerbaijan(SOFAZ). of FundOil State the by provided non than rather Group Analysis resources Daily Azeri to on According based mainly is Azerbaijan of economy coun thebasis ininterest is Azerbaijanilessof thepotentially whichoil, cause to dropped export Katzman Kenneth ies between these two countries, now solving now countries, two these between ies the oil oil U.S. consideredmain Azerbaijanas U.S. a pri ,

One of the main factors in determining the exchange rate of AZN is AZN of rate exchange the determining in factors main the of One ce was

the financial and economic situation of the country. All this can have Allcan this country. the situationof financial economic and the at the level the at ,

y of Azerbaijan) is the evidence of the occurrence of the economic crisis in in crisis economic the of occurrence the of evidence the is Azerbaijan) of y 1.1 million during the period of sanctions (2015:1). sanctions of period the during million 1.1 before tougher sanctions tougher before a very good reason for Azerbaijan to bring its Caspian oil and gas to world to gas and oil Caspian its bring to Azerbaijan for reason good very

gradually falling, they falling, gradually of laws that were prohibiting American companies to have business business have to companies American prohibiting were that laws $ 90 per barrel. per 90 $ Furthe ,

the Central Bank of Azerbaijan of Bank Central the rmore, according to Kauzlarich to according rmore, the

United States. United , (2015)

rces an rces Iran exported 2.5 million 2.5 exported Iran 40

the the The recent devaluation of the Azerbaijani manat Azerbaijani the of devaluation recent The militaryIran,bridgehead Russiaand against set Azerbaijani’s state budget for 2015 with 2015 for budget state Azerbaijani’s set

apoiaey 35 o te tt bde is budget state the of 53.5% approximately , d serious irregularities in public in irregularities serious d Iranian nuclear puzzle may reduce strategic strategic reduce may puzzle nuclear Iranian Despite the fact that Azerbaijani that fact the Despite Initially the U Initiallythe devalued manat by 35% and and 35% by manat devalued

barrels per day, day, per barrels

(2014)

.S. preferred to solvethe preferred to .S. Such developments Such try’s economy. - , hostili , eore sectors. resources . the Moreover investments ty between between ty a oil factor. oil while the the while very bad very th experts experts e U.S. U.S. as it it as The The can , an an

CEU eTD Collection most since jobs, of thousands lossof the to leadmay pricesin oil downturn sharp The stopped. be will socialproject cause will turn industry. energy the on dependent highly is country the as prices, oil plunging by caused ment as disadvantages main the of One advantages. ispolicySuchmaintainwith inrapprochementintended country. to Aliyev’sRussia power. fairbemust and rights human the that is as rated is regime political the countryand democracy and obligations international administration with comply to in government responsibilities Azerbaijani the by failure relations. their in apart further move wh Azerbaijan, in process democratization the on economicinand independencepolitical Joining Union. democracy.of turn, in which Russia, neighbor northern its with cooperative more become jeopardizesConsequently,process allthis gasoilandof Azerbaijan. projects of importance the on markets. How such How developments Sec However,suchnormalization ofrelation

ondly, in case of losing its geostrategic and economic importance Azerbaijan importance economic and geostrategic its losing of case in ondly, in Azerbaijan in

andwhi democratic,

The The

lsl cooperate closely the Union means not only reducing the level of level the reducing only not means Union the wv o redundancies of wave a such areas as prot as areas such Azerbaijan government is already under Russian pressure to to Russianpressure under alreadyis Azerbaijangovernment

of the abovementioned projects projects abovementioned the of the . According to Freedom House, Azerbaijan is considered as a “not free” “not a as considered isAzerbaijan House, Freedom to According future role of Azerbaijan as main energy supplier of Europe. Europe. of supplier energy main as Azerbaijan of role future udmna dmcai fedm ms b gu be must freedoms democratic fundamental

will ch will contribute to ending to willchcontribute s

in order to strengthen civil society and the core values of of values core the and society civil strengthen to order in

affect Az affect ecting human rights and promoting democracy, promoting and rights human ecting

vn though Even terms.

n ipeetto o sm mjr nrsrcue and infrastructure major some of implementation and a consolidated authoritarian regime. authoritarianregime. consolidated erbaijan itself? T itself?erbaijan

All thesedevelopments All 41 s between Iran and the U.S. has between U.S. s theIran and

ich

the U.S. have big concerns regarding the the regarding concerns big have U.S. the are oe aoe s cnmc rss hc is which crisis economic is above ioned might cause the U.S. and Azerbaijan to to Azerbaijan and U.S. the cause might funded by oil companies. The second second The companies. oil by funded

corruption, fraudviolenceandcorruption, here are c are here

democracy, but also losing its its losing also but democracy,

will have a negative effect negativeeffect havea will ertain disadvantages and disadvantagesand ertain will reduce the level the reduce will

rned electio aranteed, T join

cast some cast doubt he U.S. concern U.S. he

the the

Eurasian Obama Obama T - might

based based his in in his ns

CEU eTD Collection mainly Aliyev decl Nagorno of Analysis over Armenia and Azerbaijan between war new of chance the reducing Azerbaija allow not will Caucasus. South the in tension reducing to contribute will parties between deal preliminary a Reaching Iran. attack to base a as seen had territory Azerbaijan’s confrontation that military a is of consequences possible factor regarding concern Another serious a had Iran. community international northern the and in Iran between confrontation live who Azerbaijanis ethnic towards attitude country.the socio a deval of wave ine in oil prices oil in ine

- n o te advantag the of One focused on the internalthe infocusedon situationcountry. the fe mentioned often economic condition of condition economic

the

uation in Azerbaijan may become may Azerbaijan in uation

recent influenced

discourse of discourse

h srn ad h pwru am o Aebia, o hs discourse his now Azerbaijan, of army powerful the and strong the n to strengthen its military capabilities. This, in turn, will lead to to lead will turn, in This, capabilities. military its strengthen to n s f h ncer el between deal nuclear the of es

the the

decreased in instability political further a cause may which population, Ilham Aliyev, Ilham

threat of threat 42 unavoidable

the President Azerbaijan President the

s the as

the war towards Armenia. towards war South Caucasus region, region, Caucasus South . the A reduction in salaries will worsen worsen will salaries in reduction A .. and U.S. Declining the world oil prices prices oil world the Declining Iran can be changing changing be can Iran Republic, shows that shows Republic, If earlier particularly - Karabakh. Ilham Ilham the the

CEU eTD Collection importance. geostrategic and partnership economic of terms in relations Azerbaijani Azerbaijan. and States United the between cooperation future the in aspects negativemain two have would Iran and States United the between relations speeches itself. Azerbaijan Azerbaijanand in States United the of foreignpolicy the to wa thesis the of purpose tense of warming Iran, against sanctions Washington and Tehran between all atmosphere of Lifting “historic”. a as considered be can order worse and worse getting Iran against sanctions impose to U.S. the made developments Republic Islamic peace. the le United the and Iran between Confrontation a d to anything good. to d

rna ncer program, nuclear Iranian to solveto T As pointed out earlier, theearlier, out pointed As The ee were here of the leaders the of U

the .S.

in order to solve to order in Iraniannuclear pr Using content analysis of particular documents and discourse analys discourse and documents particular of analysis content Using oiy oad rn is Iran toward policy occasions One of the main reasons of hostilemainOneofrela reasons of the ,

s to to s . the thesis concluded that that concluded thesis the

However, (1)

hc ws agr ote .. ainl euiy n international and security national U.S. the to danger was which when Washington was willing to use military force against the the against force military use to willing was Washington when identify the consequences of consequences the identify preliminary t oblem he in 2012 six international mediators started talks with Iran in Iran with talks started mediators international six 2012 in Conclusion Chapter nuclear problem nuclear .

a S itga pr o the of part integral n tates which l which tates will will agreement reached between Iran and the “Big Six” “Big the and Iran between reached agreement 43

bring (1) (1) . the First of all, it will mainly affect the U the affect mainly will it all, of First

However, it was never realized and realized never was it However, 4 changes in the world politics. politics. world the in changes consequences of the normalization of of normalization the of consequences asted approximately 35 years 35 approximately asted (2) (2)

tions between Iran and the U.S. was U.S. betweentheIran and tions

the which resulted in resulted which how these processes would affect affect would processesthese how

American

American foreign policy. policy. foreign American - Iranian Nuclear deal deal Nuclear Iranian

Iran ’s economy economy ’s Secondly, The main The is of the the of is did

such such

. not S . -

CEU eTD Collection results far. so will forcesbyentry inpoint Iran US theofonattack ancase could which Azerbaijan, in particularly Caucasus, South in tensions reduce co the in stability political where Azerbaijan which prices, oil of declining continuing the to lead would return the and sanctions the of Removal effects. negative authoritarian be to Azerbaijan render might U.S. the with ties loosened country’s process this have to to have on I Both t ist June un

take other measures against Iran. Iran has complied has Iran Iran. against measures other take might Putin’s Putin’s Presidents Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani will will Rouhani Hassan and Obama Barack Presidents likely

30, 2015. 2015. 30, the

have a negative impact on the democratization process in Azerbaijan in process democratization the on impact negative a have the the regime. economy is entirely dependent on oil. on dependent entirely is economy parties will not partiesnot will

untry. (2) (2) Regarding its impact on Azerbaijan, on impact its Regarding oee, omlzto o American of normalization However, reach a final agreement. However,final ifreachU.S. not, the aagreement. do they 44

of Iran to the world energy markets markets energy world the to Iran of This, in turn, turn, in This, might with all terms of the agreement agreement the of terms all with attempt

there are both positive and and positive both are there cause more cooperative with cooperative more - might adversely might Iranian relations will will relations Iranian

have been used as an an as used been have

a to achieve positive positive achieve to

iaca crisis financial

as the the as affect affect

an i n

CEU eTD Collection           

http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/240752.pdf NoteMedia onUS the Department of website.State agreedbetween “Bigthe Six” and 1 centrifugesyears.for ten Iranwillo monitoring.underIAEA enrichcentrifugesnot willinfrastructureAllwill uranium. and centrifuges related be placed two Almost have Iranwillnot fissileany 15for years.Fordow conduct not Iranresearchhasto agreed developmentassociatedandwith at uraniumenrichment nuclear,physics,technology, researchcenter. itsconvert IranhasFordowto agreed enrich not itsIranhasto agreed Fordowyears. leastfacility 15 at for uraniumat facilityFordowitIranwillits longer convert at no is sothat enrich uraniumto used year, durationleast aonefor weapononefor Iran’sbreakout timeline build not Iranhasfacilitiesto newagreed thefor any ofpurpose enrichin andbeforwillreplacementsused centrifugesonly operating as and equipment. Allinfrastructureexcess centrifuges willstorageenrichment inandbe monitored placed IAEA kg15 300 forLEU percent to of3.67 itsreducestockpileIran has to agreedcurrent low 10,000kg ofofabout enrich not Iranhasleastto agreedatfor percent years. 15 3.67 uranium over centrifuge. years.enrichinguraniumcentrifuges10 for All will 6,104 be 19,000installed6,104having installed about deal,to thetoday with under only ofthese 5,060 byreduceIran hasto agreed approximately two Enrichment Iran’sNuclear Program of Republic Islamic the regarding Action of Plan Comprehensive Joint a for Parameters

AppendixA is

nly enrich uranium at the Natanz nlyuraniumthe withonlyenrich 5,060 IR facility, at - thirds of Fordow’sinfrastructurethirdswillcentrifuges of andremoved. Thebe remaining

The FrameworkThe for aJoint Comprehensive Planof onAction Iran'sNuclear Program –

is3be 2 currentlyto months.atassessed to That be timeline will extendedto

–

the time that itwould acquiretime Iranfor fissilethe that to take materialenough

the material at Fordow for 15 years.Fordow15 for materialat of at least ten years,least framework.oftenat under this

IslamicRepublic ofdocumentThe Iran. was published inApril 2,2015 as a Appendix Appendix A

years. facilityitis so that peacefulfor used only purposes

Availableat

- 45

thirds its installeditsthirds fromcentrifuges. Iran will go

IR :

- 1s, Iran’sfirst1s,

- enricheduranium (LEU) g uranium for 15 years.15 for uraniumg -

1 first1 -

generation

- generation generation

whichwas

–

into a into

CEU eTD Collection              

ReprocessingReactors and PossibleitsMilitary Dimensionsofprogram. (PMD) Iranwillmeasuresanaddress implement set ofagreed IAEA’sto the the concerns regarding facilities.new implementIranhasto 3.1Modifiedrequiringagreed notificationCode early of construction facilityinproduction country. the anywhere enrichmentcovert facility, facility,conversionyellowcake centrifuge production or access Irangrant willbe to IAEAthe required investigateto suspicious to s undeclaredfacilities. accessinformation greater includingandnuclear regardingdeclaredIran’sprogram, both and implemenIranhasto agreed materialsdualusetechnologyand case aapprove, byon basis, supply, theor casesale,Iran transferof certain to nuclear procurementA channelIran fordedicated monitoringundercontinuousby IAEA. the infrastructureAll centrifuges removedenrichment and fromand Fordow Natanzwillplaced be continuoussurveillance. facilities 20forand years. storage Iran will Inspectors andhavecontinuoussurveillance ofbellows Iran’s centrifuge rotors production yellowcake,25forwhere years. Iranproduces will Inspectors ha diversionsecretprogram.aprevent to transparencyinspectionsmechanismsandmonitor materialswill closely to and/orcomponents will Inspectors supplythe haveaccesssupportsIran’sto nuclear program.newthat chain The mostup ofthe facilityNatanzenrichment formeritsandandfacilityat Fordow,enrichment including at usethe allTheincludingIAEA willfacilities, haveregular nuclearaccess Iran’sto Iran’s to of Inspecti inProtocollimitationsresulting capacity. certainenrichment on R&Denrichment IAEA,planthe andto submitted to JCPOA,pursuant Additionalthe the under bre years, For tenand enrichment researchand enrichment developmentwillensurelimited be a to schedulea centrifuges, accordinghave whichbyandto to beenagreedparameters P5+1. the years. least ten Ira useits IranwillIR not storagefor IAEAyears.monitored ten IranIR will 1,000 the remove for years,Natanzten removing moreits advanced cent Iranhasgenerationto agreed only first enrichits uranium(IR using akout timeline of at least 1 year. Beyond 10 years,year.least 1 Irantimeline akout Beyondof10 at its will byabide andenrichment ons and Transparency and ons

- to - ve access to uranium accessminesveto continuoussurveillanceanduranium mills, at date,modernmonitoring ninwilllimitedengage andits research developmentwith advanced

- 2,IR

- t Additionalmuchtheproviding IAEA,t of theIAEA the Protocol

4, IR - 2Mcentrifuges Natanz currentlyinstalledandat in placethem

- – 5,IR

anadditionalmeasure. transparency

’s centrifuge manufacturing ’sfrozenbebasecentrifuge will under and - 6,IR or ’s nuclear programnuclear ’smonitorandwill be to established

technologies.

46 - 8enriched produce models uraniumto at for

rifuges.

- 1 models)1 centrifuges at

ites or allegations itesaor of - related andrelated

of CEU eTD Collection               

termandenrichment resea enrichment leastyear.ensuring timeline breakout aoneBeyondat Iran willboundlongerof itsbe that, by years, For ten Iranwill limit capacitydomesticenrichment researchdevelopment andand Phasing placedeal.the under sanctionsU.S. for Iranterrorism,on human abuses, ballisticmissilesrights and inwillremain previoussanctionsUNre be could issueIfnon significant an of resolve performancethe about disagreements resolutionA bedispute which willseekspecified, any process participant, enablesto JCPOA to inspectionscargo relatedfor freezes,incorporatedalsoandbe bywill new asset resolution.this restrictionsImportant conventionalon ballisticmissiles, andarmsaswell as prov channelprocurement mentionedwhichserveabove, will keyasmeasure.a transparency resolutio ofsensitive technologiesactivities and provisionscore However, inSecurityUNCouncil the resolutions Arak, and PMD, Fordow, transparency). withcompletion,theby of nuclear Iran, SecurityUN All Councilissue Irannuclearpast the resolutions liftedon be will simultaneous performance. durationdealofthe an nuclearTheofarchitectureU.S. intotheseplace.sanctions backwill snap has andnuclearU.S. E.U. Iranwillif itrelief,receivesanctions verifiablyits bycommitments. abides Sanctions Iranwi willsellinternationalheavy the remaining years.onany 15 water for market accumulate Iranwillinheavynot modifiedwater excessneedsofand the of Arak the reactor, spentnucleardevelopmenton fuel. notIranindefinitelyhas conductcommitted to Iranwillitsfuelallship from ofspent reactor for the lifetime.out countryofreactor’s thethe quantitiesweapons of Thewhichreactor,originalofthe enabled prod core have the would peacefulsupport production.researchnuclear radioisotope and isbyproducethat whichto agreed willP5+1, thenot weapons plutonium, grade which and will redesignIranhasto agreedresearch heavy and rebuildrea a water taken all of itsalltaken nuclearkey of ll not build llyears.not 15 forreactorsheavy additionalany water

n that will fullnitsJCPOAwillthat the and implementation. It endorse urge the create also

- - d allow for snapforallow d grade plutonium,begraderemoved willfromdestroyedor country. the related sanctionsrelated IAEAIranverifiedbethe willafter suspendedhas that - performance cannot be performanceprocess,resolvedcannot thenthrough that all - related steps.Iffulfill any atfailsrelated Iranits time to commitments, - related sanctionsrelatedmuchIran willon be forretained of the -

imposed. rch and development plan rchitdevelopment andsharedwith P5+1. the - – backinofnon significant ofsanctionsevent the -

related actions related alladdressing key conce willbere

ofJCPOA commitments. reprocessing reprocessingor researchand 47

- establishedSecuritybyUNCouncilnew a

– ctor indesign Arak,basedactor on

those dealthose that with transfers uctionofsignificant

rns (enrichment, (enrichment, rns isionsallow that -

–

CEU eTD Collection   

acquisitionnuclearitsand of weapons IAEAnuclearsafeguardsrequires on program. partya Nuclearthe to Non stringentmostEven limitationsperiod after theof the Iran’snuclearon program, Iranwill remain years.25 andtransparencyobligati adherenceto Additionalincludingthe itspermanent, IAEAofisthe accesssignificant Protocol inspections Important andmeasuresyears. willtransparency 15 beyondwell continue uraniuman andbuildfacilitiesheavyenrichment new will reactors or limit its stockpileofwater enriched fifteen For years,limitIranwillits additionalinstance, of program. elements For Iran will not

d accept enhanced transparencyaccept d procedures. ons. Theinspectionsrobust Iran’sforuranium ons. supplyof last willchain - Proliferation Treaty (NPT), whichProliferation Treaty(NPT), prohibits Ir 48

an’s development or an’sor development

Iran’s CEU eTD Collection Nagorno the of (2007). Ismayilov,M. Geopolitics The (2005). Dialogue F. Ismailzade, (2002). (Eds.). regionsconflict in G. Sasse, & J., Hughes, UniversityPress. (2001). P. D. Houghton, (2003). (Eds.). D. Psychology RoutledgeCurzon,NewYork. Press. J. Moroney, & P., G. Herd, (2001).Gadjiyev, K. S. PublicationsPtyLimited. (2011). G. Friedman, &Littlefield Publishers. & R., Ebel, let Desat istoriiChernyavski (2013). Azerbaidjana:S. 2003 (2011). (Eds.). R. Misra, science & C., Bo, M., Chatterji, Bugajski,(2008). J. dlyaRossii,MIDMGIMO, Rossii. Moskva: INO vyzovy i Vozmojnosti Zakavkazye. i Azii Centralnoy v Ssha Politika (2009)/ N. O. Barabanov, Tauris York: New Publishers. (2001). T., Aybak Münster. (1999). P. M. Amineh, Aliyarli (2009). S. (2010). Addis,L. C. Books

(Vol. 16). Publishing. Emerald16). (Vol. Group

7 (3/4),104. Menon, R. (2000). R. Menon,

(Vol. Psychology6). Press. “History of From1970. Azerbaijan:times to ancient

oiis f h Bak e: yais f oprto ad Conflict. and Cooperation of Dynamics Sea: Black the of Politics Expanding Russia'sExpanding Eurasia: European Iran: Regional Perspectives Iran: PolicyRegional US and

Azerbaijan history: 7 vols.:Azerbaijanhistory:7 century. IV: Vol. XIX h nx dcd: hr w'e en. ad hr w'e going we're where and been... we've Where decade: next The

GeopolitikaKavkaza.Mejdunarodniye 464. Str. otnosheniya. region Caspian the in resources oil of control the Towards

S oeg plc ad h Ia host Iran the and policy foreign US

Energy and conflict in Central Asia and the Caucasus the and Asia Central in conflict and Energy Bibliography

Ethnicity and territory in the former Soviet Union: Union: Soviet former the in territory and Ethnicity

Centr, Loqos. Centr,

euiy yais n h fre sve bloc soviet former the in dynamics Security

rnir o pae cnmc ad peace and economics peace of Frontiers - 2013 qodi.Flinta2013 Ambitions

. DIANEPublishing. . 2. Page g crisis age - Karabakh

(Vol.CSIS.30).

Baku:Chiraq Baku:“Elm”

(Vol. 75). Cambridge Cambridge 75). (Vol.

Conflict. . LIT Verlag Verlag LIT .

. Rowman Rowman .

London, . Scribe Scribe .

Global

. CEU eTD Collection Press. (1979). (Ed.). I. Wallerstein, 352. analysis. discourse Critical 18 (2003). A. T. Dijk, Van Distant or Neighbours Good Caucasus: PublishingRelatives, Ashgate South Surrey,Limited, England. the in Cooperation Regional (2012). G. Tracey Afghanistan (2013). (Eds.). S. Aris, & A., Snetkov, S.,& WaltzScott, (2013). K.N. D.P. Al Scott, (2004). (1977). Said E. University State (2010) T. K. Necefova, Antares. Mur MiddletowardsEastthe West, and Russiathe (2011). N. Mehdiyeva, Materiali J. (1904).H. TheMackinder, geographical ofhistory. Royalpivot GeographicalSociety. perezagruzka? ili ischeznovenie politika: Vneshnyaya seminara nauchnogo “Vneshnyayavoprosypolitika: i praktiki”.Moskva: teorii (2009). M.M. Lebedeva, East: Far Russian Development the and &(2012). Lee,K. S., W. (Eds.). Ko, BostonPublishing GreenwoodOxford: Group. Klinghoffer, Kleveman,(2004). L. transformation (2011). (Ed.). A. Jafalian, thecenturyto early XXI 1917 (2010). S.A. Ismayilova, da, . . 20) Pltk Sh i rbey eoansi ein Yjoo Kavkaza, Yujnogo regiona bezopasnosti problemy i Ssha Politika (2000). M. I. adyan,

. . PalgraveMacmillan. A. J. (2006). J. A.

(Vol. 16). LIT Verlag LIT 16).(Vol. Münster. . Ashgate Publishing,. Ltd.. Orientalism.

The newinThe Centraloil Asia and blood greatgame: - Qaeda, US oilandUS Qaeda, Asia.Centralcompanies,

History of Azerbaijan of History Power games in the Caucasus: Azerbaijan's foreign and energy policy policy energy and foreign Azerbaijan's Caucasus: the in games Power

The power of projections: how maps reflect global politics and history and global politics mapsreflect how projections: ofpower The History of Azerbaijan, 2010. Chapter XIV. “South Azerbaijan from from Azerbaijan “South XIV. Chapter 2010. Azerbaijan, of History

esesn scrt i te ot Cuau: einl ofit and conflicts regional Caucasus: South the in security Reassessing

London:Penguin. p150 . Baku .

h cptls world capitalist The TheNuclearSpread of Weapons.

For Better Risk Management and Sustainable Energy Energy Sustainable and Management Risk Better For

StateUniversity. Risks and Opportunities of the Energy Sector in East Siberiathe East EnergySectorin Opportunities Risks and of

h Rgoa Dmnin t Securi to Dimensions Regional The

(Vol. 49).(Vol. Tauris. IB

Chapter VI. “South Azerbaijan 1828 Azerbaijan “South VI. Chapter 50

- economy

The handbook of discourse analysis, 18, 18, analysis, discourse of handbook The

. Cambridge: Cambridge University University Cambridge Cambridge: .

New York, NY: W.W.NY: Norton.York, New

In: The road to 9/11roadto The .Grove Press. y Ohr ie of Sides Other ty:

MQU - 1914”.

Baku .

CEU eTD Collection sanctions. 2bbacd535713 www.corker.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/news from Senate. April(2015,US StatementIran Corker on Retrieved 2). from Framework. Nuclear Retrieved 2015. of all Act congress/senate Review Agreement S.615 for Text) (Except Information Bill All 14). April (2015, Congress. US The www.leader.ir/l 10). lifting April (2015, Khamenei. Ali Sayyid Leader Supreme of Office The video/video/2015/03/19/president (English) MarchThe(2015, White 19). House. Address Union the office/2015/01/20/remarks of State January 20). (2015, Secretary. Press the Officeof House, White The Weapon. https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog Nuclear April (2015, D. 2). Hudson, 29). January (2011, Baku. in Retrievedfrom States United the of Embassy Senators. Republican 47 47 https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2015/03/11/round the Round 11). March (2015, J. Earnest Officialdocuments SPb. p185 Peterburg: Yuzefovich Macmillan. (2014). B. Winston, - republican

Retrievedfrom

T.P. (1969). (1969). T.P. -

sena

angs/en/index.php?p=contentShow&id=13068 - http://azerbaijan.usembassy.gov/warden bill/615/all tors

h Rsde aw ad fe: lso t te circumspect the to lesson a after: and Fatwa Rushdie The

https://www.whitehouse.gov/photos - - president oooi osi Vsoo. oiihsie torgoviye, i Politicheskiye Vostokom. s Rossii Dogovori

info A Message from President Obama: Preventing Iran from Acquiring a Acquiringa from Obama:President fromIran Message Preventing A h Wie os Blog. House White The

- /2015/04/02/email obama Rtivd from Retrieved . - - Up: Editorial Boards From Around the Country Respond to to Respond Country the Around From Boards Editorial Up: state PresidentIraNowruzObama’sthe to Message - s - h Wie House White The union - nowruz - 51 list?ID=1d6a0e8d - address

- - message - preventing editorial - 290111.html - january https://www.whitehouse.gov/the https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th - iranian - -

boards and - iran - - 20 mas Bk Scrt Alert Security Baku Embassy - 4494 Retrieved from from Retrieved - - - - people acquiring

2015 Remarks by the President in President the by Remarks around Blog.

- 4f65

Iran's leader calls for for calls leader Iran's

- english Retrieved from from Retrieved - - country ad95 - eree from Retrieved nuclear - -

nian Peoplenian Iran Nuclear Iran - respond - Palgrave . weapon

- Sankt press -

- - - . CEU eTD Collection National Relations, International of Institute (Taipei, ChengchiTaipei, University, Union 19 European the of Tasks and Role Periphery and Centre China “ B. Coppieters, s http://www.1news.az/news/20140303012135398.html doqavarivatsya budet Vashington pochemu Iran”: “Proyekt Tegeranom. 3). March (2014, F. Chiragov, a Caucasus. Times. the in friend rare a stiffing of peril The 26). June (2013, D. Burton, Russia Brzezinski,re must (2009). Z. fighters Institute. U.S. Peninsula. Gulf inthe Fighters to AidIranian March24). (2014, P., L. Boghardt the Eyes Nervously Russia 7). April intelligence. (2015, R. Bhalla, Ensiklopedia yardımı. hərbi RusiyanınErmənistana işğalolunmasında Azərbaycan torpaqlarının BayramovR., 2002. and Bayramov over Power. April(2015,P. Baker, inCongress’s NuclearRole 16). Iran DealLimits Obama’s Shows of will Azerbaijan emptyfromtreasury.Retrieved of Fund Oil 7). January (2015, GROUP. ANALYSIS DAILY AZERI AzerbaijanPress. (1997). E. Shabazov N., Aliyev, relations. U.S. "reconsider" to threatens Azerbaijan Retrievedfrom 16). April (2010, M. Antidze, congress. US to speech Netanyahu congress dismiss Obama and from Iran Retrieved 4). March (2015, Jazeera. Al ElectronicSources, - rare - iran -

friend - TheNew YorkTimes. eree from Retrieved in -

- 150304044156588.html nuclear -

Ankara:TechnicalMiddle East University. the A. (2014). (2014). A. eree from Retrieved

- Retrievedfrom . Retrieved . from in - gulf - http://in.reuters.com/article/2010/04/16/idINIndia the h E ad Cross and EU The - http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/0

deal - - peninsula caucasu/ Journals & & JournalsMagazines - US Foreign Policy Toward Azerbaijan During the Period Between 1991 1991 Between Period the During Azerbaijan Toward Policy Foreign US swings h Frt News. First The http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jun/26/the https://www.stratfor.com/weekly/russia ”, paper pre paper ”,

Retrievedfrom - http://ensiklopediya.az/?m=yazi&id=107

to www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy http://azeridaily.com/economy/4029 - - 20 December, 2006).December, 20

congress Heydar Aliyev and The Development of Azerbaijan Oil. Azerbaijan of Development The and Aliyev Heydar

- - Strait Relations: European Policies towards the Greater Greater the towards Policies European Relations: Strait focus pared for the International Conference on The Emerging Emerging The on Conference International the for pared - foiling

withpost

www.nytimes.com/2015/04/16/us/politics/power 52 -

obama.html?_r=0 -

imperialEyes.

3/iran - obama - 47760820100416

- -

nervously

analysis/view/iranian The FinancialTimes The rn Deal. Iran - dismiss

eree from Retrieved - - netanyahu eyes - The Washington The peril The Washington The Stratfor global global Stratfor

us - of - iran - - Reuters stiffing , become become speech -

aid 1 - Baku: . deal

- - to

- - - . CEU eTD Collection oldu? http://www.azadliq.org/content/article/1762314.html dili dövlət necə Dilimiz Qayıdış… (2009) S. Ismayilli Retrievedfromthan Irandoes. more deal nuclear final needs G5+1 Rouhani: 16). April (2015, Agency. News Republic Islamic (2013, sanctions. new passing against negotiations Congress US warns 14). November Kerry John negotiations: Iran USA.DC, Washington U.S (2014) R. Ibrahimov Eurasia. to Europe Central from Democratization Rowman& Littlefield. 2014: Transit from in Nations Retrieved (2014). F. DC. House, Washington, Azerbaijan. World: the in Freedom https://freedomhouse.org/report/nations (2014). F. House, presidents http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/azerbaijan/7379847/Azerbaijan Dubai luxury property'. of worth £30m 'buys 12, son, president's Azerbaijan 5). March (2010, A. Hough, from NovemberA.Goyushov,(2008, Islamic 11). inAzerbaijan.Revival A (1971). structuralGaltung,imperialism.J. theory of netanyahus Internal Affairs’ Our in ‘Interfering Netanyahu’s Albright: Madeleine 11). February (2015, J. Feldman, http://www.hudson.org/research/10989 Strategy. Iran Secret Obama's 2). February (2015, M. Doran, U.S the congress/2015/04/15/a828b2f0 not ‘the www.washingtonpost.com/world/ir with talks powers,’ in are We leader: Iran 15). major warns. April (2015, D. Deane M., DeBonis K., DeYoung Bahrain pushing w Russia, for US 'Schizophrenic' 8). December (2013, C. Coughlin, ww.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/10504011/Schizophrenic http://www.hudson.org/research/9815 - Arab - son - Mediate. interfering - john - - states 12 h Guardian. The - - kerry buys - toward -

- in - eree from Retrieved 30m sanctions h telegraph The - our - - Russia worth - -

internal - http://www7.khor e349 zrajn eain: Ve Fo Baku From View A Relations: Azerbaijan

eree from Retrieved

- an - Congress. . of Bahrain - 11e4 - - - says affairs/ luxury - - obama transit/2014/azerbaijan#.VSEbSfmUdW

- - 81ea - it - islamic warns.html http://www.mediaite.com/online/madeleine - h Telegraph. The -

is Dubai - s - 53 - - negotiating 0649268f729e_story.html ramabad.irna.ir/en/News/81573886/ secret www.theguardian.com/world/2

- The Washington Post. Post. Washington The revival - . Retrieved from from Retrieved .

property.html Journal of peaceresearch Journalof - iran

eign policy pushing Arab states toward toward states Arab pushing policy eign - - - in with strategy - azerbaijan Hudson Institute. Hudson zdi radiosu. Azadliq - world

HudsonInstitute.

- powers

eree from Retrieved - US Rtik Institute Rethink . - - not Retrieved from from Retrieved X , 81 , foreign 013/nov/14/iran

eree from Retrieved Retrieved from Retrieved

- the -

117.

Retrieved - - - us - policy albright

- - - - CEU eTD Collection ScienceSpringer Media.& Business 2004 January 25 to 23 from Kingdom, United London, ResearchStability, and Security Energy to Threats Advanced NATO the of Proceedings Stability: and Security (2007). (Eds.). M. D. Robinson, & D., W. Wood, H., McPherson, Research research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/1089 Social Qualitative Analysis. Content Qualitative (2000). P., Mayring Lifted. K. be http://www.marxists.org/archiv Marx Should It http Why Maresca ucasus/2020228.html South The To http://www.rferl.org/content/Excluding_Azerbaijan_Cannot_Bring_Stability_To_The_South_Ca Stability Bring Can't Azerbaijan Excluding Caucasus, 21). April (2010, N. Mammadov TheIran10. Project,York: New an Benefits Weighing (2012). W. Luers, & A., Long, israel from Retrieved Iran. Over Israelwith Break” “Clean Imagininga January 30). (2012, G. Leupp, statements/2013/01/07/be1cc3f8 controversial his checker/post/chuck to guide A context: in Israel statements, and Hagel Chuck August). (2013, G. Kessler, Rapprochement West´s the withIran. and Azerbaijan 12). February (2014, E. Mamedov, R., Kauzlarich, Retrievedfrom Sanctions. Iran 21). April (2015, K. Katzman centennial obshestvo. ekonomicheskoe Russkoe OnAugust4).Saudi(2014, Iran,Katasonov Arabia Centennial V. theFederal andthe Reserve. of bomb from Retrieved Jones, ://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/64_folder/64_articles/64_maresca.html - - over gregory G. S. (2014, March 13). Iran’s Arak Reactor and the Plutonium Bomb. Plutonium the and Reactor Arak Iran’s 13). March (2014, S. G. , J.J. (1998). U.S. Ban on Aid to Azerbaijan (Section 907) How It Started in 1992 and and 1992 in Started It How 907) (Section Azerbaijan to Aid on Ban U.S. (1998). J.J. , - Eurasinet - of iran h Wsigo Post Washington The ai Fe Erp Rdo Liberty Radio Europe Free Radio - the - s

https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RS20871.pdf - http://www.nationalreview.com/article/373 jones - federal 18 http://dissidentvoice.org/2012/01/science - . hag -

Retrievedfrom

h rmie f oi Bonapart. Louis of Brumaire th

el - - reserve and - israel e/marx/works/1852/18th

- , -

591c 2.html 1 Rtivd from Retrieved . 2, r. 0 Rtivd from Retrieved 20, Art. (2), -

in http://www.eurasianet.org/node/68038 Retrieved from Retrieved - - 11e2 context

9fa9 zrajn International. Azerbaijan

- Congressional Research Congressional 54 a - - guide 5fbdc9530eb9_blog.html

Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Forum: / Sozialforschung Qualitative Forum

http://reosh.ru/on http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/fact Arl 1 21, eree from Retrieved 2010, 21, April . - d Costs of Military Action Against Iran. Iran. Against Action Military of Costs d - to brumaire/ch03.htm - his 252/irans

- v - - controversial lies - imagining

- Emerging Threats to Energy to Threats Emerging arak -

iran

Service. okhp n Emerging on Workshop -

http://www.qualitative reactor

saudi - eree from Retrieved a eree from Retrieved - clean National Review. National

Dissident VoiceDissident - - April 21, 2015. 21, April and arabia - - break plutonium -

and - with - the - - - - - . .

CEU eTD Collection nuclear 'tough demands U.S. deal, nuclear Iran. on from in choices' Closing 16). March (2015, P. Hafezi L., Wroughton http://www.discourses.org/OldArticles/C 249 A. Principles VanDijk, (1993). T. ofcriticalanalysis. discourse idUSKBN0N40CX2015041 Reuters. April(2015,not, Torbati, DealY. or 13). more Retrievedfrom TheAprilIran(2015,Project. 16). Retrievedfrom TheAmerican Israel Public qqkp 1). (Part Security Energy http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=31638&no_cache=1#.VWyw_8 of Frontier New West’s the Foundation. Jamestown on Azerbaijan (2006). V. Socor Li a little Has Iran 25). March (2015, BlombergBusiness. J. Lee A., Dipaola G., Smith S. HowSep/Oct). Keep(2006,Scott, to Bombthe From Iran. ambassadors Turkey. region. http://arme Unprecede Azerbaijan, 11). August (2010, H. in Sassounian, US Interestsfor development (2011). J. Nichol, and http://en.apa.az/xeber_gaya_mammadov_____we_are_interested_in_ira_226255.html peace, to contribute securitywill deal nuclear Iranian hopes Azerbaijan 27). April (2015, M. Najafova, studies. explanatory for analysis content of use Quarterly The (1967). E. R. Mitchell, - - 283. Retrieved 283. from

- surprise

than - usa

Retrievedfrom , -

nianweekly.com/2010/08/11/sassounian 31 iran - idUSKBN0MC0LG20150316 - - (2), 230 (2), to for - - does http://theiranproject.com/blog/2015/04/16/rouhani http://goo.gl/Ittmc8 DIANEPublishing. . azerbaijan - oil

Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia: Political Developments and Implications Implications and Developments Political Georgia: and Azerbaijan, Armenia,

- Reuters eree from Retrieved

market - 241

www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/13/us Publication: Eurasia Daily Monitor Vol Monitor Daily EurasiaPublication:

- rein Weekly Armenian turkey/ 3 Affairs (2015). Committee. Rtivd from Retrieved . - that

- s

- Rouhani: G5+1 morenuclearRouhani: thanneedsdealdoes final Iran

ready

www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015 ritical%20discourse%20analysis.pdf - many U.S. states manywill Iran. griponsanctions keep U.S. to

- ship http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/16/us 55 . August 11, 2010 Retrieved from from Retrieved 2010 11, August .

td cin Sntr Bok masdr to Ambassadors Block Senators Action: nted

- unprecedented Differing of AccountsFramework. Iran Foreign Affairs, 85.5, ForeignAffairs, Discourse & Discourse Society - ume: 3 Issue: 84. Retrieved from from Retrieved 84. Issue: 3 ume: iran APA - - g51 action te upie o Ol Market. Oil for Surprise ttle - . Retrieved from from Retrieved . nuclear - needs - senators - -

final states - 03

ulc Opinion Public - - - block nuclear

- 25/iran 47. . Vol. 4 (2), (2), Vol.4 .

- - - deal has - iran The -

- a - . - -