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'^i CATALOGUE

OF SHIELD

IX

THE COLLECTION

OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

PART I.

TESTUDINATA (TOETOISES).

BY

JOHK EDWARD GRAY, F.R.S. &c.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

1855. L-&T3^

lKi/&^^S/

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. INTRODUCTION.

The chief object in preparing the present Catalogue has lieen to give at one xiev,- a complete account of all the species of the Shielded Reptiles {Cataphracta) no^x' in the

British Museum, and of those species known to exist in other Cabinets, but which are at present desiderata in the Museum, to enable travellers, collectors and others to assist in completing the national collection.

indication of the of each is its sex and state are An separate locality specimen given ; also noticed.

The figures of the new species contained in the Museum Collection have loeen drawn on stone by Mr. Ford, so well known for the beauty and accuracy of his pencil.

JOHN EDWARD GRAY.

British Miisevm, December 1, ISoii. 4i CATALOGUE

OF SHIELD REPTILES,

tion are surrounded a series of bones the Sect. II. SHIELDED REPTILES (CATA- ; they by forming

of the shields : the lower shield or sternum is formed PHRACTA). edge of four pair and a central anterior bone. The jaws are covered with imbedded with a Body square plates, generally toothless, covered horny bill, rarely hid by fleshy a dorsal and ventral shield. The bones of the forming lips : the upper bill covers the lower Uke a box. Eyes skull united into a hard and thick, together mass, including with distinct eyelids. The drum of the ear visible, nearly the bones and The quadrate pterygoid processes. tongue superficial. The legs short, thick. Tail conical. The is short, affixed to the mouth, scarcely exsertible. The vent is a circular hole. lungs are enveloped by a thick peritoneum, which performs Chelonia (Chelonians), Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 275 the and has the of a The Cat. Tort. B.M. part appearance diaphragm. (1835) ; Tortues on Bum. Bib. Ghi. ii. 1 vent is round or linear, plaited. The male organ and va- Cheloniens, ^ Erp. (1835). gina are simple, the former having only a groove along its Testudinata, Oppel, Reptilien, 1811. : the upper edge. Oviparous egg covered with a hard Bell, Zool. Jonrn. n. 513. Anim. Vert. 5. 12 shell : the young, when hatched, having a large umbilical Bona}). Saggio (1832). Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843). slit, which soon disappears. Chelonii, Latr. Rept. Ann. Philos. 3 Reptilia Cataphracta (Shielded Reptiles), Grai/, Syn. Gray, (1825) ; Syn. Rept. (1831). 2 Arm. Nat. Hist. i. Cat. Anim. Vert. 5. 12 Rept. (1831) ; 275 (1838) ; Bonap. Saggio (1832). Tort. B.M. (1844). Eichwald, Zool. Sj)ec. iii. 194. Reptilia Loricata et SqCamata (part.). Gray, Ann. Chelonea, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 268 (1822). Phil. (182.5). Sterrichrotes (Chelonii), Ritzen, Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xiv. 269 (1828). Les Cheloniens (Chelonii), Brongn. Bull. Soc. Philom. XXXV. Order III. (1808). CHELONIA (). ii. 5 Cuv. R. A. ii. 6 ; ed. 2. ; Oss. Foss. v. Latr. Rept. The body enclosed in a case, formed of two shields Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. (1816). united their and the by margins, leaving only head, ueck, Geof^. Ann. Mus. xiv. 5. Handb. Zool. 163. limbs and tail free, which are covered with a scaly skin : Wiegmann ^ Ruthe, Testudinata, Fitz. Syst. Rept. 2!) (1843). the upper shield or thorax formed of the ribs more or less Testudines (Hedraeoglossae), Wagler, Syst. 133 (1830). dilated on the united and adherent to the sides, together FoRNiCATi, Haworth, Phil. Mag. (1823). dorsal vertebrae by a toothed suture, preventing any mo- Chelonia, Gray, Cat. Rept. B.M. 3. CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

Oppel, in his Ordnungen, Familien u. Gattungen derRep- Mr. T. Bell, in his paper on the Characters of the Order, tilien (1811), divides the Tortoises (Teshidinati) thus: — Families and Genera of the Testudinata {Zool. Journ.

I. Chelonii. 1. Chelonia. II. Amyd^. a. 2. Tri- iii. 513, 1828), divides the Order thus :— 3. 4. . 5. onyx. b. Chelys. . A. Digitata. Fam. I. Testudinid^. 1. Testudo (greeca). 2. (arachnoides) . 3. (Homeana). M. Cuvier, Regne , u. 9 (1817), divides the Che- II. Emydid.s;. a.. Sterno mobili. 1. Terrapene {c\a.usa). 2. Sternotheerus 3. Einosternon LONiENS or Testudo, Limi., thus : — (Leachianus). (longieau- * datum). b. Sterno solido. 4. Hydraspis (galeata). 5. 1. Tortues de terre {Testudo). 2. Les Tortues d'eau 6. Chelonura 7. douce ** Les Tortues a boite. 3. Tortues de Emys (picta). (serpentina). Chelys {Emys). ' . III. Trionychid.e. \. a (fimbriata) {Coxoms.'a- mer {Chelonia). 4. Les Chelides ou Tortues gueule delicus). {Chelys). 5. Les Tortues moUes ( r^voiiyf) . B. Pinnata. IV. Sphargid*. 1. Sphargis (mercu- The same arrangement is foUovped in the Second Edition, rialis). V. Cheloniad^. 1. Chelonia {Mjdas). ii. 8, and he has added the generic names wliich have been Bron- given by Fleming, Bell and others to his sections of Dr. F. A. Ritzen, in his Natur. Eith. Amph., Xoca Act. gniart's genera. Acad. Nat. Cur. xiv. (1828), proposes the following ar-

rangement : — Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amphib. (1820), divides the Tes- I. Sterrichrotes, Chelonii. A. Eretmochelones. TUDINATA thus : Halichelones. a. Mydce. 1. Sphargis. b. Carettce. * 1 . Caretta. 2. Pedibus pinniformibus. Sphargis. 2. Chelone. II. Phyllopodochelones. B. * Chersy- ** Pedibus 3. 4. Testudo. Ma- * digitalibus. Triomjx. drocheloues. Amydcs. 1 . Chelonia. 2. Trionyx. 3. tamata. ** *** **** Chersina. Emys. Terrapene. Matamafa. 4. Emys. C. Podochelones. a. Cherso- chelones. Dysmydte. 1. Clemmys. 2. Terrapene. 3. Dr. John Fleming, in the Philosophy of Zoology (1822), Chersine. where he named many of the sections indicated by Cuvier in his Animal the Chelonea thus :— Kingdom, arranges Dr. John Wagler, in the Naturliches System der Amphi- * lid. A. corneous. 1. Cistuda. Cavity with a Lips bien (1830), divides the Order Testudines (p. 133) ** without a lid. 2. Testudo. 3. 4. Cavity Emys. thus : — Chelonura. 5. Chelonia. 6. Coriudo. B. Lips fleshy. I. Testudines oiacopodes. 1. Chelonia. 2. Der- 7. Chelys. 8. Trionix. matochelys. 3. Asjjidonectes. 4. Trionyx. 5. Chelys. G. Rhinemys. 7. . 8. . 9. Plat- M. Latreille, in the Fam. Nat. du Regne Animal, 91 emys. 10. . 11. Pelomedusa. 12. Cher- divides the Order Chelonii thus : — (1825), sina. 13. Clemys. 14. . 15. Pelusias. Fam. I. Cryptopodes. l.Tortue. 2. Emyde. i. Ter- 16. Cinosternon. 17. Emys. II. Testudines tylo- * 20. Cherseus. 21. rapene (Tortue a boite). II. Gymnopodes. Carapace podes. 18. Cinixys. 19. Pyxis. ecailleuse et solide. 4. Saurochelyde (Tortue a longue Testudo. ** queue). 5. Chelonee. 6. Chelys. Carapace molle. 7. Trionyx. Dr. Gray, in the Synopsis Reptilium, Part i. (1831),

divides the Chelonii thus : — Dr. in the Annals of Philosophy for 1825, pro- Gray, Fam. I. Testudinid.5;. 1. Testudo. 2. Chersina. the following arrangement : — posed 3. Kinixys. 4. Pyxis. II. Emyd.e. 5. Cistuda. 6. I. Feet and head retractile into the carapace. Carapace Emys. 7. . 8. . III. Chelyd^. 10. . 11. 12. solid, covered with horny scales. Cryptopodi. 9. . Hydraspis. 13. 14. Fam. I. TESTUDiNiDiE. 1. Testudo. II. Emydid^. Chelys. IV. Trionycid.«. Trionyx. Emyda. * V. Cheloniad.j;. 15. 16. Chelonia. Beak horny; sternum entire. Emydina. 1. Emys. Sphargis. ** Beak horny ; sternum transversely sutured. Terra- 2. 3. Sternotherus. 4. Kinoster- phenina. Terraphene. and Ruthe, Handbuch der Zoologie *** Wiegmann (1832), non. Beak fleshy. Chelidina. 5. Chelys. cUvide the Order Chelonii thus into families : —

II. Feet and head not or only partly retractile into the Fam. I. Chelon/E. 1 . Sphargis. 2. Chelonia. II. carapace. Carapace mostly soft. Gymnopodi. Chersinje. 1. Testudo. III. Emyd^. 1. Emys. 2. IV. 1. Fam. III. Trionicid.e. 1. Trionyx. IV. Sphar- Chelydra. 3. Cinosternon. Chelyd.«. Chelys. GID.E. 1. Sphargis. V. Cheloniad^. 1. Chelonia. V. Chilot^. 1. Trionyx. CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

M. Charles Bonaparte, in his Si/sfema Generale d'Erpe- Swainson, in Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopcedia (1839),

: — tologia, 80 (1832), divides the Testudinata thus p. 343, arranges these thus : —

Order I. Chelonii. Fam. I. Testudinid^. 1. Tes- Order I. Emydosaures (Crocodiles). Ord. II. Che- tudinina. 2. Chelina. II. Trionicid^e. III. Chelo- LONiDES (Tortoises) . Fain. I. Chelidrid^e (Crocodile NilD^. 1. Sphiirgidina. 2. Chelonina. Tortoises). 1. Chelydra. 2. Platysternon. 3. Chelys. II. TestudinidjE (Land Tortoises). 4. Testudo. 5. Messrs. Dume'ril and Bibron {Brp. G6n. ii. 1835) divide Chersina. 6. Honopus. 7. Pyxis. 8. Kinixys. III. the Tortoises or Cheloniens thus:— Emyd.e (Rirer Tortoises). 9. Cistuda. 10. Emys. 11. Kinosfernon. * Sternotherus. 12. Chelodina. 13. I. Les Chersites ou Toktues terrestres. 1. IV. Trionycid.*. 14. lo. Tortue. a. Cherseus. b. Tortues. c. Chersine. 2. Ho- Hydraspis. Trionyx. Emyda. V. Chelonid.e. 16. Chelonia. 17. Sphargis. tnopode. 3. Pyxide. 4. Cinixys. II. Les Elodites ou Tortues paludines. A. Cryptoderes. 5. Cistude. a. Clausiles. b. Baillantes. C. Emi/de. a. Europeennes. Dr. Fitzinger (Systema Reptilium, p. 29, 1843) divides b. e. Africaines. d. Indiennes. Tetro- Americaines. 7. the Testudinata thus : — 8. 9. 10. nyx. Plutystertie. Eviysaure. Staurotype. Order I. Tylopoda. Fam. I. Testudines. 1. Ci- \\. Cinosterne. B. Pleuroderes. \2. Peltocephale. 13. nixys. 2. Chersina. 3. Testudo. Order II. Stegano- Podocnemide. 14. Pentonyx. 15. Steniothere. 16. Plat- PODA. § 1. Rostrata. Fam. I. Emyd^. 1. Emys. emyde. 17. Cheludine. 18. Chehjde. III. Les Po- 2. Clemmys. 3. Chelydra. 4. Staurotypus. 5. Cino- TAMiTES ou Tortues fluviales. 19. Gymnopode. sternon. Fam. II. Hydraspides. 1. Hydraspis. § 2. 20. Cryptopode. IV. Les Thalassites ou Tortues Mandibulata. Fam. I. Chelyd^. 1. Chelys. §3. La- MARINES. 21. Chelonee. a. C. franches. b. C. im- biata. Fam. I. Trionyches. 1. Trionyx. 2. Aspido- c. C. caouanes. 22. briquees. Sphargis. nectes. Order III. Oiacopoda. Fam. I. Chelonia. 1. Chelonia. 2. Thalassochelys. Fam. II. Dermato- M.Charles L. Bonaparte, in his Tavola Analitica dei Che- chelyd^. 1. Derma tochelys. lonii (1836), divides the Chelonii into three famiUes :^

I. Testudinidi. a. Testudinini. b. Euiidini. c. Hy- F. I. des C Mayer (System Thierreichs, 189, 1849 ; draspedini. d. Chelini. II. Trionicidi. a. Trioni- Wiegmann's Arch. 1850, 67) arranges the Tylopoda or chini. III. Chelonidi. a. Chelonini. b. Spargidini. Chelonians thus : — The following is the Specchio dei Geiieri e Sotfogeneri : 1. Bsenodactyli (Testudo). 2. Eressodaetyli (Emys, I. Testudinidi. 1. Testudinina. 1. Cherseus. 2. Trionyx). 3. Pterodactyli (Chelonia). Testudo {Testudo, , , ). 3. Chei-sina {, Chersind). 4. Homopiis. 5. The upper shield or carapace is formed by the ribs (eight 6. 2. Pyxis. Kinixys (Ciiiofhorax, Cinixys). Emydina. pairs), enlarged and united together and to the annular part Cistudo. 8. 9. 7. Emys {Emys, Cyclemis). Terrapene of the dorsal vertebra by toothed sutures, so as to be im- . 10. 11. {Clemys, Rhinoclemys) Geomys. Tetraonyx. the lower shield or is formed of the moveable ; plastron 12. Platysternon. 13. Chelydra. 14. Staurotyptts. 15. pieces which represent the chest bone (usually nine), and Kiiiosternmii {Sternotherus, Cinosternon). 3. Hydraspi- a circle of bones analogous to the sternal cartilages of qua- dina. 16. Pelfocephalus. 17. Podocnemys. 18. Etny- The vertebrae of the neck and tail alone are dura {Macquaria) . \9. Pelomedusa. 20. . 21. drupeds. The two are covered Hydraspis {Platemys, Rhinemys, Phrynops). 22. Chelo- moveable. long envelopes immediately dina (Chelodina,Hydromedusd). 4. Chehna. 23. Chelys. with skin or scales, and surround the muscles of the ex- II. Trionycid^. 5. Trionicina. 24. Ainyda {Aspido- tremity.—Ann. Phil. 1825. nectes, , 25. Platypeltis, ). Trionyx. The bones of the sternum are in general united together III. Chelonid^s. G. Chelonina. 26. Chelonia {Che- are often affixed to the into a single plate, and margin b}' Ionia, Caretta). '27. Thalassochelys. 7. Sphargidina. a toothed suture, but in the CistudcB they are united to 28. Sphargis. band of a motion it by a cartilaginous allowing slight ; and sometimes, as in the Box , the sternum is Dr. J. E. Gray (Ami. Nat. Hist. 1838, i. 275) proposed a divided into two or three parts by one or two cross new arrangement of Reptiles with short characters, thus : — sutures, allowing the front or hinder lobe, or both, to I. Squamata. 1. Saura. 2. Ophidia. II. Cata- move on the middle or fixed In the Che- phracta. 3. Amphisbenee. 4. Chelonia. 5. Emydo- part. — and the families and Cheloniadce, the saura ; lydra, Trionyeidte a in and he points out the analogies between this order and sternal bones form a ring, leaving cartilaginous space those of Mammalia and Birds. the centre. B 2 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

Synopsis of the Families. Testudinidse, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 419, 513 (1828). Swainson, Lard. Cyclop. 344 (1839). A. Digitate. Testudinina, Bonap. Tav. Analit. 5 (1836). Testudinoides, Fit:inger, Neue Class. (1826). a. Back with horny scales. Test. Tvlopoda, Wagler, Syst. Amph. 138 (1830). 1. TESTtTDrNID^. Feet claws 5-4 or blunt. club-shaped ; 4-4, Fiiz. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843). into incurved. Neck retractile. Caudal shields united one, Testudines, Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843). claws 5—4 or acute. Caudal Chersine, Merrem, Tent. 29. 2. EMYDlD.a;. Feet palmated ; 4-4, Chersinse, Wiegm. ^- Ruthe, Handb. Zool. 164. shields separate. Neck retractile. Pelvis attached to the de Cuv. ii. ed. 2. Testudo (Tortues terre), Brongn. R.A. 9 ; vertebra; only. Sternal shields 11 or 12. ii. 9.

3. CHELYDID^. Feet ; claws 5-4 or 5-5, acute. palmated Chersites ou Tortues terrestres. Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. contractile. Pelvis Caudal shields separate. Neck attached ii. 1 Cat. 3. (1835) ; Mus. Par. to the vertebrae and sternum. Sternal shields 13. Testudines terrestres, Plin. Testudinidse Testudinina Bonap. Saggio Anim. b. Back with skin. (part.), soft Fert. 12. 4. TRIONYCIDffi. Feet claws acute, Bones palmated ; 3-3, Chersochelones (Dysmydse), (part.), Ritzen, Nov. Act. Nat. covered with a soft skin having a fle.xible margin. Cur. xiv. 270 (1828).

B. Pinnate.

5. CHELONIAD.S. Feet fin-shaped, compressed. Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Testudo. Thorax and sternum solid: sternal plates 12; in- guinal plate moderate. Toes 5—4. A. Feet digitate. 2. ; 12 Digitata. . Thorax and sternum sohd sternal plates ; inguinal plates moderate. Toes 4-4. Tortue de terre, Banhenton, Eno/. Meth. 689.

3. Chersina. Thorax and sternum soUd : 11. Amydse, Oppel, Rept. 4, 6, 9 (1811). sternal plates Laud and Freshwater Tortoises, Shaw, Zoo!, iii. 9. Toes 5-4. Testudo Merreiii, Tent. 20. digitata, ; i. Kinlxys. Thorax, hinder ])art mobile sternal plates 12; in- Testudines stegauopodes et T. Wagler, tylopodes, Syst. guinal plates very large. Toes 5-4. 138 (1830). 5. Pyxis. Thorax solid. Sternum, fi-ont lobe moveable : sternal Podochelones, Ritzen, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xiv. 270 (1828). plates 12. a. Leptonota. Back covered with hard horny scales. 1. TESTVDO, Linn. Toes digitate, 4- or a-claioed. Testudo, Merrem, Tent. 21. Thorax convex, subglobose, solid. Sternum soUd, covered Amydse /3, Oppel, Rept. (1811). with twelve sternal the shields, gular pair separate ; pectoral shields narrow shields * ; inguinal moderate. Head Tylopoda. Feet clavate. scaly, with two frontal sliields above, and one vertical shield be- Testudines terrestres, Plin. tween the Claws blunt. Testudo (Tortues de terre), Brongn., Cuvier. eyes. 5-4, Test. Tylopoda, Wagler. Testudo (graeca), Gray, Ann. P^?7.x. 210(1825); Syn.Rept. Cat. 4. 8 (1831) ; Rept. B. M. Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 270 (1822). Bum. Bib. Gen. ii. 55 Cat. Meth. Fam. I. TESTUDINIDiE (Land Tortoises). I- Erp. (1835); Rept. 3. Head shielded naked uostril ovate, ; jaws ; apical. Neck Chersini, Merrem, Tent. Chelonoides Fitz. 29. retractile into the cavity of the shell. Feet short, club- (Boiei), Syst. Rept. Geochelone (stellata), Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29. shaped, armed with blunt claws. Shell very solid, thick, Psammobates (georaetrica), Fitz. Syst. Rej). 29. ovate, the ribs united to the in the adult together margin, T. (Testudo) grieca, Wagler, Syst. 138 (1830). Fitz. 29. state covered with homy concentrically grooved shields, Syst. Rept. Fitz. 29. marked with a areola (gigantea), Syst. Rept. permanent ; marginal plates 24 to 26, Chersina (Cyliudraspis) Vosmaeri, Fitz. Syst. Rej)t. 29. the caudal united into one broad pair always together gene- Cherseus (marginatus), Wagler, Syst. 138 (1830). rally incurved plate. Sternum broad and solid, closed in Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29. Testudo a.. Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 57. the centre of the adult, and firmly attached to the thorax Testudo, sp., Linn. a suture, covered the end of the and by bony by pectoral Bum. Bib. Gen. ii. Cat. Testudo, S,- Erp. 30 ; Meth. R. 3. abdominal plates. Tail short and thick. Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 514. Wagler, Syst. 138 (1830). Ann. Phil. x. 211 Testudinidae, Gray, (1825) ; Syn.Rept. 8 (1831). They are slow in their motions, eating vegetables and CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

in woods or fields in warm and 2. tabulata. roots ; living temperate Testudo The Brazilian Tortoise. of the world. lu colder climates and parts they burrow, Shell subquadrate, oblong, depressed, sides contracted the winter. when adult shields areola sleep during ; black, grooved, small, nuchal In the Testudo the sternum is solid, but in none animal red or genus quite plate ; yellow, spotted. some of T. inauritiana, T. marginata, and Ho- specimens Testudo tabulata. Wall. Chelon. 70. t. 22. hinder observed to be rmpns areolatus, the lobe has been Baud. Rept. i. 242.

10 ; Cat. B.M. 5. moveable. On this account Dr. Wagler has separated the Gray, Syn. Rept. Bell, Test. t. 1, 2. former into a genus, under the name of Cherseus. But it t. 6. f. t. . f. f. TJ^agler, Syn. 9, 1-8. 45, 48 ; Cat. be a of the females when are about t. may only peculiarity they Mi-th. R. 5 ; Neuw. Abbild. Bum. Bib. Gin. ii. 89. to deposit their eggs, and will probably, when these animals ^ Erp. T. Hercules, Spix, Bra::, t. 14. have been more obser\'ed, be found common to the females Gray, Syn. 9. of all the T. t. 6. f. 8 species. Boiei, Wagler, Amphib. 7, ; Icones Amphib. t. 13. T. denticulata, Schoepf. t. 28. f. 1. T. caibonaria, Spix, t. 16. A. The last vertebral shield almost always as ^vide as the Bell, Test. t. 1, 2. caudal and two hinder American. marginal plates. Dumeril et Bibroii, Erp. Gin. ii. 99; Cat. Mith. R. 5. Gophers. T. tessellata, Schneider, Schoepff. t. 12. f. 2, t. 13; Neuw. Cat. B. 4. Gophers, Gray, Rept. M. Abbild. t. T. Cagado, Spix, Braz. t. 1 7. 1. Testudo Gopher. The Gopher or Mongofa. T. sculpta, Spix, Braz. t. 18. Shell shields T. Grseca, Her in. Obs. Zool. oblong, depressed ; pale brown, grooved ; T. erosa, Schweigger. shield broad sternum in nuchal ; produced front, deeply T. gigantea, Schweigger ? nicked behind shields short head and cheeks ; pectoral ; T. foveolata, Licht. Berl. Acad. 251 (1820). with scales tail short. mercurialis, Schinz, t. 8. f. 1 ! not Merrem. covered ; very Sphargis The Brazilian Tortoise, Gray, I. c. 5. Barfram' s Tracels, i. 55. Gopher, Chili. Hab. America; Brazils; Cayenne; Guadaloupe ; La Tortue gopher, Bosc, N. Diet. H. N. xi. 269, ?T. tessellata, Merrem, Tent. 31. a, b, c. Adult (stuffed). South America. Testudo Gopher, Gray, Cat. Rept. B. M. 4. T. Pol3'phemus, HoUbrook, Amer. Rept. i. t. 1 . d. Adult (stuffed). South America. Presented by the Say, Jonrn. A. N. S. Phil. iv. 204, 207. Zoological Society. Baud. Rept. i. 256. e. Half-grown, with only eleven marginal scales (stuffed). Gray, Syn. 1 1 . West Indies. Presented by John Gould, Esq. Bum. Bib. Gin. ii. 105 Cat. Meth. 5. f Erp. ; Schweigger, Arch. Kcenigsb. i. 317. f, g. Half-grown and young. South America. Bonap. Tesfud. Europ. et Amer. 152. Zool. ii. 181. T. depressa, Lesueur, Cuv. R. A. ii. 10. Osteology. Wiedemann, Arch. Icon. t. 1. f. I. Guerin, o. South h, i,j, k, I, m, n, Shell only (adult and young). Litin. Nat. T. Carolina, Syst. America. Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. H. iii. 97. r. Skeletons South America. T. tabulata, Schoepff. 56. t. 13? p, q, (half-grown). T. tabulata, var., Schlegel, F. Japon. 70. This species differs in appearance according to the state 1 T. Schweiggeri, Gray, Syn. 10. var., in Griffith, A. K. iv. 7. Bib. Gen. ii. Cat. 5. of the surface of the shell. When the surface is Bum. Sr Erp. 108 ; M. R. perfect North forests of black, with small areolas to the Hab. America ; ,pine Georgia and yellow impressed plates Florida. with concentric but the surface is surrounded deep grooves ; often more or less worn, when the concentric furrows are Specimens in British Museum : — destroyed, the surface becomes smooth, and the small a. Adult, brown ; 8|- inches. N. America. Presented by areolas are obliterated. In this state it has been considered Richard Harlan, M.D. vertebral is as a distinct species. The hinder plate large, b. brown Laches. Adult, ; 10| N.America. Presented by broad as the caudal, the hinder marginal and the half of Edward Doubleday, Esq. the second hinder marginal plate. In one specimen, which c. Adult, blackish. N. America ; Mexico. Mr. Warwick's Collection. has only eleven marginal plates on each side (the two liinder imited the hmder vertebral is as wide as the cau- d. Adult, blackish. North America. M. Parzudaki's Col- being ?), lection. dal and half the large hinder marginal plates. CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

as loide as the caudal a. Adult ; 32 inches. Nuchal not a B. The last vertebral generally only (shell only) plate ; good state. and half of each of the hinder marginal shields. c. Adult 2 1 inches. Nuchal distinct. Confined to the Old World. ; plate

e. 14 inches. di- Young (shell only) ; Nuchal Testudo B, Gh-ay, Cat. Rept. B.M. 6. plate stinct.

h. inches. Nuchal a. Indian. Young (shell only); 5^ plate none; nucleus of marginal and gular plates pale. 3. Testudo Indica. The Indian Tortoise. b. of 4 inches. Very young (only upper part shell) ; No

Black shields short ; nuchal variable or nuchal Presented J. E. ; pectoral plates plate. by Gray, Esq. animal black last vertebral often as broad as the wanting ; ; n. Skeleton; adult. ? Presented by Her Majesty.

last three marginal. o. Skeleton India. Bartlett's Collec- ; half-grown. Mr. tion. Testudo Indica, Gmelin, S. N. B.M. 5 Cat. Zool. Soc. 9 ; Cat. ; Skeleton Gray, Syn. Rej)t. p. ; half-grown. 40. fig. 9. q. Skull. India. Dr. Mantell's Collection. Chersina retusa, Merrem, Tetit. r. Dorsal shields and the bones beneath them T. Elephantopus, Harlan, J. Acad. Phil. iii. 284. t. 9. Monstrosity. concave within. India. Mus. T. nigra, Qi'oy, Voy. Uran. t. 40. very convex, Zoological Bib. Ghi. ii. 115 Cat. Mith. R. 5. Duin. ^ Erp. ; Society. T. Californica, Quoy, Bnll. Sci. T. Dussuniieri, Schleyel, Mvs. Leyd. i. Var. Elongate, compressed on the sides, and turned up at Pet. Gaz. t. 76. f. A. i. the edge. T. gigantea, Schioeiy. Arch. Kcenigsb. 327. 5. Dum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 120; Cat. Meth. R. Testudo Vosmaeri, Fitz. Schoepf. Hist. Testudinum, t. 22. s. Adult India? Presented the Earl of Shaw, Zool. t. 3. (stuffed). by Wieymann, Bon. Trans, t. 13. Derby. T. Vosmaeri, Fitz. Cat. 44. Testudo Indica. —The skull in the Museum Gen. ii. 140 Cat. Mith. R. 6. Collection, Dum. ^ Bib. Erp. ;

Bib. Gin. ii. 81. t. 1 1 . f. 1 T. nigrita, Bum. ^- Erp. and the one figured by Cuvier, 7-20, have a veiy ii. T. Bum. Bib. Gin. 125 ; Cat. Meth. Daudinii, S,- Erp. convex forehead. R. 5. G4n. ii. Cat. T. Elephantina, Dum. ^- Bib. Erp. 110; Meth. R.b. T. Cat.Mith.R.o. Perraultii,I>Mm.^.Bii..E'rp.G^n.ii.l26; 4. Testudo planiceps. The Flat-headed Tortoise. La Quad. i. 126. t. 5. ronde, Lacep. Ovip. Tab. XXXIV. T. orbicularis, Bechst. in Lacep. i. 154. T. Latr. i. 107. rotunda, Rept. Skull much depressed, flat; forehead flat, rapidly shelving Gen.u. Cat. MM. R. 5. T. Peltastes, Dum. S/- Bib. Erp. 138; towards the Fitz. 29 nose-cavity. Chersina (Cylindraspis) Vosmaeri, Syst. Rept. (1843). Testudo planiceps. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853; Ann. ^ Testudo (Megalochelys) gigantea, Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29. Mag. N.H. 1855, 153. Isle India Hab. Isle of France ; ; Angouan ; ; Seychelles Hab. Galapagos ? California ; Galapagos. the skull. This species is only known by The fol- m. Adult (stulfed). are the and measurements of a skull shell 23 inches. lowing descriptions ;'. Adult animal and ; of T. Indica and T. planiceps of nearly the same dimen- /. Half-grown (stuffed). sions. 7 inches. Nuchal none. /. Young (stuifed) ; plate —Skull forehead Testudo Indica. convex ; convex, feet bad 6 inches. Nuchal high, ff. Young (stuffed) ; ; plate broad between the tem- none. rounded to the nose-cavity, eyes ;

flat behind cheeks four-sided ; of the i. 4i inches. Whitish ; nuchal ; small, edge jaw- Very young (stuffed) ; ples none nucleus of dark. plate ; plates between the nose-cavity and the mouth narrow and rounded. 4 inches. Nuchal distinct. d. Very young (stuffed) ; ])late Nose-cavity oblong, nearly twice as high as broad, con- Last vertebral narrower than the last three marginal. tracted on each side above. Palate broad, oblong, very Bengal. Presented by General J. Hardwicke. deeply concave, and with concave converging sides in front. Oss. Foss. v. 176. t. 11. f. 17, 20, Osteology. Cuvier, under the bone deeply concave beneath condyle ; skull. Sphenoid lower narrowed and rounded in front, not more than Presented jaws h. Upper shell only, very large and broad. by half as hieh as behind. E. Cross, Esq. CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

T. planiceps. T. Indica. than broad the anal broader than the longer ; plates long, to fi'ont of Length from condyle li]) 5^ 5| hinder notch broad, triangular, the hinder marginal plates „ from occipital crest to nose-cavity . . 5f 5J with the centre of their the broad, nucleus on the margin ; „ of palate concavity 2f 3^ front of the fore with smaller scales than the „ of nasal opening ItV 2 edge arms Width at 4 hiuder the vent blunt side. condyles 4^ ; with two spines on each „ at end of temporal bones 3^ 4^ Testudo Horsfleldii (Dr. Horsfield's Tortoise), Grai/, Cat. „ of palate concavity in middle 1 If Rept. B.M. 7. Height fi-om back of upper lip to top of head If 2f 1 ,, from front of lower jaw Of Hah. India ; Afighanistan.

— Skull flat fore- much ; a. India Presented the Hon. Testudo planiceps. depressed, Young. ; Affghanistan. by East India head flat, with a rapid declivity towards the nose-cavity, Company.

the bent in be- is like the shell is narrow between eyes ; temples produced, This species very Testudo sulcata, but hind cheeks ; of the between more the rather more and ; large, subtrigonal edge jaws depressed, margin produced the nose-cavity and the moutli high and erect. Nose-cavity toothed, and the scales of the fore feet are small and un- nearly square, scarcely higher than broad, and very little equal, and those on the side of the vent are shorter and contracted above. Palate narrow, nearly lozenge-shaped, broader than in that species. The nuclei of the hinder truncated behind, rather deeply concave, with straiglit con- marginal shields are central, while in T. sulcata they are on verging sides in front. Sphenoid bone flat beneath under the hinder edge of the scales. the lower erect in front and as It resembles T. but the three of sternal condyle ; jaw convex, high grceca, pairs plates as beliind. are longer in comparison to their width than any specimens After an examination of the specimens of the large Black we have, and the nuclei of all the hinder marginal plates Tortoise {T. Indica) in the various English and continental are on the hinder edge, and not in the centre. collections, including the specimens which had served 6. Testudo stellata. The Starred Tortoise. Schweigger, Schlegel, Fitzinger, Dtimeril and Bibron, and in the of the Shell convex shields others as the tvpe of the species, Catalogue ovate, ; convex, grooved, black,

in the British I areola near the hinder ; Tortoises, &c. the Collection of iNIuseum, yellow-rayed ; large, placed edge

all varieties of a variable nuchal shield none head and feet ; regarded them as single, very ; black, yellow-spotted in different species, which had been scattered by man tropical tail short. of tlie I see no cause to this parts globe. change opinion Testudo stellata, Schweiyyer, Prod. i. 325. to the head above described and even 12. t. 313 Cat. B. M. 7. with respect figured, Gray, Syn. ; Rept. Seba, Thes. t. 79. f. 3, t. 80. f. 3. should it prove to be that of a black species, which is possible, T. actinoides. Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. 419. t. 14; Test. t. 1, 2. as the black is the one known which has species only any Bib. Gin. ii. 66 Cat. Meth. R. .5. Dutn. ^- Erp. ; affinity to it in point of size, and it is said to be from a shell T. elegaus, Schoepff. t. 25. f. 1. v. t. 2. f. 1 Rev. t. T. Shaw, Zool. ; Indian 1838, of that colour. This skidl was sent to Haslar Hospital, and geoinetrica, Le Geometrique, Lacep. Q. O. 155. t. 9. was said to have been taken from a specimen brought from the Islands. Galapagos Young. Yellow ; black-rayed. The Black Tortoise of those Islands has been described Testudo stellata, Sckweiyger, Prod. T. Test. t. 26. by Dr. Harlan under the name of Testudo Elephantopus, elegans, Schoepff. Baud. Rept. t. 25. f. 1. but his figure and description so exactly agree with the Gray, Syn. t. 3. f. 1, 2. adult Testudo and the in the Gardens of Fitz. Schildk. 1 22 29 . Indica, specimen Geochelone stellata, Syst. ; Syst. Rept. the Zoological Society, brought from the Galapagos Islands, Shell commissures of the shields Very young. yellow ; is so exactly similar to the specimens of Testudo Indica black, forming together a lanceolate spot. from the Mauritius, that I cannot think the usual black Testudo elegans, Schoejiff. Test. t. 26, copied Shaw, Zool. Tortoise is difi'erent from that or like the Galapagos species, ii. t. 6. here described under the of T. skull name planiceps. Hab. India ; Ceylon.

a. Adult 6 inches. Shields (stuffed) ; few-rayed. Ceylon. 5. Testudo Horsfleldii. Horsfield's Tortoise. Tab. I. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. Shell rather varied with oblong, depressed, pale, blackish, i. shields f, g, h, Adult (stuff'ed). Dorsal many-rayed. the lower side the areola of the costal India. Collection. especially upon ; plates Capt. Boys' near their the k. Animal India. upper edge ; gular plates elongate, triangular, j, (unstuffed). 8 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

shield of the back Var. 1. tentoria. Shell ventricose ; sternum /. Animal and shell (stuffed) ; conical, oblong, India. From the nuchal narrow convex, truncated, many-rayed. convex, black-rayed ; plates elongate, ; Zoolcgical Society. shields convex, truncated ; caudal shield incurved, con-

: — Osteology vex (T. tentoria, Bell).

e. 10 inches. Shields trun- Adult (shell only) ; very high, Osteology : — cated. PhiUppines. a. the first lobe of sternum inches. Shell wanting ; '\\ ))t. Adult 10 inches. Shields flattish. India; (shell only); South Africa. Mus. .Sloane. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq. Shell. of Good Presented Gen. Th. with /. Cape Hope. by b. Half-grown (shell only). Shields flattish, black, Hardwicke. few yellow rays. a few 5 inches. Vertebral g. Shell only, wanting plates ; n. like h. Half-grown (shell only), shield very high. Cape of Good Hope. shell nu- c. Young (upper only). Depressed, broad, pale ; of shields blackish marked. Far. 3. Shell ventricose sternum cleus very large, pale margin nigriventris. oblong, ;

(/ moderate nucleus and dark in the white on the sides nuchal & o. Young. Nucleus ; margin convex, middle, ; with foui- broad yellow rays. shields brown-edged, plates short, truncated ; convex, often high, truncated. Tlie specimens c and d show the very different size of the m. Animal and shell discal South Africa. the young of this species when they are first hatched, (wanting plates). h. Shell inches. Dorsal shields conical shell c being nearly twice as long and wide as d, and yet (adulf) ; 5j high, ; caudal plate produced. Cape of Good Hope. Pre- the shields have only one or two rings round the nucleus, sented by Robert Brown, Esq. while in d they have several. i&j. Shell (young). Dorsal shield rather convex; cau- dal plate iuflexed. Cape of Good Hope. Presented b. African. by Robert Brown, Esq. n. Shell (half-grown). South Africa. 7. Testudo geometrica. The . o. Animal aud shell (very young). Mauritius. Presented Shell convex shields black- oblong, ; yellow, grooved, by Lady Frances Cole. truncated nuchal shield ; areola yellow, ; long. rayed The specimen of Testudo luteola (Baud. Rept. t. 25) Linn. Nat. i. 353. Testudo geometrica, Syst. in the Paris Museum is evidently a young shell of this spe- Grai/, Spi. 12; Cat. Kept. li.M. 8. cies, without any shields. Gen. ii. Cat. Mith. R. 3. Bum. 8,- Bib. Erp. 57 ; There is no difference in the colour or in the size of the Seba, Thes. t. 80. f. 8. O. t. 3. f. 2. Lacep. Q. areolEe of the three varieties ; the nuchal shield of the va- S/iaiv, Zool. ii. t. 2. riety tentoria is sometimes reduced to a linear transverse Schoepff. Test. t. 10. band, and is deficient. Band. Rept. t. 25. f. 1. very rarely quite Psammobates geometricus, Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843). Schlegel refers Testudo tentoria and Pyxis aranoides of Testudo (Psammobates) geometrica, Fitz. Syst. Schildk. 1 22. • Bell to this species {Fauna Japonica). Chersine geometrica, Merrem. T. luteola. Baud. Rept. ii. 277. t. 25. f. 3. 8. Testudo Verroxii. Verreaux's Tortoise. 1. T. tentoria. Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. 420. t. 24 ; Test. t. Shell rather varied with Africa of Good depressed, broad, brown, broad, Hab, ; Cape Hope ; Madagascar. black and and beneath narrow, pale yellow rays spots ; yel- brown varied with a few black shields / ar. 1 . Shell oblong, elongate, narrow, discal plate flat or low, rays ; marginal

at an with to the costal shield ; nuchal concave ; sternum flat or concave, brown, rare ; nuchal placed angle respect areola caudal shield ; discal convex ; black, plate elongate, narrow ; much incurved plate triangular plates simple, with four Head above feet with (7". geometrica). yellow rays. yellow ; large imbricate scales in front. I. and shell inches. Plates Animal (young) ; 2^ rather convex. Cape of Good Hope. Testudo Verroxii, A. Smith, Illustr. Zool. S. Africa, t. 8

Osteology : — Gray, Cat. Rept. B. M. 9.

b, c, d. Shells only, various sizes, all wanting the front lobe Hab. South Africa. of sternum. South Africa. a. Animal and shell. South Africa. From Mr. Warwick's e. front lobe of sternum discal shields rather Wanting ; Collection. convex. South Africa. Dr. Mantell's Collection. This differs T. in k. Shell inches. Plates flattish. of species chiefly from geometrica being (young) ; 2\ Cape Good Hope. more depressed, brown, with black and narrow yellow rays. CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

9. Testudo semiserrata. The Toothed Cape Tortoise. g & 0. Young (shell only). h. below ; nuchal Browii, yellow-rayed ; yellow, black-rayed Very young (shell only). shield anterior and i. elongate, triangular ; posterior margin Half-grown (shell only). the hinder recurved discal shield strongly serrated, margin ; p. Skeleton and shell. Madagascar. From the Zoological or broad with six or eight, marginal shield with one two, Society. black the fore feet with tubercular scales above Shell Shield black, with broad rays ; large q. only. very yellow rays. the claws. Madagascar.

Testudo semiserrata, A. Smith, IHust. S. Afric. Zool. t. 4. 11. Testudo Pardalis. The . Gray, Cat. Rept. B.M. 8. Bum. Cat. MM. R. 3. Shell nearly hemispherical, blackish or yellow, black- South Africa. Hab. shields areola of near spotted ; grooved ; the costal shields Africa. the nuchal shields none. a. Adult. Shields rather convex. South From upper edge ; the South African Museum. t. Testudo Pardahs, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 420. 25 ; Test. raised. Africa. the 6 & c. Shields scarcely South From t. 1, 2. South African Museum. 12. t. 1. f. 3 Cat. Gray, Syn. 2, ; Rept. B.M. 7. Bum. Bib. Gin. ii. 71 Cat. Meth. R. 4. — ^- Erp. ; Osteology : T. armata, Boie, Erp. Jar. MS. orbicular more T. Cuv. R. A. ii. 10. d. Yomig (shell only). Thorax ; margin bipunctata, the t. 3. f. 2, 3. acutely serrated. South Africa. From South Gray, Syn. African Museum. Gottw. Schildk. t. k. f. 15. Testudo Boiei, Wagler, Icon. Amphib. t. 13; Syst. Amphib. 138. t. 6. f. 7, 8. 10. Testudo radiata. The Coui. Chelonoides Boiei, Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843). Geochelone chelonoides Fit:. Schildk. 122. Shell shields Boiei, Syst. hemispherical ; flat, grooved, black, yellow- " T. biguttata, Cuv.," Fit:. areola small, rufous ; nuchal shield ; rayed, triangular "Testudo signata, Walbaum, t. 11," Schlegel. sternum produced in front, truncated behind. Geochelone pardalis, Fit:. Syst. Schildk. 122. Hab. Africa of Good Port Natal. Testudo racUata, Shaw, Zool. iii. t. 2. ; Cape Hope ; Grew, Mus. t. 3. f. 2. and 1 inches. Africa. d. Adult shell) ; 2^ South Bell, Test. t. 1, 2. (animal From the South African Museum. 1 1 ix. Cat. B.M. 5. Gray, Syn. ; Griffith's A.K. ; Rept. Bib. Gen. ii. 83 Cat. Me'th. R. 5. shell South Pre- Bum. ^- Erp. ; e. Animal and (half-grown). Africa. Wagler, Syst. Amphib. t. 6. f. 1, 2, skel. sented by the Zoological Society. T. Coui, Baud. R. ii. 2/1. t. 26. f. 2. Mus. T. Madagascariensis, Comm. Par. Osteology : — T. calcarata Merrem, Tent. f. 11. (part.), Adult discal shield convex caudal shield /. (stuffed) ; ; Hab. Madagascar. produced, elongate. South Africa. From the Zoo- logical Society. k. Adult (shell and animal). Margin and shields much

worn. Gular not nicked without front lobe of ; plate produced, rounded, ; g. Young (shell only, sternum) shields areola shields anal plate very short, very convex. Madagascar. yellow, black-edged, spotted ; d. inches. nicked. grooved. Shell and animal ; 6j Gular plate A. Sternum 13 inches. South Africa. Madagascar. only ;

/. Like k, but gular plate nicked. 12. Testudo sulcata. The Grooved Tortoise, m & II. Very young (animal and shell). Madagascar.

Shell dorsal line flattened, Osteology. t. 6. f. skeleton oblong, depressed, dirty-yellow, Wagler, Syst. Amphib. 1, 2, ; notch in front front and hinder Cuvier, Oss. Fuss. v. 193. t. 12. f. 1, 6, 12, t. 13. f. 16, with a deep triangular ; 17, 27, 28, 35. reflexed and toothed lateral margin strongly deeply ; edge

a. shell ; 9 inches. From the caudal inflexed ; shields Upper only Madagascar. slightly keeled ; plate very broad, Museum of the Royal Society. deeply grooved, areola small, of costal and marginal plates b & c. Shell only. Madagascar. Presented Gen. Th. blackish-brown scales over the by marginal. Animal ; eye- Hardwicke. sternum and bifid in front. Animal brows small ; produced e. Shell some inches. Mada- only, wanting plates ; 5j feet with scales in front pale yellow ; very large ; thighs gascar. with two large spines. 4 inches. Gular /. Young (shell only) ; plate short, trun- cated. Madagascar. Testudo sulcata. Miller, Cim. Phys. t. 26. 10 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

68 Cat. B.M. 7. Males 1 Caudal Testudo sulcata, Grmj, Syn. ; Rept. plate broad, strongly inflexed, sometimes

Bum. Bib. Ghi. ii. 74. t. 13. f. 1 ; Cat. MHh. (5- Erp. grooved. R. 5. t. a. Adult Sternum black caudal with a T. calcaiata, Schn. Syn. 12. (stuffed). flat, ; 5 inches. South Bechst. in Lacep. i. 346. t. groove ; Europe. Presented by J. E. T. radiata Seiiegalensis, Gray, Syn. 11. Gray, Esq. F. 74. Schlegel, Japan. d e. Stuffed. Sternum black varied caudal entire & ; plate ; T. RiippeU. Schoepfii, 51^ inches. South Europe. Geochelone sulcata, Fitz. Syst. Schildk. 122. " tn. Stuffed. South Europe. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. Africa Buenos Hab. ; Abyssinia ; Cape ; Senegal ; res." Ay Osteology : —

b. Shell Sternum rather black inches. only. concave, ; 4^ 8 inches. the a. (stuffed) ; Abyssinia. From Young South Europe. Presented Gen. Th. Hardwicke. Frankfort Museum. by o. Shell Caudal entire hinder lateral only. plate ; margin rather South Osteology : — expanded. Europe. b. Adult (upper shell only); 19 inches. South Africa. Females 1 and young. Caudal plate rather narrow, flat, sometimes divided.

c. Cherseus. European. T. Mauritanica, Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 44.

c. Stuffed. Vertebral shields convex caudal with 13. Testudo graeca. The Tartaruga. ; plates a sternum black 5 inches. South groove ; ; Europe. shields rather black Shell oblong, subglobose ; convex, Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke. distinct. and ; nuchal shield of yellow-varied f. Stuffed. Sternum black varied ; 7 inches. Some the marginal plates wanting. South Europe. Testudo Grseca, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. 552. Cat. Tort. B.M. 9. Stuffed inches. South Presented Gray, Syn. 13; _;'. (young) ; 1\ Europe. Valenc. Expcd. Morea, t. 7. f. 1, t. 9. f. 4. by Gen. Th. Hardwdcke. Shaw, Zuol. ii. t. 1. k, I. In spirits (young). South Europe. Presented by Sc/ioepf. Test. t. 8, 9. J. E. Gray, Esq. Bib. G^n. ii. Cat. Mith. R. 5 not Bum. ^- Erp. 49 ; ; Pallas. V. Adult (stuffed). Hinder marginal plates rather pro- T. Carolina, Herm. duced. South Europe. Presented by J. E. Grav, T. geometrica, Briinnich, Adriat. 92. Esq. T. Hermanni, Schneid. 348. Gmeti)i, Syst. Nat. 1041. Osteology : — t. 80. f. 1. Seba, Shell inches. g. only ; h\ South Euro]3e. Knorr, Del. Nat. ii. t. 52. f. 1 . h. Shell 5 inches. South Presented T. pusilla, Shaw, Zool. iii. 53. only ; Europe. by E. T. Ibera, Pallas 1 Zool. Ross. ii. J. Gray, Esq. Eichw. Zool. ii. 196 Fauna Cauc. 43. Bib. Gen. ii. Spec. ; Casp. Testudo Mauritanica, Bum. ^' Erp. 44. t. 5? i. Shell inches. South Presented only ; 7\ Europe. by T. Bum. Bib. E. Gen. ii. 44 Cat. Mith. Mauritanica, ^ ; Gen. Th. Hardwicke. R. 3. Bonap. Test. Eur. et Amer. 251. n. Shell only (half-grown). African Land Tortoise, Edw. Birds, t. 204. p, q, r. Shell only (young). T. Zohaffa, Forslmel, F. Arab. 12. s & t. Skeleton and shell and Chersine grjeca, Merrem, Tent. 31. (adult young). Testudo terrestris, Gesner, Quad. O. 107, P.aii Quad. fig. These shells vary considerably in external appearance. 243. In some the caudal is broader and bent in at La Tortue grecque, Cuv. R. A. ii. 9. plate strongly Testudo Fitz. 29. the in others it is narrower and or even sometimes (testudo) graeca, Syst. Rept. tip ; flat, North Africa Greece. bent out at the All the female and Hab. Europe ; ; slightly tip. young I this form I therefore specimens have examined have ;

Far. Shell convex, black, ; of very yellow spotted edge consider it as a sexual character only. The caudal plate in shell blmit dorsal shields very ; angular, deeply grooved ; both of these variations is often divided by a more or less 1 1 tail short, conical, blunt. foot ; tail very Body distinct central longitudinal groove, which has been con- inch. it varies in sidered as a specific character, but greatly Ch. Eur. in in some the Cherseus Iberus, Bonap. Amph. 271 distinctness different specimens ; margins Hab. Iberia, near Tiflis. —Eichw. over the hind limbs are more produced and reflexed than CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 11 in others these to almost into T. 2. HOMOPUS. ; appear pass marginata.

This is t. 9. Shell solid. solid hinder lobe variet)' figured by Schoejpff. depressed, Sternum ; is some- The hinder lobe of the sternum of the female mobile 1 sometimes ; sternal shields 2, gular plates separate, times moveable. • pectoral plates narrowed on the inner edge. Claws 4 4, Called at where are sold in the Tartaruga Rome, they elongate, acute. Fore-legs covered with uniform large market and eaten on fast scales. Sternum convex days. elongated ; gular plates short, In the of there is a narrow and College Surgeons very separate. Africa. and the high variety, with the caudal plate spread out, Homopus,Di(?«.(J-5t'5.-E'?75.Ge'?j.ii. 145(1 835); Caf.M.R.6. and reflexed. margin dilated Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 10 (1844). va- Testudo Fit:. 29 Schlegel refers T. marginata and T. Zolhafce as Homopus, Syst. Rept. (1843). Testudo, sp. Gray, Syn. 13. rieties of T. graca. Testudo § , Fits. Syst. Schildk. 122 (1836).

14. Testudo marginata. The Margined Tortoise. 1. Homopus signatus. The Speckled Tortoise. ex- Shell inclined on the sides shield Shell oblong, ventricose, hinder edge horizontally oblong, uniformly ; shields areola small, flattish, black-lined or dotted, areola blackish, sunk. panded ; black, yellow-varied, grooved, yellow,

animal blackish ; limbs ; nuchal sleuder, ; Dum. Bib. Gen. ii. 182 Cat. yellow plate long Homopus signatus, ^- Erp. ; Meth. R. 6. largely scaled. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 10. Testudo t. 11, 12. f. 1. marginata, Schoepff. Testudo signata, jralb. Chel. 71. 120. 11 Cat. Tort. B.M. 9. Gray, Syn. ; Schoepff. 120. t. 28. f. 2. Falenc. t. f. 2. ExpM. Morea, 7. Gray, Syn. 13. Bib. Gen. ii. Cat. Meth. R. 3. Bum. S,- Erp. 37 ; Bell, Test. t. t. 25. Wagler, Amphib. T. denticulata, var., Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 1045. T. Herm. Obs. Zool. 219. Graii, T. cafra. Baud. Rept. ii. 291. T. 0. t. 5. f. 2. Grffica, Lacep. Q. T. pardalis, jun., Schlegel, F. Japon. 73. T. F. 7. greeca, var., Schlegel, Japan. Chersine signata, Merrem, Tent. 43. T. Jf^alb. Chel. 124. campanulata, Testudo Chersobius cafra, Fitz. Syst. Schildk. 122. T. Gitiel. lutraria, Testudo Chersobius signata. Fits. Syst. Schildk. 122. T. rotunda, Lacep., Scheuch. Phjs. Sacra, ii. 261. Hab. South Africa of Good ; Cape Hope. Africa Greece Hab. North ; Barbary ; Algeria ; ; Egypt. a. In spirits (young). South Africa. inches. Caudal a. Animal and shell ; 3^ plate (young) Isle of ? b. Dry, from spii'its (very young). France produced, flat. South Europe. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. 2. areolatus. The Areolated Tortoise. Geocheloue rotundata, Fitc. Sijst. Schildk. 122. Homopus Testudo Cherseus Fite. Schildk. 122. marginatus, Sijst. Shell bent on the sides shields oblong, depressed, up ; Cherseus marginatus, TTagler, Syst. 138; Icon. Amphib. sutures areola ful- t. 2.5. convex, grooved, yellow ; deep, sunk,

Fitz. 29. nuchal shield slender animal bromi ; Syst. Rept. vous ; ; pale legs — largely scaly. Osteology : . Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Ghi. ii. 146. t. 15. Caret, t. 4. f. 12, 15, skull. Sjnx, Cephal. f. 2, 3 ; Cat. Meth. R. 6. Ch-ay, Cat. Tort. B.M. 10. a. Shell (adult). The hmder very much pro- only margin Testudo areolata, Thunb. N. A. Sued. viii. 180. duced. Greece. Mr. Parry's Collection. Gray, Syn. 13. Bell, Test. t. 1, 2. It is doubtful if this is more than an accidental variety Seha, Thes. i. t. 80. f. 61. of T. for the hinder lateral of the shell of greeca, margin Schoepff. t. 23. xxv. that species is often more or less produced. Chersina tetradactyla, Lesson, Bell. Sci. 119. Merrem, Tent. 43. T. Baud. R. ii. 294. \Miat is Testudo Forstenii, from Gilolo, —Schlegel, Fer- fasciata, T. pusilla. Baud. R. ii. 299. hand. l T. Juvencella, Baud. R. ii. 299. Le Verniillion, Lacep. Q. O. 1C6. on the cover of Fauna the name Schlegel, Japonica, gives Testudo Chersobius fasciata, Fitz. Syst. Schildk. 122. Chersina Men-em. of Testudo margaritifera to the figure of a Tortoise with fasciata. a on its back. Hab. South Africa of Good hair from the base of very high hump ; Cape Hope, c 2 12 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. d. Animal and shell (dry). Cape of Good Hope. Mr. 1. Chersina angulata. The Angulated Tortoise. Parzudaki's Collection. Shell ventricose shields oblong, ; black-grooved, yellow- discal e. Animal and shell (stuffed) ; shield convex, very varied areola sunk. ; yellow, truncated. South Africa. From the Zoological So- Chersina ciety. angulata. Gray, Syn. 15. 69. t. 1, 2; Cat. Tort. B.M. 11.

Osteology : — Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29. Testudo Dmi. MSS. in Mus. Paris. b. Shell inches. South Africa. Presented angulata, only ; 3^ by Sc/iweiffff. Arch. Koetiigsb. i. 321. J. E. Gray, Esq. Bell, Test. t. 1.

Shell Mauritius. Bum. Bib. ii. 5. /. only. Si- Erp. Gen 330 ; Cat. Meth. R. T. Zool. t. 3. f. 4. shell ; not state 3 inches. Bellii, Spic. a. Animal and (dry) good ; Gray, Del. Nat. ii. t. 52. f. 2. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by R. Brown, Esq. K>iorr, T. flavo-fusca, 3Ius. Berl. inches. c. Animal and shell (stuffed) ; 3^ From the South T. pusilla, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. 353. African Museum. T. Bmn. Bib. Gin. ii. 135 Cat. 5. Graii, f Erp. ; Meth. R. T. tabulata, var. Africana, Schweigg. Arch. Koenigsb. i. 322. Shell shields ? T. not Var. pallida. hemispherical ; pale grooved, sculpta, Brandt, Spix.

areola blackish ; caudal shield broad, incurved. Hab. South Africa of Good ; Cape Hope ; Madagascar. var. ined. Homopus areolatus, pallida. Gray, Testudinata, 5, a. Adult and shell (animal ; stufied) ; worn. Pale horn- with a brown in each areola inches. Hah. Africa. colour, spot ; 7\ South Africa. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. n. South Africa. Presented Robert Brown, b. Animal not state inches. by Esq. (half-grown), good ; 5y Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Robert Brown, Esq. Apt to vary in the number and form of the vertebral, e. shields the nuchal shield is sometimes Animal and shell (half-grown), in spirits. of Good costal and marginal ; Cape Hope. Mr. Brandt's Collection. wanting, or reduced to a small triangular scale behind the Testudo sculpta, Brandt, MSS., not Spix. angles of the marginal plates. & .\nimal and shell South Africa. toothed head with / g. (stuffed). Animal pale brown-black, strongly ; small scales and a six-sided large occipital plate ; fore-leg Osteology :— tail with lanceolate tubercular scales ; short, conical ; cheeks c. Shell 5^ inches. of ouly (half-grown) ; Cape Good covered with small scales. Hope. Presented by R. Brown, Esq. d. Shell solid 4 Testudo cafra and Testudo Juvencella, Daudin, of which only (young), ; inches. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. only two very imperfect specimens exist in the Paris Mu- (&_;'. Shell only. Cape of Good Hope. seum, are probably varieties of one of these species. The first has fifteen discal and the latter very convex dorsal Schlegel considers Kinixys castanea and K. Homeana as plates. varieties of the species.

3. CHERSINA, Gray.

solid. Sternum solid 4. KINIXYS. Thorax convex, very ; sternal

shields 1 1, the united into a one hinder lobe gular pair single produced ; Thorax convex, becoming mobile, with a moderate. Claws 5*4. carious suture over the Sternum solid inguinal plates inguinal plate. ; Palate of skull flat. sternal 12 plates ; gular pair separate ; inguinal plates very- Claws 5 • 4 or 4 • blunt outer front 14. 69 A. large. 4, cyUndrical, ; Chersina, Gray, Syn. Rept. (1831) ; Grif. K. hi. Tort. 11 ; Cat. B.M. (1844). one small. Testudo et Chersina, Fitz. Syst. Schildk. 122 (1836). ii. Bell, Linn. Trans, xv. ; Zool. Journ. Chersina (Chersina), Fit:. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843). Kinixys, 514(1828). 15 Cat. Tort. B.M. 11. Testudo iii. Dmn. Bib. Ghx. ii. 1,51 Gray, Syn. (1831) ; (§ part.), ^ Erp. ; 138 Cat. Meth. R. 5. Cinixys, Wagler, Syst. (1830). Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843); Syst. Schildk. 121 Dumeril and Bibron and Fitzinger have confounded this (1836). Cinothorax Fitz. 29 genus with the varieties of Testudo Indica, which have the (Bellianus), Syst. Rept. (1843). gular plates united or apparently so. In the young the dorsal suture is scarcely observable, Palate of skull flat, very unlike that of true Testudines, but then the genus can be distinguished by the large size where the is concave. of the the suture becomes more observable palate very deep, inguinal plates ; CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 13

the Cinixys Bum. Bib. Gen. ii. 16.t Cat. Mtth. as the animal increases in age, unlike Box Tortoises, erosa. ^- Erp. ; R.'e. where the moveable lobes of the sternum often become Testudo angulata (adult), Schlegel, F. Japan. 72. in the older Cuvier, seen annhylosed specimens. having Kinixys castanea. Bell, Linn. Trans, xv. t. 18. only one specimen (Reff. Anim. ii. 10), considered this Testudo erosa, Schn. Arch. Kceniysb. i. 321 (jun.). T. denticulata, Shaw, Zool. ii. t. 13 not Linn. Structure as an accidental deformity, and Wagler by mistake (jun.), Fit:. Schildk. 121 . Cinixys castanea. Syst. Rept. 29 ; Syst. savs it is the front part that is moveable. Testudo Schopfii, Fits. the In a very perfect ^young specimen in the Museum, third costal shield is divided across a obliquely by regular Back rounded five vertebral sliields Toung. equally ; linear suture into two distinct plates, from the hinder part scarcely raised. of the upper to the front part of the lower or outer edge. Kinixys castanea. Bell, Linn. Trans, xviii. t. 18. The number of the claws is liable to vary in the same specimen. Shell entire toothed. Fery young. depressed, ; edge

Testudo denticulata, Shaw, Zool. ii. t. 13, in Mus. Coll. * Sternum truncated before and behind ; fifth vertebral Surg. • or 5 • 4. T. erosa, Schweigger. plate evenly convex ; claws 4 4 Cinothorax.

Hub. West Africa ; Gambia. 1. Kinixys BeUiana. Bell's Kinixys. Tab. II. Shell rather oblong, subquadrate, yellow, brown-rayed, fore feet inches. Fore feet a. Adult shell (with only) ; 9i fifth in front, entire ; fourth and depressed margin nearly covered with three rows of large, long, triangular scales.

convex nuchal shield West Africa ; Gambia. vertebral shields equally ; elongated.

Kiuixvs Belliana, Gray, Syn. 09; Cat. Tort. B.M. 12.

: — Griffith, A. K. t. Osteology Bum. Bib. Gen. ii. Cat. Cinixys Belliana, ^- Erp. 1C8; b. 6 inches. West Africa. Pre- Half-grown (shell only) ; Mkh. R. 6. sented by Thomas Bell, Esq. Kiuixvs Shoeusis, Riippell, Mas. Senck. t. Kinixvs castanea. Bell, Linn. Trans, xv. t. 18. Cinothorax Bellianns, Fit:. Si/st. Rejit. 29 (1843). Cinixys belhana. Fit:. Schildk. 121 c. 5 inches. West Africa ? (Cinothorax) Sysf. Half-grown (shell only) ; (1836). in Guada- Hab. North and West Africa ; (naturalized

' ? and ^Mexico 1) . *** notched in claws 5 4 loupe Sternum slightly front ; ; fifth vertebral plate produced. a. Animal and shell. Claws 5 '4. Yellow, much rubbed. Edward Africa? Presented by Dr. John Gray. 3. Kinixys Homeana. Home's Kinixys.

• shell . Claws 4 4. brown- b. Animal and (adult) Yellow, hinder reflesed Shell oblong, subquadrate, brown, edge ; rayed. Gambia. Presented by J. Whitfield, Esq. of the fifth vertebral shield • up]3er edge compressed, pro- c. Animal and shell (stuffed). Claws 4 4. Discal shields duced nuchal shield distinct. areola ; generally concentrically grooved, pale yellow, black-rayed ; brown varied sternum flat. "Mexico." Mr. ; yellow, Kinixys Homeana, Bell, Linn. Trans, xv. 400. t. 1 7 (1828). Warwick's Collection. Gray, Syn. 15; Cat. Tort. B.M. 11. Bib. Gen. ii. 161. t. 14. shield Cinixys Homeana, Bum. l^- d. Very yoimg (in spirits). The nuchal short, small, Erp. f. 2 Cat. Meth. R. 6. distinct, the third costal jjlate on each side divided ; and across the with a row Berthold, Act. Nat. Cur. xxii. t. 12 (1845). regularly obliquely ; fore-leg Fit:. Schildk. 121. of triangular s]iines on the inner side, and two or three Syst. Testudo Homeana, Zool. Misc. 1825. scattered irregular sjiines on its front part. Africa. Gray, Mr. Bartlett's Collection. T. angulata (adult), Schlegel, F. Japon. 72. in Demerara ? and Gua- Hab. West Africa ; (naturalized daloupe ?) . ** Sternum deeply notched in front ; claws 5' A; fifth

vertebral plate regularly rounded. Cinixys. Osteology : — inches. Demerara. Presented Sir a. Shell only ; 7 by 2. Kinixys erosa. Eroded Kinixys. Everard' Home, Bart. Shell oblong, brown (yellow-rayed?), hinder edge re- b. Shell only. Cape Coast, West Africa. Presented by toothed the fifth vertebral shield rouuded ; flexed, ; equally Lieut. Matthew C. Friend, R.N. nuchal shield uone.

16 Cat. Tort. B.M. 12. M. Japon. Chelon. 72) regards both Kinisys erosa. Gray, Syn. ; Schlegel {Faun. 14 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

K. castanea and K. Homeana as the adult state of Chersina t Rostrata. Month rostrate ; jaiv incased with a horny angulata ! sheath, not covered ivithjleshy lips.

Rostrata, Fit:. Syst. Schildk. 1836. Ohren Schildkroten, Oken. Fit:. 5. PYXIS. Emydoidea, Fluviales seu Elodites, Diiin. ^~ Bib. Shell subglobose, solid. Sternum with the front lobe mobile, the suture below the humeral and shields. pectoral Fam. II. EMYDID^ (Terrapens). Animal 1 rather covered with a hard or soft skin Head depressed, ; Linn. Trans, xv. t. 1() Zool. Journ. ii. .514. Pyxis, Bell, ; with a naked beak ; nostril small, Neck Test. Cat. Tort. B.M. 12 jaws horny apical. Gray, Syn. U ; (1844). the G('n. i. 15,5 Cat. Meth. G. retractile into the of thorax. Feet BumMl ^ Bibron, Erp. ; R. cavity depressed, 138. toes 5 • 5 • 4 or 4 " almost webbed Wayler, Sysf. expanded ; 5, 4, always Testudo 6 Fitz. Sc/iiklJc. § (Pyxis), Syst. 122; Syst.Rept. to the claws claws Tail shielded beneath. ; sharp. conical, 29. Thorax generally depressed, solid, with a distinct bony Testudo, sp., Schhgel. Discal margin, covered with horny ])lates. plates 13, mar-

sternal shields 1 1 or ginal 24-26, caudal always separate ; united. vertebrae of the 1. Vjn.s arachnoides. The Pyxis. 12, gular pair sometimes The neck bent in a perpendicular bow. Pelvis only united to Shell hemispherical, yellow and black varied, very va- the vertebrae. in freshwater Car- riable in colour. Rapid ; living ponds. insects and carrion nivorous, eating mollusca, worms, ; only Pyxis arachnoides, Bell, Linn. Trans, xv. t. IC. their food while in the water. oblong, white. Ifi Cat. Tort. B.M. 12. taking Egg Gray, Syn. ; Fit:. 2!). Ann. Phil. x. 210 Syst. Rept. Emydidce, Gray, (1825) ; Syn. Rept. 17; Bum.^Bib.Erp.Gen.\i.\bC,.\..\A.i.\; Cat.Me't/i. R.6. Cat. Tort. B.M. 13. P. Bull. Sci. xxv. 120. Madagascariensis, Lesson, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 514 (1828). Testudo var., F. geometrica, Schlegel, Japan. 74. Emydee, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, 55; Syn. Rept. 17 Testudo Fit:. Schildk. 122. (Pyxis) arachnoides, Syst. (1831). Zool. Pyxis arachnoidea, Tl^iegm. IJ'iegmann ^- Ruthe, Handb. 160. Fit:. 29 Hah. Madagascar; Isle of France. Mus. Bell (two Syst. Rept. (1843). Sivainson, Lard. 344. specimens). Cycloj). Emydina (part.). Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 210 (1825). Eniydina, Bonap. Tab. .inalyt. 6 (1836). Chelon. M. Schlegel {Fatin. Japon. 74) regards Pyxis Terrapene, Bonap. Obserr. Rig. Anim. 153 (1830). Testudinina Anim. arachnoides. Bell, as a variety of Testudo geometrica ! TestudinidK, (part.), Bonaj). Saggio Vert. 13 (1832). Emydoides (part.), Fit:. Neue Class. (1826). Emvs (Tortues d'eau douce) (part.), Brongn. Institute ("1805). Oppel, Rept. (1811). Cuv. R.A. ii. 10; ed. 2. ii. 10. ** Palmata. Feet palmate ; toes mobile ; claws 4 or 5, Merrem, Tent. 22. Tortues ii boite, Cuv. R. A. ii. 12. elongate, acute (p. 4). Elodites ou Tortues Paludines (§1. Les Cryptoderes), Bum. Testudines lutrariee, PI in. Gen. ii. 201 Cat. Meth. R. 7. Sf Bib. Erp. 171, ; ou Tortues d'eau Emys douce, Bronyniart, Institute, Phyllopodochelones (Chersvdrocheloues) (part.), Rit:en, 1805. Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Ciir. xiv. 269 (1828). Oppel, Rept. Testudines lutrarise, Plin. II. N. xxxii. c. 4. Cuv. R. A. ii. 10. Podochelones (Dysmyda;) (part.), Rit:en, I. c. 270 (1828). Elodites ou Tortues Bmn. Bib. Gen. ii. 343. paludines, ^ Erp. Chelidridse (part.), Swainson, Lard. Cyclop.

171 ; Cat. Meth. R. 7. Phyllopodochelones, Rit:en. In some, perhaps in all the genera, the head of the Steganopoda, Fit:. Syst. Schildk. males is and the tail and and Amydse, sect., Opipel. larger broader, larger longer, Merrem. more Digitata (part.), more strongly clawed at the end, and the sternum Latr. Gynmopodi, females. concave, as in the former family, than in the Phyllopodochelones, Chersydrochelones seu Amydae, et Po- Dr. Harlan observes that the females of some are docheloncs, Chersochelones seu Dysmydse, Rit:en. species Steganopodes, TJ^agler. more keeled than the males, but this distinction is very

doubtful, and requires verification. CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 15

Synopsis of the Genera. c. Sternum divided by two cross sutures; central lobe attached to the thorax by a bony symphysis, covered by the end of the A. Head and tail moderate ; sterno-costal suture simple. abdominal shields only; sternal plates II or 8; the axillary a. Sternum solid, truncated before and nicked behind, attached and inguinal plates large. Toes webbed. to the thorax a covered with the end 14. Kinosternon. by bony symphysis, of Sternal 1 1 ; united humeral plates gular plates ; the and shields sternal axil- pectoral abdominal ; 12 ; and distinct plates pectoral ; pectoral triangular. and moderate or none. lary inguinal plates 15. Aroinoclielys. Sternal 11 plates ; gular linear, rudimentary; * pectoral broad, four-sided. Pectoral plates small, short, triangular, lateral, far apart. 16. Staurotypus. Sternal 8 plates ; gular, humeral and pectoral 1 . . united together. ** Pectoral plates broad, square, close together, side by side. B. Head and tail very large; sterno-costal symphysis covered t Toes strong, free, not %cebbed, cross-shielded above. with one or three peculiar plates. 2. . Head covered with a thiu hard skin. Toes rather a. Sternum acute sternal with a ' cross-like, before; plates 10, short, free ; claws 5 4. broad one on each side, over the sides of the sternum. 17. Cbelydi-a. Head covered with a soft skin. Shell tt Toes strong, webbed, cross-shielded above. depressed, with a single series of mai'ginal shields. 3. Niooria. a thin hard skin Head covered with ; eyes large, 18. Macroclemys. Head large, high, covered with symmetrical close together, subsuperior. Toes very short, united. horny plates. Shell with a double series of marginal shields 4. Geoclemys. Head covered with a thin hard skin, rhombic; on each side. forehead flat lateral. Toes ; eyes strong, shortly webbed. b. Sternum truncated 5. Emys. Head covered with a thin hard skin, broad, ovate; broad, before ; sternal plates 12; sterno- costal suture covered with three or forehead convex ; branches of additional eyes subsuperior ; lower jaw four plates. covered with the beak. Toes 19. narrow, short, strongly webbed. Platysternon. Tail cylindrical, shielded. Shell depressed. 6. Chrysemys. Head covered with a thin hard skin, oblong; 20. Dermatemys. Tail ? Shell convex.

forehead convex ; eyes subsuperior. Sternum broad, rounded before and behind. Toes webbed. strongly These genera pass gradually one into the other, and the similarity in the form of the sternum between Platyster- ttt Tees elongate, largely vwbbed. with small scales above. non and Emys converts the series into a circle. The genus 7. Head covered with a thin . hard skin, ovate ; Cistudo to unite them to the Land Tortoises, while forehead convex ; branches of appears eyes subsuperior ; lower jaw dilated, flat, covered with a soft skin. Toes short, webbed. Chelydra has some affinities with certain of the Chelydce. 8. Head covered with a thin hard . skin, broad, ovate ; forehead convex ; eyes subsuperior ; branches of lower jaw narrow. Toes largely webbed. A. Head and tail moderate ; sterno-costal suture simple. 0. Malaclemys. Head covered with a soft depressed, skin, ovate ; forehead Ann. Phil. x. 210 convex; eyes subsuperior. Toes broadly webbed. Emydina (part.), Gray, (182.")). Emydidse § A, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 13 (1844). 20. b. Sternum divided by a central cross suture, attached to the Emys, Gray, Syn. Rejjf. ii. thorax a Dum. Bib. Gen. 234 ; Cat. Meth. R. 8. by ligamentous suture, covered by the end of the ^- Erp. and abdominal shields sternal pectoral ; plates 12; axillary and inguinal plates small. Toes webbed. very a. Sternum solid, truncated before and nicked behind, at- toes t Legs scaly ; slightly webbed. tached to the thora.v by a bony symphysis ; sternal 10. Cistudo. Head rhombic; forehead flat; eyes lateral. Ster- plates 12; axillary and inguinal plates moderate or num very broad; anterior lobe covered with the gular, none. Emydina. humeral and pectoral plates," and quite free. A. Cat. Tort. 11. Lutremys. Head forehead Emydidse § a, Gray, B.M. 13. ovate; convex; eyes subsui)erior. (part.), Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 210. Sternum broad; tlie suture l)etween the two sternal lobes in Emydina Clemmvs, 137. the short sterno-costal sutiu'e. IVagler, Syst. Repf. Fit.:. Syst. Repf. 29 (1843). with tt Legs crescentic shields ; toes broadly webbed.

12. Cviora. Head rhombic forehead flat ; ; lateral. Sternum * eyes Pectoral plates small, short, triangular, lateral, far broad anterior very ; lobe partly included in the sterno-costal suture. apart.

13. , Head ovate ; forehead convex ; eyes subsujierior. 1. MANOURIA. Sternum rather narrower than the at cavity each end ; the Animal luiknown. Shell rather caudal cross suture between the two sternal lobes in the middle of depressed ; plates the long sterno-costal suture. double, separate. Sternum solid, broad, produced and 16 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

in with five of broad shields ** Pectoral close side slightly nicked front, onl}' pair ; plates broad, square, together, by the pectoral shields being short, subtriangular, only occu- side. pying the angle between the outer edge of the humeral and t Toes strong, free, not webbed, covered with a series of shields shields abdominal ; axillary small, inguinal larger ; plates above. the areola of the discal shield central. 2. GEOEMYDA.

form and divided caudal induce with a thin hard forehead The depressed plate me Head covered skin, oblong ; to place this genus in Emyda. It most resembles Testudo rather convex. Eyes subsuperior. Branches of the lower Gopher in appearance, but is at once known from that spe- jaw narrow, rounded, covered with the beak. Chin not cies and all the other genera of Testudinid^e, Emydce and bearded. Legs strong, not fringed behind, covered with

Chelyd(B by the peculiar form of the pectoral plates, which large triangular scales. Toes strong, short, free to the base, at first he mistaken for a covered above a series of shields claws 5 • sight might very large inguinal by ; 4, short, if also plate, that ]ilate were not present. In this respect it curved. Hind foot with a distinct rudimentary clawless somewhat resembles the but tliere fifth toe. Tail Shell keeled areola genus Khwsternon, the tapering. depressed, ; is narrow at the inner end and reaches to of dorsal shields hinder plate only nearly posterior, marginal ; edge strongly the centre of the sternum. toothed. Sternum solid, broad, truncated before, nicked The various of Tesfiidinidce have the behind shields six shields broad genera pectoral ; pair, subequal ; pectoral ; smaller than the small and plates much others, and perhaps the small gular plate linear, baud-like, ; axillary inguinal the in this its is often like Testudo. size of plate genus shows affinity among the plates small. The sternum concave, to that and were it not for the This differs from in the toes free. EmyditKB family ; regular genus Eniys being quite division of the caudal and the form of the pectoral plates, Geoemyda, Groy,P)-oe. Zool. Soc. 1834; Cat. Tort. B.M. 14. " it might be regarded as nearly allied to the very variable Geoemys, Gray," Bonap. Tab. Analyt. 7 (1836). Testudo Indica. Emys, sp., Gray, Syn. Rept. 20. Bib. Gen. Cut. Meth. R. Bum. Si' Erp. ; Testudo, sp., Miilter, Verhand. 4. Bum. ^- Bib. MSS. ; Cat. Meth. R. 1. Manouria fusca. Brown Manouria. Tab. III. Chelonura, sp., Bonap. Obs. Cuv. R. A. 171 (1836). Pale brown, nearly uniform. Discal shield concentrically

with a central areola ; the anterior and grooved, posterior 1. Geoemyda spinosa. The Spinose Land Emys. lateral sinuated and rather bent margins acute, slightly up ; Shell oblong, subquadrate, keeled, flattened above, chest- the humeral and abdominal than broad, the plates longer hinder serrated verte- nut-brown, front and edge strongly ; abdominal narrowed in front. very large ; gular produced, first suburceolate costal with a bral plates broad, ; plates Geoemyda spinosa, adult, Cantor, Rept. Malay. Peni/is. 1 . with a subconic tubercle posterior, subsuperior areola, slight ; Manouria Proc. Zool. Soc. fusca. Gray, 1852, 133 ; Ann. ^' beneath yellow, brown-rayed. Toung depressed, pale brown, Mag. Nat. Jlisf. 'l85,j, xv. 68. bluntly keeled, with a distinct spine in the areola of each Hah. Pinang. discal plate.

Geoemvda Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834 ; Illust. a. Shell only, in had state, wanting many of the horny spinosa, Gray, t. . f. 2 Cat. Tort. B.M. 14. discal shields front of the sternum Ind! Zool. ; ; acutely notched. 20 Illust. Ind. Zool. t. . f. 1 Pinang. From the Zoological Society. Emys spinosa. Gray, Syn. ; (young). /j. : Shell adult. In a bad state ; front of the sternum only Bell, Test. t. 1, young. deformedand worn round. Hills. From Bib. Gen. ii. 32" Cat. Meth. R. 15. nearly Pinang Bum. H)- Erp. ; Dr. Cantor's Collection. Presented the Hon. East " by E. bispinosa," Schleyel. India Verh. 34. t. 4 ? Company. Testudo Emys, G. Midler, Rept. (1844) ; not "Geoemyda spinosa. Cantor." (vertebral plates keeled). T. Bum. Bib. MSS. ; Cat. Meth. R. 4. Emydoides, t'j- Sumatra " Hab. Pinang {Cantor) ; (MUller) ; (Bu- Found on the great liill at Pinang at a distance from miril). water."— Cantor.

Dr. Cantor's description of the animal is from the a. 8 inches. Sumatra. River Auch. copied Adult (stuffed) ; generic character of the genus Geoemyda in this Catalogue, the Mu- b. Young (in spirits). Sumatra. From Leyden and therefore has no special relation to the animal of this seum. " genus. Testudo Emys, G. Milller." CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 17

Osteology : — c and d. Young and adult (stuffed). Pinang, Singapore. Mr. Wallace's Collection. b. shell the ossification on the Half-grown ; incomplete entire circumference. Africa. Fouiiff. Head and neck brown, with a large irregular Costal shield with a yellow spot on each side of the nape. cras- Schlegel, in the Fauna Japonica, confounds Em^js small spine in the hinder edge of each areola. with sicollis, E. Thurgi, E. Reevesii and Cistudo dentata The forehead covered with the and the large, occiput to the same natural this species, but they do not even belong hinder of the branches of the lower with smaller, part jaw as it is genus. It appears to be rave on the Continent, are distinct in the flat, symmetrical plates, which more wanting in the Paris and Leyden Museums. younger specimens. Latreille and Prince Bonaparte confound this species with Chelonura serpentina. •ff Toes short, strong, covered ahove with transverse shields, to the claws claws curved. united htj a scaly weh ;

3. NICORIA. 4. GEOCLEMYS.

with a thin skin forehead narrow. thin hard skin forehead Head covered horny ; Head moderate, covered with a ;

rather close, beak very flat cheeks lateral. Chin not bearded. Eyes very large, subsuperior. Upper ; perpendicular. Eyes acute. not covered lunate scales. Toes strong, Legs strong, fringed beliind, Fore-legs covered with broad short, with thick a series on the outer transverse shields triangular scales, forming strong, covered with above, slightly side of the front. Toes very short, united, free just at webbed. Claws 5 • 4. Tail moderate. Shell depressed. with band-like shields. Hind nicked behind the end, covered above Sternum solid, broad, truncated before, ; foot narrow, with a very obscure rudiment of a fifth toe, aftixed to the thorax by a bony symphysis, covered by the to be seen in the skeleton or in the contracted and only dry ends of the pectoral and abdominal plates ; axillary

• state. Claws .5 curved. Shell three-keeled ; Asiatic and American. 4, depressed, inguinal plates moderate, distinct. areola of dorsal shield ; hinder posterior, marginal edge and others. Emys, sp., Brongniart strongly toothed. Sternum solid, broad, truncated before, six shields nicked behind ; shields ; terrestrial and solid-shelled pair, subcqual pectoral This genus contains the more small and broad, ; ; axillary inguinal plates feet their head is more and square gular Terrapens with webbed ; square or Africa. and rudimentary wanting. flat-topped than in their more aquatic congeners ; they the face. The skull is have the eyes on the side of square, 1. Spengler's Nicoria. Nicoria Spengleri. the orbits with a broad flat forehead ; being placed quite keels the outline of Shell oblong, depressed, pale brown, three-keeled ; on the side of the head and not interrupting hinder ser- continuous, distant, black-edged ; edge deeply the forehead, as in the more aquatic Emydes. rated vertebral shields sternum but often leave the ; quadrate ; black, yellow- These animals are essentially aquatic, active and edged. Animal olive, red dotted, with a white streak on water for months together. They are very

each side of the neck. restless.

Testudo Spengleri, Walb. Berlin Naturf. vi. 122. t. 3. Gmel. Nat. i. 1043. * Syst. Back three-keeled : keels interrupted, nodose. Emys Spengleri, Baud. R. ii. 103. ** Back three-keeled; keels continued. Schweiff. Prod. 310. *** Merreni, Amph. 23. Back one-keeled ; shields radiate, concentrically grooved. 21. Gray, Syn. **** Back not keeled, depressed; shields thin, spotted. Gen. ii. 308 Cat. Meth. R. 15. Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. ; Proc. Zool. Sac. Cat. Geoemyda Spengleri, Gray, 1834 ; Tort. B.M. 14. Testudo serrata, Shaw, Zool. iii. 50. t. 9. * Back three-keeled, spotted; areolce rugose, each ivith a T. serpentina, var., Latr. Rept. i. 1G3. hinder very broad nodose longitudinal ridge; edge T. tricarinata, Bory, Voy. Isl. Afric. Atlas, t. 37. f. 1. entire or subdentate. Asiatic. Chelonura serpentina (part.), Bonaj). Ohs. Cuv. R. A. 171.

Hab. Africa? China. 1. Geoclemys Hamiltonii. Hamilton's Emys.

Shell convex, solid, with three interrupted keels, a. animal lost two inches. oblong, Adult ; dry (shell scales) ; 3^ shield con- China. Presented by John Russell Reeves, Esq. slightly toothed behind, black, yellow-rayed ; central keel the areola with a irregular ; c. Adult (in spirits). From Zoological Society. vex, rugose, large CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. sternum keeled on the sides, black, yellow-varied. Head 3. Geoclemys Seba. Seba's Emys. and black, yellow-spotted. Shell body ovate, convex, brown, entire, three-keeled ; keels Cat. Tort. B.M. 19. lateral ones arched vertebral shield Emys Hamiltonii, Gray, Syn. 21.72; continuous, yellow, ; Bum. ^' Bib. Erp. Gt'n. ii. 316; Cat. Meth. R. 14. broad broad ; marginal plates very ; sternum flat, keeled E. guttata, B. Hamilton, MSS. on the sides, brown, with a pale streak on each side. Head Gray, IIlust. Ind. Zool. t. 9. f. 1, not Schweig. red and streaked feet brown toes E. Picquotii, Lesson, Belanyer, Joy. 29-1. spotted ; ; scarcely webbed. Hah. India in ; Bengal. Common ponds. Seba, Thes. i. t. 79. f. 12. a. Animal . From M. t. Cat. Tort. (in spirits) India; Bengal. Picquot's Emys Seba, Gray, Syn. Rept. 75 ; B.M. 19. Collection. E. thermalis, Reyneau, in Lesson, Cent. Zool. 89. t. 29. Emys trijuga?, Eelaart, Prod. F. Zeylan. 1/7. h. Animal (stuffed). India; Bengal. From M. Picquot's Collection. Hab. Ceylon.

is a. in Mr. Collection. The head rhombic ; the forehead flat, rather convex Young, spirits. Ceylon. Cuming's over the b. rather older than a. Trincomalee. eyebrows. Young ; Presented by Mr. Edward Gerard.

Shell with three keels shield with ** brown, pale ; marginal Back three-keeled ; heels continued. Asiatic. a linear under side marginal spot ; black, with a broad white 2. Geoclemys Reevesii. Reeves' Emys. Tab. V. edge un each side of the sternum, and a narrow line in front. Head black, with on the Shell oblong, very convex, black (pale brown when dead), symmetrical pale spots face and chin a three-keeled keels lateral and crown, ; large round white spot behind obscurely ; distant, continued ; vertebral shields six-sided the the hinder angle of the eyelids, a broad, more broad, ; margin entire; second commencing or less streak on the of the side of pair of sternal shields subtriangular, narrow at the inner interrupted upper part the neck. Feet and black, with a few small white edge ; inguinal and axillary plates large. Head black, cheek legs on the front of the and neck yellow-lined. specks legs.

Emys Reevesii, Gray, Syn. Rept. 73. *** Back one-heeled ; shields and Dxim. Bib. 'Gen. ii. radiately concentrically S,- Erp. 315 ; Cat. Meth. R. 14. E. Spengleri, var., Schlegel, Faun. Japon. 51. grooved. North America. Hub. China. 4. Greoclemys pulchella. The Engraved Geoclemys. a. inches. Shell keeled in front, hinder Adult, dry ; '2J China. Presented by J. R. oblong, depressed, edge Reeves, reflexed shields Esq. slightly ; radiately and concentrically c. stuffed. China. Mr. and black areola Adult, Bartlctt's Collection. grooved, minutely yellow dotted, small ; nuchal slender sternum areola ; yellow, posterior, marginal,

: — Osteology black. Animal chestnut-brown. b. Shell of adult inches. ; 2f China. Presented by J. Emys pulchella, Schweig. Prod. 303 (not Schoepff.). R. Reeves, Esq. Bum. Bib. Gen. ii. 4- Erp. 251 ; Cat. M('th. R. 9. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 20. M. Schlegel also refers this most distinct to species E. scabra, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. iv. 204 (not Geoemyda Spengleri. It is much like E. Hamiltonii in Linn.).

Testudo Leconte, Ann. N. T. iii. 1 12. general appearance, but differs in the keel being continued. insculpta, Lye. Holbrooh, N. A. Herpet. i. 93. t. 13. Head rhombic crown Be 14. t. 4. f. 8. ; flat, when dry rather convex Kay,

MSS. ; in 26 shield over the orbits, with a few dots Emys speciosa. Bell, Gray, Syn. (var. smooth, brown, pale ; smooth). cheeks with a short broad white line from the middle of Holbrooh, N. A. Herpet. iii. 17. t. 2. the hinder of the edge orbits. Tympanum edged with a E. inscri[)ta, Mps. Par. white E. JNIuhlenbergii, var., Schlegel, Faun. 56. lunate band above ; lateral lower beak Japan. eyes ; pale, Terrapene scabra, Bonap. Obs. Cur. R. A. 157. brown-varied, with a broad short pale streak from its "Testudo scabra," Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 351 (not Gmelin hinder Toes short. edge. The first vertebral plate broad, nor Bona]).). only slightly contracted behind. Hab. North America. The second has the same specimen (Tab. V.) marks, a. Adult America (stuffed). Female. North ; Pennsyl- but they have been rather distorted in the stuffing. vania. CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 19

Osteology : — Testudo punctata, Schoejjjf. Test. t. 5. Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 117. b, c. Skeleton of male and female. Nortb America ; Penn- T. anonyma, Schneid. Schildk. 30. sylvania. Gothw. Schildk. f. 15.

The skull forehead T. terrestris i. t. f. subquadrangular ; broad, quite flat, amboiuensis, Seba, 80. 7. nostrils sides of the head Terrapene punctata, Bonap. Obs. Cuv. R. A. 159 (1830). rather raised over the ; perpen- punctata, Tf'ayler, Syst. 137. t. 5. f. 6, 7. in- Cyclemys dicular, flattened. Nose truncated ; orbits lateral, not Emys punctata, Merrem, Amph. 24. the outline of the forehead rather con- terrupting ; temples Say, Journ. Acad. Philad. iv. 205, 212. tracted branches of the lower com- Harlan, A. H. 77. behind ; jaw narrow, Hab. North America. pressed.

a. Adult (stuffed). Presented by Henry Doubleday, Esq. 5. Geoclemys Muhlenbergii. The Two-Spotted b. on back few and Geoclemys. Adult (animal dry). Spots large. North America. Shell smooth, low, keeled, contracted oval-oblong, slightly c. Adult (stuffed). Broad, depressed; spots few, large. on the sides shields and North America. ; slightly radiately concentrically

with areola and ; nuchal d. . nume- grooved, chestnut, yellow rays Adult (stuffed) Body narrower, higher ; spots rous. North America. linear. Head blackish, with two large, irregular, fulvous, e. Adidt occipital spots. (in spirits).

f,ff& h. Adult (in spirits). North America. Presented Emys JIuhlenbergii, Schweh/. Prod. 310. Tort. 20. by Dr. J. E. Gray. Grai/, Si/n. 25 ; Cat B.M. Bum. Gen. ii. 304 Cat. Meth. R. 12. ^Bib. Erp. ;

: — i. .59. t. 5 ed. 2. i. 45. t. 4. Osteology Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. ; Be Zool. xV. 17. t. 8. f. 15. Kay, York, /. Skeleton of adult. North America. From the Paris Test. 132. t. 31. Testudo Muhlenbergii, Schoepff. Collection. Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iv. 205. biguttata or bipunctata. Say, Journ. Aead. Nat. Sci. Emys Forehead flattened, rather rounded in front over the Philad. iv. 205, 212.

nose nose truncated cheeks orbits lateral ; Chersina Muhlenbergii, Merrem, Tent. 30. ; ; perpendicular ; Obs. Cuv.R.A. contracted behind lower Terrapene Muhlenbergii, i?ona/j. 160(1830). temples nearly parallel, scarcely ; Hab. North America, New Jerseyand East Pennsylvania. jaw narrow. a. Adult (stuffed). North America. From the Zoological Society. 5. EMYS.

with a thin hard Schlegel regards Testudo inscuJpta, Leconte, E. speciosa, Head moderate, covered skin, oblong ;

! The of the Bell, as a variety of this species —Fauna Japonica. forehead convex. Eyes subsuperior. branches lower jaw narrow, rounded beneath, and covered with the Fore **** hind part of the horny beak. Chin not bearded. Back not keeled, depressed ; shields thin, spotted. covered with broad lunate scales in front. Toes short, North America. legs 5 • strong, shielded above, webbed to the claws. Claws 4, 6. The Speckled Geoclemys. Geoclemys ^ttata. curved. Tail moderate. Shell depressed. Sternum solid, Shell dilated behind shields truncated before, nicked behind, affixed to the thorax ovate, depressed, ; smooth, broad, with round nuchal linear ster- a covered the ends of the black-brown yellow spots ; ; by bou}' symphysis, by pectoral

brown-varied. throat and abdominal ; and mode- num yellow, Head yellow-spotted ; plates axillary inguinal plates yellow-lined. rate, distinct.

Emys guttata, Schweig. Prod. 309, 433. Emys, sp., Brongniart. 26 Cat. Tort. 26. Phil. Zool. ii. 270 Gray, Syn. ; B.M. Fleming, (1822). Cat. Tort. B.M. 15. Bum. Bib. Gen. ii. Cat. Meth. R. 12. ; ^- Erp. 295 ; Gray, Syn. Rept.

N. ii. 25. t. 4 ed. 2. i. 81 . t. 1 1 . Handb. 166. Holbrook, A. Herpet. ; IVieyni. S,- Ruthe, Be Kay, Zool. New York, 13. t. 6. f. 12. Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. 515 (1828). ii. Cat. Meth. R. 8. Bib. Gen. 230 ; Testudo guttata, Bechst. in Lact'p. Q. O. i. 310. Bum. S,- Erp. Shaw, Zool. iii. t. 10. Emys § 2, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 210 (1825). Schneid. Schildk. 30 Berlin x. 264. T. punctata, ; Naturf. Clemmys, TT'agler. Baud. R. ii. 159. t. 22. Fife. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843). Latr. Rept. i. 1 W. Terrapene, Bonap. Obs. Rig. Anim. 153(1830). E 2 20 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

Synopsis of Sections. age. It feeds ou frogs, and also upon shell-fish and animal

* offal, and is often taken the with the hook." — Back three-keeled J vertebral plates elongate, subtrigonal. by angler Asiatic. Cantor. ** BacJc three-keeled; vertebral plates broad, square. Asiatic. M. Schlegel could never have observed Nicoria Spen- *** Back more or less one-keeled, often becoming keelless. Old gleri, or he would not have confounded it with this species. and New Worlds.

** Back three-keeled ; vertebral plates broad, square. * Back three-keeled; vertebralplates elongate, subtrigonal ; Asiatic. areola of discal shields tvith a narrow longitudinal 2. Emys trijuga. The Three-keeled Emys. Tab. IV. ridge ; hinder edge suhdentate or entire. Asiatic. keels in- Shell convex, oval, brown, three-keeled ; rather 1. Emys crassicoUis. The Thick-necked Emys. toothed shields areola terrupted ; margin slightly ; rugose, rather Shell ovate, oblong, convex, black, slightly three- first vertebral marginal, posterior, rugose ; plate five-sided,

keeled ; keels close ; vertebral six-sided ; plates elongate, keeled, rather narrower behind ; others six-sided, rather sides hinder serrated sternum revolute, edge ; flat, pale, than broad rather convex on the longer ; sternum sides, and keeled on the sides. Head and neck thick, black. blackish. Head brown, with a yellow streak over each eye ;

MSS. in 21. t. 7. f. 3 beaks Emys crassicoUis, Bell, Grai/, Sijn. ; yellow-varied. I'llust. hul. Zool. t. 9. f. 2 Cat. Tort. B.M. IG. ; Prod. 310. Bum. Bib. Gen. ii. 325 Cat. Meth. R. 14. Emys" trijuga, Schweig. i^- Erp. ; Bib. Gen. ii. 310 Cat. Meth. R. 15. Cantor, Cat. 3. Dum.\ Erp. ; Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 16. E. Spengleri, var., Schlegel, F. Japon. 51. E. Belangeri, Lesson, Voij. Ind. 291, young. Ilab. Sumatra and Cat. Pinang (Cantor, 3) ; Batavia, Testudo scabra, Shaw, Zool. iii. 55, from Seba, i. 1 26. t. 79. Java Borneo {Quoy) ; {Schlegel). f. 1, 2. Hub. India Malabar at ; Pondicherry ; ; Bengal ; ponds b. Animal and shell in Sumatra. (half-grown; spirits). Calcutta. From the Leyden Museum. c. Adult (stuffed). Keels on sides of sternum yellow. a. Adult (animal and shell). Under side of marginal India. shield and of sternum dorsal keels black. edge 3ellow ; d. Adult (stuffed). Sternum uniform black. India. Compared with the specimens iu the Paris ^luseuni. Presented Dr. J. E. a by Gray. e. Half-grown (in spirits). Shell brown, having bronzed vertebral distorted. Head appearance ; jjlates brown, with a white spot over and rather before each eye, on Osteology. Tab. XXXVIl. f. 2, skulls. the side of the chin, and on each side of the nape, c. Adult skeleton. Margin of shell revolute. Head surrounding the back edge of the tympanum, and in- narrow, rather small (a female?). From the Leyden continued across the throat a small white distinctly ; Collection. streak on the middle of the black Su- tympanum. " matra. Mr. Bartlett's Collection. Emys subtrijuga, Mies. Leyden."

b. Adult skeleton. Under side of margin and edge of ster- Osteology : — dorsal keels of shell not num black ; yellow ; margin forehead rather a. inches Sumatra. Presented revolute. Head broad, large ; convex, Shell only ; A\ long. by India. From the Vienna Museum. Thomas Bell, Esq. (a male?). " Emvs Hermanni," Schw. ? Mus. Vienna. /. Adult shell (very old). Ceylon. Presented by Dr. Kelaart. forehead rather convex over the Skull depressed ; flat, Fore with transverse plates on the legs large, irregular, sides of the face ; cheeks and orbits ; slightly shelving and a row of com- inner side of the front, large, triangular, rather convex orbits on temples ; large, sUghtly intruding keeled scales on the outer. Toes pressed, short, strong, the outline of the forehead. scales above webs with a series of band-like ; scaly. Hind a few scales on the and legs granular, with large outer, 3. The Blackish Emys. Tab. VI. small close ones on the inner margin. Emys nigricans. revolute on the sides "They are numerous in Pinang, inhabiting rivulets and Shell ovate, oblong, rather convex, is small toothed three-keeled, ponds in the valleys. The throat whitish, and a and slightly behind, brown, shghtly on each side of the the verte- the central keel blunt, in front and white spot appears occiput ; prominent, interrupted lateral keels far indistinct bral keels and the lateral spines become obhterated with contiimed behind, the apart, CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 21

shield Toes webbed. forehead rather and interrupted ; radiately striated, blackish-rayed ; broadly Head elongate ; of vertebral of costal convex areola plates posterior, marginal, ; eyes subsuperior. nuchal none plates superior, submarginal ; plate ; margin beneath sternum rounded on the yellow-spotted ; convex, *** Back more or less one-keeled, often becoming keelless ; Animal side ; axillar}- plate moderate, inguinal large. areola of costal plates simple; hinder edge entire or

neck with three or four lines on the side ; black ; yellow nearly so. chin and throat black-varied. yellow, t Asiatic. Cat. Tort. Emys nigricans. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834; 5. The Thurgi. B.M. 18. Emys Thurgii. Shell rather olive-brown Hab. Chiua. oblong, convex, ; margin yellow- rather vertebral first ish, toothed behind ; plates, quadrate, c. Adult China ? From the (stuffed). Zoological Society. broader behind, second and third broad, six-sided ; sternum from inches a. Young animal (dry, spirits) ; 2^ long. olive, sUghtly keeled on the sides. Head olive, with a broad Presented the Hon. East India China ; Canton. by yellow band from the nostrils, over the eyebrows, along the Company. From Dr. Cantor's Collection. side of the neck ; feet oUve, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1842 Cat. yellow-spotted. Emys mutica. Cantor, ; Grai/, tort. B.M. 18. Emys Thurgii, Gray, Syn. 22. 72; Cat. Tort. B.M. 17. Gere. ii. 318 Cat. Meth. R. 14. Bum. |- Bib. Erp. ; Testudo B. Hamilton, MSS. Illust. Osteology : — Thurgii, cop. Gray, hid. Zool. t. b. Shell broken inches. China. and head (dry), margin ; 2\ Bull. Sci. xxv. and Emys flavo-nigra. Lesson, 12, Belanger, Presented J. R. Reeves, Esq. by toy. 22. 51. E. Spengleri, var., ScMegel, Faun. Japan. Dr. Cantor's specimens of E. mutica only differ from the Hab. India, Bengal ; Pinang (Cawdor). the worn. larger specimen in the Museum in plates being Head of the uniform brown, no dry specimen showing 13 mches. Blackish-brown ; under a. Adult (stuffed) ; appearance of any pale marks. Forehead rather convex. side of marginal plate yellow-edged. India, Bengal. From yi. Picquot's Collection. Eyes subsuperior.

.5 the hinder a thin skin neck the b. ; inches. Shell keeled ; The head covered with ; granular ; Young (dry) edge of the second and third vertebral subnodose ; broad band-like shields on the jilates fore legs with two series of the middle of the vertebral and the upper part of the shields on the outer inner and a series of narrower longer lateral costal shields and the hinder costal shield black- scales with a broad and shields side. Toes covered with web, ish ; the marginal pale-edged. India, Bengal. with three or four band-like scales above near the claws. he has not curved the hinder Allied to the M. also refers this species, which Claws black, ; stronger. Schlegel to It has not the shghtest genus Batagur. seen, Geoemyda Spengleri.

is ten times the size ! affinity to it, and rather convex rather The head ovate ; forehead ; eyes 4. sinensis. The Chinese Emys. front of with broad lunate Emys close together, subsuperior ; legs black- webbed. Shell ovate, convex, slightly three-keeled, olive, scales. Toes broadly

shields with a central streak ; speckled ; smooth, orange vertebral shields broad, six-sided, first narrowest, as long as VIII. 6. Emys BeaUi. Beale's Emys. Tab. broad areola of vertebral of ; plates ])osterior, marginal, black- Shell ovate, oblong, solid, rather convex, olive, rather revo- costal subcentral, subposterior ; margin entire, back contracted and keeled behind, hinder dotted ; slightly lute in front, and expanded over the leg behind, beneath entire vertebral shields transverse, edge rather expanded, ; with an oval, rather posterior, black-edged olive yellow, rather and lined. six-sided ; sternum paler, black-spotted sternum keeled on the sides. Head spot ; high, slightly chin and cheek Head yellowish, black-spotted ; yellow- and neck olive, with narrow lines. yellow scarlet- with two ; neck marked ; occiput large eyed spots Cat. Tort. sinensis. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834 ; on the side. Emys Gray, lined, with three broader distant streaks upper B.M. 17. P/-oc.2oo/. Soc. 1834; Cat.Torf.B.M.XT. Canton. Emys Bealii, Gray, Hab. China ; /J. 14. Gm. ii. 325 ; Cat. Mtth. Bum. S,- Bib. Erp. Cistudo? Bealii, Gray, Syn. 71. 4 inches China. Presented a. Adult (stuffed) ; long. by Hab. China John Reeves, Esq. (Reeves). 22 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

The is like F. but more de- a. Adult (stuffed). Under sides with hard dark blotches. younger specimen Caspica, China. Presented J. Reeves, by Esq. pressed and paler above, and the areolas of the costal plates are rather more central.

Osteology : — b. Adult shell. Under sides brown dotted and lined. China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq. ff European or North African.

9. Emys Caspica. The Caspian Emys. forehead flat sublateral. Head moderate ; nearly ; eyes with lunate thin Shell ovate, oblong, depressed, olive, black-edged The fore legs with a single series of very broad

netted lines ; shields flat, vertebral broad, six-sided ; claws yellow scales. Toes broadly webbed ; narrow, elongate. sternum flat, black and yellow varied. Head, neck and

feet yellow-lined. 7. Emys Bennettii. Bennett's Emys. Tab. X. Gmel. iii. 59. t. 11 Nat. Testudo Caspica, Reise, 10, ; Syst. i. 1042. Shell oblong, rather convex, bluntly and subtvibercularly Prod. 298. and entire behind shields dark horn- Emys Caspica, Schweiy. keeled, expanded ; Bib. Gen. ii. 235 Cat. R. 8. Bum. S,- Erp. ; Meth. with a broad blackish ; colour, concentrically grooved, edge Eic/iic. Faun. Casp. Caus. 45. t. 3, 4. as as first five- Cat. Tort. B.M. 19. the vertebral shields broad long ; squarish, Grai/, Wa'yler, Sijst. t. 5. f. 1-3; Amph. t. 24. sided, convex ; second, third and fourth six-sided, blunt, Emys lutraria, var. i, Merrem, Tent. 25. keeled on the hinder half; fifth rounded in front, three- E. Syriaca, Licht. Berl. Mus. beneath with 24. sided behind, nuchal plate oblong ; yellow, E. vulgaris, Gray, Syn. Schlegel, Faun. 53. the middle of the sternal plates, all but the edge of the Japan. E. v. Dalmatica, Schlegel, Faun. t. 8. f. 4. rather palustris Japon. axillary and inguinal plates, and a very large spot E. Sigritzii, Michahelles, Isis, 1829, 1295. the hinder of the black. nearer edge marginal shields, E. Sigritz, Bum. Sr Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 240; Cat. Meth. R. 9. E. Bell. Test. t. 2. Animal olive. Head with symmetrical, narrow, dark-edged, lutraria. 1, A. K. t. the w ith several narrow Gray, Griffith's curved lines on crown ; temples E. leprosa, Schweig. Prod. 298. streaks neck with numerous dark-edged longitudmal ; E. marmorea, Spi.e, Bras. 13. t. 10. 28. narrow yellow lines. Legs yellow-lined. Gray, Syn. Bib. Gen. ii. 9. Bum. ^- Erp. 248 ; Cat. Meth. R. Desc. Cat. 13. n. 32 Emys Bennettii, Gray, Bept. (ined.) ; E. rivulata, Valenc. Zool. Morea, t. 9. f. 2, 3. Cat. Tort. B.M. 21. ? E. Iberica, Valenc. Zool. Morea, t. 9. f. 1 ? Hub. China? E. Europrea, Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. 196. E. Caspia, Eichw. Zool. Sjiec. iii. 196. Clemmys Caspica, JVagler, Syst. 137. t. 5. f. 1-5; Icon. a. Stuffed (adult). China? From the Zoological Gardens. Amph. t. 24. b. Adult . Plate worn and discoloured from (stuffed) having Fitc. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843). been in confinement. China? From the Gardens kept Testudo Graeca, Pallas, Z. R. A. iii. 17. of the Zoological Society. of Sea Morea Isle of Crete Hab. Border Caspian ; ; ;

Sicily ; Algiers ; Spain.

8, Emys Japonica. The Isigame. c. inches. South Adult (stuffed) ; 6^ Europe. Shell oblong (when young suborbicular, strongly denti- d. Adult (stuffed). Shell and sternum pale, worn. Sicily. ochraceous black beneath culated behind), yellow above, ; Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray. vertebral shield striated, becoming smooth ; Shell all black of nuchal shield concentrically g. Adult (stuffed). ; edge six-sided. black-lined From the Gardens. shields broad, Temples ; upper jaw elongate. Zoological Society's with three not nicked. h, i. Young (in spirits). Back interrupted keels, formed by a dark-edged, pale, oblong tubercle Japonica, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 19. Emys on the centre of the areola of the costal shields ; ster- Bum. Cat. M>'ih. R. 8. num black, pale-edged; beak, temple and neck white- E. var. Japoraca, Schleffel,Faun.Japon. t.8. f. 1—4 palustris, lined, with a round white spot over the middle of the t. 9 adult. young, North Africa. Mr. Eraser's Collection. var. Faun. 53 Ah- tympiunm. E. vulgaris, Japonica, Schlegel, Japon. ; like h. Presented John bild. N. Amph. 127. t. 42. j. Young (in spirits), Algiers. by Doubleday, Esq. Hab. Japan. A. /. Young (in spirits). Asia Minor. Presented by Christie, a & b. In spirits (adult and half-grown). Japan. From Esq. the Leyden Museum. Emys Pannonica, Michahelles. CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 23

/. (in with a The front of the with Young spirits). Upper margin large pale large legs two series of broad square and lower with two black on each ring, spots ring. scales on the and two inner, or three series of larger, more Banks of the Euphrates. oblong scales on the outer edge. m. Young (in spirits). Marginal plates with a subcentral Somewhat like E. olivacea, but the shell is more convex black-edged pale band above, and a largo square sutural ; and the as seen spot beneath, sometimes separated into a twin spot vertebrae, through the plates, are consider- divided at the suture. Xanthus. I'resented Sir by ably wider. Charles Fellows.

What is Emys Bonensis, Schlegel, in Mailer, Verhand. ? Osteology : —

a. Adult shell; \\ inches. Shell and sternum pale, worn. Europe. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq.

Adult skeletons and shell. Claws all 11. ocxilifera. The Eyed Emys. e, /. elongate ; Emys sternum black. Mr. Alexander's Collection. Shell (very young) hemispherical, strongly toothed be- h. with three nodulose keels sternum black Young shell, ; ; hind shields ; elevated, furrowed, granulated, grooved, each 2\ inches. South Europe. Presented bv Dr. J. E. two connected a round black Gray. longitudinally by largish spot, and horizontally by a largish black circle, Griffith, d. K.t. .t . consequently each two displaying half-eyes, and anteriorly and poste- The sternum becomes and worn the animal is riorly two pale when half-spots ; margin with a spot on each suture, in confinement. The front of the the of kept fore legs with points which correspond with the spot on the several series of broad lunate scales on the inner and costal shield sternum side, ; yellow, with dark brown spots and two series of large ovate elongate convex scales on the outer streaks. Skull broad forehead flat nose trun- edge. depressed, ; ; 22 Emys oculifera, Gray, Syn. ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 28. cated cheeks orbits Testudo ; nearly perpendicular ; nearly entirely oculifera, Kuhl, Beitr. 77. lateral lower narrow. ; jaw Hah. South Africa; Cape of Good Hope ? Mus. Berlin.

There is perhaps more than one species combined under this name, or the pattern of the marks on the young is tttt North American. subject to considerable variation, which can only be decided Several of the by the study of more specimens than we at present possess. American Terrapenes have the claws of is a the front feet Mr. Bell observes that the Testudo Eurojxsa species much elongated, especially the three central ones but this of ; if so, the name of it should be as ; does not to be a Terrnpene changed, appear permanent character ; for it it is certainly the Emys of the ancients. — Gray, Ann. Phil. is found in some specimens, and not in others of the 1825. same species. It be that the may observed, North American species of this to be ttt African. genus require revised and accurately compared, as their present descriptions and the which have 10. Emys laticeps. The Gambian Terrapen. figures hitherto been Tab. IX. published of them are often very unsatis- factory. beneath sides rounded Shell pale olive, yellowish ; ; hinder lateral rather and recurved binder margin expanded ; * The dorsal shields variegated or ringed; the marginal end rather compressed above; plates thin, transparent, in- shields tcith two half rings, the centre being on the suture. ferior plates with a narrow black edge. Head large, short, The dorsal and shields with a with a skin fore and neck with § {vertebral costal) single broad, covered smooth ; legs concentric set of rings or spots on each. very narrow yellow lines when alive. §§ The costal shield ivith a subcentral, transverse, pale Emvs Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853 Ann. laticeps, Gray, ; ^- Mog. streak, surrounded with irregular dark lines. Nat. Ilist. 1855, xv. 68. The costal shield with a §§§ single, subcentral, forked, pale, Hab. AVest Africa; Gambia. transverse, irregular streak, ** The dorsal shields or the Africa. variegated ringed; marginal shield a, b, c, (1, e. Adult. West Mr. Castany's Col- with a or with the centre on its lection. single spot ring, hinder edge. *** Eyes sublateral, near end of nose. Feet broadly webbed. Back uniform. 24 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

* The dorsal shields variegated or ringed ; the marginal Head, neck and beak with broad and naiTow vellow shields ivith two half rings, the centre of the ring streaks. being on the suture. Emys omata. Bell, MSS. 30 Cat. Tort. B.M. 22 t. The system of colouring is most distinct in the young Gray, Syn. ; ; Beechey, Foy. Dum. ^- Bib. Gen. ii. 286 shell and as the animal the of Erp. (not Synon.). ; grows, position the centres

Hub. N.W. coast of America ; New Orleans, Mexico, of the concentric or is altered thus rings spots considerably ; Tampico, Yucatan. the spot which is central in the very young animal becomes more and more lateral as regards the shield it is under, as a. Half-grown (stuffed). Tropical America. the animal increases in size. To define a species properly, j. Adult (stufl^ed). America. From the Zoological So- it should be examined, and described in all its compared, ciety's Gardens. Tab. XII. stages of growth, wliich has as yet been the case with very I. Adult shields (stuffed). Costal longitudinally furrowed ; few of the American Emydes. dark-coloured rings indistinct. Mexico. There are sometimes one and sometimes two centres m. Adult (stuffed). America. From the Zoological So- of the or concentric under each of the dorsal spots rings ciety. shields in the centres of the in the mar- ; but, general, spots k. Half-grown (stuffed). The nuchal streak on one side are or near the suture between two gin placed on marginal interrupted. Mexico. shields, so that a part of the same spots or set of rings is i. Half-grown animal (dry). Plates radiately striated. on two neighbourmg shields. West Indies? Mr. Scrivener's Collection. The matter which forms the spots or varie- colouring A. Young (stuffed). Plates radiately striated. Mexico? gations on the shell, is situated in the skin under the d & e. Very young (in spirits). Areola of vertebral plates shields. The marks are much more defined and regular with a central and lateral streak costal posterior spot ; in the young animal, and more distinct in the skin when with a central spot rather below the centre, surrounded with three or four ^\'ith regular rings ; marginal plates the shields are removed, than when seen through the thicker a spot on hinder margin, and rings in front of it. Head shields of the older animal. The matter colouring appears yellow-lined, with two broader lines on side of head. influenced the health of the animal for Mazatlan. Presented Alexander R.N. to be much by ; by Collie, Esq., which are well marked often become less specimens f. Very young (in spirits). Exactly like d and e. "New Orleans." Mus. Paris. marked and almost uniformly coloured in confinement, (?) From " rendering the distinction of specimens of shells which have Emys concinna, Tiumeril." Mus. Paris. died in confinement difficult and in cases the very ; many g. Very young (in spirits). Mexico, sternal shields themselves become thinner, and at length c & n. Very young (dry). Mexico. carious, which at once shows that the shell is in a diseased

in its normal state of state, and should not be considered Osteology : — colouring. b. Adult (shell onlv). Tropical America. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.

§ The dorsal {vertebral and costal) shields with a single or concentric series of rings on each. Sternum spot 13. Emys venusta. The Charming Emys. with a large, irregular, but dark yellow, defined Tab. XII. a. blotch on the central line. Shell oblong, longitudinally subrugose, olive ; vertebral 12. ornata. The Beautiful Emys. Tab. XII. with Emys plates irregular-shaped, concentric, pale rings, the Shell olive vertebral costal vrith more concentric, round a oblongs longitudinally rugose, ; regular, pale rings is first second brown which rather above the centre ; shields irregularly ringed ; four-sided, and third spot, marginal six-sided costal shields with shield with concentric round a sutural rather long, ; black-edged pale rings posterior spot. round a rather below the centre Beneath with round dark on the suture of the rings brown spot ; marginal yellow, s])ots and shield with concentric pale rings round a posterior sutural marginal spots, darker-edged, irregular, greenish lines beneath with round on the on the central and other sutures of the and a double spot ; yellow, ringed spots plates, line on the sterno-costal suture of the marginal plates, and with a dark-edged, irre- symphysis. Head, neck and beak the centre of the with broad and narrow streaks. gular, greenish line down sternum, and a yellow of the sterno-costal Southern States of double one the whole length symphysis. Hub. America ; Honduras (D?/«o«). CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 25

a. Adult Shields dark on each (stuffed). smooth, polished; rings of the costal plates. Vertebral shield broad, six- well marked. America. sided . Sternum yellow, with a broad, irregular-edged, black, Adult Shields smoothish f. (stuffed). ; sternal bands in- central, longitudinal band, varied with yellow in front, and distinct. Honduras. Mr. Dyson's Collection. vrith a broad black streak on each side near the end of the g. Adult (stuffed). Shields radiately striated and concen- sternal ; black-dotted with a trically sternal hands indistinct. plates margins beneath, large grooved ; North black on the middle of each brown America. Gardens of the Zoological Society. ring plate. Head above, with h. Adult Back dark blackish-brown shields three narrow pale streaks, one on the centre, and the (stuffed). very ;

; and sternal bands indistinct from me- others over each orbit the rugose rings ; upper part of the neck with seven lanism. Mexico. Mr. Warwick's Collection. longitudinal streaks, edged with a series of minute black e. Shields smooth Half-grown. ; rings concentric, regular ; dots sides of throat feet ; neck, and minutely black-dotted, sternal bands obliterated. Honduras. Mr. Dyson's tortuous lines on the front of the Collection. forming pale legs. Ilab. Mexico.

Osteology : — a. Stuffed. Young shields very thin, smooth, nearly trans- b. Adult Shields rather smooth dark Mexico. (shell only). ; spots parent. very distinct.

c. . Shields smooth sternal costal Half-grown (shell only) nearly ; §§ The shield with a subcentral, transverse, pale bands distinct. streak, ivith more or less irregular, parallel, dark d. Adult (shell only). Shields rather furrowed; sternal ohlong rings on each side. Sternum spotted. bands distinct. The front dark lines in the first or anterior costal some-

times unite, which are on the This species chiefly differs from E. ornata in the rings forming spots, symmetrical

two sides of the animal ; the second and third ver- on the shields being more regular, and in the dark spot of first, tebral shields have an arched with the nucleus of the shield being higher up in the costal pale band, parallel

darker streaks ; and the fourth and fifth vertebral have shields. The sternal bands are generally more or less an arched band on each with obUterated in the specimens which have been in confine- longitudinal side, parallel or ment. concentric darker bands on each side of it. These bands

are only to be distinctly observed in young well-marked specimens. 14. Emys callirostris. The Beautiful Beaked Emys. Tab. XII. 6. 16. Emys HolbrooMi. Holbrook's Emys.

Tab. XV. fig. 1 . Shell oblong, very similar in markings to E. ornata and Shell rather E. venusfa, but the pale rings are narrower, fewer, and in oblong, convex, scarcely keeled, longitudi- each shield with two the anterior costal the outer one extends from the upper to nally rugose, pale, oblong concentric those of the vertebral of all the the lower outer margin, and the pale rings on the marginal rings, plates longitudinal,

costal transverse ; each with two plates are narrower. The head and neck have crowded, marginal plates occupied semiovate formed of concentric Sternum narrow, yellow lines, forming symmetrical rings on the spots, rings. with a black on each and with throat. Sternum yellow, nearly covered with dark-edged, yellow, large spot shield, two of concentric concentric, irregular bands. Beak with beautiful symme- large oblong spots irregular rings along each sterno-costal suture nuchal first ver- trical spots, surrounded with concentric black lines. ; plate elongate ; Hah. America. tebral square, rather longer than broad, others wide, six- sided. The neck and feet head, beak, yellow-lined ; temple a. Half-grown (stuffed). America. Presented by the with a broad, streak from the back of the Haslar Hospital. large, oblong orbit along the sides of the neck. Emys Holbrookii, Grag, Cat. Tort. B.M. 23. 15. The Dotted Emys. Emys pulcherrimus. Emys C/umberlandensis, Holhrook, N. A. Herpet. ed. 2. i. 115. t. 18. Tab. XXV. fig. 12. Bum. Cat. Rept. 31. H.N. 13 (1851)- Shell (very yomig) oblong, broad, rather convex, con- Hah. North America ; Cumberland River ; Louisiana. smooth brown with a vexly keeled, ; pale (when dry), round, dark, subcentral and a curved, pale-eyed, spot, dark-edged, b. Adult (stuffed). Sternal spots large, diffused. North one above America. M. Parzudaki's Collection. pale band below, and a more indistinct the spot 26 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

Test. t. f. h. Adult (stuffed). Sternum black-spotted. Louisiana. Testudo scripta, Schoepff. 16. 3. 4, 5. Mr. W. Smith's Collection. Shatv, Zool. t. 12. Baud. Kept. ii. 140. Sternal spots large, solid, dif- g. Half-grown (in spirits). Prod. 297. the hinder subconfluent. North America. Mr. Emys scripta, Schweigger, fused, Merrem, Tent. 24. Brandt's Collection. T. serrata. Baud. Kept. ii. 148. t. 21. f. 1, 2. E. Brandt. serrata, Schoepf. Test. t. 3. f. 5.

. front elon- Ann. N. Y. iii. 105. c. Half-grovra (in spirits) Three middle claws Leconte, Lye.

sternal solid ; band on the serrata, Prod. 301. gate ; spots round, symphy- Emys Schweigger, sis solid, black, interrupted in front. North America, Merrem, Tent. 26. Ohio. From the Leyden Museum. Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. T. iii. 105.

Dum. Bib. Gen. ii. 267 ; Cat. Meth. R. 10. E. serrata, Mus. Leyden. ^- Erp. i. t. 5 i. 31. t. 5. Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. 49. ; d. on sternum Half-grown (stuffed). Spots solid, distinct, Testudo Zool. iii. 29. " rugosa, var., Shaw, like e." North America, Louisiana. Mr. very Terrapene scripta, Bonap. Obs. Rig. Anim. 155 (1830). Smith's Collection.

Hab. North America ; New York. Near the coast from e. . Sternal spots annular, distinct Young (in spirits) only to Sold in the markets of Charleston as is deficient. New Orleans. Virginia Georgia. where the plate " — the yellow-bellied Terrapen : flesh good." Holbrook. Sternal /. Very young (in spirits). spots annular, brown,

A ; shell often 12 or 14 inches with a double marginal dark ring on the edge of the large species long. gular and the middle of the other plates. Gray, MSS. Tab. XV. fig. 1. Emys sanguinolenta, . Far. 1 Temple with a large square yellow spot at the back ? Test. Cat. Tort. B.M. 28. Emys Kuhlii, Gray, Syn. 73 ; of the orbit. Sternum pale, with a solid spot on each inguinal and marginal shield. Osteology : — gular, axillary, E. scripta. a. Half-grown shell Sternal spots subannular. North America, Louisiana. From Mr. J. Drummond's Col- b. 4 inches. Front claws short stemal Young ; ; spot lection. solid. North America. Presented by Major-General Emys Holbrookii, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 23. Thomas Hardwicke.

like but there is a distinct at back of This species is very E. scripta, Var. 2. Temple with a large square spot the as well as pale streak on the fourth or hinder costal shield, the orbit. Sternum pale, with regular subceutral is a dark on the others, while in E. scripta there only single black rings on each sternal plate. with a on the hinder margin of that plate, surrounded front claws elon- spot e. Half-grown (stuffed). Three middle

series of concentric lines ; the form of lower with black single arched, dark, gate ; sternum, margin large rings. the streaks on the neck and the extension of the dark North America. marks on the stemo-costal symphysis are also permanent erect streak behind distinctions. Far. 3. Temple with a large, broad, over the the eye, and a large triangular spot tympa- solid on each num. Sternum pale, with a round spot 17. scripta. The Lettered Em\s. and Emys gular, axillary, inguinal marginal plate. be- Shell oblong, longitudinally rugose, keeled, toothed Green. North America. Presented /. Young (in spirits). with hind, brown, irregularly yellow-ringed, and irregular by the Zoological Society. yellow streaks on the sides, forming two oblong rings on the second, third and fourth costal and concen- streak from the first, plate, Var. 4. Temple with a large, broad, oblong tric round a dark on the front costal rings posterior spot back of the orbit along side of neck. Sternum with a vertebral shields shield ; nuchal shield linear, ; of the sternal and on each porrect large solid spot on most

keeled, first urceolate, fourth and fifth sLx-sided ; bluntly marginal, axillary and inguinal plate. imder margin with a black spot on the back edge of each a. Adult (stuffed). Three middle front claws moderate, Sternum with a spot on with a solid black on each plate. yellowish, black-sj>otted, broken ; sternum spot gular, and and on one or each end of the sterno-costal symphysis. Head, beak, neck axillary, inguinal marginal plate, two of the other sternal line distinct the plates. and feet yellow-lined, the central frontal ; temple with a large pale spot. Var. 5. Head and neck streaks very indistinct. Sternum Emvs scripta, Merrem, Tent. 2-1. ' ou each Cat. Tort. B.M. 23. black with a large irregular spot Gray, Syn. 29 ; speckled, CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 27

shield, three on each abdominal the in E. but plate (when horny scripta, witliout the broad spot or nuchal band of shields are removed, concentric are only rings seen). that species.

a. Adult animal and shell North Emys annulifera. 32 Cat. (in spirits). America ; Gray, Syn. Rept. ; Tort. B.M. 28, Cumberland River. From the Leyden Museum. Hab. ? " E. Troostii," Mus. Leyden. a. Very young (in spirits).

The indistinctness of the streak on this animal and marks on the shell arise from the Three or may muddiness of the river, for §§§ spots sets of rings on each of the costal the was covered in specimen several places with a coat of 2)lates1 leaving a forked pale cross streak. mud. The peculiar disposition of the colouring is to be 20. Emys rivulata. The Varied Emys. Tab. XI. seen when the shields of the back are removed from tlie Shell varied skin. It not be oblong, brown, with yellow, with a broad may E. Troosfn of Holbrook, which is central sides said to be a depression ; hinder very depressed species. See No. 23. longitudinally rugose, edge rather serrated expanded, simply ; nuchal plate elongate ; first vertebral urceolate second plate ; and third elongate, the sLx-sided, costal plates with a subcentral, forked or 18. Emys Floridana. The Florida Emys. branched, band horizontal, yellow ; under side white, varied with Shell oval, irregular dusky clouds, forming obscure on the gibbous, longitudinally rugose, slightly cari- rings nated and entire dark marginal plates. behind, brown, with irregular yellow

lines ; nuchal shield triangular, beneath yellow, with a half Emys rivulata, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 22. black on each of the spot edge marginal plate above and Hub. North America.

below ; toothless first jaws ; vertebral urceolate, second and a. Shell third ; inches North ; with only 9| long. America? hexagonal plates olive, several irregular black streaks, longitudinal on the vertebral and transverse on the costal Sternum I describe this species with doubt, as I have seen a plates. yellow. Head and neck dark olive, only with two streaks for single shell in its adult state without the animal. pale each eye, and two on each side of The second and third the neck below, the one with a branch costal plates with an indistinct upper to the eyes, the inferior areola in the of the hinder with pair united together in front of the throat with higher part edge, two di- a streaks to the outer single streak to the chin. verging margin. The marginal plates divided by a broad central pale streak, sometimes with an Emys Floridana, Bum. ^-Bib.Erj). Gen. ii. 285; Cat.Meth. R. 12. obscure indication of a pale lunule.

Holbrook, N. A. ii. t. Herpet. 47. 8 ; ed. 2. i. 65. t 8 Gra;/, Cat. Tort. B.M. 20. Testudo Floridana, Lecoitte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 100. Terrapene floridana, Bonap. Obs. Cuv. R. A. 154. icith sutural Hub. North America East Species marginal spot, recpiiring ; Florida ; St. John's River. further examination.

A large species, with the shell often 15 or 16 inches 21. Emys reticularia. The Chicken Tortoise. in it ; seems to take the length place of E. scripta in Shell ovate, not gibbous, keeled, entire, longitudinally Florida. brown ; costal shield with rugose, dusky an equal subsuperior out ring, giving diverging, sometimes anastomosing pale

lines ; with a marginal plate central transverse pale streak. Sternum 19. Emys annulifera. The Ringed TerrapexX. yellow, with a spot on the symphysis and on some of the sides Shell of the margin. Head and neck dark brown, (very young) oblong, with three series of oblong with narrow lines yellow ; throat with three irregular on the vertebral dusky yellow, rings plate ; a broad subcentral streaks a streak yellow ; from the nostril extended on the and some narrower lines on each pale costal plate, as in E. side of the neck. scripta and E. maculata. Sternum with pale, some oblong brown on the Testudo reticularia, Latr. Rept. i. 124. spots suture of the shield, and a round spol reticularia, Merrem, Tent. 29. on the centre of each Emys pectoral shield. Head as Cat. Tort. pale-lined, Gray, Syn. 2/ ; B.M. 25. f2 28 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

less with a number of sinuous and twisted Testudo reticulata, Bose. or brown, great ii. 144. t. 22. f. 3. in nicked Baud. Kept. yellow lines. Sternum entire front, behind, yel- Ann. N. T. iii. 103. Leconte, Lye. head and neck streaked low. Head rather large ; yellow ; reticulata, Sc/iweiff. Prod. 50. Emjs toothed. Merrem, Tent. 26. lower jaw Journ. Acad. Philad. iv. 204, 109? " Say, Lesueur, MSS.," Bum. Cat. Rept. 12. Emys labyrinthica, Bum. Bih. Gen. ii. 291 ; Cat. Meth. R. ^- Erp. Mus.H.N. 13 (1851). ii. 41 ed. 2. i. 59. t. 7. Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. ; R. A. 155 Hab. North America River). Terrapene reticulata, Bonap. Ohs. Cuv. (1830). (Wabash Hab. North America, on the coast between North Caro- What is Emys elegans, Wied, Voy.Amer.Septent.m. 255, lina and Georgia. The flesh is much esteemed. from North America ?

The shell is about 9 or 1 inches long.

** Borsal shields variegated or ringed; the marginal The Mobile Terrapen. 22. Emys Mobilensis. shield with a single spot or ring, with the centre on its hinder The costal shields with a "Shell oval, ecarinate, convex anteriorly, depressed pos- margin. single the dark out in and subserrate behind ; ring, surrounding areola, giving teriorly, entire front, emarginate pale with a hook." streaks its {some- jaws serrated, inferior furnished Length pale from circumference, diverging 15 inches. times anastomosing or crossing each other) towards the margin of the plates. Emys Mobilensis, Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. ed. 2. i. 71 . t. 9. on the hinder the Hab. North America (Alabama). Greatly esteemed at § The areola and ring upper angle of Mobile as an article of food. the first or front, and the front (?) upper angle of

other costal plates ; vertebral plates ? but the The figures greatly resemble my E. ventricosa, is not 25. ventricosa. The Swollen Terrapen. margin is represented as having sutural spots, which Emys the case with that animal. See No. 25. Tab. XIV.

Animal ? Shell convex, ventricose, swollen on the

sides of the back, slightly keeled in front, and more sharply 23. Emys Troostii. Dr. Troost's Terrapen. so toothed behind the hinder lateral mar- behind ; margin ; " ecarinate Shell subrotund, much depressed, ; posterior gin bent up over the legs. Back rugose, blackish-brown, serrated lateral and mar- part of the margin very slightly ; with some indistinct dark-edged yellow lines diverging from marked with blotches or lines of horn-colour. ginal plates in the of the costal shields a squarish ring upper angle ; Sternum broad, dirty yellow, each plate with a large blotch upper side of the marginal plates with some dark rings narrow near its centre. Head long, ; upper jaw emargi- concentrically round the hinder outer margin. The first lower furnished with a tooth." nate, jaw as as the vertebra urceolate, about broad long ; second, N. A. i. 123. t. 20. Emys Troostii, Holbrook, Herpet. third and fourth elongate, six-sided. Sternum convex, pale with a narrow dark to the Hab. N. America (Cumberland River). yellow, edge plates.

? i. 71 . t. 9 Emys Mobilensis, Holbrook, N. Amer. Herpet. ; Length of shell 8 inches. u. 53. t. 9 ? Cat. Tort. B.M. 25 ? I have received an indistinctly marked specimen (evi- Gray, Bum. Cat. Meth. R. Wl of E. dently from its having lived in a muddy river) the Hab. ? scripta, from the Leydeu Museum, under above name,

and it is said to come from the Cumberland River ! The a. Adult (shell only). mark on the shell was only to be seen when the homy The sternum in the be more plates were removed. may perfect specimen Can this be the shell intended in the above description ? distinctly marked, as this example had evidently died in confinement, as proved by the carious state of the centre of the sternum. The colour is veiy much suffused in the 24. Emys labyrinthica. The Netted Terrapen. hinder part, almost hiding the pattern of the paler marks, hinder rather sinuous and ele- and the central dorsal shields are rubbed and Shell oval, regular ; edge worn, hiding vated central hue not more the in that of the shell. The swollen ; swollen, keeled, rugose, green, pattern part form. CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 29

the obscure rounded keel on the and the keel first, sharp E. Lesueurii, Gray, Syn. Rept. 31. on the two hinder vertebral Obs. keels, are very peculiar, and Terrapene geographica, Bonap. Cuv. R. A. 156 (1830). Testudo the manner in which the geographica, Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 108. rings are marked on the marginal Emys megacephala, Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. i. 51. t. 3. is unhke of the other American I plates any Etmjdes have Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 21. E. E. seen, except pseudogeoyraphica and geof/raphica. geographica. Bum. Cat. Meth. R. 9. The of Hab. North figure Mobilensis N. A. America ; New York Emys {Holhrook, Herpet. ; Wabash River ; i. t. somewhat Cumberland River; Tennessee 9) rejjresents this species, as far as regards (Troost). the distribution of the colours of the costal shields (they are a. Half-grown (animal dry, from spirits). Head small. more definite than in our specimen), but the pattern on North America. the and under sides of the shield upper marginal is entirely Emys Lesueurii, Gray, Syn. Rept. 31. as the or unlike, rings spots are represented as being on the suture, half the on each as in The Museum is in a bad state it difi'ers spots being shield, the specimen ; chiefly more common form of from E. American Emydes. But in this pseudogeograjihica in the keel not being nodose, Dr. Holbrook's artist is not to be the vertebral broad and respect, depended on, as plates very short, and in the pale he reticulations represents Emys geographica distinctly, and pseudogeo- being finer. as It be distinct from graphica indistinctly, having the rings of the same form, may the E. geographica or mega- which authentic of Holbrook specimens show to be an error. cephala (which is represented by the same Dr. and it Holhrook represents the head, neck, throat and feet figures) ; perhajjs would have been better to retain of for it the name Emys Mobilensis as having broad yellow hues, the two under which I first described it. central throat hues Dr. Holbrook being united near the chin. represents the head of E. geographica as be with large (that may sexual), numerous regular green lines, an on each oblong elongated spot side of the nape, The dark and an eyed spot on each side of the near the §§ areola and ring are in the upper hinder mar- throat, angle of the mouth. gin ofthefrst, and gradually lower in the second and so as third, to be in the lower hinder margin of the or 27. Emys pseudogeogi-aphica. The Sharp-b.^cked fourth last costal shield, and on the hinder margin Emys. of all the vertebral plates. Shell nicked in There is elongate-ovate, front, toothed behind ; generally a smaller dark spot in the centre of the other vertebral keel tubercular, distinct, netted with nume- rings, formed by the netted lines, as ou the front very rous lines, with a a dark on lower edge of the first and second costal, and on the sides yellow ring surrounding spot of the the hinder of the costal and and vertebral plates. edge marginal shields, three smaller on the spots vertebral plates. Sternum \el- darker low, clouded, darkest in the young. Head small, 26. Emys geographica. The Geographic Emys. oval, brown, with numerous Unes and a yellow yellow sjiot Shell ovate, convex, smooth, tubercularly keeled in front on and across each temple. and slightly toothed behind, olive-brown, with black-edged Emys Lesueurii /3, Gray, Syn. Rept. 31. lines first and fifth anastomosing pale ; vertebral plates Emys, Lesiieur, Mem. Mus. xv. 267 (1827). broad, rest Testudo var., Lesueur, Ann. N. H. five-sided, broad, six-sided. Sternum yellow; geographica, Lye. N Y iii. 110 shields (1836). blackish-edged ; under side of the marginal plates Emys pseudogeographica, Lesueur, MSS. with rather ohve, concentric, broad and narrow N. A. i. black-edged, Holbrook, Herpet. 103. t. 15 (lines on mar- lines. Head and feet with pale numerous yellow lines, and ginal plates rugose). 29. t. 2. f 3. a streak on each BeKay, triangular yellow temple. E. geographica, jun.. Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 256. A. i. Emys geographica, Lesueur,Journ.Acad.N.S.Philad.i.S& Holbrook, X. Herpet. 103. t. 15 (1842). t. 5. E. geographica, var., Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 108. Hab. North America Wabash Rirer. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 2\. ;

Bum. Gen. ii. ^-Bib. Erp. 256 ; Cat. Meth. R. 9. Journ. Acad. Philad. iv. a. Adult Say, 204, 215. (stuffed). Neck, temples and lips wiih broaa, Harlan, liept. "6. distinct vellow streaks. North America. Presented Holhrook, jS\ A. Herpet. i. 99. t. 14. by Dr. J. E. Gray. New York, 18. t. 4. f. 7. DeKay, E. geographica a. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 30 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

b. Adult (stuffed). Neck with many very narrow yellow Tropical or South America. lines and frontal streaks narrow dotted ; temple ; lips and lined. North America. M. Parzudaki's Col- \ Back uniform coloured ; margins and sternum often lection. variegated ; submarginal rings sutural when present. Cat. E. geographica /3, Gray, Tort. B.M. 29. Emys decussata. The Hicotee. c&d. Adult (stuffed). Frontal, temporal and labial streaks Shell hinder toothed distinct, like "a." North America; Louisiana. oblong, bluntly keeled, edge slightly ; Mr. Smith's Collection. W. dorsal shields rugulose, irregularly radiately grooved, uni- form brown, beneath with obscure subocel- e. Adult (large size). Frontal, temporal and labial streaks pale yellowish, narrow, with other parallel narrower lines, somewhat late on the and on the suture of the " spots axillary, inguinal, similar to c." North America ; Louisiana. Mr. cheek and throat indi- Animal greenish ; W. Smith's Collection. marginal plates. lined front of the fore with a series of stinctly pale ; legs & Back and / (/. (Half-grown). very high, compressed broad transverse shields. keeled frontal and streaks shelving, sharply ; temporal moderate labial North distinct, ; narrow, interrupted. Emys decussata, Bell, Test. t. I . America Louisiana. Mr. W. Smith's Collection. ; Gr(>y,Syn.28; inGriffith,A.K.\.; Cat. Tort. B.M.24. Bib. Gen. ii. Cat. Bum. ^ Erp. 2/9 ; Meth. R.\\. Sayra, Cuba Rept. t. 1 . Head olive, with a more or less broad yellow streak on Testudo serrata. Baud. Rept. (not figure). the centre of the cromi, and a converging streak over each Emys serrata, var., Schweig. Faun. 58. side of the occiput, arising from a broad angular spot on Sc/ilegel, Japan. the at the back of the orbit. Neck Hab. Indies Cuba St. temple yellow-streaked. West ; ; Guadaloupe ; Domingo. There are generally some narrow yellow streaks on the a. Sternum in a bad state from crown and occiput, parallel or concentric with the principal Half-grown (stuffed). confinement in a menagerie. West India Islands. lines above described, and a curved yellow line on the Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray. upper lip under the orbit, but in one specimen (4) the Adult Sternum discoloured. St. is varied with dots and minute curved j. (stuffed). Domingo. upper lip yellow From the Paris Collection. lines. /r. ? Very young (in spirits). Uniform pale yellow. Tro- The figure of Dr. Ilolbrook does not represent the dark pical America. spots of the areola which are so distinct in the stuffed I. 1 Uniform and the on the are Very young (dry). pale yellow. Tropical specimens, markings marginal plates America. verj' inaccurate.

Osteology. Skull, Tab. XXXVI. fig. 2.

b. Half-grown shell, from animal in confinement. America; *** Shell and coloured. marffin uniformly Sternum varie- West Indies. gated. c. Adult (skeleton). Sternum and lower side of marginal with dark West Indies. Presented 28. Emys olivacea. The Quaker Emys. Tab. plates rings. by Dr. J. E. Gray. Shell depressed, broad, oblong ; plates very thin, smooth, d. Adult (shell only). Sternum discoloured. V\'est Indies? ; hinder of the back transparent part bluntly keeled ; verte- e. Adult Sternal and lower side of bral six-sided (shell only). marginal plates broad, ; revolute, raised and margin shield with indistinct ob- irregular rings ; some large over the hinder Beneath ? Sternimi expanded legs. long sutural spots on the upper part of the marginal ludies. yellow, with dark-edged variegations on the central line, and plates. West sinuated, subconcentric, bands on the front dark-edged part. f. Half-grown shell. Sternum discoloured. West Indies.

Head olive ; forehead flat ; nose short lower small, very ; g. Adult (shell only). Sternum discoloured and eroded. bfak with several cross bands in front. Neck and pale legs West Indies. From the Zoological Society's Gardens. olive with one or yellowish ; fore-legs two broad pale /(. Back dark sternum Half-grown (shell only). ; much streaks three middle claws of fore feet ; very long, straight, eroded. West Indies. Presented by Thomas Bell, subulate. Esq. Hub. N. America? Emys decussata. Bell.

i. Adult (skeleton). The upper part of the marginal shield a. Adult (stuffed). Obtained alive from a dealer at Nantes, with vcryiudistinct, and lower part more distinct, square '.vlio said it was from the South of ? annulate d sutural sternum with distinct Europe spots ; irregu- CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 31

: — lar-shaped symmetrical rings. St. Domingo. From Osteology the Paris Collection. b. Adult (skeleton). Three middle front claws very long, " Emys decussata ? ," Mus. Paris. slender, compressed. St. Domingo. From the Paris Museum. dark brown of the m. Adult (shell). Back ; upper part decussata (J," Mus. Paris. margin with obscure, lower with very distinct obloug "Emys the suture of the sternum with irre- c. dis- spots on plates ; Half-grown (shell only). Back and sternum rather black gular-shaped symmetrical rings and scattered coloured. West Indies. Dr. J. E. spots. West Indies. Presented by Gray. 3. black-dotted sternum and Far. Back brown, closely ; heads of both the skeletons are and the side of sternal The large, space under margin very closely spotted ; and rounded between the branches of the lower jaw is wide shields dark-edged. and the narrower and in front, very unlike the small head Emys vermiculata. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 26. more acute between the branches of the lower jaw in space d. Shell only (adult). West Indies? E. ruffosa. The animal and shell are well figured from life by Mr. ]M. R. de Sagra {Rept. Cuba, t. 2) represents the head the fore Bell. The head, neck and feet are blackish olive, as having a pale central frontal streak and a broad pale indications of broad the hinder of the orbit. legs alone having some obscure yellow band from edge and with streaks, but the animal may have been in confinement. The shell is vermiculated with black above, indistinct the lower side The under surface of the marginal plate has some regular dark edges to the sternal shields and shields. sutural rings. of the marginal the and the M. R. de Sagra (Cuba Rept. t. 1) evidently figures The head is much smaller than in E. rugosa, are so wide or so much same species as the Hicotee. branches of the lower jaw not apart rounded in front.

ft Back wiiform or black spotted; sterna! and fower side on the sides of marginal plates dark-edged, sometimes spotted. tff Shell one-coloured ; sternum black, yelloio and margin; lower margin variegated. 30. Emys rugosa. The Dark Hicotee. hinder 31. scabra. The Rough Emys. Shell ovate, oblong, rather tubercularly keeled, Emys serrated sternum sometimes dark- Shell keeled, flattish edge slightly ; brown, oblong, convex, brown, slightly in- shield shields areola and on the sides ; shields ; spotted ; dark-edged ; rugulose, above, shelving blackish-edged

vertebral shields : first short vertebral the first in distinct, margin dark-edged ; long, nuchal very ; keeled, produced

third aud fourth six-sided ; fifth front the Head with an urceolate ; second, long, between marginal plates. blackish, six-sided shields black-dotted. on each a band over each and broad, ; marginal yellow, orange spot nostril, eyebrow, " brown head and with a streak on each side of the ; tail short. Animal ; nape— greyish, pale a large spot nape from the back of each eye." Sagra. 25 Cut. Tort. B.M. 20. Emys scabra, Gray, Syn. ; 30 Cat. Tort. B.M. 24. Testudo scabra, Latr. Rept. i. 148. Emys rugosa. Gray, Syn. ; Baud. iii. 129. Gen. ii. Cat. Meth. R. 12. Rept. Dim. 4- Bib. Erp. 284 ; Bell, Test. t. 1, 2, adult. Sagra, Cuba Rept. t. 2. La Raboteuse, Lacep. Q. O. i. 161. t. 10, young. Testudo rugosa. Sham, Zool. iii. 28. t. 4. Testudo verrucosa, Latr. Rept.i. 1.56. Jamaica? Hab. West Indies ; Cuba; Daud. Rept. ii. 134. Emys dorsata, Schoepf. Test. 136. Prod. i. 297-42.5. Far. 1. Back mottled and Uned ; sternal shield one-co- Schweig. ii. 549. Testudo punctularia, Daud. Rept. loured, with a distinct dark edge. Schweig. Prod. 305. Emys rugosa, Sagra. Graif, 'Syn. 2.5. 13. R. 9. Dmn. S^-Bib. Erp. Ghi. ii. 243; Cat. Meth. round Schlegel, Faun. Japan. 55. Far. 2. Back or with a few scattered spots ; spotless Fitc. Rhinochlemys (punctularia), the dorsal, marginal and sternal shields with a regular Brazils. nab. Tropical America ; Cayenne ; dark brown edge. Gosse, Jam. 189. hatched Areola Emys rugosa, a. Very young ; just (stuffed). rugose, and tubercular. South America. slender sternum eroded. West closely minutely a. Adult (stuffed). Claws ; O. t. 10. Indies. From the Zoological Society. Lacep. Q. 32 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

c. of I, Young (in spirits). Upper part the marginal plates and throat and feet Lips yellow. Legs yellow, black spot- with short black vermicnlated lines the lower side ; ted and streaked. yellow, with fewer tortuous similar lines on both sides of the body. Emys dorsaUs, Spix, Bras. t. 9. f. 1, 2. d. Adult (in spirits). The lower part of the marginal plate Hab. New Granada; River Buonaventura. J. O. Good- Neck with line of small pale. black dots. Bad state. ridge, Esq. From the Zoological Society. a. Adult (in spirits). New Granada. Presented by the Osteology. Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 204. t. 12. f. 44, young Admiralty from Haslar sternum. Hospital.

Emys dorsalis (Spix, Test. Bras. 1 1 . t. 9. f. 1, In our 2) probably adult and three young specimens there is a spot represents the young of this species, as the marks on the on each side of the nose, a streak from the commencing head with those agree on our specimen. This figure has middle of the orbit, diverging to the sides of the nape, a been referred to E. scabra, but the form of the head bands, spot on each side of the middle of that part, and a narrow if are they correctly figured, at once separates it from that streak on the temple from the upper and lower part of the species. back edge of the oibit, and the neck is marked with several narrow black lines on the sides.

Mr. Bell's of the adult t. differs figure {Testudinata, 1) 6. CHRYSEMTS. these ui from representing the superciliary bands as being Head covered with a thin hard skin, oblong ; forehead united by a short transverse band in front. rather convex. Beak naked Eyes subsuperior. ; upper with two small teeth in front ; lower beak extended behind, 32. D'Orbigny's Emys. the Emys D'Orbignii. covering rounded lower edge of the lower jaw. Fore Shell covered with transverse shields. Toes ovate, swollen, nearly smooth, keelless, slightly legs large short, toothed behind, chestnut-brown, with a black dorsal streak strong, shortly webbed, covered with hand-like scales above. and black on the of the disk Claws 5-4, compressed, arched, the three middle front large triangular spots edge ; first vertebral shield often much Tail moderate. Shell pear-shaped ; marginal plates brown, elongated, subequal. Sternum truncated before and be- with a large central yellow marginal spot. Sternum black, depressed. solid, broad, hind, affixed to the thorax a covered irregularly edged with yellow. Head and neck yellow- by bony symphysis at the end the and abdominal shields lined, with a broader streak from the back edge of the eyes by pectoral ; axillary and distinct. Shield the sides of the neck ; with broad streaks inguinal plates moderate, thin, along legs yellow ; very smooth the a toes webbed claws acute crown with ; with subcentral ; ; numerous yellow marginal plates marginal surrounded with streaks nicked. areola, concentric ; the ; upper jaw dark-edged rings humeral the plate triangular ; pectoral narrow, Emvs Dum. Bib. Gen. ii. square. D'Orbignii, ^ Erp. 272 ; Cat. ileth. iJ. 11. Chrysemys, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 2/ (1844). ly Amer. Wirid. v. 6. t. I. Orbiyny, Voy. Rept. Emys (type). Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. 515. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 22. Hab. South America Buenos Paris. ; Ayres. Mus. 1. Chi-ysemys picta. The Painted Tortoise.

33. dorsalis. Shell smooth shields Emys The New Granada Emys. oblong, depressed, keelless, very ; Tab. XIV. a. thin, olive-brown; discal shield with a broad yellow or red

front ; vertebral shield with a narrow central Une Shell margin ; oblong, convex, rather elongate, keelless, slightly sternum Head and throat toothed dark brown shield yellow. black, yellow-lined ; behind, ; smooth, slightly tail slender. and rather on the first vertebral long, grooved, paler edge ; four- Prod. 306. sided, the second, third and fourth six-sided, about as long Emys picta, Sc/iweiy. Merrem, Tent. 23. as broad. Sternum blackish, with a broad pale band on 2(i Cat. Tort. Gray, Si/n. ; B.M. 27. each and on the of the anterior and side, edge posterior Dum. Gen. ii. ^'Bib. Erp. 297 ; Cat. Mi-th. R. 12. shields crown and cheeks with a broad N. A. ii. 19. t. 3 ed. 2. i. t. 10. ; black, pale streak Holbrooh; Herpet. ; 75. Be 12. t. 5. f. 10. from the nostril over the orbit and on the sides of the occi- Kay, Testudo picta, Herm., Schneid. Schildk. 348. a broad sinuous streak from the of the back put, upper part Sehoepf. Test. t. 4. edge of the orbit and another more sinuous beneath it. Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. V. iii. 115. CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 33

Testudo picta, Shaw, Zool. t. 10. f. I. die in a very few days after being taken from the water. Thesawr. i. t. 80. f. Seba, 5, young. The are more coloured than the older T. young brilhantly cinerea. Brown, IIlust. t. 48, young (dry). ones. —Leconte. Shaw, Zool. t. 12. Schoepff. Test. t. 3. f. 2, 3. Wagler regards Eniijs marmorata, Spix, Bras. t. 10, as Eniys cinerea, Schweig. Prod. 306. this species, instead oi E. vulgaris.—Syst. 137. Merrem, Tent. 24. Terrapene picta, Bonap. Obs. Cuv. R. A. 158. Cyclemys picta, Wagler, Si/st. 137. 2. Chrysemys BeUii. Bell's Emys. Hub. North America, iu ponds (never La running water), Shell rather in the con- from Canada to Virginia. oblong, solid, depressed centre, vex on the sides, olive, waved with irregular black-edged

Far. 1 . the front of the discal broad Pale-edged, plates ; pale-dotted greenish lines placed on the edge and across

the lateral of the second, third and fourth verte- the middle of each shield vertebrals first angle ; nearly square, bral anterior ; the with a the rest sis-sided plates marginal plates yellow urceolate, ; margin beneath black, yellow- central and a broad concentric above, and dotted sternum surrounded spot ring ; flat, with an irregidar yellow a beneath. front large yellow spot edge ; edge deeply denticulate.

a. Adult animal Front claws slender. 31 Cat. Tort. B.M. (dry). very long, Emys" Bellii, Graij, Sijn. ; 27. North America. Dr. Mantell's Collection. Bum. Bib. Gen. 11. 12. i^- Erp. 302 ; Cat. Meth. E. speciosa, JV. Clift, Cat. Mus. Coll. Surg. no. 1525 (not b. Adult animal (dry). North America. Presented by Gray). Dr. J. E. Gray.' Emys Origonensis, narla)i,Jmer.Journ.Sci.xxxi.3S2.t\Sl. Amer. ii. t. 1 ed. 2. i. 107. t. 16. c. Young (from spirits). Ilolbrook, Ilerpet. ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 23. Testudo cinerea. Brown. Gray, U'ied, log. Amer. Sej)t. iii. 303. f. Adult (stuffed). Claws rather long, slender, acute. Hab. North America ? Mus. Coll. Surg. North America. Presented by Henry Doubleday, Esq. g & h. Adult (stuffed). Three middle claws of front feet M.Bibron observes, that he has seen several specimens of very long, slender. North America. " this species in the different Loudon Museums ;" the only i. Adult (in spirits). Claws moderate, strong. New York. one that has occurred to me is the one above described. Mr. Brandt's Collection. Dr. Uolbrook's figure of Emys Origonensis (t. 21), in Claws the dentated and in the of the _;'. Half-grown (in spirits). moderate, strong, curved ; margin, colouring sternum, sternum with angular on inner some spots edge, having greatly resembles this species, but the back is rather differ- a pale eyed spot in the centre. New York. Mr. and the sternum is truncated behind. It Brandt's Collection. ently coloured, is probably only an accidental variety.

Osteology : — d. Adult shell. North America. tft Toes slender, elongate, covered with small scales or e. Adult (upper shell only). North America. From Dr. Mantell's Collection. nearly naked, very largely webbed; claws conical, scarcely curved. Far. 2. The yellow edge to the discal plates narrow, uni- 7. PSEUDEMYS. form the outer of the ; angles vertebral plates in the Head moderate, covered with a thin hard ovate middle of the the skin, ; margin ; marginal plates with a forehead convex. small Eyes subsuperior. Chin flat, not central marginal spot and two or three interrupted bearded branches of the lower ; jaw dilated, flat, covered pale rings above, a large spot and a pale ring with with a soft thin skin. Fore covered with band-like a broad black edge beneath. legs scales. Toes slender, rather elongate, covered with scales, k. Adult Claws curved (stuffed). short, strong, ; sternum or with a smooth skin, webbed to the end of the plain-coloured. North America. widely toes. Claws 5 '4, acute, rather compressed, straight or /. Adult shell. Sternum with a large central dark blotch, curved. Tail moderate. Shell rather pale Uned and dotted. slightly depressed. Sternum solid, truncated before, nicked behind, affixed to

These Tortoises may be seen in great numbers in ponds, the thorax by a bony symphysis, covered by the end of the in the sun on rocks or instantane- and abdominal shields and basking logs, plunging pectoral ; axillary inguinal plates ously into the water on the approach of any one. They moderate, distinct. 34 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

d. Sternum with a This genus is chiefly distinguished from E?ni/s by the Very young. large black spot, form- ing a dark band on the central line and a seiies of flattened under jaw and the small size of the lower beak, spots on each side, and a narrow transverse line across the under jaw being chiefly covered with a soft skin, and the front a round on the outer edge ; spot edge of the by the slenderness of the toes and the breadth of the web, pectoral and abdominal shields near the symphysis. Head and a central frontal line, and which most resembles that of the genus Bafagttr. legs yellow-lined, nai line a row from the hinder uj)|ier and the middle The annulated on the under surface of the spot marginal of the lower edge of the orbit. Mexico. M. Parzu- plate on all the species I have examined is on the suture, daski's Collection. so as to occupy a portion of two ueighbouriug shields. M. Leconte's figure, which is engraved by Dr. Holbrook, is a moderately good repiesentation of our younger speci- * Jaws entire nicked in ; upper only slightly front. men. It chiefly differs in the marks on the shell being rather too and the streak on the head Vertebral plates with three longitudinal, oblong, annu- regular distinct, broader, and the toes are as covered with scales lated spots, sometimes interrupted, each part forming an represented ; the costal with two or three animlated but both these and the claws show that it to this eyed spot ; plates belongs

spots, the larger and principal one on the hinder margin genus. I have received the ornata from Paris under sending out pale diverging tortuous lines which separate young Emys this name. the spots and transversely divide the shield into halves.

2. Pseudemys ? hieroglypMca. The Hieroglyphic 1. Pseiidemys concinna. The Neat Emys. Emys. Shell oblong, smooth, keelless, olive-brown, pale ringed Shell oval, depressed, keelless, smooth, entire in front, and lined, with a pale streak across each costal shield, with and serrated behind sternum elongated imperfectly ; oblong, several unequal-sized more or less oblong annulated spots nicked behind, dingy yellow, sides olive varied. Head on each shield with a central very ; margin pale cross-band small, upper jaw slightly eniarginate, lower with a an sutural jaw above, with oblong spot beneath ; sternum yel- first tooth ; vertebral urceolate ; each costal shield with low, clouded with black, especially near the suture of the four or five, and each marginal with dark spots with con- olive neck and feet plates. Head ; yellow-lined, with a centric yellow lines. broad lateral streak from the back of each eye. Fore legs with two streaks webs with a Emvs hieroglvphica, Holbrook, N. Amer. Herpet. i.47. t.2; yellow ; triangular yellow ed. 2. i. 111. t. 17. on the between each claw. spot margin Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 26. Dam. Cat. Mi'th. B. 12. Emys concinna, Dum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 289. Cat. Tort. B.M. 25. Gray, Ilab. North America ; Cumberland River. Hollrook, N. A. Ilerp. ed. 2. i. 119. t. 19. Testudo concinna, Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 106. A large species; the shell of the adult about 12 inches Terrapene concinna, Bonap. Ohs. Reg. Anim. 156 (1830). long. Hub. North America Savannah and Rivers. ; Congaree I am induced to refer this Tortoise, which I have not

seen, to this from the of the a. Adult (stuffed). Back keelless; costal with a square genus, disposition colours, in the ring upper hinder angle of the first and second, which resembles that of the preceding species. which is rather lower down on the third plate, and with many curved lines subconcentric in front and ** below them. North America. From the Zoological Jaws with two strong teeth above and three below in Society. front. b. Back keeled behind the on the Young. slightly ; rings Costal shield with a double subcentral cross band, con- vertebral and costal well marked the plates ; principal an in the of the annulated spot on the hinder margin is on the upper taining oblong ringed spot upper part first, of the first the part and lower of the third plate. the middle of the second, and the lower part of the third Sternum pale yellowish, edges of the plates darker costal plate. clouded. North America, Louisiana. Mr. Smith's {Jollectiou. 3. serrata. The Potter. Emys concinna, Holbrook, N. Amer. Herp. t. 19. Pseudemys Shell toothed be- c. Adult (stuffed). North America, Louisiana. Mr. oblong, longitudinally rugose, slightly Smith's Collection. hind varied with cross bands ; olive-browu, iiTegular pale ; CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 35

* • vertebral shields keeled first rest Claws 4 4, Back convex ; the bluntly ; urceolate, long, strong. gular plates on transverse. sides shelving, beneath yellow, with sliglitly eyed spots very small, Batagur. the sutures of the sternum flat, darker marginal plates ; 1. Batagur Baska. The Batagur. Tab. XVI. be- clouded, with a davk-edged pale streak on the sutures, Back olive adult not keeled first vertebral ; ; plate nearly tween the outer sides of the sternal and marginal plates. as broad as third and fourth square, long ; second, broad, Head and neck with two broad streaks ; jaws strongly or rather rather than broad urceolate, six-sided, longer ; toothed. gular plate very narrow, scarcely wider in the centre, band- Jotini. Acad. Philud. iv. 204. Emys serrata. Say, like anal shorter than broad. ; plate Harlan, Anier. Herpet. 78. 29 Cat. Tort. B.M. 21. Cat. Tort. 29. Gray, Syn. ; Tetraonyx Batagur, Gray, B.M. Faun. 58. 24 Hlust. Lnd. Zool. iii. t. 8. E. serrata, var., Schleyel, Japon. Emys Batagur, Gray, Syn. ; E. irrigata. Bell, MSS. Testudo Batagur, B. Hamillon, MS. 10. Bum. Bib. Gtn. ii. 276 ; Cat. Meth. R. Hlust. Lid. Zool. t. from B. .f Erp. Emys Baska, Gray, , Hamilton, E. reticularia, Bell, MSS. (not Say). MS. Icon. TestLido Ann. N. Y. iii. 101. Bum. Bib. Gin. ii. 341 Cat. rubriventris, Leconte, Lye. Tetraonyx Baska, «J- Erp. ; Duin. Bib. Gen. ii. 281. 15. i5- Erp. Meth. R. A. t. 6 ed. 2. i. 55. t. 6. F. 51. Holbrook, N. Herpet. 7. ; Emys Spenglevi, var., Schlegel, Japon. Be Kay, IC. t. 7. f. 3. Emys Tetraonyx, Schleyel, F. Japon. 43, joung. Obs. Anim. 154 Hlust. Terrapene rubriventris, Bonap. Reg. Tetraonyx lougicollis, Lesson, Belangers Foy. 297 ; (1830). Zool.'t. 7. Lessonii, Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Ghi. ii. 338. t. 16. in water with Tetraonyx Hab. North America ; rocky running f. 1 Cat. Meth. R. 15. " ; beds. Between the Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay. Trionyx Cuvieri, Gray, Syn. Rept. 5, very young. Sold in the Philadelphia markets as the Potter or Red-— beUied Terrapen. The flesh is not greatly esteemed." Holbrook. Young.

t. 8 Hlust. lnd. Zool. Erays dentata, Gray, Sy?i. Rept. ; t. , upper figure only. a. Just hatched (stuffed). The upper jaw distinctly bi- Hab. Incha River dentate. Head and jaws yellow-streaked. North ; Bengal ; Ganges ; Iriwaddy, Pegu America. {Reynaud).

a, b. Adult The between the ribs not Osteology : — (stuffed). space quite closed. India; Ganges. Mr. Blyth's Collection. b. Adult skeleton. North America.

adult 11 to • A ; shell of the 12 inches ** large species Claws 5 4, small, weak. Back convex ; the gular long. plates triangular. Kachuga.

3. Batagur lineata. The Kachuga. Tab. XVII.

First vertebral plate four-sided, about as long as broad, 8. BATAGUE. the second, third and fourth six-sided, second as long as covered vnth a thin skin chin Head moderate, ; not the fourth than broad the broad, considerably longer ; 5 • bearded. Feet webbed. Toes 5 ; the outer on the anal as as broad. largely gular plate short, triangular ; long each foot often clawless. Claws conical. Tail moderate. " bluish-ash cheek and chin Head ; yellow-varied ; eyebrow Shell Sternum oval, rounded, solid, and scarlet-lined ; chin with two tail depressed. broadly nape yellow spots ; truncated nicked affixed to the thorax before, behind, by long." a bony symphysis, covered with the end of the pectoral and Emys lineata. Gray, Syn. 23; Cat. Tort. B.M. 17. abdominal and End Bib. Ge'n. ii. 15. plates. Axillary inguinal plates large. Bum. ^' Erp. 335 ; Cat. Meth. R. contracted. Skull. Testudo B. Hamilton, MSS. of cavity Tab. XXXVI. fig. 4. kachuga, cop. Emys kachuga. Gray, Hlust. lnd. Zool. t. 74. Hlust. Zool. t. Tetraonyx, Lesson, Bclangers Voy. 297 ; 7 E. tectum, var., Schlegel, F. Japon. 51. (not Latr.). Hab. India; Nepaul. Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 338; Cat. Meth. R. 15. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 29. Bell. I. animal the second and third vertebral Cyclemys, sp., Young (stuffed) ; Fitz. 29 shields in a tubercle behind Clemmys (Tetraonyx), Syst. Rept. (1842). strongly keeled, ending ; Tetronyx longicoUis, Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29. the fourth and fifth sharply keeled. Nepaul. Capt. Trionys, sp.. Gray, Syn. Rept. 5. Boys' Collection. Tab. XVII. g 2 36 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

: — narrow. Hinder serrated second Osteology g. Half-grown shell, edge ; vertebral vrith a very distinct, acute, b. Shell of Vertebral keeled plate spine-Uke half-grown. plates obscurely ; keel. India. From the Zoological Society. sides not quite ossified. Tanks and nullahs near Zool. Saharumpoor. Presented by Dr. Falconer. Emys lineata, Bibron, MSS. Cat. Soc. c. Adult (shell). Dark olive above; vertebral plates not sides ossified. Presented The figures in the Illustrations of Indian Zoology are keeled ; quite Nepaul. by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. from a young specimen with rather deformed vertebral the size of the second d. Very young (plate only areola) ; plates. third vertebraf nodose hinder of and plates ; margin shell subdentate. India. Capt. Boys' Collection. 4. Batagnu^ oceUata. The Eyed Emys.

Like B. but differs in the number and size of the Baslia, Shell entire, nearly hemispherical (keeled when young) ; and also in the shell solidified claws, becoming entirely dorsal plates brown, each marked with a yellow-edged half size. when the black vertebral : first rest six- only spot ; plates pentagonal, tail short toothed. sided ; ; jaws

t. 15. f. 1 ocellata. Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 329. ; 3. The Dhongoka. Tab. XVIII. Emys Batagiir Dhongoka. Cat. Meth. K. 14. streaks vertebral keeled Cat. Tort. B.M. 18. Olive, with three black ; plates ; Gray, fourth than broad third Mus. Paris. first, second and urceolate, longer ; Hab. India; Bengal (^e/an^e;'). as sternum notched behind as broad long ; deeply ; gular the anal rather shorter than broad. plate triangular ; plates *** Claws 5-4, small, weak. Back high, subangular. Illust. hid. ZooL ii. t. Emys Dhongoka, Gray, , cop. . Testudo Dhongoka, B. Hamilton, MSS.

E. Bum. Bib. Gen. ii. 335 ; Cat. MM. lineata, var., ^ Erp. 5. Batagur tecta. The Pangshure. R. 1.5. Grni/, Cat. Tort. B.M. 17. Shell ovate oblong, solid, ohve, with a central interrupted E. tectum, var.? F. 51. Schlegel, Japan. red streak back ; vertebral ; angidarly elevated, compressed ii. E. Duvaucellii, Dion. Bib. Gen. 334 ; Cat. Meth. ^- Erp. third shields six-sided ; the first, second and B. 14. elongated, behind Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 15. keeled, each produced and subtubercular ; margin Hardw. Icon. ined. Rept. t. 2. sternum sides quite entire, sheh-ing ; flat, keeled, high, Hab. India black Head with ; Nepaul. sloping, pale, vrith regular spots. ohve, streaks neck with close olive two broad orange converging ; a. with three black and Young (stuffed). Olive, streaks, lines. the back darker vertebral keeled the sides of ; plates ; second and third tubercular on the hinder India Test. t. 1. f. 1-4. edge. ; Emys tecta. Bell, 23. t. Ilhcst. Ltd. Zool. ii. t. 72. f. 2 Ganges at Sultanpoor, near Benares. Tab. XVIII. Gray, Syn. 25; 1, ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 15. ii. trivitCata, Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. 331 ; Cat. Meth. Emys ii. 14. Bum. Bib. Gen. 321 ; Cat. Meth. R. R. 14. ^- Erp. Schlegel, F. 51. Cantor, 4. Jajion. Rept. Malay. xxv. 121. E. trigibbosa. Lesson, Bull. Sci. Nat. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 17. Bclauger, Voy. 29. Testudo Pangshure, no. 4, aud T. Khagraskata, no. \ii, B. skull. Osteology. Tab. XXXVI. fig. 1, Hamilton, MSS., cop. Gray, III. Ltd. Zool. b. Adult The three streaks narrower and less India (shell only). Hab. ; Bengal. distinct vertebral keeled. India. ; plates obscurely

c. India. From c. Adult (upper shell only). Second vertebral plate pro- a, b, Adult (stuffed). M. Piquot's Col- duced, angular behind. Nepaul. Presented by B. lection. H. Hodgson, Esq. d. Adult (in spirits). India. d. Adult (upper shell only). The second vertebral plate e. Adult (stuffed). India. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray. rather truncated. Nepaul. PresentedbyB. H.Hodg- son, Esq. Legs covered with broad thin shields in front, fringed on e. Skull. Nepaul. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 1. side the toes with a series of Tab. XXXVI. fig. the outer ; small, narrow, six-sided shields on the middle of the surface. /. Adult shell, broken on the sides. India. From the upper Zoological Society. " E. E. Emys Duvaucellii," Bibron, MSS. Cat. Zool. Sac. Schlegel regards E. lineata, Batagur, Bhongoka CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 37

and E. Kachuga as varieties of this species, an opinion for Living in salt-water marshes : moves quickly on land :

which he has no ground, as he says he has not seen any torpid in winter. Egg oval : flesh well-flavoured. America. of them. Malaclemvs, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 28. Emys § **, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 1825, 211. Terrapene, sp., Bonajj. Ohs. Cuv. R.J. 157 (1830). Dim. G^/i.ii.261 Cat. Meth. R. 10. Emys, sp., f Bib.Erp. ; 6. Batagnr tentoria. The Dura.

Shell ovate with a blackish keel back oblong, olive, ; 1. concentrica. Salt-water Terrapen. rather shields the Malaclemys angularly compressed ; slightly rugose ; Shell rather keeled first vertebral one four-sided, as broad as long, the rest oval, convex, slightly tubercularly ; shields the bone under elongated, six-sided, keeled, the keel (of the third especially) (and them) pale yellow, marked behind into a tubercle dentated behind with brown concentric which are often produced ; margin ; rings, impressed. the and sternal sternum Animal and lined. marginal plates yellow-keeled ; grey, black-spotted and keeled on the with slightly elevated, sides, blackish, Malaclemys concentrica. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 28. Testudo Gen. Zool. iii. 43. t. 9. f. 1. yellow margins and edges to the plates. Head and neck concentrica, Shaw, 27. brown, darker dotted and clouded. Gray, Syn. Bell, Test. t.

ii. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834 Cat. Tort. Bum. Bib. Gen. 261 ; Cat. Meth. R. 10. Emys tentoria, Gray, ; ($• Erp. B.M. 15. Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. i. 87. t. 12. E. tectum, adult. Gray, Ilhist. Ind. Zool. t. 72. f. 3, 4, 5. DeKay, Rept. N. Yo.-h; 10. t. 3. f. 4. t. Jam. 406. Testudo Dura, B. Hamilton, Icon. ined. , MSS. Terrapin, Broion, Le Terrapene, Lacep. Q. O. i. 129. Hab. India Deccan 1 ; ; Mysore Testudo Terrapin, Schoepff. Test. 64. t. 15. Rolbrook, X. A. Herpet. ii. 13. t. 2. Testudo Gmel. Kat. i. ? 6 third palustris, Syst. 1041 a. Adult (stuflFed) ; inches. The vertebral shield Ann. N. Y. iii. 113. almost as broad as Lecoiife, Lye. long ; sternum low. Deccan. Pre- Testudo centrata, Lafr. Rept. i. 145. sented by Colonel Sykes. Dainl. Rept. ii. 153. b. Olive hinder of the Prod. i. 304. Half-grown (stuffed). ; part foot, Emys centrata, Schweig. and the strong keel of the second and third vertebral Say, Joiirn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. iv. 205. shields, and a small spot on the middle of the hinder Harlan, Rept. N. Amer. 77 . of the costal blackish the Tent. edge shields, ; second and Merrein, third vertebral shields Ijroader than long, areola pos- Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 211. terior sternum MSS. ; high. Emys livida, Bell, Salt-water Terrai>in, Leconte, Southern States N. Amer. c. Half-grown (stuffed). India. From Capt. Boys' Col- Terrajicue palustris, Bonap. Obs. Cuv. R. A. 157. lection. Hab. North America, in salt-water marshes, from New

York to Florida ; and West Inches. This species differs from B. tecta in the keel of the

discal plates being blackish, not red, with black edges, and Var. 1. concentrica. Head black-lined ; limbs black- in the sternum not being spotted. shield dorsal and sternal spotted ; smooth ; shields

with well-defined dark rings.

a. and shell coloured. Animal (stuffed) ; smooth, highly Head with black lines on the cheeks. North 9. MALACLEMYS. large America. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke. Head crown flat and very large, depressed ; ; temples

covered with a soft skin. Beak Var. 2. Head ; shield more or less nape spongy exposed ; black-speckled deeply with lower beak large, convex beneath. Chin not bearded. concentrically grooved, dark rings. Sternum and side with dark Legs short. Fore legs with very thin reticulated scales. lower of marginal plates rings. Toes rather short, covered with a few thin strong, very j. Half-grown animal (dry). North America. shields, united a broad, naked web to the claws. by nearly g. Adult (shell only). North America. • Claws 5 4, subequal, curved, sharp. Tail conical. Shell depressed, oblong. Sternum solid, truncated before, nicked Far. 3. centrata. Head black-speckled; shield more or affixed a less Sternum and behind, by bony symphysis ; axillary and inguinal deeply concentrically dark-grooved. distmct discal and lower of black-dotted and clouded. plates ; marginal plates with a subceutral part marginal plates areola surrounded by concentric rings or series of spots. Testudo centrata, Latr. 38 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

in of America. Presented the A specimen in spirits the Museum h. Adult (stuffed). Nortli by very young " The Earl of Derby. the College of Surgeons, named Testudo picta." is each of the costal shields has two Presented Gen. shell brown ; c. Adult (stuffed). North America. by pale an Th. Hardwicke. concentric very narrow rings near the margin, and of which is Shields smooth hinder costal ring in the centre, the continuity d. Adult (stuffed). ; plate irregular Presented have distinctly ringed. North America. by often more or less interrupted. The vertebral plates Gen. Th. Hardwicke. and cen- a similar double ring, but both the marginal The e. Adult (in spirits). North America. tral ones are more irregular and mterrupted. upper and surfaces of the are each marked with a k. Adult animal (dry : not good state). Back obtusely marginal plates keeled dorsal shield dark brown ; and a central The interruptedly ; rugose, single submarginal ring larger spot. sternum with dark to the shields. North brown, edge sternal shields are brown-dotted, with a brown band near America. From the Zoological Society. the margin of each.

vertebral Far. 4. tuberculifera. The three central plates with a central tubercle, the hinder tubercle orbicular. b. Sternum divided by a central cross suture, attached to J. Drummond's h. Shell only (young). California. Mr. the thorax a ligamentous suture, covered by the Collection. by end of the pectoral and abdominal shields ; sternal Malaclemys tuberculifera. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 1 2 and small. plates ; axillary inguinal plates very

small back elevated. Cat. Tort. B.M. 13. Far. 5. areolata. Head ; Emydidic § a, b. Gray, ii. 514. Emydidce § a. Bell, Zool. Journ. areolata, Dvm. ^- Bib. MSS. Emys Cistuda, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 270 (1822). Bum. Cat. Rept. Mus. irilist. Nat. 10. no. 7*. Cistudo, Say, Journ. Acad. Philad. America Veiea. ii. Cat. R. 7. Hub. Central ; {Morelet). Bum. ^- Bib.Erp. Gen. 207 (1835) ; MM. Emys, JVar/ler, Syst. 138 (1830). Bonap. Obs. Ciw. R. A. 161 (1830). Osteology : — Fit:. Syst. Schildk. 1836; Syst. Rept. 29(1843). Fit:. 29. /. Shell only. North America. Pyxidemys (clausa). Syst. Rept. Bell. Terrapene, Khiosternon and Sternotherus, sp.. i. Skeleton of Far. 1 . North America. Zoological Society.

M. Daudin divides the Tortues a boites (T. clausa) forehead towards the Skull oblong ; convex, shelving thus : — orbits rather close temples ; large, together, shelving up- * With both ends moveable. 1. T. Retzii. 2. T. tri- wards, enabling the animal to see above it. ** carinata. 3. T. Pennsylvanica.— With the hinder end Mr. in his Testudinata, several Bell, beautifully figures 5. T. 6. T. only moveable. 4. T. odorata. subnigra. the variations in the specimens from life, showing colouring 8. T. brevicauda. virgulata. 1 . T. clausa. of the animal. The animal varies in intensity from pale

on the Anim. ii. 11 ed. 2. ii. 12, grey to blackish, and the spots temples, nape, neck, Cuvier, Reg. (1817), adopts limbs and tail vary in size and depth, and are sometimes Daudin' s divisions. which are often on joined together into lines, symmetrical Merrem to the Tortues ti boites the generic name the two sides of the head. gives " oi Terrapene (p. 27, &c.). As an article of food it is much preferred to any other in a when dug out of the marshes in his species, particularly Mr. Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 302, 486 (1826), paper to state : immense numbers are annually brought torpid on the Box Tortoises, forms a subfamily of Emydida: for market. The males are and have the concentric small, them under the name of Sternotherina, and refers to it the —Le- striee more deeply impressed than the females." following genera : — conte. I. KiNOSTERNON, Spix, Containing: 1. K. Shwianum. The are about two inches very young specimens long, 4. K. Penn- 2. A', longicaudatum. 3. K. brevicaudatum. brown shields with narrow concentric lines ; second, pale ; = 484. sylvanicum. 5. K. Amboinense Terrapene bicolor,Tp. and front half of the fourth vertebral with a II. Ster- third, plate 6. K. nigricans = Sternotherus Leaehianus. brown-dotted very broad rounded keel. Sternum ; plates notherus, Bell, containing: 1. S. trifasciatus (t. 13). as K. on the front and hinder >S'. which is the same nigricans. pale-edged, with a line of spots 2. Leaehianus (t. 14), the edse. Mus. Bell. S.S.odoratus. 4. S.Boscii=KinostenionPennsylvanica; CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 39

* same as Kinosternon, as regarded by Daudin. III. Terra- Claws 5 4. Cistudo. pen E.^/sn-ew. 1. T.Europceu. 2. T.Carolina. 3. T.maeu- lata 4. T. nebii'osa both 1. Cistudo Carolina. The Box Tortoise. (pp. 309, 48G). (pp. 309, 484) ; mere varieties of T. Carolina. To these, at 484 of the Shell p. hemispherical, slightly keeled, brown, yellow-varied ; same vohime, is added as a new species : 5. T. bicolor (t. 1 6), shields grooved; marginal plates 23-27. Animal black, said to come from North America, but it proves to be the yellow or red spotted. same as Einosternon Amboinense of the former paper. Cistudo Cat. Tort. Caiollna, Gray, Syn. 18 ; B.M. 29. Testudo Carolina, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. 352 ! Bum. Bib. e'en. ii. Cat. c^- Erp. 210; Mith. R. 7. f Legs with large scales in front ; toes narrowly webbed, Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. iii. 9. t. 1. T. O. i. 164. shielded above. brevicauda, Lacep. Q. T. clausa, Gmel. S,/st. Nat. i. 1043. Baud. li. 207. 10. CISTUDO. Rept. Schoepff. Test. t. 7. Head moderate, covered with a thin, hard, continuous Lecoaie, Ann. Lye. N. T. iii. 124. Zool. t. 7. skin forehead flat. lateral. covered with Shaw, ; Eyes Legs large Guir. Icon. t. 1. f. 2. shields, those on the inner side broadest. Toes angular T. virgul.ita, Latr. Repf. 100. short, very narrowly webbed to the claws. Tail short. Bai'd. Rept. ii. 201. t. 23. T. incarecrafa and T. incarcerata Bonnaf. 29. Shell ovate, convex, solid. Sternum broad, rounded before striata, Ency. T. cariuata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 353. and behind, the of the thorax, completely closing cavity Sc/ineidcr, SchildA: 361. affixed to it by a ligamentous .symphysis, and divided by Emys dubia, Schweig. Prod. a cross suture between the and abdominal E. Schneiderii, Schweig. Prod. 317. pectoral plates ; Terrapene guttata (or T. maculata), and Ter. nebulosa. Bell, the front lobe almost free from the very large, entirely Zool. Jmrn. ii. 309. sternal shields 1 2 and symphysis ; ; inguinal axillary plates La Bonibe, Lacep. Q. O. i. 164. 25 or nuchal Cistuda Blandingii, Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. iii. 35. t. 5 ? none ; marginal plates 2/ ; plate small. The Box Grew, Mas. 38. t. 3. f. 2. North America. Tortoise, Edw. Birds, t. 205. Checkered Penn. Arcf. Zool. ii. 228. Cistudo, sp., Say, Journ. Acad. Philad. Tortoise, Bib. Gen. ii. Emvs Schneideri, E. and E. (P.) Cistudo, Dim. ^ Erp. 201 (185.5) ; Cat. (Pyxidemys) (P.) virgulata, With. R. 7. clausa! Fil:. Syst. Schildk. 123. Tent. Cistuda § *, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 2/0. Terrapene clausa, Merrem, Phil. x. 211. Cistuda, Gray, Syn. Repf. 1/ (1831); Cat. Tort. B.M. Gray, Ann. Obs. Cuv. R. A. 162. 29 (1844), misprint. Emys (Cistudo) clausa, Bonap. Fit:. 29. Cistula, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 211, misprint. Emvs (Pyxidemys) clausa. Syst. Rept. 138. TFayler, Syst. 138. Emys/3. clausa, IVagler, Syst. 138. Les Tortues a boites (part.), Baud. Repf. Emys /3. virgulata, IVagler, Syst. Testudo 33. no. 7. Ciiv. R.A. ii. 11 ; ed. 2. ii. 12. Caroliulaua, Sclmeider, T. Mus. t. 3. f. 2. Terrapene, sp., Merrem, Tent. 27. virginea, Grew, Cistudo Journ. Acad. Philad. iv. Terrapene, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 308, iii. 514. clausa. Say, Tent. Emj's, Pyxidemys, and E. Emys, Fit:. Syst. Schildk. 123 Terrapene clausa, Merrem, Zool. Journ. ii. 309. (1836). Terrapene Carolina, Bell, " Leconfe. Steruotherns, sp.. Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 308. Terrapene subretosa, Belt," Laud , Northern States N. America Kinosternon, sp., Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. ,308. (Leconte). Southern States Emys § 1. Cishula, Bonap. Ohs. Cue. R.A. 162. YmehnrrenTerraiien, N.Anierica(Leconte). Pyxidemys (clausa), Filz. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843). Cyelemys, Bell, Zool. Journ. Very youngi Emys (Emvoides) kinosternoides. Gray, Syn. Fits. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843). 32; Cat. Tort. B.M.'27. Terraphene, Grai/, Ann. Phil. x. 211 (1S25), misprint.

Bib. Gen. ii. 303 ; Cat. Emys, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 270 (1822). E. cinosternoides. Bum. ^ Erp. R. 12. Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843). Me'th. Les Clausiles, Bum. Sf Bib. Erp. Gin. 210. Hab. North America, from Hudson's Bay to Florida. Martuiique (Plee). The most terrestrial of the Box Tortoises, with short, strong, scarcely webbed toes. The legs are like those of a a. Adult (stuffed). Shell yellow, black-rayed; beneath Land Tortoise. brown. North America. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray. * Claws 5 4 := Cistudo. America. b. Adult (stuffed). Black, yellow-spotted. North ** Claws 5 3 1:= Onvchotria. Presented by Dr. Jacob Green. 40 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

** North Claws 5-3. Vertebral plates ^. Onychotria. e. Youna; animal (dry). Discoloured from spirits. America. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke. Soc. 16. Onychotria, Gray, Proc. Zool. 1849, black North I. Adult animal (dry). Shell yellow, -rayed. America. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke. 2. Cistudo Mexicana. The Three-toed Box Tortoise. Shell with few and }. Adult (stuffed). brown, paler rayed, Shell oblong, dark brown, pale spotted rayed, spots North America. yellow spots. confused vertebral with a and rays sometimes ; plates nearly rather k. Adult (stuffed). Shell black, yellow-spotted, continuous keel, and with a small intermediate one between beneath brown. North America. Presented elongate, fifth hinder revo- the usual fourth and plate ; margin acute, H. Doubleday, Esq. by or lute. Head pale brown ; fore-legs yellow orange spotted, /. Adult. Shields pale, darker rayed. North America, wider in hinder uniform brown ; sternum flat, gular plate Louisiana. ]Mr. Smith's Collection. Called "Wood- behhid. land and Cane-brake Tortoise." front and gradually narrowed Cistudo Mexicana, Proc. Zool. Soc. m. Adult animal (dry). Shell black, with large yellow (Onvchotria) Gray, 1849, 17. t. 2. spots and rays. North America. Rept. Cistudo Carolina, var.. Bum. Cat. Meth. R. 1 . Adult Larsre shields North n,o,p. (stuffed). pale. Orleans. Hub. Mexico ; New America. Mr. Smith's Collection.

: back a. Adult (stuffed). Shell high, compressed, Osteology : — Mexico. Mr. shelving ; plate black, yellow-rayed. with h. Adult (upper shell only). Shields black, large Warwick's Collection.

yellow spots. convex ; b. Adult (stuffed). Shell oblong, evenly plate Like "h." black-marbled. Mexico. JNIr. Warwick's Col- g. Adult (upper shell only). yellow, lection. d. Adult (upper shell only). Shields pale, black-rayed. some shields. c. Adult (upper shell only). Wanting 11. LUTREMYS. Back and sternum brown, with /. Adult (shell only). marks. convex cheeks large yellow Head ovate ; forehead rather ; sloping. Male. North America. From the covered with thick scales q. Skeleton (adult). Eyes subsuperior. Legs large

Paris Collection. the outer side keeled ; of the in front ; those of ovate, inner broad, band-like. Toes short, thick, covered with forehead rather towards Skull rather high ; flat, shelving band-like shields above, well webbed to the ends; claws the nose; nose truncated; sides of face perpendicular; • rounded. 5 4, short, curved. Tail conical. Shell depressed, orbits lateral. Sternum broad, rounded before, rather truncated behind, that it can The shell is so hard and the animal so strong, are contracted. The entirely enclosing the limbs when they walk with 60 lbs. on its back. Its food consists of easily cross suture between the anterior and the posterior lobe in insects and the edible the species fresh fungi, particularly the middle of the short sterno-costal suture. Axillary and of of Clararia. Many persons are in the habit keepmg inguinal plates very rudimentary. them in their cellars, where they destroy snails, crickets, Gen. 221 Les Baillantes, Bum. S,- Bib. Erp. (1835). It be if and other noxious insects. may questioned they Cat. B.M. Lutreniys (part.), Gray, Rept. as has been said, to devour rats and mice ; 2. Obs. Cuv. R. A. 164. ever attempt, Emys ("§ Emvs), Bonap. Schihlk. 29 the of such active Fit:. Syst'. ; Syst. Rept. (1843). they are not well formed for pursuit Flemin'q, Phil. Zool. ii. 270. themselves to animals, who have too much sense to suffer Emys a, Wugler, Syst. 138 (1830). hunter. The same be said be caught by so sluggish a may of the ridiculous stories of their catching and destroying 1. Lutremys Europsea. The Speckled Tortoise. snakes. —Leconte. with lines of Shell depressed, ovate, brown, radiating " cited as an of This species has been example longevity dots sternum nicked behind. Head and yellow ; slightly animals of the lower class : all tortoises are loug- among tail black, ; elongate. with a name and date body yellow-dotted lived, but the finding of an individual 19 Cat. Tort. B.M. 31. the idle and foolish Cistudo Europsea, Gray, Syn. ; on its sternum jn-oves nothing ; engraved Gen. ii. 220 Cat. Meth. R. 7. Btrm. §• Bib. Erp. ; are fond of their names everywhere, and may as inscribing Eichiv. Faun. Casp. Cauc. 44. a as state the true well antedate the time by half century Schley el, F. Japan. 52. Testudo Schweiy. Schihlk. 323. vear of their attempt at immortahty." —Leconte. Europsea, CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 41

8. on the ones these marks are sometimes to Testudo Europsea, Sfi/iw, Zoo/, iii. t. ring marginal ; Test. t. 1. Schoepff. be seen on the areola of the plates of the adult. The other Bojani's, Anat. t. parts of the shields are destitute of any rings, and generally Sturm, Foirna, t. a, b, c. and streaked. Wugler, Amph. t. 5. f. 8, 9. radiately spotted T. flava, Lacep. Q. O. 135. t. 6. T. punctata, Goftw. Schihlk. t. k. f. 12. •1"+ Legs with thin band-like shields in front. Toes broadly T. orbicularis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 3.51. 3. with small scales above. 11'iilff, Boruss. webbed, T. lutraria. Rondel. Pise. ii. 1 70. 12. CUORA. Gesner, Q. O. ii. 113. f. 5. Aldrov. 710. flat Head covered with a thin skin, rhombic ; forehead ; BriiuH. AJiiat. 91. cheeks flat. Eyes lateral. Legs strong, covered with broad, T. pulchella, Schoepf. t. 26, young. iv. 144 shields. Toes covered with T. Meleagi-is, Shaw, Nat. Misc. (shell polished). band-like, transverse strong, Valenc. Moreu, t. 8. f. 2. Emys Heilenica, Toy. distinct band-like shields above, widely webbed to the toes. E. Valenc. Morea, t. 8. f. 1. antiquonim, Voy. Shell Claws 5 4, strong, curved, acute. Tail moderate. 1 E. capensis, Fit:. Syst. Schihlk. at least when E. Hot'mauni, Fit:. Syst. Schildk. convex, very solid, three-keeled, young. E. orbicularis, Valenc. Sternum broad, rounded behind and before, completely E. Valenc. Zool. Morea, t. 8. f. 1 . Europsea, of the thorax the front lobe closing the cavity ; large, Fit:. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843). affixed with the cross suture in the middle E. a. Europea, TVay/er, Syst. 138. t. 5. f. 8, 9. behind, nearly E. Obs. Cuv. R. A. 164. anterior lobe (Emys) lutraria, Bonap. of the bony sterno-costal symphysis ; large, North enclosed in the sternal Hab. Europe; France; Sicily; Morea; Asia; with the hinder part symphysis ; ? Mas. North Africa ; ; Leyden. Algeria Japan. shields 1 2 and shields distinct ; ; axillary inguinal small, nuchal small. Asia. marginal plates 25 ; plate

. Shell on /. Young (in spirits) black, yellow spotted edge Shell convex, like Cistudo. The legs and feet are those of shields. Europe. Mr. Brandt's Collection. of an Asiatic Emys. inches. b. Shell and dry animal. Brown, yellow-dotted ; 6^ Europe. 1. Cuora Amboinensis. The Cuoro. c. Young. Hinder half only, with dry animal. Brown, blackish mar- paler rayed. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esej. Shell hemispherical, slightly three-keeled, ; nuchal shield linear sternum black Testudo pulchella, Schoepff. gin broad, expanded ; ;

white dotted ; shell varied. Animal ; head d. Young (in spirits). Animal pale and yellow blackish, yellow-varied Albania. Presented W. W. the brown, brown-rayed. by dark, with two broad yellow streaks on the side from Saunders, Esq. nose. the Haslar g. Adult (stuffed). Europe. From Hospital 19 Cat. Tort. B.M. 30 ; Museum. Cistudo Amboinensis, Gray, Syn. ; Illiist. Lid. Zool. t. i. Adult From the Zoological (in spirits). Europe. ii. 215. t. 15. f. 2 Cat. Meth. Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ; Society. R. 7.

shell. Shield covered ii. k. Adult. Dorsal only ; carious, Testudo amboinensis, Baud. Rept. 309. with a thick rough coat. Presented by H.R.H. T. Couro, Leschen. Mus. Par. Prince Bonaparte (Charles Lucien). Emys Amboinensis and E. Coura, Schiveig. Prodr. i. 214, 31-5. bicolor. Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. t. 16. Osteology : — Terrapene Emys Couro, var., Schlegel, F. Japon. 64. Anat. Test. t. 31. Bojanvs, Europ. 1, E. (Pyxidemys) Couro, Fitz. Syst. Schildk. 122. Cuv. Oss. Foss. V. 184. t. 11. f. 13-16, skull; t. 12. f. 2, Terrapene Couro, Fit:. clavicle. Emys clausa (part.), Bonap. t. 5. f. 20-28. 138. Emys Europrea, IVagler, Syst. E. /J. Couro, iVagler, Syst. Amboinensis 29. dotted. Cistuda fl. Le%'eriana, Gray, Syn. a. Adult (shell only). Black, yellow rathately Batavia Manilla; China? South Europe. Hab. Amboina; ; Sumatra; Java. Called Couro Back convex Soohog ; (Leschenault). e. Adult (shell only). ; plate black, yellow- lined. Mus. Zool. Soc. Europe. rather inches. a. Adult (stuffed). Shell elongate ; 6^ h. Skeleton. Europe. India. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq., F.R.S.

and feet shell three-keeled ; b. Young. Head dry ; broad, the is marked with dark- t. 6. Presented The areola of young specimen 2f inches. Lllust. Ind. Zool. by and a subceutral Dr. J. E. Gray. edged sinuous lines on the discal shields, 42 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

and the c. Adult Shell c. Very young (in spirits). With granular shields, (dry). elevated, thick, worn on the surface. costal shields with a keel rather above the centre. China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection.

Osteology : — d. Half-grown (inspirits). Granular areola posterior, mar- d. shell Like a. China. ginal. Philippine Islands. From IMr. Cuming's Col- Upper only. lection. b. old deformed. Shell much and ex- Very ; depressed China. Presented J. Reeves, e. Half-grown (stuffed). Singapore. panded. by Esq.

/. Adult (in spirits). Amboina. From the Leyden Mu- seum.

Asiatic Islands. Mr. Warwick's 13. CYCLEMYS. ff. Half-grown (stuffed). Collection. Head ovate, covered, with a thin skin ; forehead rather h. Adult Shell ventricose, Malacca. convex. (stuffed). high. Eyes subsuperior. Legs strong, covered in front Presented Commander John R.N. by Ince, with thin, broad, band-like, transverse shields. Toes strong, fc. three-keeled. covered with Very young (dry). Slightly small scales above, webbed to the claws ; claws

• 5 4, short, curved, acute. Tail moderate. Shell convex, Osteology : — solid, edge-toothed behind. Sternum rounded in front, /. Skeleton of adult, Amboina. From the Levden Mu- truncated narrower than the not seum. behind, cavity, covering the legs when contracted, with a distinct process on each " " side to form the The cross suture between the Ciiora Amboinensis is called Baninr/ by the Malays symphysis. anterior and lobe in the middle of the sterno- Peninsula it is numerous in the rivulets and posterior long of the ; ponds, costal suture, so that both lobes are equally attached to the paddy-fields in the valley of Pinang. The dorsal keels thorax. Asiatic. become obsolete with age, and the margms of the shell, This genus has the same shield-like and well-webbed toes particularly the hinder part, become revolute. — Cantor. as Einys and Cuora, but differs from the latter in the ster-

Schlegel regards Eimjs castcmea, E. subitiger, Terrapene nal lobes being narrower than the opening of the thorax, so bicolor, Stei-notherus trifasciatus and St. Leachianus as that, as in Emys, it does not cover the legs when they are varieties of this species. contracted. This similarity has induced naturalists to place

Leconte most erroneously confounds this with Cistudo the species in the genus Emys, overlooking the fact of the Carolina. lobes being mobile.

Cyclemvs, Bell, Proc. ZooL Soc. 1842, I/. Fi'tz. Syst. Kept. 29 (1843). 2. Cuora trifasciata. The Three-streaked Coura. Les Baillantes (part.). Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 221.

Shell subovate, hemispherical, solid, keeled, dull yellow, red and black varied, with three blackish dorsal streaks. 1. Cyclemys dentata. The Dhor. Tab. XIX. Sternum bifid behind. Head yellow, with two horizontal Shell suborbicular back hinder black streaks on the side of the head and neck, upper wider, ; flattened, keeled, edge toothed sternal shields ; yellow, with a triangular paler spot in front and two larger oval brown-rayed. ones behind. Cistuda dentata. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 32. Illust. Ind. Zool. t. lower Emys dentata, Gray, , fig., Cistudo trifasciata. 19 ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 31 ; Gray, Sijn. young. Ilhist. Ind. Zool. t. E. Dhor or E. dentata. Gray, Syn. 20. t. 8, 9. Bum. Bib. Gin. ii. 219 Cat. Mith. R. 1. ^- Erp. ; E. Hasseltii, Boie, Mus. Leyd., young. Steruotherus trifasciatus, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 299. t. 1,3. E. Sjiengleri, var., Schleyel, F. Japon. 51. TVar/ler, Si/st. 137. Cyclemys orbiculata, Bell, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1824, 17, adult. Emvs Couro, var., Schlegel, F. 64. Japon. Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29. E. trifasciata, Fitz. Schildh. 123. (Pyxidemys) Syst. Dutn. Bib. Gin. ii. Cistnda Diardi, (J- Erp. 227 ; Cat. Meth. E. trifasciata, Voiyt. R. S. " Ilab. China. Testudo Diardii," Mus. Leyden. Tetraonyx affinis. Cantor, Cut. Rept. Malac. 6 1 a. Adult Shell subovate. China. Presented Hab. Batavia (stuffed). Java; ; Borneo; Pinang (Co»^o/'). by J. Reeves, Esq.

Var. 1. Sternum raised on the sides. e. Very old (stuffed). Shell oblong, like a. China. Mus. Zool. Soc. Bell, Testudinidee, viii. t. 3, lower figure. CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 43

" " a. are called the in the Young (ill spirits). Suborbicular, depressed, brown, They Katong by Malays Penin-

black-dotted, keeled, toothed ; bluntl}- edge acutely sula. The head and neck, shell, tail and feet of the adult vertebral as broad as sides of neck plates square, long ; animal are or which and throat feet Java. living dirty yellowish greenish brown, yellow-lined ; yellow-spotted. becomes Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq. paler on the sternum. The nuclei of the vertebral shields are raised the costal shields are h. Young (in spirits). Java. From the Leyden Museum. slightly ; depressed, their sides towards the nuclei, thus as it d. Front dorsal broader sloping forming Half-grown (skeleton). plate ; were a shallow basis. The front and hind plates rugose, radiated. Java. Tab. XIX. very hexagonal margins are broadly revolute, their toothed appearance Far. 2. Sternum nearly flat, the lobes rather broad, some- worn off. The sternum is slightly concave in the centre. what like a Cuora. The}- inhabit the valleys of Pinang, and in confinement they viii. t. Bell, TestudinidcB, 3, upper figure. refused to eat, and were never observed to enter a tank. — Cantor. Osteology : — c. Adult First dorsal urceolate (skeleton). narrow, ; plates worn. Java. From the Leyden Collection. e. Sternum divided by two cross sutures ; central /obe at- Dr. Cantor describes three of a a very young specimens tached to the thorax /jy bony symphysis, corered by Tortoise inches (the largest being onlv 2^ long), which the end of the abdominal shields only ; sternal plat es were taken on the sea-shore of under the name of 11 or S the Pinang, ; axillary and inguinal plates large. Tetraonyx affinis. The Malays assert that this Tortoise Emydidffi § a, c. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 13. also inhabits estuaries and rivers in the Peninsula, and that Terrapenina, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 211 (1825). Tent. it grows to a considerable size. The outline of the shell Terrapene (part.), Merrem, 27. Cistuda §, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 270. and its composing shields strikingly resemble the young of Einydidfe a. Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. 514. — Cat. Penins. Cyclemys orbiculata,Me\\\ Rept. C. Cinostcrnon, Spix. Handb. 160. There can be little doubt that the above were the young JJ'iegm. ^- Ruthe, Kinosternon, Bonap. Obs. Cur. R. A. 266 (1836). of this species, which often has only 4 claws on the feet. Les Tortues a boites (part.). Baud. Rept.

Cur. R. A. ii. 11 ; ed. 2. ii. 12.

Terrapene, sp., Merrem, Tent. 2. Cyclemys platynota. The Flat-backed Emys. Staurotypus et Cinostcrnon, TT^agler, Syst. 137. Bib. Gen. ii. Bum. ^- Erp. 356, 363 ; Cat. Meth. R. Shell ovate, convex, with the centre of the yellow-dotted, 16, 17. back as if truncated shields striated quite flat, ; ; areola of diseal shield of costal vertebral central, superior ; shields broader than 5th keeled the front 14. KINOSTERNON. long, 6-sided, ; and hinder margin strongly toothed. Sternum flat, truncated before Head moderate, subquadrangular, pyramidal, covered and nicked behind. Tail slightly moderate, tapering. with a hard thin skin. Chiu bearded. Feet and tail nearly with a few scattered scales. Claws '4. Proc. Zoo/. Sac. Illi'st. naked, 5*4, rarely 4 Emvs platvnota, Gray, 1834 ; Ind. t." Cat. Tort. B.M. 16. Zoo/, ; Tail of male elongate, clawed. Shell ovate, three-keeled, Cantor, Rept. Ma/ay. Penins. 3. especially when young. Sternum rounded in front, entire E. Reevesii, adult?, Duni. Cat. Meth. R. 15? or two-lobcd behind middle lobe covered ; by the abdo- Hab. Sumatra ; Cat. Co- (Miil/er) Pinang {Cantor, 3) ; minal fixed a to the thorax plates, by bony symphysis ; chinchina (Diard). front and hinder lobes more or less free, articulated to the

middle lobe : sternal shields 1 1 united into a a. Adult (stuffed). Sumatra? ; gular pair shield the shields narrow d. and triangular ; pectoral triangular, 6, c, Adult, half-grown (stuffed). Head yellow, varied ^vith a broad yellow streak on each side of the on the inner edges. Axillary and especially the inguinal throat yellow-streaked. Mr. Wal- nape; Singapore. plates very large, covering the suture. America. lace's Collection. Terrapene, sp., Merrem. e. Shell with the ribs about half closed Young. only, ; Sternotherus, Bell. vertebral plate with two costal plates, with one raised Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 211 (1825). black spot on the middle of tlie hinder edge of the Sternotherus, sp.. Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 304. nucleus. Singapore. Mr. Wallace's Collection. Fife. Syst. Rept. 29 (184.3). Shell /. Very young. very thin, with the black spot only Ivinostcrnon, Spix, Braz. very indistinctly marked. Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 302; iii. 515. H 2 44 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

1 . Hinder of sternum entire. Kinosternon, Bonap. Obs. Cuv. R. A. 166. Far. part

x. 1 24 ; Cat. Ann. Phil. 21 (1825) ; Syn. Rept. Gray, in state wants dorsal ; no b. Stuffed (not good ; plates ap- Tort. B.M. 32. of keels). Central America. Nat. Set. Philad. iv. 266. pearance Cistudo, sp., Say, Journ. Acad. Tortues a boitcs **, Cuv. R. A. wants dorsal no of § c. Animal dry (shell plates ; appearance Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 270 Cistuda § 2, (1822). keels). Central America. Cinosteruon, JVagler, Si/st. 137. Kinosternon scorpoides, var. acuta. Gray, Syn. 14. t. 7. f. 1 . Fife. Si/st. Rept. 29. Riithe, Handh. 166. Wieffm. ^- d. Adult (animal and shell, in spirits). Back very convex, ii. Cat. MHh. Dumeril and Bibron, Gen. 363 ; three-keeled sternum rather con- Erp. rounded, distinctly ; R. 16. small. Female ? vex tail short ; ; very spine very 137. Cyclemys, sp., Wagler, Syst. Tropical America. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq.

in Back e. Adult (animal and shell, spirits). convex, sternal lobes as broad a. Sterno-coslal sidure narrow ; three-keeled sternum flat ; tail elongate, rounded, distinctly ; as the Swanka. claws Male? America. openiny. elongate ; very strong. Tropical sternal lobes narrower /3. Sterna-costal suture short, broad; Adult Dorsal keels very distinct, vertebral than the Kinosternon. g. (stuffed). opening. tail Mexico. plates small ; elongate.

h. Adult (animal, stuffed). Discal plates ver\' irregular; Mexico. as dorsal keel indistinct. a. Sterno-costal suture elongate, narrow ; sternal lobes shield than broad as the opening ; abdominal longer Osteology : — the front lobe of sternum. Swanka. t. 5. f. 31—13. Cinostemon scorpoides, Wagler, Syst. Amph. Swanka, Gray, Cot. Tort. B.M. 32 (1844). Fitz. 29. some Cinosteruon, Syst. a. Shell only, swollen and convex, wanting plates. lines. Cen- Dorsal keels only marked by very obscure tral i\.merica. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray. 1. Kinosternon scorpioides. Tlie Swanka. dorsal keel marked a i. Adult. Back rounded ; only by with three continuous Shell oblong, ratlier compressed, very slight line.

shields imbricate ; keels ; dorsal longly sis-sided, slightly anterior lobe as broad and as the ; Males. sternum large opening Var. 2. Hinder part of sternum notched.

than the middle lobe ; long, entire, broad, longer gular plate keels distinct. /. Adult (animal, dry). Dorsal regular, as as the abdominal tail narrow, broad sternum concave ; elon- triangular; symphysis long Head very large, ; claws Male ? shields. gate ; large.

24 Cat. Tort. Dorsal keels distinct; sternum Kinosternon scorpiodes. Gray, Syn. Rept. ; VI. Adult (stuffed). regular, tail claws B.M. 32. concave, truncated behind ; elongate ; large. Collection. Bell, Test. t. . f. Cayenne. M. Yerreaux's t. 5. f. 31-43. Cinostemon scorpoides, Wagler, Syst. 137. Dorsal keels distinct. South ii. Cat. Meth. h. Adult regular, Dumeril and Bibron, Erp. Ghi. 365 ; (shell). America. Mus. Zool. Soc. R. 16. Kinosternon Shavianum, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 304. Cinostemon scorpioideum, Wagler, Syst. t. 5. f. 44. Far. 3. Back depressed. Fit:. Syst. Rept. 29. Bum. Cat. M^th. R. 16. Kinosternon longicaudatum, Sjnx, Bras. t. 12. Cinostemon scorpoides, var.. Ann. Phil. x. 211 Gray, (1825). Eab. Bolivia; Santa Cruze dc la Sierra (D'Orbigny). Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 304. 33. Chersine scorpoidea, Men-em, Amph. Cyclemys tricarinata, Wagler, Syst. 137. Kinosternon brevicaudatum, Bras. 13, Spix, 2. Kinosternon cruentatum. Blood-spotted Swanka. Xat. i. 152. Testudo scorpoides, Linn. Syst. Prod. i. 312. inclined three- Emys scorpoidea, Schweig. Carapace swollen, oval, suddenly behind, Testudo var., Shaw, Zool. iii. t. 15, Pennsylvanica, young. keeled, red-brown; sternum not nicked behind, yellow- T. Baud. ii. 178. tricarinata, Rept. darker above neck brown. Head yellowish-green, ; head, Schoepf. Test. t. 2. Shaw,' Zool. ii. t. 11. and limbs with small blood-red lines. T. Retzii, Baud. Rept. ii. 174. Cinostemon cruentatura. Bum. ^- Bib. MSS. Retzii, Schweig. Prod. 312. Emys Bum. Cat. Rept. Mus. H. Xat. 10. Terrapene tricarinata, Merrem, Tent. 28. Honduras. Hab. North America (Dumeril). Hub. Central America ; Brazils; Cayenne; CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 45

suture sternallobes narrower La Tortue Quad. Ovip. i. 152. /3. Sterno-costal short, broad; rougeatre, Laeep. N. B. H. N. XXXV. 267. shield than Bosc, than the opening ; abdominal shorter front lobe of sternum. Kinosternon. Male. Kinosternon oblongum, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 33. Kiuostemon, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 33 (1844). Dum. Bib. Gen. New York to New Orleans. Staurotypus, sp., ^- Erp. Ilab. North America ; Sternot'herus, Fit:. Syst. Eejit. 29.

1 Shell much eroded. a. Adult (stuffed). Female rounded, North America. The JMud Tortoise. 3. Kinosternon Penasylvanicum. East Florida. Presented c, d. Young (in spirits). by lobes Edward Sternum oblong, anterior and posterior broad, Doubleday, Esq. Like c and f/. North America. entire the shield short ; the rounded, ; gular broad, pectoral e,f. Young (in spirits). &c. to a Presented byCapt. Sir Edward Belcher, R.N.,C.B. and femoral shields triangular, almost reduced point Shell rounded sternum en- marbled g. Adult (stuffed). Female. ; at the inner margins. Head brown, pale ; temple tire behind. North America. Presented by H. Double- with three streaks of small white spots from the hinder day, Esq. throat of the orbits chin white-streaked and dotted ; edge ; North America. j, h. Half-grown (in spirits). with three narrow white streaks. distant, very North America. i, ;'. Just hatched (stuffed). Shell of dark brown, with a small dark spot on young Males and females. North k, I, m, n, 0. Adult (stuffed). and ^Tith the centre of each dorsal and marginal shield, Mr. Smith's Collection. America ; Louisiana. a moderate round white spot on the under side of each the a on the middle from Orleans in the marginal plate, edging plate, large spot In the adult specimens New spirits a more irre- white on the occi- of each axillary and inguinal plate, and larger head is dark brown, with irregular spots

one on each sternal all of them have two broad streaks from gular-shaped plate. put ; dark-edged of Shell of adult oblong, convex, not keeled, dark brown, the back of the orbit, the upper extended along the side and aa often eroded, yellow-brown beneath. the neck, the lower to the hinder end of the beak, sternum flat or the these Shell of males oblong, rather narrow; intermediate small pale spot on tympanum ; concave head tail thick, conical, obscure on the older slightly ; large ; elongate, marks all become more specimens. of females the of with a large terminal claw :— oblong, rounded, The young specimens, with same description head moderate little in the broad sternum flat or rather convex ; ; the same a ; colouring and from locality, vary with a small terminal the lobes of the tail short, conical, spine. comparative width and form of sternum, of is t. C. f. 4 Cat. even when have the same form tad, wliich sup- Kinosternon Pennsylvanicum, Gray, Syn. ; they Tort. B.M. 33. posed to mark the sexes. Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 209. Bonap. Obs. Cuv. R. A. 167. f. Swa.nka. Be Kay, Rept. New York, 21. t. 1, 2. 4. 4. Kiuostemon Doubledayii. Doubleday's Wagler, Syst. 13". Tab. XX. ii. Dum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. 367. sides back flat- i. t. 15 ed. l.iii. 23. t. 3 ; Shell convex, Holbrook,N.Amer. Herpet. ; narrow, oblong, smooth, ed. 2. 127. on the lobes much narrower tened ; sternum high sides, Testudo Bosc, Pennsylvanica, Rept. in bifid the than the cavity, rounded front, behind, sym- Gmelin, Si/st. Nat. i. 1042. Schoepf. Test. t. 24. f. a. physis very short. t. 14. f. 2. Shaw,' Zool. 33. Kiuostemon Doubledayii, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. ii. t. 24. f. 2. Baud. Rept. 1-, Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. T. iii. 120. Hab. CaUfornia. t. 24. f. 4. Testudo glntinata, Band. Rept. Test. t. 24. f. 6. Schoepf. a. Shell only (much worn) . California. Terrapene Boscii, Merrem, Tent. Ann. Phil. x. 211. Sternotherns pennsylvanicus, Gray, but tlie Very like the preceding {K. Pennsylvanicum), Testudo Lutraria Pennsylvanica, Edw. Glean, ii. 77- 1. 287. the sides. Sci. Philad. sternum is much move raised on Cistudo Pennsylvanica, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. iv. 266. Emvs Schweig. Prod. 315. pennsvlvanica, The Dotted Swanka. Harlan, Rept. N. Amer. 79- 5. Kinosternon punctatum. Tent. 27. Terrapene pennsylvanica, Merrem, anterior and Sternum rather lozenge-shaped ; posterior Mud Tortoise, Penn. Arct. Zool. 80. States America. lobes rather with straight edges, the hinder Mud Tarapin, Leconte, S. tapering, nearly 4(i CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

the and the femoral white ; head and neck with some truncated behind ; pectoral, especially large, depressed ; jaws

plates, subtrigoual, moderately broad at the inner margin. reddish-yellow spots. with a short Head brown, minute and closely pale-dotted, Bib. Gen. ii. .5"0 Cinosternon leucostomum. Hum. ^ Erp. ; Nat. oblitjue dark-edged streak on the hinder margin of the Cat. Rej)t. Mus. H. 17. beak throat thorax with a few Orleans Central upper ; pale-dotted ; brown, Hab. North America ; New ; Mexico; Rio Suraasiuta New Grenada. America ; brown dots and a small dark spot at the apex of each dor- ; (Morelet) sal shield under side and hinder of and marginal ; edge shields brown varied and lined sternum marginal pale ; pale, Doubtful Species. slightly dotted and marbled with blackish brown. t. f. 8. Cinosternon hirtipes, 5. 29, 30 ; Hah. North America. Wagler, Sijst. Icon. Amph. t. 30. Bib. Gui. ii. ? Cat. Meth. R. Bum. S)- Erp. 570 ; 17. a. In spirits (young). Female. Shell oblong, broad. Hab. America. Brazils ? Tail small, conical. Shield granular, rounded, entire. Head darker dotted with bro'ivn, minutely ; temples three streaks of small white spots from the hinder of the orbit chin white streaked and dotted edge ; ; 15. AEOMOCHELYS. throat with three distant very narrow white streaks. Head covered North America, East Florida {E. Doubleday). moderate, subquadrangular, pyramidal, with a hard skin. Chin bearded. Feet and tail with a

few scattered scales. Toes 5 4, webbed. Tail of males 6. Kinostemon Hippocrepis. The Eyebrowed Swanka. clawed. Shell ovate, keeled. Sternum truncated in front, Sternum oblong, anterior lobe broad, rounded, posterior nicked behind middle lobe covered the abdominal ; by lobe rather truncated behind broad, ; gular plates very fixed a to the thorax front and plates, by bony symphysis ;

narrow ; and femoral narrow, pectoral jilates triangular, hinder lobes narrow, more or less mobile and articulated to reduced to a on the inner Head nearly point margin. the middle lobe. Sternal shields 1 1 ; gular pair united, with a broad streak brown, minutely dotted, pale from the linear the shields rudimentary, ; pectoral large, oblong, nostril over the to the side of the eyes occiput ; temple transverse and four-sided, ; axillary inguinal plates very with a second similar streak from the lower part of the large, covering the suture. America. Odoriferous. hinder of the orbit throat Shell of edge ; brown; young- Kinosternou, sp.. Gray. brown, with a few brown dots and a small dark spot at the Cistudo, sp.. Say. apex of each dorsal and marginal shield, and a small pale Terrapeue, sp., Merrem. Sternotherus, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. spot on the edge of each marginal shield. Sternum pale sp., Dum. Bib. Staurotypus, sp., ijf- shield of adult brown, darker edged ; imiform olive-brown, with black to the shields beneath edges ; yellowish brown, 1. odoratuin. The Stink-Pot. darker varied. Aromochelys America Orleans Shell convex, rounded, not or Hub. North ; New (ilf. iSa/Ze). oblong, very obscurely the tri- keeled ; shields brown, dark-spotted ; gular plates a, h. In New Orleans. M. Salle's Collection. the humeral rather Head spirits. angular ; plate oblique. moderate,

c. Half-grown (stuffed). The broad yellow band margining with a white streak from the nostril over the eye, and the upper part of the nose and crown is distinct, but continued on the side of the neck ; a second streak from the the streaks on the temple are not to be observed in its neck with distant narrow hinder end of the upper jaw ; ])reseut state. The dorsal and marginal shields are uniform brown, ^vith a narrow margin, especially on yellow streaks. the hinder edge. The pectoral and abdominal plates 35. t. 6. f. 1 Kinostemon odoratum. Gray, Syn. Kept. ; are united together in this specimen, so that the front Cat. Tort. B.M. 34. lobe of the sternum must have been perfectly immove- Obs. Cup. R. A. ii. 168. able. North America. Boiiap. Testudo odorata, Latr. Rept. i. 122. Baud. Rept. ii. 189. t. 24. f. 3. Leconte, Ann. N. Y. iii. 122. 7. Kinosternou leucostomum. The White-Mouthed Lye. Cistudo odorata. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philud. iv. Swanka. Say, 2(IC, 216.

iii. t. 2. i. Holbrook, N. A. 29. 4 ; ed. 133. Carapace ovate, smooth, rather convex, reddish-brown, Herpet. t. 22. hinder back keeled sternum part slightly, very shghtly ; Be Kay, Rept. N. York, 22. t. 7. f. 13. not notched in front, vellow-broT^^l. Head moderately Testudo Pennsylvanica, var., Schoepff. Test. 1 10. t. 24. f. B. CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 47 Testudo Baud. glutinata. Rept. ii. 194. t. 24. f. 4. before and behind ; middle lobe covered with the abdo- Terrapene Boscii, Men-pm, Tent. 23 ? minal plate, which is on each side over Sternothems Boscii, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. produced the narrow Stemothcrus odorafus, Ann. Phil. x. Sternal 8 the Grmj, 2!1. bony symphysis. plates ; gular, humeral and Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 299. pectoral of each side plates united into one ; femoral and Fife. Sijst. 29. Rept. anal shields small, distinct ; and Terrapene odorata, Merrem, Tent. 23. axillary inguinal plates, the Emys odorata, Schweic/. Prod. 313, 437. especially latter, large, covering the narrow suture. Harlan, N. H. 80. America. E. glutinata, Merrem, Tent. 24. Mud Tarapen, Leconte, Southern States America. Staurotypus, TFar/Ier, Si/st. Ainph. 137. Cat. Tort. Bum. ii. Grai/, B.M. 34. Staurotypus odoratus. ^Bilj.Erp. Gen. 358 ; Cat. Mith. R. 16. Fitc. S>/st. Rept. 29.

Staurotypus (part.). Dim. ^- Bib. Gen. ii. Hab. Erp. 356 ; Cat. North America ; New York ; New Orleans. Meth. iJ. 16.

Terrapene, sp., Wiegmann. a. Adult (stuffed). Shields spotted. North America; Louisiana. Mr. Smith's Collection.

b. Young (in spirits). IMinutely pale brown speckled; head with a white streak 1. Staurotypus triporcatus. The Cross Emys. "over each eye, and two streaks from the back of the orbit edge ; throat brown, Tab. XX. b. with a broad streak of white spots. Delaware. Pre- sented H. Shell convex, brown, the central by Doubleday, Esq. oblong, three-keeled, one aud cultrate very large, high behind, side ones highest " in front vertebral M. Leconte observes : The ; plates nuchal synonyms cpioted to this long, imbricate, plates broad show more the short, ; edge indented on the side, and species plainly absurdity of the proposed expanded divisions of the Tortoise toothed behind. Head and lined with family than anything which I depressed, spotted white chin can This was ; two-bearded ; neck thick. say." perfectly just, as they were divided in 1833. Kinosternon triporcatum. Gray, Syn. Rent. 76 , Cat. Tort. B.M. 34. E. Schlegel regards Emijs Pennsylvanica, odorata, Stau- Terrapene triporcata, Wiegm. Ms, 364 (1828). and Staurotypus Bull. Sci. Nat. xvii. 293. rofi/pus triporcatus, Kinosternon hirtipes as varieties triporcatus. 137. t. 5. f. 45 Icon. t. of the TT'agler, Si/st. 44, ; 23. same species. Fitc. Si/st. Rept. 29 (1843). Bum. Bib. Gen. ii. ^- Erp. 356 ; Cat. Meth. R. 16.

2. Hab. North America carinatum. ; Mexico ; Central America Rio Aromoclielys The Keeled Stink-Pot. ; Sumasinta. Tab. XX. a.

Shell convex, keeled a. oblong, sharply ; shields grey-brown, Young (in spirits). Pale brown, varied with black. Mexico. purple-brown spotted aud streaked, and with a broad dark hinder edge ; gular shield linear, b. Adult. The anal united into one. very small, transverse ; plates Mexico. the humeral plate oblong, transverse, like but smaller than the Head brown crown Head of in pectoral. ; and cheeks black-dotted young animal, spirits, large, dark brown, neck with small (without any streaks) ; black-varied. specks which are sometimes confluent into tor- Hab. North tuous lines with a America ; Louisiana. ; temple dark, broad white streak from the gape, ending in a narrow white ring round the tvm- '/, b, c, e. Adult Mr. Smith's (stuffed). Collection. ; throat with some white panum irregular streaks ; lower with two white in streaks front ; chin with Osteology : — jaw two small beards, aud a black ou each side of the d. shell Pale brown large oblong gland Young only. ; bleached ? North America. edge of the lower beak outside of the beards. Thorax black-brown, with some broad pale marblings on each dorsal and shield a black subcentral marginal ; spot on each axil and the lary inguinal plate ; sternal shield black, with an 16. STAUROTYPUS. irregular white margin. Head covered with a large, hard skin ; chin bearded. Feet and tail with a few scattered scales. Claws 5-4. Shell ovate, three-keeled. Sternum very narrow, acute 48 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

Ann. N. Y. iii. 127. B. Head and tail very large ; sterno-costal symphysis Emysaura serpentina, Leconte, Lye. Dvm. ^-Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 350. t. 17. f. 1. covered with one or three peculiar plates. Testudo longicauda, Shaw, Mus. Coll. Surg. Penn. Arct. Zool. 46. Emydidse § B, Gray, Cat. Tort. 13. Serrated Tortoise, App. Alligator Tarapin, Southern States N. America. Loggerhead or Snapping Turtle, Northern States N. Amer. Chelonura (serpentina), Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 270 (1822). a. Sternum cross-like, acute before; sternal plates 10, Say, Jouru. Acad. Philad. iv. 206. on each over the sides the with a broad one side, of Bonap. Obs. Cuv. R. A. 171 (1836). Amer. 81. sternum (the displaced abdominal 1). Harlan, Herpet. Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. ed. 2. i. 139. t. 23. Cat. Tort. 13 Emydidse §B, Gray, (1844). Be Kay, Rept. N. York, 8. t. 3. f. 6. Rapara serpentaria. Gray, Bonap. I. e. Bib. Cat. Meth. R. 15. 17. CHELYDRA. Emysaurus serpentina, Bum. ^-

with a soft skin chin two- Hab. North America, from New to Florida. Head large, rugose, covered ; England bearded neck tubercular. Limbs and ; very thick, large a. animal North America. Presented Tail with three Y'oung (stuffed). strong, tubercular. long, large, longitu- by Gen. Ilardwicke. dinal series of compressed tubercles. Shell depressed, b. Adult (stuffed). North America. behind scales in a series. toothed ; marginal simple, single Orleans. M. Salle's Collec- c. Young (in spirits). New Sternum cross-like, acute at each end, centre coria- slender, tion. five the ceous ; sternal plates pairs, very thin, skin-hke, d. Half-grown (stuffed). North America. nanow lateral of the sternum covered a prolongation by Col- e. Adult (stuffed). North America. Mr. Argent's the removed ; peculiar plate (perhaps abdoraiual) gular lection.

a ; plate small, united into triangular plate marginal plate America Louisiana. h & i. Half-grown (stuffed). North ; 5 '4. America. regular, in a single series. Claws Mr. Smith's Collection.

Chelvdra, Schweiy. Mem. Kamiysb. (1812). Tab. XL. 'Fit:. Syst. Rejjt. 20 (18-13). OsTKOLOGY. Tab. XXXVIII. fig. 1, fig. 2, 1G6. TT'ieym. ^- Ruthe, Handb. skull (half-grown). Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 2/0 Foss. v. skull. Chelonura, (1822). Tortue serpentine, Cuv. Oss. 185, Zool. Journ. iii. 515 Bell, (1828). Presented the Skull . North America. by Holbrook, N. A. Hapet. i. 147. /. (half-grown) Bonap. Obs. Cuv. R.J. I/O. Zoological Society. Ann. Phil. x. 210 America. M. Parzudaki's Emys § *, Gray, (1825). g. Skeleton (young). North Rapara, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 210 (1828). Collection. Bib. Gin. ii. 349 Emvsaurus (Emysaure), Dum. ^' Erp. ; Cat. Meth. R. \5. " in its and Bib. Gen. ii. 350. This is voracious habits, destroys Emysaura, Dmn. ^- Erp. species very " Dmn. Bib.," of fish it is also more ferocious than Emydosaurus, ^- Gray (misprint). great quantities ; any A. Le Saiirochelys (Saurochelys), Latr. Fam. Nat. R. other, and will seize with violence at anything presented to Les Chelydes, Cuv. R. A. ii. 12; ed. 2. ii. 13. its hold even when the head is it, and not let go separated from the body. The wound inflicted by its bite is very 1. The Alligator Terrapen. Chelydra serpentina. : severe. It is much sought after as an article of food when Tail with a central scries of compressed tubercles. old the flesh is musky."—Leconte. ^ Beards on neck and chin small. Shell oblong, depressed, centre impressed, doubly keeled, bluntly toothed behind.

Younger : Shell three-keeled, hinder edge sharply toothed. 18. MACROCLEMYS. —Schoepff. Test. t. 6. with numerous Head very large, covered symmetrical, Chelydra serpentina, Schweig. Prod. 293. 420. chin two-bearded. Neck thick, with Gray, Si/n. Rept. 3G. smooth, horny j)lates ; Wagler', Amph. 136. t. 5. f. 4G, 47. at the Tail with a central large beards, horny tip. conical, C. Prod. 293. Lacertina, Schweig. • series of tubercles. Claws 5 4, strong. Back Fit:. Syst. Rept. 29. compressed • behind. Testudo serrata, Penn. (not Shaio) Cat. Liverpool Mus. t. convex, three-keeled, toothed Marginal plates 31, T. Linn. Nat. 351. those on the centre of each side in Serpentina, Syst. produced, subtubercular, Test. t. 6 Schoepfj-. (young). in front a double series. Skull : nose produced ; palate Band. Rept. ii. 98. t. 20. f. 2. acute at each Shaw, Zool. t. 19. deeply concave. Sternum slender, cross-like, CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 49

end ; sternal six thin the lateral plates pair, ; narrow pro- small or none. Sternal shields 1 2 ; gular pair very short, of the sternum longations covered with a pecuhar plate, broad, band-hke. Asia. and often having some additional ones between it and the Platysternon, Gray, Proc.Zool. Soc. 1831, 106; Cat. Tort. sternal on the inner and on the outer plates marginal plates B.M. 35 (1844).

side ; and anal Bum. ^- Bib. G^n. ii. 345 Cat. gular plates small, generally united, trian- Erp. ; Meth. R. 15. Schlegel, F. 49. gular. Japan. Clemmys (Platysternon), Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29.

1. Macroclemys Temminckii. Temminck's Snapper. 1. Platysternon megacephalum. The Helmeted Terrapen. Carapace strongly three-keeled, rounded, deeply serrated behind. of the shields Deep brown, edge grooved and slightly striated. radiately Head ; cheeks Emys Lacertina, Bum. ^ Bib. MSS. brown-rayed pale spotted ; Chelonura Temminckii, Troost, MSS., in Holbrook, N. A. sternum pale yellowish. Herpet. i. 147. t. 24. Platysternon megacephalum. Proc. Zool. Soc. Emysaurus Temminckii, Buin. Cat. Rept. Mus. H. N.\&. Gray, 1831, lOG ; Ilhcsf. Ind. Zool. t.

Hub. North America. Bum. Bib. Ghi. ii. 345. t. f. ^ Erp. 16. 2 ; Cat. Meth R. 15. Schlegel, F. Japon. 49. a. Adult. North America (Mississippi). From the Zoo- Clemmys (Platysternon) megacephalum, Fitz. Syst. Rept. logical Society. 29.

b. Adult. North Hab. China. America (Mississippi). Mr. Smith's Collection.

a. Stuffed China. Presented J. R. e. Adult (half-grown). by (stuffed). Very large. North America ; Louisi- Reeves, Illust. Ltd. Zool. t. ana. Mr. Smith's Collection. Esq. (Figured .) b. Stuffed China. (adult). Gardens of the Zoological Society. Tab. • Osteology. XXXVIII. fig. 2; Tab. XXXIX Tab. XL. fig. 1, skull (adult).

d. Skeleton. North America. Presented by John Dillon, 20. DEKMATEMTS. jun., Esq.

Head . Toes ? Claws ? Shell oblong, not sides rounded hinder convex, keeled, ; edge expanded, slightly reflexed, covered with very thin membranaceous b. Sternum broad, truncated before; sternal plates 12; shields hinder shield ; marginal broad. Sternum flat, sterno-costal suture covered with three or four addi- rounded in notched behind the front, ; gular plates small, tional plates, and with the ends of the pectoral and triangular, united to the upper shell by a bony symphysis, abdominal plates. covered with the end of the and abdominal pectoral plates ; § B. e. Cat. Tfirt. B.M. 13. Emydidee Gray, the sterno-costal sutures covered with four moderate-sized, defined the anterior distinctly plates ; small, and two hinder

19. PLATYSTERNON. largest. The axillary and inguinal plates none. The cavity of the shell is contracted at the South Head covered with a thick hard case scarcely opening. very large, horny ; America. jaws very strong. Neck very thick, short, subretractile, Ann. with small scales. Nat. Hist. 60 ; granular Limbs yery large, coutractUe, Derniatemys, Gray, 4' Mag. 1847, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, 55. not capable of being retracted into the shell, covered vrith TTiegm. Arch. 1848, 197. long lunate scales in front, and fringed on the outer hinder sides. Toes 5 • webbed to the claws claws 4, ; very strong. 1. Dermatemys Mawii. Mawes' Dermatemys. Tail elongate, cylindrical. Shell depressed, expanded, thin, Tab. XXI. covered with thin horny shields. Sternum flat, broad, truncated in front and united to First vertebral seven-sided third and behind, the thorax by a plate ; second, broad. Shell bony symphysis, covered with the ends of the pectoral and fourth longer than pale brown, upper surface abdominal plates, and three small additional shields between covered with small close irregular depressions of a darker them and the colour shields brittle marginal plates. Axillary and inguinal plates brown ; pale, nearly transparent, very 50 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

under surface uniform covered with the outer ends of the and abdominal when dry ; pale yellowish-wliite, pectoral with additional in front. with slightly sunken grooves. plates, and an intergular plate " The and small or none. Pelvis Emys Mawii, Bibron," Eraser's Cat. Mus. Zool. Soc. axillary inguinal plates very no. 6899. large, united to the vertebra and the hinder lobe of the 1 Dennatemvs Mawi, Ann. Nat. Hist. 847, 60 ; Gray, ^ Mag. sternum, leaving a scar. Living in ponds and rivers, ui Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, 36. climates. flesh in the water : warm Eating ; feeding only TTieffm. Arch. 1848, 167. with their whole shell under water. Emys Berardii, Bum. 4' Sib. MSS. swimming Bum. Cat. Mus. Hist. Nat. ii. no. 9* (1851). Emys § ***, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 211 (1825), and note. Hab. South America {Lieut. Mawe). Chehdina, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 211 (1825). Eraydse (part.), Swainson, Lard. Cyclop. 344. CheUdridae Swainson, Lard. Cyclop. 343. a. Shell: length 17; width 11. Sternum: length 12^ (part.), Fit:. Syst. Kept. 29 inches. From the Museum of the Zoological Society. Hydraspides, (1843). Chelydse, fJ'iegmann, Herp. Mex. Fitz. Syst. Rept. 30 (1843). The specimen, which is not quite full-grown, has much Phvllopodochelones (part.), Bitten, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur.xiv. 269 the external appearance of Phrynops Geoffroyii, and the (1828). Chersydrochelones (part.), Ritzen, I. c. 269. of scales the but there general thinness the of Chelydidce ; Amydse (part.), Ritzen, I. c. 269. of the is no appearance of any scar on the inner surface HydraspicUna, Bonap. Tab. Analit. 8 (1836). the Clielina, Tab. Analit. 8 sternum for the attachment of the pelvis, and though Bonap. (1836). Terrapene (part.), Bonap. Saggio Anim. Vert. 12 (1832). gular scale is worn and nearly obliterated, yet it is suf- Chelydae, IVieym. ^- Ruthe, Handb. 169. distinct to show that it has no ficiently intergular plate. Chelydoides & Emydoides (part.), Fitz. Neue C/ass.(1826). Emys Berardii of Dumeril's Catalogue of the Paris Mu- Emys, sp., Brongn. (1803). Oppel, Rept. (1811). seum is intended for this It is thus perhaps species. Merrem, Tent. 23. described : — Cta: R. 4. (1817). " Testudines 133. Shell yellow-brown, irregular, rugose, with a multitude steganopodes (part.), TTagler, Syst. Testudinida chehna and T. testudinina narrowed above (jiart.), Bonap. of small vermiculations ; elongate, suboval, Saggio Anim. Vert. 13 (1832). the fore rather sinuous behind hinder of back legs, ; part Tortues paludines ou Cheloniens Elodites, § 2. Pleuroderes, keeled nuchal short first vertebral Bum. Bib. Gin. ii. Cat. Meth. R. 17. slightly ; small, ; pro- ^ Erp. 374 ; duced in front. Chest yellow, entire in front, notched be-

hind. Head uniform rather ; brown, flat, broad, large jaws In the Annals of Philosophy for 1825, 1 formed a section toothed. Toes broad-webbed. Tail strong, rather long. oi for — " Toes 4'4 sternum Emys (***) Emys longicollis ; South America Vera Cruz — " "Hab. {Mawe) ; {Berard)." thirteen-scaled," and remarked: The plastron of the last

subgenus is covered with thirteen scales, that is, six pair This is more likely to be the case, as Mr. Fraser's note, marginal, and an unequal-sided hexagonal one in the middle in the Catalogue of the Museum of the Zoological Society, of the anterior lobe." I have only observed an approximating shows that M. Bibron must have examined it, and these distribution of the in a of Sternotherus all " plates species ; authors give the habitat as South America {Mawe)," in the other Emyda that I have seen have had only the six their account of the species. If this be the case, !M. Bibron so pair of marginal plates, the first pair sometimes soldered must have changed the name after his return to Paris. as to form only eleven plates.

Mr. Bell, after stating that the same number of sternal

plates exists in Sternotherus Leachianus and the two Fam. III. CHELYDID.ffi; (Chelides). species of Chelys (see Zool. Journ. iii. 512, 1838), over- looked the other anatomical characters which unite these Head much depressed, broad, covered with a soft skin or tubular genera, and made no proposal to unite them into a natural hard shields ; nostrils elongate, ; eyes superior ; group. jaws horny. Neck long, broad, contractile, bent under the

• side of the shell in repose. Feet webbed. Toes 5 5, Dumeril and Bibron in their large work merely change deeply webbed, with a lobe between each claw. Claws the name of the family as given in my Synopsis. • • 5 5, 5 4, or 4-4, elongate, acute. Shell depressed, shields covered with horny ; caudal pair always separate. Sternum attached to the thorax by a short bony suture. CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 51

Synopsis of the Genera. between the gular. Beaks naked. Toes short, strong, shielded above, webbed. Claws 5 • A. Head moderate, depressed. Beaks naked. Intergular plate shortly 5, strong, sharp. marginal. Sternothserus, Bell, Zool. Jotirn. ii. 514. Siemotherus, Cat. Tort. a. Claws 5 5. Head shielded. Gray, Sg7i. Rept. (18 ); B.M. 36. 1. Sternothffirus. Front lobe of the sternum mobile, with a long Di(m. Bib. Ghi. ii. ^- Erp. 397 ; Cat. Meth. R. 19 (not internal on each side. process Fitzinger) . 2. Felomednsa. Front lobe of the sternum fixed. Pelusios, n^agler, Sysf. 137 (1830). Fitc. Syst. Repf. 29. Sternothserus and Zool. Journ. ii. 305. b. Claws 5 4. Head with a thin skin, or subshielded. Terrapene, sp.. Bell, Terrapene, sp., Merrem, Tent. 3. Flatemys. Head covered with a continuous skin ; neck Kinosternou §, Bonap. Saggio Anim. Vert. 12. warty on the sides. Shell depressed, light, sides revolute.

4. Hydraspls. Head with small shields. Shell many depressed, The genus Sternothcerus of Mr. Bell {Zool. Journ. ii. not contracted. thin, light, sides revolute ; cavity 305) is exactly synonymous with one of Daudin's sections 5. Chelymys. Head with small shields. Shell convex, many of the ii Tortues holies, and contains species of the genera very solid, strengthened with two compressed diverging Cistudo, Kinosternon, and the Sternothcerus. bony folds in front, sides revolute. present genus, Mr. Bell, in his second paper (Zool. Journ. iii. 515), gives as the type S. Leachianus, which is the same as B. Head large or very large. Terrapene nigricans of his former paper {Zool. Journ. ii.

• c. 5 4. beaks chin not — the Claws Head flat, depressed; naked; 305) ; placing genus with the other Box Tortoises in bearded. Finydid

8. Chelys. Shell depressed, three-keeled. * "Muzzle elongated, conical ; upper Jaw hooked." —

• e. Claws 5 4. Head convex, rounded, covered with hard shields ; Dumeril. beaks naked. 1. Sternothserus The Black Sternoth^rus. 9. niger. Peltocephalus. Head subquadrangular ; upper jaw hooked. Feet webbed. Shell narrower in black slightly oval, short, swollen, front, deep ; 10. Podocnemis. Head with a in front mu2zle the lower. subdepressed, groove ; elongate ; upper jaw hooked, covering u])per jaw slightly arched. Feet broadly webbed. Head elongate, with two large parietal, a long fronto-nasal, a frontal shield hooked. and moderate ; upper jaws

Stemotherus niger. Bum. Sf Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 397; Cat. A. Head moderate, depressed. Beaks naked. Intergular Meth. iJ. 19. between the jjlate margitial, gular pair. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 37.

Hab. ? Mus. Paris. a. Claws 5*5. Head shielded. Madagascar

Chelydidae A. a. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 36 (1844). In the text, MM. Dumeril and Bibron refer their figure t. 20.f. 1, to this species; but on the plates and in the 1. STERNOTH.ffiEUS. explanation of the plates they name it S. castaneus, and it with the latter in a short head. Shell roundish, rather convex, side plates narrow, frout agrees having one very short and square. Nuchal plate none. Sternum front lobe ** broad, rounded before, moveable, and furnished Muzzle short, rounded. on each side of its hinder edge with an internal bony pro- 2. Sternothaerus The Blackish Sterno- covered the humeral and subniger. cess, by gular, pectoral plates ; TH^RUS. central lobe covered the abdominal hinder only by plates ; as as the lobe bifid, with an internal scar. Intergular plate marginal, Vertebral plates square, long broad, fourth I 2 52 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

two anterior narrower 4. Stemothaerus Derbianus. Lord Derby's Sterno- broader than long ; marginal plates lobes of the therus. Tab. XXII. than the first vertebral ; sides of the hinder sternum contracted in front ; muzzle rounded. Jaws vertebral shields pale Shell oblong, convex, rounded ; narrow, yellowish. six-sided, much longer than broad, the last subtriangular. Head the and crown united into Sternotherus subniger, Gray, Syn. 38; Cat. Tort. B.M. 37. broad, parietal plates La Tortue Q. O. i. 175. t. 13. muzzle rounded the sternum with the noinitre, Lacep. one ; bluntly ; broad, Bechst. i. 260. Testudo subniger, Lacep. by the front much hinder portion scarcely contracted in front, Latr. Rept. i. 89. f. 1. broad be- rounded ; the central ovate, angular Baud. Rept. ii. 197. gular plate Tent. 28. hind two anterior shields as wide as the front Terrapene nigricans, Merrem, ; marginal ii. Bum. Bib. Gen. 399 ; Sternotherus nigricans. ^ Erp. vertebral. Jaws dark-lined. Cat. Meth. R. 19. Emys Couro, var., Schlegel, Faun. Japon. 64. Sternothoerus Derbianus, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 37. Pelusios 137. subnia;er, JVagler, Syst. Hab. West Africa. Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29. i. 438. Emys subniger, Schweig. Prod. 315, a. Adult (stuffed). Vertebral plates elongate, very narrow,

Africa half as as broad. West Africa ; Gambia. Hab. ; Madagascar. long again Presented by the Earl of Derby.

a. Adult animal shell worn. Africa. Osteology : — (dry) ; shell. Vertebral rather than b. shields b. Adult plates square, longer Adult (stuffed) ; slightly grooved. Madagascar. Africa Sierra Leone. From the Paris Museum. broad. West ;

c. lost its dorsal shields ; shell Half-grown (in spirits) ; iS. castaneus and S. sub- This species is separated from short, rounded and convex. which in these niger by the shape of the vertebral plates, are sLx-sided in the S. castaneus are species broad, ; they

in the .S'. the third nearly as broad as long, and subniger 3. castaneus. The Natal Sternoth.erxjs. is Stemothserus and fourth are broader than long, and the fourth ovate as as swollen behind. all to Vertebral plates broad, nearly square, nearly long and Perhaps they may prove only or on broad, the fourth six-sided, longer than broad. Jaws pale be varieties of the same species, dependent age. of the sternum yellow. Sides of the hinder lobes straight. 38 Cat. Tort. Sternotherus castaneus. Gray, Syn. Rept. ; 5. Stemothserus Adansonii. Adanson's Sterno- B.M. 37. TH-ERUS. ii. 401. t. 20. f. 1 Cat. Meth. Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ; keeled R. 19. Shell oval, fulvous, brown-spotted, back strongly ; 324. no. 38. Emys castanea, Schweig. Prod. than broad. Sternum front vertebral plates much longer E. Couro, var., Schlegel, Faun. Japan. 64. mobile in front, more or less varied with reddish- Testudo subnigra ;S, Baud. Rept. ii. 198. yellow, Jrarw.ii. t. tail short. Sternotherus Leachianus,i?e//,Zoo/. 14(young?). brown. Head flat, broad ; S. sinuatus, A. Smith, Illust. Zool. S. Africa, t. 1. Pelomedusa? Adansonii, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 38. Pelusios castaneus, TJ'agler, Syst. 137. Emys Adamsonii, Schweig. Prod. 308. 27. 40. Hab. South Africa; Madagascar (Qj/oy). Hvdrasi)is Adansonii, Gray, Syn. Bum. Bib. Gen. ii. 394. Pe'ntonyx Adansonii, ^- Erp. Sternotherus Adamsonii, Bum. ^ Bib. Cat. Meth. R. 19. nar- a, b. Adult (stuffed). Two anterior marginal plates de Verde White Nile. Mus. Paris. rower than the first vertebral. Sternum of {a) flat, of Hab. Cape ; (b) concave. Port Natal. From Dr. Krauss's Col- lection.

: — Osteology 2. PELOMEDUSA. keeled two ante- c. Adult shell. Vertebral jilate bluntly ; with two narrow frontal Head much depressed, shielded first verte- rior marginal plates nearly as broad as the a a vertebral shield, and a bral. Sierra Leone ? shields, separated by groove, large each side. Chin two-bearded. Beaks large cheek-shield on sinuatus of Neck broad. with strong band-hke shields The figure above cited of Sternotherus exposed. Legs " in retractile. Toes short, strong, shielded Dr. A. Smith is very like specimen e," but the first front, quite rounded lobe not so above, webbed to the tips, mth a large vertebral plate is broader and long. CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 53

between each claw. Claws 5 Shell Pelomedusa 5, elongate, sharp. galeata, Wagler, Syst. 136 (1830), t.2. f.36,37. Fitz. depressed, sides narrow, revolute. Nuchal none. Sternum Syst. Rept. 29. rather Hab. of solid, narrow, truncated in front, narrower and nicked Africa; Cape Good Hope; Madagascar; Senegal. behind. shield lutergular small, marginal ; sterno-costal Far. 1. Shields smooth, or with a few concentric an- suture covered by the end of the pectoral and abdominal only nular plates. Africa. grooves. a. Adult Plates worn smooth. Pelomedusa, Wagler, Sijst. 136 (1830). (stuffed). Cape of Good Presented Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 39.. Hope. by Dr. J. E. Gray. Fitz. Sijst. Rept. 29. b. two Young (dry) ; only legs. Shields slightly concen- Pentonyx, Bii/jpe!/, 3ISS. Mvs. Frank. (1831). trically grooved. Cape of Good Hope. Bum. Bib. Gen. ii. ^- Erp. 390 ; Cat. Mcth. R. 18. e. c. d, Very young (dry, from spirits). Shields Hydraspis (galeata), sp., Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. 51.5. smooth, slightly concentrically grooved. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by J. S. Bowerbank, Esq. h. * Young (m spirits). South Africa. Mr. Bartlett's Col- Pectoral shields small, short, ; humeral triangular large ; lection. occiput with small shields. Pentonyx. i &j. Young (in spirits). South Africa. From the Zoo- 1. Pelomedusa Gehafiae. The Gehafia. logical Society.

k. Adult (stuffed). South Africa. Olive ; shields and be- radiately concentrically grooved ; neath pale yellowish-white, keeled ; very slightly pectoral Far. 2. Black, grey-black spotted ; shields all with close, shields triangular, not to the central line. reaching rather granular, radiating ridges and concentric Pelomedusa Gehafiae, Gra;/, Cat. Tort. B.M. 38. grooves ; areola small. Pentonyx Gehafiae, Riippell, Mus. Frank. (1831). Bum. Cat. Meth.R. 18. Adult Black areola small. g. (stuffed). ; South Africa ; Cape of Good Hope. Mr. Warwick's Collection. Hab. Abyssinia.

/. Young (stuffed) ; wantmg sternum. South Africa. Pre- sented a. Adult by J. S. Bowerbank, Esq. (stuffed). Abyssinia. From Dr. Riippell' s Col- lection.

Osteology : — b. Young. Abyssinia. Dr. Riippell's Collection. Pelomedusa galeata, Wagler, Syst. t. 2. f. 38-44.

** Toung, when alive, pale Pectoral and humeral shields equal, oblong,four-sided, olive-green. tran.werse ; occiput largely shielded. Pelomedusa. *** 2. Pelomednsa subrufa. The Pelomedusa. Boubtful species.

3. Shell olive, ovate first Pelomedusa Mozambica, Peters, MSS. brown, oblong ; vertebral plate (1848). short, very broad in front. Hab. Mozambique (Mus. Berlin).

Pelomedusa subrufa, Graij, Cat. Tort. B.M. 38. 4. Pentonyx AyiEKican a, Cornalia, Ferteb. in Mus. Testudo subrufa O. i. t. Syn. (La Roussatre), Lacep. Q. 173. 12 ; 13 Enc;/. Mcth. t. 6. f. 3. Mediolanensi, (1849). Testudo subrufa, Lotr. Rept. i. 120. Testa oblouga, in medio coarctata, minime carinata, scutis Baud. Rept. ii. 132. distiuctis ohvaceo-brunneis flavo-maculatis tribus lineis cas- Emys subrufa, Schweig. Prod. 308. 26. Hydraspis subrufa. Gray, SyA. 40. taneis circumdatis. Testudo scabra, Retz. Hab. New York (!). T. badia, Bound. Zool. Beytr. iii. 34. T. galeata, Schoepf. Test. 12. t. 3. f. 1 (young). Latr. Rept. i. 152. • Shaw, Zool. iii. 57. t. 12. f. 3. b. Claws 5 4. Head covered with a thin skin, entire, or Baud. ii. 136. Rept. divided into smallflexible shields. Emys galeata, Schweig. Prod. 307. no. 25. A. Cat. Tort. B.M. 36. Schlegel, Faun. Jajjon. 44. Chelydidae b. Gray, TFagler, Sysf. 132. t. 2. f. 36, 44. E. olivacea, Schweig. Prod. 307. 24 (young). 3. PLATEMYS. Pentonyx capensis, Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 390. t. 19. Head covered with a continuous thin skin. f. 21 ; Cat. Meth. R. 18. moderate, flat, Testudo senegalensis. Baud. Rept. Temple with small scales. Beaks naked, weak. Chin two- 54 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

on the sides. Hind with a of ! bearded. Neck warty legs series nyms this species Other naturalists regard them as of three or four large compressed scales, forming a large belonging to more than one genus. compressed lobe on the outer edge. Legs with large hex- agonal scales in front. Toes strong, with a few broad shields

• above, webbed. Claws 5 4, acute. Shell oblong, depressed, 4. HYDRASPIS. flattened above, lateral margin revolute. Nuchal plate distinct anterior vertebral Head ; plates broad, large. Sternum moderate, flattened, covered with a thin skin, di- vided into solid, not mobile, rounded in front, deeply notched behmd. numerous subsymmetrical plates. Beaks naked,

Tropical America. slender, weak. Chin two-bearded. Hind legs with a com- pressed scaly tubercle on the outer side, above the foot. Platemys, Wayler, Sijst. 135 (1835). • Bib. ii. Toes webbed. Claws 5 acute. Platemys, sp.. Bum. ^- Erp. G^n. 407 ; Cat. MMh. 4, Shell oblong, depressed, R. 20. back flattish, lateral margin revolute. Nuchal plate di- Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 41. stinct, anterior vertebral plate larger than the other, often broad. Sternum very solid, not mobile ; lobes broad, the front one rounded. Tropical America. 1. Platemys plamceps. The Doubly-keeled

Platemys. Hydraspis, sp., Bell, Zool. Journ. Hydraspis, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 38 (1844). marked on each side of the Shell fulvous, Bib. ii. quadrangular, Platemys, sp., Bum. ^ Erp. Ghi. 407 ; Cat. Mm. with a black back with two rounded R. 20. disk large spot ; keels, 134 a broad costal not arched Rhinemys (part.), Wagler, Syst. (1830). separated by groove ; plates ; Fit^. Syst. Rept. 29. with trian- sternum black, yellow-edged ; margin yellow, Chelodina, sp., Fitzinger. Head covered with a thin Cat. Tort. B.M. 41. gular brown spots. single plate ; Phrvuops,' Gray, Wagler, Syst. 135 (1830). crown yellow. Fit:. Syst. Rept. 29. Hydraspis plamceps,G/-a(/,5y«.i?e;j/.40; Caf.Tort.B.31.39. Testudo planiceps seu platycephala, Schneid. Berl. Naturf. iv. t. 16. t Nee/c above. Lower of the the Sehoepf. Test. 115. t. 27. warty part front of 303. no. 16. Emvs planiceps, Schweig. Prod. hind legs with a compressed wart formed of two large Platemvs planiceps, Wagler, Si/st. 135. compressed scales, with a group of five or six tin- Ftf^. St/sf. Rept. 29. equal scales on the lower side beneath them. The E. platycephala, Schlegel, Faun. Japon. 45. Testudo Alartinella, Baud. Rept. viii. 344. first vertebral plate ivider than the others. Bum. Bib. Gin. ii. Cat. Platemys Martinella, i|- Erp. 407; Mtth. R. 20. 1. Hydraspis Spirii. The Grooved Hydraspis. Emys canaliculata, Spix, Bras. t. 8. f. 1, 2. Shell oval middle of the back Platemys canaliculata, Wagler, Si/st. t. 4. f. I, 2, 3. oblong, convex, flattened, ? discolor, Thnnb. MS. Schweig. with a narrow central costal arched ster- Emys groove ; plates ; 1 E. Schoepffii, Wiegmann. black. chin two- num Head with numerous small plates ; Surinam. Hab. Brazils ; ; bearded neck with conical acute the outer Cayenne ; spines ; two toes of the fore-feet with short claws small, rudimentar)' ; a. lost of the shields. Guiana. Adult (in spirits) ; part the lower part of the outer side of the front edge of the h. Adult lost of the shields. British (in spirits) ; many hind legs with a compressed tubercle, formed of two com- Guiana. Mr. Schomburgk's Collection. pressed scales. c. Adult Rio Brazils. Mr. Bates's (stuffed). Negro ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 38. Collection. Hydraspis Spixii, Gray, Bib. ii. Cat. Platemvs Spixii, Bum. ^- Erp. Gen. 409 ; MM. iJ. 20.

: — t. f. Osteology Emys depressa, Spix, Bras. 4. 3. 2 (not Neuwied). Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855 Jtm. N. H. Gray, ; ij- Mag. Platemys canaliculata, Wagler, Syst. t. 4. f. 4-26. 185,5, XV. 69. Rhinemys nasuta, var., Wagler, Syst. 134. E. M. Schlegel regards Emys nasuta, Geoffroyana, Hab. Brazil. E. Schweig., E. stenops, E. depressa, E. canaliculata, rufi- E. E. Maximilittna, E. radiolata, Mikan, pes, viridis, Spix, a. Adult (in spirits). Brazils. From M. Clausen's Collec- tion. E. depressa, Neuwied, and E. pachyura, Boie, as all syno- CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 55 tt Neck nearly smooth. Lower part of hind legs rounded This species is very like H. gibba, but the back is more in and covered with or six rather the front, five larger depressed, margin much wider ; the head nearly double convex scales, the last heeled. First vertebral the with the size of the the scales plate size, compared body ; almost as wide as the others. Rhinemys. on the margin of the hind legs larger and more equal-sized, and the scales of the head small, more numerous and more Rhinemys, part., Wagler. equal in size. See Proc. Zool. Sac. 1853. Dumml and Bibron separate the species belonging to this section thus, showing the very slight characters which divide them : — 3. Hydraspis gibba. The Black Hydraspis. I. Back keeled the whole length. Shell black, ovoid, middle of the back convex ; discal * 6. Sternum reddish. H. r^ifipes. ** plates striated, the last three vertebral tu- Sternum brown, ends yellow. 4. H. nasuta. sUghtly plates keeled behind costals flat bercularly ; ; sternum brown, II. Back interruptedly keeled. * varied with yellow on the edge. Head moderate, covered Sternum black-spotted. 12. H. St. Hilairii. ** with small The crown with five Sternum not spotted. 1-1. H. Geoffroyana. many symmetrical plates. shields, two in front and two and one III. Back keeled on the last three plates. 3. H. gihba. elongated behind, central the two front shields in front IV. Back not keeled. ; produced nearly * to the back of the orbits. Discal shieldsconcentrically andradiatelystriated. edges 9. H. radiolata. Hydraspis gibba. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 40. ** Discal shields striated Prod. 299. no. 7. ^ longitudinally ; sternum Emys ^\\)h9.,-Schioeig. 135. black, yellow-edged. 1 1 . 77. Gaudichuudii. Rhinemys gibba, Wagler, Syst. Platemys Diim. Bib. Gen. ii. 416. t. 20. f. 2 *** Discal shields smooth. gibba, ^ Erp. ; Cat'.Meth. R. 20.

Sternum ; thorax brown, uniform. 5. f yellow Hydraspis cayennensis /3, Gray, Syn. 42. H. Wagleri. Hab. South America. Sternum thorax •ff yellow ; brown, black-rayed. 8. H. depressa. a. Adult (stuffed). The lower part of the outer edge of ttt Sternum brown, yellow-edged. 7. H. Miliusii. the hind-legs with three or four rather larger scales, the last much and keeled caudal larger ; plates higher than From M. Parzudaski's * long. "Madagascar?" Animal one-coloured. Collection.

2. Hydraspis raniceps. The Toad-headed Hydraspis. Tab. XXIII. 4. Hydraspis nasuta. Schweigger's Hydraspis. Shell oblong, depressed, middle of the back flat, margin very broad in front, narrow and bent up on the sides, Shell roundish oblong, much depressed, keeled, waved, broader and arched over the hind first vertebral shield hinder sternum sides ends legs ; fulvous, edge yellow ; brown, and

as wide as ; third and fourth the fore- large, long narrow, longer yellow. Head depressed ; crown separated from than broad fourth and fifth with head a with five ; an acute keel on the by straight line, nearly equal-sized shields, hinder Sternum rather broad. Head two in front and behind, and one in the centre between edge. very large ; crowu and covered with small shields ears them. temple ; promi- nent ; neck smooth ; lower of the outer of the part edge Hydraspis nasuta. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 40. hind with four the last Prod. 298. no. 4. leg larger scales, compressed, largest. Emys nasuta, Schweig. Dum. Bib. Gin. ii. 435 Platemys Schweiggerii, ^ Erp. ; Hab. Brazils Para. ; Cat. MHh. jB. 21. var., Schlegel, Faun. Japan. 46. a. Adult (stuffed). First vertebral Emys platycephala, plate nearly square, 134. two last vertebral keeled. Rhinemys nasuta, Wagler, Syst. plates Brazils ; Para. Mr. Bates's Collection. Hab. South America. Mus. Paris (one specimen).

Osteology : — ? a. Young (in spirits). Lower part of outer side of hinder with four or five convex scales. America. h. Adult (skeleton). First vertebral plate broader, con- legs Tropical broader in front than last siderably behind ; vertebral plates not keeled. From Mus. Paris. The Museum specimen is very like what may be the " Platemys Spixii." Mus. Paris. young of H. gibba, but the head shields are different. 56 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

** 5. Hydraspis Wagleri. Wagler's Hydraspis. Animal and shell banded or spotted.

Shell much narrowed at each keel- oval, elongated, end, 8. Hydraspis depressa. The Depressed Hydraspis. truncated less, rounded in front and behind, reddish-brown ; Shell oval- oblong, rounded at each end, not keeled, oUve-

shields smooth the first vertebral three-sided ; ; protuberant, hinder brown, black-rayed, margin yellow ; blackish-grey, sternum Head smooth with small yellow. flat, ; temple with three black throat side of the head rays ; whitish, scales. black-spotted. Sternum narrower behind than in front. Cat. Tort. B.M. 40. Hydraspis Wagleri, Gratj, Head covered with very small shields diverging from a Bib. Gen. ii. 422 Cat. Platemys Wagleri, Dum. ^ Erp. ; small central vertical shield. Neck The inner Meth. R. 20. granular. sides of the front of the hind legs with three or four convex Hab. Brazil. Mus. Paris (one specimen). with sLs small keeled slightly keeled scales, outer side shields.

41 Cat. Tort. B.M. 39. Hydraspis depressa. Gray, Syn. ; 6. Hydraspis ruflpes. The Red-footed Hydraspis. Emys depressa, Merrem, Tent. 22 (not Spix). i. t. in behind Beitr. Bras. 29 ; Abbild. Shell brown, oval, truncated front, angular ; Neuwied, Schinz, Rept. 43. t. 4. back keeled ; sternum narrower behind. Neck and mem- Bib. Gdn. ii. 425 Cat. Platemys Neuwiedii, Bum. ^ Erp. ; bers red above the ear head reddish, with an oblong spot ; Meth. R. 20. Mus. smooth, with one large frontal, three elongate occipital, Emys Lyrae, Reuse, Franlifort. E. platycephala, var., Schlegel, Faun. Japon. 47. and many small scales on the temples. Rhinemys depressa, TVagler, Syst. 134. Emys rufipes, Spix, Bras. 7. t. 6. f. 1, 2. Hab. South America ; Brazils ? Hydraspis rufipes. Gray, Syn. 41. Bum. Bib. Gen. ii. 435 Cat. Platemys rufipes. ^ Erp. ; in small Meth. i?. 21. a. Young, spirits. Stenmm with many spots. America. Presented Dr. Edward Emys platycephala, var., Schlegel, Faun. Japon. 46. South by Riippell. Rhinemys rufipes, IVagler, Syst. 134. t. 3. f. 43, 44, 45. b. Half-grown, m spirits. Sternum with fewer large spots. Fitz. 29. Syst. Rept. British Guiana. Presented Che- South America ; by Cat. Tort. B.M. 41. Phrynops rufipes. Gray, valier Schomburgk. Hab. Brazils. Mus. Munich.

9. Hydraspis radiolata. The Rayed Hydraspis. In Spix's figure of this species the superciliary plates Shell narrowed and romided in rather are united to the frontal. It is very like our specimen of oval-oblong, front, H. nasuta. obtusely angular behind, keelless, brown, varied with red- shields and striated. Ster- dish ; concentrically radiately num broad before and behind. Head covered with nume-

7. Miliusii. Hydraspis. tubercular. Hydraspis Minus's rous scales ; neck Cat. Tort. B.M. Shell oval, narrow and rounded in front, obtusely angular Hydraspis radiolata, (rray, Syn. Rept. 44; 39. behind, keelless, black -brown ; shields smooth. Sternum Emys radiolata, Mikan, Belect. t. ab- " brown, washed on the and middle line ; i. Abbild. t. yellowish edge Neuwied, Beitr. 39 ; head smooth radiolata, 165. dominal plates large ; broad, thick, ; temple Rhinemys Wagler, Syst. radiolata, Bum. Bib. Gin. ii. 412; Cat. with small scales. Platemys ^- Erp. Meth. R. 20.

et Bib. Gen. ii. 431 Cat. 40. Platemvs MUiusii, Bum. Erp. ; Hydraspis planiceps, jun.. Gray, Syn. Rept. Meth. R. 21. Emys platycephala, var., Schlegel, Faun. Japon. 47. Bras. 12. t. 9. f. 4 Emys stenops, Spix, 3, (very young?). Hab. Brazils. Mus. Bell. Emys platycephala, var., Schlegel, Faun. Japon. 47. 134. Rhinemys nasuta, jun., TVagler, Syst. Allied to H. depressa, but the sternum is represented as ? Miliusii, Cat. Tort. B.M. 42. Phrynops Gray, broader behind. Hab. Cayenne. Mus. Paris. *** Sj)ecies requiring further examination. The figure of Emys stenops represents the crown and 10. BeUii. Bell's Hydraspis. temples covered with small shields. Hydraspis The last three species may be only varieties or different- Shell (young) very depressed, very obscurely keeled, of H. nasuta. brown middle of the hinder of vertebral shield aged specimens ; edge CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 57

rather much ser- neath Head with small scales elevated, margin very expanded, deeply yellow. ; occipital and rated behind and varied. shields ; beneath, yellow brown-rayed superciliary elongated. Sternum narrow, rather broader in front, attenuated and Hab. South America ; Buenos Ayres. Mus. Paris, two deeply acutely lobed behind. Head brown, moderate, with specimens, young and old.

two subtrigonal hard occipital shields, and small shields on the chin two-bearded neck be- temples ; ; warty, yellow

neath, with a streak on each side, from the of yellow angle 5. CHELYMYS. the mouth and under the ear claws com- ; elongate, acute, Head and tem])le covered with a smooth skin. Beaks pressed. naked, horny, strong. Chin not bearded. Neck not Bellii, Cat. Tort. B.M. 41. Phrynops Gray, Shell solid, behind side warty. convex, expanded ; edges Hah. ? Mus. Bell : a young specimen. rather revolute nuchal narrow, ; shield distinct ; front much contracted two rather cavity by diverging septa, only 11. a half the width of the outer Hydi'aspis Gaudichaudii. Gaudichaud's IIydraspis. leaving space opening ; verte- bral column sharply keeled within. Sternum sohd, narrow, Shell oval, oblong, truncated in front, rounded behind, with broad and shelving side wings, and a broad rounded keelless, brown marbled with black, and with yellow spots • notch behind. Claws 5 4, acute. Australia. on the outer edge of each marginal shield. Sternum black in the on the sides. Head under Cat. Tort. B.M. 41 middle, orange large ; Chelymys, Gray, (1844). , Bonap. Tab. AnaJyt. 8 (1836). part of the neck orange, marbled with brown. Bum. Bib. Gen. ii. Cat. Platemvs, sp.. ^- Erp. 438 ; Meth. Hydraspis Gaudichaudii, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 40. R. 2"l . Duin. Bib. G6n. ii. Platemys Gaudichaudii, ^ Erp. 427 ; Cat. Mefh. R. 20.

Hab. Brazils. Mus. Paris (one very young specimen). 1. Chelymys Macquaria. The Victoria Chelymys.

Shell ovate, convex, blackish-brown marbled with grey, rather 12. Hydraspis Hilaii-ii. St. Hilaire's Hydraspis. and rugose above, with sligttly impressed, narrow, netted beneath grooves ; convex, ; vertebral Shell rather convex, pale brown, short, oval, narrowed at yellow plates the fourth the shields nearly square, six-sided, elongate ; marginal each end ; smooth ; vertebral broad, each furnished rather in plates narrow front, broader and slightly bent with a keel-hke tubercle. Sternum yellow, black-spotted. upon the sides, dilated, rather produced, and two Head depressed, subsquamose, muzzle short, round. leaving or three notches over the tail behind. Hydraspis Hilairii, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 40. Platemvs Bum. Bib. Gin. ii. Cat. Tort. B.M. 42. Hilairii, 4'- Erp. 429 ; Cat. Chelymys Macquaria, Gray, Mm. R.21. Emys Macquaria, Cuv. R. A. ii. 11. 40. Hab. Brazils. Mus. Paris. Hydraspis ^lacquaria. Gray, Syii. Platemvs Bum. Bib. Gen. ii. Macquaria, ^' Erp. 438 ; Cat. Meth.R.2\. Grey, Trar. TT'. Austr. ii. 445. 13. Hydraspis afflnis. The Allied Hydraspis. Hydraspis Victori

Shell oval, oblong (of the same width at the two ends), Osteology : — rounded and nicked before, obtusely angular behind ; ver- a. Adult (shell only). Back with a verv narrow, tebral a on each side of the slightly plates forming gutter tubercular vertebral shield sunk, interrupted line; partly rugose ; keel. and with Body yellowish, spotted rayed brown, be- vertebral ])lates rather longer than broad. Victoria ' 58 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

* River, N.W. coast of Australia. Presented by Capt. Shields very thin, closely netted with minute black lines. William Chambers, R.N. 1. Chelodina longicollis. The Yellow Chelodine. Emys Macquaria, Dum. ^~ Bib. Victoriae, Zool. Misc. 55. Shell first H3'draspis Gray, oblong, depressed, brown ; vertebral shield the second and eleventh elongate ; marginal shields with their front the suture of the costal shields. Var. 2. Shell hinder edge opposite depressed, lighter; margin expanded ; Sternum nicked shields hinder lateral broader than ver- flatfish, deeply behind, yellow; marginal plates long ; black-edged. tebral plates six-sided, broader than long.

Chelodina longicollis, G;-«?/,.S'y?i. i?. 39. t. 6. f. 2; in Griffith, r. Adult (stuffed). Australia. Presented by John Gould, An. K. t. in Trav. Austr. ii. ; Grey, 445 ; Cat. Tort. Esq. B.M. 43.

Testudo t. d. Adult (stuffed). Australia. Presented by Sir Thomas longicollis, Shaw, N. Holl. 19. 7; Gen. Zool. Mitchell. iii. 62. t. 6. Lacep. Ann. Mas. iv. 189. Emys longicollis, Schiveig. Prod. 309. no. 28. Osteology : — Schlegel, Faun. Jupon. 43. Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. 512. e. Adult (shell only). Victoria River. Presented by Capt. Hydraspis lougicolhs. William Chambers, R.N. JJ^agler, Syst. 136, note. Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29. Adult Rather more /. (shell only). deformed, depressed, Emys (§ **'*) longicolhs. Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 211 (1825). and downward behind. Australia. Mr. shelving Chelodina Novse Hollandise, Dum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 443. Argent's Collection. t. 21. f. 2; Cat. Meth. R. 21. Emys porphyrea. Baud. Rept. ii. 142. Hab. Australia New Holland. ; The two varieties, though so different in general appear- ance, are found together in the same river. Are the they a. Adult animal (dry). Depressed, oblong. Australia. sexes ? Presented by Sir Joseph Banks. The specimen de- scribed by Shaw, Schweigger, &c. b. Adult More ovate and inches 6 (stuffed). convex, 7 by ; wants some plates. Australia. Presented by John B. Head large or very large. Gould, Esq. Chelydidfe B, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 36.

2. Chelodina oblonga. The Oblong Chelodine. c. A. Claws b' Head flat, depressed ; leaks naked ; ehin Tab. XXIV. not bearded.

Shell oblong, rather contracted in front, with a broad, Chelydidse B. c. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 36. vertebral impressed, groove, olive-brown, with irregular beneath 6. CHELODINA. anastomosing lines, yellowish ; marginal plates than broad second first longer ; larger than the or third, Head elongate, covered with a skin divided into many and rather in the middle of the inner small shields angularly produced on the sides and temple. Neck very long, which is the suture of the costal covered with a thin skin. Beaks naked. Chin not bearded. edge, opposite plates. Sternum high, flat, strongly and sharply keeled on the Legs strong, with a single series of very broad, thin, band- sides neck thick ; warty, very ; pectoral plate longer than like shields. Toes strong, scaly above. Claws 4-4, acute, broad. curved. Shell broad depressed, ; shields thin, smooth.

Chelodina in Trav. Austr. ii. Sternum very broad, rounded in front, nicked behind. oblonga. Gray Grey, 434, 445. t. 7; Cat. Tort. B.M. 43. Intergular plate large, long, six-sided, placed in the angle Hab. West and North Australia. between the and gular humeral plates. Nuchal plate distinct. Australia. a. Adult (stuffed). West Australia. Presented by John Emys § ***, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 211 (1825). Gould, Esq. The specimen figured in Sir "George Chelodina, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 43 (1844). Grey's Travels. Bum. Chelodina, sp.. ^- Bib. Gen, ii. 443 ; Cat. Meth. Erp. b. Adult (stuffed). Port Presented R. 21. Essington. by Capt. W. Chambers, R.N. Hydraspis, sp.. Bell, Zool. Journ. d. Adult Port Hydraspis (Hydraspis), Fits. Syst. Rept. 29. (stuffed). Essington. TVagler, 134. e. Adult Syst. (stuffed). North Australia. Mr. Argent's Col- Hydraspis, Bonap. Saggio Jiiim. Vert. 13 (1832). lection. CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 59

nuchal Tro- 3. Chelodina Colliei. Collie's Chelodine. plate. Intergular plate large, long, marginal. America. revolute and contracted pical Shell oblong, elongate, narrowed, over the hind Tf'ayler, 135. on the sides, dilated and bent up behind legs. Hydromedusa, Syst. Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29. Pale brown, varied and with bright brown. Sternum rayed Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 43 (1844). narrow, keeled on the sides. Chelodina, Fitz. Verz. Wien, 45. Gen. ii. Chelodina (part.). Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. 446 (1835) ; Chelodina Colliei, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855. Gray, Cat. Mtth. /d. 21. Hab. Swan River (^. Collie, Esq.).

* Back nodose behind. From Haslar Hos- a, b. Adult (stuffed). Swan River. 1. Hydromedusa Maxiniiliani. Prince Maximilian's pital. Hydromedusa. than the e. spirits). Body scarcely larger Very young (in Shell oval, convex, entire, rounded in front, rather head. Swan River. Presented by Sir John Richard- nuchal as son, M.D. angular behind, pale brown, black-spotted ; plate as the first vertebral the first vertebral than broad ; longer fourth costal and last two dorsal shields broad ; the pro-

flat. Throat brown-marbled. tuberant ; forehead yellow, ** Shields hard, horny, rugose. Hydromedusa Maxiniiliani, JVagler, Syst. 135. t. 3. f. 25, 26. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 44. 4. Chelodina sulcifera. The Grooved Chelodine. Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29. 2. Delect, t. Tab. XXV. fig. Emys Maxiniiliani, Mikati, Chelodina Fitz. Verz. Bum. Bib. Maxiiiiiliani, 48 ; ^ Erp. Shell rather dark brown ; plates thin, oblong, depressed, Gen. ii. 449 ; Cat. Meth. R. 21. vertebral convex, than 42. concentrically grooved ; plates longer Hydraspis Maxiniiliani, Gray, Syn. broad; areola small, posterior; the sides rather reflexed, Hab. Brazils. and rather dilated and bent up behind over the hind legs. convex sides a. Adult Third and fourth costal and fourth Sternum brown ; shield rather ; sharply keeled; (stuffed). and fifth vertebral tubercular. South about as as broad. plates acutely pectoral long res. Dr. Miller's America ; Buenos Ay Collection, Chelodina sulcifera. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855. 1848. Hab. AustraUa. Fifth vertebral shield with cross hinder Var. ridge only ; costal plate less prominent. a. Adult? (shell only). Australia. Mr. Warwick's Col- lection. b. Adult animal (dry). The nuchal or anterior vertebral plate trausversel}' divided in half. (Lost one vertebral plate.) This differs from C. in the thickness " species longicollis Brazils." From the French Museum ; sent under the size of of and grooved state of the plates, the small the areola, name Chelodina flavilabris. and the convexity and width of the vertebral plates. Osteology : —

Peters in Miiller, Arch. Anat. ^ Phys. 1839, t. 14. Wayler, Syst. t. 3. f. 2-42. vertebral c. Shell wanting some plates ; plate tubercularly keeled fifth with a broad transverse 7. HYDROMEDUSA. ; prominence ; other shields smooth. La Plata. Head elongate, depressed, covered with a soft dotted skin. Beaks narrow, exposed. Lips rather dilated and ** Back with a central keel, rounded behind ; shields fleshy at the angle of the mouth. Chin not l)earded. grooved. Neck warty. Claws 4*4; outer toe on each foot small, 2. flavilabris. The Yellow-lipped clawless. Tail elongate. Shell oblong, depressed, expanded Hydromedusa Hydromedusa. in front, slightly revolute on the sides. Nuchal plate large,

placed behind the front marginal plate, Uke a sixth verte- Shell elongate, depressed, oval, entire, rounded in front, bral the second of the rather behind nuchal rather narrower than ; pair marginal plates large, edging angular ; plate K 2 00 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. the first vertebral hinder discal flat the first ver- 8. ; plates ; CHELYS. tebral broader than ; second, third and fourth ver- long Head flat, broad, fringed with warty appendages. Eyes tebrals keeled forehead convex. Jaws bluntly ; bright yel- small. Nose elongated into a tubular proboscis. Mouth low neck with acute warts. ; roundish. covered with soft lower elevated Jaws lips ; jaw Hydromedusa flavilabris, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 44. behind. Tongue-bone very complicated {Ciiv. Oss. Foss. v. ii. Chelodina flavilabris, Bum. Bib. Gin. 446 ; Cat. ^ Erp. t. 1). Neck thick, flat, bearded on each side. Legs Meth.R.2\. long, scaly. Tail short, warty. Shell ovate, convex, broader Hah. Brazils. before, acutely three-keeled, flattened in the middle of the back. Shields thin, angularly gibbous. Sternum narrow, Brazils. a. Half-grown (in spirits). Shields nearly smooth. broader and rounded in front, narrower and bifid behind. From M. P. Clausen's Collection. Intergular plate marginal. South America. H. Maximiliani, jun., Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 44. Chelvs, Daudin, Rept. 1802. h. Young (in spirits). Shields concentrically grooved. Brazils. From M. P. Clausen's Collection. 'Oppel, Rept. (1811). Dumeril, Zool. Anal. 77 (1805). x. c. . The anterior vertebral Ann. Phil. 211 Adult (stuffed ; wanting head) Gray, (1825). narrow in front second Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 2/1 plate small, quadrangular, ; (1822). Zool. Joiirn. iii. 515. very large, broad in front, narrow behind, about as Bell, as the fourth and fifth vertebral 134. long broad ; third, Wagler, Syst. the costal the first Tent. 24. plates bluntly keeled ; plates even, Merrem, and third rather more convex than the others near the Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29. the Bum. Bib. Gen. ii. 455 Cat. Meth. 7?. 21. upper edge. South America. From Zoological S,- Erp. ; Tent. 21 Society. Matamata, Merrem, (1820). Rit:en, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xiv. 270. Chelys (Chclides ou Tortues a gueule), Cuv. R. A. ii. 14. *** Back not heeled, rounded behind.

3. Hydromedusa depressa. The Depressed Hydro- 1. Chelys Matamata. The Matamata. medusa. Tab. XXVI. Shell shields three keels. oblong ; elevated, acute, forming Shell oblong, depressed, dark brown, entire, rounded in Testudo Raxarara, Ferm. H. N. Holl. Equin. 51. rather behind nuchal broader front, angular ; plate short, T. fimbriata, Schneid. Schildk. 349. the first vertebral first vertebral as as than ; square, long Gmel. Si/st. Nat. i. 1043. Test. t. 21. broad, with the front lateral angle produced. Sternum pale Srhoepf. 07. Head Shaw,' Zool. iii. 70. t. 18. brown ; gular plates short, subequal. grey ; lips Chelys fimljriata, Schweig. Prod. 294. and beneath white neck with small conical warts. ; Spix, Bras. t. 1 1 . 134. t. 3. f. 4, 24. Hvdromedusa Proc. Zool. Soc. 18.53; IJ'agler, Syst. subdepressa. Gray, Tent. 21. xv. 68. Matamata fimbriata, Merrem, 'Ann. ^- Mag. Nat. Hist. 185.5, Testudo Matamata, Brug. Journ. H. N. 1792, 253. t. 13. Hab. Brazils. Latr. Rept. i. 9. t. 4. f. 1. Schlegel, Faun. Japan. 41. Baud. ii. 86. t. 20. f. 1. a. Adult (in spirits). Some of the plates of the back and Rept. sternum divided into a number of small roundish T.terrestris major sive ^uparara., Bai-r^re, France Equin. 60. shields. Brazils. Mr. Brandt's Collection. La Matamata, Citv. R. A. ii. 15.

Ann. Phil. x. 212 431 ; Cat. Chel3-x fimbriata. Gray, ; Syn. Tort. B.M. 44. Fife. Syst. Rept. 30. • Gen. ii. 455. t. 21. f. 1 Cat. M^th. d. Claws 5 4. HeadJ!at, mncfi depressed ; beaks covered Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. ; R. 21. with fieshy lips ; chin bearded ; intergular plate Hab. Brazils. marginal.

Chelydidffi B. d. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 36 (1844). a, b, c. Adult Brazils. Chelidina, Gray, Ami. Phil. x. 211 (1825). (stuffed). Chelouea B (part.), Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 211 (1822). Osteology : — Chelydse, fl'iegm. ^- Ruthe, Handb. 167. Fitz. Si/st. Rppt. 30. Testudo fimbriata, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 189. t. 11. f. 21, 24, Steganopoda mandibulata. Fit:. Syst. Rept. 29. skull; t. il. f. 25, lower jaw.

Anini. Vert. 13 Tab. Cuv. Foss. v. t. 12. f. os hvoides ; Chelina, Bonap. Saggio (1832) ; Chelvde, Oss. 194. 41, f. t. 12. f. hand and foot. Analyt. !) (1836). t."l2. 3, clavicle; 13 & 37, Chelydoides, Fitzinger, Neiie Class. 1826. Chelvs :\Iatamata, Wagler, Syst. t. 3. f. 3-24. CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. CI

e. Claws 5*4. Head convex, i-ounded, covered with hard with two broad thin scales above. Claws 5 "4, short, broad, shields; beaks naked. flattened. Tail short, not clawed, with a diverging series of cross on each side. Shell rather solid horny ridges ; Chelydidae B. e, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 36 (1844). sterno-costal Podocnerais, Wayler, Si/sf. 135 (1830). symphysis elongate; marginal plates 12'12; caudal separate. Nuchal plate none. Sternum broad, not mobile, narrower behind.

9. PELTOCEPHALTJS. Podocnemis, sp., TT'agter, Syst. 135. Dum. Bib. ii. Podocnemis, ^- Erp. Gen. 282 ; Cat. Mith.R.lH. Head covered with large, subquadraugular, ]iyramidal, Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29. rather imbricate forehead rounded. Cat. Tort. six large, thick, plates ; Gray, B.M. 25. Eyes lateral. Jaws naked, very strong, hooked, toothless. Feet with two scales near the strongly webbed, large claws, 1. Podocnemis expansa. The Pitipu. Tab. XXVII. without any compressed scales on the front edge of the Shell oval, entire, keelless, very depressed when adult, Tail hind legs. Claws 5-4, straight, strong. clawed. tectiform and rather moderately keeled when young, much Shell ovate, convex, rounded before, nicked behind. Nu- and horizontally expanded over the hind legs. Head broad, chal none. Sternum solid; 10- 10; plate marginal plates short of ; young white-spotted. two caudal plates united into one plate. Podocnemis expansa, Wagler, Syst. 135. t. 4. f. 1, 2. Bib. Gin. ii. Cat. Bum. Erp. 3/7 (1835) ; Bib. Gen. ii. 383. t, f. 1 Cat. Peltocephalus, ^ Dum. ^ Erp. 19. ; M^th. Meth. R. 18. R. 18. Fitz. 29. Syst. Kept. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 45. 135. Podocnemis, sp., Wagler, Syst. Fitz. Syst. Rept. 24. Emys Amazouica, Spix, Bras. i. t. 1, adult; t. 2. f. 1, 2, young. 1. Tracaxa. The Tracaxa. Peltocephalus E. expansa, Schweig. Prod. 299. no. 8. Faun. 48. Shell blackish-brown Schlegel, Japon. ovate, smooth, entire, ; gular plates Hydraspis expansa. Gray, Syn. Rept. 41. short. very small, subequal ; pectoral plate Testudo Arrace, Humb. Pers. Nar. iv. 482 ?

Dum. Bib. Ght. ii. Brazils Paris. Peltocephalus Tracaxa, i^- Erp. 378. Hab. ; Cayenne. Mus. t. 18. f. 2; Cat. Meth. R. !8. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 45. b. Adult (stuffed). Lakes of Upper Amazons : called Pi- Fitz. Syst. Rejit. 29. tipu. Mr. Bates's Collection. Emys Tracaxa, Spi.v, Bras. 6. t. 5. 135. Wagler, Syst. c. Young (in spirits). Head blackish, with a white edge Bras. 5. t. old worn. to the sides of the nasal and orbital Emys maerocephala, Spi.r, 4, shell, upper edge ; back Podocnemis tracaxa, Wagler, Syst. 135. of the head with foiu' round equal spots, the lateral Podocnemis 135. the front of the maerocephala, Wagler, Syst. one above tympanum ; vertebral plates keeled wide. bluntly ; marginal plate very Hab. Brazils. d. rather Animal and shell Young (stuffed ; deformed). black head Brazils. ; white-spotted. Zoological So- a. Adult (stuffed). Shields concentrically grooved. ciety. Bras. t. 5. Emys Tracaxa, Spi.v, " Podocnemis expansa," Bibron, MSS. Cat. Zool. Sac. b. Adult smooth head (stuffed). Worn nearly ; imperfect. no. 366. Brazils.

Osteology. Tab. XXXVII. 1, skull. E. maerocephala, Spix, Bras. t. 4. fig. Emys expansa, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 184. t. 1 1. f. 9-12, skull. Podocnemis expansa, Wagler, Syst. t. 4. f. 3-31.

a. Adult Shell Brazils : called Pitiu. 10. PODOCNEMIS. (female). only. Mr. Bates's Collection.

Head convex ; crown with five shields, two nasal, one e. Skull. ^Ir. Bates's Collection. frontal, large, and two temporal, with a deep groove on the cheeks with shields. described the as a head with forehead ; large Chin two-bearded. Spix young having yellow which does not with the Jaws naked, slightly arched, toothless. Eyes superior, two black dots, agree Museum close. Legs with some thin cresceutic scales in front. specimens. amazonica and E. The upper part of the hinder edge of the hind foot Schlegel regards E. erythrocephata as covered with three large flat shields. Toes broadly webbed, synonyma of this species. 62 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

2, Podocneinis Diimeriliana. The Tracaja. b. Back covered with a soft skin. Toes digitate, webbed,

Tab. XXVIII. three-clawed. Beaks covered with free Jleshy lips.

Shell varied oval, convex, swollen, nicked in front, brown Amyda, Schiveig. MSS. Institute of Paris (1 809) (see Dum. Bib. Gen. i. Prod. with black the second third vertebral keeled. Erp. 416, 421) ; ; and plates ^ Trionyx, Geoff. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. xiv. 15. Sternum under side of with a yellowsh ; marginal plates Oppel, Rept. 10. blackish-varied spot. Head elongate, rather narrow. Merrem, Tent. 20. Amydsea, 0^^lel, Rept. (1811). Podocnemis Dumeriliana, IVagler, Syst. 155. Testudines stegauopodes (part.), Wagler, Syst. 133. Bum. Bib. Gen. ii. Cat. R. 18. ^ Erp. 387 ; Meth. Potamites ou Tortues fluviatiles, Dum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 45. 461 ; Cat. Meth. R. 22. Emys Dumeriliana, Schiueig. Prod. 300. no. 9. Schlegel, Favn. Japan. 48. Hydraspis Dumeriliana, Gray, Syn. 42. Fam. IV. TEI0NYCID.5; (Soft ).

Head flattened, ovate. Eyes small, superior. Jaws horny, Young. Head black, with a yellow spot on the forehead, covered with dependent fleshy lips. Chin not bearded. two larger on each side of the occiput and temples, Nostrils elongated into a thin cyUndrical trunk. Neck loug, and two on each side of the jaws. • contractile. Feet short, strong. Toes 5 5, short, expanded, Prod. 298. no. 6. Emys Cayennensis, Schweig. • strongly webbed, two outer clawless. Claws 3 3. Tail Emvs ervthrocephala, Spix, Bras. t. ". Shell covered with a hard cartila- Hydraspis lata. Bell, MSS. short, conical, simple. 77 Cat. Tort. B.M. 41. Gray, Syn. Sept. ; ginous skin, usually expanded and flexible on the edge, the ribs vinited and to the vertebrae Hah. Brazils ; Venezuela only together above, ; Cayenne ; Guadaloupe. Mus. sejia- Paris. rate below. Sternum formed of a ring of bones, covered with a continuous skin, and in the adults furnished with

callosities on the a. Adult rough prominent i)art. Pelvis only at- female (stuffed). Lakes of Upper Amazon : called Tracaja. Mr. Bates's Collection. tached to the vertebrEe. Living in rivers and lakes in warm h. climates : often in the mud with the head ex- Young (stuffed) ; imperfect. Black. From the Zoo- lying only logical Society. posed : eating flesh, and rarely vegetables. Eggs spherical. Hydraspis lata. Bell. The ribs become united together for a greater propor- d. Brown of shell be- Young (hi spirits). ; edge yellow ; tion of their length, and the sternal callosities appear and neath brown. Para. Mr. Bates's Collection. paler increase in size as the animal increases in age ; hence thev e. Very young (stuffed). do not afford specific, much less generic characters.

: — Osteology Amyda, Schweig. MSS. c. Adult shell. Tab. XXVIII. Trionicidoe, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 211 (1825). Anim. Vert. 13 Tab. Bonop. Saggio (1832) ; Analyt. 10 (183G). male Swainson, Lard. 344. "The Tracaja and PiYm are comparatively rarely Cyclop. Trionichidae, Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. 515 never come on can (1828). caught ; they shore, and only be obtained Chilotfe, TJ'iegm. ^ Riithe, Handb. 1(J7. the arrow their number is also small in to by ; proportion Triouicina, Donap. Tab. Analit. 10 (1830). Trionix Tortues R. A. ii. 15. the females. I have not been able to obtain a specimen." — (Les molles), Cuvier, Steganopoda labiata, Fitz. 30. E. Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851. Syst. Rept. Trionyches, Fitz. Sijst. Rept. 30. E. Schlegel regards Emys Tracaxa, macrocephala, and Trionichoides, Fit:inger, Neue Class. (1826). E. Nov. Act. Nat. Dumeriliana as synonyma of this species, which he has Phyllopodochelones (part.), Ritzen, Cur. xiv. 269 not seen. (1828). Chersydrochelones (part.), Rit:en, I. c. 269. Amydse (part.), Ritzen, I. c. 269. Potamites ou Tortues fluviatiles, Dutn. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii.

461 ; Cat. MM. R. 22. " 3. Podocnemis SEXTUBERCULATA. Testa ovata sterno Gymnopodi (part.). Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 212 (1825). Trionvx, Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. xiv. fortiter adhsesa, hoc sex tuberculos prsebente sccus Oppel, Rept. (1811). margines laterales, caruucula mentali luiica."

used as characters the existence and non-exist- Cornalia, Verteh. Synopsis in 3Iuseo Mediolanensi (1849), Geofi'roy 13. uo. 13. f. 3. ence and form of the anterior vertebral bone ; but all the CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 63

the shell with a series of bones behind. Ster- species of Trionyx have an odd bone ("marginal piece," supported in num rounded before and with a moveable Geoff.) on the margin, which is only slightly developed broad, behind, is from an valve over each foot. Sternal callosities three the young. Geoffrey's figure of T. Egyptiacus (of adult) 7, adult T. and T. carinnlus from 1) anterior, two lateral and two jjosterior. ; svhplanvs young speci- (2 T. an as mens ; Javanicus from imperfect one, complete Cat. Tort. 46. Emyda, Gray, Syn. Rept. ; B.M. Zool. Journ. iii. .516 specimens of this species have this bone. Trionj-x, Bell, (1828). Wayler, Syst. 134. Fitzinger has divided this family into the genera Trionyx Fit:. Syst. Rept. 30. (ffranosus), Aspidonectes (Javanicus), Platypeltis (Bron- Bum. Bib. Gen. ii. 501 Cat. Crvptopus, ^' Erp. (1835) ; gniartii and ferox), Pelodiscus (Sinensis and labiatus), Meth. R. 23. Aniyda (snbplanus and muticus), according to the union and the and separation of the cervical bones and the ribs, the surface of the 1. rugosity and partial smoothness of Emyda punctata. The Bungoma. dorsal but these characters alter with the of plates ; age Shell oval, convex, granular, green (young with eyed the animals, and they separate nearly allied species and with two on the spots) ; head orange spots occiput (young those from the same countries. coming with a yellow streak from each eye, and the nape yellow-

spotted). The odd anterior callosity small, roundish, tri- Synopsis of the Genera. the callosities of adult inner angular ; posterior ovate, edge with valves over the Sternal callosities of far A. Sternum broad, feet. semicircular ; young triangular, apart. 7 or 9. Illusf. Emvda punctata, Gray, Syn. Rept. 50 ; Ind. Zool. 1. The of the shield bones. Emyda. margin supported by ii". t. Cat. Tort. B.M. 46 Proc. Zool. Soc. 62, young ; ; Sternal callosities three pairs, and a small anterior odd one 1855. behind the anterior pair. Bell, Testud. t. La Testudo O. i. 171. 2. Cyclanosteus. Margin of disk flexible, boneless. Sternal cal- Chagrinee, punctata, Lacep. Q. Testudo Schoepjf'. Test. 127. t. 30 A, B. losities four pairs, and an odd one behind the two anterior granosa, Schweig. Prod. 288. paiis. Trionyx granosus, n'agler, Syst. 134. t. 2. f. 2, 33. Fit:. Syst. Rept. 30. B. Sternum narrow at each end the the shield ex- ; margin of Gray, Ind. Zool. ii. t. 64. panded, flexible, thin. Sterjtal callosities 4, Schlegel, Faun. Japon. 35. t. 5. f. 4. Bum. Bib. Gen. ii. 501 Cat. Cryptopus granosus. ^- Erp. ; § Head moderate ; face conical ; eyes lateral. Meth. R. 23. 3. Trionyx. Head moderate, ovate, narrow in front. Dorsal disk Testudo scabra, Latr. Rept. i. 194. solid. T. Dura, B. Hamilton, Icon. ined. no. T. Zool. iii. 68. t. 14. f. 1. 4. Dogania. Head very large, dilated behind, narrow in front. granidata, Shaiv, Dorsal disk not solidified imtil late in life. Baud. Rept. ii. 81. t. 19. f. 2. Trionvx Coromandelicus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. 16. t. 5. f. 1. §§ Head elongates face very short j eyes anterior. iSIerrem, Tent. 20.

5. . Head dilated broad and short in front India ; behind, ; hps Hab. ; Pondicherry Bengal. swollen. disk solid first verc large, Dorsal ; vertebral bone broad, crescent-shaped, early develojjed. a-c. Adult animal and shell (stuffed). India. From M. Picquot's Collection.

f, g. Young (in spirits). India. From M. Picquot's Col- A. Sternum broad, with valves over the feet. Sternal lection. callosities 7 or 9. h. Young (stuffed). From the Museum of the Bengal Society. Trionycidre A, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 46. Trionyx, Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. 516. k. Very young (stuffed). India. Capt. Boys' Collection. Wagler, Syst. 134 (1830). /. Adult (stuffed). India. Capt. Boys' Collection. Fit;. Syst. Rept. 30. Bonap. Tab. Analyt. 10 (1836).

: — Bib. Gen. ii. .501 Cat. Meth. Osteology Crvptopus, Bum. ^ Erp. ; R. 23. Trionyx granosus, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 202. t. 12. f. 47, ster- num. 1. EMYDA. d, e. Upper shells only. India. M. Picquot's Collection. Head moderate, ovate, narrow in front. near nose. Eyes (. Upper shield only. India. Presented by Gen. Th. Lips very thick. Dorsal disk convex, solid. Margin of Hardwicke. 64 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

2. Emyda Ceylonensis. The Ceylon Dura. 1. Cydanosteus Petersii. The Gambian Cyclanosteus. Tab. XXIX. a. Tab. XXIX.

Shell rounded before and behind ; sternal cal- Back and upper part of the head (in spirits) dull pale broad, uniform olive-brown and lower of the whitish. losities 9. ; lips part body The odd anterior sternal tubercle transverse large, oblong, ; Cydanosteus () Petersii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853 Jnn. Nat. Hist. xv. 69 the hmder callosities large, close, nearly united in the adult, ; |- Maff. (1855). with straight parallel edges. , Hab. W. Africa ; Gambia.

Emyda punctata, Kelaart, Prod. Faun. Ceylon. 179.

Osteology : — Hab. Ceylon. b. Shell only, with back margin. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. a. Half-grown (in spirits). Ceylon (F. Layard, Esq.). a. Skeleton (imperfect). Gambia. Presented by the Earl b. Adult From the So- (shell only). Ceylon. Zoological of Derby. From Mr. ^^^litfield's Collection. ciety. Sent by Dr. Kelaart.

Dr. Kelaart described this from as species, probably life, 2. Cydanosteus frenatus. The Bridled Cyclanosteus. " olive-green, with indistinct brown stri])es, and minutely Face black-lined. beneath white or Head punctulated ; fleshy-white. green, frenatus, Peters, MSS. (1848). . . . Water Tortoise is Cyclanosteus black-striped ; lips yellow." "This Casi, Native of Mozambique. generally distributed in the lower part of the island, and is River Hab. ^Mozambique (in fresh water) ; Zambia, found in lakfs and tanks. Several we kept alive for {Peters). months in a tub filled with fresh water, fed freely on ani- mal food, and also on bread and boiled rice. A large female laid three eggs, globular, about an inch in diameter, with a hard calcareous shell. This Tortoise too is put into wells B. Sternum narrow at each end; margin of the shield of It is called Kivi-Ibba in A. Tri- to act the part scavenger." expanded, thin, flexible. Sternal callosities Cingalese. onyciua.

Trionyx, Gray, Syn. Rept. Amyda, Bonap. Tab. Analyt. 10 (1836). 3. The African Bungoma. 134 Emyda Senegalensis. Aspidonectes, Wayler, Syst. (1830). 30. minute white Fitz. Syst. Rejjt. Back, head and neck (of young) grey, with Meth. Gymnopus, Dim. $ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 477; Cat. sternum with white. spots ; blackish, edged dirty R. 22. Bell 1 Emyda Senegalensis, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 47. Trionyx, sp., Bum. Bib. G(n. ii. 504 Crvptopus Senegalensis, ^' Erp. ; 'Cat. Meth. R. 23. conical lateral. § Head moderate ; face ; eyes Hah. "Senegal." Mus. Paris.

3. TRIONYX. the of Cydanosteus Petersii. Perhaps vomig dilated behind. Muzzle rather Head rather large, ovate, thick. Shield flexible on the elongate, conical. Lips edge. Ribs 8 8. Sternum narrow at each end. Sternal callosi-

ties 2 or 4 the lateral one of both lateral 2. CYCLANOSTEUS. ; occupying part sternal bones. Head moderate, ovate. Margin of the dorsal disk not Phil. Tort. B.M. 49 ; Ann. Sternum rounded before and Trionyx, Gray, Cat. (1844) supported by bones. broad, X. 212 (1825). over each foot. Sternal cal- behind, with a moveable flap Cat. Tort. B.M. 47 Tyrse, sp.. Gray, (1844). and an odd one behind the two Ann. Mus. losities 9, viz. four pairs, Trionyx, sp., Geoff. Fitz. 30. the on the hinder lobe small, i;ir Platvpeltis, Syst. Rept. anterior pairs ; pair Trio'uix (ferox), Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 271. 134. apart. Aspidonectes a, sp., Wagler, Syst. 134. Peters, MSS. (1848). Aspidonectes /3, IFagler, Syst. Cydanosteus, 30 Bib. Gen. ii. 504. Fit:. Syst. Rept. (1843). ? Crvptopus, sp.. Dim. ^ Erp. Aspidonectes, CATALOGUE OF SHIELD RErTILES. 65

Bum. Bib. Gen. ii. Cat. Meth, The of T. T. Gvmnopus, sp., ^ Erp. 477 ; young Niloticus, Gangeticus, T. Javanicus, R. 23. T. frenatus and T. ferox have the spinose tubercles on the Potamochelvs, Fitz. Sijst. Repf. 30 (1843). back in numerous lines T. parallel ; perocellatus has them Pelodiscus, Fitz. Si/st. Rept. 30 (1843). in rather lines distant, irregular ; and Chiton Indica has I'ounded I had divided the American from the Old World species, close, isolated, tubercles, very much crowded on the the side believing they had only seven ribs, but on re-examination I together nape ; and hinder part of the disk smooth. find they both have the same number of ribs.

* Asiatic.

The species may l)e thus divided according to their osteo- 1. Trionyx Rafeht. The Rafeht. Tab. XXX. logical characters, but they can only be used with certainty those vpho have a series of of different Dull Head white-dotted. Sternal callosities 2 by specimens ages green. ; of each before them. lateral rather dilated at the inner end anterior species transverse, ; sternal bones far anterior the apart ; part of disk with two * First vertebral bone deve- broad, crescent-shaped, early rounded cavities between the broad lunate first and the loped ; episternal bones rather far apart at the base. second vertebral bones.

Callosities 2 dorsal disfi with two in one on f ; pits front, Tvrse Rafeht, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 49. each side of the first vertebra. Testudo Rafeht, Oliv. T'oy. Vers. ii. 453. t. 41. Shaw, Misc. t. 907. 1 . Trionyx Rafeht. Testudo Euphraticus, Baud. Rept. ii. 305. Trionyx Euphraticus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. 17. Callosities 4 dorsal disk with two in ft ; pits front. Gray, Syn. 48. Bum. Bib. Gen. ii. 498 2. T. Argus. Gymnopus Euphraticus, ^- Erp. ; Cat. Meth. R. 22. Martin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, 56. Callosities 4 dorsal disk without in ttt ; any pits front. Hab. Tigris and Euphrates. Mus. Zool. Soc. 3. T. perocellatus. 4. T. Nilolicus. o. T. Gangeticus. 6. T. ferox. 7. T. muticus. a. Adult (stuffed). Euphrates. Presented by Mr. Loftus, 1850. ** Euphrates Expedition, First vertebral bone oblong, not developed until late in b. Adult (without sternum). Euphrates. From the ; bones close at their life episternal elongate, together Zoological Society. Presented by Capt. Chesney. base. Callosities 4. Tab. XXX. Described by Mr. Martin, Proc. Zool. Soc.

8. Tyrse Javanicus. 9. T. carinifenis. 10. T. frenatus. Osteology : —

Skull of "a." Euphrates. They may be divided according to the colouring of the The skull is much shorter and broader than that of head and limbs, but these colours often disappear or become indistinct in the adult animal. T. Niloticus.

* Head and limbs with subeqiial white spots. 2. Trionyx perocellatus. The Eyed Boulousse. 1. Trionyx Rafeht. 2. T. Niloticns. Tab. XXXL

* * Back of young with distinct irregular lines of tubercles, Head and limbs with small and some larger ivhite spots. with six obscure Head and neck olive chin spots. ; lip and 3. T. Gangeticus. 4. T. carhiiferus. with small white spots, with narrow brown streaks from front *** the of the eyes to the lip, and from the back of the Head spotted with longitudinal narrow black lines ; across the anterior dorsal bone broad. lips and chin sj)otted. eyes temple ; large, Sternal callosities 4 hinder ; oblong, trigonal, oblique, with ft. T. perocellatus. 6. T. ferox. the rugosities in concentric oblong rings. **** with Head diverging black streaks on the crown. Tyrse perocellata, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 48. Ann. Nat. Trionyx jierocellatus, Cantor, i^' Mag. Hist. 1 . T. Javanicus. 8. T. frenatus. T. tuberculatus. Cantor, MSS. T. stellatus, var. Javanicus, Schlegel, Faun. Japon. t. 5. ***** Head with streaks the black-edged enclosing eye. f 6.', t. 7. f. 1, 2.

9. T. 10. T. ferox Argus. (T. spiuiferus). Hab. China ; Chusan. 66 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

6. Chusan. Presented the ?? Pelodiscus Sineusis, Fitz. Syst. Rept. 30. rt, Half-grown (in spirits). by Dutn. Bib. Gen. ii. Hon. East India Company, from Dr. Cantor's Collec- Gymnopus ocellatus, ^' Erp. 189, young. tion. India Hab. ; Ganges. Cbusan. c. (in spirits). Sternum black-spotted. Younger c. 4 inches. Back with four Presented the Hon. East India Company, from Dr. a, b, Young (in spirits) ; by black India Cantor's Collection. spots. ; Ganges. e. 4 inches. Back with four d, Young (in spirits) ; large inches with two e. Adult (stuffed). Disk 7 long, very small black India and two posterior spots. ; Ganges. small pits in front. China. f. Very young (in spirits). Marks on face and spots on The head in lead-coloured /. Young (in spirits). spirits back very distinct. India. Mr. Argent's Collection. black, black-dotted, with a narrow black streak on the forehead from the front of the upjier part of each eye, Osteology. Tab. XLIII. fig. 1, skull. and a narrow black streak from the lip through the du Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 187. t. 11. f. eve and extended on the sides of the nape. Throat Trionyx Ganges, 5, 8, t. 13. f. t. 12. f. sternum. whitish, marbled with blackish. China. Dr. Berthold skull; 42; 46, Seemann. Tab. XXXI. From Haslar Museum. g, h. Dorsal disk, vertebra and ribs only. Nepaul. Pre- sented by J. B. Hodgson, Esq.

i. vertebra and ribs Presented T. carinatus in the Dorsal disk, only. Nepaul. This species differs from wanting by H. Falconer, M.D. a keel on the back of regular series of tubercles forming adult. Col- j. Skull of Suttapoor ; Ganges. Capt. Boys' the dorsal disk. lection. Tab. XLIII. fig. 1. head Mr. Seemann' s specimen has the markings on the /•. India. Skull (half-grown ; imperfect). of T. very like those of a young stuffed specimen ferox /. Dorsal shields and sternum. India. From the Zoolo-

from North America which we received from Mr. W. Smith ; gical Society. but the streak from the back of the eye in the American

is that is to with a black on i all to species double, say, pale, edge These bones {jj, h, and /) may possibly belong each side. T. Javanicus, as they were procured without any head or be known in the state This species may always young by other characteristic parts. the scattered and distribution of the dorsal tu- Buck. Hamilt. MSS. irregular "The young (Testudo ocellatus. ;

bercles. Illust. Zool. t. : — head above Gray, Ind. ) The pale olive,

with a large yellow spot between the eyes and a similar one behind each and of eye ; neck, limbs, posterior margin The Kaarey. 3. Trionyx Gangeticus. the shell dark olive, with paler round spots. Shell olive, with black Hues and four or five central Olive, vermiculated with dark brown (when young, with irregular ocelli, black in the centre, with red, round which a black four or five large eyed spots). Head olive, white-dotted, edged behind each at the Sternum whitish olive." with a yellow spot (white in spirits) eye, ring. pale side of the and one In the transition state, about the angle of the mouth and on each chin, being changing livery B. Hamilt. Illust. on each side of the neck below the cheek. {Testudo Hurum, MSS., cop. Gray, " Ind. Zool. t. : — Head with dark Tort. B.M. ) yellow-olive, irregular Tyrse Gangetica, Gray, Cat. 47. lines. Shell vermiculated with blackish or Cuv. R. A. ii. 16 Icon. t. 1. light olive, Trionvx gangeticus, ; Giierin, f. dark oUve the four ocelli are but are altered in 6, young. ; present, 35 Cuv. Oss. Foss. iii. Sc'hlegel, Faun. Japan. ; 222, the instead of colour and shape ; centre, being black, is, adult. like the rest of the vermiculated with t. 2. f. 12-18. surface, light ohve, Aspidonectes gangeticus, Wagler, Sijst. var. Faun. black the red is to and the outer Trionyx stellatus, Japonicus, Schlegel, Japon. ; ring changed black, t, 5. f. 7? black one to light olive. The shape is changed from round Illi/st. Iiul. Zool. t. 1 Trionyx Hurum, Grarj, ; Sijn. Rept. to olive. Adult {Testudo Chin, B. Hamilton, t. 10. irregular

Testudo Hurum, B. Hamilton, Icon. ined. no. 13. 3ISS.) : dark olive-green, vermiculated and spotted with Bum. Hib. Ghi. ii. Duvaucelii, &r Erp. 487 ; olive-brown beneath Gvmnopus light ; greenish-white. 'Cat. Meth. R. 22. " It is of fierce itself ined. no. habits, desperately defending by Testudo Chin, B. Hamilton, Icon. , copied and when a Grai/, Si/n. Rept. 47. t. 10. biting, emitting, excited, low, hoarse, cackling Test, ocellatus, B. Hamilton, Icon. ined. no. 14. sound." — Cantor. Grai/, Illust. Lid. Zool. t. 7 The largest specimen Dr. Cantor observed at Pinang niea- Gymnopus Gangeticus, Cantor, Rept. Malac. 8. • as follows : —Head 4 neck 4 shell 23 tail ;> inches. sured ; ; ; Jaccpiem. Voy. Ind. Rept. t. 9. J CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

4. cariniferus. The Keeled Boulousse. This is Trionyx species very like Bagonia subjjiana, but the head Tab. XXXII. is smaller and brown-lined, and there are indications of four sternal The front of dorsal disk tubercular tlie tubercles. The ribs are and the edge ; hinder part narrower, ends of the ribs are nearer the of the disk with a central keel, continued by a central series front side of the dilated of close part, and not in the centre, as in our of D. sub- triangular acute tubercles. Olive. Head large; two specimen front sternal bones plana. The rudiments of the sternal callosities are on each very elongate, produced ; the anterior of the two lateral sternal vertebral bone rudimental. Sternal callosities ? bones, while in Bagonia thev are found on the anterior Hab. IMoluccas. only pair. The young specimen was named Trionyx Javanicus by a. Yellow. Head like side M. but the head was then Half-grown (in spirits). body ; Bibron, entirely contracted into and end of disk with scattered acute tubercles. Mo- the so that shell, only the tip of the nose could be seen. It luccas. From the Leyden Museum. differs from that species in the position of the dark streaks, Trionyx, n. s., Mus. Leyden. and in their being much less distinctly marked. ? Testudo alba, Bodd. Epist. iii. 21.

c. In spirits (like a). Amboina ; Ceram. Madame Ida PfeifFer's Collection. 6. Trionyx Javanicus. The Boulousse. d, e. Young (in spirits). Olive, with small round dark the in three The front and hinder of the dorsal disk tubercular. spots ; larger spots series, one down the edge vertebral line, and the others in the middle of the crown of the Olive-green ; head with one central and two sides. Head dark above and below, s\^nmetricallv black lines two front sternal radiating ; bones elongate, pro- white- spotted, the spots of tlie occiput and those of duced. the chin larger, and with a very large irregular white at the side of the neck spot ; back of neck and feet Testudo Javanica, Osbeck, China, 149? white-spotted. Amboina or Ceram. Madame Ida Tyrse Javanica, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 47. Pfeiflfer's Collection. Trionyx Javanicus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. 1.5. t. 3. like d e. /,(/. Young (in spirits) ; and Mr. Bartlett's Col- Sckweig. Prod. 287. lection. Il/iist. Gray, Syn. liejif. 48 ; Ind. Zool. t. . f. 1, 2. Bum. Bib. Gni. ii. Cat. Gymnopus Javanicus, ^- Erp. 493 ; Osteology : — Mith. R. 22. Fitz. 30. i. skeleton Potamochelys Javanicus, Syst. Rept. Half-grown ; anterior vertebral bone not deve- Aspidonectes Javanicus, Fitz. loped. Java. From the Leyden Museum. TJ'ag/er, Syst. t. 2. f. l-Il. 3Iiis. Trionyx stellatus, Leyden. Cantor, Rept. Malac. 8. Testudo B. Gataghol, Hamilton, Icon. ined. no. 15? cop. The of this are than the stuffed specimens species larger Gray. of T. T. Thunb. X. Act. Suec. riii. t. example Javaniriis, but yet they have no appearance rostrata, 179. 7. f. 2, 3. Test. 93. t. 20. of any sternal callosities. Schoepff: Baud. Rept. ii. 77, young. T. cartilaginea, Bodd. Bert. Naturf. ii. 2C3. T. Boddaertii, Schneid. Schildk. t. I. f. 1, 2. 5. Ti-ionyx frenatus. The Bridled Boulousse. T. membranacea, Blumenb. Beyt. t. 2. Olive-brown (in spirits). Back with numerous close Trionyx stellatus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. 13, young. lines of small Boulousse, Javanese. tubercles, two central parallel, the others Hab. Java. rather irregular. Head brown, with a dark streak on the forehead, divided behind the eyes into three broad indistinct a. ; 5^ inches. India. diverging streaks, and one from the hps at the base of the Half-grown? (in spirits) c. not India. the to the sides of the throat b, Young (in spirits) ; eyed. proboscis through eyes ; lips

throat (/. Back with ; brown, pale-spotted ; pale brown, sides of the neck Half-grown (stuffed). irregular rugose ridges anterior bone lateral sternal callosities separate ; con- whitish. Sternal callosities 4, small. tracted in the middle hinder India ; oblong, oblique. ; Deccan. Presented by Colonel Sykes, F.R.S. a. Young (in spirits). From the Museum of the Zoological ? uot state. China. Society. e,f. Very young (in spirits); good " Presented by'W. Baird, M.D. Gymnopus Javanicus," Bibron, 3ISS., Miis. Zool. Soc. g, //, i. Very young (in spirits). Back eyed. India. b. female Half-grown (stuffed). It contained many full- Very . India. sized the sternal callosities j. j-oung (dry skin) eggs ; are only very slightly developed. Singapore. Mr. M'allace's Col- k. Half-grown (stuffed). First vertebral bone slightly de- lection. veloped India. Capt. Boys' Collection. L 2 68 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

Anterior dorsal I. Very young (stuffed). Lidia. Capt. Boys' Collection. d. Half-grown (stuffed). plate scarcely united. Egypt. From the Zoological Society. m. Adult (stuffed). The first vertebral bone united to the one disk. Head with seven black di- other, forming e. Adult (stuffed). Egypt. Mr. Thornton's Collection. verging rays. Lidia. Capt. Boys' Collection.

Osteology. Tab. XLIIL fig. 2, skull. " : the head and above olive-green ; upper t. dorsum and Very yoimy Trionyx labiosus. Bell, Testudiaata, , small white part of the neck with numerous spots, becoming sternum.

and more distant on the cheeks and cliiu ; on the larger y. Skeleton (mounted). Egypt. Dr. Riippell's Collection. vertex two round black spots, on the occiput two diverging h. Skeleton (mounted) of smaller animal. From the Zoo- black lines. The shell with several large black, white- logical Society. smaller indistinct ringed spots, between which numerous white several white spots ; margin pale ; longitudinal ridges

: beneath composed of close minute tubercles greenish- 8. Trionyx Argus. The Eyed Tyrse.

: olive the white. Older above uniform green ; longitu- Olive-black, with numerous pale-edged, narrow, black dinal of the shell consist of tubercles more distant ridges feet marbled with with a black- rings. Head and black, and smaller than in the — Cantor. proportionally young." to the edged yellow streak from the tip of the nose ear, This is numerous in and rivers in species ponds Pinang. the nuchal bone enclosing eye ; lips yellow, black-edged ; The that Dr. Cantor observed measured as follows : largest Sternal callosities 4 hinder ones transverse, separate. ; —Head neck shell inches tail of an inch 2^ ; 2} ; C|^ ; | anterior vertebral bone with two rather distant ; broad, pits Eaten the Chinese. Ijug. by in the suture.

Cat. Tort. B.M. 48 Me- Tyrse Argus, Gray, ; Knowsley ** t. African. nag.

7. Niloticus. The Tyrse. Trionyx West Africa Sierra Leone ? a. Half-grown (stuifed). ; of Shell rather vertebral line often back Presented by the Earl Derby. convex, depressed ;

green, spotted with white or yellowish. Callosities 4, far Consult —Trionyx Mortoni, Hallowell in Proc. Acad. Sci. lateral, dilated hinder ; first and apart, internally, triangular Phi/ad. ii. 120. Ilab. Africa. second vertebral bones united by a smooth suture.

Tyrse Nilotica, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 48. Trionyx Niloticus, Gray, Syn. 46. *** American. Schleyel, Faun. Japan. 32. Testudo triunsuis, Forsk. 9. 9. Trionyx ferox. The Fierce Trionyx. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1039. Thorax with a series of tubercles Trionyx JEsvptiacus, Geoff. Egypt, i. 116. t. 1. very depressed, spinous Schit-eTg. Prod. 286. on the front edge of the back. Head with a dark-edged Merreni, Amph. 20. streak from nostril across the eyes to the temples. A con- Gner. Icon. t. 1. f. 7. tinued central series of keeled on the Dum. Bib. Gin. ii. 484 longitudinal spines Gymnopus jEgyptiacus, ($ Erp. ; 'Cat. Meth. it. 22. hinder part of the back, and other smaller series of smaller

Trionyx Bell. Test. t. , from life. labiosns. tubercles. Emys sen Erais, Aristot. Hist. Anim. v. 9. Aspidonectes ^Egyptiacus, Fit:. Syst. Rept. 30. Trionyx ferox, Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 93 (1830). Le Tyrse ou Tortue molle du Nile, Ciiv. R. A. ii. 15. Merreni, Tent. 20. x. 43. Gray, Ann. Phil. 212 ; Syn. Ilah. North Africa; Nile; Egypt; Abyssinia; W.Africa. Say, Joiirn. Acad. Philad. ii. 203. Schlegel, Faun. Japan, t. 5. f. a, head. dorsal luiited to the a. Adult (stuffed). Anterior plate Schweig. Prad. 285. others. Egypt. Presented by Turnbull Christie, Testudo ferox, Penn. Phil. Trans. Ixi. 266. t. 10. f. 5. M.D. Schneid. Schildk. 330. Test. t. 19. c. Half-grown (in spirits). Brown, with small white specks Schoepf. Shaw, Zaal. iii. 64. t. 17. f. 1. on shields and body, with some series of rather larger La Molle, Q. O. i. 137. t. 7. specks. G. JNIassam, W. Africa. Lacep. Trionyx Georgicus, Gcaff'. Ann. Mus. xiv. 7. Turnbull b. Very (stuffed). Egyjit. Presented t. young by Trionyx spiniferus, Lesueur, Mem. Mus. xv. 258. 15. Christie, M.D. ilolbraak, X. A. Ilerpet. ed. 2. ii. 11. t. 1. Africa. Be New 6. t. 6. f. 11. /. Young (in spirits). W. Mr. Rich's Collection. Kay, York, CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. C9

Gvinnopus spiniferus, Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 477. t. 22. 10. Trionyx muticus. The Unarmed Trionyx. 1 f. ; Cat. Meth. R. 22. Thorax much depressed, without tubercles Trionyx carinatus, Geo^. Ann. Mns. xiv. t. 4. any spinous on the front Merrem, Tent. 21, youna;. edge. Aspidonectes feiox, IVayler, Sijst. t. 2. f. 34, 3.5. Trionyx muticus, Lesueur, Mem. Mus. xv. 257. t. 7. Trionyx Biongniartii, Schweiy. Prod. i. 288. hulbrook, N. A. He'pet. ii. 19. t. 2. Freslmater Turtle, Garden. Leconte, Ann. N. Y. ii. 95 (1830). Fierce Turtle, Shaw. Lye. Gray, Syn. Rept. 46. Testudo Boddaertii, Schneid. Leipz. Ma(/. Nat. ^ CE/cnn. Gymuopus muticus, Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 482. 1706, iii. 263. Hab. North Auierica North-western lakes and Western Platypeltis ferox, Fitz. Sijst. Rept. 30. ; rivers. Mus. Paris. Hab. North America and Florida New Or- ; Georgia ; leans. " I cannot however as yet consider it perfectly distinct." —Leconte.

(I. Adult (stuffed). North America. Presented by the Royal Society. The specimen described and figured The Soft-sc.\led Travels, t. 2. by Pennant (re-stuffed). Turtle, Bartram, Trionyx Bartrami, Baud. Rept. ii. 74. b. Half-grown (iu spirits). North America. Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 96 (1830). c. North America. Mr. Tortue de Bartram, Cuv. R. A. n. 16. Young (in spirits ; bleached). Frank's Collection. Testudo ferox verrucosa, Schoepjf. Hist. Test. 96. Chelys Bartrami, Geo^. Ann. Mus. xiv. )8. d. (in Back with small dark Prod. 286. Very young spirits). rings. Trionyx ferox (3. verrucosa, Schweiy.

North America ; Wabash River. From the Paris Hab. North America (Bartram). Museum .

Trion\-x ocellatus, Lesueur, Wied, Voy.Amer. Sept. iii. 242. Cuvier {R.A.n. 15), I think, correctly, regards Bartram's Trionyx annulatus, ITled, Voy. Amer. Sept. iii. 242. figure as only a T. ferox to which the artist has given addi-

tional claws, and some aiijjearance of dorsal shields, pro- Of all the animals of the familv of Chelomdes, they fur- bably arising from the specimen having been partially dried, nish the most delicious and nourishing food. —Leconte. so as to show the bones through the skin. M. Wagler separates Trionyx carinatus, Geoff., into a section of his genus Aspidonectes distinct from T. ferox, and he regards T. ferox, T. muticus and T. spiniferus as 4. DOGANLA.. three species. — Syst. 134. Muzzle conical. Head large, broad behind. elongate, shield flexible on the Ribs e. Adult female. With a row of large spines in front of Lips thick. Dorsal edge. 8-t^, the disk. North America. Mr. W. Smith's Collec- not united into a solid disk until late in life. Sternum tion. callosities attached to narrow at each end ; 2, small, only Adult male. Back of shell deformed, almost f. very high, the outer processes of the front lateral sternal bones. Epi- conical ; front of disk with a series of edge spines. a but not at their base. North America. sternal lines forming V, contiguous Tail very short. g. Half-grown (stuffed). Front of disk with very small Cat. Tort. B.M. 49 spines. North America. Mr. W. Smith's Collection. Dogania, Gray, (1844). Bib. Gen. ii. Cat. Meth. Gymnopus, sp., Bum. ly Erp. 497 ; R. 21. In these three specimens (e, y) there is a greater space f Amyda, sp., Schweiyyer. between the inner ends of the lateral callosities than in the Amyda, Fitc. Syst. Rept. 30 (1843). lo4. Jf'ayler, Syst. , one described by Pennant, but this may probably arise from Aspidonectes, sp., their not being quite so adult. 1. Dogania subplana. The Dogania. Tab. XXXIII. disk varied with with brown Shell flattened ; yellow, sternal tubercles venniculations. Head yellow-varied ; 2, The are doubtful. The first following species very ap- small, lateral. pears to depend on a badly observed young specimen, and Dogania subplana, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 49. the latter most arises from the error of the artist probably Trionyx subplanus, Geoff'. Ann. Mus. xiv. 11. t. 5. f. 2. and the describer. Schweiy. Prod. 289. 70 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

black-dotted throat white-dotted. 48 Illnst. hid. Zool. t. ; olive, minutely Tvionys subplanus. Gray, Syn. ; Islands. Schlegel, Faun. Japon. 34. Philippine

Bib. Gen. ii. 497 ; Cat. Gymnopus subplanus, Dum. ^- Erp. 'Meth. R. 23. Osteology. Tab. XLII. Amyda subplana, Fit:. Sysf. Rept. 30. c. Skull and os hyoides (very large). Nepaul. Presented Hafj. Japan. by H. Falconer, M.D. a. Half-grown (dry). Stemaltubercles 2, very indistinctly The shells of the living specimens are remarkably de- Gen. Th. Hardwicke. indicated, narrow. Presented by and smooth vermiculated pressed ; above, greenish-olive, white- fj. (in spirits). Head brown, minutely with brown or rust colour beneath Half-grown and spotted ; greenish- dotted, with a narrow brown streak from each nostril white. to the eve, and with some indistinct brown Unes very " on the "crown with white At this is taken in the ; lip brown, larger spots. Pinang species frequently fishing Back white-dotted. brown, very indistinctly Japan. stakes. The Chinese inhabitants greatly relish this, as From ^lus. Levden. well as Tyrse Javanica, as articles of food. Individuals of weighing 240 lbs. occur in the Ganges, and others gi- It is gantic dimensions are not uncommon at Pinang. very Head ; short ; anterior. §§ elongate face very eyes powerful and of ferocious habits. The largest individual — tail 4 inches." — measured: Head 6 ; neck 5 ; shell 37 ; 5. CHITRA. Cantor. behind. INIuzzle Head very depressed, large, dilated Shield Hexible on very short, broad. Lips very thick. bones narrow. the edge. Ribs 8-8. Vertebral distinct, Sternum narrow at each end. Sternal callosities 4. Epi- B. Pinnata. Feet Skull pinnate. sternal lines elongate, far apart, nearly parallel. Chelone (Chelonia), Brongniart, Bull. Soc. Philom. 18 . much elongated and depressed. Bnmeril, Zool. Anal. (1806). Chitra, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 49 (1844). Chelonii, Oppel, ReptiUen (1811). Bifj. Gen. ii. 491 Cat. Gvninopus, sp.. Bum. i^ Erp. Chelones ou Tortues marines. Baud. 'Mefk. R. 22. Les Tortues de mer, Llaubenton, Ency. Mith. Cantor, Cat. Rept. Malay. 10. Cuv. R.A. ii. 12, ed. 2. ii. 13. Sea Tortoises or Turtles, Shaw, Zool. Testudmes marinae, PI in. II. N. ix. c. 20, xxxii. c. 4. 1. Indica. The Sewteree. CMtra Testudinata pinnata, Merrem, Tent. 1 7. Zool. Journ. iii. central Be!l, Shield much depressed, with a narrow longitudinal Testudines oiacopodes, U'agler, Syst. Amph. 133 (1820). the anterior vertebra broad, ; depression ; crescent-shaped Eretmochelones, Ritzen, Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xiv. lateral callosities four- 269 anterior sternal bones short ; oblong, (1828). ou Tortues Dum. Bib. Gen. ii. front Thalassites marines, ^ Erp. sided, with sides ; hmder triangular, edge parallel Cat. Meth. R. 24. 506 ; straight.

Chitra Indica, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 49. 47. Trionyx Indicus, Gray, Syn. Rept. Fam. V. CHELONIAD^ (Turtles). Illiist. Ind. Zool. Trionyx ^Egyptiacus, var. Indicus, Gray, i. t. 80. shielded nostrils rather tubular. Beaks Head globose, ; Testudo Chitra, B. Hamilton, Icon. ined. naked. Neck short, suhretractUe. Feet very long, ii. Cat. horny, lineatus, Dum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. 491 ; Gymnopus toes ex- 'Meth. R. 22. not retractile, compressed, fin-shaped ; depressed, often with flat claws front panded at the end, and armed ; Hnb. India ; Ganges ; Philippines. feet longest. Tail short, thick. The inner of lateral Shell low, cordate, with a defined liony margin, coveretl c, d. Half-grown and young. edge in front anterior sternal Ribs free at the callosities slightly diverging ; with horny shields or a leathery skin. bones narrow, India. Capt. Boys' Collec- and elongate. end. Sternum rmg-like, cartilaginous in the centre, tion. united to the thorax by a cartilaginous suture. From Mr. Cu- only a. Adult (stuffed). Philippine Islands. Seas of torrid and temperate zones : some eating alg£e, ming's Collection. as Ch. which are used for food, and as a front of shield covered Midas, imported b. Very young (in spirits). Olive; luxurv mollusca and radiated animals, as Ch. Ca- with close round subconic warts. Head olive, minutely ; others, CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 71

reffa, only collected for their oil. The horny shields are upjier with a very distinct notch on each side of the broad used for ornamental purposes. central notch.

CheloniadK, Grmj, Ann. Phil. x. 212 (1825). Sphargis, Merrem, Tent. 19. Chelonidse, Sivainson, Lard. Cyclop. 344. Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 212 (1825). Anini. Vert. 13 Tab. Zool. Journ. iii. 516 Bonap. Saggio (1832) ; Analyt. Bell, (1828). 11 Handb. Zool. 164. (1836). Wiegmann iji- Ruthe, Class. Bum. Bib. Gen. ii. Cat. Caret toides, Fit:inger, Nette (1826). f Erp. 560 ; Meth. R. 25. Sphars;id£e, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 212. Coriudo, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 271 (1822). Cheloiiiee, Fit:. Sy.it. Rept. 30. Harlan, Amer. Rept. Handh. Zoo/. 164. Blainv. Diet. Sc. Nat. Journ. de Chelonas, Wiegmann i|- Ruthe, Dermatochelys, ; Phys. Fit:. 30. Bull. Soc. Philom. Dermatochelydae, Syst. Rept. (1816) ; (1816). Chelonise Fit:. Rept. 30. oiacopodse, TTagler. " Syst. Fit:. Syst. Rept. 30. Lesuenr," Cuvier. Ilalichelones, Rit:en, Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xi%'. 269 TVagler, Syst. 133(1830). (1828). Scytuia, IVagler. Chelonea (b), Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 270 (1822). Chelonia (Tortues de mer), Brorign. Ciiv. R.A. ii. 12. 1. Sphargis coriacea. The Luth. Oppel, Rept. (1811). Tent. Caretta et Sphargis, Merrem, 17. Thorax ovate, cordate, sharply three-keeled.

Sphargis coriacea. Gray, Syn. Rept. 51. Dmn. Gen. ii. 560. t. 24. f. 2 Cat. ^-Bib. Erp. ; Meth. R. 25. Synopsis of the Genera. Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. ed. 2. ii. 45. t. 6. DeKay, N. York, 4. t. 5. f. 9. a. Shell covered with a coriaceous skin. Sphargiua. Storrer, Massach. Rept. 207. t. 1. Sphargis. Shell covered with a coriaceous skin. Claws none. Testudo coriacea, Linn. Syst. Nat. 350. Schneid. Schildk. 312.

Latr. i. t. 2. f. 1. b. Shell covered with horny shields. Chelonianina. Rept. 58. Shaw, Zool. t. 18. f. 1. 2. Caonana. Shell covered with 15 or more horny, truncated, Lacep. Q. O. i. t. 3. not imbricate shields, which are strongly keeled in the young. Coriudo coriacea, Harlan, Amer. Rept. 85. First and second toes clawed. Testudo Lyra, Donnd. 3. Caretla. Shell covered with l.'i horny shields, imbricate and Sphargis Mercurii, Rond. De Pise. Mar. t. 5. f. 3. produced behind. Sternum strongly keeled on each side in S. mercurialis, Merrem, Tent. 19. all ages. First and sometimes the second toe clawed. Temm. F. Japon. 6. t. 1-3. Ann. Phil. x. 212. 4. Chelonia. Shell covered with 13 truncated, not imbricate, Gray, Dermatochelys atlautica, Lesueur, Cuv. R. A. ii. 14. horny shields, smooth in all ages. First linger of each fin Testudo tuberculata, Penn. Phil. Trans. Ixi., clawed. young. Schoepjf. Test. t. 29. Gravenh. Delic. t. Spinose Tortoise and Tuberculated Tortoise, Penn. Coriaceous Turtle, Shaw. a. Shell covered with a coriaceous shin. Sphargina. Atlantic Ocean of Hab. Mediterranean ; {rare) ; Cape Chili North America Sphargidfe, Grai/, Ann. Phil. x. 212 (1825). Good Hope (Horstok); (Molina); iii. called Bell, Zool.'journ. 516 (1828). {Lesuenr) ; Japan, Jalafa {Siebold). Dermatochelydse, Fit:. Syst. Rept. 30. Anim. Vert. 13 Tab. Sphargidiiia, Bonap. Saggio (1832) ; —Thorax covered with a coriaceous Analyt. 11 (1836). Young. black, skin,

Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. ; Joui-n. scales back Dermatochelys, (1816) divided into numerous small polygonal ; de Phys. (1816). with with seven white lougitudiual ridges ; belly white, TVagler, Syst. 133 (1830). " rather small shields ; fore-feet Lesveur" fide Cuv. R. A. ed. 2. ii. 14. larger regular polygonal Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur.xiv. Mydse, Rit:en, 269 (1828). nearly as long as the shell, wliite-edged.

Testudo tuberculata, Gravenh. Delic. t. Phil. Trans. Ixi. f. 4, 5. Schoepf. Test. t. 29. 1. SPHARGIS. Dermatochelys porcata, IVagler, Syst. 133. t. 1. f. 1, 23. Fit:. 30. Shell cordate, depressed, deeply longitudinally grooved, Syst. Rept. covered with a continuous coriaceous skin. Feet long.

. coast of Dorsetshire. scales. Beaks a. Stuffed England ; Claws replaced by small coriaceous strong ; (adult) CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

h. StufFed Tadult ; not in West Indies; Nevis. The skull Oss. Foss. t. 11. f. good state). (Cuv. 1-4) broad, short ; Presented by W. Cottle, Esq. forehead flat, shelving, with the nose on the slope of the c, d. In spirits (young). ^ face the inner surface of the bones ; of the jaws smooth on (the ridges being the homy sheath). The pterygoids Rondeletius {De Pise. Mar. 4.11) thought that it was are broad, concave, with a on each from the bones of this animal that the ancients formed deep diverging groove behind, edging the very narrow linear ridge-like triangular their lyres, and for this reason it was called the Luth by of the of the which has of the but the remains of the in the part body sphenoid, part Lacepede ; Greek lyre British basilary between it. Last vertebral bone narrow, elongate, Museum are evidentlv formed from bones of Testudo grieca. thick-keeled, of nearly the same width the whole A skull labelled T. coriacea, from the Pacific Ocean, length. The outer edge of the pterygoid bones is produced into presented by Mr. Collie to the Haslar Museum, is so like a lobe in the middle : this lobe appears to diminish in size that of C. as not to be from it the Midas, distinguished ; as the skull reaches adult age. hole of the ear appears rather rounder than in the other The frontal (Cur. Oss. Foss. t. 11 . f. 2/) does not ap- skull, but very slightly so. to increase in size so as the pear rapidly other bones, being larger in comparison in the young than in the adult skulls. b. Shell covered with horny shields. Chelonina.

Cheloniadse, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 212 (182.5) 1. Caouana Caretta. The Caouanne or Loggerhead. Bell, Zonl. Journ. iii. 516 (1828). two on each foot back Chelonife, TT'ief/mann ^- Ruthe, Handb. Zool. 165. Claws ; convex, rounded, toothed Fifz. Sysi. Rejjf. 30. behind vertebral rather ; plates six-sided, keeled, longer Chelonina, Anim. Vert. 13 Tub. Bonap. Sagyio (1832); than wide caudal ; plate squarish, longer than broad, hinder Anrihjt. 11 (183fi). rather wider than the rest costal Caretta, Merrem, Tent. 17. marginal plate ; shields of Nov. Act. Acad. Nut. Cur. xiv. Carettoe, Rit:en, 269 (1828). young keeled above. Chelonia, JT'agler, Sysf. Rept. 133. Cat. Tort. Bum. Bib. Gen. ii. Caouana Caretta, B.M. 52. 4'- Erp. 538. Gray, Testudo Linn. Nat. 351. Chelone, Ritze.i, Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xiv. 269(1828). Caretta, Syst. fT'alb. Clielon. 4. 95. Schoepf. Test. t. 16 & 16 B, t. 17. f. 3. * Show, Zool. ii. t. 23-25. The inner surface of the upper and louder jaws simply T. cephalo, Schneid. Schildk. 303. concave; shields thin, rather brittle. membranaceous, Temm. Faun. 25. t. 4. f. 2 t. 6. f. Japon. 1, ; 3. Young three-heeled. T. Caouana, Bechst. in Lacep. i. 110. Baud. Rept. ii. 54. t. 16. f. 2. 2. CAOUANA. Chelonia Caouana, Schweig. Prod. 292. Wagler, Syst. 133. t. 1. f. 1. 23. Thorax covered with fifteen trun- ovate, cordate, thin, Gray, Syn. Rept. 53.

Bum. Bib. Gen. ii. 544 ; Cat. R. cated, not imbricated shields, which are keeled in the young. ^- Erp. Meth. 25. Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. ii. 33. t. 4. Head large. Jaws slightly curved towards each other at Ch. virgata, JVagler, Icon. t. 29 (not Cuv.). the side of the lower covered with tip ; jaws angular plates. Ch. pelagiorum, Valenc. Rept. Morea, t. 10. Testudo Rondel. Marginal ])lates 27 (rarely 25). Carnivorous, eating mol- corticata. T. marina 257. lusca and Crustacea. Caouanna, Ray, Quad. Ovip. The Loggerhead Turtle, Brown, Jam. 465. three-keeled. Youny Catesby, Carol, ii. 40. t 40. additional of i. The ])air discal shields occupies the side of La Caouanne, Labat, Voy. Amer. 184. 311. Luclp. Q. O. i. 96. the narrow first vertebral shield, the three covering the Test, nasicornis, Lnc^p. the broad front vertebral shield of Che- space occupied by Edw. Birds, t. 206. lonia. Rhinoceros Turtle, Shaiv, Zool. t. 14, very young. Thalassochelys Caouana, Fit:. Syst. Rept. 30. Phil. x. 21 Cat. Tort. Caouana, Gray, Ann. (1825) ; B.M. Thalassochelvs, Fit:. Syst. Rept. 30 (1843). black three-keeled central Young ; back ; highest. Ilaliohelys, Fit:. Syst. Rept. 30. Fit:. 30. Lepidochelys, Syst. Rept. Hab. Atlantic Ocean ; Azores ; Messina ; Morea ; Mar- Caretta, Tent. 18. Rio Janeiro. sp., Merrem, tinique ; Chelonia /3, sp., TT'ayler, Syst. 133. Chelonees Bum. Bib. Gen. ii. 552 Cat. Caouanes, ^ Erp. ; keeled Meth. R. 25. a. Half-grown (in spirits). Costal shield above, Fit:. 30. toothed not in state. Sloane Collection. Thalassochelys, Syst. Rept. margin ; good CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 73

" c. Adult Back covered vdt\\ Chehiiobia hinder (stuffed). ; Young. Above blackish-olive, lighter than in the adult; less acute caudal sub- margiiiiil plates ; plate elongate, shell and fin with edges pale yellow. Sternum pale green- trianijular. Atlantic Ocean. Modelled in the Pedi- washed with chestnut areola blackish. ment of the Museum. ish-yellow, ; " Adult. Head brown shell d. ; blackish-green, some of the Half-grown (stuffed). Hinder marginal plates acute, rather caudal scales of the fins Sternum produced ; scarcely elongated. Atlantic marginal yellow. yellow, washed Ocean. with fin nail. chestnut; 27 marginal shields ; with one " The shell is ff. Half-grown (stuffed). broad, subcordiform, its length exceeding h. its breadth Half-grown (stuffed). by ^\, three-keeled, the vertebral keel strongest, dentated behind Black centre of ; shields 27, _;'. Very young (in spirits). ; upper and marginal obliquely placed, hinder of lower the of edge beak, prominences the the first and fourth pairs of costals and the fourth vertebral sternal shields, and a narrow to the mar- very margin shield each divided into two whitish. pieces. ginal shields, " The flesh of the Chelonia relished m. olivacea, though by Young (in spirits). Lost the greater part of dorsal the Chinese settler in is to plates. Pinang, unpalatable Europeans." — Cantor.

Osteology : —

Cuv. Oss. Foss. V. 187. t. 11. f. 1-4, skull; t. 12. f. 43, 3. Caouana elongata. The Long Caouanne. OS t. 12. f. hyoides ; 5. Shell rather flattened Wagle'r, Syst. Amjyh. t. 1. f. 3, 4. elongate, in the middle, convex on the and dilated and b. sides, slightly flattened upon the side Half-grown (dorsal shield only). and contracted on the hinder edges ; marginal plates 27, e. Skull (very large). Costal shields smooth. India? last much caudal Presented pair longer ; plates square, large, much by Thomas Bell, Esq. than broad vertebral longer ; plates elongate, sis-sided, half Chelonia Riippellii, Grat/, B.M.

as long again as broad. Claws ? Head . ? f. Half-grown. Back and belly shielded. Coast of Devon- shire. Presented Caouana Cat. Tort. B.M. 53. by J. Wilson, Esq. elongata. Gray, Testudo Caretta, Mag. N. H. new ser. iv. 136. Hab. ? i. Half-grown shield . (upper only) a. Shell only (adult). k. Half-grown skeleton (mounted).

I. Skull. Ceylon. Presented by Dr. J. ** Davy. The inner surface of the jaws with an angular subcen- tral ridge on the upper, and a sharp ridge on the inner 2. Caouana olivacea. The Olive Caouanne. the lower one. edge of Shields thick, horny, brittle, Claws one on each imbricate. foot ; shields three-keeled. marginal 27 ; back flat, Young sides rather concave, side edges expanded, bent slightly up ; 3. CARETTA. vertebral plates narrow, than elongate, longer wide ; verte- Thorax ovate, cordate, covered with bral shields keeled caudal three-keeled, 13 very sharply ; plate subtriangular, thick, keeled which are and longer than broad, much than horny, plates, produced imbri- larger the other marginal cate on their hinder edge. Muzzle plates ; head moderate. elongate, compressed. Beaks moderate, upper edge straight, toothless, lower slightly Caouana olivacea. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 53. side recurved ; of lower beak with a shield. Chelonia olivacea, Esc/isc/io/fCf Zool. Atl. t. 3. single elongated Cantor, Cat. Rept. Malay. 13. Sternum keeled on each side. Fins each with 2 claws. Lepidochelys olivacea, Fitz. Syst. Rept. 30. Palate concave, broad, narrow behind front of ; upper jaw Thalassochelys olivacea. Fit:. 30. 'Syst. Rept. with a central lower Ch. single ridge ; concave, with rather caouana, var.. Gray, Syn. 54. Ch. Bum. Bib. on the inner The last vertebral bone Dussumierii, S^ Erp. G^n. ii. 557 : Cat strong ridges edge. Met/i. R. 25. broad, short, half-ovate, about as long as wide at the Ch. subcarinata, MS. Mus. Riipp. Franc/. ? base. Hab. Indian Ocean Malabar ; ; Philippines. Caretta, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 53(1844). Chelonia a. Dark (Eremochclys), Fitz. Syst. Rept. 30. Very young (in spirits). brown ; neck, fins, and under side brown Caretta, sp., Merrem, Tent. 17. paler ; without narrow anterior any Chelonia vertebral two united (a), Jl'ayler, Syst. 133. plate (the I). Philippine Islands. Chelone'es Dum. Bib. Gen. ii. imbriquees, ij- Erp. 547 ; Cat b. Stuffed (adult). With a narrow anterior vertebral plate. , Meth. R. 24. CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

are sold for as as the 1. Caretta imbricata. The Caret. coast. Some specimens much £4 ; on the of the shell It is Shell brown-marbled back price depends quality (shields). subcordiform, yellow, ; keeled, said that the natives remove some of the shields while the shelving, strongly toothed behind. animal is alive, and return it to the sea; the shields are Caretta imbricata. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 53. said to be but for the truth of this we cannot Chelonia imbricata, Schweig. Prod. 291. reproduced, Gray, Syn. 25. t. 7. f. 2. vouch. The natives eat the flesh of this Turtle, but it is Bum. Gen. ii. 547. t. 13. f. 2; Cat. Meth. ^-Bib. Er2). unpalatable to Europeans."— Kelaart, Reptiles of Ceylon, R. 24. 181. Temm. Faun. Japon. 13. t. 5. f. 12, t. 6. f. 4. Cantor, Malay. Rept. 13. Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. ii. 39. t. 5. *** Testiido imbricata, Lhm. Syst. Nat. 350. The inner surface of the upper and lower jaws with Schneid. Schildk. 309. an acute ridge, concentric with the outer edge of the Shaio, Zool. iii. t. 26, 27. and inner of the lower jaw. Shield horny, Baud. Rept. ii. 39. upper Test. t. 18 A. B t. 17. f. not imbricate. not keeled. Schoepff. ; 1, young. thick, Young T. Caretta, Knorr, Belie, ii. 124. t. 50. Chelonia mnltiscutata, Kiihl, Beytr. 78, monstrosity ? 4. CHELONLA.. Ch. pseudo-Caretta, Lesson, Voy. Bel. 302. Discal shields 13, not imbricate, truncated behind. The Scaled Tortoise, Grew, Mus. 38. t. 3. f. 4. Seba, i. t. 80. f. 9. Muzzle short, rounded. Jaws moderate, upper slightly imbricata, Fitz. Syst. 30. Eretmochelys Rept. notched in front, and feebly toothed on the side, lower den- Hub. Indian Ocean Guinea with a each side. The ; Amboyna ; New ; Sey- ticulated, single elongate plate upon chelles Havanna Red Sea. ; ; front toe of each fin clawed. Feeding on alga.

Chelonia, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 271 (1822). b. Shell narrow. x. Cut. Tort. 54. a, Ilalf-grown (stuffed). elongate, Gray, Ann. Phil. 212 (1851) ; B.M. Belt, Zool. Journ. iii. 516. d. Young (stuffed). Shell broad. Fit:. Syst. Rept. 30. Wants one fin. f. Very young (stuffed). Chelonia, sp.

Chelonia /3, 133. ff. Adult (stuffed). M. Parzudaski's Collection. sp., TTagler, Syst. Caretta, sp., Merre?n, Tent. 18. h. Adult Raines' Island. Presented (stuffed). by Capt. Bib. Gin. ii. Cat. Cheloutes franches, Dum. ^ Erp. 538 ; John William R.N. Ince, Meth. R. 24.

i. Half-grown (stuffed). Mr. Tucker's Collection. not hooked with two arched j. Half-grown (stuffed). Beaks ; upper jaw ridges,

k. Young (stuffed). Shell narrow. From Haslar Hos- the inner one slightly marginal, the outer one near the pital. and a in front of lower margin, interrupted by deep pit ; l. From the Young (stuffed). Zoological Society. jaw strongly toothed ou the edge, with a strong subcentral

ridge, with a large conical prominence in the middle, and a

: — Osteology in front it. deep pit on each side of c. Half-grown (upper shield only). The ptervgoids concave, much contracted on each side, e. shield of in the middle broad and the flattened tri- Lower young. ; they expanded m. Skeleton. The Paris IMuseum. angular part of the sphenoid form a broad concave space on Barn Island. the back of the n,o,p, q. Adult (upper shield only). Back of palate.

Head brown, scales edged or rayed with yellow. Shell The vertebral bones behind the last rib transverse, broad rich brown. Sternum f yellow, marbled or rayed with yel- in divided two cross sutures. lowish-white. front, by " Chelonia Cat. Tort. B.M. 54. In the yoiiny the areola of the sternal shield black." — § a. Gray, Cantor. 1. Chelonia virgata. The Carey. " The Caret or Hawkbill Turtle is called Kookeoloo or Shell short, subtectiform, chestnut, varied with yellow with brown sides arched. Kooseomboo by the Cingalese. It is caught on the southern and rayed ; strongly coast of the island and is abundant at Point (Ceylon), very Chelonia virgata, Schweig. Prod. 291. de Galle and Matura. It is rare on the northern part of the Cuu.R. ^. ii. 41. CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 75

in Chelonia viriiata, Guer. Icon. t. 1. f. 4. at all seasons plentifully taken in the fishing stakes the Bib. Gen. ii. 541 Cat. ' ' Dicm. ^- Eip. (not Wagler) ; Straits of Malacca, and is the Green Turtle of the Euro- Mcih. R. 24. pean inhabitants of our Malayan settlement and of the sea- Sa(/ra, Cuba Rept. 26. t. 3. of India. In size it Chelonia Ch. INIidas D, Gray, Syn. 52. ports equals Midas, Schweig. " Cb. Cuvier" F. 26. fasciata, Schlegel, Japon. (of the Atlantic), which it rivals in flavour. About De- Schoepff. Test. t. 16 B. cember and January is the season when the female deposits Bruce, Voy. t. 42. her in the beach of some Chelonia maculosa, Citv. R. A. ii. 13. eggs sandy sequestered island, Dum. Bib. Gen. ii. 544 Cat. Meth. R. 24. S,' Erp. ; and then the fishermen watch during the moonlight nights ii. 13. C. lacrymata, Cuv. R. A. ' to turn turtles.' The eggs are of a spherical shape, C. Midas, var. ft, Gray, Syn. Rept. 32. about one inch in covered a soft hemitrans- ii. t. 23. f. 1 diameter, with C. marmorata. Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. 546. ; Cat. Meth. R. 24. parent membrane of a pale yellowish colour. The expert Shaw, Zool. ii. 13. t. 22, var. eye of the fisherman baffles the pains with which the turtle

Hub. Indian Seas of Good ; New Guinea. conceals her and are disinterred. ; Cape Hope eggs, prodigious numbers They are very rich-flavoured, like marrow, and will keep for weeks to the air." — Cantor. /. Half-grown (stuffed). Wants some plates. Dr. Man- although exposed " tell's Collection. The breadth of the fronto-nasal shield in Chelonia vir-

gata is only one-third of the length, whereas in Chelonia

Osteology : — Midas it is one-half, and these proportions appear to be

a. shield . Vertebral shields broader Young (upper only) constant in all ages of the two species. The very young than long. Atlantic Ocean. Presented bv W. Eling, of both greatly resemble each other in colour and shape. Esq. : — Six liy-ing young were all of the following dimensions b. Adult (stuffed). Vertebral shield longer than broad. Head neck shell 2 ; tail of an inch and South America. ^ ; j ; \ ; they pre- sented the following peculiarities : — c. Half-grown (upper shield only). Vertebral shields ra- " The shell cordiforin, the length exceeding the breadth ther longer than broad. South America ? the second vertebral shield much broader by one-eighth ; d. Vertebral shield rather Half-grown (upper shield). the and the of the series the than first, altogether largest ; broader than long. costal shield than the third the breadth of second larger ; e. Half-grown (upper shield). Vertebral shield as broad the fronto-nasal shield one-third of the length. Each fin as long. From Haslar Hospital. with a single claw." — Cantor. h. Adult. Upper shield very dark-coloured. "This Turtle (^Chelonia virc/ata) is found all round the skeleton. g. Half-grown island (Ceylon), and is very numerous in the Trincomalie for several months in the a one Harbour year ; good-sized

? or under can be for 6d., a one for \s. 6d. to 2s. The Young Black greenish-olive ; chin, side, broad bought very large flesh of this Turtle is not far behind in flavour that of the edge of shell and fin, and the base of the hinder fin, white. well-known Green Turtle (Chelonia Mydas), so famous for making the T\irtle soup. The female lays from 100 to 200 a. Very young (stuffed). Margin of the shell and fin eggs of a globular shape, with a soft semitransparent cal- white. China. Presented by J. E,. Reeves, Esq. careous shell, which are much prized as articles of food by h. Very young (in spirits). Neck whitish. natives and Europeans. A native will consume as many as c, d, e. Very young (in spirits). 20 or 30 at one and we have seen eat eggs meal,— Europeans f, g, h. Very young (in spirits). a dozen for breakfast." Kelaart, Reptiles of Ceylon, 181.

»'. Very young (stuffed). From the Zoological Society.

The vertebral bones behind the last rib linear " ff narrow, shell and fins Young. Head, greenish-black ; margin or vase-shaped, attenuated behind. of the shell and fins and sternum white. " Chelonia §**, Grai/, Cat. Tort. B.M. 54. Adult. Head and fins chestnut, scales edged with yel- Chelonia, Fit:. Sy'st. Rept. 30. low. Shell greenish-yellow, with chestnut rays and spots. 2. Chelonia viridis. The Green Turtle. Sternum gamboge or greenish-yellow.

"This species, the 'Pinyu' of the Malays of Pinang, is Shell subrotundiform, rather elongate, olive-green, when M 2 76 CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

surface and 1 keeled ; chin, under back rounded ; vertebral Tomig Blackish-brown, dry fulvous, with brown spots ; broad. narrow of shell and fins brownish-white. shields hexagonal, nearly as long as edge

a, c, d. Ascension. Presented 18. t. 4. f. 4-6 t. 6. b, Very young (in spirits). Chelonia viridis, Temm. Fawn. Japan. ; by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher. f. 1, 2. Sternal 6. Ascension. Testudo viridis, Schneid. Schildk. 309. t. 2. e. Very young (in spirits). plates Sir Edward Belcher. Testudo Mydas, Lati: Kept. i. 22. t. 1. f. 1. Presented by Capt. Baud. ii. 10. t. 16. First vertebral Bept. /. Very young (in spirits). plate irregular. Test. t. 17. f. 2. Belcher. Schoepf. Ascension. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Chelonia Midas, Schweig. Prod. 291. . Vertebral g, h. Very young (in spirits) plates irregular, Gray, Syn. 52. 6 or 7. Ascension. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Bum. Bib. Gen. ii. .538. Sf Erp. Belcher. Holbronk, N. Amer. Herpet. ii. 25. t. 3. Costal 5 • 5 last ver- Caretta esculenta, Merrem, Tent. 18. i. Very young (in spirits). plates ; tebral narrow. Ascension. Presented Capt. Sir Testudo Japonica, Thunb. by Edward Belcher. Testudo Thunbergii, Merrem, Tent. 19. T. Baud. ii. 50. t. 17. f. 1. Plates normal. Ascension Cepedienne, Bept. j, k. Very young (in spirits). Chelonia Mydas, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 212. Island. From H.M.S. Chanticleer. Zoo!. 164. Chelonia esculenta, Wiegm. ^- Buthe, Handb. /. Very young (dry).

America Rio Janeiro ; Hab. Atlantic Ocean ; North ; New Holland. The skulls differ in the of the Ascension ; Guiana ; India ; Bourbon ; considerably convexity forehead, and they offer two distinct peculiarities, which indicate two or the two sexes. a, b. Half-grown (stuffed). Brazils. may species In one form, of which I have examined four skulls of

different ages, the width at the condyles of the upper jaw

Osteology : — is the same as the distance from the edge of the vertebral

Chelonia Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 13. f. 2, 3, back ; v. ?, condyle to the front edge of the palatine opening. f. 206. t. 13. f. 6, sternum ; t. 12. 15 & 39, hand and In the other of which I have examined five, all foot. variety, t. 1. f. 5 t. 2. f. skull. the width of the of the is Testudo mydas, Spix, Cephal. ; 5, adult, skulls, condyles jaw Caouane, Parergon. f. 192-195. Bojanus, considerably more (half an inch) than the above-named c. Skull of young; weighed 66 lbs. From Dr. Mautell's distance. In the Chelonia Caretta the width of this part Collection. is very much greater than the space above named. d. Head, with the shields. I may observe that in the youngest skulls of the first that of this lbs. Ascension. Pre- variety the condyles are narrowest, so part dif- (?,/. Skulls of adult; weighed 375 sented by — Wauds, Esq. ference may depend on the age of the skulls, which appear to become broader and shorter as become older. g. Skull of adult. Imperfect: discoloured. they CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

APPENDIX.

Page 3, add— Claws nearly globular, the innermost one vride and flat, the rather Mr. John Leconte proposes a new arrangement of the edge sharp. " and must from its be terrestrial " Inhabits Java ; shape Order into four great families. He observes : I owe this in its habits. arrangement in a great degree to the suggestions of my " characters this son." It possesses a strange mixture of the of with those of the next." —Leconte, I. c. 187. Fam. I. Pedes family penniformes. Sternum esse episternali postice producto. 1. Chelonia. 2. Sphargis.

Geoclemys Seba (p. 18). Fam. II. Pedes compressi, ungulati. Sternum scuto singulo (abdominali) alato, alarum marginibus non inflexis. Dr. Kelaart believes that Geoclemys Seba (p. 18) is the of the difference in the form of A. Sternum osse episternali postice producto. l.Chelydra. young Emys trijuga (p. 20), on the head on the 2. Stma-ofi/pus. 3. Trionyx. 4. Emyda. the shell and the spotting depending of the I have never seen the E. tri- B. Sternum minus uni- vel bivalve osse age specimens. young plus ; episternali entosternali the adult G. Seba, nor in an inter- maximo obsolete (in pullis rudimentali) juga, any specimens alis a scuto mediate state of I observe that the fore feet abdomiuah solum projectis. 1. Kino- growth. may sternon. the of Emys trijuga show its affinity to genus Geoclemys, though the skull is that of an aquatic Emys. Fam. III. Pedes ungulati, plerumque compressi. Ster- num scutis duobus alatis (pectorali abdominalique) alarum marginibus, excepta Cistudinse fortiter inflexis scutis cau- 16. Holbrookii (p. 25), add— dalibus duobus distinctis. Emys

a. Adult North America ; Mr. • (in spirits). Mississippi. a. Sternum scutis 11 s. 12 tectum. 4 Ungulus 5*5, 5, Brandt's Collection. • 4 4 vel 4 3. 1 . Emys. 2. Platysternon. 3. Tele- 4. 5. Cistudo. ojrits. Lutremys. The lower jaw rather flattened.

scutis 13 . /3. Sternum tectum. 6. Chelys. 7 Chelodina. 8. Sternofhcenis. 9. Pentonyx. 10. Plutemys. 11. To doubtful North American add— Podocnemis. Emydes (p. 28),

24*. Emys nigra. Fam. IV. Terrestres. Corpus scutatum. Sternum ala- Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. vii. tum, scuto laterah osseo, alarum marginibus fortiter in- Emys nigra, Hallowell, Proc. 96 flexis. Pedes clavati, ungulati. Scutum caudale uunquam (1854). divisum vel stria superiore perpendiculari fortiter impressa " Shell oblong ovate, slightly compressed at the sides and quam in partes duas secari videtur. 1 . Testudo. 2. Pyxis. latero- emarginate, but not distinctly serrated posteriorly ; 3. Homopus. 4. Kinixys. — Proc. Acad. Nat. Set. Pkilad. of everted nuchal vii. 1854. posterior margins carapace ; plate narrow, 24 truncate anteriorly, broader posteriorly ; marginal plates, the the two posterior more or less quadrilateral, two adjoin- 1. Manouria fusca add— the (p. 15), ing pentagonal. Colour blackish above, upper part of numerous small Teleopus luxatus, Leconte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. the head and neck presenting very yellow vii. 187, Oct. 1854. a black anterior extremities with a spots upon ground ; " throat with with three rows of serrated teeth the of ; under and dark- Upper jaw ; tinge yellow jaw yellow, in the with lower with two, the outer one the finest. Toes and claws coloured markings ; plastron yellow middle,

• dark brown at the sides 5 5 ; fore claws and rather hind feet clavate. blotches of black and and long sharp ; large CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. — under surface of tail and ex- 30. rugosa (p. 31), add anteriorly and posteriorly ; Emys moderate thickish ; tail of olive-dotted vermiculated tremities length. e. Adult (in spirits). Head and Creek. with black, with a broad unspotted streak from the Hah. Lower California ; Possa throat blackish back of the orbit over the temple ; —HaUoweU. streaked. Sliell olive above, bright red bencatli, with Length of carapace G^ inches." to all the the costal a broad black edge plates ; plate " the under side of tlie lateral M. Leconte observes : In the English Catalogue (of rugose ; marginal plates with an indistinct squarish ring round tlie marginal the British are described E. rivulata, E. scripta, Museum) shields band, on the suture of two neighbouring ; E. and E. Bennettii. Not E. HolbrooJtii, macrocephala bandless webs ; legs olive-green, ; very large," scaly the must have claws North having these, and knowing that descriptions elongate, subulate, nearly straight. America Mr. Brandt's Collection. been taken from dried and faded specimens, or from such ; Mississippi." (Dec. 1855.) as were bleached by long immersion in alcohol, I do not hesitate to pronounce them as having no real existence as 31. scabra at as variations from Emys (p. 31). distinct species, or most being slight — varies. others well known and long ago determined." Proc. Acad. The colouring of the head of this species slightly

: — Nat. Sci. Phihtd. vii. 190. There are two living in the Zoological Gardens

will show the evil of 1 . The before the and the streaks on the back The figures in this work making spot eyes without the on of crown and broad and continuous. such general assertions examining specimens nape and also that not one of 2. Tlie in front of the linear and which the species are founded, spot eyes very narrow, or bleached transverse the streak on the crown and in- them was described from either faded specimens. ; nape narrow, to in front terrupted in front so as leave a spot of it, and with a small pair of narrow diverging streaks behind the 26. 29), add— Emys geographica (p. others on the back of the neck. (Dec. 1855.) with concentric h. Adult (in spirits). Head symmetrical

streak distinct ; vellow lines ; frontal temporal spot distinct. Sliell olive, witli several rather triangular, 2. BeUii add— narrow Chrysemys (p. 33), irregularly disposed irregular-shaped pale rings,

lines on each siiield ; the Lateral of the vertebral united Ijy anastomosing pale a. Adult (in spirits). angles plates with narrow central back and vermiculated with marginal plates anastomosing angular ; olive, speckled lines back the keel narrower black with a short ; bluntly keeled, becoming lines, subsymmetrical black-edged with a and more continued behind. Sternum yellow, pale line near the centre of each discal shield. Ster- to the inner of the hinder shields, num black-varied. North America Mr. dark margin edge ; Mississippi. and the and dark edges to the stcrno-costal symphysis Brandt's Collection. side of the and ; the under axillary inguinal plates marmorata, Wagler." —Brandt. a small annulatcd on "Emys margin yellow, with oblong spot a small arched the hinder outer angle of the shield, and b. Adult (in spirits). Like former, but sternal mark more streak on the outer part of the front edge, com^ileting indistinct. North America; Mississippi. Mr. Brandt's the outline of the spot on the preceding shield, so as Collection. to render the subsutural, thus showing a ]iassage to " sjiot Emys Oregonensis, Fit:"— Brandt. division. North America ; the species of the preceding Lake Champlain. Mr. Brandt's Collection. " reticulata, Bnm. ^- Bib." Clemmys 3. Pseudemys serrata (p. 34).

live costal shields in oi Shell of animal dark ; the divided This specimen agrees with Dr. Ilolbrook's figure Emys half a broad transverse red band, rest subannulated. (jeographica. by Under side bright red, as figured by Holbrook. Very active — and vicious. Zool. Gardens. (Dec. 1855.) 27. Emys pseudogeographica (p. 29), add M. Leconte regards Emys serrata, Say, E. rubriventris, d. The on the dorsal Half-grown (in spirits). markings Lecoate, E. irrigata, Dumeril, and E. rugosa, Shaw, as shield indistinct until the shields are removed. Ster- of the same observing that it varies very num dark varied, and with broad dark margins to the synonyms species, the lateral and the sterno-dorsal but the essential character is the dentation of the shields ; processes much, witli streaks. symphysis dark-edged pale irregular jaws. Head and throat with numerous narrow crowded black Leconte ornata Mr. Brandt's M. considers, certainlj' erroneously, Emys streaks. North America ; Mississippi. Collection. and E. annulifera as synonyma of E. hieroglyphica of " Holbrook. Emys geographica. Fits." CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES. 79

1. Cistudo Carolina suture (p. 39). by only ; wings tolerably long, with a deep divided groove on the anterior M. Leconte erroneously cousitlers the variety C. Blan- part. 6. K. dingii of Holbrook as synonymous with Lutretnys Melea- Pennsylvanicum. From Canada to Florida. 7. K. Sonoriense. gris, a European species. —Jouni. Acad. Philad. vii. 189. Testa modice convexa, postice latiore, antice et M. Leconte, not having seen C. Mexicana, refers it as a postice declivi, margine antice et postice dispanso, medio declivi, dorso indistincte tricarinato, carina intermedia variety of C. Carolina with doubt. vertebrali evidentiore alarum canali ; leviter exarata, prope rudimentali cauda ; unguiculata. Tacson in Sonora. The shell less much elevated than any other species.

14. KINOSTERNON (p. 43). III. Sternum subcruciform valves to narrow, ; joined the abdominal of the In the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences portion chest by sutures, the lateral teeth of which are so large as to admit of but little motion, of Philadelphia for 1854, vol. iii. no. 5. p. 183, there is a in the one and " especially posterior ; wings long narrow, paper by John Leconte, entitled Descriptions of Four without any groove on the inner part. Tail unarmed. Species of Kinosternon" read on the 31st October 1854. 8. K. odorutum. is From New York to Florida. The genus divided into three groups, thus : — 9. K. guttatum. Testa ovali, dorso subtricarinato, fla- I. of those with bivalve sterna the ; valves vida fusca Consisting maculata, margine undique postice valde declivi, to the abdominal joined piece by ligamentous hinges. minims expanso. Sterno flavescente, angusto, antice trun- cate, postice late emarginato, femoribus et cruribus seriebus 1. K. longicaudatmn, Spix, Bras. 17. t. 12. latere interiore pai5illarum echinatis ; cauda mutica. Penn- 2. K. scorpoides. Surinam. sylvania. 3. K. Mexiconum. Testa ovali, valde convexa, fusco-lu- tescente vel dorso fortiter nigricante ; tricarinato, margine As I have not seen the species here described as new, I undique decHvi, scutis vertebralibus secundo, tertio et quarto Sterno cauda can give no opinion on their distinctness. A'. elongatis. utrinque rotundato, integerrimo ; Pennsylva- from the of unguiculata. Mexico. nicum, description the young, is evidently the I have 4. K. integrum. Testa fusca, regulari, ovali, convexa, species described under that name, but the other carinata, declivi, laterali do not to intended margine postice dispanso, perpen-' descriptions appear be for the new spe- diculari. Sterno bivalvi, cistani omnino occludente, magno, cies I have described ; at least the characters on wliich I antice cauda brevis- rotundato, postice paulo emarginato ; have founded the species are not observed. sima, mutica. Mexico. K. guttatum, which is described as subcarinate, is evi- 5. K. lexicostomum, Dumcril, Mus. Acad. dently not the Aromochelys cai-inatum of this work. Leconte considers K. II. Anterior valve of sternum joined to the abdominal M. Doubledayii, from the descrip- a a the portion by ligament and partly by suture, posterior tion given, to he a distinct species.

LIST OF PLATES.

Tab. Page

I. Testudo Horsfieldii 7

13 II. Kinixys Belliana

III. Manouria fusca 16 20 IV. Emys trijuga

V. Geoclemys Reevesii (Emys Reevesii on Plate) 18 20 VI. Emys nigricans VII. Emys sinensis 21 VIII. Emys Bealii 21 23 IX. Emys laticeps X. Emys Bennettii 22 XI. Emys rivulata 27 XII. Emys ornata 24 XII. A. Emys venusta 24 XII. B. Emys callirostris 25 XII. C. Emys olivacea 30

XIII. Emys rugosa, var. 3. (Emys venniculata) 31 XIV. Emys ventricosa 28 XIV. A. Emys dorsalis 32 25 XV. Fig. 1. Emys Holbrookii, jmi. (E. sanguinolenta) 21 Fig. 2. Emys nigricans, jun. (E. mutica)

XVI. Batagur Baska 35 35 XVII. Batagur lineata (Emys lineata)

XVIII. Batagur Dhongoka 36

XIXv Cyclemys dentata 42

XX. Kinosternon Doubledayii 45

XX. A. Aromochelys carinatum 47

XX. B. Stavirotypus triporcatus 47 45 XX. C. Fig. 1. Kinosternon Pennsylvanicum, jun 46 Fig. 2. Kinosternon Hippocrepis, jun 45 Fig. 3. Kinosternon pmictatmn, jun XXI. Dermatemys Mawii 49 XXII. Sternothaerus Derbianus 52 55 XXIII. Hydraspis raniceps LIST OF PLATES.

Tab. Page XXIV. Chelodina oblonga 58

XXV. Fig. 1 . Emys pulcherrima 25 Fig. 2. Chelodina sulcifera 59

XXVI. Hydromedusa depressa 60

XXVII. Podocnemis expansa 61 XXVIII. Podocnemis Dumeriliana 62

XXIX. Cyclanosteus Petersii 64

XXIX. A. Emyda Ceylonensis 64

XXX. Trionyx Rafeht 65

XXXI. Trionyx perocellatus 65

XXXII. Trionyx cariniferus 67

XXXIII. Dogania subplana 69

OSTEOLOGY.

XXXIV. Testudo plauiceps 6

XXXV. Fig. 1. Testudo ludica, jun 6

Fig. 2. Testudo tabulata 5

Fig. 3. Emys ? (undetermined)

XXXVI. Fig. 1. Batagur Dhongoka 36 Fig. 2. Emys decussata. 30

XXXVII. Fig. 1. Podocnemis expansa 61 Fig. 2. Emys trijuga (E. subtrijuga) 20

XXXVIII. Fig. 1. Chelydra serpentina 48 Fig. 2. Macroclemys Temminckii 49

XXXIX. Macroclemys Temminckii 49

XL. Fig. 1. Macroclemys Temminckii 49 Fig. 2. Chelydra serpentina 48 XLI. Chitra Indica 70

XLII. Fig. 1 . Trionyx Gangeticus 66

Fig. 2. TrionjTC Niloticus 68 TiIdI

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;;angkticl;s. 2 trionyx 18 i This book shoiild be returned to the Library on or before the last date stamped below. A fine of five cents a day is incurred by retaining it beyond the specified time. Please return promptly.