Use and Abuse of Design and Narratives for the Milano

Wybe Kuitert, Dept. of Landscape Architecture Wybe Kuitert Graduate School of Environmental Studies Seoul National University Use and Abuse of Design and Narratives for the Milano Expo 2015

Journal o f En v i r o n me nt al St u die s 64 (2019): 51-91 Increasing frictions between local values of sustainability and the global 환경논총 / 環境論叢 第64卷 money economy pose a growing need for critical analysis of design and planning ISSN 1226-9000 (print) / 2288-548X (digital) for mega-events. While map presentations relate to legal liability, accompanying narratives usually serve only to substantiate the validity of design. This paper addresses the Milano Expo 2015 and through theory of design narrative and departing from landscape sustainability in planning, it analyzes the stories, imaginative maps and artist impressions presented during the development process. The idealistic design narrative camouflaged plain development visible in the design maps, while a landscape planning narrative seemed about sustainability but was in reality only securing water for aesthetic design. Deceiving design and naive planning narratives facilitated development while sustainability practice suffered, leaving a wasteland behind with negative effects on the water systems of the region. Design and narratives were abused (-un) consciously for other purposes, destroying opportunities to develop towards landscape sustainability.

Introduction The site where in 2015 the Milano Expo was held is at present a deserted place with the former Italian Pavilion and the Cascine Triulza as only remaining

환경논총 제 64권 51 buildings that function now and then because of public money. The rest of future go, or its population educated? Can the installation of a World Expo be an the site is an abandoned 110 hectare concrete structure with canals and a lake; effective, educative tool? In Milano a utopian design narrative and a heroic role in spite of efforts to develop new master plans, it still awaits a proper new for the architect were constructed following BIE idealism, while all the same destination (Faccini, 2018). Why has this project failed to leave a lasting, more preparing for plain commercial development. In a second move, after changing positive legacy? Legitimation of investment of public money in projects like this the architect, idealism was narrowed down to introduce a regional planning departs from future visions, from design. Designing is a process of constructing narrative on landscape scale. This time the narrative promised improvements to persuasive stories about the future, where meaning depends on context regional landscape planning, but in fact only secured water for Expo landscaping (Throgmorton 2003, 129). Was context misunderstood, or was meaning derived in purposes. Design served to deflect public discourse to realms of aesthetics, while the wrong way? Were the narratives of architects and developer responsible for accompanying narratives gave the idea that something sustainable and ecological design and planning of the Expo project meaningful within the Milano context? was in the making. In reality it was a plain commercial development that ignored the landscape of the site, without replacing it with something new or better. World Expos are mega events based on extreme design efforts with large Regional planning did not profit from the Expo effort. The project, on top of that investments meant to be practical only for the short term of its opening as a induced embezzlement of public money. spectacle celebrating consumerism (Ley 1988). In spite of that they are usually proposed as leaving a lasting spatial legacy that improves existing urban infrastructure and urban planning. Planning and designing are under particular stress to bridge the Milano Global gap between spectacle and durability; also in Milano the developer was well aware It was in October 2006 that the Italian government proposed Milano for a that sustainability is a big issue (Expo Milano 2015 SR 2014). World Expo to be held in 2015 (Gallione 2012). It went with the slogan ‘Nutrire il pianeta, energia per la vita’ promising to nourish the planet giving energy through The present paper reports on history of design and planning narratives life, encompassing dimensions of ecology as well as food production; it cleverly since the 2006 bid book of Milano City, focusing on interviews, image sketches, addressed idealists and realists alike, but the more straightforward English ‘Feeding and related discourse that reached the public. The first Expo designs exploited the Planet, Energy for Life’ missed some of this inducement. The first half of the the idealism of the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) and its Treaty slogan echoed United Nation’s Millennium Development Goals and also addressed on World Expositions. The treaty introduces education of the public as the world food security, which is the main concern for the UN, Rome-based, Food principal purpose of a World Expo; it may exhibit the means at man’s disposal and Agriculture Organization that oftentimes engages some Italian politician in for meeting the needs of civilization, or demonstrate the progress achieved in its media policies. The second phrase ‘Energy for Life’ relates to a more domestic one or more branches of human endeavor, or show prospects for the future drive. Italian food is a major asset and source of pride of the country and is usually (BIE 1928). Inevitably, questions arise. In which direction should our world’s counted among the first three of the world’s best cuisines. The key to this success

52 환경논총 제 64권 53 are regional foods: Bologna’s spaghetti for example, or Napoli’s pizza, or the aesthetics, but rather follows its own bureaucratic rules to spread and distribute cheese and ham from Parma are world famous. Offering domestic food industries events over time and space; that is because World Expos have become a field of a chance to advertise globally on home ground would bring in generous support. global city competition. Postmodern entrepreneurial city politics accompany this As the Expo slogan addressed each and every inhabitant of our planet, it elicited a field, ready to foster and encourage local development and employment growth, wide variety of claims on world-wide sustainability. while iconic architects and distinctive landmarks have become essential to make the difference (Charney 2007, 196ff; Harvey 1989; Gospodini 2002; Sklair 2005, The plan of the site that went with the bid book shows a schematic diagram 498). On March 31st, 2008 the BIE made it public that Milano was elected as of space organization, how millions of paying visitors can reach the pavilions (Bid organizer of the new Universal Exposition, leaving rival Turkish Izmir behind Dossier in Biraghi 2009, 76-78) [Fig. 1]. (la Repubblica 2008). Milano, as a historic city with a declining industrial status, thus followed Sevilla in accommodating an Expo, hoping to re-brand the city by Fig. 1 The first master plan of the site was a simple organizational diagram, introducing a catalyst to improve physical landscape and architecture of the city without concern for the landscape with a permanent effect on citizens’ daily life (Gospodoni 2002, 64; Paganoni 2010). Main internal road system Pedestrian bridge pavilion Subway line 1 Entity Pavilion Railway(M ilano-Torino high-speed line) Pavilions of regions Highway West Entrance Narratives: Feeding the Planet Amphitheater Auditorium A site of 110 hectares had been chosen west of the city; it had a major road on one side and two busy railroad lines on the other which promised easy access for 29 million visitors (la Repubblica 2008) that were hoped to come and Fiera Milano East Entrance see the Expo in its six months of staging. The developer, a Ltd. firm Expo 2015 S.p.A. posed as commissioner for a team of iconic architects that quite late, in Thematic pavilions January 2009 was presented to prepare a concept plan that would pass the BIE Expo Village offices. Strikingly, even before this team could present its ideas, the municipality The Pavilion of Milano staged a May 2009 conference on the design problem the Expo posed (Boatti 2009; Deganello 2009). A textual community was thus encouraged to

(from Bid Dossier Expo Milano 2006, captions translated by author) participate (Keravel 2010, 60), focusing preparations even more on design issues.

To win the bid, architectural design or landscape planning was not an Composing narratives in this early phase was architect Jacques Herzog implement, and also not required. The BIE does not engage in contents or (1950 -) of the Swiss office of Herzog & de Meuron in close cooperation with

54 환경논총 제 64권 55 Stefano Boeri (1956 -), architect and prominent representative of the Milano products that exemplify the sovereignty of each nation’s contribution to meeting design community, both not active in the May conference. Other added advisors the challenge of feeding the world’s people – experimental crops, orchards, included Ricky Burdett (1956 -) trained as architect and urbanist with ample gardens, greenhouses, food processing pavilions – where visitors can see (and expertise on longer term urban planning visions. Herzog & de Meuron had taste) for themselves the entire life cycle of the food we eat.’ All national won the Pritzker Prize in 2001 on a Barcelona project that had been valued by pavilions would be of equal size ‘regardless of their geopolitical power’ and Burdett, understanding the role and value of iconic architects in boosting a city, face the central boulevard. ‘Thematic Pavilions dealing with the major issues and as in Barcelona property values had increased sevenfold (Burdett 2000, 100). challenges of the world’s food (malnutrition, genetics, proximity farming, wastage by rich countries, bio crops and so on) will serve as counterpoint to the grid of From the very start, this team, officially the Architecture Advisory Board, national pavilions’ (all quotes from Herzog 2009). The narrative stresses the role in the media presented as ‘archistars’, was challenged by the Expo slogan to of independent countries of the world, all offering solutions in a high-flying revolutionize the standard World Expo format. The Milano Expo was to be ‘... ideal of equality, while problems are addressed in separate abstracted pavilions. an unforgettable experience and an opportunity to see ... the many and varied In reality the context was a client/developer commissioning the architects and solutions that countries, farmers and companies from across the planet can offer behind it, the city of Milano and the state of Italy as main sponsors, whereas the to right the great imbalances in the world’s food supply’ (Boeri 2009). Among the format should comply with the directives of the BIE. imagined users of the Expo were not only millions of visitors, but also countries, farmers, and companies willing to repair the imbalances of the world (Ivory 2013 The rhetorical strategy of such narrative is that it places emphasis on the on imagined user). In September 2009 the team presented the Concept Plan, design process, not on the product (Tal-Alon Mozes 2006, 36). Design is no prepared by Herzog (Todd 2009; Cilento 2009). Innovating and revolutionizing longer ‘a carefully worked out set of solutions to an agreed ‘problem’, or even Expo design had become an important drive: ‘... a visionary and successful EXPO a consensus about what the problem is, but rather [becomes] a construction of has to abandon the outmoded idea of ... gigantic architectural monuments which problems and solutions through design narratives’ (quoting Ivory 2013, 438). Key often have no real purpose after the event. Instead EXPO 2015 will be ... a new in the Milano narrative were the disasters that face our planet and the contrasting landscape of monumental lightness and natural beauty’... (Herzog 2009). beauty of national agricultural landscapes; it placed the architect outside of the narrative as an authoritative driver, who reflected and reinforced particular world The Expo was to be ‘a planetary effort to solve the great issue of hunger, views, while connecting proposed design solutions to broader social discourses of wasted resources, of the unequal distribution of food, of the unbalances in about what is desirable (Ivory 2013, 438). the ownership of seeds’ (Boeri in Andreini 2014). To that end ‘the EXPO grid must serve as a simple platform for sober debate and exchange of ideas, designs The heroic role of the architect became more pronounced in a later and products on the theme of food. The pavilion lots will host crops and farm narrative ‘...We decided to only accept the invitation to design the Milano master

56 환경논총 제 64권 57 plan if the client would accept a radically new vision for a World Exhibition... foundation of Milano...laying out big Cardo and Decumano axes with lateral side- (Herzog & de Meuron 2014; my italics). The narrative became a narrative for its streets, abolishing any kind of hierarchy, so there would be no difference in size own sake, posing the designer as hero that will solve the problem. The millions between the rich and poor countries …all countries of the world big and small of visitors to come and see the Expo are implied as audience to pick up the could come together on equal foot. To give substance to the agricultural theme, message, we may assume, but more overtly perhaps it came to include the ones half of each plot would be given over to a cultivated garden, where the countries opposing the Expo, while the architect in public advocacy turned the innate would grow a food of their nation whereas the front end, facing the main and merciless competitive function of it towards a complete opposite ‘equality Decumano boulevard would be of the same width for all countries, whether rich opportunity’, aestheticized by elegant design (McNeill 2006 on architects turning or poor’ (Wainwright 2015) [Fig. 2]. to aestheticizing when facing ethical dilemmas). ‘The large boulevard, literally uniting the pavilions of all participating Fig. 2 The rigid developer’s grid as proposed by Herzog & de Meuron nations, would become a huge, planetary garden with a long table stretching the full length of the boulevard’ (Herzog & de Meuron 2014) [Fig. 3].

Fig. 3 The main boulevard was covered with canopies and lined with a kilometer-long table in the concept plan by Herzog & de Meuron

Masterplan conceptua l / Conceptual Masterp lan © Herzog & de Meuron E. / S. 1 :10.000

(Cilento 2009)

In artist’s imaginations elaborated by Herzog, we can see all countries brought together under simple, tent-like canopies, arranged in long strips on both sides of a wide central boulevard (see Fig. 4a, 4b). Some locally anchored common urban narrative was introduced (Throgmorton 2003, 133, 142) aligning the story with the discourse community (Paltridge 2007, 24-25 explains the

social psychology of a discourse community): ‘We went back to the Roman (Cilento 2009)

58 환경논총 제 64권 59 Food stuff, grown on each little vegetable lot, would then be brought to without greenhouses but with equal positions for all participating nations adhered this kilometer-long table running down the central boulevard – ‘like a global by Herzog (Herzog & de Meuron 2014) [Fig. 4a], and one with greenhouses and last supper’, said Herzog (Pullara in Pisani 2009; Wainwright 2015), in an Agroecosystems found in the Milano discourse community (Andreini 2014) [Fig. 4b]. understatement referring to Leonardo Da Vinci’s famous painting done for a Milanese sponsor. The table and the painting figured in a Milano discourse on a major charity activity during the Expo for feeding the poor (Busetti 2017, 268).

Fig. 4a The concept plan with equal positions for all nations As a self-installed and authoritarian managing director of equality, the but without glass houses architect treated all participating countries in the Expo equally, while the role of architecture or more precisely said other architects, apart from Herzog himself, was annihilated as no one was needed any longer to design pavilions. A major critique that came in from the discourse community was that a chance for architecture to perform as a tool to discover solutions was missed (Pisani 2009). The limited time available, from January to September, and the assignment to come up only with an abstract ‘Concept Plan’ made it easy for the Architecture Advisory Board to come up with such a singular solution – in reality not fitting the BIE compulsories.

Although in praise of agriculture, the architects’ team does not elaborate how millions of visitors should be fed from a few hectares of vegetables, or how tropical countries should produce their food in the Italian climate. It was clear that architects would not be able to solve such issues and Boeri engaged natural scientists from the Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences of the University of Milano (Boeri 2010; Andreini 2014). In April 2010 the team could present a second, adapted plan that envisioned added greenhouses and ‘agroecosystems’ on the site. But how ecologically functioning agricultural systems for dozens of countries could be designed or introduced in an exhibition site was not (Herzog & de Meuron 2014) explained. The narrative broke up, resulting in two variant plan versions, one

60 환경논총 제 64권 61 Fig. 4b The concept plan with glass Shortly after, even Boeri had to back down on idealism (Cronaca 2011). On houses(by night) and Agroecosystems the whole, the artist’s impressions show the ‘haunting beauty of Venice’s winding alleys, Leonardo’s canals and the open countryside of rice fields and vineyards’ (Herzog 2009) – all quite in contrast to the rigor of the geometric grid (Todd 2009) (see Fig. 2). This was a major inconsistency of the plan.

Sustainability Fallacies The consumerist nature of mega-events is often masked by a discursive framework of ‘sustainability’, a fallacy inherent to such events (Gaffney 2013, 3934). In the field of design it may read as not very precise efforts in the field of ‘green’, ‘nature’, or ‘ecology’. This was evoked in the Expo design by six circular ‘Biodiversity Areas’ with nine designed areas for ‘phytodepuration’ (sic, Herzog 2009). Biodiversity denotes an existing dynamic of interconnecting and interdependent biological interactions between species that in planning is preserved, supported, or ignored. Biodiversity cannot be designed, planned, or constructed for the duration of a six-month event. In the realization of the Expo the original Biodiversity Areas were bound to disappear, but returned as a set of planting beds. These were much smaller than the earlier Areas and built as ‘phytopurification’ sites, in fact concrete boxes planted with pond and marsh plants, thought to purify the run-off surface water of the area before it entered the canal surrounding the site (Vis Studio 2013).

Six months before the Expo’s opening the developer published a 200 page Sustainability Report (Expo Milano 2015 SR 2014). It was motivated by a three-year cooperation agreement of the developer with the Italian Ministry (Andreini 2014) for the Environment signed the previous year on the theme of sustainability aimed at measuring the impacts generated by the Expo (Italian Ministry for the

62 환경논총 제 64권 63 Environment 2016). Besides such things as an ‘Ecosystem Expo’ for ‘integrated and ‘sustainability’ were appendages or accessories, not the basis of design for software applications’ (Expo Milano 2015 SR 2014, 48), the developer’s Report the site. Soon, the Italian Ministry of the Environment realized that lessons could advertises concerns for the environment. Surveys and an examination of the soil be learnt and prepared a report on ‘“tiles” of sustainability’ and a ‘target model of the expo site were conducted. No rare or threatened species were discovered, of circular economy’ where ‘economic growth and carbon emissions are kept so nothing really seemed to stop the development in that sense, but ten areas apart’, hoping to give guidelines for future mega-events (quoting from Italian were discovered where soil was so polluted that measures had to be taken to Ministry for the Environment 2016). reclaim the land (Expo Milano 2015 SR 2014, 86, 95). To assess damage to nature during the works another survey was set up (Expo Milano 2015 SR 2014, 48, 97). At first ten natural spots for monitoring environmental impact were selected, Narratives: Landscape and Water such as at the shore of the existing waterways. But such nature inevitably would Sustainability in general starts as an ethic rather than a method, while it may be destroyed, increasing the negative image of the works. This must have been not be clear what it means in reality (Throgmorton 2003, 136; Toofan 2014). But the reason that these spots were abandoned and monitoring activities were visions of sustainability should be an overarching framework in spatial issues of shifted to ten new ones that were on or aside existing roads or railways and also planning, and must be a coherent set of moral norms (Neuman 2005, 137, 138) most of these were inside the projected Biodiversity Areas in the concept plan with which we simply have to deal (Upton 2002). And when material and solid (cf. Cilento 2009). We may assume that the choice of these ten new spots was efforts to apply sustainability theory are made in planning and design, landscape motivated by a wish to demonstrate a boost in natural values, supporting the is a key as understood and demonstrated by landscape ecologists (Musacchio story of sustainability having increased after the event was over. Another striking 2009; Wu 2013). Awareness of the wider landscape speaks from a map showing and strong responsibility was felt towards Greenhouse Gasses. The developer the Expo within a set of circles around the city of Milano as proposed by Stefano presented a remarkably precise effort in monitoring and calculating the amount Boeri. Accompanying phrases on ‘demineralization of urban environments’ and of Greenhouse Gas produced during the works, although only CO2 was taken into ‘introducing biological and organic areas’ however do not address landscape account. In conclusion it is demonstrated how various CO2 reducing measures but advertise his apartment blocks heavily greened with planting boxes and offset precisely for 100% the CO2 produced by the Expo (Expo Milano 2015 SR proposed as ‘vertical forest’ or even ‘urban forestry’ (Boeri 2016, 446; Boeri w.o 2014, 111-116). For example the entire working life of a photovoltaic installation year). In fact, Herzog gave a similar, more detailed map indicating the legally in a neighboring community was presented as neutralizing tons of CO2 because preserved landscape units in the wider region together with the traditional it was paid for by the developer, although it is not clear whether the Expo had an cascine, large traditional farmsteads. But how the Expo design fits exclusive claim to these offset measures (Expo Milano 2015 SR 2014, 111-116). within this wider landscape is indicated only with one dotted line [Fig. 5]. And anyway a lot of CO2 was produced. In the Expo development ‘ecology’

64 환경논총 제 64권 65 Fig. 5 The concept plan shows legally designated landscapes, major waterways, saw Shanghai as the abhorring evil that had to be countered with opposite and and the large farm estates (cascine) typical for Lombardy positive thinking (Wainwright 2015; Heilmeyer 2015; Livegreen Blog 2010). WATER WAYS AND CASCINE Gatto concluded: ‘We would like to change the paradigm completely from monumentality, from architecture created to represent an imperial, colonial

Isola Nuova world, where China had to demonstrate its power and strength within its own

Anna San Giuseppe Cattabrega Trivulza San Paolo co borders, we would like to shift to a paradigm of landscape architecture where r o Villa Lonati a br P m La Torchiera Molino Torrette

Bilioteca P arc o d Cascinetta i T San Gregorio San Gregorio Vecchio quality of life and well-being are the measure of a nation rather than its power’ ren no Rizzardi Boldinasco Molino San Gregorio Melgera Cascinetta di Bo Cotica sco in C Molino Codovero ittá S. Romano Bellaria (Livegreen Blog 2010). Brusada

Caldera Rosa Madonna Della Provvidenza Case Nuove Case Nuove Cavriana Torrette Di Trenno Villa Landa Casanova Parco Forlanini Parco delle Monastero Cave Basciana Sant'ambrogio Linterno Taverna Sella Nuova

Molinello Corba Cuccagna Monlue' Colombe' This paradigm of landscape architecture referred to a wish to redo planning Geregnano

Merezzate Monterobbio for the landscape of water, green, and agricultural areas west and south of Nosedo Moncucco San Giacomo

Carliona Chiesa Rossa Vaiano Grande Valle Di Chiaravalle Cantalupa S.Bernardo Milano something mentioned in the Expo bid book of 2006 and approved as a

ie a Basmetto is R lle e d Ronchettino Lombardy regional project since 2009. With reference to Leonardo da Vinci, it o c P r ar a V c P e o t ta de bbia Tre Ronchetti ll a had even seemed possible to have Genova and Milano connected by a regional canal scheme as a spin-off project of the Expo (la Repubblica 2009). Obviously (Herzog 2009) with new design demands the narratives changed. Whereas the Decumano/

By 2011 all members of the Advisory Board had left (Heilmeyer 2015). cardo metaphor was used literally as a veneer of stories to back up the grid, Revolutionary idealism had become an inspiring idea somewhere in the the new ‘paradigm’ turned to the medieval canal system of Milano and the background while development was put on track quickly. With pressure on Lombardy Plain; this more ambiguous and more suggestive metaphor was able to the timeline, a team headed by Matteo Gatto (1975- ) was installed to develop restructure design narratives (Casakin 2004; Gustavsson 2012). the Concept Plan into a Master Plan, having to meet a deadline of April 2010 (Carbonaro 2010). Gatto was a staff member employed by the developer, and Milano is embedded in a regional and ancient irrigation landscape relying on presented as ‘Head Architect’ but also as ‘Visitor Experience & Exhibition Design two major rivers and waterways like the Naviglio Grande, the first major canal Director’ (Livegreen Blog 2010; Radic 2015; Andreini 2014). Idealism, design and story- that had been constructed in the 12th century (Bricchetti, 1998). The city’s canals making were now overtaken by developing, exhibition design, and visitor experience. for transport, industrial, and defense purposes, fed by this system had since the 1920s been neglected and mostly filled in or made into a closed sewer. Many

At the same time, another mega-event, the Shanghai Expo 2010, triggered layers of society welcomed the idea of reviving the canal system as Milano novel landscape awareness. All architects, Boeri and Herzog, but also Gatto, suffers from a relatively low profile in tourist sight-seeing, when compared to

66 환경논총 제 64권 67 other Italian cities (Stella 2008, De Carlo 2009, Boscacci 2017, Sibilla 2017). As if irrigation system is critical in rare times of flood, but suffers from a year-on-year it was Venice, the artist’s impression of Herzog promised indeed that boats could lowering water supply. Relying on this water infrastructure, the Expo’s canals navigate the canals of the Expo site (Andreini 2014) [Fig. 6]. and lake had to be filled. Leaving the ‘Earth Regenerates the City’ and ‘New Agriculture’ on a side track, the abundant water request was henceforth openly Fig. 6 Canals could be navigated with gondolas carrying visitors in the concept plan by Herzog & de Meuron proposed as a trigger to improve and restore all of the hydrological system only. More narrowly defined the project was re-styled as The Waterways (Le Vie d’Acqua), after the developer had scaled ambitions according to urgency with construction of waterways ‘essential for the functioning of the Expo site’ as being of the first order (quote from Expo Milano 2015 SR 2014, 34; Expo Milano 2015 w.o. year) [Fig. 7].

Fig. 7 Le Vie d’Acqua was an effort to include the Expo site in a larger scheme, as proposed by the site developer

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Sito Expo The expo developer presented in spring 2012 its official contribution with

Regional parks and Local parks of a lengthy title The Waterways and the Park of the Expo: Earth Re-generates the supra-municipal interest (PLIS) Darsena Urban green focal points City - The Structural Role of New Agriculture for the Regeneration of the City Naviglio Grande The Expo 2015 Park

water courses subject to hydraulic and landscape and the Territory. It was ‘a characteristic element of the Expo, leaving a tangible / environmental redevelopment projects LE RISAIE DEL PARCO SUD PARCO VALLE TICINO reconnecting water network from Villoresi to Naviglio Grande

legacy for the city and for Lombardy’ (Expo Milano 2012; Expo Milano 2015 PARCO AGRICOLO SUD

Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese Naviglio Pavese - Villoresi canal

SR 2014, 36). However on the site, together with the agricultural landscape, all greenways

farmsteads (cascine)

existing waterways – a natural brook, a typical well-canal (fontanile), and some multifunctional agriculture spillways – were scrapped to realize the master plan. Moreover, the agricultural (from Expo Milano 2012, captions translated by author)

68 환경논총 제 64권 69 The Waterways project, still presented as ‘landscape scenario’ although The northern part that served the irrigation and water supply for the Expo only dealing with water, was thought to fit in again with the slogan ‘Feeding site was finished before the Expo opened and its visitors would enjoy and the Planet, Energy for Life’ as it was about safeguarding water as ‘primary experience the freshness of as many as nine hectares of agricultural irrigation resource for the nutrition of the planet’ (Expo Milano 2012). How the planet water on the site. That the canals could be navigated by gondolas, as Herzog’s would be nourished with this water on the Expo site is not clear. Apart from this plan had promised, was in fact not realistic (Expo Milano 2015 SR 2014, 32, Millennium-Goal-inspired reference, it would also recreate the historical link 33). The proposed southern canal that would bring the Expo water back to the between Milano and its water. The Waterways project proposed two canals – larger system, feeding Milano’s inner city canals, has not been completed until whence the plural, one north of the Expo, and one canal discharging water from today. The topography and hydrology are incompatible with the design, as the the Expo site into the landscape south of the site, bringing it again to the city of irrigation system runs from north to south and the Expo site is at the very end of Milano revitalizing the city’s canal system. All seemed to fit nicely into schemes it where not much water is left. A hydrological research on this point was ignored of regional planning (Est Ticino Villoresi 2013) [Fig. 8]. (Badagliacca 2010) [Fig. 9].

Fig. 9 The regional landscape is a plain with a system of agricultural irrigation. The expo site, marked in red, sits at the end of a branch of the Villoresi irrigation canal. The Naviglio Grande canal taps from the Ticino River in the west and leads to south- west corner of Milano, the large grey area in the middle of the lower half of the map.

Fig. 8 Regional planning for water, landscape and recreation in the Lombardy Plain took the

Legend Expo site into account; he pink Area boundary line Municipal boundary NatureParks elements are the Fiera Milano Expo Area Land Improvement Consortium Network main (left), and the Milano Expo (right) secondary tertiary Hydrography network spillways natural waterways (from Est Ticino Villoresi 2013,captions well-canals other water courses(Milano Province) Metro Network translated by author) (from Est Ticino Villoresi 2013)

70 환경논총 제 64권 71 Such inexorable practicalities were complemented by human reasons such mitigate the darker sides of the dichotomy, various solutions were introduced. as citizens’ protest, bribery, and legal suits (Expo Milano 2015 SR 2014, 38-40; The Expo should remain an attractive place of play and entertainment. It should Latronico 2015). Opportunism and greed for water drove the Waterways project stay clear of the painful elements of our global food production. Badly paid, or and its narratives, not genuine insight, proper planning or simply honest ideals. child labor, depletion of arable land by unsustainable agricultural practice, animal rights and industrial slaughtering; no mention was made of such less appealing problems (Feinberg 2016). These were wrapped up in clearly defined entities, Equal Opportunity Fallacies and packaged as pavilion or manifest. Relating to design were two of these strategies From the very start heavy criticism was heard from many sides, for example that are discussed here: the Clusters and the NGO’s headed under ‘Civil Society’. on the large number of young volunteers recruited whereas jobs had been promised (la Repubblica 2008; Feinberg 2016). Apart from other and usual The Clusters allowed all poor countries of the world to participate critique on big-money development projects, a major semantic problem is collectively, which was an obvious effort to move forward. These Clusters were seen in the main message. The theme ‘Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life’ was grouped according to thematic identities or world market commodities, not from its very inception driven by two important, but opposed and contradictory according to geographical criteria, again an innovative idea. Each Cluster was views on food. Feeding the Planet obviously addresses our global worries that it an exhibit provided by Expo 2015 with a common and an individual area. The becomes increasingly difficult to feed each and every inhabitant of our planet. commons were to house events, exhibitions, markets, and food projects and could be jointly developed according to each Cluster’s own theme. The ‘… individual This worry is even more pressing if everyone should reach the level of exhibition spaces allowed each Country to demonstrate its own interpretation modern, western nutrition. Energy for Life on the other hand, implies the worries of the Theme’ referring to the main slogan (Expo Milano 2015 SR 2014, 126). of the wealthy. These are worries about the life-prolonging nutritional value Fifty-eight countries signed up for the Clusters in 2014, whereas last-minute of three daily meals and in-betweens. Awareness and anxiety are growing participation led to the eighty-one countries mentioned in the end report (Expo that this nutritional life style is perhaps not so healthy but also not fair. Much Milano 2015 SR 2014, 126; Expo Milano 2015, 2015, 1). The Cluster ‘Islands, Sea of such nutrition is supplied by the poor ones that produce it, and, while being and Food’ had most last-minute participation; it became a bit unclear with its 14 exploited by global trade and business, also need to be fed properly. The Milano countries, including North Korea advertising Ginseng roots and selling trinkets of Expo slogan runs on this dichotomy of either not enough food, or too much the regime (Latronico 2015). of unethical nutrition. All the same it proposes global trade, technology, and industries as solutions, although these are actually the very creators of such Some global commodities like for example cocoa or coffee, became a theme problems (Feinberg 2016; Worldwatch Institute 2010). How could this balancing for the Clusters. These could easily find a sponsor: Lindt, Nutella, and Ferrero act between consumption and utopia be solved (Paganoni 2009)? To be able to with their chocolate came in to sponsor the Cocoa Cluster. Illy (the global Italian

72 환경논총 제 64권 73 coffee brand) got the exclusive sponsorship for the Coffee Cluster with Burundi, Ghana: ‘Cocoa: Your wealth, health, and heritage’; and Ivory Coast: ‘Producing El Salvador, Ethiopia, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, Cocoa for the Planet. Respectfully’. The cluster metaphors and narratives hardly Yemen, and Timor-Lest participating. Global coffee production and consumption served to create an only superficially proffered equality. In fact they reinforced was therefore proffered by a multinational brand and was only symbolically the very basics of poverty. presented by the nation-states (Wilk 2015). What was left to the poor participants was to spread a blanket trying to sell some souvenirs; they could not bring their The landscape around the Expo is dotted by large farm estates typical of the coffee. In the developer’s sustainability report the world market commodities are Milanese countryside, as had been noticed by the design team. Such an old rural referred to as ‘food chains’. That these ‘chains’ function for the benefit of the complex existed on the site; this Cascina Triulza was the only remnant of the past rich consumer, but carry responsibilities for the poor producer was explained agricultural system and was revamped to become operational for the Expo [Fig. 10]. elsewhere on the Expo site in the Supermarket of the Future, and revealed once more that food clearly has the ability to differentiate socioeconomic levels (Borron 2016; Civero 2017). Fig. 10 The only element remaining from the former landscape was the large farm estate Cascine Triulza. It did not fit in the rigid developer’s grid. Other clusters departed from a thematic heading. A Cluster ‘The Agriculture and Nutrition of Arid Areas’ for example, was sided with Djibouti, Eritrea, Jordan, Mauritania, Mali, Palestine, Senegal, and Somalia. The designers came in with a narrative on salt, and while no global brand sponsor showed up, the visitors could get messages of ‘The Sand Storm and the Challenge to Fight Water Scarcity’ (Politecnico di Milano 2015; Bojardi 2014). It illustrates that the cluster narrative was a persuasive approach that invited moral engagement with poor countries, persuading architects like Gatto, but also student groups ready to contribute voluntarily to the hero story of equal opportunities for all, by designing pavilions for the clusters. Politically, the clusters were seen as fundamental strategy to have trade, not aid for African countries (la Repubblica 2013). The unbalance of politics, power, and global trade though was brought to the public by some of the participating poor countries themselves. Palestine for example referenced old olive trees, of course on the land confiscated by Israel, while souvenirs sold (Artist’s impression by one of the engineers involved, Fibre Net 2014) were of Jerusalem. Cuba came with a slogan ‘On the Road to Food Sovereignty’;

74 환경논총 제 64권 75 As all participants came in to build their own pavilion with their own Whether this understanding is correct or not, it is clear that a six months message, it was difficult to find a single user who would like to pay for the hire mega event needs a large amount of material that should not go to waste but of this complex. Thus it became the ideal place to accommodate what is called should be the source for new use in the cradle to cradle approach. But such the Civil Society organizations. (Expo Milano 2015 SR 2014, 107, 129, 130) The use could only be another mega-event, styled after the same general concept. buildings were reformed as multi-purpose location, open to participation for Although ‘sustainability’ of pavilions is a requirement for any official Expo the socially weak. Over the duration of the Expo a lot of activities took place, anyway, it means in terms of the BIE that participants and countries are obliged ranging from labor union meetings and events on equal rights for women, to to dismantle their own pavilion and the relevant installations after the Expo experience workshops for children and the handicapped. Bridging the gap is over (Expo Milano 2015 SR 2014, 50-51, 126). All the same there are no between utopian idealism and plain consumerism was done with such ad-hoc particular requirements whatsoever as for repurposing of materials and elements: solutions and appendages, not securing a fundamental planning solution for the Expo. cradle to cradle idealism had been irrelevant from the very start. Late in 2009 after the presentation of the Concept Plan, McDonough commented: ‘the Expo is an ephemeral event that celebrates eternal qualities such as nutrition. ... Narratives of Legacy and After-use it would be nice if every part of the project for the Expo became an exploration Legacy and after-use for the Milano Expo seemed secured by the inviting and a vital integration of the ephemeral with a world of cycles and metabolisms. of three external specialists to the Advisory Board. Besides Burdett, an invited Buildings must be like trees and landscapes like gardens, hope about food and member was William McDonough (1951 - ) who introduced his cradle to cradle nutrition must be a celebration of something eternal: chemistry, physics, biology approach for things like a modular system for roofs and walls and all other and what Einstein has called a “magic” - that’s life’ (Ezechieli 2009). One senses fittings for safe re-use, but also stuff (sic) explained as ‘furnishings and material hesitation in these ephemeral words and McDonough’s ideas did not reverberate operations, including packaging and food service, comprised of safe nutritious in the Milano discourse community; we don’t hear of any other involvement after materials’ with a picture of chairs with green seats as if these could be eaten his contribution to the first concept plan. after use (McDonough 2009) [Fig. 11]. Joan Busquets (1946 -) had a respectable involvement in the revival of Barcelona as legacy to the Olympics, his role was supposed to be quite important as he was announced as working on infrastructure (Boeri 2009), but we do not hear of any engagement. The Expo ‘infrastructure’ was termed in the 2006 Bid Fig. 11 The cradle to cradle approach seemed to promise that all Expo fixtures Dossier as installing two major legacies: a link to the city as Waterway (La Via and materials would be easy to recycle D’Acqua - not in plural), in fact a water channel connecting the Naviglio Grande or re-use after the event was over

(McDonough 2009) with the Villoresi Canal, as well as a Pathway (La Via di Terra) for slow traffic to

76 환경논총 제 64권 77 bring the Expo site in connection with Milano, welcoming visitors as tourists to sights and institutions of international excellence linked in a Path of Knowledge the city (Ferazzo 2014). The planning schemes for the London Olympics, at the and Culture (long as the site central boulevard) where EXPO 2015 visitors will be time under full development, had been the reason to invite Burdett (Piano 2009). able to relive once again the memorable experience done in the exposition site ...’ In spite of his expertise, he insisted on the need to develop new social policies (Herzog 2009). The Expo would penetrate the city and landscape of Milano with in view of the big and violent demonstrations against the Expo (Annachiara pathways of knowledge and culture, whereas tourists and citizens could return 2009). This reflects in the narrative of the Concept Plan that says it is ‘.... to to the former site to gain knowledge and culture from a set of institutions that lay the basis for a whole new district of the city that will arise around a large research, exhibit, and educate on food. open, green and productive area of land. The EXPO will thus leave the city the gift of a site that for years to come will celebrate the fundamental message The question of legacy was therefore seen as a problem of equaling out of “feeding the planet”, providing “energy for life”. We therefore rethought extremes, of interweaving the urban with the agricultural, the Expo tourists with the Water Ways [sic, in plural] project to focus attention and resources on the Milano’s poor, local with global, and the strategy to do it was again design. But reclamation and redevelopment of that extraordinary patrimony of public and when we write 2009 there were no clear ideas or political decisions made as for municipal farmsteads which dot the Milanese countryside and the network of the after-use of the site, neither for the surrounding region. Design was in reality canals that flow through it. These farms, whose original purpose was to produce limited to what could be done on the 110 hectares of the site, making the design fresh fruit and vegetables for the city, are also used today to accommodate problem limited and simple. Herzog’s plan relied on canopies and tents, so no the poorest sections of the Milanese population. A vast scheme to regenerate architectural structure of any format would obstruct whatever re-interpretation. Milan’s municipal farmsteads will therefore not only revive their historic role Burdett remarked: ‘The intention was to leave it in such a way that development of mediation between the city and the countryside, but also enhance their could happen in a productive landscape, creating a new kind of high-density community function to host (in a system of residential accommodation involving garden city once the tents were taken down’ (Wainwright 2015), and develop agro-tourism and bed & breakfasts) some of the visitors to EXPO 2015...’ (Herzog what Boeri called a ‘Planetary Botanical Garden’ (Andreini 2014). The narrative 2009; Dell’Agnese 2011, 229). again solved a problem by means of design, a problem that the same narrative had proposed. The plan’s grid however, was a developer’s grid and that it was The ambition is to merge an opportunity for the poorest Milanese to produce easy to redo, would have been true if it, naively, had been only about tents. fruit and vegetables at the cascine farmsteads with a prime tourist experience for a few of the expected 29 million visitors (see Fig. 5). The ideas presented After the star architects had left, under responsibility of the developer towards the Pathway legacy are: ‘Equally, we have reworked the Land Ways and directly managed by an emergency commissioner engaged to speed up project, tracing a pedestrian and cycle route through the heart of the city … works, almost the entire site was covered with a concrete base that defined the linking all of Milan’s major cultural, artistic and scientific attractions. A series of boulevards, sites for pavilions, the canals and lake. This hundred-ten hectare

78 환경논총 제 64권 79 concrete structure was not necessary for developing whatever Expo but pushed last place because of the locally high-held tradition of company-based product through with unconventional administrative measures in May 2012 and appears design, from which the Milano discourse had only just began to depart (Meroni to have been driven by embezzlement and construction mafia (Gallione 2015; 2007). Iconic architects were invited to compete in the global capital market Todisco 2018; Danna 2017, 911, 914, 916). Inevitably it was detrimental to any exemplified in World Expos and were let to do what should have been in the first purpose of ecological or landscape sustainability. place a political and an urban and landscape planning job.

It appears then that Milano municipality’s decision to let an Architecture Conclusion: The Workings of Design Advisory Board develop not much more than only some general Concept Plan It was Manfredo Tafuri who in the 1970s convincingly demonstrated that was done to counter the adversaries, satisfy the discourse community, and get utopian idealism is incompatible with architecture and development (Tafuri the project going, although not even the ownership of the land was secured 1976). Bringing the world together to share ideals of progress, as phrased in the at that early stage (Andreini 2014). The selection of iconic names and the late BIE treaty, is incompatible with a capital invested development which is a World engagement of the Board, almost one year had gone by without any decision, Expo. The institution and its office, the BIE, are outdated while the architects appears to point to such a strategy. It is clear that the municipality had no serious in Milano found themselves defined by the power of money, not by their own ambition on a landscape or urban planning context of the Expo and simply rhetoric (McNeill 2006). thought of it as a mega-event that would bring in global capital and thousands of jobs from itself (Dell’Acqua 2013; Dell’Agnese 2011). In order to appeal to the A major semantic problem in the slogan ‘Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life’ ideological imperatives of the mega-event copyright holder BIE (Gaffney 2013, pointed already at the ‘balancing act between consumption and utopia’ (Paganoni 3935) some construction companies made comfortable profits and some actors 2009). The Expo ran on a dichotomy of either not enough food, or too much of went away with embezzlements. Weak municipal governance went hand in hand unethical nutrition, but remained an attractive place of play and entertainment with real-estate big money – business as usual in Milano (Dell’Agnese 2011, 232). (Feinberg 2016). Politicians and intelligent elites of Milano were drawn into this Law suits continue to today and hopefully some human things can be sorted out, bizarre ignoring of the realities of our world by posing aesthetic design as the doing justice. What cannot easily be restored is some form of sustainable use of problem and believing it to be a solution through accompanying narratives. It the site [Fig 12]. was the municipality that tried to fuel the design discourse by posing ‘redesigning the Expo’ as a theme for an event addressing the discourse community. Fierce opposition, including violent riots had to be countered with intellectualism; design proved the universally understood and credible language for the discourse (Charney 2007, 202; McNeill 2006, 56; Vogliazzo in Pisani 2009). This not in the

80 환경논총 제 64권 81 Fig. 12 Apart from transportation networks the Expo was not planned in Acknowledgements integration with urban or landscape structures of Milano, making a sustainable landscape planning very difficult. This paper was developed with the generous support of three anonymous referees who came in with valuable suggestions. Research was set about as member of the Research Team World Expos and Human History, International Research Center for Japanese Studies in Kyoto, headed by Professor Mayuko Sano, Kyoto University, Japan; I acknowledge support of my fellow team members.

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