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Turtles of the World, 2011 Update: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status

Turtles of the World, 2011 Update: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status

of Freshwater and : A Compilation ProjectTurtles of the IUCN/SSC of the World – 2011and Freshwater Checklist Specialist Group 000.165 A.G.J. Rhodin, P.C.H. Pritchard, P.P. van Dijk, R.A. Saumure, K.A. Buhlmann, J.B. Iverson, and R.A. Mittermeier, Eds. Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v4.2011 © 2011 by Chelonian Research Foundation • Published 31 December 2011

Turtles of the World, 2011 Update: Annotated Checklist of , Synonymy, Distribution, and

Tu r t l e Ta x o n o m y Wo r k i n g Gr o u p * *Authorship of this article is by this working group of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, which for the purposes of this document consisted of the following contributors:

Pe t e r Pa u l v a n Di j k 1, Jo h n B. Iv e r s o n 2, H. Br a d l e y Sh a f f e r 3,4, Ro g e r Bo u r 5, a n d An d e r s G.J. Rh o d i n 6

1Deputy Chair, IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, 22202 USA [[email protected]]; 2Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, 47374 USA [[email protected]]; 3Department of Evolution and , University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA; 4Present Address: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 USA [[email protected]]; 5Laboratoire des et Amphibiens, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France [[email protected]]; 6Chair, IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, Chelonian Research Foundation, 168 Goodrich St., Lunenburg, Massachusetts 01462 USA [[email protected]]

Ab s t r a c t . – This is our fifth annual compilation of an annotated checklist of all recognized and named taxa of the world’s modern chelonian fauna, documenting recent changes and controversies in nomenclature, and including all primary synonyms, updated from our previous four checklists (Turtle Taxonomy Working Group 2007b, 2009, 2010; Rhodin et al. 2008). We continue to provide an updated comprehensive listing of important aspects of taxonomy, names, distribution, and con- servation status of all turtles and tortoises of the world. We strive to record the most recent justified taxonomic assignment of terminal taxa in a hierarchical framework, providing annotations, includ- ing alternative possible arrangements, for some recently proposed changes. We provide common English names and detailed distributional data for all taxa, listing occurrence by countries and many smaller political or geographic subunits (states or regions), including indications of native, extirpated, and introduced (modern or prehistoric) populations. We also include current published and draft IUCN Red List status determinations for all turtles, as well as CITES listings. The di- versity of turtles and tortoises in the world that has existed in modern times (since 1500 AD), and currently generally recognized as distinct and included on this checklist, now consists of 330 . Of these, 57 are polytypic, representing 125 additional recognized , or 455 total taxa of modern turtles and tortoises. Of these, 8 species and 2 subspecies, or 10 taxa, are extinct. As of the current IUCN 2011 Red List, 134 turtle species (58.8% of 228 species listed, 40.6% of all species) are officially regarded as globally Threatened (, Endangered, or Vulnerable). We now record additional draft Red List evaluations of the 102 previously “unevaluated” species, and updated draft re-evaluations of previously listed species, allowing us to evaluate the overall current threat levels for all turtles and tortoises. Of the 330 total species of turtles and tortoises, 149 (45.2%) are Threatened, with 98 (29.7%) Critically Endangered or Endangered. If we adjust for predicted threat rates of Data Deficient species, then 52% of all turtles are Threatened. If we include Extinct in the Wild and Extinct species, then 48.0% of all modern turtles and tortoises are recorded as either already extinct or threatened with , with a predicted rate of 55% threatened and extinct. Turtles are among the most endangered of the major groups of , surpassing , , cartilaginous or bony , and .

Ke y W o r d s . – Reptilia, Testudines, turtle, tortoise, chelonian, taxonomy, nomenclature, genera, species, subspecies, primary synonyms, suprageneric hierarchy, systematics, common names, distribution, , conservation status, IUCN Red List, CITES, threatened species, extinction

The diversity of all turtles and tortoises (chelonians) 125 additional recognized subspecies, or 455 total taxa of in the world that has existed in modern times (since 1500 modern chelonians. Of these, 8 species plus 2 subspecies, AD), and currently generally recognized as distinct by spe- or 10 total taxa, of tortoises and freshwater turtles have cialists in turtle taxonomy and systematics, consists of ap- become extinct since 1500 AD (see Table 1), leaving us proximately 330 species, of which 57 are polytypic, with currently with 322 species and 123 additional subspecies, 000.166 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

or 445 total taxa of living turtles and tortoises. Of all living However, for the higher-level suprageneric categories turtle taxa, 7 species are marine turtles, leaving 315 species used in this checklist, we have also provided some syn- and 438 total taxa of modern living freshwater and terres- onyms and previously-used names for the same or included trial turtles and tortoises. groupings whose usage may not necessarily correspond to The 455 total turtle and tortoise taxa recognized on this nomenclatural guidelines under the ICZN. Since the ICZN checklist are based on a listed synonymy of 1206 separate does not regulate names above the superfamily rank, our named turtle and tortoise species and subspecies, counting listings of these names are intended to document historical both new descriptions and nomina nova replacement names, use to aid understanding and resolving the difficult ques- but not nomina nuda or ex errore typographical error tions of what names are most appropriately used for these names. In this checklist we present a full taxonomic listing suprageneric categories and to what author they should of all recognized taxa, including synonymized names, and be attributed. For example, the names we list under the provide annotations concerning recently described new -level name for turtles (Testudines) are not all strict taxa, nomenclatural and taxonomic updates, and significant synonyms, as some were proposed at different levels of -related controversies or developments. groupings, from “” to Order to various supra-ordi- New names added to this 2011 checklist are nal categories. Many were utilized primarily for including morafkai Murphy et al. 2011, dagestanica various turtle-like ancestors in an expanded concept Chkhikvadze et al. 2011 (= Testudo graeca ibera or T. of turtles, including some rank-free Phylocode names. The g. armeniaca), and Terrapene putnami Hay 1906 † (= names we list in other infra-ordinal suprageneric categories Terrapene carolina major). are not always strict synonyms either, as based on nomen- As there is always some disagreement among experts clatural acceptability or availability of the utilized group as to which taxa are distinct and valid, and at what system- name, but instead provide a partial historical record for atic level or rank (species or subspecies), these numbers names previously used for the same or similar grouping. are variable depending on the authorities presenting their Our formatting in terms of the use of standardized end- data or interpretations. For prior discussions and listings ings and attribution of authorship of names of some groups of all recognized modern turtle taxa, with extensive an- (e.g., , Kinosternoidea) does not always follow notations regarding areas of recent taxonomic change, in- a strict application of the ICZN, being more of a partial stability, or controversy, see the previous publications by use and deference to the Phylocode for these suprafamilial the Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (TTWG 2007a,b, categories. 2009, 2010), Rhodin et al. (2008), and the turtle checklist The list includes all currently recognized named taxa produced for CITES by Fritz and Havas (2007). The latter (species and subspecies) of modern turtles (extant after is also an excellent source for full synonymies, including 1500 AD). By “currently recognized” we mean those taxa nomina nuda, ex errore names, and localities. that have not been demonstrably refuted or justifiably syn- The Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (TTWG) func- onymized in published literature, or whose resurrection is tions under the auspices of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and yet to receive acceptance. We have attempted to describe Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (TFTSG), which oper- all recent published taxonomic recommendations in our ates under the umbrella of the IUCN (International Union annotations, even though we have not included all pro- for Conservation of Nature) and its Species Survival Com- posed changes in the checklist. mission (SSC). Our checklist of modern turtle taxa was Since there are sometimes also different interpretations first compiled by the TTWG (2007b), and has since been for some genera and polytypic species as to which names updated annually to reflect more recent changes as required are valid and whether to lump or split the contained taxa, by subsequent publications with taxonomic novelties or we occasionally list recent alternative name usages. Our proposed changes, as well as adding primary synonyms most important criterion for accepting proposed changes is for all recognized taxa (Rhodin et al. 2008; TTWG 2009). that they be accompanied by adequate data and sound ar- This checklist is the 5th installment in this series and is guments justifying the taxonomic revision. Consequently, current through 19 December 2011. some proposed taxonomic changes from lists or publica- This list includes all primary description names, syn- tions with unsupported or untested revisions have not been onyms, and nomina nova that we are aware of, but excludes incorporated. We also list and annotate recent systematic nomina nuda (with a few exceptions), typographical ex er- papers that do not necessarily commit nomenclatural or rore names, and subsequent usage and new combination taxonomic acts, but that present data on phylogenetic or names. Original and synonymized taxon names (including phylogeographic relationships that either serve to further higher-category names) are listed using their original spell- support currently understood relationships, or are indica- ing and -species combination as used by the author at tors of distinct lineages or potential taxonomic changes to the time of first publication of the name. Our synonymies come. Occasionally we also include annotations concern- for genus- and species-level taxa follow, to our best efforts, ing dates of publication or other bibliographic consider- the strict and established nomenclatural rules established ations. by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Currently recognized modern turtles and tortoises (ICZN 1999). (genera and terminal taxa, including species and subspe- Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.167 cies) are listed in bold italics. Original description names For introductions, we attempt to distinguish between and synonymized names are in non-bold italicized text. two forms: (1) modern introductions (since ca. 1500 AD) Higher suprageneric group-level names are listed in bold for those species that appear to have relatively well-es- non-italic text and are presented in an indented phyloge- tablished or potentially reproducing populations in extra- netic hierarchy. For competing alternative generic names, limital areas primarily as a result of relatively recent trade we list them in phylogenetic order from most to least inclu- for food or pets or planned conservation introductions (la- sive. All original names include authorship, , and page beled “introduced” or “modern”), and (2) earlier historic number. or prehistoric introductions for those species that appear Comments on names that have undergone recent taxo- to have native populations, but where population genet- nomic change or are associated with instability or uncer- ics studies find evidence of founder effects suggestive of tainty or other changes are indicated by superscript num- possible introduction by , or other dispersal events, bers that refer to annotations at the end of this and earlier during the last ca. 2000–3000 (labeled “prehistoric checklists. See the Annotations section at the end of the introduction?”). checklist for a detailed explanation of the scheme used. For freshwater and terrestrial turtles and tortoises, we Turtle taxa that have gone extinct within modern times compiled native and introduced distributions from a com- (since 1500 AD) are labeled in bold as Extinct, and are also bination of multiple published and database sources. For listed in Table 1. Turtle taxa that were originally described native distributions we used Iverson (1992) and Fritz and based on recent fossil, subfossil, or archeological material, but subsequently recognized as representing extant taxa or Table 1. Freshwater turtles and tortoises that have gone extinct synonymized with modern turtle taxa, are included on the since 1500 AD, with approximate extinction dates. checklist and marked with a cross (†). The underlined text in parentheses in the checklist hirtipes megacephalum (CBFTT Account) indicates those taxa for which accounts Viesca Mud Turtle have been published in this monograph series in the TFTSG (Coahuila); ca. 1970 project on Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Testudinidae gigantea daudinii or Dipsochelys dussumieri Tortoises (CBFTT). The TFTSG and Chelonian Research daudinii Foundation will gradually publish CBFTT accounts for all Daudin’s non-marine turtle and tortoise species—accounts also in- (Mahé?); ca. 1850 clude recognized subspecies within the account, but some nigra subspecies have separate accounts and are so indicated. As Charles Island Giant Tortoise (Galapagos: Floreana [Charles]); ca. 1850 of 31 December 2011 we have published 66 accounts. Chelonoidis phantastica The checklist includes English common names for all Narborough Island Giant Tortoise taxa. We have tried to provide the most commonly used Ecuador (Galapagos: Fernandina [Narborough]); ca. 1960 names, although occasionally we have provided two or indica more names. We do not support the practice of designat- Reunion Giant Tortoise Réunion; ca. 1840 ing “official” or “standard” common names for species, as Cylindraspis inepta that is the domain for scientific Latin names. Instead, com- Giant Domed Tortoise mon names tend to evolve and vary from area to area and Mauritius (Mauritius); ca. 1735 over time, as well as with language and cultural context. Cylindraspis peltastes Native vernacular names for certain species are often ex- Rodrigues Domed Tortoise Mauritius (Rodrigues); ca. 1795 tensive and imprecise, and we do not list such names here. Cylindraspis triserrata However, in the conservation arena, the use of reasonably Mauritius Giant Flat-shelled Tortoise widely recognized and appropriately descriptive common Mauritius (Mauritius); ca. 1735 names is critically important for communication purposes, Cylindraspis vosmaeri and so we include English common names here. Though Rodrigues Giant Saddleback Tortoise Mauritius (Rodrigues); ca. 1795 also important for the global conservation community, we do not include Spanish or French common names. seychellensis We also summarize distributions for all taxa on the Seychelles Mud Turtle checklist, listing all nations and territories in which they Seychelles (Mahé); ca. 1950 occur as native populations (see Tables 2 and 3 for the top While beyond the time-frame of for modern turtles, it is turtle-rich nations and the Appendix for full distributional worth noting the findings of White et al. (2010), who documented data). For several larger nations we also list political or geo- the continuing existence of a giant horned tortoise of the extinct graphic subunits (e.g., states, provinces, regions, or larger family Meiolaniidae on Efate Island, Vanuatu, in the southwestern islands). We attempt to also indicate nations or territories Pacific Ocean, as recently as 3100–2800 years before present. They named it ?Meiolania damelipi and provided clear evidence of where species have been extirpated or where they occur as butchering and consumption of these , representing the final non-native introduced or , or where there human-induced extinction event for that spectacularly unique and are uncertainties as to occurrence. evolutionarily distinct deep lineage of chelonians. 000.168 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Table 2. The top 25 turtle-rich countries (including ties) for all turtle taxa Table 3. The top 25 turtle-rich countries (including ties) for only (species and subspecies) or species per country, including freshwater freshwater and terrestrial turtle and tortoise taxa (species and subspe- and terrestrial turtles and tortoises and native populations. cies) or species per country, excluding sea turtles. Taxa (sp. & ssp.) Species Taxa (sp. & ssp.) Species 1. USA, 88 1. USA, 58 1. USA, 82 1. USA, 52 2. Mexico, 64 2. Mexico, 47 2. Mexico, 58 2. Mexico, 41 3. , 41 3. , 35 3. India, 36 3. Brazil, 30 4. , 39 , 35 4. Indonesia, 33 China, 30 5. Brazil, 35 Indonesia, 35 5. Brazil, 30 5. Indonesia, 29 China, 35 6. India, 33 China, 30 6. India, 28 7. , 34 7. , 32 7. , 29 7. Colombia, 27 Vietnam, 34 , 32 8. Australia, 28 Myanmar, 27 9. Colombia, 33 Vietnam, 32 Colombia, 28 Vietnam, 27 Myanmar, 33 10. Australia, 30 Myanmar, 28 10. Ecuador, 26 11. , 31 Ecuador, 30 11. Thailand, 27 Thailand, 26 12. Ecuador, 30 Thailand, 30 12. Ecuador, 26 12. Australia, 24 13. , 29 13. Bangladesh, 27 13. Bangladesh, 24 13. Bangladesh, 22 14. , 26 14. Venezuela, 24 14. Venezuela, 21 14. Congo (DRC), 20 15. , 24 15. Congo (DRC), 23 15. Congo (DRC), 20 15. , 19 South , 24 Malaysia , 23 Malaysia, 20 Malaysia, 19 17. Congo (DRC), 23 17. , 22 South Africa, 20 Venezuela, 19 18. , 21 18. , 20 18. Laos, 19 18. South Africa, 18 19. Cambodia, 20 Peru, 20 19. Cambodia, 16 19. Cambodia, 16 20. Laos, 19 20. Laos, 19 Peru, 16 20. , 15 Tanzania, 19 21. Guatemala, 18 21. Nepal, 15 Peru, 15 22. Guatemala, 18 Tanzania, 18 22. , 14 22. Bolivia, 14 23. Honduras, 17 23. Papua New Guinea, 17 Tanzania, 14 23. Guatemala, 13 Papua New Guinea, 17 24. Gabon, 16 24. Guatemala, 13 Tanzania, 13 25. Gabon, 16 Guyana, 16 Namibia, 13 25. Angola, 12 Guyana, 16 Honduras, 16 , 12 , 16 Gabon, 12 Namibia, 16 Namibia, 12 , 16 Panama, 16

Havas (2007) as starting points, added data from our ex- and 3) vagrant: temporarily foraging or migrating animals tensive database compiled by Buhlmann et al. (2009), and not necessarily considered native. added further data from the IUCN Red List, our TFTSG- We have also added current IUCN Red List conserva- organized IUCN Red Listing workshops, our published tion status for all species. The status categorizations listed CBFTT species accounts, and several other country-spe- here are current as of the IUCN Red List of Threatened cific books and articles by multiple authors. For intro- SpeciesTM, version 2011.2 (www.iucnredlist.org). Many duced species, we used Kraus (2009) as a starting point species that were determined to be Least Concern in 1996 and added data from other publications and online sources were never formally listed (as per IUCN Red List proto- and databases. Finally, we also solicited and received in- col at the time), but the original determinations prepared put from many members of the TFTSG for corrections and by the TFTSG in 1996 are still available and are now in- additions to all the native distributions and introductions dicated here. As many species on the Red List need up- data. Despite this effort, it is likely that we have committed dating, either because their previous evaluations are more some errors of omission or commission, and we request than ten years old, or because of recent conservation status that any corrections or updates be brought to our atten- changes, we have also included the results of TFTSG draft tion so that they can be included in future versions of this assessments for those species (as of December 2011) to in- checklist. dicate their current provisional status, which should be re- For sea turtles, we compiled distributions from a leased on the official IUCN Red List site in the near future. combination of IUCN Red List data, CMS (Convention The TFTSG is the official global IUCN Red List Authority on Migratory Species) listings, and the extensive listings responsible for continuously updating IUCN Red List as- of nesting sites and foraging ranges that the IUCN/SSC sessments of all tortoises and freshwater turtles, and this Marine Turtle Specialist Group (MTSG) includes in its process is handled through multiple consensus-building SWOT mapping application (The State of the World’s Sea workshops and consultations. For a few species from the Turtles) (http://seaturtlestatus.org/learn/maps/all), gener- South African region we have also added draft Red List ously supplied to us by the MTSG. Based on these data, assessments done by the South African Conserva- we list sea turtle distributions in three distributional cat- tion Assessment (SARCA) committee (Hofmeyr et al., in egories: 1) nesting: native regularly nesting populations, 2) press). foraging: native permanently foraging or regularly migrat- Finally, we have also added CITES (Convention on ing populations (but no evidence yet of regular nesting), International Trade in of Wild Fauna Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.169 and Flora) status listings on Appendices I, II, or III, current ences and names, so that we may update or correct as nec- as of the 22 December 2011 listing. As such, this document essary. For sea turtle distribution data, please also submit now brings together most important aspects of taxonomy, additions and corrections via the SWOT website. We want names, distribution, and conservation status of all turtles this checklist to be as accurate, up-to-date, and compre- and tortoises of the world. hensive as possible, and ask for your assistance to help us It is important to note that this list does not consti- accomplish this goal. tute an official recommendation by the TTWG or the A summary of all major taxonomic changes in this TFTSG or the IUCN regarding the validity or non-va- checklist as compared to our previous one is provided in lidity of any included or excluded taxonomic names or Table 4; all minor changes are only included in the annota- systematic relationships, as such matters are generally tions. best left to specialists working in these areas. However, we have tried to be consistent in our listing of what ap- Conservation Status pear to be valid taxa and relationships, based on criteria of published scientific descriptions and proposed taxo- To assess and summarize the current conservation sta- nomic changes accompanied by data and sound argu- tus of turtles and tortoises in the broadest strokes, we pro- mentation (TTWG 2007a). vide an update and analysis of the most current IUCN Red Our hope is that through this process, the TTWG and List (www.iucnredlist.org), as well as provide provisional the TFTSG may help stabilize and guide the fluid state of conservation status of species still under evaluation. The chelonian systematics and nomenclature, and provide a official determinations of conservation status of turtles are standard reference source for updated taxonomy, system- provided to the IUCN Red List by the TFTSG, which is atic relationships, distribution, and conservation status of continuously producing draft assessments for previously all turtles and tortoises. The list should also provide an unevaluated taxa as well as previously evaluated taxa impetus for ongoing and future work aimed at clarify- needing updates (necessary every 10 years). Knowing the ing and resolving areas of taxonomic disagreement and/ overall conservation status and percentage of threatened or uncertainty. It is further foreseen that the TTWG itself species of turtles is important in understanding how se- may expand and evolve as necessary into a more global riously they are endangered, and how they compare with endeavor. other imperiled organisms. Please help the TTWG and the TFTSG keep this Tur- The current IUCN Red List (version 2011.2) formally tles of the World checklist up-to-date by e-mailing any or lists 228 turtle species, 19 separate subspecies, and 1 re- all of us (addresses noted above) and including pdf’s of gional subpopulation, using a slightly different taxonomy any relevant articles about new taxonomic or distributional from the one presented in this checklist. Of the 228 species information and/or revisions that should be included and listed, 6 are Extinct (EX), 1 Extinct in the Wild (EW), 32 annotated here in upcoming checklists, whether you are an Critically Endangered (CR), 44 Endangered (EN), 58 Vul- author on a paper providing updated information, or have nerable (VU), 36 Near Threatened (NT), 1 Conservation become aware of data that you believe should be included. Dependent (LR/cd; an old category being phased out), 39 Also please inform us of any errors or discrepancies in any Least Concern (LC), and 11 Data Deficient (DD). of our data, especially for geographic distributions (native By IUCN Red List protocol, Threatened species are or introduced) in countries or states, and for cited refer- defined as those in the three categories of Critically En-

Table 4. Summary of new taxa (*) included in this 2011 checklist and major taxonomic changes from TTWG 2010. See the an- notations for a full discussion of all these changes; minor changes associated only with overlooked or previously synonymized names or dates of authorship or other primarily nomenclatural changes are not listed here, but only in the annotations. TTWG 2010 TTWG 2011 Change adiutrix Trachemys adiutrix or T. dorbigni adiutrix provisional reduction to subspecies Trachemys callirostris or T. ornata callirostris provisional reduction to subspecies Trachemys callirostris chichiriviche T. callirostris chichiriviche or T. ornata chichiriviche provisional subspecies reassignment Trachemys emolli Trachemys emolli or T. grayi emolli provisional reduction to subspecies Trachemys venusta sspp. T. venusta sspp., or T. grayi sspp. and T. ornata sspp. provisional reassignment of subspecies Trachemys venusta venusta T. venusta venusta or T. ornata venusta provisional reassignment of subspecies Trachemys venusta cataspila T. venusta cataspila or T. ornata cataspila provisional subspecies reassignment Trachemys venusta grayi Trachemys grayi or T. venusta grayi provisional elevation to species Trachemys venusta panamensis T. venusta panamensis or T. grayi panamensis provisional reassignment of subspecies Trachemys venusta uhrigi T. venusta uhrigi or T. ornata venusta provisional synonymization Terrapene carolina major Terrapene putnami † synonymized extinct species synonymized Cuora evelynae Cuora flavomarginata evelynae species reduced to subspecies Gopherus agassizii Gopherus agassizii and Gopherus morafkai * new species described Testudo graeca ibera ?Testudo dagestanica * synonymized new species tentatively synonymized Testudo graeca armeniaca ?Testudo dagestanica * synonymized new species tentatively synonymized punctata Lissemys ceylonensis and Lissemys punctata species resurrected from synonymy Lissemys punctata punctata Lissemys p. punctata and Lissemys p. vittata subspecies resurrected from synonymy or Aspideretes Nilssonia genus synonymized 000.170 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

dangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable, meaning that 134 species as data-sufficient species. Using this calculation species are officially regarded as Threatened (58.8% of the methodology, 51.6% of all assessed data-sufficient turtles 228 species listed, 40.6% of all species), with 76 species and tortoises are Threatened, and 54.7% are Threatened or (33.3% of those listed, 23.0% of all species) considered Extinct. For comparison, using the same methods, Hoff- Critically Endangered or Endangered. mann et al. (2010) determined that 41% of amphibians, Of the 330 species recognized as distinct on our 33% of cartilaginous fishes, 25% of mammals, and 13% checklist, 102 are not yet officially listed on the IUCN of birds were Threatened. Turtles were surpassed only by Red List. Most of these apparently “unevaluated” spe- cycads, with 62% of their 300+ species Threatened. cies have in fact already been evaluated by the TFTSG, No matter how we analyze these various percentages first in 1996, when Least Concern (LC) species were not of threatened species, turtles and tortoises, with anywhere formally listed (as they are now), and then more recently from 45 to 51% of all their modern species Threatened, are through a series of draft assessments. Of these 102 spe- among the most endangered of any of the major groups of cies, the TFTSG evaluated 51 as Least Concern in 1996 species, more than birds (ca. 13%), mammals (J.L. Behler and C. Hilton-Taylor, in litt.), and these are (ca. 21–25%), cartilaginous and bony fishes (ca. 17–31%), marked as such on this checklist. Further evaluations or amphibians (ca. 30–41%), and paralleled among the have more recently been accomplished through an ongo- larger vertebrate groups only by the primates (ca. 48%) ing series of regional IUCN Red Listing workshops held (www.iucnredlist.org, Hoffmann et al. 2010). by the TFTSG. These workshops have assessed both pre- viously unevaluated species and updated older previously Acknowledgments. — We extend special thanks to evaluated species. Since 1999 the TFTSG has held Red James Parham, a major contributor and co-author on ear- Listing workshops in or for Asia, Mexico, the Mediter- lier versions of the checklist, and a source of ongoing inci- ranean, India, Madagascar, Australia, New Guinea, USA, sive input and analytic debate. Specific thanks also for ex- northern , and Asia a second time. Ad- tensive detailed input from Holger Vetter and Peter Uetz. ditionally, SARCA has produced draft Red List assess- Distributional data on sea turtles from SWOT was grate- ments for South Africa. Although not yet official IUCN fully received from Bryan Wallace on behalf of the IUCN/ Red List evaluations, we can use all these draft evalua- SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group. tions to determine overall threat rates to all turtles and We additionally thank various members of the IUCN/ tortoises. The current assessments that are based on the SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group findings and results of these workshops, but have not yet (TFTSG) as well as other individuals who have provided been finalized and published on the IUCN Red List, are pertinent data or references or helped in various ways with included in this checklist as ‘TFTSG Draft 2011’ status. input or review of this and earlier checklists: Kraig Adler, Combining the formal listed assessments with draft Matt Aresco, Mark Auliya, Ernst Baard, Albert Bertolero, status evaluations for previously unlisted species and draft John Bickham, Ortwin Bourquin, Jim Buskirk, Eng Heng updated assessments for currently listed but outdated as- Chan, Andrew DiMateo, David Emmett, Alejandro Fal- sessments, yields the following total current status num- labrino, Balazs Farkas, Oscar Flores-Villela, Uwe Fritz, bers for all 330 species of turtles and tortoises: 8 Extinct Arthur Georges, Justin Gerlach, Ute Grimm, Brian Henen, (EX), 1 Extinct in the Wild (EW), 52 Critically Endan- Craig Hilton-Taylor, Margaretha Hofmeyr, Marinus Hoog- gered (CR), 46 Endangered (EN), 51 Vulnerable (VU), 42 moed, Dale Jackson, Fred Janzen, Bob Jones, Ross Ki- Near Threatened (NT), 81 Least Concern (LC), 36 Data ester, Gerald Kuchling, Minh Le, Thomas Leuteritz, Pe- Deficient (DD), and 5 Not Evaluated (NE). This yields 149 ter Lindeman, Jeff Lovich, Rod Mast, Russ Mittermeier, Threatened species, or 45.2% of all 330 turtles and tor- Hans-Dieter Philippen, Peter Praschag, Awal Riyanto, Jose toises, with 98 species (29.7%) Critically Endangered or Vicente Rueda-Almonacid, Ray Saumure, Chuck Schaffer, Endangered. Jason Schaffer, Sabine Schoppe, Norman Scott, Will Sel- If we also include EW and EX species among the man, Shi Haitao, Franco Souza, Phil Spinks, Bryan Stuart, “Threatened” categories (or more generally, “gone or near- Robert Thomson, Scott Thomson, Oguz Türkozan, and ly gone”), then 158 turtle species, or 47.9% of all currently Bruce Weissgold. recognized modern turtle and tortoise species, are either The Panaphil Foundation provided partial funding already extinct or threatened with extinction. support for PPvD, and HBS was partially supported by If we follow the calculation method of determining a grant from the NSF (DEB-0817042) and the Univer- percentage of Threatened species utilized by Hoffmann et sity of California Davis Agricultural Experiment Station. al. (2010) in their major evaluation of extinction risk and TFTSG-organized IUCN Red Listing workshops and other conservation impacts in several large vertebrate and redlisting efforts have been generously supported by the groups, then the number of Threatened species is divid- Frankel Family Foundation, Conservation International, ed by the number of data-sufficient species, i.e., the total the , the Moore Family Foundation, number of species minus those Not Evaluated and minus George Meyer and Maria Semple, Matt Frankel, the Turtle those that are Data Deficient. This assumes that Data Defi- Conservation Fund, Chelonian Research Foundation, and cient species will have the same percentage of Threatened the U.S. and Wildlife Service. Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.171

CHECKLIST • Cope 1868b (2:20) Cryptoderes Duméril and Bibron 1834:354 Phylogenetic Hierarchical Order and Content of Cryptodera Lichtenstein 1856:1 (2:20) Suprageneric Categories used in this Checklist Cryptodira Cope 1868b:282

Testudines...... 330 spp., 455 taxa __Chelydridae Gray 1831d (3:3) Chelydrae Gray 1831d:4 • Cryptodira...... 249 spp., 363 taxa Swainson 1839:113 __Chelydridae...... 4 spp., 4 taxa Chelydradae Gray 1869a:178 _Chelonioidea...... 7 spp., 7 taxa __Cheloniidae...... 6 spp., 6 taxa ____Chelydra Schweigger 1812 (1:2) __Dermochelyidae...... 1 sp., 1 taxon Schweigger 1812:292 _Kinosternoidea...... 26 spp., 39 taxa Chelonura Fleming 1822:270 (senior homonym) __Dermatemydidae...... 1 sp., 1 taxon __Kinosternidae...... 25 spp., 38 taxa Ophichelone Jarocki 1822:21 ___Kinosterninae...... 22 spp., 35 taxa Rapara Gray 1825:210 ___Staurotypinae...... 3 spp., 3 taxa Saurochelys Latreille 1825:92 _Testudinoidea...... 180 spp., 272 taxa Cheliurus Rafinesque 1832:64 __Emydidae...... 51 spp., 92 taxa Emysaurus Duméril and Bibron 1835:348 ___Deirochelyinae...... 40 spp., 67 taxa Devisia Ogilby 1905:11 ___Emydinae...... 11 spp., 25 taxa __Platysternidae...... 1 sp., 3 taxa acutirostris Peters 1862 __Geoemydidae...... 69 spp., 92 taxa South American Snapping Turtle __Testudinidae...... 59 spp., 85 taxa Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Cauca, Chocó, _Trionychia...... 32 spp., 41 taxa Córdoba, Magdalena, Nariño, Sucre, Valle del Cauca), __Carettochelyidae ...... 1 sp., 1 taxon , Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama __Trionychidae...... 31 spp., 40 taxa IUCN: Not Evaluated ___Cyclanorbinae...... 7 spp., 9 taxa ___Trionychinae...... 24 spp., 31 taxa TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened (South America regional) • ...... 81 spp., 92 taxa Chelydra serpentina acutirostris Peters 1862:627 __Chelidae...... 54 spp., 61 taxa __Pelomedusidae...... 19 spp., 23 taxa rossignonii Bocourt 1868 __Podocnemididae...... 8 spp., 8 taxa Central American Snapping Turtle Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Campeche, Testudines Batsch 1788 (4:4) , Tabasco, Veracruz) Testudinata Klein 1751:96 (pre-Linnaean name) IUCN: Vulnerable A2d (2007) Testudines Linnaeus 1758:194 Emysaurus rossignonii Bocourt 1868:121 Testudinata Klein in Behn 1760:tab.gen. Testudines Batsch 1788:437 serpentina Linnaeus 1758 (2:5) Testudinea Batsch 1796:179 North American Snapping Turtle, Cheloniens Brongniart 1800a:196 (Alberta, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Sco- Chelonii Latreille 1800:xi tia, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan), USA (, Chelonia Ross and Macartney 1802:tab.iii , Colorado, Connecticut, , , Cataphractae Link 1807:51 , , Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, , Testudinata Oppel 1811:3 , Maine, , Massachusetts, Michi- Perostia Rafinesque 1814:66 gan, Minnesota, , , Montana, Cataphracta Hemprich 1820:101 Nebraska, New Hampshire, , New Chelonea Fleming 1822:268 Mexico, , , North Dakota, Fornicata Haworth 1825:373 Ohio, , , Rhode Island, South Chelynae Wagler 1828:861 Carolina, Souh Dakota, , , Vermont, Sterrichrotes Ritgen 1828:269 Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming) Chelonites Burmeister 1837:730 Introduced: China, (mainland), , USA Chelonides Swainson 1839:112 (Arizona, California, Nevada, Oregon) Tylopoda Mayer 1849:197 IUCN: Least Concern (2011) Testudina Fry 1850:21 Testudo serpentina Linnaeus 1758:199 Chersemydes Strauch 1862:11 Testudo serpentaria Wiedemann 1802:191 (nomen Rhynchochelones Dollo 1886:79 novum) Cheloniae Hoffmann 1890:372 Chelydra lacertina Schweigger 1812:293 (senior Testudoformes Chang 1957:50 homonym) Chelonomorpha Kuhn 1960:30 Chelydra emarginata Agassiz 1857a:417 Casichelydia Gaffney 1975:4 Devisia mythodes Ogilby 1905:11 Testudinomorpha Laurin and Reisz 1995:197 Chelydra laticarinata Hay 1916:72 † (nomen sup- Pantestudines Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004:996 pressum) Chelydra sculpta Hay 1916:73 † (nomen suppressum) 000.172 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Chelydra osceola Stejneger 1918:89 (2:5) Dominica, Eritrea, Fiji, , Gambia, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guinea-Bissau, Guatemala, ____Macrochelys Gray 1856a (1:3) Guyana, India, Indonesia, , Jamaica, Kenya, Gray 1856a:200 Malta, Martinique, Mauritius, Monaco, Montenegro, Macroclemys Gray 1856b:48 (nomen novum) Morocco, Namibia, (Bonaire, Gypochelys Agassiz 1857a:248 , St. Eustatius), Nicaragua, North , , Peru, , Portugal, , temminckii Troost in Harlan 1835 (3:4) Qatar, Réunion, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Samoa, Saudi Snapping Turtle Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sint Maarten, Slovenia, USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Korea, , Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missis- , Taiwan, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and sippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas) , United Arab Emirates, , USA (Cali- IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd (1996) fornia, , Oregon), Vietnam, Western Sahara TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Vagrant: Angola, Benin, , Cambodia, Cameroon, CITES: Appendix III (USA) Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Ecuador, , Testudo planitia Gmelin 1789:1045 (nomen suppressum) Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Great Britain, Chelonura temminckii Troost in Harlan 1835:158 Guinea, Iraq, Ireland, Ivory , Kuwait, Liberia, Malaysia, Maldives, , Nigeria, Thai- _Chelonioidea Baur 1893b land, Togo, Chelonii Oppel 1811:8 IUCN: Endangered A1abd (1996) Chlonopteria Rafinesque 1814:66 CITES: Appendix I, as spp. Cheloniae Schmid 1819:14 Testudo caretta Linnaeus 1758:197 Edigitata Haworth 1825:373 Testudo marina Garsault 1764:pl.675 (senior hom- Oiacopodae Wagler 1828:861 onym) (4:5) Pterodactyli Mayer 1849:199 Testudo cephalo Schneider 1783:303 Chelonioidea Baur 1893b:672 Testudo caouana Lacépède 1788:95 (nomen rejectum) (3:6) Testudo nasicornis Lacépède 1788:103 (nomen __Cheloniidae Oppel 1811 (3:5) rejectum) (3:7) Chelonii Oppel 1811:8 (partim) Testudo caouana Bonnaterre 1789:20 Cheloniadae Gray 1825:212 Testudo lauanna Meyer 1790:82 (nomen novum et Carettidae Gray 1825:212 oblitum) (3:8) Mydae Ritgen 1828:269 Caretta nasuta Rafinesque 1814:66 Chelonidae Bonaparte 1832:312 Caretta atra Merrem 1820:18 Cheloniidae Cope 1868b:282 Chelonia pelasgorum Bory de Saint-Vincent 1833:pl.6 Caouana elongata Gray 1844:53 ____Caretta Rafinesque 1814 Thalassochelys corticata Girard 1858:431 Caretta Rafinesque 1814:66 Caretta gigas Deraniyagala 1933:66 Thalassochelys Fitzinger 1835:121 Caouana Cocteau and Bibron 1838:30 ____Chelonia Brongniart 1800 (3:5) Halichelys Fitzinger 1843:30 Chelonia Brongniart 1800b:89 Eremonia Gray 1873h:408 Chelone Brongniart 1805:610 (nomen novum) Chelonias Rafinesque 1814:66 (nomen novum) caretta Linnaeus 1758 (4:5) Chelona Fleming 1828:149 (nomen novum) Mydas Cocteau and Bibron 1838:22 Nesting: Aruba, Australia (, Western Mydasea Gervais 1843:457 Australia), Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belize, Ber- Euchelonia Tschudi 1846:22 muda, Bonaire, Brazil (, Espirito Santo, Rio Megemys Gistel 1848:8 (nomen novum) de Janeiro, Sergipe), Cape Verde, , Euchelys Girard 1858:447 China, Colombia, Costa Rica, , Curacao, Midas Herrera 1901:68 (nomen novum and suppressum) , , , France, , Haiti, Honduras, , , Japan, , Libya, mydas Linnaeus 1758 (1:4. 3:5) Madagascar, Mauritania, Mexico, Montserrat, Mozambique, Myanmar, New Caledonia, , Nesting: , Angola, , Antigua Panama, Papua New Guinea (Trobriand Islands), and Barbuda, Aruba, Ascension, Australia (Northern Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sierra Territory, Queensland, ), Bahamas, Leone, South Africa, Spain, , , Tunisia, Bangladesh, , Belize, Brazil, British Virgin , Turks and Caicos, USA (Alabama, Florida, Islands, Cayman Islands, China, Cocos (Keeling) Is- Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, lands, Colombia, Comoros, Congo (ROC), Costa Rica, , Texas), US Virgin Islands, Vanuatu, Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus, Dominica, Dominican Repub- Venezuela, Yemen lic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Foraging: , Algeria, Anguilla, Antigua and Bar- Eritrea, French Guiana, French Polynesia, French buda, Argentina, , Barbados, British Virgin Southern Territories, Gambia, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Islands, Canada, , Comoros, Croatia, , , Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, In- Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.173

dia, Indonesia, Iran, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Lebanon, ____Eretmochelys Fitzinger 1843 (3:5) Madagascar, Malaysia, Martinique, Mauritania, May- Eretmochelys Fitzinger 1843:30 otte, Mexico (Baja California, Campeche, Michoacán, Herpysmostes Gistel 1868:145 Quintana Roo, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Onychochelys Gray 1873h:397 Veracruz, Yucatán), Micronesia, Montserrat, Mozam- bique, Myanmar, Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire, Sint imbricata Linnaeus 1766 (1:5, 3:9) Eustatius), Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Réunion, Nesting: Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent Australia, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, and the Grenadines, São Tomé and Príncipe, Saudi Brazil, British Territory, British Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sint Maarten, Sri Lanka, Virgin Islands, Cameroon, Cayman Islands, China, Suriname, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad Colombia, Congo (ROC), Costa Rica, Cuba, Cu- and Tobago, Turkey, Turks and Caicos, USA (Florida, racao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Hawaii), US Virgin Islands, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Fiji, Vietnam, Yemen French Guiana, French Southern Territories, Gabon, Foraging: Bahrain, Benin, Bermuda, British Indian Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea- Ocean Territory, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Cape Verde, Chile, Christmas Island, Congo (DRC), Iran, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Liberia, Cook Islands, Djibouti, Fiji, Gabon, Ghana, Greece, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Martinique, Guatemala, Guinea, Iraq, Israel, Ivory Coast, Kuwait, Mexico (Campeche, Yucatán), Micronesia, Montser- Liberia, Libya, Maldives, , Mauritius, rat, Mozambique, Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire, Sint Namibia, New Caledonia, Nigeria, Niue, Palau, Qatar, Eustatius), Nicaragua, Oman, Palau, Panama, Papua Samoa, Sierra Leone, , Somalia, South New Guinea, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Saint Africa, Sudan, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, United Arab Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Emirates, Uruguay, Wallis and Futuna, Western Sahara Grenadines, Samoa, São Tomé and Príncipe, Saudi Vagrant: Algeria, Canada, Italy, Kiribati, Malta, Northern Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sint Maarten, Solomon Mariana Islands, Morocco, Nauru, New Zealand, Islands, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Taiwan, Tanzania, Portugal, Saint Helena, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos, Spain, Tokelau, Tuamotu, Tunisia, Tuvalu USA (Florida, Hawaii), US Virgin Islands, Vanuatu, IUCN: Endangered A2bd (2004) Venezuela, Vietnam CITES: Appendix I, as Cheloniidae spp. Foraging: American Samoa, Ascension, Bahrain, Benin, Testudo mydas Linnaeus 1758:197 Bermuda, Brunei, Cambodia, Cook Islands, Djibouti, Testudo macropus Walbaum 1782:112 (nomen il- French Polynesia, Gambia, Ghana, Guam, Iraq, legitimum) Israel, Kuwait, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Testudo viridis Schneider 1783:299 Myanmar, Nigeria, , Paki- Testudo japonica Thunberg 1787:178 stan, Peru, Réunion, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Society Testudo marina vulgaris Lacépède 1788:54 (nomen Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Togo, Toke- rejectum) (3:6) lau, Tonga, Tuamotu, Tuvalu, United Arab Emirates, Testudo viridisquamosa Lacépède 1788:92 (partim, Wallis and Futuna, Yemen nomen dubium et rejectum) (3:6) Vagrant: Algeria, Angola, Cape Verde, Chile, Comoros, Testudo viridisquamosa Bonnaterre 1789:20 (partim, Congo (DRC), Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Morocco, nomen dubium et suppressum) Namibia, Nauru, New Caledonia, North Korea, Pit- Testudo macropus Gmelin 1789:1038 cairn Island, Portugal, South Korea, Spain, Uruguay Testudo bomarii Meyer 1790:82 (partim, nomen IUCN: Critically Endangered A2bd (2008) dubium et novum et oblitum) (3:8) CITES: Appendix I, as Cheloniidae spp. Testudo chloronotus Bechstein 1800:107 Testudo imbricata Linnaeus 1766:350 Testudo rugosa Daudin 1801:37 (senior homonym) Testudo nasicornis Bonnaterre 1789:21 (3:7) Testudo cepediana Daudin 1801:50 Chelonia radiata Cuvier 1829:14 Chelonia virgata Schweigger 1812:291 Chelonia griseam Eschscholtz 1829:13 Caretta cepedii Merrem 1820:18 (nomen novum) Chelonia pseudomydas Lesson 1831b:299 Caretta esculenta Merrem 1820:18 Chelonia pseudocaretta Lesson 1831b:302 Caretta thunbergii Merrem 1820:19 (nomen novum) Caretta bissa Rüppell 1835:4 (1:5, 3:9) Chelonia lachrymata Cuvier 1829:13 Eretmochelys Agassiz 1857a:382 Chelonia maculosa Cuvier 1829:13 Caretta squamosa Girard 1858:442 (nomen novum) Chelonia bicarinata Lesson 1831b:301 Caretta rostrata Girard 1858:446 Chelonia marmorata Duméril and Bibron 1835:546 Onychochelys kraussi Gray 1873h:398 Chelonia formosa Girard 1858:456 Chelonia tenuis Girard 1858:459 ____Lepidochelys Fitzinger 1843 Chelonia albiventer Nardo 1864:1420 Lepidochelys Fitzinger 1843:30 Chelonia agassizii Bocourt 1868:122 (1:4) Cephalochelys Gray 1873h:408 Chelonia lata Philippi 1887:84 Colpochelys Garman 1880:120 Chelonia mydas carrinegra Caldwell 1962:4 kempii Garman 1880 000.174 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Kemp’s , Atlantic Ridley Sea Turtle Thalassiochelys tarapacona Philippi 1887:85 Nesting: Mexico (Tamaulipas, Veracruz), USA (Texas) Thalassochelys controversa Philippi 1899:731 Foraging: USA (Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Flor- Caretta remivaga Hay 1908a:194 ida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, ____Natator McCulloch 1908 Rhode Island, South Carolina, Virginia) Natator McCulloch 1908:127 Vagrant: Algeria, Anguilla, Bahamas, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Canada, Cayman Islands, Cuba, depressus Garman 1880 France, Ireland, Italy, Morocco, Portugal, Spain IUCN: Critically Endangered A1ab (1996) Nesting: Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, CITES: Appendix I, as Cheloniidae spp. Western Australia) Testudo viridisquamosa Lacépède 1788:92 (partim, Foraging: Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Southern) nomen dubium et rejectum) (3:6) Vagrant: Indonesia (, Lesser Sundas), Timor-Leste Testudo viridisquamosa Bonnaterre 1789:20 (partim, IUCN: Data Deficient (1996) nomen dubium et suppressum) CITES: Appendix I, as Cheloniidae spp. Testudo bomarii Meyer 1790:82 (partim, nomen Chelonia depressa Garman 1880:124 dubium et novum et oblitum) (3:8) Natator tessellatus McCulloch 1908:127 Testudo mydas minor Suckow 1798:30 (partim, no- men dubium et suppressum) __Dermochelyidae Fitzinger 1843 Thalassochelys (Colpochelys) kempii Garman 1880:123 Sphargidae Gray 1825:212 Dermatochelydae Fitzinger 1843:30 olivacea Eschscholtz 1829 Athecae Cope 1871:235 , Pacific Ridley Sea Turtle Athecata Lydekker 1889:223 Nesting: Angola, Australia (Northern Territory), Lydekker 1889:223 Bangladesh, Benin, Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Sergipe), Brunei, Cameroon, Colombia, Congo ____Dermochelys Blainville 1816 (ROC), Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Dermochelys Blainville 1816:111 Guinea, French Guiana, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, Sphargis Merrem 1820:19 Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia Coriudo Fleming 1822:271 (Java, Papua), Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Malaysia, Scytina Wagler 1828:861 (nomen novum) Mexico (Baja California Sur, Chiapas, Guerrero, Dermochelis Cuvier 1829:14 (nomen novum) Jalisco, Michoacán, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Sinaloa), Dermatochelys Wagler 1830:133 (nomen novum) Mozambique, Myanmar, Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Chelyra Rafinesque 1832:64 Panama, Peru, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and coriacea Vandelli 1761 Tobago, Vanuatu, Vietnam Foraging: Bahrain, Cambodia, Cape Verde, China, Nesting: Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Comoros, Congo (DRC), Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Australia (Northern Territory), Bahamas, Bangladesh, Gambia, Guinea, Iran, Iraq, Israel (Southern), Ku- Barbados, Benin, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Cam- wait, Liberia, Madagascar, Maldives, Mauritius, New eroon, Colombia, Congo (ROC), Costa Rica, Cuba, Caledonia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Curacao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Qatar, , Senegal, Seychelles, Singa- El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, French Guiana, Ga- pore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, bon, Ghana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guy- Timor-Leste, United Arab Emirates, USA (Hawaii), ana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia (Java, Papua), Venezuela, Yemen Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Malaysia, Martinique, Mexico Vagrant: Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Canada, Chile, (Baja California Sur, Guerrero, Jalisco, Micho- Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, acán, Oaxaca), Mozambique, Netherlands Antilles Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Japan, Martinique, (Bonaire, ), Nicaragua, Panama, Papua Mauritania, Micronesia, Morocco, Namibia, New New Guinea (Northern), Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Zealand, North Korea, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sierra Leone, Sint Maarten, South Africa, South Korea, Taiwan, Uruguay, US Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Virgin Islands Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, USA (Florida), IUCN: Vulnerable A2bd (2008) US Virgin Islands, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam CITES: Appendix I, as Cheloniidae spp. Foraging: Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Belize, Bru- Testudo mydas minor Suckow 1798:30 (partim, no- nei, Cambodia, Canada (British Columbia, New men dubium et suppressum) Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia), Chile, Chelonia multiscutata Kuhl 1820:78 (nomen sup- China, Comoros, Congo (DRC), Croatia, Cyprus, pressum) Egypt, Fiji, France, Gambia, Great Britain, Greece, Chelonia olivacea Eschscholtz 1829:3 Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Chelonia dussumierii Duméril and Bibron 1835:557 Kenya, Kiribati, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Madagas- (nomen novum) car, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Cephalochelys oceanica Gray 1873h:408 Micronesia, Montenegro, Monaco, Morocco, Myan- Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.175

mar, Namibia, Nauru, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Lindholm 1929:277 Korea, Palau, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, , Samoa, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovenia, South Korea, ____Kinosternon Spix 1824 Spain, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, Tonga, Tunisia, Kinosternon Spix 1824:17 Turkey, Turks and Caicos, Tuvalu, Uruguay, USA Cinosternon Wagler 1830:137 (nomen novum) (, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Monoclida Rafinesque 1832:64 Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Uronyx Rafinesque 1832:64 Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Rhode Swanka Gray 1844:32 Island, South Carolina, Washington) Thyrosternum Agassiz 1857a:418 Vagrant: Bahrain, Denmark, Djibouti, Eritrea, Iceland, Platythyra Agassiz 1857a:420 Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Maldives, Norway, Oman, Paki- Cinosternos Herrera 1901:35 (nomen suppressum) stan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, United Arab Emirates, Yemen acutum Gray 1831d (CBFTT Account) IUCN: Critically Endangered A1abd (2000) Tabasco Mud Turtle CITES: Appendix I Belize, Guatemala, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Ta- Testudo coriacea Vandelli 1761:1 basco, Veracruz) Testudo arcuata Catesby 1771:40 IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Testudo lyra Lacépède 1788:111 (nomen rejectum) (3:6) Kinosternon scorpioides acuta Gray 1831d:34 Testudo lyra Bonnaterre 1789:22 Cinosternum berendtianum Cope 1865:189 Testudo marina Wilhelm 1794:133 (junior homonym) Cinosternon effeldtii Peters 1873:603 Testudo tuberculata Pennant in Schoepff 1801:123 Testudo lutaria Rafinesque 1814:66 (junior homonym) alamosae Berry and Legler 1980 Sphargis mercurialis Merrem 1820:19 (nomen Alamos Mud Turtle novum et suppressum) Mexico (Sinaloa, Sonora) Dermatochelys porcata Wagler 1833:pl.1 (nomen IUCN: Data Deficient (2007) novum) Kinosternon alamose Pritchard 1979:556 (nomen Dermochelys atlantica Duméril and Bibron 1835:561 suppressum) Sphargis coriacea schlegelii Garman 1884:303 Kinosternon alamosae Berry and Legler 1980:1 Sphargis angusta Philippi 1899:728 angustipons Legler 1965 _Kinosternoidea Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004 Narrow-bridged Mud Turtle Kinosternoidea Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004:1003 Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama IUCN: Vulnerable B1+2c (1996) __Dermatemydidae Gray 1870d Kinosternon angustipons Legler 1965:617 Dermatemydae Gray 1870d:714 Baur 1888b:595 arizonense Gilmore 1923 (1:6, 3:10) Arizona Mud Turtle ____Dermatemys Gray 1847 Mexico (Sonora), USA (Arizona) Dermatemys Gray 1847:55 IUCN: Least Concern (2007) Chloremys Gray 1870d:50 Kinosternon arizonense Gilmore 1923:2 † (3:10) Limnochelone Werner 1901b:297 Kinosternon flavescens stejnegeri Hartweg 1938:1

mawii Gray 1847 (CBFTT Account) baurii Garman 1891 Central American River Turtle Belize, Guatemala, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Quin- USA (Alabama?, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South tana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz) Carolina, Virginia) IUCN: Critically Endangered A2abd+4d (2006) IUCN: Least Concern (2011) CITES: Appendix II Cinosternum baurii Garman 1891:141 Dermatemys mawii Gray 1847:55 Kinosternon bauri palmarum Stejneger 1925:463 berardii Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Duméril 1851:11 chimalhuaca Berry, Seidel, and Iverson in Rogner 1996 (1:7) Dermatemys abnormis Cope 1868a:120 Jalisco Mud Turtle Dermatemys salvinii Gray 1870d:50 Mexico (Colima, Jalisco) Limnochelone micrura Werner 1901b:298 IUCN: Least Concern (2007) Kinosternon chimalhuaca Berry, Seidel, and Iverson __Kinosternidae Agassiz 1857a in Rogner 1996:23 Cinosternoidae Agassiz 1857a:249 Kinosterna Gray 1869a:180 creaseri Hartweg 1934 Kinosternidae Hay 1892:560 Creaser’s Mud Turtle Mexico (Campeche, Quintana Roo, Yucatán) ___Kinosterninae Agassiz 1857a IUCN: Least Concern (2007) Cinosternoidae Agassiz 1857a:249 Kinosternon creaseri Hartweg 1934:1 Kinosternina Gray 1869a:180 000.176 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

dunni Schmidt 1947 h. tarascense Iverson 1981 Dunn’s Mud Turtle Pátzcuaro Mud Turtle Colombia (Chocó) Mexico (Michoacán) IUCN: Vulnerable B1+2c (1996) Kinosternon hirtipes tarascense Iverson 1981:6 TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Kinosternon dunni Schmidt 1947:109 integrum LeConte 1854 durangoense Iverson 1979 (1:6) Mexico (Colima, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hi- Durango Mud Turtle dalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango) Puebla, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamauli- IUCN: Data Deficient (2007) pas, Zacatecas) Kinosternon flavescens durangoense Iverson 1979:212 IUCN: Least Concern (2007) Kinosternum integrum LeConte 1854:183 flavescens Agassiz 1857a (1:6) Cinosternon rostellum Bocourt 1876a:391 Cinosternon guanajuatense Dugès 1888:107 Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, Cinosternum scorpioides integrum mexicana Siebenrock Veracruz?), USA (Arizona, Arkansas?, Colorado, 1907:579 (nomen illegitimum) Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas) leucostomum Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Duméril 1851 IUCN: Least Concern (2011) White-lipped Mud Turtle Cinosternon flavescens Agassiz 1857a:260 Belize, Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Boyacá, Kinosternon flavescens spooneri Smith 1951:195 Caldas, Cauca, Cesar, Chocó, Córdoba, Cundina- marca, Huila, Magdalena, Nariño, Santander, Sucre, herrerai Stejneger 1925 Tolima, Valle del Cauca), Costa Rica, Ecuador, Herrera’s Mud Turtle Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Mexico (Hidalgo, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz) Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatán IUCN: Near Threatened (2007) [?]), Nicaragua, Panama, Peru (Tumbes) Kinosternon herrerai Stejneger 1925:462 IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern (South America regional) hirtipes Wagler 1830 (3:11) Rough-footed Mud Turtle l. leucostomum Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Distrito Duméril 1851 Federal, Durango, Guanajuato, Jalisco, México, Northern White-lipped Mud Turtle Michoacán, Morelos, Zacatecas), USA (Texas) Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Campeche, IUCN: Least Concern (2007) Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatán [?]), Nicaragua h. hirtipes Wagler 1830 (3:11) Cinosternon leucostomum Duméril and Bibron in Valley of Mexico Mud Turtle Duméril and Duméril 1851:17 Mexico (Distrito Federal, México, Morelos) Swanka maculata Gray 1869a:182 Cinosternon hirtipes Wagler 1830:137,figs.29-30(3:11) Cinosternum brevigulare Günther 1885:17 (senior homonym) h. chapalaense Iverson 1981 Cinosternum cobanum Günther 1885:18 Lake Chapala Mud Turtle Kinosternon mopanum Neill 1965:117 Mexico (Jalisco, Michoacán) Kinosternon hirtipes chapalaense Iverson 1981:6 l. postinguinale Cope 1887 Southern White-lipped Mud Turtle h. magdalense Iverson 1981 Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Boyacá, Cal- San Juanico Mud Turtle das, Cauca, Cesar, Chocó, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Mexico (Michoacán) Huila, Magdalena, Nariño, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Kinosternon hirtipes magdalense Iverson 1981:6 Valle del Cauca), Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru (Tumbes) h. megacephalum Iverson 1981 (Extinct) Cinosternum brevigulare Cope 1885:389 (junior Viesca Mud Turtle homonym) Mexico (Coahuila [extinct]) Cinosternum postinguinale Cope 1887:23 (nomen novum) Kinosternon hirtipes megacephalum Iverson 1981:6 Cinosternum spurrelli Boulenger 1913:1030

h. murrayi Glass and Hartweg 1951 oaxacae Berry and Iverson 1980 Mexican Plateau Mud Turtle Oaxaca Mud Turtle Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca) Durango, Guanajuato, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, IUCN: Data Deficient (2007) Zacatecas), USA (Texas) Kinosternon oaxacae Pritchard 1979:557 (nomen Kinosternon murrayi Glass and Hartweg 1951:50 suppressum) Kinosternon oaxacae Berry and Iverson 1980:313 Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.177

White-throated Mud Turtle scorpioides Linnaeus 1766 (CBFTT Account) Colombia (San Andrés [prehistoric or modern introduc- tion?]), Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicara- Argentina (Formosa, Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán), Belize, gua, Panama Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Alagoas, Amapá, Amazonas, Cinosternon albogulare Duméril and Bocourt 1870:24 Bahia, Ceará, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraiba, , Piauí, Rio s. cruentatum Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Grande do Norte, Rondônia, Sergipe, Tocantins), Duméril 1851 Colombia (Amazonas, Antioquia, Arauca, Atlántico, Red-cheeked Mud Turtle Bolívar, Caldas, Caquetá, Casanare, Cesar, Chocó, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Campeche, Córdoba, Guainía, Magdalena, Meta, Norte de Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tamaulipas, Vera- Santander, Putumayo, San Andrés, Sucre, Vaupés, cruz, Yucatán) Vichada), Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Cinosternon cruentatum Duméril and Bibron in Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico Duméril and Duméril 1851:16 (Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Kinosternum mexicanum LeConte 1854:182 Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán), Nicara- Kinosternum triliratum LeConte 1860:6 gua, Panama, , Peru (Amazonas, Huánuco, Kinosternon cruentatum consors Stejneger 1941:458 Loreto, Madre de Dios, Ucayali), Suriname, Trinidad, Venezuela (Amazonas, Apure, Aragua, Bolívar, sonoriense LeConte 1854 Cojedes, Falcón, Guárico, Lara, Monagas, Portu- guesa, Sucre, Táchira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia) Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora), USA (Arizona, California IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] [extirpated], New Mexico) TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern (South America regional) IUCN: Near Threatened (2011)

s. scorpioides Linnaeus 1766 (1:8) s. sonoriense LeConte 1854 Scorpion Mud Turtle Sonora Mud Turtle Argentina (Formosa, Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán), Bolivia, Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora), USA (Arizona, Califor- Brazil (Acre, Alagoas, Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, nia [extirpated], New Mexico) Ceará, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Kinosternum sonoriense LeConte 1854:184 Gerais, Pará, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Kinosternum henrici LeConte 1860:4 Grande do Norte, Rondônia, Sergipe, Tocantins), Colombia (Amazonas, Antioquia, Arauca, Atlán- s. longifemorale Iverson 1981 tico, Bolívar, Caldas, Caquetá, Casanare, Cesar, Sonoyta Mud Turtle Chocó, Córdoba, Guainía, Magdalena, Meta, Norte Mexico (Sonora), USA (Arizona) de Santander, Putumayo, Sucre, Vaupés, Vichada), Kinosternon sonoriense longifemorale Iverson 1981:6 Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Paraguay, Peru (Amazonas, Huánuco, Loreto, Madre de Dios, subrubrum Bonnaterre 1789 (3:6) Ucayali), Suriname, Trinidad, Venezuela (Amazonas, , Common Mud Turtle Apure, Aragua, Bolívar, Cojedes, Falcón, Guárico, USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Lara, Monagas, Portuguesa, Sucre, Táchira, Trujillo, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Yaracuy, Zulia) Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Testudo scorpioides Linnaeus 1766:352 Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Testudo tricarinata Retzius in Schoepff 1792:9 Tennessee, Texas, Virginia) (senior homonym) IUCN: Least Concern (2011) Testudo retzii Daudin 1801:174 Kinosternon longicaudatum Spix 1824:17 s. subrubrum Bonnaterre 1789 (3:6) Kinosternon brevicaudatum Spix 1824:18 Eastern Mud Turtle Kinosternon shavianum Bell 1825a:302 USA (Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Monoclida retziana Rafinesque 1832:64 (nomen novum) Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New Jer- Cinosternum scorpioides integrum brasiliana Siebenrock sey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South 1907:579 (nomen illegitimum) Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia) Kinosternon scorpioides pachyurum Müller and Testudo subrubra Lacépède 1788:132 (nomen rejectum) (3:6) Hellmich 1936:100 Testudo subrubra Bonnaterre 1789:27 Kinosternon scorpioides seriei Freiberg 1936:169 (1:8) Testudo pensilvanica Gmelin 1789:1042 Kinosternon panamensis Schmidt 1946:5 Terrapene boscii Merrem 1820:27 Kinosternon scorpioides carajasensis da Cunha 1970:1 (1:8) Kinosternon (Kinosternon) doubledayii Gray 1844:33 Kinosternon (Kinosternon) oblongum Gray 1844:33 s. abaxillare Baur in Stejneger 1925 Kinosternon punctatum Gray 1856a:198 Central Chiapas Mud Turtle Swanka fasciata Gray 1869a:183 Mexico (Chiapas, Tabasco) Kinosternon abaxillare Baur in Stejneger 1925:462 s. hippocrepis Gray 1856a Mississippi Mud Turtle s. albogulare Duméril and Bocourt 1870 (CBFTT Account) USA (Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, 000.178 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Oklahoma, Texas) Kinosternum guttatum LeConte 1854:185 Kinosternon hippocrepis Gray 1856a:198 Ozotheca tristycha Agassiz 1857a:392 Kinosternon louisianae Baur 1893c:676 ___Staurotypinae Gray 1869a s. steindachneri Siebenrock 1906b Staurotypina Gray 1869a:180 Staurotypinae Siebenrock 1907:531 USA (Florida) Cinosternum steindachneri Siebenrock 1906b:727 ____Claudius Cope 1865 Claudius Cope 1865:187 ____Sternotherus Bell in Gray 1825 (1:9) Sternothaerus Bell 1825a:305 (partim, nomen sup- angustatus Cope 1865 pressum) Narrow-bridged Musk Turtle Bell in Gray 1825:211 [Bell 1825b] Belize, Guatemala, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Oax- (nomen conservandum) aca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz) Aromochelys Gray 1856a:199 IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Ozotheca Agassiz 1857a:251 Claudius angustatus Cope 1865:187 Goniochelys Agassiz 1857a:420 Claudius megalocephalus Bocourt 1868:122

carinatus Gray 1856a (CBFTT Account) ____Staurotypus Wagler 1830 Razor-backed Musk Turtle Wagler 1830:137 USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Okla- Stauremys Gray 1864b:127 homa, Texas) IUCN: Least Concern (2011) salvinii Gray 1864b Aromochelys carinata Gray 1856a:199 Pacific Coast Giant Musk Turtle Ozotheca triquetra Agassiz 1857a:420 El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca) IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) depressus Tinkle and Webb 1955 (1:10) (CBFTT Account) Staurotypus (Stauremys) salvinii Gray 1864b:127 Staurotypus marmoratus Fischer 1872:265 USA (Alabama) Claudius severus Cope 1872:24 IUCN: Critically Endangered A2bce+4bce (2011) Sternotherus depressus Tinkle and Webb 1955:53 triporcatus Wiegmann 1828 Northern Giant Musk Turtle minor Agassiz 1857a Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz) USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Mississippi, Tennessee, Virginia) Terrapene triporcata Wiegmann 1828:364 IUCN: Least Concern (2011) Claudius pictus Cope 1872:26

m. minor Agassiz 1857a _Testudinoidea Fitzinger 1826 Loggerhead Musk Turtle Fitzinger 1826:5 USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia) Goniochelys minor Agassiz 1857a:424 __Emydidae Rafinesque 1815(3:12) Emidania Rafinesque 1815:75 m. peltifer Smith and Glass 1947 Emydes Schmid 1819:11 Stripe-necked Musk Turtle Bell 1825a:302 USA (Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missis- Emydae Swainson 1839:113 sippi, Tennessee, Virginia) Sternotherus peltifer Smith and Glass 1947:22 ___Deirochelyinae Agassiz 1857a (3:12) Deirochelyoidae Agassiz 1857a:355 odoratus Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801 Gaffney and Meylan 1988:201 Musk Turtle, Stinkpot, Common Musk Turtle Canada (Ontario, Québec), USA (Alabama, Arkansas, ____Chrysemys Gray 1844 Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Chrysemys Gray 1844:27 Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, , Mississippi, dorsalis or picta dorsalis Agassiz 1857a (1:11, 4:6) Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Southern North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, USA (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Illinois, Louisiana, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas) Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin) Introduced: USA (Florida) IUCN: Least Concern (2011) IUCN: Least Concern (2011), as C. picta dorsalis Testudo odorata Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille Chrysemys dorsalis Agassiz 1857a:439 (1:11, 4:6) 1801:122 Testudo glutinata Daudin 1801:194 picta Schneider 1783 (1:11, 4:6) Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.179

Painted Turtle sippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia) Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Testudo reticularia Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec, Sas- 1801:124 katchewan), Mexico (Chihuahua), USA (Alabama, Testudo reticulata Daudin 1801:144 (nomen novum) Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, r. chrysea Schwartz 1956 Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minne- Florida sota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hamp- USA (Florida) shire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Deirochelys reticularia chrysea Schwartz 1956:467 Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South r. miaria Schwartz 1956 Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming) USA (Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Introduced: Germany, Indonesia, Philippines, Spain, USA Oklahoma, Texas) (California) Deirochelys reticularia miaria Schwartz 1956:467 IUCN: Least Concern (2011) ____Graptemys Agassiz 1857a p. picta Schneider 1783 (1:11) Agassiz 1857a:252 Eastern Painted Turtle Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Québec), USA barbouri Carr and Marchand 1942 (Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maine, Barbour’s Map Turtle Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jer- USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia) sey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode IUCN: Vulnerable A2bcde (2011) Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia) CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Testudo picta Schneider 1783:348 Graptemys barbouri Carr and Marchand 1942:98 Testudo cinerea Bonnaterre 1789:25 caglei Haynes and McKown 1974 p. bellii Gray 1830e (4:7) Cagle’s Map Turtle Western Painted Turtle USA (Texas) Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, IUCN: Endangered A2c+4c; B2ab(iii) (2011) Saskatchewan), Mexico (Chihuahua), USA (Arizona, CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Graptemys caglei Haynes and McKown 1974:18 Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Da- ernsti Lovich and McCoy 1992 (CBFTT Account) kota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming) Escambia Map Turtle Emys bellii Gray 1830e:12 (4:7) USA (Alabama, Florida) Emys oregoniensis Harlan 1837:382 IUCN: Near Threatened (2011) Chrysemys nuttalii Agassiz 1857a:451 (nomen novum) CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Chrysemys pulchra Gray 1873a:147 Graptemys ernsti Lovich and McCoy 1992:293 Chrysemys treleasei Hurter 1911:235 flavimaculata Cagle 1954 (CBFTT Account) p. marginata Agassiz 1857a Yellow-blotched Map Turtle, Yellow-blotched Sawback Midland Painted Turtle USA (Mississippi) Canada (Ontario, Québec), USA (Alabama, Illinois, IUCN: Vulnerable A2bce+4ce (2011) Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, New York, Ohio, CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Pennsylvania, Tennessee, West Virginia) Graptemys flavimaculata Cagle 1954:167 Chrysemys marginata Agassiz 1857a:262 geographica LeSueur 1817 (2:18) ____Deirochelys Agassiz 1857a , Common Map Turtle Deirochelys Agassiz 1857a:252 Canada (Ontario, Québec), USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, reticularia Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801 (CBFTT Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mis- Account) sissippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Chicken Turtle Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin) Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, IUCN: Least Concern (2011) South Carolina, Texas, Virginia) CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Testudo geographica LeSueur 1817:86 TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened Emys lesueurii Gray 1830e:12 (2:18, 4:7) Emys megacephala Holbrook 1836:51 r. reticularia Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801 Eastern Chicken Turtle gibbonsi Lovich and McCoy 1992 (4:8) (CBFTT Account) USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Missis- 000.180 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

USA (Mississippi) Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South IUCN: Endangered A2bce+4ce (2011) Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin) CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Introduced: USA (Florida, Virginia) Graptemys gibbonsi Lovich and McCoy 1992:293 IUCN: Least Concern (2011) CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. nigrinoda Cagle 1954 (CBFTT Account) Black-knobbed Map Turtle, Black-knobbed Sawback p. pseudogeographica Gray 1831d (2:19) USA (Alabama, Mississippi) IUCN: Least Concern (2011) USA (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Min- CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. nesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Tennessee, Wisconsin) n. nigrinoda Cagle 1954 Emys pseudogeographica Gray 1831d:31 Northern Black-knobbed Map Turtle USA (Alabama, Mississippi) p. kohnii Baur 1890a Graptemys nigrinoda Cagle 1954:168 USA (Arkansas, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missis- n. delticola Folkerts and Mount 1969 sippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas) Southern Black-knobbed Map Turtle Malacoclemmys kohnii Baur 1890a:263 USA (Alabama) Graptemys nigrinoda delticola Folkerts and Mount pulchra Baur 1893c 1969:677 USA (Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi) oculifera Baur 1890a (CBFTT Account) IUCN: Near Threatened (2011) , Ringed Sawback CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. USA (Louisiana, Mississippi) Graptemys pulchra Baur 1893c:675 IUCN: Vulnerable B2ab(iii) (2011) CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. versa Stejneger 1925 Malacoclemmys oculifera Baur 1890a:262 USA (Texas) ouachitensis Cagle 1953 IUCN: Least Concern (2011) CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kan- Graptemys pseudogeographica versa Stejneger sas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, 1925:463 Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia, Wisconsin) ____Malaclemys Gray 1844 IUCN: Least Concern (2011) Malaclemys Gray 1844:28 CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Malacoclemmys Agassiz 1857a:437 (nomen novum)

o. ouachitensis Cagle 1953 Schoepff 1793 (5) Ouachita Map Turtle USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Bermuda, USA (Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Flor- Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mis- ida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, sissippi, Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Texas, West Virginia, Wisconsin) Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia) Graptemys pseudogeographica ouachitensis Cagle 1953:2 IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable o. sabinensis Cagle 1953 (1:12) Sabine Map Turtle t. terrapin Schoepff 1793 USA (Louisiana, Texas) Northern Diamondback Terrapin Graptemys pseudogeographica sabinensis Cagle 1953:2 USA (Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Maryland, Rhode pearlensis Ennen, Lovich, Kreiser, Selman, and Qualls 2010 (4:8) Island, Virginia) Testudo terrapin Schoepff 1793:64 USA (Louisiana, Mississippi) Testudo concentrica Shaw 1802:43 IUCN: Endangered A1bcde+A4bcde (2011) Testudo ocellata Link 1807:52 CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Emys concentrica polita Gray 1830e:11 (4:7) Graptemys pearlensis Ennen, Lovich, Kreiser, Selman, Emys macrocephalus Gray 1844:26 (junior homonym) and Qualls 2010:104 t. centrata Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801 (5) pseudogeographica Gray 1831d Carolina Diamondback Terrapin False Map Turtle Bermuda, USA (Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, South USA (Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Ken- Carolina) tucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Testudo centrata Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.181

1801:145 Ptychemys hoyi Agassiz 1857a:433 Emys concentrica livida Gray 1831d:27 Emys orthonyx Wied 1865:23 vioscana Brimley 1928:66 t. littoralis Hay 1904 Pseudemys elonae Brimley 1928:67 Texas Diamondback Terrapin Pseudemys concinna metteri Ward 1984:34 USA (Texas) Malaclemmys littoralis Hay 1904:18 c. floridana or floridana floridana LeConte 1830 (1:14, 3:13, 4:9) t. macrospilota Hay 1904 USA (Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, North Ornate Diamondback Terrapin Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia) USA (Florida) Testudo floridana LeConte 1830:100 Malaclemmys macrospilota Hay 1904:16 c. suwanniensis Carr 1937 (1:15, 3:13) t. pileata Wied 1865 Mississippi Diamondback Terrapin USA (Florida) USA (Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas) Pseudemys floridana suwanniensis Carr 1937:4 Emys pileata Wied 1865:17 gorzugi Ward 1984 (1:16) t. rhizophorarum Fowler 1906 Diamondback Terrapin Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamauli- USA (Florida) pas), USA (New Mexico, Texas) Malaclemys tuberculifera Gray 1844:29 (nomen IUCN: Near Threatened (2011) oblitum) Pseudemys concinna gorzugi Ward 1984:29 Malaclemmys littoralis rhizophorarum Fowler 1906:112 nelsoni Carr 1938a (3:13) (CBFTT Account) Florida Red-bellied Cooter t. tequesta Schwartz 1955 USA (Florida, Georgia) Eastern Florida Diamondback Terrapin Introduced: British Virgin Islands (Tortola), USA (Texas) USA (Florida) IUCN: Least Concern (2011) Malaclemys terrapin tequesta Schwartz 1955:158 Deirochelys floridana Hay 1908b:346 † (nomen dubium) Trachemys jarmani Hay 1908b:351 † (nomen dubium) ____Pseudemys Gray 1856a (3:13) Pseudemys nelsoni Carr 1938a:307 Pseudemys Gray 1856a:197 Ptychemys Agassiz 1857a:252 peninsularis or floridana peninsularis Carr 1938b (1:17, 3:13, 4:9) Nectemys Agassiz 1857b:642 (nomen novum) USA (Florida) alabamensis Baur 1893a (CBFTT Account) IUCN: Least Concern (2011), as P. peninsularis Alabama Red-bellied Cooter Pseudemys floridana peninsularis Carr 1938b:105 USA (Alabama, Mississippi) IUCN: Endangered B1+2c (1996) rubriventris LeConte 1830 TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Northern Red-bellied Cooter Pseudemys alabamensis Baur 1893a:224 USA (Delaware, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia) concinna LeConte 1830 (3:13) (CBFTT Account) IUCN: Near Threatened (2011) Testudo rubriventris LeConte 1830:101 USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Emys irrigata Bell in Duméril and Bibron 1835:276 Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Emys rivulata Gray 1844:22 (junior homonym) Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Pseudemys rubriventris bangsi Babcock 1937:293 Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia) IUCN: Least Concern (2011) texana Baur 1893a Texas Cooter c. concinna LeConte 1830 (1:13, 3:13, 4:9) USA (Texas) IUCN: Least Concern (2011) USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Pseudemys texana Baur 1893a:223 Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South ____Trachemys Agassiz 1857a (1:18, 3:14) (6) Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia) Trachemys Agassiz 1857a:252 Testudo concinna LeConte 1830:106 Callichelys Gray 1863c:181 Emys annulifera Gray 1830e:12 (4:7) Redamia Gray 1870f:35 Emys hieroglyphica Holbrook 1836:47 Emys mobilensis Holbrook 1838a:53 adiutrix or dorbigni adiutrix Vanzolini 1995 (6) Emys labyrinthica Duméril and Bibron in Duméril Maranhao Slider and Duméril 1851:13 Brazil (Maranhão, Piauí) 000.182 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

IUCN: Endangered B1+2c (1996) TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened Emys dorbigni Duméril and Bibron 1835:272 Trachemys adiutrix Vanzolini 1995:111 Clemmys () orbignyi Fitzinger 1835:124 (nomen novum) callirostris or ornata callirostris Gray 1856b (6) (CBFTT Clemmys dorbignyi Boulenger 1886b:424 (nomen Account) novum) Colombian Slider Pseudemys dorbignyi brasiliensis Freiberg 1969:301 (1:20) Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Cesar, Córdoba, La Guajira, Magdalena, Santander, Sucre), Venezuela emolli or grayi emolli Legler 1990 (1:18) (6) (Carabobo, Falcón, Yaracuy, Zulia) Nicaraguan Slider IUCN: Not Evaluated Costa Rica, Nicaragua TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable IUCN: Not Evaluated Pseudemys scripta emolli Legler 1990:91 c. or o. callirostris Gray 1856b (1:19) (6) Colombian Slider gaigeae Hartweg 1939 (CBFTT Account) Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Cesar, Big Bend Slider Córdoba, La Guajira, Magdalena, Santander, Sucre), Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango), USA (New Venezuela (Zulia) Mexico, Texas) Emys callirostris Gray 1856b:25 IUCN: Vulnerable A2ce+4ce (2011)

c. or o. chichiriviche Pritchard and Trebbau 1984 (1:19) (6) g. gaigeae Hartweg 1939 (1:18) Venezuelan Slider Big Bend Slider Venezuela (Carabobo, Falcón, Yaracuy) Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila), USA (New Mexico, Pseudemys scripta chichiriviche Pritchard and Treb- Texas) bau 1984:8 Pseudemys scripta gaigeae Hartweg 1939:1

decorata Barbour and Carr 1940 g. hartwegi Legler 1990 (1:18) Hispaniolan Slider Nazas Slider Dominican Republic, Haiti Mexico (Coahuila, Durango) IUCN: Vulnerable B1+2c (1996) Pseudemys scripta hartwegi Legler 1990:89 Pseudemys decorata Barbour and Carr 1940:409 grayi or venusta grayi Bocourt 1868 (1:18, 4:10) (6) decussata Bell in Griffith and Pidgeon 1830 Gray’s Slider El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Chiapas, Cayman Islands, Cuba Oaxaca) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] IUCN: Not Evaluated Emys grayi Bocourt 1868:121 (senior homonym) d. decussata Bell in Griffith and Pidgeon 1830(2:17) Emys umbra Bocourt 1876b:26 (nomen novum) Eastern Cuban Slider Cuba nebulosa Van Denburgh 1895 Testudo rugosa Shaw 1802:28 (partim, nomen Baja California Slider dubium and junior homonym) Mexico (Baja California, Sinaloa, Sonora) Emys decussata Bell in Griffith and Pidgeon 1830:76 IUCN: Not Evaluated [Bell 1830a] (2:17) Emys vermiculata Gray 1844:25 n. nebulosa Van Denburgh 1895 (1:18) Emys jamao Vilaró 1867a:121 Baja California Slider Emys gnatho Vilaró 1867b:204 Mexico (Baja California) Pseudemys decussata plana Barbour and Carr Chrysemys nebulosa Van Denburgh 1895:84 1940:405 n. hiltoni Carr 1942 (1:18) d. angusta Barbour and Carr 1940 Fuerte Slider Western Cuban Slider Mexico (Sinaloa, Sonora) Cayman Islands, Cuba Pseudemys scripta hiltoni Carr 1942:1 Pseudemys decussata angusta Barbour and Carr 1940:402 ornata Gray in Griffith and Pidgeon 1830(1:18, 1:19, 4:10) (6) Pseudemys granti Barbour and Carr 1941:59 Ornate Slider Mexico (Guerrero, Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa) dorbigni Duméril and Bibron 1835 (1:20) (6) IUCN: Vulnerable B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) (2007) D’Orbigny’s Slider Emys ornata Gray in Griffith and Pidgeon 1830:76 Argentina (Buenos Aires, Chaco, Corrientes, Entre [Gray 1830c] Rios, Santa Fe), Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina), Uruguay scripta Thunberg in Schoepff 1792 (3:15) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Slider, Common Slider Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.183

Mexico (Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas), USA (Alabama, Emys troosti Holbrook 1836:55 Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Emys cumberlandensis Holbrook 1840:35 Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Okla- stejnegeri Schmidt 1928 homa, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Central Antillean Slider West Virginia) Bahamas (Inagua), Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico Introduced: Multiple global locations, most apparently Introduced: Dominica, Guadeloupe Trachemys scripta elegans (see below) IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) IUCN: Least Concern (2011) TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened

s. scripta Thunberg in Schoepff 1792 (3:15) s. stejnegeri Schmidt 1928 Yellow-bellied Slider Puerto Rican Slider USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, Puerto Rico South Carolina, Virginia) Emys olivacea Gray 1856b:30 (junior homonym) Introduced: USA (Florida) Pseudemys stejnegeri Schmidt 1928:147 Testudo scripta Thunberg in Schoepff 1792:16 (3:15) Testudo serrata Daudin 1801:148 (senior homonym) s. malonei Barbour and Carr 1938 Emys occipitatis Gray in Griffith and Pidgeon 1830:75 Inagua Slider [Gray 1830c] Bahamas (Inagua) Emys vittata Gray 1830e:11 (4:7) Pseudemys malonei Barbour and Carr 1938:76

s. elegans Wied 1839 s. vicina Barbour and Carr 1940 Red-eared Slider Dominican Slider Mexico (Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas), USA (Alabama, Dominican Republic, Haiti Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Pseudemys vicina Barbour and Carr 1940:408 Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico [eastern], Ohio, Oklahoma, taylori Legler 1960 (1:18) Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia) Cuatro Cienegas Slider Introduced: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, Mexico (Coahuila) Victoria), Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Belgium, IUCN: Endangered A4e, B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) (2007) Bermuda, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Cambodia, Pseudemys scripta taylori Legler 1960:75 Canada (Ontario), Cayman Islands, Chile, China (), Colombia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, terrapen Bonnaterre 1789 (3:6) Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, French Polynesia, Germany, Great Bahamas (Cat Island [prehistoric introduction?]), Jamaica Britain, Greece, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guyana, Hon- IUCN: Vulnerable B1+2c (1996) duras, Hungary, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Papua, Testudo terrapen Lacépède 1788:129 (nomen rejectum) (3:6) , ), Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan Testudo terrapen Bonnaterre 1789:30 (mainland, Ryukyu ), Malaysia (East, Testudo palustris Gmelin 1789:1041 (senior homonym) West), Martinique, Mexico, Micronesia, Myanmar, Testudo fasciata Suckow 1798:40 (senior homonym) Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, New Zealand, Testudo rugosa Shaw 1802:28 (partim, nomen Nicaragua, Northern Mariana Islands [Saipan], Palau, dubium and junior homonym) Panama, Philippines (, , ), Po- Emys rugosa livida Gray 1831d:30 land, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Réunion, Russia, Saudi Pseudemys felis Barbour 1935:205 Arabia, Seychelles (Mahé), Singapore, Sint Maarten, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain venusta or ornata venusta Gray 1856b (1:18, 4:6, 4:10) (6) (Balearic Islands, Continental), Sri Lanka, Suriname, Meso-American Slider Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad, Belize, Colombia (?) (Antioquia, Chocó), Costa Rica USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, (?), El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Mas- (Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, sachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New Mexico San Luis Potosi, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, [western], New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Yucatán), Nicaragua (?), Panama (?) [range for Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Virginia, Washington), typical subpspecies only] US Virgin Islands, Vietnam IUCN: Not Evaluated Emys elegans Wied 1839:213 TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient (South America regional) Emys holbrookii Gray 1844:23 Emys venusta Gray 1856b:24 Emys sanguinolenta Gray 1856b:26 Emys valida LeConte 1860:7 Trachemys lineata Gray 1873a:147 Emys (Clemmys) salvini Günther 1885:4

s. troostii Holbrook 1836 v. or o. cataspila Günther 1885 (1:18, 4:10) (6) Huastecan Slider USA (Alabama, Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee, Mexico (San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz) Virginia) Emys ventricosa Gray 1856b:28 (nomen suppressum) 000.184 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Emys (Clemmys) cataspila Günther 1885:4 Albania, Algeria, , Austria, , Belarus, Belgium (extirpated), Bosnia and Herzegovina, v. iversoni McCord, Joseph-Ouni, Hagen, and Blanck , Croatia, Czech Republic (extirpated), 2010 (4:10) (6) Denmark (extirpated), Estonia (extirpated), France Yucatan Slider (Continental, Corsica [prehistoric introduction?]), Mexico (Yucatán) Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Italy Trachemys venusta iversoni McCord, Joseph-Ouni, (Continental, [prehistoric introduction?]), Hagen, and Blanck 2010:45 Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg (extir- pated), Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco, v. or grayi panamensis McCord, Joseph-Ouni, Hagen, Netherlands (extirpated), Poland, Portugal, Romania, and Blanck 2010 (4:10) (6) Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain (Continen- Panamanian Slider tal), Switzerland (extirpated), Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Panama , Ukraine Trachemys venusta panamensis McCord, Joseph- Introduced: Czech Republic, Denmark, Spain (Balearic Ouni, Hagen, and Blanck 2010:46 Islands), Switzerland IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) v. uhrigi McCord, Joseph-Ouni, Hagen, and Blanck 2010 (4:10) (6) Uhrig’s Slider o. orbicularis Linnaeus 1758 (3:17) Colombia (?) (Antioquia, Chocó), Costa Rica (?), Honduras, Nicaragua (?), Panama (?) Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Trachemys venusta uhrigi McCord, Joseph-Ouni, Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic (ex- Hagen, and Blanck 2010:43 tirpated), France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, yaquia Legler and Webb 1970 (1:18) Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Yaqui Slider Turkmenistan, Ukraine Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora) Testudo orbicularis Linnaeus 1758:198 IUCN: Vulnerable B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) (2007) Testudo lutaria Linnaeus 1758:198 (senior homonym) Pseudemys scripta yaquia Legler and Webb Testudo terrestris Garsault 1764:pl.675 (4:13) (senior 1970:157 homonym and nomen oblitum) Testudo europaea Schneider 1783:323 ___Emydinae Rafinesque 1815 Testudo pulchella Schoepff 1801:113 (senior homonym) Emidania Rafinesque 1815:75 Emys turfa Meyer 1835:67 † Emydidae Bell 1825a:302 Emys lutaria borealis Nilsson 1841:208 † Cope 1870b:123 Cistudo anhaltina Giebel 1866a:1 † Emys lutaria taurica Mehnert 1890:537 ____Clemmys Ritgen 1828 Emys europaea sparsa Dürigen 1897:14 Clemmys Ritgen 1828:270 Emys europaea concolor Dürigen 1897:15 Chelopus Rafinesque 1832:64 Emys europaea punctata Dürigen 1897:15 Nanemys Agassiz 1857a:252 Emys orbicularis aralensis Nikolsky 1915:19 Melanemys Shufeldt 1919:155 Emys orbicularis luteofusca Fritz 1989:143 (3:17) Emys orbicularis colchica Fritz 1994:57 (3:17) guttata Schneider 1792 o. eiselti Fritz, Baran, Budak, and Amthauer 1998 Canada (Ontario), USA (Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Eiselt’s Pond Turtle Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Maryland, Mas- Syria, Turkey sachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Emys orbicularis eiselti Fritz, Baran, Budak, and New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Amthauer 1998:113 Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia) o. fritzjuergenobsti Fritz 1993 (3:18) IUCN: Endangered A2cde+4ce (2011) Obst’s Pond Turtle Testudo guttata Schneider 1792:264 Portugal, Spain (Continental) Testudo punctata Schoepff 1792:25 (junior homonym) Emys orbicularis fritzjuergenobsti Fritz 1993:131 Geoclemmys sebae Gray 1869a:188 Emys orbicularis hispanica Fritz, Keller, and Budde 1996:129 (3:18) ____Emys Duméril 1805 (1:21, 3:16, 4:11, 4:12) (7) Emydes Brongniart 1805:27 (nomen suppressum) o. galloitalica Fritz 1995 (4:14) Emys Duméril 1805:76 (4:11) Franco-Italian Pond Turtle Hydrone Rafinesque 1814:66 France (Continental, Corsica [prehistoric intoduc- Emyda Rafinesque 1815:75 (nomen novum) tion?]), Italy (Continental, Sardinia [prehistoric Lutremys Gray 1844:31 intoduction?]), Spain (Continental) Emys orbicularis (galloitalica) galloitalica Fritz orbicularis Linnaeus 1758 1995:217 European Pond Turtle Emys orbicularis (galloitalica) capolongoi Fritz Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.185

1995:204 (4:14) Emys orbicularis (galloitalica) lanzai Fritz 1995:211 (4:14) ____Emys Duméril 1805 or Emydoidea Gray 1870f (1:21, 3:16, 4:12) (7) Emydoidea Gray 1870f:19 o. hellenica Valenciennes in Bibron and Bory de Saint- Neoemys Lindholm 1929:282 (nomen novum) Vincent 1832 Hellenic Pond Turtle blandingii Holbrook 1838b (CBFTT Account) Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, Blanding’s Turtle Italy, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia Canada (Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec), USA (Illinois, Cistuda hellenica Valenciennes in Bibron and Bory Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Min- de Saint-Vicent 1832:61 nesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Emys antiquorum Valenciennes in Bory de Saint- York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Wisconsin) Vincent 1833:pl.9 IUCN: Endangered A2cde+4ce (2011) Emys (Emys) hofmanni Fitzinger 1835:123 (nomen Testudo flava Lacépède 1788:135 (nomen rejectum) (3:6) novum) Testudo flava Bonnaterre 1789:26 (nomen suppressum) Emys orbicularis hoffmani Schreiber 1875:537 Testudo meleagris Shaw 1793:4 (nomen suppressum) Emys orbicularis atra Werner 1897:15 Cistuda blandingii Holbrook 1838b:35 Emys europaea maculosa Dürigen 1897:15 Emys twentei Taylor 1943:250 †

o. ingauna Jesu, Piombo, Salvidio, Lamagni, Ortale, and ____Glyptemys Agassiz 1857a (1:21) Genta 2004 (4:14) Calemys Agassiz 1857a:252 Ligurian Pond Turtle Agassiz 1857a:252 Italy (Continental) Emys orbicularis ingauna Jesu, Piombo, Salvidio, insculpta LeConte 1830 Lamagni, Ortale, and Genta 2004:133 Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Qué- o. occidentalis Fritz 1993 bec), USA (Connecticut, Delaware, Iowa, Maine, Magreb Pond Turtle Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylva- Emys orbicularis occidentalis Fritz 1993:131 nia, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin) o. persica Eichwald 1831 (1:23, 1:24, 3:19) IUCN: Endangered A2cd+4c (2011) Eastern Pond Turtle CITES: Appendix II Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Russia (Dagestan), Testudo insculpta LeConte 1830:112 Turkmenistan Emys speciosa Gray 1830e:10 (4:7) Emys europaea persica Eichwald 1831:196 Emys speciosa levigata Gray 1831d:26 Emys europaea iberica Eichwald 1831:196 (3:19) Emys orbicularis orientalis Fritz 1994:57 muhlenbergii Schoepff 1801 Emys orbicularis kurae Fritz 1994:57 (3:19) USA (Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Mas- trinacris Fritz, Fattizzo, Guicking, Tripepi, Pennisi, Lenk, sachusetts, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Joger, and Wink 2005 Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia) IUCN: Critically Endangered A2cd+4ce (2011) Italy (Sicily) CITES: Appendix I IUCN: Data Deficient (2004) Testudo muhlenbergii Schoepff 1801:132 Emys trinacris Fritz, Fattizzo, Guicking, Tripepi, Emys biguttata Say 1825:212 (4:16) Pennisi, Lenk, Joger, and Wink 2005:364 Emys (Cistuda) carolinae fusca Gray 1830e:7 (4:7) Clemmys nuchalis Dunn 1917:624 ____Emys Duméril 1805 or Agassiz 1857a (1:22, 3:16, 4:12) (7) Actinemys Agassiz 1857a:252 ____Terrapene Merrem 1820 Terrapene Merrem 1820:27 marmorata Baird and Girard 1852 (1:22, 4:15) (CBFTT Ac- Cistuda Fleming 1822:270 count) Didicla Rafinesque 1832:64 , Pacific Pond Turtle Cistudo Duméril and Bibron 1835:207 (nomen Canada (?) (British Columbia), Mexico (Baja California), novum) (4:17) USA (California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington) Pyxidemys Fitzinger 1835:123 Introduced: Australia (New South Wales) Emyoides Gray 1844:27 IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd (1996) Onychotria Gray 1849:17 TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Pariemys Cope 1895:757 Emys marmorata Baird and Girard 1852:177 Toxaspis Cope 1895:757 Emys nigra Hallowell 1854:91 (senior homonym) Cistudos Herrera 1901:36 (nomen suppressum) Clemmys wosnessenskyi Strauch 1862:114 Clemmys hesperia Hay 1903:238 † carolina Linnaeus 1758 (8) Clemmys marmorata pallida Seeliger 1945:158 Eastern , 000.186 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Canada (Ontario?), Mexico (Campeche, Quintana Roo, Terrapene bulverda Hay 1920:133 † San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán), Terrapene impressa Hay 1924:245 † USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Terrapene llanensis Oelrich 1953:35 † Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michi- c. yucatana Boulenger 1895b (1:25) gan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Yucatan Box Turtle Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Mexico (Campeche, Quintana Roo, Yucatán) Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennes- Cistudo yucatana Boulenger 1895b:330 see, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia) IUCN: Vulnerable A2bcde+4bcde (2011) coahuila Schmidt and Owens 1944 (CBFTT Account) CITES: Appendix II, as Terrapene spp. Mexico (Coahuila) c. carolina Linnaeus 1758 (8) IUCN: Endangered A2c+4c, B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2b(i,ii,iii, iv,v) (2007) Canada (Ontario?), USA (Alabama, Connecticut, Dela- CITES: Appendix I ware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Terrapene coahuila Schmidt and Owens 1944:101 Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North nelsoni Stejneger 1925 (CBFTT Account) Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Spotted Box Turtle Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia) Mexico (Chihuahua, Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora) Testudo carolina Linnaeus 1758:198 (senior homonym) IUCN: Data Deficient (1996) Testudo carinata Linnaeus 1758:198 TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Testudo brevicaudata Lacépède 1788:169 (nomen CITES: Appendix II, as Terrapene spp. rejectum) (3:6) Testudo incarcerata Bonnaterre 1789:29 n. nelsoni Stejneger 1925 Testudo incarceratostriata Bonnaterre 1789:29 Southern Spotted Box Turtle Testudo clausa Gmelin 1789:1042 Mexico (Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa) Testudo virgulata Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille Terrapene nelsoni Stejneger 1925:463 1801:100 Emys schneideri Schweigger 1812:317 n. klauberi Bogert 1943 Monoclida kentukensis Rafinesque 1822:5 (nomen Northern Spotted Box Turtle suppressum) Mexico (Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Sonora) Terrapene maculata Bell 1825a:309 Terrapene klauberi Bogert 1943:2 Terrapene nebulosa Bell 1825a:310 Emys kinosternoides Gray 1830e:12 (4:7) ornata Agassiz 1857a Cistudo virginea Agassiz 1857a:260 , Western Box Turtle Cistudo eurypygia Cope 1870b:124 † Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Sonora), USA (Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, c. bauri Taylor 1895 (8) Louisiana, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, Okla- homa, South Dakota, Texas, Wisconsin, Wyoming) USA (Florida) IUCN: Near Threatened (2011) Terrapene bauri Taylor 1895:576 CITES: Appendix II, as Terrapene spp. Terrapene innoxia Hay 1916:61 † o. ornata Agassiz 1857a c. major Agassiz 1857a (8) Ornate Box Turtle, Western Box Turtle USA (Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kan- USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Missis- sas, Louisiana, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, sippi, Texas) Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Wisconsin) Cistudo major Agassiz 1857a:445 Cistudo ornata Agassiz 1857a:392 Terrapene putnami Hay 1906:30 † (8) cimarronensis Cragin 1894:37

c. mexicana Gray 1849 (1:25) o. luteola Smith and Ramsey 1952 Mexico (San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz) Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Sonora), USA (Arizona, Cistudo (Onychotria) mexicana Gray 1849:17 New Mexico, Texas) Terrapene goldmani Stejneger 1933:119 Terrapene ornata luteola Smith and Ramsey 1952:45

c. triunguis Agassiz 1857a (8) __Platysternidae Gray 1869a (1:26) Three-toed Box Turtle Platysternidae Gray 1869a:208 USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas) ____Platysternon Gray 1831c Cistudo triunguis Agassiz 1857a:279 Platysternon Gray 1831c:106 Terrapene whitneyi Hay 1916:8 † Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.187

megacephalum Gray 1831c Big-headed Turtle a. edwardmolli Praschag, Holloway, Georges, Päckert, Cambodia, China (, , , , Hundsdörfer, and Fritz 2009 (3:21) , , Hong Kong, , , Ji- Eastern Malay River Terrapin angxi, , ), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia (West), Thailand (extirpated?), Vietnam Vietnam (extirpated) IUCN: Endangered A1d+2d (2000) affinis edwardmolli Praschag, Holloway, TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Georges, Päckert, Hundsdörfer, and Fritz 2009:64 (3:21) CITES: Appendix II baska Gray 1830d (1:31, 2:9) (CBFTT Account) m. megacephalum Gray 1831c (1:27) Chinese Big-headed Turtle Bangladesh, India (Orissa, ), Myanmar, China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Thailand (?) (extirpated?) Hainan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangsu, , Yun- IUCN: Critically Endangered A1cd (2000) nan, Zhejiang), Vietnam TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Platysternon megacephalum Gray 1831c:107 CITES: Appendix I Platysternon megacephalum tristernalis Schleich and Emys baska Gray 1830d:pl.75 Gruber 1984:67 Emys batagur Gray 1830e:9 (4:7) (Tetraonyx) cuvieri Gray 1830e:19 (4:7) m. peguense Gray 1870f Tetraonyx longicollis Lesson 1831b:297 Burmese Big-headed Turtle Emys tetraonyx Temminck and Schlegel 1834:43 (4:18) Myanmar, Thailand (nomen novum) Platysternon peguense Gray 1870f:70 Tetraonyx lessonii Duméril and Bibron 1835:338 Platysternon megacephalum vogeli Wermuth (nomen novum) 1969:372 Batagur baska ranongensis Nutaphand 1979:26 (1:31) (partim, nomen dubium) m. shiui Ernst and McCord 1987 Vietnamese Big-headed Turtle borneoensis Schlegel and Müller 1845 (1:30) Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam Platysternon megacephalum shiui Ernst and McCord Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia 1987:624 (East, West), Thailand IUCN: Critically Endangered A1bcd (2000) __Geoemydidae Theobald 1868a (1:29, 3:20) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Theobald 1868a:9 CITES: Appendix II, as Batagur spp. Batagurina Gray 1869a:185 Emys borneoensis Schlegel and Müller 1845:30 Bataguridae Gray 1870f:17 Batagur picta Gray 1862b:204 Clemmys grayi Strauch 1865:88 (nomen novum) ____Batagur Gray 1856b (1:30, 2:9) major Gray 1873c:300 Tetraonyx Gray 1830e:19 (4:7) (junior homonym) Kachuga brookei Bartlett 1895a:29 Tetronyx Lesson 1832:pl.7 (nomen oblitum) Batagur Gray 1856b:35 dhongoka Gray 1832 (1:30) Kachuga Gray 1856b:35 Three-striped Roofed Turtle Batagurella Gray 1869a:200 Bangladesh, India (, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Dongoka Gray 1869a:202 Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal (?) Callagur Gray 1870f:53 IUCN: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000) Cantorella Gray 1870f:58 TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered CITES: Appendix II, as Batagur spp. affinis Cantor 1847 (2:9) Emys dhongoka Gray 1832:pl.60 Emys duvaucelii Duméril and Bibron 1835:334 Cambodia, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (West), Kachuga hardwickii Gray 1869a:202 Myanmar (?), Singapore (extirpated), Thailand (extir- Batagur durandi Lydekker 1885:192 † pated?), Vietnam (extirpated) IUCN: Not Evaluated kachuga Gray 1831a (1:30) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Red-crowned Roofed Turtle CITES: Appendix I Bangladesh, India (Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal a. affinis Cantor 1847 (3:21) IUCN: Critically Endangered A1cd (2000) Western Malay River Terrapin TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (West), Myanmar (?), CITES: Appendix II, as Batagur spp. Singapore (extirpated), Thailand (extirpated?) Emys lineata Gray 1830e:9 (4:7) (nomen oblitum) Tetraonyx affinis Cantor 1847:6 Emys kachuga Gray 1831a:pl.74 Batagur baska ranongensis Nutaphand 1979:26 Batagur ellioti Gray 1862b:264 (partim, nomen dubium) (1:31) Kachuga fusca Gray 1870f:56 (partim) 000.188 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Batagur bakeri Lydekker 1885:190 † Myanmar Cuora amboinensis lineata McCord and Philippen 1998:51 trivittata Duméril and Bibron 1835 (1:30) aurocapitata Luo and Zong 1988 Myanmar Yellow-headed Box Turtle IUCN: Endangered A1c (2000) China (Anhui) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered IUCN: Critically Endangered A1d+2d (2000) CITES: Appendix II, as Batagur spp. TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Emys trivittata Duméril and Bibron 1835:331 CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. Kachuga peguensis Gray 1869a:200 Cuora aurocapitata Luo and Zong 1988:14 Kachuga trilineata Gray 1869a:200 Kachuga fusca Gray 1870f:56 (partim) bourreti Obst and Reimann 1994 (1:35, 3:22) Batagur iravadica Anderson 1879:736 Bourret’s Box Turtle Cambodia (?), Laos (?), Vietnam ____Cuora Gray 1856a (1:32) IUCN: Not Evaluated Cuora Gray 1856a:198 TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Cistoclemmys Gray 1863e:175 CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. Pyxidea Gray 1863e:175 Cuora galbinifrons serrata Iverson and McCord Pyxiclemmys Gray 1863e:176 1992b:434 (1:33) (partim, ) Cuora galbinifrons bourreti Obst and Reimann 1994:125 amboinensis Riche in Daudin 1801 (CBFTT Account) Southeast flavomarginata Gray 1863e (2:21) (xx) (CBFTT Account) Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, India (Arunachal Yellow-margined Box Turtle Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Nicobar Islands), Indo- China (Anhui, Fujian, , , Hunan, Jiangsu, nesia (Java, Kalimantan, Lesser Sundas, Moluccas, Jiangxi, Zhejiang), Japan (Ryukyu Archipelago), Sulawesi, Sumatra, Timor), Laos, Malaysia (East, Taiwan West), Myanmar, Philippines (, Cebu, , IUCN: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000) Luzon, Mindanao, , Negros, Palawan, TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered , Samar, Sulu Archipelago), Thailand, Timor- CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. Leste (?), Vietnam IUCN: Vulnerable A1d+2d (2000) f. flavomarginata Gray 1863e TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Yellow-margined Box Turtle CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. China (Anhui, Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang), Taiwan a. amboinensis Riche in Daudin 1801 Cistoclemmys flavomarginata Gray 1863e:175 East Indian Box Turtle flavomarginata sinensis Hsü 1930:3 (1:34, 2:21) Indonesia (Moluccas, Sulawesi), Philippines (Bohol, Terrapene culturalia Yeh 1961:59 † Cebu, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan [?], Panay, Samar) f. evelynae Ernst and Lovich 1990 (2:21) (9) Testudo melanocephala Van-Ernest in Daudin Ryukyu Yellow-margined Box Turtle 1801:128 (nomen oblitum) Japan (Ryukyu Archipelago) Testudo amboinensis Riche in Daudin 1801:309 Cuora evelynae Ernst and Lovich 1990:26 Emys (Cistuda) amboinensis leveriana Gray 1830e:7 (4:7) galbinifrons Bourret 1939b (1:35, 3:22) a. couro Schweigger 1812 Indonesian Box Turtle China (Guangxi, Hainan), Laos, Vietnam Indonesia (Java, Lesser Sundas, Sumatra, Timor), IUCN: Critically Endangered A1d+2d (2000) Timor-Leste (?) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Emys couro Schweigger 1812:315 CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. Terrapene bicolor Bell 1826:485 Cuora galbinifrons Bourret 1939b:11 Cyclemus flavomarginata hainanensis Li 1958:234 a. kamaroma Rummler and Fritz 1991 Cuora galbinifrons serrata Iverson and McCord Malayan Box Turtle 1992b:434 (1:33) (partim, hybrid) Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Nicobar Islands), Indo- mccordi Ernst 1988 nesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (East, West), Laos, McCord’s Box Turtle Myanmar (?), Philippines (Palawan, Sulu Archipela- China (Guangxi) go), Thailand, Vietnam IUCN: Critically Endangered A1d+2d (2000) Cuora amboinensis kamaroma Rummler and Fritz TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered 1991:17 CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. Cuora mccordi Ernst 1988:466 a. lineata McCord and Philippen 1998 Burmese Box Turtle mouhotii Gray 1862a (1:32) Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.189

Keeled Box Turtle CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. China (Guangdong [?], Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Yun- Cyclemys yunnanensis Boulenger 1906:567 nan), India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram [?]), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand (?), Vietnam zhoui Zhao in Zhao, Zhou, and Ye 1990 IUCN: Endangered A1d+2d (2000) Zhou’s Box Turtle TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered China (Guangxi?), Vietnam (?) CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. IUCN: Critically Endangered A1d+2d (2000) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered m. mouhotii Gray 1862a CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. Northern Cuora zhoui Zhao in Zhao, Zhou, and Ye 1990:213 China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Yun- Cuora pallidicephala McCord and Iverson 1991:407 nan), India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram [?]), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand (?), Vietnam ____Cyclemys Bell 1834 (1:38, 2:6, 3:24) Cyclemys mouhotii Gray 1862a:157 Cyclemys Bell 1834:17 Cuora galbinifrons serrata Iverson and McCord 1992b:434 (1:33) (partim, hybrid) atripons Iverson and McCord 1997 Western Black-bridged Turtle m. obsti Fritz, Andreas, and Lehr 1998 Cambodia, Thailand Southern Keeled Box Turtle IUCN: Not Evaluated Vietnam TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened Pyxidea mouhotii obsti Fritz, Andreas, and Lehr 1998:33 Cyclemys atripons Iverson and McCord 1997:629

pani Song 1984 dentata Gray 1831d (2:7) Pan’s Box Turtle Asian Leaf Turtle China (, Hubei, , ) Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia IUCN: Critically Endangered A1d+2d (2000) (East, West), Philippines (Palawan, Sulu Archipela- TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered go), Singapore, Thailand (peninsular) CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. IUCN: Near Threatened (2000) Cuora pani Song 1984:330 TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Cuora chriskarannarum Ernst and McCord 1987:624 Emys dhor Gray 1830e:8 (4:7) (nomen oblitum) Emys dentata Gray 1831d:errata[btw78-79] (nomen picturata Lehr, Fritz, and Obst 1998 (1:35, 3:22) novum) Southern Vietnam Box Turtle Cyclemys orbiculata Bell 1834:17 Vietnam Cistudo diardii Duméril and Bibron 1835:227 (no- IUCN: Not Evaluated men novum) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Cyclemys ovata Gray 1863e:178 CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. Cyclemys bellii Gray 1863e:179 Cuora galbinifrons picturata Lehr, Fritz, and Obst 1998:5 enigmatica Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink, and trifasciata Bell 1825a (1:36, 3:23) Hundsdörfer 2008 (2:6) Chinese Three-striped Box Turtle, Enigmatic Leaf Turtle China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Brunei (?), Malaysia (East, West), Singapore, Indonesia Kong), Laos, Vietnam (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra) IUCN: Critically Endangered A1d+2d (2000) IUCN: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. Cyclemys enigmatica Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Sternothaerus trifasciatus Bell 1825a:305 Wink, and Hundsdörfer 2008:381 iversoni Pritchard and McCord 1991:140 (1:33) (partim, hybrid) fusca Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink, and Hunds- pseudocellata Iverson and McCord dörfer 2008 (2:6) 1992a:426 (1:33) (partim, hybrid) Myanmar Brown Leaf Turtle Ocadia philippeni McCord and Iverson 1992:13 (1:33) Myanmar (partim, hybrid) IUCN: Not Evaluated Clemmys guangxiensis Qin 1992:60 (partim, hybrid) TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Cuora [cyclornata] cyclornata Blanck, McCord, and Cyclemys fusca Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Le 2006:10 (1:36, 3:23) Wink, and Hundsdörfer 2008:383 Cuora cyclornata meieri Blanck, McCord, and Le 2006:10 (1:36, 3:23) gemeli Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink, and Hunds- dörfer 2008 (2:6) yunnanensis Boulenger 1906 (1:37) Assam Leaf Turtle Bangladesh, India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Megha- China (Yunnan) laya, Mizoram, West Bengal) IUCN: Critically Endangered B2ab(ii,iii,v), D (2009) IUCN: Not Evaluated 000.190 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Hardella Gray 1870f:58 Cyclemys gemeli Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink, and Hundsdörfer 2008:384 thurjii Gray 1831d (1:40) (CBFTT Account) Crowned River Turtle oldhamii Gray 1863e (2:8) Bangladesh, India (Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Me- Southeast Asian Leaf Turtle ghalaya, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal, Cambodia, China (?) (Yunnan [?]), Indonesia (Kaliman- Pakistan tan, Sumatra), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd+2cd (2000) IUCN: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Emys thuryi Gray 1830e:8 (4:7) (nomen oblitum) Cyclemys oldhamii Gray 1863e:178 Emys thurjii Gray 1831d:22 (nomen novum) Cyclemys dhor shanensis Annandale 1918:67 Emys flavonigra Lesson 1831a:120 tcheponensis Bourret 1939a:7 Kachuga oldhami Gray 1869a:200 Cyclemys tiannanensis Kou 1989:193 Hardella indi Gray 1870f:58 (1:40) Batagur falconeri Lydekker 1885:187 † pulchristriata Fritz, Gaulke, and Lehr 1997 Batagur cautleyi Lydekker 1885:194 † Eastern Black-bridged Leaf Turtle Cambodia, Vietnam ____Heosemys Stejneger 1902 IUCN: Not Evaluated Stejneger 1902:238 TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Hieremys Smith 1916:50 Cyclemys pulchristriata Fritz, Gaulke, and Lehr 1997:183 annandalii Boulenger 1903a (1:41) ____Geoclemys Gray 1856b Yellow-headed Temple Turtle Geoclemys Gray 1856b:17 Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia (West), Myanmar (?), Thailand, Vietnam hamiltonii Gray 1830e (4:7) (CBFTT Account) IUCN: Endangered A1cd+2d (2000) Spotted Pond Turtle, TFTSG Draft 2011: (Critically) Endangered Bangladesh, India (Assam, Bihar, Jammu, Meghalaya, CITES: Appendix II Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Cyclemys annandalii Boulenger 1903a:142 Nepal, Pakistan IUCN: Vulnerable A1d+2d (2000) depressa Anderson 1875 TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered CITES: Appendix I Myanmar Emys hamiltonii Gray 1830e:9 (4:7) IUCN: Critically Endangered A2cd, B1+2c (2000) Emys guttata Gray 1831b:pl.76 TFTSG Draft 2011: (Critically) Endangered Emys picquotii Lesson 1831a:120 CITES: Appendix II pictus Murray 1884:107 Geoemyda depressa Anderson 1875:284 Clemmys palaeindica Lydekker 1885:178 † Geomyda arakana Theobald 1876:vii

____Geoemyda Gray 1834b (1:39) grandis Gray 1860d Geoemyda Gray 1834b:100 Giant Asian Pond Turtle Nicoria Gray 1856b:17 Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia (West), Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam japonica Fan 1931 (CBFTT Account) IUCN: Vulnerable A1d+2cd (2000) Ryukyu Black-breasted Leaf Turtle TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Japan (Ryukyu Archipelago) CITES: Appendix II IUCN: Endangered A1ce, B1+2c (2000) Geoemyda grandis Gray 1860d:218 Geoemyda spengleri japonica Fan 1931:148 spinosa Gray 1830a spengleri Gmelin 1789 (3:25) (CBFTT Account) Black-breasted Leaf Turtle Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra, Kalimantan), Malaysia China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan [?], (East, West), Myanmar, Philippines (Sulu Archipela- Jiangxi), Laos, Vietnam go [Tawi-Tawi]), Singapore, Thailand IUCN: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000) IUCN: Endangered A1bcd (2000) TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered CITES: Appendix III (China) CITES: Appendix II Testudo spengleri Gmelin 1789:1043 Emys spinosae Gray 1830a:pl.77 Testudo serrata Shaw 1802:51 (junior homonym) Emys spinosa Gray 1831d:20 Testudo tricarinata Bory de Saint-Vincent 1804:308 (junior homonym) ____Leucocephalon McCord, Iverson, Spinks, and Shaffer 2000 Geoemyda spengleri sinensis Fan 1931:146 Leucocephalon McCord, Iverson, Spinks, and Shaf- fer 2000:86 ____Hardella Gray 1870f Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.191

yuwonoi McCord, Iverson, and Boeadi 1995 (1:42) (CBFTT Account) c. caspica Gmelin 1774 (3:27) Northern Indonesia (Sulawesi) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iraq, Russia (Dagestan), IUCN: Critically Endangered A1cd+2cd, C1 (2000) Syria, Turkey, Turkmenistan TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Testudo caspica Gmelin 1774:59 CITES: Appendix II Geoemyda yuwonoi McCord, Iverson, and Boeadi c. siebenrocki Wischuf and Fritz in Fritz and Wischuf 1995:311 1997 (3:27) Southern Caspian Turtle ____Malayemys Lindholm 1931 Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia (Northern) Damonia Gray 1869a:193 (junior homonym) Emys grayi Günther 1869:504 (junior homonym) Lindholm 1931:30 (nomen novum) Mauremys caspica siebenrocki Wischuf and Fritz in Fritz and Wischuf 1997:223 macrocephala Gray 1859 (1:43) Malayan -eating Turtle c. ventrimaculata Wischuf and Fritz 1996 (3:27) Cambodia, Malaysia (West), Myanmar, Thailand Spot-bellied Caspian Turtle IUCN: Not Evaluated Iran TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Mauremys caspica ventrimaculata Wischuf and Fritz CITES: Appendix II 1996:113 Geoclemmys macrocephala Gray 1859:479 japonica Temminck and Schlegel 1834 (4:18) (CBFTT Account) subtrijuga Schlegel and Müller 1845 Mekong Snail-eating Turtle Japan (, Kyoshu, Shikoku) Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam IUCN: Near Threatened (2000) Introduced: Indonesia (Java) Emys vulgaris japonica Temminck and Schlegel IUCN: Vulnerable A1d+2d (2000) 1834:139 (4:18) TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable CITES: Appendix II leprosa Schweigger 1812 Emys herrmanni Schweigger 1812:311 (nomen dubium) Mediterranean Pond Turtle, Spanish Terrapin Emys subtrijuga Schlegel and Müller 1845:30 Algeria, France, Libya, Mauritania (?), Morocco, Portu- Emys nuchalis Blyth 1863:82 gal, Spain (Continental), Tunisia Damonia crassiceps Gray 1870f:43 IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Damonia oblonga Gray 1871c:367 TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable

____Mauremys Gray 1869b (1:44, 3:26) l. leprosa Schweigger 1812 (1:45) Mauremys Gray 1869b:500 Mediterranean Pond Turtle Ocadia Gray 1870f:35 Algeria, France, Morocco, Portugal, Spain (Continental) Emmenia Gray 1870f:38 Emys leprosa Schweigger 1812:298 Eryma Gray 1870f:44 (junior homonym) Emys lutescens Schweigger 1812:302 Cathaiemys Lindholm 1931:29 Emys marmorea Spix 1824:13 Pseudocadia Lindholm 1931:30 Clemmys sigriz Michahelles 1829:1295 Chinemys Smith 1931:xxvii Emys vulgaris Gray 1830e:9 (4:7) Annamemys Bourret 1939b:15 Emys laticeps Gray 1854a:134 Emys fuliginosus Gray 1860c:232 annamensis Siebenrock 1903a (1:44) Emys laniaria Gray 1869b:499 , Annam Pond Turtle Emys flavipes Gray 1869c:643 Vietnam Emys fraseri Gray 1869c:643 (partim, nomen dubium) IUCN: Critically Endangered A1d+2d (2000) Mauremys leprosa atlantica Schleich 1996:29 (1:45) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Mauremys leprosa erhardi Schleich 1996:29 (1:45) CITES: Appendix II Mauremys leprosa marokkensis Schleich 1996:29 (1:45) Cyclemys annamensis Siebenrock 1903a:341 Mauremys leprosa wernerkaestlei Schleich 1996:29 (1:45) Annamemys merkleni Bourret 1939b:15 Ocadia glyphistoma McCord and Iverson 1994:53 (1:33) l. saharica Schleich 1996 (1:45) (partim, hybrid) Saharan Pond Turtle Algeria, Libya, Mauritania (?), Morocco, Tunisia caspica Gmelin 1774 (3:27) Emys fraseri Gray 1869c:643 (partim, nomen dubium) Caspian Turtle, Caspian Terrapin Mauremys leprosa saharica Schleich 1996:29 (1:45) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Mauremys leprosa zizi Schleich 1996:29 (1:45) Kuwait, Russia (Dagestan), Saudi Arabia (Northern), Mauremys leprosa vanmeerhaeghei Bour and Maran Syria, Turkey, Turkmenistan 1999:25 (1:45) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern mutica Cantor 1842 000.192 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Yellow Pond Turtle rivulata Valenciennes in Bory de Saint-Vincent 1833 China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Western Caspian Turtle, Balkan Terrapin Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Japan (Ryukyu Archipelago), Taiwan, Vietnam Cyprus, Greece, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Macedonia, Introduced: Japan (mainland) Montenegro, Serbia, Syria, Turkey IUCN: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000) IUCN: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern CITES: Appendix II Emys rivulata Valenciennes in Bory de Saint-Vincent 1833:pl.9 (senior homonym) m. mutica Cantor 1842 Emys tristrami Gray 1869a:190 Yellow Pond Turtle Emys caspica arabica Gray 1870f:36 China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Emys pannonica Gray 1870f:36 Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Clemmys caspica orientalis Bedriaga 1881:335 Taiwan, Vietnam Clemmys caspica obsoleta Schreiber 1912:946 Emys muticus Cantor 1842:482 Clemmys caspica cretica Mertens 1946:115 Clemmys schmackeri Boettger 1894:129 Annamemys grochovskiae Dao 1957:1214 sinensis Gray 1834a (1:44) Mauremys iversoni Pritchard and McCord 1991:140 (1:33) Chinese Stripe-necked Turtle (partim, hybrid) China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Jiangxi), Clemmys guangxiensis Qin 1992:60 (partim, hybrid) Laos, Taiwan, Vietnam McCord 1997:555 (1:33) IUCN: Endangered A1cd (2000) (partim, hybrid) TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered CITES: Appendix III (China) m. kami Yasukawa, Ota, and Iverson 1996 Emys sinensis Gray 1834a:53 Ryukyu Yellow Pond Turtle Emys bennettii Gray 1844:21 Japan (Ryukyu Archipelago) Testudo anyangensis Ping 1930:217 † Mauremys mutica kami Yasukawa, Ota, and Iverson Ocadia sinensis changwui Tao 1988:229 † 1996:303 Ocadia philippeni McCord and Iverson 1992:13 (1:33) (partim, hybrid) nigricans Gray 1834a Ocadia glyphistoma McCord and Iverson 1994:53 (1:33) Chinese Red-necked Turtle (partim, hybrid) China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan [?]), Vietnam (?) IUCN: Endangered A1d+2d (2000) ____Melanochelys Gray 1869a TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Melanochelys Gray 1869a:187 CITES: Appendix III (China) Chaibassia Theobald 1876:6 Emys nigricans Gray 1834a:53 Geoclemys kwangtungensis Pope 1934:1 tricarinata Blyth 1856 (CBFTT Account) Geoclemys palaeannamitica Bourret 1941:10 † (no- , Three-keeled Land Turtle men dubium) Bangladesh, India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Ut- tar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal reevesii Gray1831d (1:46) (CBFTT Account) IUCN: Vulnerable B1+2c (2000) Reeves’ Turtle, Chinese Three-keeled Pond Turtle TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, CITES: Appendix I Guizhou, , Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Geomyda tricarinata Blyth 1856:714 Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shangdong, , Shaanxi, Chaibassia theobaldi Anderson 1879:718 Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan (prehistoric Nicoria tricarinata sivalensis Lydekker 1889:100 † introduction?), North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan (prehistoric introduction?) trijuga Schweigger 1812 (CBFTT Account) Introduced: Indonesia (Timor), Japan, Palau, Timor-Leste IUCN: Endangered A2bcd+4bcd (2011) Bangladesh, China (?) (Yunnan), India (Andhra Pradesh, CITES: Appendix III (China) Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maha- Emys reevesii Gray 1831d:73 rashtra, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Emys vulgaris picta Schlegel 1844:127 Pradesh, West Bengal), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan Emys japonica Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and (?), Sri Lanka Duméril 1851:8 (nomen novum) Introduced: British Indian Ocean Territory (Chagos Damonia unicolor Gray 1873d:78 Archipelago), Maldives Geoclemys grangeri Schmidt 1925:1 IUCN: Near Threatened (2000) Geoclemys paracaretta Chang 1929:1 TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened Chinemys megalocephala Fang 1934:158 Chinemys pani Tao 1985:45 † t. trijuga Schweigger 1812 Mauremys pritchardi McCord 1997:555 (1:33) (partim, Indian Black Turtle hybrid) India (Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharash- tra, Tamil Nadu), Pakistan (?) Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.193

Emys trijuga Schweigger 1812:310 IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd+2cd (2000) Emys belangeri Lesson 1831b:291 TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Emys trijuga madraspatana Anderson 1879:729 CITES: Appendix II Clemmys theobaldi Lydekker 1885:173 † Emys platynota Gray 1834a:54 Geoemyda trijuga plumbea Annandale 1915a:192 Cyclemys giebelii Hubrecht 1881:45

t. coronata Anderson 1879 ____Orlitia Gray 1873b Cochin Black Turtle Orlitia Gray 1873b:156 India (Kerala) Heteroclemmys Peters 1874:622 Emys trijuga coronata Anderson 1879:729 Brookeia Bartlett 1896:113 Adelochelys Baur 1896:314 t. edeniana Theobald 1876 (1:47) Liemys Boulenger 1897a:468 Burmese Black Turtle China (?) (Yunnan), Myanmar borneensis Gray 1873b Melanochelys edeniana Theobald 1876:12 Malaysian Giant Turtle Emys trijuga burmana Anderson 1879:723 Brunei (?), Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia Geoemyda trijuga wiroti Reimann in Nutaphand (East, West) 1979:177 IUCN: Endangered A1d+2d (2000) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered t. indopeninsularis Annandale 1913 CITES: Appendix II Bengal Black Turtle Orlitia borneensis Gray 1873b:157 Bangladesh, India (Assam, Bihar, Meghalaya, Miz- Clemmys (Heteroclemmys) gibbera Peters 1874:622 oram, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal Hardella baileyi Bartlett 1895b:83 Geoemyda indopeninsularis Annandale 1913:71 Adelochelys crassa Baur 1896:319 Liemys inornata Boulenger 1897a:469 t. parkeri Deraniyagala 1939 Parker’s Black Turtle ____Pangshura Gray 1856b (1:48) Sri Lanka Gray 1856b:36 Melanochelys trijuga parkeri Deraniyagala 1939:269 Cuchoa Gray 1870f:61 Emia Gray 1870f:61 t. thermalis Lesson 1830 Jerdonella Gray 1870f:61 Sri Lanka Black Turtle India (Tamil Nadu), Sri Lanka smithii Gray 1863g Emys thermalis Lesson 1830:86 Emys sebae Gray 1831d:75 Bangladesh, India (Assam, Bihar, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh), Nepal, Pakistan ____Morenia Gray 1870f IUCN: Near Threatened (2000) Gray 1870f:62 TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern or Near Threatened CITES: Appendix II, as Pangshura spp. ocellata Duméril and Bibron 1835 (CBFTT Account) Burmese Eyed Turtle s. smithii Gray 1863g China (?) (Yunnan), Myanmar Brown Roofed Turtle IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd+2cd (2000) Bangladesh, India (Assam, Bihar, Punjab, Uttar TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Pradesh), Pakistan CITES: Appendix I Batagur smithii Gray 1863g:253 Emys ocellata Duméril and Bibron 1835:329 Emys berdmorei Blyth 1859:281 s. pallidipes Moll 1987 Pale-footed Roofed Turtle petersi Anderson 1879 (CBFTT Account) India (Bihar, Uttar Pradesh), Nepal Kachuga smithii pallidipes Moll 1987:8 Bangladesh, India (Assam, Bihar, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal sylhetensis Jerdon 1870 (CBFTT Account) IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd+2d (2000) TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Bangladesh, India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Megha- Batagur (Morenia) petersi Anderson 1879:761 laya, Mizoram, Nagaland) IUCN: Endangered B1+2c (2000) ____Notochelys Gray 1863e TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Notochelys Gray 1863e:177 (senior homonym) CITES: Appendix II, as Pangshura spp. Pangshura sylhetensis Jerdon 1870:69 platynota Gray 1834a Malayan Flat-shelled Turtle tecta Gray 1830b Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (East, West), Singapore, Thailand Bangladesh, India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, 000.194 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Gujarat, Jammu, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Punjab, Colombia (Norte de Santander), Venezuela (Mérida, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal, Pakistan Táchira, Trujillo, Zulia) IUCN: Least Concern (2000) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable CITES: Appendix I Geoemyda punctularia diademata Mertens 1954:4 Emys tectum Gray 1830b:pl.72 Emys trigibbosa Lesson 1831a:121 funerea Cope 1876 Pangshura dura Gray 1869a:205 Black Wood Turtle Pangshura ventricosa Gray 1870f:56 Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) tentoria Gray 1834a Chelopus funereus Cope 1876:154 Geoemyda costaricensis Kanberg 1930:162 Bangladesh, India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Mad- hya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar melanosterna Gray 1861b Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal Colombian Wood Turtle IUCN: Least Concern (2000) Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Boyacá, Cal- TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern das, Cauca, Cesar, Chocó, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, CITES: Appendix II, as Pangshura spp. La Guajira, Magdalena, Nariño, Santander, Sucre, Valle del Cauca), Ecuador, Panama t. tentoria Gray 1834a (1:49) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Indian Tent Turtle TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Bangladesh, India (Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Geoclemmys melanosterna Gray 1861b:205 Maharashtra, Orissa) Emys tentoria Gray 1834a:54 nasuta Boulenger 1902a (CBFTT Account) Emys (Pangshura) tectum intermedia Blanford 1870:339 Large-nosed Wood Turtle Pangshura leithii Gray 1870f:60 Colombia (Cauca, Chocó, Nariño, Valle del Cauca), Ecuador t. circumdata Mertens 1969 IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Pink-ringed Tent Turtle TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened India (Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh) Nicoria nasuta Boulenger 1902a:53 Kachuga tecta circumdata Mertens 1969a:24 pulcherrima Gray 1856b t. flaviventer Günther 1864 (1:49) Yellow-bellied Tent Turtle Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico Bangladesh, India (Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal (Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Pangshura flaviventer Günther 1864:35 Sinaloa, Sonora), Nicaragua IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] ____Rhinoclemmys Fitzinger 1835 (3:20) Chemelys Rafinesque 1832:64 (nomen suppressum) p. pulcherrima Gray 1856b Rhinoclemmys Fitzinger 1835:115 Guerrero Wood Turtle Callopsis Gray 1863c:183 Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca) Emys pulcherrimus Gray 1856b:25 annulata Gray 1860b Brown Wood Turtle p. incisa Bocourt 1868 Colombia (Antioquia, Cauca, Chocó, Córdoba, Nariño, Incised Wood Turtle Valle del Cauca), Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico Nicaragua, Panama (Chiapas, Oaxaca) IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Emys incisa Bocourt 1868:121 TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient (South America regional) Rhinoclemmys frontalis Gray 1873a:144 Geoclemmys annulata Gray 1860b:231 Rhinoclemmys bocourtii Gray 1873e:111 Chelopus gabbii Cope 1876:153 p. manni Dunn 1930 areolata Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Duméril 1851 Central American Wood Turtle (CBFTT Account) Costa Rica, Nicaragua Furrowed Wood Turtle Geoemyda manni Dunn 1930:33 Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatán) p. rogerbarbouri Ernst 1978 IUCN: Near Threatened (2007) Western Mexican Wood Turtle Emys areolata Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Mexico (Colima, Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora) Duméril 1851:10 Callopsis pulcherrima rogerbarbouri Ernst 1978:127

diademata Mertens 1954 punctularia Daudin 1801 (2:12, 3:28) Maracaibo Wood Turtle Spot-legged Turtle Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.195

Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Roraima), French quadriocellata Siebenrock 1903a (2:24) Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Four-eyed Turtle Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan), Laos, Vietnam Monagas) IUCN: Endangered A1d+2d (2000) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern CITES: Appendix III (China) Clemmys bealii quadriocellata Siebenrock p. punctularia Daudin 1801 (2:12, 3:28) 1903a:336 (senior homonym) Eastern Spot-legged Turtle Clemmys bealii quadriocellata Li 1958:234 (junior Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Roraima), French homonym) Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad, Venezuela Clemmys beali insulensis Adler 1962:135 (nomen (Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Monagas) novum) (2:24) Testudo scabra Linnaeus 1758:198 (nomen oblitum Sacalia pseudocellata Iverson and McCord and senior homonym) (2:12) 1992a:426 (1:33) (partim, hybrid) Testudo verrucosa Walbaum 1782:116 (nomen il- legitimum) ____Siebenrockiella Lindholm 1929 Testudo verrucosa Suckow 1798:40 (junior hom- Bellia Gray 1869a:197 (junior homonym) onym) Lindholm 1929:280 (nomen novum) Testudo punctularia Daudin 1801:249 Panyaenemys Diesmos, Parham, Stuart, and Brown Testudo dorsata Schoepff 1801:136 (nomen suppres- 2005:31 sum) Emys dorsualis Spix 1824:11 crassicollis Gray 1830e (4:7) Rhinoclemys bellii Gray 1863c:183 Geoclemys callocephalus Gray 1863h:254 Brunei (?), Cambodia, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Rhinoclemys lunata Gray 1873a:144 Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia (East, West), Myanmar, Rhinoclemys ventricosa Gray 1873a:145 Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd+2cd (2000) p. flammigera Paolillo 1985 (2:25, 3:28) TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Upper Orinoco Spot-legged Turtle CITES: Appendix II Venezuela (Amazonas) Emys crassicollis Gray 1830e:8 (4:7) Rhinoclemmys punctularia flammigera Paolillo Emys nigra Blyth 1856:713 (junior homonym) 1985:293 Pangshura cochinchinensis Tirant 1884:15

rubida Cope 1870a leytensis Taylor 1920 (1:50) (CBFTT Account) Mexican Spotted Wood Turtle , Palawan Forest Turtle Guatemala (?), Mexico (Chiapas, Colima, Jalisco, Philippines (Palawan [not Leyte]) Michoacán, Oaxaca) IUCN: Critically Endangered A2d, B1+2c (2000) IUCN: Near Threatened (2007) CITES: Appendix II Heosemys leytensis Taylor 1920:131 r. rubida Cope 1870a Oaxaca Wood Turtle ____Vijayachelys Praschag, Schmidt, Fritzsch, Müller, Gemel, and Guatemala (?), Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca) Fritz 2006 (1:51) Chelopus rubidus Cope 1870a:148 Vijayachelys Praschag, Schmidt, Fritzsch, Müller, Rhinoclemmys mexicana Gray 1870b:659 Gemel, and Fritz 2006:151

r. perixantha Mosimann and Rabb 1953 silvatica Henderson 1912 Colima Wood Turtle Cochin Forest Mexico (Colima, Jalisco, Michoacán) India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Geoemyda rubida perixantha Mosimann and Rabb IUCN: Endangered B1+2c (2000) 1953:1 TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Geoemyda silvatica Henderson 1912:217 ____Sacalia Gray 1870f Sacalia Gray 1870f:35 __Testudinidae Batsch 1788 Testudines Batsch 1788:437 bealei Gray 1831d Testudia Rafinesque 1814:66 Beal’s Eyed Turtle Tortudines Schmid 1819:10 China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi?, Guizhou, Testudinidae Gray 1825:210 Hong Kong, Jiangxi) Tylopodae Wagler 1828:861 IUCN: Endangered A1d+2d (2000) Dysmydae Ritgen 1828:270 TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered CITES: Appendix III (China) ____Aldabrachelys Loveridge and Williams 1957 or Dipsochelys Cistuda bealei Gray 1831d:71 Bour 1982 (1:52, 1:53, 2:13, 3:29, 3:30) Fitzinger 1843:29 (junior homonym) 000.196 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Aldabrachelys Loveridge and Williams 1957:166 Madagascar Dipsochelys Bour 1982:117 IUCN: Critically Endangered A4ad, B2ab(v), C1, E (2008) gigantea Schweigger 1812 or dussumieri Gray 1831d CITES: Appendix I (1:54, 1:55, 2:13, 3:29, 3:30) (10) Testudo yniphora Vaillant 1885:440 Giant Tortoise Seychelles (Aldabra, Granitic Islands) ____Chelonoidis Fitzinger 1835 (1:52) IUCN: Vulnerable D2 (1996) Chelonoidis Fitzinger 1835:112 CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Gopher Gray 1870c:706 Elephantopus Gray 1874:724 (junior homonym) g. gigantea Schweigger 1812 or d. dussumieri Gray Pampatestudo Lindholm 1929:285 1831d (1:54, 2:13, 3:29, 3:30) (10) Darwintestudo Antenbrink-Vetter and Vetter 1998:4 Seychelles (Aldabra) carbonaria Spix 1824 (4:19) Introduced: Mauritius (Aigrettes, Rodrigues, Round), Red-footed Tortoise Seychelles (Assumption, Astove, Cerf, Cosmelodo, Argentina (Chaco, Formosa, Salta), Bolivia (Beni, Cousin, Curieuse, D’Arros, Desroches, Farquhar, Cochabamba, La Paz, Pando, Santa Cruz), Brazil Fregate, Moyenne, North, Remire), Tanzania (Zanzi- (Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Maranhão, Mato bar [Changuu]) Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, Pernambuco, Testudo gigantea Schweigger 1812:327 (partim, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Rondônia, Roraima, Sergipe), misidentified type)(2:13, 3:29) Colombia (Antioquia, Arauca, Atlántico, Bolívar, Testudo dussumieri Gray 1831d:9 (3:29) Boyacá, Caldas, Casanare, Cauca, Cesar, Chocó, Testudo elephantina Duméril and Bibron 1835:110 Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Guainía, La Guajira, Testudo ponderosa Günther 1877:35 Magdalena, Meta, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Vi- Testudo sumeirei Sauzier 1892:396 chada), French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Paraguay, Testudo gouffei Rothschild 1906:753 Peru (San Martín), Suriname, Venezuela (Apure, Bar- inas, Bolívar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Falcón, Guárico, g. or d. arnoldi Bour 1982 (1:54, 3:30) (10) (CBFTT Account) Mérida, Miranda, Portuguesa, Sucre, Yaracuy, Zulia) Arnold’s Giant Tortoise Introduced (modern or prehistoric?): Anguilla, Antigua Seychelles (Mahé?, North? [all extirpated]) and Barbuda, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Introduced: Seychelles (Silhouette) Colombia (Providencia, San Andrés), Dominica, Dipsochelys arnoldi Bour 1982:118 Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua (Maíz Grande), Saint g. or d. daudinii Duméril and Bibron 1835 (Extinct) (3:30) Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Daudin’s Giant Tortoise Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, US Virgin Islands Seychelles (Mahé? [extinct]) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Testudo daudinii Duméril and Bibron 1835:123 TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. g. or d. hololissa Günther 1877 (3:30) (10) (CBFTT Account) Testudo carbonaria Spix 1824:22 Seychelles Giant Tortoise Testudo hercules truncata Gray 1830e:3 (4:7, 4:20) Seychelles (Cerf?, Cousine?, Fregate?, Mahé?, Testudo boiei Wagler 1833:pl.13 Praslin?, Round?, Silhouette? [all extirpated]) Introduced: Seychelles (Cousine, Round) chilensis Gray 1870a (1:57, 4:21) Testudo hololissa Günther 1877:39 Pampas Tortoise, Southern Argentine Tortoise Argentina (Buenos Aires, La Pampa, Mendoza, Rio ____Astrochelys Gray 1873i (1:52) Negro) Gray 1873i:4 IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd (1996) Angonoka Le, Raxworthy, McCord, and Mertz TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable 2006:528 (3:31) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo (Gopher) chilensis Gray 1870a:190 radiata Shaw 1802 Testudo argentina Sclater 1870:471 (nomen novum) donosobarrosi Freiberg 1973:83 Madagascar Introduced: Mauritius (Rodrigues, Round), Réunion denticulata Linnaeus 1766 (4:19) IUCN: Critically Endangered A4d, E (2008) Yellow-footed Tortoise CITES: Appendix I Bolivia (Beni, La Paz, Pando, Santa Cruz), Brazil (Acre, Testudo coui Daudin 1801:271 (nomen oblitum) Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Testudo radiata Shaw 1802:22 Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, Testudo desertorum Grandidier 1869:257 Rio de Janeiro, Roraima), Colombia (Amazonas, Ca- Testudo hypselonota Bourret 1941:9 quetá, Guainía, Meta, Putumayo, Vaupés, Vichada), Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru (Cusco, yniphora Vaillant 1885 (1:56, 3:31) Loreto, Madre de Dios, Pasco, Ucayali), Suriname, Ploughshare Tortoise, Angonoka Trinidad, Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar, Delta Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.197

Amacuro, Monagas) IUCN: Vulnerable D1+2 (1996), as Chelonoidis nigra Introduced: Guadeloupe chathamensis IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd+2cd (1996) CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened Testudo wallacei Rothschild 1902:619 (partim, no- CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. men dubium) Testudo denticulata Linnaeus 1766:352 (senior homonym) Testudo chathamensis Van Denburgh 1907:4 Testudo tabulata Walbaum 1782:122 (nomen illegitimum) Testudo tessellata Schneider 1792:262 darwini Van Denburgh 1907 Testudo tabulata Schoepff 1793:56 San Salvador Giant Tortoise, James Island Giant Tortoise Testudo gigantea Schweigger 1812:327 (partim, Ecuador (Galápagos: San Salvador [James]) misidentified type)(2:13, 3:29) IUCN: Endangered C2a (1996), as Chelonoidis nigra Testudo tabulata cayennensis Schweigger 1812:445 darwini Testudo hercules Spix 1824:20 CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra Testudo sculpta Spix 1824:21 Testudo wallacei Rothschild 1902:619 (partim, no- Testudo cagado Spix 1824:23 men dubium) Testudo darwini Van Denburgh 1907:4 petersi Freiberg 1973 (1:57, 4:21) , Northern Argentine Tortoise duncanensis Garman in Pritchard 1996 (1:60) Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Tarija), Argentina (Catamarca, Pinzon Giant Tortoise, Duncan Island Giant Tortoise Chaco, Córdoba, Formosa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Salta, Ecuador (Galápagos: Pinzón [Duncan]) San Juan, San Luis, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, IUCN: Extinct in the Wild (1996), as Chelonoidis nigra Tucumán), Paraguay duncanensis IUCN: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo ephippium Günther 1875:271 (partim, mis- Geochelone petersi Freiberg 1973:86 identified type) Geochelone nigra duncanensis Garman in Pritchard ______Chelonoidis nigra (3:32) 1996:50 Galapagos Giant Tortoises hoodensis Van Denburgh 1907 nigra Quoy and Gaimard 1824 (Extinct) (1:58, 3:33) Espanola Giant Tortoise, Hood Island Giant Tortoise Floreana Giant Tortoise, Charles Island Giant Tortoise Ecuador (Galápagos: Española [Hood]) Ecuador (Galápagos: Floreana [Charles] [extinct]) IUCN: Critically Endangered D (1996), as Chelonoidis IUCN: Extinct (1996), as Chelonoidis nigra nigra nigra hoodensis CITES: Appendix I CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra Testudo californiana Quoy and Gaimard 1824a:90 Testudo hoodensis Van Denburgh 1907:3 (nomen oblitum) Testudo nigra Quoy and Gaimard 1824b:174 (nomen phantastica Van Denburgh 1907 (Extinct) (1:62) novum) Fernandina Giant Tortoise, Narborough Island Giant Testudo galapagoensis Baur 1889:1044 Tortoise Ecuador (Galápagos: Fernandina [Narborough] [extinct]) abingdonii Günther 1877 (3:34) IUCN: Not Evaluated Pinta Giant Tortoise, Abingdon Island Giant Tortoise TFTSG Draft 2011: Extinct Ecuador (Galápagos: Pinta [Abingdon] [extirpated]) CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra IUCN: Extinct in the Wild (1996), as Chelonoidis nigra Testudo phantasticus Van Denburgh 1907:4 abingdoni CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra porteri Rothschild 1903 (1:63, 3:35) Testudo ephippium Günther 1875:271 (partim, mis- Santa Cruz Giant Tortoise, Indefatigable Island Giant identified type) Tortoise Testudo abingdonii Günther 1877:85 Ecuador (Galápagos: Santa Cruz [Indefatigable]) IUCN: Endangered C2a (1996), as Chelonoidis nigra becki Rothschild 1901 porteri Volcan Wolf Giant Tortoise CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra Ecuador (Galápagos: Isabela [Albemarle]) Testudo nigrita Duméril and Bibron 1835:80 (nomen IUCN: Vulnerable D1+2 (1996), as Chelonoidis nigra dubium) becki Testudo porteri Rothschild 1903:119 CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra Testudo becki Rothschild 1901:372 vicina Günther 1875 (1:64, 2:14, 3:36) Isabela Giant Tortoise, Albemarle Island Giant Tortoise chathamensis Van Denburgh 1907 (1:59) Ecuador (Galápagos: Isabela [Albemarle]) San Cristobal Giant Tortoise, Chatham Island Giant IUCN: Endangered C2a (1996), as Chelonoidis nigra Tortoise vicina; includes synonymized C. n. guentheri (En- Ecuador (Galápagos, San Cristóbal [Chatham]) dangered C2a [1996]), C. n. microphyes (Vulnerable 000.198 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

D1+2 [1996]), and C. n. vandenburghi (Vulnerable peltastes Duméril and Bibron 1835 (Extinct) D2 [1996]) Rodrigues Domed Tortoise TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Mauritius (Rodrigues [extinct]) CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra IUCN: Extinct (1996) Testudo microphyes Günther 1875:275 (2:14) (nomen Testudo rotunda Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille dubium) 1801:107 (partim, nomen dubium) Testudo vicina Günther 1875:277 Testudo peltastes Duméril and Bibron 1835:138 Testudo guentheri [güntheri] Baur 1889:1044 (senior homonym) (3:36) triserrata Günther 1873 (Extinct) Testudo macrophyes Garman 1917:273 Mauritius Giant Flat-shelled Tortoise Testudo vandenburghi DeSola 1930:79 Mauritius (Mauritius [extinct]) IUCN: Extinct (1996) species indeterminate Testudo schweigeri Gray 1830e:3 (4:7) (nomen obli- Testudo elephantopus Harlan 1827:284 (nomen tum) dubium) (3:33) Testudo triserrata Günther 1873:397 Testudo planiceps Gray 1854b:12 (nomen dubium Testudo leptocnemis Günther 1875:297 and junior homonym) Testudo microtympanum Boulenger 1891:4 Testudo clivosa Garman 1917:383 (nomen dubium) Testudo guentheri Gadow 1894:320 (junior hom- Testudo typica Garman 1917:385 (nomen dubium) onym) Testudo gadowi Van Denburgh 1914:257 (nomen ____Chersina Gray 1830e (4:7) novum) Chersina Gray 1830e:5 (4:7) Goniochersus Lindholm 1929:285 vosmaeri Suckow 1798 (Extinct) (1:66) Neotestudo Hewitt 1931:504 Rodrigues Giant Saddleback Tortoise Mauritius (Rodrigues [extinct]) angulata Schweigger 1812 (3:37) (CBFTT Account) IUCN: Extinct (1996) , South African Bowsprit Tortoise Testudo indica vosmaeri Suckow 1798:57 Namibia, South Africa Testudo rotunda Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] 1801:107 (partim, nomen dubium) SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern Testudo rodericensis Günther 1873:397 CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo commersoni Vaillant 1898:138 Testudo angulata Schweigger 1812:321 Testudo bellii Gray 1828:2 ____Geochelone Fitzinger 1835 (1:52) Chersina angulata pallida Gray 1831d:69 Geochelone Fitzinger 1835:112

____Cylindraspis Fitzinger 1835 elegans Schoepff 1795 Chelonura Rafinesque 1832:64 (junior homonym) Cylindraspis Fitzinger 1835:112 India (Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu), Pakistan, indica Schneider 1783 (Extinct) (1:65) Sri Lanka Reunion Giant Tortoise IUCN: Least Concern (2000) Réunion [extinct] TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable IUCN: Extinct (1996) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo indica Schneider 1783:355 Testudo elegans Schoepff 1795:111 Testudo tabulata africana Schweigger 1812:322 Testudo stellata Schweigger 1812:325 (junior homonym) (3:38) Testudo actinodes Bell 1828a:419 Chersine retusa Merrem 1820:29 (nomen novum) Testudo megalopus Blyth 1853:640 Testudo perraultii Duméril and Bibron 1835:126 (no- men novum) platynota Blyth 1863 (CBFTT Account) Testudo graii Duméril and Bibron 1835:135 (nomen novum) Myanmar Chersina grayi Strauch 1865:26 (nomen novum) IUCN: Critically Endangered A1cd+2cd, C2a (2000) Cylindraspis borbonica Bour 1978:491 TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. inepta Günther 1873 (Extinct) Testudo platynota Blyth 1863:83 Mauritius Giant Domed Tortoise Mauritius (Mauritius [extinct]) ____Geochelone Fitzinger 1835 or Gray 1872c (1:52) IUCN: Extinct (1996) Centrochelys Gray 1872c:5 Testudo neraudii Gray 1831d:14 (nomen oblitum) Testudo inepta Günther 1873:397 sulcata Miller 1779 Testudo boutonii Günther 1875:297 Testudo sauzieri Gadow 1894:315 Benin (?), Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.199

Senegal, Sudan Gopherus praecedens Hay 1916:55 † IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd (1996) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. ____Homopus Duméril and Bibron 1834 (1:67, 4:23) Testudo sulcata Miller 1779:pl.26 Duméril and Bibron 1834:357 (4:23) Testudo calcarata Schneider 1784:317 (nomen Fitzinger 1835:112 novum) Pseudomopus Hewitt 1931:496 Testudo radiata senegalensis Gray 1831d:11 areolatus Thunberg 1787 ____Gopherus Rafinesque 1832 Parrot-beaked Tortoise, Common Padloper Gopherus Rafinesque 1832:64 South Africa Xerobates Agassiz 1857a:252 IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Bysmachelys Johnston 1937:439 SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern Scaptochelys Bramble 1982:852 CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo areolata Thunberg 1787:180 agassizii Cooper 1861 (4:22) (11) Testudo miniata Lacépède 1788:166 (nomen rejec- Mojave , Agassiz’s Desert Tortoise tum) (3:6) USA (California, Nevada, Utah) Testudo fasciata Daudin 1801:294 (junior homonym) IUCN: Vulnerable A1acde+2cde, E (1996) Testudo africana Hermann 1804:218 TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Chersine tetradactyla Merrem 1820:32 CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo areolata pallida Gray 1831d:13 Xerobates agassizii Cooper 1861:120 (4:22) Xerobates lepidocephalus Ottley and Velázquez Solis boulengeri Duerden 1906 1989:496 (11) Dwarf Tortoise, Karoo Padloper South Africa berlandieri Agassiz 1857a IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] , Berlandier’s Tortoise SARCA Draft 2010: Near Threatened Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Tamau- CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. lipas), USA (Texas) Homopus boulengeri Duerden 1906:406 IUCN: Least Concern (1996) TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened femoralis Boulenger 1888a CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Greater Dwarf Tortoise, Greater Padloper Xerobates berlandieri Agassiz 1857a:392 Lesotho (?), South Africa IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] flavomarginatus Legler 1959 SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango) Boulenger 1888a:251 Introduced: USA (New Mexico) IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd (2007) signatus Gmelin 1789 (4:24) TFTSG Draft 2011: (Critically) Endangered Speckled Tortoise, Speckled Padloper CITES: Appendix I South Africa Gopherus flavomarginatus Legler 1959:337 IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Gopherus huecoensis Strain 1966:24 † SARCA Draft 2010: Vulnerable CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. morafkai Murphy, Berry, Edwards, Leviton, Lathrop, Testudo signata Walbaum 1782:120 (nomen illegitimum) and Riedle 2011 (11) Testudo signata Gmelin 1789:1043 , Morafka’s Desert Tortoise Testudo cafra Daudin 1801:291 (4:24) Mexico (Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Sonora), USA (Arizona) Testudo juvencella Daudin 1802:380 (4:25) IUCN: Vulnerable A1acde+2cde, E (1996), as part of Pseudomopus signatus peersi Hewitt 1935:345 G. agassizii TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable solus Branch 2007 (1:67) Gopherus morafkai Murphy, Berry, Edwards, Nama Tortoise, Nama Padloper Leviton, Lathrop, and Riedle 2011:53 Namibia IUCN: Vulnerable C2a (1996), originally listed as Homo- polyphemus Daudin 1801 pus bergeri CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. USA (Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, Mis- Homopus solus Branch 2007:11 sissippi, Louisiana) IUCN: Vulnerable A1acde (1996) ____Indotestudo Lindholm 1929 TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Lindholm 1929:285 CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo polyphemus Daudin 1801:256 elongata Blyth 1853 Testudo depressa Cuvier 1829:5 , Yellow-headed Tortoise Testudo gopher Gray 1844:4 Bangladesh, Cambodia, China (?) (Yunnan), India (Bihar, 000.200 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Meghalaya, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Laos, Ma- Republic, Chad (?), Equatorial Guinea (?), Gabon laysia (West), Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam (?), Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory IUCN: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000) Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger (?), Nigeria, TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Homopus nogueyi Lataste 1886:286 Testudo elongata Blyth 1853:639 Cinixys dorri Lataste 1888:164 Testudo parallelus Annandale 1913:76 b. zombensis Hewitt 1931 forstenii Schlegel and Müller 1845 Southeastern Hinge-back Tortoise Forsten’s Tortoise, East Indian Tortoise Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania Indonesia (Moluccas [Halmahera, Gebe?], Sulawesi) belliana zombensis Hewitt 1931:469 IUCN: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000) Kinixys belliana zuluensis Hewitt 1931:471 TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. erosa Schweigger 1812 Testudo forstenii Schlegel and Müller 1845:30 Forest Hinge-back Tortoise, Serrated Hinge-back Tortoise Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African travancorica Boulenger 1907 (1:68) (CBFTT Account) Republic, Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea- India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Bissau (?), Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Rwanda, IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd (2000) Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo (?), Uganda TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered IUCN: Data Deficient (1996) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo travancorica Boulenger 1907:560 Testudo erosa Schweigger 1812:321 Kinixys castanea Bell 1827:398 ____Kinixys Bell 1827 Kinixys Bell 1827:398 homeana Bell 1827 Cinixys Wagler 1830:138 (nomen novum) Home’s Hinge-back Tortoise Cinothorax Fitzinger 1835:108 Benin, Cameroon, Congo (DRC), Equatorial Guinea, Madakinixys Vuillemin 1972b:169 Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Togo (?) IUCN: Vulnerable A2cd (2006) belliana Gray 1830e (4:7) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Bell’s Hinge-back Tortoise Kinixys homeana Bell 1827:400 Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad (?), lobatsiana Power 1927 Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Equatorial Guinea Lobatse Hinge-back Tortoise (?), Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon (?), Gambia, Ghana, Botswana, South Africa Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, IUCN: Not Evaluated Madagascar (prehistoric introduction?), Malawi, SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia (?), Niger CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. (?), Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Soma- Cinixys lobatsiana Power 1927:410 lia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe natalensis Hewitt 1935 IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Natal Hinge-back Tortoise SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern (regional) Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern b. belliana Gray 1830e (1:69, 2:11, 4:7) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Bell’s Hinge-back Tortoise Kinixys natalensis Hewitt 1935:353 Central African Republic, Congo (DRC), Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, spekii Gray 1863d Uganda Speke’s Hinge-back Tortoise Testudo (Kinyxis) belliana Gray 1830e:6 (4:7) Angola, Burundi, Congo (DRC), Kenya, Malawi, Mo- Kinixys schoensis Rüppell 1845:226 zambique, Namibia (Caprivi), Rwanda, South Africa, Kinixys belliana mertensi Laurent 1956:26 Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe IUCN: Not Evaluated b. domerguei Vuillemin 1972b SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern (regional) Madagascan Hinge-back Tortoise CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Madagascar (prehistoric introduction?) Kinixys spekii Gray 1863d:381 Madakinixys domerguei Vuillemin 1972b:169 Homopus darlingi Boulenger 1902b:15 Testudo procterae Loveridge 1923:928 b. nogueyi Lataste 1886 (2:11, 3:39) Kinixys australis Hewitt 1931:477 Western Hinge-back Tortoise Kinixys jordani Hewitt 1931:482 Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Kinixys youngi Hewitt 1931:486 Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.201

Kinixys australis mababiensis FitzSimons 1932:37 geometricus Linnaeus 1758 ____Malacochersus Lindholm 1929 South Africa Malacochersus Lindholm 1929:285 IUCN: Endangered A1ac, B1+2c (1996) SARCA Draft 2010: Critically Endangered tornieri Siebenrock 1903b CITES: Appendix I Testudo geometrica Linnaeus 1758:199 Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia Testudo luteola Daudin 1801:277 IUCN: Vulnerable A1bd (1996) Testudo strauchi Lidth de Jeude 1893:312 CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo tornieri Siebenrock 1903b:443 oculifer Kuhl 1820 Testudo loveridgii Boulenger 1920:263 Serrated , Kalahari Tent Tortoise Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe ____Manouria Gray 1854a IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Gray 1854a:133 SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern Teleopus LeConte 1854:187 CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Scapia Gray 1869a:167 Testudo oculifera Kuhl 1820:77 Emys kuhlii Gray 1831d:73 (nomen dubium) emys Schlegel and Müller 1840 Testudo semiserrata Smith 1839:pl.6 Asian Giant Tortoise Bangladesh, India (Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland), tentorius Bell 1828a Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (East, West), Tent Tortoise Myanmar, Singapore (extirpated), Thailand Namibia, South Africa IUCN: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp.

e. emys Schlegel and Müller 1840 t. tentorius Bell 1828a Asian Brown Giant Tortoise Southern Tent Tortoise, Common Tent Tortoise Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (East, South Africa West), Singapore (extirpated), Thailand Testudo tentoria Bell 1828a:420 Testudo emys Schlegel and Müller 1840:pl.4 Testudo geometrica nigriventris Gray 1856b:8 Testudo emydoides Duméril and Bibron in Duméril Chersinella tentoria albanica Hewitt 1933:266 and Duméril 1851:4 Chersinella tentoria tentorioides Hewitt 1933:268 Manouria fusca Gray 1854a:134 Chersinella tentoria piscatella Hewitt 1933:269 Teleopus luxatus LeConte 1854:187 Chersinella tentoria subsulcata Hewitt 1933:270 Testudo (Scapia) falconeri Gray 1869a:169 (partim, Chersinella tentoria karuica Hewitt 1933:272 nomen dubium) Chersinella tentoria duerdeni Hewitt 1933:279 Chersinella tentoria lativittata Hewitt 1933:281 e. phayrei Blyth 1853 Chersinella tentoria karuella Hewitt 1933:283 Burmese Black Giant Tortoise Bangladesh, India (Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, t. trimeni Boulenger 1886a Nagaland), Myanmar, Thailand Western Tent Tortoise Testudo phayrei Blyth 1853:639 Namibia, South Africa Testudo (Scapia) falconeri Gray 1869a:169 (partim, Testudo trimeni Boulenger 1886a:541 nomen dubium) Chersinella tentoria hexensis Hewitt 1933:286 Testudo nutapundi Reimann in Nutaphand 1979:193 t. verroxii Smith 1839 impressa Günther 1882 Northern Tent Tortoise Namibia, South Africa Cambodia, China (Yunnan), Laos, Malaysia (West), Testudo verroxii Smith 1839:pl.8 Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam Testudo verreauxii Gray 1870b:656 (nomen novum) IUCN: Vulnerable A1acd, B1+2acd (2000) Testudo fiski Boulenger 1886a:542 TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Testudo smithi Boulenger 1886a:542 CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo seimundi Boulenger 1903b:216 Geoemyda impressa Günther 1882:343 Testudo boettgeri Siebenrock 1904:194 (junior hom- Geoemyda latinuchalis Vaillant 1894:68 onym) Testudo pseudemys Boulenger 1903a:144 Homopus bergeri Lindholm 1906:348 Testudo oscarboettgeri Lindholm 1929:295 (nomen ____Psammobates Fitzinger 1835 novum) Fitzinger 1835:113 Chersinella schonlandi Hewitt 1934:303 Chersinella Gray 1870f:8 Chersinella fiski cronwrighti Hewitt 1934:317 Chersinella fiski orangensis Hewitt 1934:319 000.202 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Chersinella fiski colesbergensis Hewitt 1934:321 Peltastes Gray 1869a:171 (junior homonym) Chersinella fiski grica Hewitt 1934:323 Peltonia Gray 1872c:4 (nomen novum) Chersinella fiski gricoides Hewitt 1934:326 Medaestia Wussow 1916:170 (partim, nomen Chersinella fiski amasensis Hewitt 1934:333 dubium) (3:40) Psammobates depressa FitzSimons 1938:154 Pseudotestudo Loveridge and Williams 1957:166 Protestudo Chkhikvadze 1970:245 ____Pyxis Bell 1827 Furculachelys Highfield 1990:1 Bell 1827:395 Acinixys Siebenrock 1902b:12 graeca Linnaeus 1758 (1:73) (12) Bellemys Williams 1950:512 (nomen novum) Spur-thighed Tortoise, , Moorish Tortoise Pyxoides Vuillemin and Domergue 1972:193 Albania (?), Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Egypt (?) (Sinai), Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Israel, arachnoides Bell 1827 Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Macedonia, Morocco, Ro- mania, Russia (Chechnya [?], Dagestan, Krasnodars- Madagascar kiy), Serbia (Kosovo), Syria, Tunisia, Turkey (Asian, IUCN: Critically Endangered A4cd, E (2008) European) CITES: Appendix I Introduced: France, Italy (Continental, Sardinia, Sicily), Malta (?), Spain (Continental, Balearic Islands) a. arachnoides Bell 1827 (1:70) IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd (1996) Spider Tortoise, Common Spider Tortoise CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Madagascar Pyxis arachnoides Bell 1827:395 g. graeca Linnaeus 1758 (3:41) Pyxis madagascariensis Lesson 1831a:120 Mediterranean Spur-thighed Tortoise Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia a. brygooi Vuillemin and Domergue 1972 Testudo graeca Linnaeus 1758:198 (senior homonym) Northern Spider Tortoise Testudo pusilla Linnaeus 1758:199 (senior homonym) Madagascar Testudo mauritanica Duméril and Bibron 1835:44 Pyxoides brygooi Vuillemin and Domergue 1972:193 Testudo whitei Bennett in White 1836:361 (3:41)

a. oblonga Gray 1869a g. armeniaca Chkhikvadze and Bakradze 1991 (12) Southern Spider Tortoise Araxes Tortoise Madagascar Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Russia (Chechnya Pyxis arachnoidea oblonga Gray 1869a:173 [?], Dagestan), Turkey Pyxis arachnoides matzi Bour 1979:143 Testudo graeca armeniaca Chkhikvadze and Bakradze 1991:60 planicauda Grandidier 1867 Testudo graeca pallasi Chkhikvadze and Bakradze Flat-tailed Tortoise, Flat-shelled Spider Tortoise 2002:276 Madagascar ?Testudo dagestanica Chkhikvadze, Mazanaeva, and IUCN: Critically Endangered A4acd (2008) Shammakov 2011:337 (12) (nomen dubium) CITES: Appendix I Testudo planicauda Grandidier 1867:223 g. buxtoni Boulenger 1921 (4:28) Testudo morondavaensis Vuillemin 1972a:127 Buxton’s Tortoise Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, Turkey ____ Stigmochelys Gray 1873i (1:52, 4:26) Testudo ecaudata Pallas 1814:19 (4:28) (nomen Stigmochelys Gray 1873i:5 dubium) Megachersine Hewitt 1933:257 Testudo buxtoni Boulenger 1921:251 Testudo perses Perälä 2002:81 pardalis Bell 1828a (1:71, 4:27) g. cyrenaica Pieh and Perälä 2002 Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Congo (DRC), Djibouti, Cyrenaican Spur-thighed Tortoise Eritrea (?), Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Libya Namibia, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, South Testudo graeca cyrenaica Pieh and Perälä 2002:3 Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zim- babwe g. ibera Pallas 1814 (12) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Asia Minor Tortoise SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern (regional) Albania (?), Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Greece, Macedonia, Romania, Russia (Krasnodars- Testudo pardalis Bell 1828a:420 kiy), Serbia (Kosovo), Turkey Testudo pardalis babcocki Loveridge 1935:4 (4:27) IUCN: The synonymized taxon Testudo graeca nikol- skii listed as Critically Endangered A1abcde+2bcde ____Testudo Linnaeus 1758 (1:72) (1996) Testudo Linnaeus 1758:197 Testudo ibera Pallas 1814:18 Chersus Wagler 1830:138 Testudo ibera bicaudalis Venzmer 1920:289 Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.203

Testudo ibera racovitzai Calinescu 1931:169 Testudo weissingeri Bour 1996:30 Testudo graeca nikolskii Chkhikvadze and Tuniyev 1986:618 ____Testudo Linnaeus 1758 or Chersine Merrem 1820 (1:72, 3:40) ?Testudo dagestanica Chkhikvadze, Mazanaeva, and Chersine Merrem 1820:29 (3:40) Shammakov 2011:337 (12) (nomen dubium) Testudinella Gray 1870f:12 (junior homonym) Medaestia Wussow 1916:170 (partim, nomen g. marokkensis Pieh and Perälä 2004 (3:42) dubium) (3:40) Morocco Tortoise Eurotestudo Lapparent de Broin, Bour, Parham, and Morocco Perälä 2006:803 Testudo graeca marokkensis Pieh and Perälä 2004:19 (3:42) hermanni Gmelin 1789 (CBFTT Account) Testudo graeca lamberti Pieh and Perälä 2004:19 (3:42) Hermann’s Tortoise Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, g. nabeulensis Highfield 1990 France (Continental, Corsica [prehistoric introduc- Nabeul Tortoise tion?]), Greece, Italy (Continental, Sardinia [prehis- Libya, Tunisia toric introduction?], Sicily), Macedonia, Montenegro, Testudo flavominimaralis Highfield and Martin Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain (Continental), 1989:[9] (nomen dubium) Turkey (European) Furculachelys nabeulensis Highfield 1990:1 Introduced: Spain (Balearic Islands) IUCN: Near Threatened (2004) g. soussensis Pieh 2001 CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Souss Valley Tortoise Morocco h. hermanni Gmelin 1789 (1:76) Testudo graeca soussensis Pieh 2001:209 Western Hermann’s Tortoise France (Continental, Corsica [prehistoric introduc- g. terrestris Forskål 1775 (4:29) tion?]), Italy (Continental, Sardinia [prehistoric Mesopotamian Tortoise introduction?], Sicily), Spain (Continental) Egypt (?) (Sinai), Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, IUCN: Endangered B1+2abcde (1996) Syria, Turkey Testudo hermanni Gmelin 1789:1041 Testudo terrestris Forskål 1775:viii,12 (4:29) (junior Testudo graeca bettai Lataste 1881:396 homonym, nomen conservandum) Testudo hermanni robertmertensi Wermuth 1952:162 Testudo floweri Bodenheimer 1935:197 Testudo graeca anamurensis Weissinger 1987:14 h. boettgeri Mojsisovics 1889 Testudo antakyensis Perälä 1996:23 Eastern Hermann’s Tortoise Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, g. zarudnyi Nikolsky 1896 Greece, Italy (?) (Continental), Macedonia, Montene- Iranian Tortoise gro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Turkey (European) Iran, Turkmenistan (?) Testudo graeca boettgeri Mojsisovics 1889:242 Testudo zarudnyi Nikolsky 1896:369 (senior homonym) Testudo graeca hercegovinensis Werner 1899:818 kleinmanni Lortet 1883 (1:74) Testudo enriquesi Parenzan 1932:1160 Egyptian Tortoise Egypt, Israel, Libya ____Testudo Linnaeus 1758 or Agrionemys Khosatzky and Mlynar- IUCN: Critically Endangered A2abcd+3d (2003) ski 1966 (1:72, 3:40) CITES: Appendix I Agrionemys Khosatzky and Mlynarski 1966:123 Testudo leithii Günther 1869:502 (junior homonym) Testudo kleinmanni Lortet 1883:188 horsfieldii Gray 1844 (1:77, 2:15, 3:43, 4:30) Testudo werneri Perälä 2001:570 (1:74) Central Asian Tortoise, Steppe Tortoise, Horsfield’s Tortoise marginata Schoepff 1793 (1:75) (12) (13) Afghanistan, China (Xinjiang), Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyr- gyzstan, Mongolia (Kobdo [introduced?]), Pakistan, Albania, Greece Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Introduced: Cyprus, Italy (Continental, Sardinia) IUCN: Vulnerable A2d (1996) IUCN: Least Concern (2004) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo tabulata campanulata Walbaum 1782:124 h. horsfieldii Gray 1844 (4:30) (nomen illegitimum) Central Asian Tortoise, Steppe Tortoise, Horsfield’s Testudo marginata Schoepff 1793:52 Tortoise Testudo graja Hermann in Schoepff 1793:52 Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Testudo campanulata Strauch 1862:65 Uzbekistan Peltastes marginatus melas Gray 1870f:10 Testudo horsfieldii Gray 1844:7 Testudo nemoralis Schreiber 1875:557 Homopus burnesii Blyth 1853:642 Testudo marginata sarda Mayer 1992:95 Testudo baluchiorum Annandale 1906:75 (4:28) 000.204 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

h. bogdanovi Chkhikvadze in Chkhikvadze, Brushko, ___Cyclanorbinae Lydekker 1889 and Kubykin 2008 (4:30) Cyclanosteina Gray 1864a:94 Fergana Valley Steppe Tortoise Lydekker 1889:x Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Agrionemys bogdanovi Chkhikvadze in Chkhik- ____Cyclanorbis Gray 1854a vadze, Brushko, and Kubykin 2008:100 Cryptopus Duméril and Bibron 1835:499 (junior homonym) h. kazachstanica Chkhikvadze 1988 (3:43, 4:30) Gray 1854a:135 Kazakhstan Steppe Tortoise Cyclanosteus Gray 1856a:201 China (Xinjiang), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan Tetrathyra Gray 1865a:205 Agrionemys horsfieldi kazachstanica Chkhikvadze Baikiea Gray 1869a:222 1988:110 elegans Gray 1869a h. kuznetzovi Chkhikvadze, Ataev, Shammakov, and Nubian Flapshell Turtle Zatoka in Chkhikvadze, Ataev, and Shammakov Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, 2009 (4:30) Ethiopia (?), Ghana, Nigeria, South Sudan, Sudan, Turkmenistan Steppe Tortoise Togo Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Agrionemys kazachstanica kuznetzovi Chkhikvadze, Baikiea elegans Gray 1869a:222 Ataev, Shammakov, and Zatoka in Chkhikvadze, Cyclanorbis oligotylus Siebenrock 1902c:810 Ataev, and Shammakov 2009:52 senegalensis Duméril and Bibron 1835 h. rustamovi Chkhikvadze, Amiranashvili, and Ataev Senegal Flapshell Turtle 1990 (3:43, 4:30) Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Kopet-Dag Steppe Tortoise Republic, Chad, Congo (DRC), Ethiopia (?), Gabon, Iran, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Agrionemys horsfieldi rustamovi Chkhikvadze, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal, South Sudan, Sudan, Amiranashvili, and Ataev 1990:73 Togo IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) h. terbishi Chkhikvadze 2009 (4:30) Cryptopus senegalensis Duméril and Bibron Mongolian Steppe Tortoise 1835:504 Mongolia (Kobdo [introduced?]) Cyclanorbis petersii Gray 1854a:135 Agrionemys kazachstanica terbishi Chkhikvadze Tetrathyra baikii Gray 1865a:205 2009:60 Cyclanosteus senegalensis callosa Gray 1865b:423 Cyclanosteus senegalensis equilifera Gray _Trionychia Hummel 1929 1865b:423 Trionychia Hummel 1929:362 Cyclanosteus senegalensis normalis Gray 1865b:423 Tetrathyra vaillanti Rochebrune 1884:36 __Carettochelyidae Boulenger 1887 Carettochelydidae Boulenger 1887:171 ____Cycloderma Peters 1854 Carettochelyidae Baur 1891:637 Cycloderma Peters 1854:216 Heptathyra Cope 1860:294 ____Carettochelys Ramsay 1886 Aspidochelys Gray 1860a:6 Carettochelys Ramsay 1886:158 aubryi Duméril 1856 (4:31) insculpta Ramsay 1886 (1:78, 2:10) (CBFTT Account) Aubry’s Flapshell Turtle Pig-Nosed Turtle, River Turtle Angola (Cabinda), Central African Republic, Congo Australia (Northern Territory), Indonesia (Papua), Papua (DRC), Congo (ROC), Gabon New Guinea (Southern) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] IUCN: Vulnerable A1bd (2000) Cryptopodus aubryi Duméril 1856:384 (4:31) TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered CITES: Appendix II frenatum Peters 1854 (CBFTT Account) Carettochelys insculpta Ramsay 1886:158 Zambezi Flapshell Turtle Carettochelys insculpta canni Wells 2002:1 (nomen Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe illegitimum) (1:78, 2:10, 4:43) IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Cycloderma frenatum Peters 1854:216 __Trionychidae Gray 1825 Aspidochelys livingstonii Gray 1860a:6 Amydae Oppel 1811:9 (partim) Trionyces Schmid 1819:18 ____Lissemys Smith 1931 (14) Trionicidae Gray 1825:212 Emyda Gray 1830e:19 (4:7) (junior homonym) Trionychoidea Fitzinger 1826:5 Lissemys Smith 1931:xxviii (nomen novum) Bell 1828c:515 Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.205

ceylonensis Gray 1856a (14) Sri Lankan Flapshell Turtle ____Amyda Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a Sri Lanka Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a:365 IUCN: Not Evaluated Potamochelys Fitzinger 1843:30 CITES: Appendix II [as part of Lissemys punctata] Aspilus Gray 1864a:83 (junior homonym) Emyda ceylonensis Gray 1856a:201 Ida Gray 1873g:55 (junior homonym)

punctata Bonnaterre 1789 (3:44) (14) cartilaginea Boddaert 1770 Bangladesh, India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Brunei, Cambodia, India (Mizoram), Indonesia (Java, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Kalimantan, Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia (East, West), Nadu, West Bengal), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam Introduced: India (Andaman Islands) Introduced: Indonesia (Lesser Sundas, Sulawesi) IUCN: Least Concern (2000) IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd+2cd (2000) TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable CITES: Appendix II CITES: Appendix II Testudo cartilaginea Boddaert 1770:1 p. punctata Bonnaterre 1789 (14) Testudo membranacea Blumenbach 1779:257 (no- Southern Indian Flapshell Turtle men dubium) India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Testudo boddaerti Schneider 1787:12 (nomen no- Testudo punctata Lacépède 1788:171 (nomen rejec- vum) tum) (3:6) Testudo striata Suckow 1798:37 (partim, nomen Testudo punctata Bonnaterre 1789:30 novum) Testudo sonnerati Meyer 1790:83 (nomen novum et Trionyx javanicus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a:365 oblitum) (3:8) (senior homonym) Testudo granulosa Suckow 1798:48 (nomen novum) Trionyx stellatus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a:365 Testudo scabra Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille (nomen novum) 1801:164 (nomen novum and junior homonym) Trionyx cariniferus Gray 1856b:67 Testudo granosa Schoepff 1801:127 Trionyx ornatus Gray 1861a:41 Testudo granulata Daudin 1801:81 (nomen novum) Aspilus punctulatus Gray 1864a:84 Trionyx coromandelicus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire Trionyx phayrei Theobald 1868b:18 1809b:16 (nomen novum) Trionyx jeudi Gray 1869a:217 Trionyx ephippium Theobald 1875:177 p. andersoni Webb 1980 (14) Trionyx nakornsrithammarajensis Nutaphand 1979:8 Spotted Northern Indian Flapshell Turtle Trionyx cartilageneus nakorn Nutaphand 1990:[8] Bangladesh, India (Assam, Bihar, Haryana, Jammu, (nomen novum) Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Ut- tar Pradesh, West Bengal), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan ____Apalone Rafinesque 1832 Lissemys punctata andersoni Webb 1980:554 Rafinesque 1832:64 Mesodeca Rafinesque 1832:64 p. vittata Peters 1854 (14) Platypeltis Fitzinger 1835:109 Central Indian Flapshell Turtle Callinia Gray 1869a:221 India (Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh?, Goa, Gujarat, Euamyda Stejneger 1944:7 Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan) ferox Schneider 1783 Emyda vittata Peters 1854:201 Emyda granosa intermedia Annandale 1912a:172 USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina) IUCN: Least Concern (2011) scutata Peters 1868 (14) Testudo ferox Schneider 1783:330 Burmese Flapshell Turtle Testudo mollis Lacépède 1788:137 (nomen rejectum) (3:6) Myanmar, Thailand (?) Testudo mollis Bonnaterre 1789:25 IUCN: Data Deficient (2000) Testudo (ferox) verrucosa Schoepff 1795:90 (senior TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened homonym) CITES: Appendix II Testudo bartrami Daudin 1801:74 (nomen novum) Emyda scutata Peters 1868:449 Trionyx carinatus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809b:14 Emyda fuscomaculata Gray 1873c:308 Trionyx georgicus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809b:17 Trionyx brongniarti Schweigger 1812:288 (nomen ___Trionychinae Gray 1825 novum) Amydae Oppel 1811:9 (partim) Trionyces Schmid 1819:18 mutica LeSueur 1827 Trionicidae Gray 1825:212 Trionychoidea Fitzinger 1826:5 USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Lydekker 1889:4 Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, 000.206 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Carolina, South Carolina) Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania [extirpated], Aspidonectes asper Agassiz 1857a:402 South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia, Platypeltis agassizii Baur 1888c:1121 Wisconsin) IUCN: Least Concern (2011) s. atra Webb and Legler 1960 (1:79, 2:23) (CBFTT Account) Black , Cuatro Cienegas Softshell m. mutica LeSueur 1827 Mexico (Coahuila) Midland Smooth Softshell Turtle IUCN: Critically Endangered A1ace+2c (1996), origi- USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kan- nally listed as Apalone ater sas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, CITES: Appendix I Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Trionyx ater Webb and Legler 1960:21 Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania [extirpated], South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia, Wisconsin) s. emoryi Agassiz 1857a Trionyx pusilla Rafinesque 1822:5 (nomen dubium et Texas Spiny Softshell Turtle suppressum) Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamauli- Trionyx muticus LeSueur 1827:263 pas), USA (Texas) Potamochelys microcephalus Gray 1864a:87 Aspidonectes emoryi Agassiz 1857a:392

m. calvata Webb 1959 s. guadalupensis Webb 1962 Gulf Coast Smooth Softshell Turtle Guadalupe Spiny Softshell Turtle USA (Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi) USA (Texas) Trionyx muticus calvatus Webb 1959:519 Trionyx spinifer guadalupensis Webb 1962:517

spinifera LeSueur 1827 s. pallida Webb 1962 Spiny Softshell Turtle Pallid Spiny Softshell Turtle Canada (Ontario, Québec), Mexico (Chihuahua, Coa- USA (Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas) huila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas), USA (Alabama, Ar- Trionyx spinifer pallidus Webb 1962:522 kansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mich- ____Chitra Gray 1844 igan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Gray 1844:49 Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South chitra Nutaphand 1986 Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Asian Narrow-headed Softshell Turtle Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming) Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Malaysia (West), Thailand Introduced: USA (Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, IUCN: Critically Endangered A1cd, B1+2c (2000) New Jersey, Utah) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered IUCN: Least Concern (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Chitra spp.

s. spinifera LeSueur 1827 (2:22) c. chitra Nutaphand 1986 Northern Spiny Softshell Turtle Siamese Narrow-headed Softshell Turtle Canada (Ontario, Québec), USA (Arkansas, Colorado, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (West), Thailand Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisi- Chitra chitra Nutaphand 1986:64 ana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississip- pi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, c. javanensis McCord and Pritchard 2003 New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Javanese Narrow-headed Softshell Turtle Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennes- Indonesia (Java) see, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Chitra selenkae Jaekel 1911:80 † (nomen suppressum) Wyoming) Chitra chitra javanensis McCord and Pritchard Trionyx nasica Rafinesque 1822:5 (nomen suppres- 2003:41 sum) Trionyx spiniferus LeSueur 1827:258 indica Gray 1830e (4:7) (CBFTT Account) Trionyx ocellatus LeSueur 1827:261 (senior hom- Indian Narrow-headed Softshell Turtle onym) Bangladesh, India (Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Apalone hudsonica Rafinesque 1832:64 Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Trionyx annulifer Wied 1839:140 (nomen novum) Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal, Pakistan Tyrse argus Gray 1844:48 IUCN: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000) Aspidonectes nuchalis Agassiz 1857a:402 TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Gymnopus olivaceus Wied 1865:55 (nomen novum) CITES: Appendix II, as Chitra spp. Amyda spinifera hartwegi Conant and Goin 1948:1 (2:22) Trionyx indicus Gray 1830e:18 (4:7) Gymnopus lineatus Duméril and Bibron 1835:491 s. aspera Agassiz 1857a Gulf Coast Spiny Softshell Turtle vandijki McCord and Pritchard 2003 USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Burmese Narrow-headed Softshell Turtle Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.207

Myanmar, Thailand onym as Trionyx ocellatus) IUCN: Not Evaluated Trionyx hurum Gray 1830e:18 (4:7) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Gymnopus duvaucelii Duméril and Bibron 1835:487 CITES: Appendix II, as Chitra spp. (partim, nomen novum) Chitra vandijki McCord and Pritchard 2003:39 Trionyx sewaare Gray 1872a:336 Trionyx bellii Gray 1872a:337 ____Dogania Gray 1844 Trionyx buchanani Theobald 1874:78 Dogania Gray 1844:49 Sarbieria Gray 1869a:211 leithii Gray 1872a Leith’s Softshell Turtle subplana Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809b India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu) Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia IUCN: Vulnerable A1c (2000) (East, West), Myanmar, Philippines (Luzon, Mind- TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered anao, Mindoro, Palawan), Singapore, Thailand Trionyx javanicus Gray 1830e:19 (4:7) (partim, junior IUCN: Least Concern (2000) homonym) TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Trionyx leithii Gray 1872a:334 Trionyx subplanus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809b:11 Aspilus gataghol Gray 1872a:339 Trionyx frenatus Gray 1856b:67 Trionyx sulcifrons Annandale 1915b:341 Dogania guentheri Gray 1862c:265 Trionyx dillwynii Gray 1873c:306 nigricans Anderson 1875 (1:81) Trionyx vertebralis Strauch 1890:113 , Bostami Softshell Trionyx pecki Bartlett 1895a:30 Bangladesh, India (Assam) IUCN: Extinct in the Wild (2002) ____Nilssonia Gray 1872a (1:80) (15) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Nilssonia Gray 1872a:332 CITES: Appendix I, as Aspideretes nigricans Isola Gray 1873g:51 Trionyx nigricans Anderson 1875:284 Aspideretes Hay 1904:274 ____Palea Meylan 1987 formosa Gray 1869a Palea Meylan 1987:77 Burmese Peacock Softshell Turtle Myanmar, Thailand (?) steindachneri Siebenrock 1906a IUCN: Endangered A1cd+2d, B1+2c (2000) Wattle-necked Softshell Turtle TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Yun- Trionyx formosus Gray 1869a:217 nan), Laos, Vietnam Trionyx peguensis Gray 1870f:99 Introduced: Mauritius, USA (Hawaii [Kauai, Oahu]) Trionyx grayii Theobald 1875:176 IUCN: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000) TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered gangetica Cuvier 1825 CITES: Appendix III (China) Aspidonectes californiana Rivers 1889:233 (nomen Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India (Bihar, Gujarat, Jammu, suppressum) Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Trionyx steindachneri Siebenrock 1906a:578 Pradesh), Nepal, Pakistan IUCN: Vulnerable A1d+2d (2000) ____Pelochelys Gray 1864a TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Gray 1864a:89 CITES: Appendix I, as Aspideretes gangeticus Trionyx gangeticus Cuvier 1825:186 bibroni Owen 1853 Trionyx javanicus Gray 1830e:19 (4:7) (partim, junior New Guinea Giant Softshell Turtle homonym) Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Southern) Gymnopus duvaucelii Duméril and Bibron 1835:487 IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd+2cd (2000) (partim, nomen novum) TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Trionyx gangeticus mahanaddicus Annandale CITES: Appendix II, as Pelochelys spp. 1912b:262 Trionyx (Gymnopus) bibroni Owen 1853:185

hurum Gray 1830e (4:7) (CBFTT Account) cantorii Gray 1864a (CBFTT Account) Indian Peacock Softshell Turtle Asian Giant Softshell Turtle, Cantor’s Giant Softshell Turtle Bangladesh, India (Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China (Anhui [extirpated], Fu- Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), jian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Nepal, Pakistan Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Kerala, Orissa, Tamil IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd+2d (2000) Nadu, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia (East, West), Myanmar, CITES: Appendix I, as Aspideretes hurum Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao), Singapore (extir- Trionyx occellatus Gray 1830d:pl.78 (junior hom- pated), Thailand, Vietnam 000.208 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

IUCN: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000) Timor), Japan (, Ryukyu Archipelago), TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Malaysia (East, West), Northern Mariana Islands, CITES: Appendix II, as Pelochelys spp. Philippines (Bohol, Cebu, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Pelochelys cantorii Gray 1864a:90 Mindoro, Panay), Singapore, Spain, Thailand, Timor- Pelochelys cumingii Gray 1864a:90 Leste, USA (Hawaii [Kauai, Oahu]) Pelochelys cantoris Boulenger 1889:ix (nomen IUCN: Vulnerable A1d+2d (2000) novum) TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable or Endangered Pelochelys poljakowii Strauch 1890:118 Testudo rostrata Thunberg 1787:179 (nomen sup- pressum) signifera Webb 2003 Testudo striata Suckow 1798:37 (partim, nomen Northern New Guinea Softshell Turtle novum) Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Northern) Testudo semimembranacea Hermann 1804:219 (no- IUCN: Not Evaluated men suppressum) TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Trionyx stellatus japonica Temminck and Schlegel CITES: Appendix II, as Pelochelys spp. 1834:pl.5 (4:18) Pelochelys signifera Webb 2003:100 Trionyx (Aspidonectes) sinensis Wiegmann 1835:189 Trionyx tuberculatus Cantor 1842:482 ____Pelodiscus Fitzinger 1835 (1:82, 4:32) (16) Tyrse perocellata Gray 1844:48 Fitzinger 1835:110 Trionyx schlegelii Brandt 1857:111 Landemania Gray 1869a:211 Landemania irrorata Gray 1869a:216 Psilognathus Heude 1880:24 Psilognathus laevis Heude 1880:24 Temnognathus Heude 1880:25 Temnognathus mordax Heude 1880:26 Gomphopelta Heude 1880:27 Gomphopelta officinae Heude 1880:27 Coelognathus Heude 1880 :29 Coelognathus novemcostatus Heude 1880:29 Tortisternum Heude 1880:31 Tortisternum novemcostatum Heude 1880:31 Ceramopelta Heude 1880:33 Ceramopelta latirostris Heude 1880:33 Coptopelta Heude 1880:34 Coptopelta septemcostata heude 1880:35 Cinctisternum Heude 1880:36 Cinctisternum bicinctum Heude 1880:37 Trionyx cartilagineus newtoni Ferreira 1897:114 axenaria Zhou, Zhang, and Fang 1991 (4:32) (16) Amyda schlegelii haseri Pavlov 1932:27 Hunan Softshell Turtle Amyda schlegelii licenti Pavlov 1932:28 China (Guangxi, Hunan) Amyda schlegelii laoshanica Pavlov 1933:3 IUCN: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient ____Rafetus Gray 1864a CITES: Appendix III (China) Gray 1864a:81 Trionyx axenaria Zhou, Zhang, and Fang 1991:382 Oscaria Gray 1873f:157 (junior homonym) Yuen Heude 1880:18 maackii Brandt 1857 (4:32) (16) Northern euphraticus Daudin 1801 China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Monggu), Euphrates Softshell Turtle North Korea, Russia (Amurskaya, Khabarovskiy, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey Primorskiy, Yevreyskaya), South Korea IUCN: Endangered A1ac+2c (1996) IUCN: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Testudo euphratica Daudin 1801:305 CITES: Appendix III (China) Testudo rafcht Olivier 1807:328 Trionyx maackii Brandt 1857:110 swinhoei Gray 1873f (1:83, 4:33) (17) parviformis Tang 1997 (4:32) (16) Red River Giant Softshell Turtle, Giant Softshell Lesser Chinese Softshell Turtle Turtle, Swinhoe’s Softshell Turtle China (Guangxi, Hunan), Vietnam China (Anhui [?, extirpated?], Jiangsu [?, extirpated?], IUCN: Not Evaluated Yunnan, Zhejiang [?, extirpated?]), Vietnam TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient IUCN: Critically Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000) CITES: Appendix III (China) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Pelodiscus parviformis Tang 1997:13 CITES: Appendix III (China) Oscaria swinhoei Gray 1873f:157 sinensis Wiegmann 1835 (4:32) (16) Yuen leprosus Heude 1880:20 Chinese Softshell Turtle Yuen maculatus Heude 1880:22 China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yuen elegans Heude 1880:23 Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Yuen viridis Heude 1880:23 Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, , Shanxi, Yuen pallens Heude 1880:23 Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan (Honshu, Kyoshu, Trionyx swinhonis Boulenger 1889:ix (nomen novum) Shikoku), Taiwan, Vietnam Pelochelys taihuensis Zhang 1984:71 † Introduced: Guam, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra, Trionyx liupani Tao 1986:28 † Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.209

Rafetus leloii Ha 2000:104 (17) IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Rafetus vietnamensis Le, Le, Tran, Phan, Phan, Tran, TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened Pham, Nguyen, Nong, Phan, Dinh, Truong, and Platemys macrocephala Rhodin, Mittermeier, and Ha 2010:950 (4:33) (17) McMorris 1984:38 chacoensis Fritz and Pauler 1992:299 (1:84) ____Trionyx Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a Trionyx Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a:363 pallidipectoris Freiberg 1945 (CBFTT Account) Aspidonectes Wagler 1830:134 Chaco Side-necked Turtle Gymnopus Duméril and Bibron 1835:472 Argentina (Chaco, Formosa, Salta, Santa Fe), Bolivia Tyrse Gray 1844:47 (Tarija), Paraguay Fordia Gray 1869a:219 Introduced: Argentina (Mendoza) IUCN: Vulnerable A1c, D1 (1996) triunguis Forskål 1775 (4:29) (18) TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered African Softshell Turtle, Nile Softshell Turtle Platemys pallidipectoris Freiberg 1945:19 Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Chad, Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, radiolata Mikan 1820 Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Is- Brazilian Radiolated Swamp Turtle rael, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lebanon, Liberia, Maurita- Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso, nia, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Sergipe) Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Turkey, Uganda TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Emys radiolata Mikan 1820:[unpaginated] TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Platemys gaudichaudii Duméril and Bibron 1835:427 Mediterranean subpopulation: Egypt (extirpated), Platemys werneri Schnee 1900:463 Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey Platemys radiolata quadrisquamosa Luederwaldt IUCN: Critically Endangered C2a (1996) (subpopulation) 1926:437 Testudo triunguis Forskål 1775:ix (4:29) Testudo striata Suckow 1798:37 (partim, nomen spixii Duméril and Bibron 1835 novum) Black Spiny-necked Turtle, Spix’s Sideneck Turtle Trionyx egyptiacus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a:366 Argentina (Corrientes, Mendoza), Brazil (Bahia, Goiás, Trionyx niloticus Gray 1831d:46 (nomen novum) Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Trionyx (Pelodiscus) labiatus Fitzinger 1835:127 Catarina, São Paulo), Paraguay (?), Uruguay Trionyx mortoni Hallowell 1844:120 IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Aspidonectes aspilus Cope 1860:295 TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened Fordia africana Gray 1869a:219 Emys depressa Spix 1824:4 (junior homonym) Trionyx triunguis rudolfianus Deraniyagala 1948:30 Emys aspera Gray 1830e:16 (4:7) (nomen oblitum) Platemys spixii Duméril and Bibron 1835:409 • Pleurodira Cope 1864 (2:20) Pleuroderes Duméril and Bibron 1834:354 ____Chelodina Fitzinger 1826 (1:85, 2:2, 4:34) Pleurodera Lichtenstein 1856:2 (2:20) Fitzinger 1826:6 Pleurodera Cope 1864:181 Hydraspis Bell 1828b:512 Pleurodira Cope 1865:186 Chelyodina Agassiz 1846:79 (nomen novum)

__Chelidae Gray 1825 ______Chelodina (Chelodina) Fitzinger 1826 (4:34) Chelides Cuvier 1816:14 Chelydes Schmid 1819:17 canni McCord and Thomson 2002 (1:86) Chelidina Gray 1825:211 Cann’s -necked Turtle Chelydoidea Fitzinger 1826:7 Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland) Chelydae Gray 1831d:7 IUCN: Not Evaluated Chelydidae Gray 1831d:37 TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened Hydraspidina Bonaparte 1836:3 (partim) Chelodina rankini Wells and Wellington 1985:8 (no- Chelina Bonaparte 1836:4 men nudum) Hydraspididae Agassiz 1857a:249 McCord and Thomson 2002:256 Lindholm 1929:289 Chelodina rankini Wells 2007a:2 (nomen illegiti- mum) (1:86, 4:43) ____Acanthochelys Gray 1873c Gray 1873c:305 gunaleni McCord and Joseph-Ouni 2007a (4:35) Gunalen’s Snake-necked Turtle macrocephala Rhodin, Mittermeier, and McMorris 1984 (1:84) Indonesia (Papua) (CBFTT Account) IUCN: Not Evaluated Pantanal Swamp Turtle, Big-headed Pantanal Swamp Turtle TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Bolivia (Santa Cruz), Brazil (Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso Chelodina gunaleni McCord and Joseph-Ouni 2007a:48 do Sul), Paraguay 000.210 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

longicollis Shaw 1794 (CBFTT Account) Australia (Western Australia) Eastern Snake-necked Turtle, Common Snake-necked Turtle IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Austra- TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient lia, Victoria) Siebenrock 1914:386 Introduced: Australia () Chelodina millymillyensis Glauert 1923:53 IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern ______Chelodina (Macrochelodina) Wells and Wellington 1985 (1:85, 2:2, 4:34) Testudo longicollis Shaw 1794:19 Macrochelodina Wells and Wellington 1985:9 Chelodina novaehollandiae Duméril and Bibron Macrodiremys McCord and Joseph-Ouni 2007b:57 (2:2, 4:37) 1835:443 (partim, invalid type) Chelodina sulcata Gray 1856a:201 Chelodina sulcifera Gray 1856b:59 (nomen novum) burrungandjii Thomson, Kennett, and Georges 2000 (CBFTT Account) mccordi Rhodin 1994b (4:36) (CBFTT Account) Arnhem Snake-necked Turtle, Sandstone Snake-necked Roti Island Snake-necked Turtle Turtle Indonesia (Lesser Sundas [Roti]), Timor-Leste Australia (Northern Territory) IUCN: Critically Endangered A1d, B1+2e (2000) IUCN: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern CITES: Appendix II Thomson, Kennett, and Georges 2000:675 m. mccordi Rhodin 1994b (4:36) Western Roti Snake-necked Turtle expansa Gray 1857 Indonesia (Lesser Sundas [Roti]) Broad-shelled Snake-necked Turtle Chelodina mccordi Rhodin 1994b:4 Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Austra- lia, Victoria) m. roteensis McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Hagen 2007b (1:87, 4:36) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Eastern Roti Snake-necked Turtle TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened Indonesia (Lesser Sundas [Roti]) Gray 1857:370 Chelodina mccordi roteensis McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Hagen 2007b:59 parkeri Rhodin and Mittermeier 1976 Parker’s Snake-necked Turtle m. timorensis McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Hagen 2007a (1:89, 4:36) Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Southern) Timor Snake-necked Turtle IUCN: Vulnerable D2 (1996) Timor-Leste TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened Chelodina timorensis McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Chelodina parkeri Rhodin and Mittermeier 1976:465 Hagen 2007a:54 Chelodina mccordi timorlestensis Kuchling, Rhodin, rugosa Ogilby 1890 (1:91, 4:37) Ibarrondo, and Trainor 2007:213 Northern Snake-necked Turtle Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, Western novaeguineae Boulenger 1888b Australia), Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea New Guinea Snake-necked Turtle (Southern) Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Southern) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] IUCN: Least Concern (2000) TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Chelodina oblonga Gray 1841:446 (partim, misiden- Chelodina novaeguineae Boulenger 1888b:450 tified type) Chelodina rugosa Ogilby 1890:56 pritchardi Rhodin 1994a Chelodina siebenrocki Werner 1901a:60 Pritchard’s Snake-necked Turtle Chelodina intergularis Fry 1915:88 Papua New Guinea (Southern) Chelodina kuchlingi Cann 1997d:41 (1:90, 4:37) IUCN: Endangered B1+2e (2000) TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered walloyarrina McCord and Joseph-Ouni 2007b (2:4, 4:38) Chelodina pritchardi Rhodin 1994a:4 Kimberley Snake-necked Turtle Australia (Western Australia) reimanni Philippen and Grossmann 1990 IUCN: Not Evaluated Reimann’s Snake-necked Turtle TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Southern) Macrochelodina walloyarrina McCord and Joseph- IUCN: Near Threatened (2000) Ouni 2007b:59 TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Chelodina reimanni Philippen and Grossman ______Chelodina ( name undetermined) (4:34, 4:39) 1990:95 Macrodiremys McCord and Joseph-Ouni 2007b:57 (2:3, 4:39) (partim, invalid type) steindachneri Siebenrock 1914 (1:85) Steindachner’s Snake-necked Turtle oblonga Gray 1841 or colliei Gray 1856a (1:88, 2:3, 4:39) Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.211

Southwestern Snake-necked Turtle, Oblong Snake- necked Turtle irwini Cann 1997c Australia (Western Australia) Irwin’s Snapping Turtle IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Australia (Queensland) TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened IUCN: Not Evaluated Chelodina oblonga Gray 1841:446 (partim, misiden- TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient tified type) stirlingi Wells and Wellington 1985:9 (nomen Chelodina colliei Gray 1856a:200 nudum) Elseya irwini Cann 1997c:36 ____Chelus Duméril 1805 (4:11) Elseya stirlingi Wells 2007b:4 (nomen illegitimum) (1:96, 4:43) Duméril 1805:76 (4:11) Chelys Oppel 1811:6 (nomen novum) lavarackorum White and Archer 1994 Chelyda Rafinesque 1815:75 (nomen novum) Riversleigh Snapping Turtle, Gulf Snapping Turtle Matamata Merrem 1820:21 (nomen novum) Australia (Queensland) IUCN: Not Evaluated fimbriata Schneider 1783 (CBFTT Account) TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Matamata Turtle lavarackorum White and Archer 1994:159 † Bolivia (Beni, Pando, Santa Cruz), Brazil (Amapá, Ama- zonas, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, novaeguineae Meyer 1874 (4:40) Tocantins), Colombia (Amazonas, Arauca, Caquetá, New Guinea Snapping Turtle Casanare, Guainía, Meta, Putumayo, Vaupés, Vicha- Indonesia (Misool, Papua, Waigeo); Papua New Guinea da), Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru (Loreto, (Northern, Southern) Ucayali), Suriname, Trinidad, Venezuela (Amazonas, Introduced: Palau (Babeldaob), Solomon Islands Anzoátegui, Apure, Barinas, Bolívar, Cojedes, Delta (Malaita) Amacuro, Guárico, Monagas, Sucre, Zulia) IUCN: Least Concern (2000) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Platemys novaeguineae Meyer 1874:128 Testudo terrestris Fermin 1765:51 (nomen rejectum) Elseya schultzei Vogt 1911:410 (1:95, 4:40) Testudo fimbriata Schneider 1783:349 Testudo fimbria Gmelin 1789:1043 (nomen novum) ____Elusor Cann and Legler 1994 Testudo matamata Bruguière 1792:257 Elusor Cann and Legler 1994:83 Testudo bispinosa Ruiz de Xelva in Daudin 1801:94 Chelys boulengerii Baur 1890b:968 macrurus Cann and Legler 1994 ____Elseya Gray 1867 (1:92) Australia (Queensland) Elseya Gray 1867:44 IUCN: Endangered B1+2c (1996) TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered albagula Thomson, Georges, and Limpus 2006 Elusor macrurus Cann and Legler 1994:83 White-throated Snapping Turtle, Southern Snapping Turtle Australia (Queensland) ____Emydura Bonaparte 1836 IUCN: Not Evaluated Emydura Bonaparte 1836:7 TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Chelymys Gray 1844:42 Thomson, Georges, and Limpus Euchelymys Gray 1871a:118 2006:75 Tropicochelymys Wells and Wellington 1985:9

branderhorsti Ouwens 1914 (1:93) macquarii Gray 1830e (4:7) White-bellied Snapping Turtle, Branderhorst’s Snapping Eastern Short-necked Turtle, Southern River Turtle Turtle Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Austra- Indonesia (Aru Islands [?], Papua), Papua New Guinea lia, Victoria) (Southern) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] IUCN: Vulnerable B1+2e (2000) TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Emydura branderhorsti Ouwens 1914:31 m. macquarii Gray 1830e (1:98, 4:7, 4:41, 4:42) Macquarie River Turtle dentata Gray 1863a Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Aus- Northern Snapping Turtle tralia, Victoria) Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Chelys (Hydraspis) macquarii Gray 1830e:15 (4:7) Australia) Hydraspis australis Gray 1841:445 (nomen dubium) (4:41) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Euchelymys sulcifera Gray 1871a:118 TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Emydura macquariae Boulenger 1889:ix (nomen Chelymys dentata Gray 1863a:98 novum) Elseya intermedia Gray 1872c:23 Emydura signata Ahl 1932:127 (4:42) Elseya jukesi Wells 2007b:5 (nomen illegitimum) (1:94, 4:43) binjing Cann 1998:116 (4:42) 000.212 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Emydura macquarii dharra Cann 1998:120 (4:42) Emydura macquarii gunabarra Cann 1998:123 (4:42) maximiliani Mikan 1825 (CBFTT Account) Emydura macquarii dharuk Cann 1998:126 (4:42) Brazilian Snake-necked Turtle, Maximilian’s Snake- necked Turtle m. emmotti Cann, McCord, and Joseph-Ouni in McCord, Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás [?], Minas Gerais, Cann, and Joseph-Ouni 2003 Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo) Cooper Creek Turtle IUCN: Vulnerable B1+2cd (1996) Australia (Queensland) TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened Emydura macquarii emmotti Cann, McCord, and Emys maximiliani Mikan 1825:[unpaginated] Joseph-Ouni in McCord, Cann, and Joseph-Ouni Chelodina flavilabris Duméril and Bibron 1835:446 2003:59 subdepressa Gray 1854a:134 Hydromedusa depressa Gray 1856b:60 (nomen m. krefftii Gray 1871b novum) Krefft’s River Turtle Hydromedusa bankae Giebel 1866b:19 Australia (Queensland) Chelymys krefftii Gray 1871b:366 tectifera Cope 1870a Chelymys victoriae marmorata Gray 1872d:506 South American Snake-necked Turtle Chelymys victoriae sulcata Gray 1872d:506 Argentina (Buenos Aires, Chaco, Córdoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Misiones, Santa Fe, Santiago m. nigra McCord, Cann, and Joseph-Ouni 2003 del Estero), Brazil (Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Ja- Fraser Island Short-necked Turtle neiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo), Australia (Queensland) Paraguay, Uruguay Emydura macquarii nigra McCord, Cann, and IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Joseph-Ouni 2003:59 TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Hydromedusa tectifera Cope 1870a:147 subglobosa Krefft 1876 Hydromedusa platanensis Gray 1873c:302 Red-bellied Short-necked Turtle Hydromedusa wagleri Günther 1884:423 Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland), Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Southern) ____Mesoclemmys Gray 1873c (1:100) Introduced: Papua New Guinea (New Britain, Northern) Gray 1873c:305 IUCN: Least Concern (2000) Batrachemys Stejneger 1909:126 TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Bufocephala McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Lamar 2001:715 s. subglobosa Krefft 1876 Ranacephala McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Lamar New Guinea Red-bellied Short-necked Turtle 2001:715 Australia (Queensland), Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Southern) dahli Zangerl and Medem 1958 Euchelymys subglobosa Krefft 1876:390 Dahl’s Toad-headed Turtle Emydura albertisii Boulenger 1888b:449 Colombia (Atlántico, Bolívar, Córdoba, Sucre) IUCN: Critically Endangered B1+2c (1996) s. worrelli Wells and Wellington 1985 (1:99) TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Worrell’s Short-necked Turtle, Diamond-head Turtle Phrynops (Batrachemys) dahli Zangerl and Medem Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland) 1958:376 Tropicochelymys worrelli Wells and Wellington 1985:9 gibba Schweigger 1812 Gibba Turtle tanybaraga Cann 1997b Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Northern Yellow-faced Turtle Pará, Roraima, Tocantins), Colombia (Amazonas, Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland) Caquetá, Casanare, Guainía, Meta, Putumayo, IUCN: Not Evaluated Vaupés, Vichada), Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Peru (Amazonas, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Puno, Emydura tanybaraga Cann 1997b:24 Ucayali), Suriname, Trinidad, Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Monagas) victoriae Gray 1842 IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Northern Red-faced Turtle TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Australia (Northern Territory, Western Australia) Emys gibba Schweigger 1812:299 IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Emys stenops Spix 1824:12 TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Platemys miliusii Duméril and Bibron 1835:431 Hydraspis victoriae Gray 1842:55 Hydraspis gordoni Gray 1868:563 Hydraspis bicolor Gray 1873c:304 ____Hydromedusa Wagler 1830 Hydromedusa Wagler 1830:135 heliostemma McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Lamar 2001 (1:101) Chelomedusa Gray 1873c:303 Northwestern Amazon Toad-headed Turtle Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.213

Brazil (Amazonas), Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, Guainía, Putumayo, Vaupés), Ecuador, Peru (Loreto), zuliae Pritchard and Trebbau 1984 Venezuela (Amazonas) Zulia Toad-headed Turtle IUCN: Not Evaluated Colombia (?) (Norte de Santander), Venezuela (Zulia) TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient IUCN: Vulnerable B1+2c (1996) Batrachemys heliostemma McCord, Joseph-Ouni, TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable and Lamar 2001:715 Phrynops (Batrachemys) zuliae Pritchard and Treb- bau 1984:4 hogei Mertens 1967 Hoge’s Side-necked Turtle ____Myuchelys Thomson and Georges 2009 (3:45, 4:43) Brazil (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Wollumbinia Wells 2007c:1 (nomen illegitimum) (1:97, 4:43) Paulo?) Thomson and Georges 2009:33 (3:45) IUCN: Endangered B1+2c (1996) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered bellii Gray 1844 (1:97) Phrynops hogei Mertens 1967:73 Bell’s Sawshelled Turtle, Western Sawshelled Turtle Australia (New South Wales, Queensland) nasuta Schweigger 1812 IUCN: Endangered B1+2c (1996) Guyanan Toad-headed Turtle TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Brazil (Amapá), French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname Phrynops bellii Gray 1844:41 IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient georgesi Cann 1997a Emys nasuta Schweigger 1812:298 Bellinger River Sawshelled Turtle Emys barbatula Gravenhorst 1829:15 Australia (New South Wales) Platemys schweiggerii Duméril and Bibron 1835:435 IUCN: Data Deficient (1996) (nomen novum) TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Hydraspis maculata Gray 1873c:305 Elseya georgesi Cann 1997a:18

perplexa Bour and Zaher 2005 latisternum Gray 1867 (3:47) Piaui Side-necked Turtle Sawshelled Turtle, Common Sawshelled Turtle Brazil (Ceará, Piauí) Australia (New South Wales, Queensland) IUCN: Not Evaluated IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Bour and Zaher 2005:298 Elseya latisternum Gray 1867:44 Euchelymys spinosa Gray 1871a:118 (3:47) raniceps Gray 1856b Wollumbinia dorsii Wells 2009:2 (nomen illegiti- Amazon Toad-headed Turtle mum) (3:46, 4:43) Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima), Colombia (Amazonas, purvisi Wells and Wellington 1985 Caquetá, Guainía, Putumayo, Vaupés), Ecuador, Peru Manning River Sawshelled Turtle (Loreto, Madre de Dios, Pasco, Ucayali), Venezuela Australia (New South Wales) (Amazonas) IUCN: Data Deficient (1996) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Elseya purvisi Wells and Wellington 1985:8 Hydraspis raniceps Gray 1856b:55 Phrynops wermuthi Mertens 1969b:132 ____Phrynops Wagler 1830 (1:100) Phrynops Wagler 1830:135 tuberculata Luederwaldt 1926 Spatulemys Gray 1872b:463 Tuberculate Toad-headed Turtle Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Goiás, Maranhão, Per- geoffroanus Schweigger 1812 (4:44) nambuco, Piauí, Sergipe) Geoffroy’s Side-necked Turtle IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Argentina (Corrientes, Misiones), Bolivia (Beni), Brazil TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient (Acre?, Alagoas, Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Rhinemys tuberculata Luederwaldt 1926:428 Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, vanderhaegei Bour 1973 Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Vanderhaege’s Toad-headed Turtle Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondônia, Roraima, Santa Argentina (Corrientes, Formosa, Misiones), Bolivia Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe?, Tocantins?), Colombia (Santa Cruz), Brazil (Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato (Amazonas, Caquetá, Casanare, Guainía, Meta, Pu- Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, São Paulo, tumayo, Vaupés, Vichada), Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru Tocantins), Paraguay (Cusco, Huanuco, Junin, Loreto, Madre de Dios, IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Pasco) TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Phrynops tuberculatus vanderhaegei Bour 1973:175 TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern 000.214 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Emys geoffroana Schweigger 1812:302 Emys canaliculata Spix 1824:10 Emys depressa Merrem 1820:22 (senior homonym) Hydraspis constricta Gray 1831d:43 Emys viridis Spix 1824:3 Platemys waglerii Duméril and Bibron 1835:422 p. melanonota Ernst 1984 Platemys neuwiedii Duméril and Biborn 1835:425 Black-backed Twist-necked Turtle (nomen novum) Ecuador, Peru (Amazonas, Loreto) Hydraspis boulengeri Bohls 1895:53 Platemys platycephala melanonota Ernst 1984:347 Hydraspis lutzi Ihering in Luederwaldt 1926:441 ____Pseudemydura Siebenrock 1901 hilarii Duméril and Bibron 1835 Pseudemydura Siebenrock 1901:248 Hilaire’s Side-necked Turtle Argentina (Buenos Aires, Chaco, Córdoba, Corrientes, umbrina Siebenrock 1901 Entre Rios, Formosa, Mendoza, Misiones, San Juan, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán), Brazil Australia (Western Australia) (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo?), IUCN: Critically Endangered A1c, B1+2c, C1+2b, D (1996) Paraguay, Uruguay TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] CITES: Appendix I TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Pseudemydura umbrina Siebenrock 1901:249 Platemys hilarii Duméril and Bibron 1835:428 Emydura inspectata Glauert 1954:125 Spatulemys lasalae Gray 1872b:463 ____Rheodytes Legler and Cann 1980 tuberosus Peters 1870 (4:44) Legler and Cann 1980:1 Guyanan Side-necked Turtle Brazil (Roraima), Guyana, Venezuela (Bolívar) leukops Legler and Cann 1980 IUCN: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Australia (Queensland) Platemys tuberosa Peters 1870:311 IUCN: Vulnerable A1c+2c, D2 (1996) TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable williamsi Rhodin and Mittermeier 1983 Rheodytes leukops Legler and Cann 1980:1 Williams’ Side-necked Turtle Argentina (Corrientes, Misiones), Brazil (Paraná, Rio ____Rhinemys Wagler 1830 (1:100) Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina), Paraguay, Uruguay Rhinemys Wagler 1830:134 IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable rufipes Spix 1824 Rhodin and Mittermeier 1983:58 Red Side-necked Turtle, Red-footed Sideneck Turtle Brazil (Amazonas, Pará), Colombia (Amazonas, Guainía, ____Platemys Wagler 1830 Vaupés), Peru (?) (Loreto), Venezuela (?) (Amazonas) Platemys Wagler 1830:135 IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern platycephala Schneider 1792 Emys rufipes Spix 1824:7 Twist-necked Turtle Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba), Brazil (Acre, Amapá?, __Pelomedusidae Cope 1868a (19) Amazonas, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Pará, Roraima), Hydraspidina Bonaparte 1836:3 (partim) Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, Putumayo, Vaupés), Pelomedusidae Cope 1868a:119 Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru (Amazonas, Huánuco, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Puno, Ucayali), ____Pelomedusa Wagler 1830 (19) Suriname, Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar, Delta Pelomedusa Wagler 1830:136 Amacuro, Monagas) Pentonyx Duméril and Bibron 1835:389 IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern subrufa Bonnaterre 1789 (4:45) (19) (CBFTT Account) Helmeted Turtle, African Helmeted Terrapin p. platycephala Schneider 1792 Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cam- Eastern Twist-necked Turtle, Common Twist-necked Turtle eroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (DRC), Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba), Brazil (Acre, Amapá?, Congo (ROC), Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Amazonas, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Pará, Roraima), Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, Putumayo, Vaupés), (prehistoric introduction?), Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru (Huánuco, Loreto, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia (Southern), Madre de Dios, Puno, Ucayali), Suriname, Venezuela Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South (Amazonas, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Monagas) Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Testudo platycephala Schneider 1792:261 Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe Testudo planiceps Schneider 1792:pl.7 (senior homonym) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Testudo martinella Daudin 1802:377 TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Emys discolor Thunberg in Schweigger 1812:302 Testudo planitia Meuschen 1778:11 (nomen dubium Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.215

and senior homonym) Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo Testudo subrufa Lacépède 1788:173 (nomen rejec- Introduced: Guadeloupe tum) (1:102, 3:6) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Testudo subrufa Bonnaterre 1789:28 Emys castanea Schweigger 1812:314 Testudo rubra Meyer 1790:83 (nomen novum et Sternothaerus leachianus Bell 1825a:306 oblitum) (3:8) Sternotherus derbianus Gray 1844:37 Testudo galeata Schoepff 1792:12 Testudo badia Donndorff 1798:34 castanoides Hewitt 1931 (19) Testudo rubicunda Suckow 1798:49 Yellow-bellied Mud Turtle Emys olivacea Schweigger 1812:307 (senior homonym) Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Seychelles, Pentonyx capensis Duméril and Bibron 1835:390 South Africa, Tanzania Pentonyx gehafie Rüppell 1835:2 IUCN: Least Concern (1996) Pentonyx americana Cornalia 1849:13 SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern (regional) Pelomedusa nigra Gray 1863b:99 Pelomedusa gasconi Rochebrune 1884:25 c. castanoides Hewitt 1931 (19) Pelomedusa galeata disjuncta Vaillant and Grandi- East African Yellow-bellied Mud Turtle dier 1910:56 Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, South Pelomedusa galeata orangensis Hewitt 1935:332 Africa, Tanzania Pelomedusa galeata devilliersi Hewitt 1935:337 Pelusios nigricans castanoides Hewitt 1931:463 Pelomedusa galeata damarensis Hewitt 1935:338 Pelusios castaneus kapika Bour 1979:144 Pelomedusa galeata wettsteini Mertens 1937:141 c. intergularis Bour 1983 (19) (CBFTT Account) ____Pelusios Wagler 1830 (19) Seychelles Yellow-bellied Mud Turtle Sternothaerus Bell 1825a:305 (partim, nomen sup- Seychelles (Cerf, Fregate, La Digue, Mahé, Praslin, pressum) Silhouette) Pelusios Wagler 1830:137 IUCN: Critically Endangered A2c, B2ab (2003) Tanoa Gray 1863f:193 Pelusios castanoides intergularis Bour 1983:345 Notoa Gray 1863f:195 Anota Gray 1863f:196 (junior homonym) chapini Laurent 1965 (19) Central African Mud Turtle adansonii Schweigger 1812 (CBFTT Account) Central African Republic, Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Adanson’s Mud Turtle Gabon, Uganda Benin (?), Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Pelusios castaneus chapini Laurent 1965:19 South Sudan, Sudan IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] cupulatta Bour and Maran 2003 Emys adansonii Schweigger 1812:308 Ivory Coast Mud Turtle Benin, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Togo bechuanicus FitzSimons 1932 IUCN: Not Evaluated Okavango Mud Turtle Pelusios cupulatta Bour and Maran 2003:28 Angola, Botswana, Congo (DRC), Namibia (Caprivi), Zambia, Zimbabwe gabonensis Duméril 1856 IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] African Forest Turtle Pelusios bechuanicus FitzSimons 1932:37 Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Tanzania, Uganda broadleyi Bour 1986 IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Turkana Mud Turtle Pentonyx gabonensis Duméril 1856:373 Kenya Sternothaerus steindachneri Siebenrock 1902a:6 IUCN: Vulnerable D2 (1996) Pelusios broadleyi Bour 1986:23 marani Bour 2000 Gabon Mud Turtle carinatus Laurent 1956 Congo (ROC), Gabon African Keeled Mud Turtle IUCN: Not Evaluated Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Gabon Pelusios marani Bour 2000:3 IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Pelusios carinatus Laurent 1956:26 nanus Laurent 1956 African Dwarf Mud Turtle castaneus Schweigger 1812 Angola, Congo (DRC), Malawi, Zambia West African Mud Turtle IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon (?), Cape Pelusios nanus Laurent 1956:26 Verde, Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Equatorial Guinea (?), Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, niger Duméril and Bibron 1835 Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, São Tomé and West African Black Mud Turtle 000.216 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria Congo (DRC) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] IUCN: Data Deficient (1996) Sternotherus niger Duméril and Bibron 1835:397 Pelusios bechuanicus upembae Broadley 1981:639 Sternothaerus oxyrhinus Boulenger 1897b:919 Sternothaerus heinrothi Kanberg 1924:195 williamsi Laurent 1965 Williams’ Mud Turtle rhodesianus Hewitt 1927 (19) (CBFTT Account) Congo (DRC), Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda Variable Mud Turtle, Mashona Hinged Terrapin IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, w. williamsi Laurent 1965 Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Lake Victoria Mud Turtle IUCN: Least Concern (1996) Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda SARCA Draft 2010: Vulnerable (regional) Pelusios [williamsi] williamsi Laurent 1965:12 Pelusios nigricans rhodesianus Hewitt 1927:375 w. laurenti Bour 1984 seychellensis Siebenrock 1906c (Extinct) (1:103) (CBFTT Ukerewe Island Mud Turtle Account) Tanzania Seychelles Mud Turtle Pelusios williamsi laurenti Bour 1984:29 Seychelles (Mahé) IUCN: Extinct (2003) w. lutescens Laurent 1965 Sternothaerus nigricans seychellensis Siebenrock 1906c:38 Albert Nile Mud Turtle Congo (DRC), Uganda sinuatus Smith 1838 (19) (CBFTT Account) Pelusios williamsi lutescens Laurent 1965:14 Botswana, Burundi, Congo (DRC), Ethiopia, Kenya, Ma- __Podocnemididae Cope 1868b (1:104, 3:48) (20) lawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, Hydraspidina Bonaparte 1836:3 (partim) Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe Cope 1868b:282 IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Peltocephalidae Gray 1870e:718 SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern (regional) Sternotherus sinuatus Smith 1838:pl.1 ____Erymnochelys Baur 1888a Sternotherus dentatus Peters 1848:494 Dumerilia Grandidier 1867:232 (junior homonym) Sternothaerus bottegi Boulenger 1895a:9 Erymnochelys Baur 1888a:421 (nomen novum) Pelusios sinuatus zuluensis Hewitt 1927:371 Pelusios sinuatus leptus Hewitt 1933:45 madagascariensis Grandidier 1867 Madagascan Big-headed Turtle subniger Bonnaterre 1789 Madagascar East African Black Mud Turtle IUCN: Critically Endangered A4d (2008) Botswana, Burundi, Congo (DRC), Madagascar, Malawi, CITES: Appendix II Mozambique, Namibia (Caprivi), Seychelles, South Dumerilia madagascariensis Grandidier 1867:232 Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe madagascariensis bifilaris Boettger 1893:14 Introduced: British Indian Ocean Territory (), Glorioso Islands, Mauritius ____Peltocephalus Duméril and Bibron 1835 IUCN: Least Concern (1996) Peltocephalus Duméril and Bibron 1835:377 SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern (regional) dumerilianus Schweigger 1812 s. subniger Bonnaterre 1789 Big-headed Amazon River Turtle East African Black Mud Turtle Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Roraima), Colombia Botswana, Burundi, Congo (DRC), Madagascar, Ma- (Amazonas, Caquetá, Guainía, Meta, Putumayo, lawi, Mozambique, Namibia (Caprivi), South Africa, Vaupés, Vichada), Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe (Loreto), Venezuela (Amazonas, Apure) Testudo subnigra Lacépède 1788:175 (nomen rejectum) (3:6) IUCN: Vulnerable A1acd (1996) Testudo subnigra Bonnaterre 1789:30 TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Testudo nigricans Donndorff 1798:34 CITES: Appendix II Emys dumeriliana Schweigger 1812:300 s. parietalis Bour 1983 (CBFTT Account) Emys macrocephala Spix 1824:5 (senior homonym) Seychelles Black Mud Turtle Emys tracaxa Spix 1824:6 Seychelles (Cerf, Cousin [extirpated], Fregate, La Digue, Mahé, Praslin, Silhouette, St. Anne [extirpated]) ____Podocnemis Wagler 1830 IUCN: Critically Endangered A2c, B2ab(ii,iii) (2003) Podocnemis Wagler 1830:135 Pelusios subniger parietalis Bour 1983:345 Chelonemys Gray 1864c:134 (junior homonyn) Bartlettia Gray 1870e:720 (junior homonym) upembae Broadley 1981 Upemba Mud Turtle erythrocephala Spix 1824 (4:46) Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.217

Red-headed Amazon River Turtle CITES: Appendix II, as Podocnemis spp. Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, Roraima), Colombia (Guainía, Emys cayennensis Schweigger 1812:298 (4:48) (provi- Vaupés), Venezuela (Amazonas) sional nomen rejectum) IUCN: Vulnerable A1bd (1996) Chelys (Hydraspis) lata Bell in Gray 1830e:17 [Bell TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable 1830b] (2:16, 4:7) (nomen oblitum) CITES: Appendix II, as Podocnemis spp. Testudo terekay Humboldt in Gray 1831d:77 (no- Emys erythrocephala Spix 1824:9 men oblitum) Podocnemis agassizii Coutinho in Göldi 1886:277 (4:46) Podocnemis unifilis Troschel 1848:647 Podocnemis coutinhii Göldi 1886:279 (nomen novum) Podocnemis tracaya Coutinho 1868:149 (4:49)

expansa Schweigger 1812 vogli Müller 1935 Giant South American River Turtle, Giant Amazon River Savanna Sideneck Turtle, Llanos Sideneck Turtle Turtle, Arrau Colombia (Arauca, Boyacá, Casanare, Meta, Vichada), Ven- Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Pando, Santa ezuela (Anzoátegui, Apure, Barinas, Bolívar, Cojedes, Cruz), Brazil (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Goiás, Delta Amacuro, Guárico, Monagas, Portuguesa) Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, Tocantins), Introduced: Venezuela (Zulia) Colombia (Amazonas, Arauca, Caquetá, Casanare, IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Guainía, Meta, Putumayo, Vaupés, Vichada), Ecua- TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable dor, Guyana, Peru (Loreto, Ucayali), Trinidad (?), CITES: Appendix II, as Podocnemis spp. Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoátegui, Apure, Bolívar, Podocnemis vogli Müller 1935:97 Delta Amacuro, Guárico, Monagas) IUCN: Lower Risk/conservation dependent (1996) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered ANNOTATIONS CITES: Appendix II, as Podocnemis spp. Emys expansa Schweigger 1812:299 Areas of taxonomic change or other comments in this Emys amazonica Spix 1824:1 or earlier checklists are indicated above by superscripts. Hydraspis bitentaculata Gray 1831d:42 Names that were annotated in the earlier checklists are Testudo arrau Humboldt in Gray 1831d:77 indicated as follows: (1:1 and up) lewyana Duméril 1852 (CBFTT Account) 1. TTWG 2007b (2:2 and up) 2. Rhodin et al. 2008 (3:3 and up) Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Boyacá, 3. TTWG 2009 Caldas, Cesar, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, La Guajira, 4. TTWG 2010 (4:4 and up) Magdalena, Santander, Sucre) Please refer to those publications for those annotations; IUCN: Endangered A1bd (1996) to facilitate referral back to those earlier checklists, the TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered number after the colon in the superscript (e.g., 1:15, 2:9, 3:22, 4:6) CITES: Appendix II, as Podocnemis spp. refers to the actual numbered annotation in each checklist. Podocnemis lewyana Duméril 1852:242 New annotations in the current checklist are simple bold (5 and up) sextuberculata Cornalia 1849 (4:47) numbers in separate bold parentheses . Six-tubercled Amazon River Turtle 5. Malaclemys terrapin: Parham et al. (2008) demon- Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, Roraima), Colombia (Amazo- strated, based on radiometric dating of a fossil found in a nas, Vaupés), Peru (Loreto) cave on Bermuda, that the small population of diamondback IUCN: Vulnerable A1acd (1996) present there was the result of a natural dispersal TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable event dating from before human presence on the island. As CITES: Appendix II, as Podocnemis spp. a result, we now consider the Bermuda population as native Podocnemis expansa sextuberculata Cornalia 1849:13 rather than introduced. Genetic comparison of Bermuda Podocnemis pitiu Coutinho 1868:150 (4:47) samples with U.S. populations also demonstrated closest Bartlettia pitipii Gray 1870e:720 similarity to samples from the Carolinas, so we provision- unifilis Troschel 1848 (1:105, 2:16, 3:49, 4:48, 4:49) ally list the Bermuda population under the subspecies M. Yellow-spotted River Turtle, Yellow-spotted Sideneck Turtle t. centrata pending further studies. Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Pando, Santa 6. Genus Trachemys: Fritz et al. (2011c) assessed the Cruz), Brazil (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Goiás, Mato phylogeny and taxon boundaries of Trachemys from Central Grosso, Maranhão, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, Tocan- and South America based on mitochondrial and nuclear tins), Colombia (Amazonas, Arauca, Caquetá, Casa- DNA. Their nuclear data were largely uninformative, but nare, Guainía, Meta, Putumayo, Vaupés, Vichada), based on their mitochondrial and combined analyses, they Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru (Huanuco, concluded that the Pacific Coast taxa grayi, emolli, and Loreto, Madre de Dios, Pasco, Ucayali), Suriname, Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoátegui, Apure, Barinas, panamensis form a distinct clade that warrants recognition at Bolívar, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Guárico, Monagas) the species level, as Trachemys grayi, with three subspecies. IUCN: Vulnerable A1acd (1996) Fritz and co-authors also recommended combining the taxa TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered cataspila, ornata, venusta, callirostris, and chichiriviche 000.218 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

as subspecies under a single species, Trachemys ornata. major with putnami; they argued that major, which has They further proposed placing adiutrix at subspecies level precedence over putnami, should only be used to refer to in dorbigni, and considered the taxon uhrigi to be synony- the large extinct form. mous with typical venusta. Their analysis did not include Their genetic analysis also placed bauri as sister to samples of the taxon iversoni, whose range on the Yucatan ornata, and triunguis as sister taxon to the [ornata + bauri] Peninsula is embedded in the range of the redefinedornata clade. Butler et al. thus suggested that bauri should be group, nor did they sample most Trachemys taxa from the elevated to species status, although this would leave the arid western region of Mexico. remaining taxa in T. carolina paraphyletic by continued While Fritz et al. (2011c) provide a useful set of hy- inclusion of triunguis. Butler et al. did not address the potheses for future testing, we recognize that taxonomy status of mexicana and yucatana, which have variously of Trachemys will remain dynamic and expect further been considered subspecies of carolina or full species each. changes when additional nuclear data, and deeper geo- Furthermore, their analysis did not support the previously graphic sampling of field-verified specimens, are brought recognized species groups (e.g., Milstead 1969; Spinks to bear on the problem. We therefore provide the alternative et al. 2009). taxonomies of Seidel (2002) and Fritz et al. (2011) in this We are reluctant to change the widely-recognized year’s checklist. taxonomic arrangement for a species complex of notable 7. Emys/Emydoidea/Actinemys: Fritz et al. (2011b) conservation and legislative significance based on a single reviewed competing generic concepts for Blanding’s, study that relied heavily on a short mtDNA segment. Until Western Pond, and European Pond turtles, and reiterated the alternative taxonomy presented by Butler et al. is indepen- their support for recognition of Emydoidea and Actinemys dently corroborated by further research, and potentially finds as separate genera distinct from Emys. widespread acceptance in the herpetological and taxonomic The TTWG members continue to be deeply divided in communities, we prefer to retain the traditional arrangement their perspectives on whether to recognize three genera, or and defer possible adoption of their hypothesis until a later a single genus, for the four species concerned (blandingii, version of this checklist. marmorata, orbicularis, and trinacris). The challenge is 9. Cuora flavomarginata evelynae: In previous that available primary research findings result in different checklists we had overlooked that Ota et al. (2009) had relationship among the four, based on mitochondrial transferred evelynae back to subspecies status under Cuora and nuclear DNA and on morphology (Spinks and Shaf- flavomarginata, but we now follow them here. fer 2009; Wiens et al. 2010; Fritz et al. 2011b). Overall, 10. Aldabrachelys gigantea or Dipsochelys dussumi- the majority of data indicate that blandingii, marmorata, eri: Gerlach (2011a) studied morphological development of orbicularis, and trinacris collectively are each others’ juveniles of the three forms of Indian ocean giant tortoises closest relatives. Whether to recognize this by combining reared under identical captive conditions, and concluded the four species in an expanded genus Emys, or to empha- that animals consistently develop into the morphotypes size the morphological distinctiveness of blandingii and characterized by their parents. Gerlach thus concluded that marmorata from (orbicularis + trinacris) by recognizing the morphotypes cannot be explained by environment alone, Actinemys and Emydoidea as monotypic genera, is largely and may have a genetic basis, supporting the recognition a subjective matter. Correspondingly, the herpetological of arnoldi and hololissa as taxonomically distinct from taxonomic community and recent scientific literature have gigantea/dussumieri. not come to a clear consensus or prevailing usage. With 11. Gopherus agassizii and G. morafkai: Murphy further research in progress, we agree that the situation et al. (2011) investigated taxonomic problems affecting remains undecided, and continue to present alternative the Desert Tortoise. They designated the sole remaining taxonomies in this year’s checklist, with no implication of three syntypes of Gopherus agassizii as lectotype and that this represents the preferred or supported arrangement genetically confirmed that it originated from California. of individual TTWG members. They also determined that the holotype of G. lepidocephalus 8. Terrapene carolina: Butler et al. (2011) conducted originated from the Mojave desert population, at least based morphological and molecular analyses to address the status on mitochondrial DNA, reconfirming lepidocephalus as of lineages within Terrapene carolina. They found that a junior of agassizii. A suite of morphological, box turtles phenotypically corresponding to T. c. carolina, molecular and ecological differences between the Mojave T. c. bauri, and T. c. triunguis all occur within the range and Sonoran Desert populations led Murphy and co-authors of T. c. major, and that the latter does not demonstrate a to describe the Sonoran form, long recognized as an Evo- diagnosable morphology. They also found that carolina, lutionarily Significant Unit, as a new and distinct species, bauri, and triunguis possess divergent mtDNA haplotypes, Gopherus morafkai. Further research will be necessary to which are present alongside a fourth, distinct, haplotype determine if the southernmost populations of G. morafkai in in the range of T. c. major. Butler et al. interpreted these the Sinaloan thornscrub ecosystem also deserve taxonomic findings as the introgressed genetic signal of the extinct recognition (Lamb et al. 1989; Murphy et al. 2011). T. c. putnami perpetuating in a morphologi- 12. Testudo graeca and T. marginata: Chkhikvadze et cally mixed population, and advocated equating the taxon al. (2011) described Testudo dagestanica from Lake Papas, Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.219

Dagestan, and considered the taxa anamurensis, pallasi, and its type locality (Purulia, western West Bengal) is far terrestris, weissingeri, and zarudnyi (variously considered outside the redefined range ofL. p. punctata, we take this subspecies or synonyms of T. graeca or T. marginata in opportunity to place intermedia into the synonymy of the earlier versions of this checklist) as valid subspecies of T. central unspotted taxon L. p. vittata. marginata. However, Parham et al. (2006) and Fritz et al. 15. Genus Nilssonia: In earlier versions of this check- (2007) placed the Dagestan population of Testudo firmly list, we used the provisional designation ‘Nilssonia or in T. graeca based on a combination of morphological Aspideretes’ as a transitional phase between the widespread and genetic characters, although those studies differed in usage of Aspideretes since Meylan’s (1987) morphological their assignment of this population to T. g. ibera and T. g. analysis, and the more recent findings that Aspideretes is armeniaca, respectively. Until further data become available paraphyletic with regard to Nilssonia and consequent rec- supporting the radical changes proposed by Chkhikvadze et ommendation to synonymize Aspideretes into Nilssonia al., we take a conservative approach and make no changes (Engstrom et al. 2004; Praschag et al. 2007; Fritz and Havas to the taxonomy of T. graeca or T. marginata. 2007). We note that the species gangetica, hurum, leithii, 13. Testudo marginata: Perez et al. (2011) studied the and nigricans are now widely accepted as belonging in the effects of landscape features and demographic history on the genus Nilssonia, making Aspideretes a synonym. genetic structure of Testudo marginata using microsatellites. 16. Genus Pelodiscus: Yang et al. (2011) evaluated They found that their samples from Sardinia clustered with the validity of P. parviformis and inferred it to be a distinct samples from northern Greece, suggesting that the Sardin- species based on the results of their morphological and mo- ian population may have originated from a small founder lecular analyses. Stuckas and Fritz (2011) sequenced DNA population approximately 200 generations ago, while the from the lectotype of P. sinensis and analyzed its placement source population from which those founders originated was in relation to other Pelodiscus. They found it distinct from estimated to be very large. In contrast, the samples from the the lineages identified as P. axenaria and P. parviformis, ‘dwarfed’ marginata population of the southwestern Pelopon- and concluded that P. sinensis is not a senior synonym of nesus demonstrated a low but significant differentiation from either of these two names. Consequently, Stuckas and Fritz all other marginata populations. While Perez et al. did not proposed recognition of axenaria, maackii, parviformis, and recommend taxonomic recognition of the dwarf population, sinensis as valid species; they recognized that older names they did emphasize the conservation significance of what in may be available for some of these, but recommended use effect is an Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU). of these four names for the time being. The respective dis- 14. Genus Lissemys: Praschag et al. (2011) analyzed tribution ranges of the different forms, and possible areas variability across the range of the genus Lissemys, based of co-occurrence, remain unclear; the reported occurrence on 2286 bp of mitochondrial DNA sequences, with addi- of both axenaria and parviformis in Guangxi and Hunan tional morphological and biogeographical considerations. warrants further research. They concluded that scutata is a distinct divergent lineage 17. Rafetus swinhoei: Farkas et al. (2011) reviewed and reaffirmed Webb’s (1982) conclusion to recognize the description of Rafetus vietnamensis Le et al. 2010. They scutata as a full species. They found that the Sri Lankan declared vietnamensis an objective synonym of R. leloii, and population shows similar divergence, and recognized this reasserted their view that R. leloii (and thus R. vietnamensis) population as a full species, Lissemys ceylonensis (Gray is a subjective synonym of R. swinhoei. 1856a). The remaining populations of Lissemys fell into 18. Trionyx triunguis: Gidis et al. (2011) sequenced up three lineages, one broadly corresponding to the spotted to seven of 20 known-locality samples and reported northern taxon andersoni (though with some intergrada- shallow divergence among Mediterranean Coast, Nile, and tion with unspotted animals in Orissa) inhabiting the Cameroon samples, in contrast to the results of Guçlu et al. Indus--Brahmaputra systems, and the other two (2009), who found four different haplotypes for the four lineages comprised of unspotted populations in peninsular unknown-locality Sub-Saharan specimens that they compared India. Praschag et al. recommended recognition of the two to their Mediterranean samples. peninsular lineages by the names punctata for the south- 19. Pelomedusidae: Fritz et al. (2011a) examined the ernmost Indian lineage, and vittata for the central Indian phylogeny of Pelusios and Pelomedusa species based on lineage. Because the three mainland Indian lineages are three mitochondrial and three nuclear DNA fragments. They more closely related to each other than to either scutata or reported divergent lineages within Pelusios rhodesianus ceylonensis, and intergradation between at least andersoni and P. sinuatus, found no clear differentiation of P. chapini and vittata is known, Praschag et al. proposed recognition from P. castaneus, and attributed the nesting of the sole P. of vittata and andersoni at subspecies rank under punctata. williamsi sequence within P. castaneus to misidentification They also concluded that Emyda granosa intermedia An- of the williamsi sample in GenBank. They also demonstrated nandale 1912, traditionally placed in synonymy of the very shallow divergences within P. castanoides, suggesting southern, unspotted form punctata (see Webb 1980:554), that populations in Madagascar and the Seychelles were only is based on intergrades between vittata and andersoni and recently colonized; these findings agreed with those of Silva cannot be used as the valid name for any Lissemys taxon. et al. (2010), who found limited mtDNA differentiation of As intermedia is clearly not a valid synonym of andersoni, Seychelles from Madagascar specimens of P. castanoides, 000.220 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

but cautioned that their sampling of Madagascar material islands added to introduced range, as per CBFTT account (Gerlach was limited. Fritz et al. (2011a) did not propose explicit 2011b). changes to taxonomy, but indicated that chapini could be Stigmochelys pardalis: Sudan deleted from the range, and the re-instated to subspecies rank under P. castaneus, and that new nation of South Sudan added to the range. Pelodiscus parviformis: Vietnam added to the range. the recognition of subspecies of P. castanoides could be Acanthochelys pallidipectoris: Mendoza, Argentina, corrected unwarranted; they also suggested the existence of cryptic from native range to introduced, as per CBFTT account (Vinke taxa within P. rhodesianus and P. sinuatus, and reaffirmed et al. 2011). the view of Vargas-Ramirez et al. (2010) that Pelomedusa South Sudan: This newly independent nation has seven taxa subrufa represents a species complex. of freshwater turtles and tortoises: Kinixys belliana belliana, Stig- 20. Podocnemididae: Gaffney et al. (2011) analyzed the mochelys pardalis, Cyclanorbis elegans, Cyclanorbis senegalensis, phylogeny of fossil and living species of Podocnemididae in Trionyx triunguis, Pelomedusa subrufa, and Pelusios adansonii. the context of their earlier analysis of extinct related groups We seek comments and encourage reader input on any (Gaffney et al. 2006). They reconfirmed the monophyly of distribution data that improves the accuracy of our listings, but especially on the accuracy (or not) of the following possible the family Podocnemididae, and largely agreed with França occurrences: and Langer (2006) in not recognizing Erymnochelyinae as Cuora bourreti: Cambodia (?), Laos (?); a . Cuora zhoui: Guangxi, China (?), Vietnam (?); Melanochelys trijuga edeniana: Yunnan, China (?); Ap p e n d i x – Morenia ocellata: Yunnan, China (?); Di s t r i b u t i o n a l Da t a Sacalia bealei: Guangxi, China (?); Kinixys belliana subspecies: the precise distribution of these Distribution Updates: Having introduced distribution data in taxa needs further clarification. last year’s checklist, we record a number of updates and corrections Distribution of Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles: Fresh- that have been made in this year’s checklist. water and terrestrial turtles and tortoises (excluding sea turtles) Dermatemys mawii: Honduras (?) deleted from the range as have now been recorded as occurring in 162 nations or territories per CBFTT account (Vogt et al. 2011). (excluding introductions, but including 8 countries where these taxa Kinosternon scorpioides albogulare: Population in San Andrés, have been extirpated in modern times). These 162 countries are Colombia, indicated as possible prehistoric or modern introduction, as follows, including the number of taxa of freshwater turtles and as per CBFTT accounts (Berry and Iverson 2011, Forero-Medina tortoises (species and additional subspecies) known to be native and Castaño-Mora 2011). or presumed (?) to probably occur in the country. Chrysemys dorsalis: Apparently established in Florida (Krysko Afghanistan, 2; Albania, 5; Algeria, 4; Angola, 12; Argentina, et al. 2011). 12; Armenia, 5; Australia, 28; Austria, 1; Azerbaijan, 6; Bahamas, Graptemys pseudogeographica: Apparently established in 2; Bahrain, 1; Bangladesh, 24; Belarus, 1; Belgium (extirpated), Florida (Krysko et al. 2011). 1; Belize, 9; Benin, 11; Bermuda, 1; Bolivia, 14; Bosnia and Malaclemys terrapin and M. t. centrata: Bermuda added to Herzegovina, 4; Botswana, 9; Brazil, 30; Brunei, 10; Bulgaria, 4; native range (Parham et al. 2008). Burkina Faso, 6; Burundi, 8; Cambodia, 16; Cameroon, 11; Canada, Pseudemys nelsoni: Introduced to Tortola, British Virgin 12; Cape Verde, 1; Cayman Islands, 1; Central African Republic, Islands (Owen et al. 2005). 10; Chad, 7; China, 30; Colombia, 28; Congo (DRC), 20; Congo Trachemys scripta scripta: Apparently established in Florida (ROC), 11; Costa Rica, 9; Croatia, 4; Cuba, 2; Cyprus, 1; Czech (Krysko et al. 2011). Republic (extirpated), 1; Denmark (extirpated), 1; Djibouti, 1; Emys orbicularis orbicularis: Spain deleted from range; Span- Dominican Republic, 2; Ecuador, 26; Egypt, 3; El Salvador, 4; ish populations are attributable to subspecies E. o. fritzjurgenobsti Equatorial Guinea, 7; Eritrea, 5; Estonia (extirpated), 1; Ethiopia, and E. o. galloitalica, but not to the nominate subspecies. 9; France, 4; French Guiana, 10; Gabon, 12; Gambia, 5; Georgia, Terrapene nelsoni: Chihuahua, Mexico (T. n. klauberi) and 5; Germany, 1; Ghana, 9; Greece, 5; Guatemala, 13; Guinea, 5; Jalisco, Mexico (T. n. nelsoni) added to the range, as per CBFTT Guinea-Bissau, 5; Guyana, 11; Haiti, 2; Honduras, 12; Hungary, 1; account (Buskirk and Ponce-Campos 2011). India, 36; Indonesia, 33; Iran, 10; Iraq, 5; Israel, 4; Italy, 7; Ivory Batagur kachuga: Occurrence in Nepal confirmed. Coast, 8; Jamaica, 1; Japan, 6; Jordan, 2; Kazakhstan, 3; Kenya, 10; Cuora bourreti: Occurrence in Laos indicated as uncertain. Kuwait, 1; Kyrgyzstan, 2; Laos, 19; Latvia, 1; Lebanon, 3; Lesotho, Cuora picturata: Occurrence in central Vietnam confirmed 2; Liberia, 6; Libya, 4; Lithuania, 1; Luxembourg (extirpated), 1; (Ly et al. 2011). Macedonia, 4; Madagascar, 11; Malawi, 10; Malaysia, 20; Mali, Cuora zhoui: Vietnam added as uncertain occurrence. 6; Mauritania, 6; Mauritius (extirpated), 4; Mexico, 58; Moldova, Geoemyda spengleri: Laos added to the range (Stuart et al. 1; Mongolia, 1; Montenegro, 3; Morocco, 6; Mozambique, 10; 2011). Myanmar, 28; Namibia, 13; Nepal, 15; Netherlands (extirpated), Mauremys caspica caspica: Israel, Jordan and Lebanon de- 1; Nicaragua, 11; Niger, 4; Nigeria, 11; North Korea, 2; Pakistan, leted from the range; populations there attributable to M. rivulata. 11; Panama, 11; Papua New Guinea, 11; Paraguay, 11; Peru, 16; Turkmenistan added to the range. Philippines, 7; Poland, 1; Portugal, 2; Puerto Rico, 1; Réunion, Mauremys caspica siebenrocki: Turkmenistan deleted from 1; Romania, 3; Russia, 6; Rwanda, 7; São Tomé and Príncipe, 1; the range; population there attributable to M. c. caspica. Saudi Arabia, 2; Senegal, 8; Serbia, 5; Seychelles, 7; Sierra Le- Sacalia bealei: Occurrence in Guangxi, China, indicated as one, 6; Singapore, 9; Slovakia, 1; Slovenia, 3; Somalia, 5; South uncertain. Africa, 20; South Korea, 2; South Sudan, 7; Spain, 4; Sri Lanka, Aldabrachelys/Dipsochelys gigantea/dussumieri hololissa: 4; Sudan, 7; Suriname, 9; Swaziland, 6; Switzerland (extirpated), Cousine Island added to extirpated range, Round and Cousine 1; Syria, 6; Taiwan, 6; Tajikistan, 2; Tanzania, 14; Thailand, 27; Turtles of the World – 2011 Checklist 000.221

Timor-Leste, 2; Togo, 9; Trinidad and Tobago, 6; Tunisia, 4; Turkey, of America. First Monograph. Vol. I. Part I. Essay 11; Turkmenistan, 7; Uganda, 10; Ukraine, 1; Uruguay, 5; USA, on Classification. Part II. North American Testudinata. Boston: 82; Uzbekistan, 4; Venezuela, 21; Vietnam, 29; Yemen, 1; Zambia, Little, Brown and Co., Vol. I, pp. 1–452. 11; Zimbabwe, 10. Ag a s s i z , Lo u i s . 1857b. Contributions to the Natural History of Distribution of Marine Turtles: Sea turtles have now been the United States of America. First Monograph. Vol. II. Part III. recorded as occurring in 168 nations or territories (excluding Embryology of the Turtle. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., Vol. cases of presumed vagrancy). These 168 countries are as follows, II, pp. 453–643. including the number of species recorded to be nesting or regularly Ah l , Er n s t . 1932. Beschreibung einer neuen Schildkröte aus foraging in the country. Australien. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Albania, 2; Algeria, 2; American Samoa, 2; Angola, 3; Anguilla, Freunde zu Berlin 1932(1/3):127–129. 4; Antigua and Barbuda, 4; Argentina, 2; Aruba, 4; Ascension, 2; An d e r s o n , Jo h n . 1875. Description of some new Asiatic mam- Australia, 6; Bahamas, 4; Bahrain, 4; Bangladesh, 5; Barbados, 4; mals and Chelonia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Belize, 4; Benin, 4; Bermuda, 3; Bonaire, 1; Brazil, 5; British Indian (4)16:282–285. Ocean Territory, 2; British Virgin Islands, 4; Brunei, 4; Cambodia, An d e r s o n , Jo h n . 1879 [“1878”]. Anatomical and Zoological Re- 4; Cameroon, 4; Canada, 2; Cape Verde, 3; Cayman Islands, 3; searches, Comprising an Account of the Zoological Results of the Chile, 3; China, 5; Christmas Island, 1; Cocos (Keeling) Islands, 1; Two Expeditions to Western Yunnan in 1868 and 1875. London: Colombia, 5; Comoros, 4; Congo (DRC), 3; Congo (ROC), 4; Cook Bernard Quaritch, Vol. I, 985 pp., Vol. II, 29 pp. + pls. Islands, 2; Costa Rica, 5; Croatia, 2; Cuba, 4; Curacao, 4; Cyprus, 3; An n a n d a l e , Ne l s o n . 1906. Testudo baluchiorum, a new species. Djibouti, 4; Dominica, 4; Dominican Republic, 4; Ecuador, 4; Egypt, Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal n.s. 5; El Salvador, 4; Equatorial Guinea, 4; Eritrea, 4; Fiji, 4; France, 2; 2(3):75–76. French Guiana, 5; French Polynesia, 2; French Southern Territories, 2; An n a n d a l e , Ne l s o n . 1912a. The Indian mud–turtles (Trionychidae). Gabon, 4; Gambia, 5; Ghana, 4; Great Britain, 1; Greece, 3; Grenada, Records of the Indian Museum 7(2):151–180. 4; Guadeloupe, 4; Guam, 2; Guatemala, 5; Guinea, 4; Guinea-Bissau, An n a n d a l e , Ne l s o n . 1912b. The aquatic chelonia of the Ma- 5; Guyana, 5; Haiti, 4; Honduras, 5; India, 5; Indonesia, 6; Iran, 4; hanaddi and its tributaries. Records of the Indian Museum Iraq, 3; Ireland, 1; Israel, 5; Italy, 2; Ivory Coast, 4; Jamaica, 4; Japan, 7(3):261–266. 4; Kenya, 5; Kiribati, 1; Kuwait, 3; Lebanon, 3; Liberia, 5; Libya, 3; An n a n d a l e , Ne l s o n . 1913. The tortoises of Chota Nagpur. Records Madagascar, 5; Malaysia, 4; Maldives, 3; Malta, 2; Marshall Islands, of the Indian Museum 9(5):63–78. 2; Martinique, 4; Mauritania, 4; Mauritius, 5; Mayotte, 2; Mexico, 6; An n a n d a l e , Ne l s o n . 1915a. Notes on some Indian Chelonia. Records Micronesia, 3; Monaco, 2; Montenegro, 2; Montserrat, 3; Morocco, of the Indian Museum 11(11):189–195. 2; Mozambique, 5; Myanmar, 5; Namibia, 3; Nauru, 1; Netherlands An n a n d a l e , Ne l s o n . 1915b. Herpetological notes and descriptions. Antilles, 4; New Caledonia, 3; New Zealand, 1; Nicaragua, 5; Nigeria, Records of the Indian Museum 11(19):341–347. 4; Niue, 1; North Korea, 2; Northern Mariana Islands, 1; Oman, 4; An n a n d a l e , Ne l s o n . 1918. Chelonia and Batrachia of the Inlé Lake. Pakistan, 4; Palau, 3; Panama, 5; Papua New Guinea, 6; Peru, 5; Records of the Indian Museum 14:67–69. Philippines, 5; Portugal, 2; Puerto Rico, 4; Qatar, 4; Réunion, 3; An t e n b r i n k -Ve t t e r , Su s a n n e a n d Ve t t e r , Ho l g e r . 1998. Neuer Russia, 1; Saint Kitts and Nevis, 4; Saint Lucia, 4; Saint Vincent Name für altbekannte Schildkröten. Schildkröten II/98:3–5. and the Grenadines, 4; Samoa, 4; São Tome and Principe, 4; Saudi Ba b c o c k , Ha r o l d L. 1937. A new subspecies of the red-bellied Arabia, 4; Senegal, 5; Seychelles, 5; Sierra Leone, 5; Singapore, 3; terrapin Pseudemys rubriventris (LeConte). Occasional Papers Sint Maarten, 4; Slovenia, 2; Society Islands, 1; Solomon Islands, 4; of the Boston Society for Natural History 8:293. Somalia, 4; South Africa, 4; South Korea, 2; Spain, 2; Sri Lanka, 5; Ba i r d , Sp e n c e r F. a n d Gi r a r d , Ch a r l e s . 1852. Descriptions of Sudan, 4; Suriname, 5; Syria, 3; Taiwan, 4; Tanzania, 5; Thailand, 4; new species of reptiles, collected by the U.S. Exploring Expedi- Timor-Leste, 2; Togo, 4; Tokelau, 1; Tonga, 4; Trinidad and Tobago, tion under the command of Capt. Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. First 5; Tuamotu, 1; Tunisia, 2; Turkey, 3; Turks and Caicos, 4; Tuvalu, 2; Part.—Including the species from the western coast of America. United Arab Emirates, 4; Uruguay, 3; US Virgin Islands, 4; USA, 6; Proceedings of the Acadademy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Vanuatu, 5; Venezuela, 5; Vietnam, 5; Wallis and Futuna, 2; Western 1852:174–177. Sahara, 2; Yemen, 4. Ba r b o u r , Th o m a s . 1935. A new Pseudemys from Cat Island, Ba- hamas. Occasional Papers Boston Society of Natural History LITERATURE CITED 8:205–206. Ba r b o u r , T h o m a s a n d C a r r , A r c h i e F., J r. 1938. Another Bahamian This bibliography is divided into two sections: (1) all primary fresh-water tortoise. 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