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Tc Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih (Genel Türk Tarihi)

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Tc Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih (Genel Türk Tarihi) T. C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH (GENEL TÜRK TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI AZERBAYCAN – ERMENİSTAN İLİŞKİLERİNDE RUSYA VE İRAN FAKTÖRÜ (1828 – 2000) Doktora Tezi EMİN ŞIHALİYEV ANKARA – 2004 I T. C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH (GENEL TÜRK TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI AZERBAYCAN – ERMENİSTAN İLİŞKİLERİNDE RUSYA VE İRAN FAKTÖRÜ (1828 – 2000) Doktora Tezi EMİN ŞIHALİYEV Tez Danışmanı PROF. DR. YAVUZ ERCAN ANKARA – 2004 II T. C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH (GENEL TÜRK TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI AZERBAYCAN – ERMENİSTAN İLİŞKİLERİNDE RUSYA VE İRAN FAKTÖRÜ (1828 – 2000) Doktora Tezi TEZ DANIŞMANI Prof. Dr. YAVUZ ERCAN TEZ JÜRİ ÜYELERİ Adı Soyadı İmzası Prof. Dr. YAVUZ ERCAN …………………….. …………………………. …………………………. …………………………. …………………………. Tez Savunma Tarihi: …../ …../ ….. III İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ .......................................................................................................................................................... KISALTMALAR ………………………………………………………………………………………….. GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................................................. BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM ERMENİLERİN KİMLİĞİ ve BÜYÜK ERMENİSTAN EFSANESİ......................................... İKİNCİ BÖLÜM YİRMİNCİ YÜZYILIN BAŞLARINDA ERMENİLERİN AZERBAYCAN’DA YAPTIKLARI KATLİAMLAR A- Değişmeyen Ermeni Felsefesi veya Ermeni Psikolojisi .......................................................................... B- 1905-1906 Yıllarında Yapılan Katliamlar …........................................................................................... C- 1918 Yılı Mart Katliamı ............................................................................................................................ ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM AZERBAYCAN-ERMENİSTAN İLİŞKİLERİNDE BİTMEYEN KAVGA: KARABAĞ SORUNU, POLİTİK GELİŞMELER A- Sorunun Başlaması ...................................................................................................................................... B- 20 Ocak Katliamı …………………………………………………………………......…………………... C- Ayaz Mutallibov Dönemi ………………………………………………………..……………………….. C. a. Hocalı Soykırımı................................................................................................................................. D- Ebülfez Elçibey Dönemi …………………………………………………….…………………………..... E- Haydar Aliyev Dönemi ………………………………………………….………………………………… E. a. Rusya Tarafından Azerbaycan’a Uygulanan Ekonomik Ambargo ve Onun Doğurduğu Sonuçlar ..................................................................... F- 907 Sayılı Karar ............................................................................................................................................ G- 907 Sayılı Ek Maddenin Yürürlükten Kaldırılması.................................................................................. DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM KAFKASYA JEOPOLİTİĞİNDE RUSYA, İRAN ve TÜRKİYE REKABETİ ...................................... BEŞİNCİ BÖLÜM RUSYA A- Çarlık Rusyası Açısından Azerbaycan’ın Jeopolitik Önemi ve Ermeni Faktörü ................................. B- Sovyet Rusyası Dönemi ............................................................................................................................... B. a. Anavatan’a Dönüş Projesi ………………………………………………………………..………... C- SSCB’nin Çöküş Sebepleri, Bağımsız Devletler Birliği – BDT’nin Oluşumu ....................................... D- Bağımsızlık Sonrası Rusya’nın Güney Kafkasya’da Stratejik Amaçları ............................................. ALTINCI BÖLÜM İRAN IV A- İran Açısından Azerbaycan’ın Önemi ve Ermeni Faktörü ................................................................... B- Fars Milliyetçiliğinin Azerbaycan Politikası ........................................................................................... C- İran’ın Azerbaycan ve Ermenistan Politikası ......................................................................................... YEDİNCİ BÖLÜM TÜRKİYE A- Jeopolitik Açıdan Kafkasya’da Türkiye – Rusya, Türkiye – İran Rekabetleri .................................. B- Türkiye’nin Ermenistan Politikası .......................................................................................................... B. a. Ermeni Diasporası ve Ter-Petrosyan Dönemi .............................................................................. B. b. Ermeni Diasporası ve Robert Koçaryan Dönemi ......................................................................... B. c. İlişkilerde Sınır Kapısı Sorunu........................................................................................................ C- Türkiye’nin Azerbaycan Politikası .......................................................................................................... C. a. Osmanlı Devleti’nin Azerbaycan Politikası.................................................................................... C. b. Tarihi Nahçıvan Meselesi ve Stratejik Bakımdan Nahçıvan’ın Önemi ..................................... C. c. Moskova Antlaşması ve Nahçıvan.................................................................................................. C. d. Kars Antlaşması ve Nahçıvan......................................................................................................... C. e. Bağımsızlık Sonrası Türkiye’nin Azerbaycan Politikası ............................................................. C. f. Azerbaycan – Ermenistan Çatışması Bağlamında Türkiye – Azerbaycan İlişkileri ...................................................................................................... SONUÇ ............................................................................................................................................................. KAYNAKLAR ve ARAŞTIRMALAR EK V ÖNSÖZ “…Nasıl haşhaş, uyuşturucu bağımlılığın ham maddesi ise, tarih de köktenci tavırların, etnik milliyetçiliğin ve ideolojilerin ham maddesi… Eğer amaca uygun bir geçmiş yoksa bu, her zaman için yeniden icat edilebilir. Mazi meşrulaştırılır ve övünecek fazla bir şeyi olmayan şimdiki zamana şerefli bir arka plan sunar…” . Bir tarih felsefecisi olan Eric Hobsbawm’ın sözleri bunlar. Hatırlıyorum, Sovyetler Birliği dönemindeki okullarda, “Azerbaycan, İran’ın ve Osmanlı’nın işgalci saldırılarına karşı koyamayacağını anlayınca, Rusya’ya yönelmek zorunda kaldı. Çar Hazretlerinden, İran ve Osmanlı’nın saldırılarından korunmak için Azerbaycan’ın Rusya sınırları içerisine alınması rica edildi”, diye okutuluyordu. Bu ifadelerden de anlaşılacağı üzere, güya Azerbaycan, büyük bir memnuniyetle Rus himayeciliğini kabullenmek istemiş, Rusya da Azerbaycan’ın ısrarla üzerinde durduğu bu isteği “büyük bir kardeş” olarak değerlendirmiştir. Yani sırf Azerbaycan’ın isteği üzerine, Rusya Azerbaycan’a girmiştir. Bu satırları okuyunca, Tarih hocama, “gerçekten de durum böyle mi olmuştur? Yani her hangi bir ülke, topraklarını başka bir devletin sınırları içerisine alınması için ricada bulunabilir mi?”, diye sorduğumda, hocam,“görünen ve yazılan her şey gerçek değildir. Ama ne yazık ki, tahriflerle yetinmek zorundayız. Çünkü şimdilik gerçekleri ortaya çıkarabilecek hiçbir yetkiye sahip değiliz. Lütfen, bu tür sorular sorarak başımı belaya sokma” yanıtını vermişti. Aynı durum Sovyet Rusyası için de geçerlidir. Sovyet Azerbaycanı tarihçiliğinde böyle bir tez hüküm sürmekteydi: Azerbaycan’da hakimiyet uğrunda verilen mücadeleye XI. Kızıl Ordunun müdahalesi, yalnız dünya proletarya prensibinden doğmuştur. Yani Rusya’da siyasi iktidarı ele geçirmiş olan işçi sınıfı, bununla da yetinemezdi. O, ücra bölgelerde yaşayan sınıf kardeşlerine de bu yolda bütün vasıtalarla, hatta gerekirse silah kullanarak yardım etmeyi amaç edinmişti. Tarihi belgeler, XI. Kızıl Ordunun yukarıda belirtilen tez doğrultusunda Azerbaycan’a geliş sebebini, gerçekte Rusya’nın işgaline hak kazandırmak için uydurulmuş bir bahane olduğunu açığa çıkarmaktadır. Ekim devriminden sonra V. İ. Lenin’in dili ile dersek, “dövülerek yarım can hale salınmış ve koltuk değenekleriyle bile yürümesi şüphe altında olan” Rusya’nın sosyo – politik, ekonomik ve askeri durumu, yukarıda gösterilen tezin doğruluğunu açıkça reddetmektedir. 1920 yılı Sovyet işgalinden sonra içe sızmış yabancı edebiyat ve yabancı tarihşinaslıkta birikmiş değerli materyaller, ilk elden kaynaklar ve arşiv belgeleri o devrin kaynakları esasında yazılmadığından objektif gerçekliği tam olarak yansıtmamaktaydı. Bunun dışında, 1905-1906 yıllarında ve 1918 Mart gününde Azerbaycan Türkleri ile Ermeniler arasında yaşanmış olan kanlı çatışmalar ve yapılan katliamlar, Sovyetler döneminde “iç savaş” olarak nitelendirildi ve gerçekler örtbas edildi. Yaşadığım dönem içerisinde, 1990’lı yıllara kadar bulunduğumuz “halklar hapishanesi”nde halkların kardeşliğinden, barışseverlikten bahseden demir perde ülkesinin bizlere sunduğu bilgilerin tarihimiz ve medeniyetimiz açısından gerçeklerden uzak, tahrif edilmiş olduğunu gördüm. Arşiv materyallerine dayanarak ortaya konulan tarihi belgelerin yardımıyla gerçekleri anladım ve araştırmaya karar verdim. Ermeni siyasetçilerinin, Ermeni lobi ve diasporasının dış ülkelerde Azerbaycan aleyhinde yaymış oldukları her türlü fikirleri alt-üst edebilecek, Ermeni provokatörlüğünün ve Ermeni faşizminin asıl iç yüzünü açıp ortaya çıkarabilecek kitapların yazılması tarihi ve hayati bir önem taşımaktadır. Bu yönde yürütülen araştırmaların asıl amacı, Azerbaycan VI Türklerinin geçmişte ve günümüzde Ermeni Sorunu ile karşılaştığı problemleri her yönüyle
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