De Samiske Sprog

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De Samiske Sprog De samiske sprog Deres situation og sprogpolitiske vilkår Marc Daniel Skibsted Volhardt Norræn tjáskipti og málstefna Háskóli Íslands RESUMÉ enne opgave beskæftiger sig med de ni samiske sprog. Sprogene tales i det område i det nordligste Europa, vi med et samisk ord i dag D kalder Sápmi, et område som omfatter de nordligste dele af Norge, Sverige, Finland samt Kolahalvøen i Rusland. I opgaven vil jeg behandle de ni sprog, der tales i dag, ved at anskue dem dels fra en sprogtypologisk, dels fra en sprogpolitisk vinkel samt deres brug i skole- og mediesammenhæng. Det er meningen at opgaven skal være oplysende og virke som en oversigt over de samiske sprog, men også fungere som den samiske anskuelsesvinkel i nordisk sprogpolitik med hensyn til samisk skriftsprog, for netop brugen af skriftsprog og sprogpolitisk beskyttelse viser sig at være en af de vigtigste faktorer der afgør, om sprogene holdes i live og ved godt helbred i det moderne samfund. Jeg gennemgår hvert af de samiske sprog med hensyn til geografisk placering, antal talere og sprogenes faktiske anvendelse på to af samfundets vigtige domæner, nemlig skolen og medierne. Herefter går jeg ind og kigger nærmere på hvilke sproglige bestemmelser og love der findes til at beskytte sprogene i de fire lande, Sápmi omfatter, der afgør de forskellige sprogs skæbne. Side 2 af 39 ÁGRIP Á ÍSLENSKU etta ritgerðarverkefni fjallar um samísku tungumálin níu. Tungumálin eru töluð á því landsvæði Evrópu sem er á samísku Þ kallað Sápmi, svæði sem spannar nyrstu hluti Noregs, Svíþjóðar og Finnlands auk Kolaskaga í Rússlandi. Í ritgerðinni fjalla ég um málin níu sem eru töluð í dag með því að sjá þau annars vegar frá málgerðafræðilegu og hins vegar málpólitísku sjónarhorni auk notkunar þeirra í skólum og fjölmiðlum. Ætlast er til að ritgerðin sé fræðandi og gefi lesandanum yfirlit um samísku málin, en muni einnig vera samískt sjónarhorn í norrænni málpólitík með tilliti til samísks ritmáls. Það kemur einmitt í ljós að notkun ritmáls og málpólitískrar verndar eru mikilvægustu atriðin sem ráða hvort tungumálunum sé haldið lifandi og við góða heilsu. Ég fer yfir samísku tungumálin hvert fyrir sig í stuttu máli með tilliti til fjölda talenda, hvar þau eru töluð og síðan hvernig málin eru notuð á tveimur mikilvægum sviðum samfélagsins, í skólum og í fjölmiðlum. Að lokum fjalla ég um málpólitík og þau mállög sem vernda málin og ráða örlög þeirra í löndunum fjórum sem eru partur af Sápmi. Side 3 af 39 1. INDLEDNING .......................................................................................................... 5 1.1. Opgavens formål ........................................................................................................................................ 6 1.2. Begrebsafklaring ......................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3. Kilder og metoder ....................................................................................................................................... 7 2. DE SAMISKE SPROGS UDBREDELSE OG DERES TYPOLOGISKE SÆRTRÆK .. 7 2.1. En oversigt over de samiske sprogs udbredelse ......................................................................................... 7 2.2. Typologiske særtræk ved de samiske sprog ............................................................................................. 10 3. BRUGEN AF SAMISK I SKOLER OG MEDIER .................................................. 14 3.1. Sydsamisk – Åarjelsaemien gïele .............................................................................................................. 15 3.2. Umesamisk – Ubmejensámien giella ........................................................................................................ 16 3.3. Pitesamisk – Bidumsámegiella ................................................................................................................. 16 3.4. Lulesamisk – Julevsámegiella ................................................................................................................... 17 3.5. Nordsamisk – Davvisámegiella ................................................................................................................. 19 3.6. Inarisamisk – Ánâraškielâ ......................................................................................................................... 20 3.7. Skoltsamisk – Nuõrttsää′mǩiõll ................................................................................................................ 21 3.8. Kildinsamisk – Кӣлт сāмь кӣлл ................................................................................................................ 23 er a i k – ь с мь кӣлл ................................................................................................................... 25 3.10. Et skematisk sammendrag over samiske sprogs domæner ................................................................... 25 4. SPROGPOLITISKE VILKÅR ................................................................................. 26 4.1. Samisk Sprognævn – Sámi giellalávdegoddi ............................................................................................. 26 4.2. Lovgivning om samisk ............................................................................................................................... 27 4.2.1. Samisk i Norge ............................................................................................................................................................. 27 4.2.2. Samisk i Sverige .......................................................................................................................................................... 29 4.2.3. Samisk i Finland.......................................................................................................................................................... 32 4.2.4. Samisk i Rusland ........................................................................................................................................................ 33 5. SAMMENFATNING OG KONKLUSION ............................................................ 34 KILDEHENVISNINGER ............................................................................................ 36 BILAG TEKSTPRØVER PÅ DE FORSKELLIGE SAMISKE SPROG ..................... 38 Side 4 af 39 De samiske sprog tales på Nordkalotten på randen af det nordligste Europa, af samerne kaldt Sápmi. Området strækker sig fra det mellemste Skandinavien, op gennem Finnmark, svensk og finsk Lapland og videre til Kolahalvøen i Rusland. Her har der boet samer længe før andre folkeslag indvandrede til området. Samerne er i dag det eneste urfolk i den Europæiske Union. Sápmi er det navn jeg herfra vil bruge om dette samiske landområde, som er vist i forhold til resten af Europa på Figur 1. I dag udgør samerne de største befolkningsgrupper i den nordligste finske kommune Utsjoki (nordsamisk Ohcejohka; inarisamisk Uccjuuhâ; skoltsamisk Uccjokk) og i de fire norske finnmarkskommuner Karasjok (nordsamisk Kárášjohka), Kautokeino (nordsamisk Guovdageaidnu), Tana (nordsamisk Deatnu) og Nesseby (nordsamisk Unjárga) (Vuolab-Lohi 2010). Figur 1: Europa. Sápmi markeret med rødt. Kilde: wikipedia.com I denne opgave vil jeg beskrive de samiske sprog, til dels i et lingvistisk typologisk perspektiv, sprogenes brug samt sprogpolitiske bestemmelser for sprogene. I de første afsnit vil jeg give en oversigt over de samiske sprog i forskellige henseender. I afsnit 2 giver jeg en oversigt over antal talere, geografisk placering af sprogene og typologiske kendetegn for dem. I afsnit 3 undersøger jeg hvordan de samiske sprog står i dagens samfund mht. om de har skriftsprog, om der undervises i dem og om der findes undervisningsmaterialer på dem. I afsnit 4 vender jeg mig mod de sprogpolitiske vilkår. Har sprogene officiel status i områderne de tales i? Til en hvor stor grad og på hvilke punkter? Det er alle spørgsmål som jeg søger svar på, og det leder mig frem til følgende, overordnede problemstilling: Hvad kendetegner de samiske sprog og deres situation og sprogpolitiske vilkår? Side 5 af 39 I bilagene bag i opgaven har jeg præsenteret tekstprøver på de nu samiske sprog. På den måde kan læseren danne sig et visuelt indtryk af sprogene og ortografiske udtryk. 1.1. Opgavens formål Denne opgave har til formål dels at give en samlet beskrivelse af de samiske sprog, der i dag tales i Sápmi. Det er min fornemmelse, at de færreste, inklusive jeg selv, før jeg påbegyndte arbejdet med og kildeindsamlingen til denne opgave, har en særlig megen kendskab til de samiske sprog, hvis de ikke lever i et samfund, hvor de samiske sprog er hverdagsemne. Derfor er det mit ønske, at opgaven skal være kortfattet og præcis introduktion til de samiske sprog, deres brug i samfundet og hvordan de står lovgivningsmæssigt, og dermed øge kendskabet til dem. Denne opgave er også afslutningen på et kursus i nordisk sprogpolitik, og i opgaven inddrages derfor naturligvis en sprogpolitisk indgangsvinkel til de samiske sprog, både på nordisk plan, med Deklaration om nordisk språkpolitik (Nordisk Ministerråd 2007) som centralt sprogpolitisk dokument, og på nationalt plan med de enkelte landes sprogbestemmelser og -love, eller mangel på samme, som det er tilfældet for de kolasamiske sprog på Kolahalvøen i Rusland. Samtidig er opgaven en del af mit eget studium i sprogvidenskab, og derfor inddrager jeg også en sprogtypologisk vinkel. Der findes mig bekendt ingen oversigtlig opgave
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