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The Reclamation of Sami Identity and the Traces of Swedish Colonialism
THE RECLAMATION OF SAMI IDENTITY AND THE TRACES OF SWEDISH COLONIALISM A qualitative study about the formation of Saminess and Sami identity Master’s Programme in Social Work and Human Rights Degree report 30 higher education credit Spring 2020 Author : Frida Olofsson Supervisor : Adrián Groglopo Abstract Title: The Reclamation of Sami identity and the traces of Swedish colonialism : A qualitative study about the formation of Saminess and Sami identity Author: Frida Olofsson Key words (ENG): Sami identity, Saminess, Sami people, Indigenous People, identity Nyckelord (SWE): Samisk identitet, Samiskhet, Samer, Urfolk, Identitet The purpose of this study was to study identity formation among Sami people. The aim was therefore to investigate how Saminess and Sami identity is formed and specifically the way the Sami community transfers the identity. Semi structured interviews were conducted and the material was analyzed by the use of a thematic analysis. In the analysis of the material, four main themes were : Transfer of Sami heritage over generations, Sami identity, Expressions about being Sami and Sami attributes. The theoretical framework consisted of Postcolonial theory and theoretical concepts of identity. The main findings showed that the traces of colonialism is still present in the identity-formation of the Sami people and that there is a strong silence-culture related to the experiences of colonial events which consequently also have affected the intergenerational transfer of Saminess and Sami identity. Furthermore, the will to reclaim the Sami identity, heritage and the importance of a sense of belonging is strongly expressed by the participants. This can in turn be seen as a crucial step for the decolonization process of the Sami population as a whole. -
AUC Philologica 3 2019 6777 Kovar 39-44.Pdf
2019 ACTA UNIVERSITATIS CAROLINAE PAG. 39–44 PHILOLOGICA 3 / GERMANISTICA PRAGENSIA SAMI TEXTS FROM KEMI SÁPMI RECORDED BY JENNY AND SAMULI PAULAHARJU MICHAL KOVÁŘ ABSTRACT Among the folklore texts collected by Jenny and Samuli Paulaharju in the 1920s and 1930s there are a few Sami texts from the area of Kittilä and Sodankylä. The texts are partly macaronic Finnish-Sami, only one or two might be considered authentic Sami. However, due to their small extent it is questionable whether it can be regarded as Kemi Sami, the language that has been believed to disappear about 200 years ago. Keywords: Kemi Sami; Jenny Paulaharju; Samuli Paulaharju; Sami folklore According to their grammatical and lexical features, the Sami languages are divided into two groups – the Western and the Eastern. Three Sami languages are nowadays spo- ken in Finland: North Sami, belonging to the Western group, Skolt Sami, and the endem- ic Sami language of Finland, Inari Sami, both belonging to the Eastern group. Another, namely the Kemi Sami language, belonging to the same group and nowadays extinct, used to be spoken in the territory of Finland between the Kittilä and Kuusamo localities. There is not much data available about Kemi Sami. The most significant represen- tatives are the authentic Sami songs written down by the Sami clergyman Olaus Sirma in the early 1670s.1 Sirma’s translation of Johannes Gezelius’s Catechism from Finnish (probably from 1716)2 and a short glossary compiled by Jacob Fellman during the 1820s3 show the differences between dialects from Nuortti/Nuortijärvi (Skolt Sami), Imandra (Skolt Sami), Kuolajärvi (Kemi Sami), Sompio (Kemi Sami), Inari (Inari Sami), Enon- tekiö (North Sami) and Utsjoki (North Sami), as well as the dialect continuum between Kemi Sami and the bordering Sami languages (Skolt, Inari, and perhaps North Sami as well). -
Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics &A
Online Appendix for Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue (2014) Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics & Change Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue The following document lists the languages of the world and their as- signment to the macro-areas described in the main body of the paper as well as the WALS macro-area for languages featured in the WALS 2005 edi- tion. 7160 languages are included, which represent all languages for which we had coordinates available1. Every language is given with its ISO-639-3 code (if it has one) for proper identification. The mapping between WALS languages and ISO-codes was done by using the mapping downloadable from the 2011 online WALS edition2 (because a number of errors in the mapping were corrected for the 2011 edition). 38 WALS languages are not given an ISO-code in the 2011 mapping, 36 of these have been assigned their appropri- ate iso-code based on the sources the WALS lists for the respective language. This was not possible for Tasmanian (WALS-code: tsm) because the WALS mixes data from very different Tasmanian languages and for Kualan (WALS- code: kua) because no source is given. 17 WALS-languages were assigned ISO-codes which have subsequently been retired { these have been assigned their appropriate updated ISO-code. In many cases, a WALS-language is mapped to several ISO-codes. As this has no bearing for the assignment to macro-areas, multiple mappings have been retained. 1There are another couple of hundred languages which are attested but for which our database currently lacks coordinates. -
Fishing Rules and Permits - Arjeplog Municipality 2021 Understand All Local Rules and Restrictions
Sustainable fishing in highland environments Fishing rules In highland environments it is important to fish sustainably to ensure the General fishing rules, above the cultivation limit, in state-owned waters managed by the persistence of viable populations and natural habitats. Highland habitats County Administrative Board of Norrbotten: are particularly vulnerable since damaged soils and plants recover very • A fishing permit is required and can be purchased either • To protect fish populations from overexploitation, ice fish- slowly. Arctic waters are often poor in nutrients, and fish growth is online (www.natureit.se) or from local retailers (listed ing is forbidden in all streams and rivers apart from Piteäl- temperature dependent. below). ven, Kalixälven, and Torneälven. Ice fishing is also prohi- This means that the recuperation of harvested populations is restricted to relatively • Permit holders are allowed to use one fishing rod (line bited in streams and lake-like (wide and slow-flowing) short summer seasons. For that reason, you should not keep more fish than you can equipped with three hooks maximum) per angler. Other segments of rivers other than Piteälven, Kalixälven and consume in one day, and release all excess fish. rules are enforced in trolling lakes (see map). Torneälven. Wide and slow-flowing sections are considered Highland environments are also inhabited by semi-domestic reindeers. Reindeers are • There’s a daily limit on the number of salmonid fish you ‘lake-like’ when the maximum width equals <200 m and sensitive animals, so please observe that fishing is prohibited if it interferes with reinde- can keep. Bag limit (trout and grayling): 5 fish in total, e.g. -
Exchanging Knowledge of Monitoring Practices Between Finland and Greenland
Deepening Voices - eXchanging Knowledge of Monitoring Practices between Finland and Greenland Lead Author: Tero Mustonen Contributing Authors: Vladimir Feodoroff, Pauliina Feodoroff, Aqqalu Olsen, Per Ole Fredriksen, Kaisu Mustonen, Finn Danielsen, Nette Levermann, Augusta Jeremiassen, Helle T. Christensen, Bjarne Lyberth, Paviarak Jakobsen, Simone Gress Hansen and Johanna Roto Contents 1. eXchanging Knowledge . 3 4. Deepening Methods: 1.1. Monitoring traditional ecological knowledge in the North Atlantic and Why Do We Monitor, Where and What Impact Does It Have . 35 European Arctic Communities . 5 4.1. Improving Communications Through Video Projects . 37 2. The pilot projects . 7 5. Next Steps and Recommendations . 40 2.1 PISUNA in Greenland . 8 2.2 Lessons learned in Greenland . 9 References . 44 2.3 Jukajoki in Finland . 11 Appendix 1: Workshop Participants . 45 2.4 Lessons learned in the boreal . 13 Appendix 2: Summaries of the Report in . 46 2.5 Näätämö River in Skolt Sámi Area, Finland . 14 English . 47 2.6 Lessons learned amongst the Skolts . 16 Finnish . 48 Danish . 49 3. Results from the Aasiaat Workshop by Knowledge Holders, Greenlandic . 50 Scientists and Managers . 17 3.1. Main messages from the Workshop, 5th to 8th December, 2017 . 18 3.2. Ocean Change: At the Ice Edge . 27 . 3.3. Sharing Traditions: Joint Cooking . 30 3.4. Meeting the Future Elders: School Visit . 32 3.5. Example of a Seasonal Harvest . 34 Cover photo: Glacier east of Kangerlussuaq, Greenland. All report photos: Snowchange, 2018, unless otherwise stated. Layout: Eero Murtomäki and Rita Lukkarinen, 2018 Disclaimer: Best possible efforts have been taken to ensure the www.lumi.fi documentation of views from the workshops, but authors are responsible for any mistakes left in the text. -
Sami in Finland and Sweden
A baseline study of socio-economic effects of Northland Resources ore establishment in northern Sweden and Finland Indigenous peoples and rights Stefan Ekenberg Luleå University of Technology Department of Human Work Sciences 2008 Universitetstryckeriet, Luleå A baseline study of socio-economic effects of Northland Resources ore establishment in northern Sweden and Finland Indigenous peoples and rights Stefan Ekenberg Department of Human Work Sciences Luleå University of Technology 1 Summary The Sami is considered to be one people with a common homeland, Sápmi, but divided into four national states, Finland, Norway, Russia and Sweden. The indigenous rights therefore differ in each country. Finlands Sami policy may be described as accommodative. The accommodative Sami policy has had two consequences. Firstly, it has made Sami collective issues non-political and has thus change focus from previously political mobilization to present substate administration. Secondly, the depoliticization of the Finnish Sami probably can explain the absent of overt territorial conflicts. However, this has slightly changes due the discussions on implementation of the ILO Convention No 169. Swedish Sami politics can be described by quarrel and distrust. Recently the implementation of ILO Convention No 169 has changed this description slightly and now there is a clear legal demand to consult the Sami in land use issues that may affect the Sami. The Reindeer herding is an important indigenous symbol and business for the Sami especially for the Swedish Sami. Here is the reindeer herding organized in a so called Sameby, which is an economic organisations responsible for the reindeer herding. Only Sami that have parents or grandparents who was a member of a Sameby may become members. -
Uralilaisen Kantakielen Ja Nykysuomen Samankaltaisuuksista Ja Eroista
Stockholms Universitet Institutionen för Baltiska Språk, Finska och Tyska Avdelningen för Finska Uralilaisen Kantakielen ja Nykysuomen Samankaltaisuuksista ja Eroista Peter Sauli Piispanen Examensarbete för Kandidatexamen 15 högskolepoäng Handledare: Merlijn de Smit 14 december, 2008 /HT2008 Sisällysluettelo 1. Johdanto 1.1 Työn kysymykset ja menetelmä 1 1.2 Työn rajoitukset 2 1.3 Entiset tiedot 2 1.4 Viitteistä 4 1.5 Lyhennykset ja termit 5 2. Analyysi 2.1 Uralilaisen kantakielen ja nykysuomen samankaltaisuuksista 6 2.1.1 Syntaksia 6 2.1.2 Morfologia 7 2.1.3 Muut kieliopilliset samanlaisuudet ja erot 7 2.1.4 Suomen kielen erikoisuudet 8 2.1.5 Fonologia ja fonotaksia 8 2.2 Historiallis-vertaileva kielitiede käytännössä ja sen ongelmat 10 2.2.1 Käytäntö 10 2.2.2 Kulttuuritason jäljittämisestä 11 2.2.3 Ongelmia 11 2.3 Kielten ajoittamisesta 13 2.4 Tunnetut äännemuutokset suomen kielessä 16 2.4.1 Tunnetut äännemuutokset 17 2.4.2 Teoreettiset äännemuutokset 17 2.5 Uralilaisen kantakielen jäljittämisestä 19 2.5.1 Valitut kielet vertaamiseen 19 2.5.2 Analyysin lisäongelmia 19 2.5.3 Tunnetut ääntämysmuutokset sukulaiskielillä 20 2.5.4 Valitut kognaatit Swadesh-listalta 20 2.5.5 Kognaattien vertailusta 22 2.5.6 PU-sanaston jäljittäminen 22 2.5.6.1 *kun śi sanasta 23 2.5.6.2 *ükte sanasta 24 2.5.6.3 *mïkså sanasta 25 2.5.6.4 *kala sanasta 26 2.5.6.5 *kaxli sanasta 27 2.6 Kielten muutostahdista 27 2.6.1 Glottokronologia ja leksikostatistiikka 27 2.6.2 Syrjäryhmäteoria 29 2.6.3 Suomen ja uralilaisen kantakielen glottokronologiasta 29 2.6.4 Toisten uralilaisten kielten glottokronologiasta 30 2.6.5 Uralilaisten kielten muuttumisnopeudesta 32 2.6.6 Glottokronologian tulokset ja päätelmät 32 3. -
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES on TWO CONTINENTS Self-Determination Processes in Saami and First Nation Societies
RAUNA KUOKKANEN INDIGENOUS PEOPLES ON TWO CONTINENTS Self-Determination Processes in Saami and First Nation Societies Sometimes it can be challenging to be Jr. was not, however, satisfied with indigenous peoples is the collective a Sámi in North America. Not only this “scientific” explanation. He dimension of their existence as well as have most people never heard of the argued that “[t]he Lapps may have rights. This implies that besides com- Sámi but in many cases, we remain whiter skins than Africans, but they do monly characterized rights of individ- suspect due to our relatively “White not run around naked to absorb the uals, we have rights as distinct peo- looks.” Especially in Native North sunlight’s vitamin D. Indeed, it is the ples. In other words, indigenous peo- America (or in “Indian Country” or Africans who are often bare in the ples are not merely “groups,” “popu- “Turtle Island” as the continent is also tropical sun. The Lapps are always lations,” or even “ethnic minorities” called), Europe equals White and heavily clothed to protect themselves but peoples with inherent right to self- White equals the settler and colonizer from the cold” (Deloria 1995: 10). determination as defined in interna- —the well-known figure of “the white Though probably more correct than tional law. This is the reason why man.” Due to a common lack of knowl- Bronowski, Deloria also lapses into indigenous peoples worldwide have edge of the Sámi, it is hard for some the stereotypical belief that the Sámi demanded recognition of this collec- people to think that there really are live in a permanent winter. -
The Racist Legacy in Modern Swedish Saami Policy1
THE RACIST LEGACY IN MODERN SWEDISH SAAMI POLICY1 Roger Kvist Department of Saami Studies Umeå University S-901 87 Umeå Sweden Abstract/Resume The Swedish national state (1548-1846) did not treat the Saami any differently than the population at large. The Swedish nation state (1846- 1971) in practice created a system of institutionalized racism towards the nomadic Saami. Saami organizations managed to force the Swedish welfare state to adopt a policy of ethnic tolerance beginning in 1971. The earlier racist policy, however, left a strong anti-Saami rights legacy among the non-Saami population of the North. The increasing willingness of both the left and the right of Swedish political life to take advantage of this racist legacy, makes it unlikely that Saami self-determination will be realized within the foreseeable future. L'état suédois national (1548-1846) n'a pas traité les Saami d'une manière différente de la population générale. L'Etat de la nation suédoise (1846- 1971) a créé en pratique un système de racisme institutionnalisé vers les Saami nomades. Les organisations saamies ont réussi à obliger l'Etat- providence suédois à adopter une politique de tolérance ethnique à partir de 1971. Pourtant, la politique précédente de racisme a fait un legs fort des droits anti-saamis parmi la population non-saamie du nord. En con- séquence de l'empressement croissant de la gauche et de la droite de la vie politique suédoise de profiter de ce legs raciste, il est peu probable que l'autodétermination soit atteinte dans un avenir prévisible. 204 Roger Kvist Introduction In 1981 the Supreme Court of Sweden stated that the Saami right to reindeer herding, and adjacent rights to hunting and fishing, was a form of private property. -
Renberget Height: 628 M.A.S.L
TRAIL GUIDE: Renberget Height: 628 m.a.s.l. WGS84 66°1’55.1”N 17°57’44.3”E SWEREF99 TM 7326645, 634240 Renberget is Arjeplog’s nearest low mountain. Nature: The hike to Renberget The view tells the story of the land with the great is mostly through coniferous N lakes. The cabin by the top makes the hike a forest with some birch trees, popular destination, also for skiers in winter. at the top reminiscent of mountain birch. Traces of Directions: The trail begins at the Djuptjärn jogging track in earlier logging operations Arjeplog town. After a couple of hundred metres it forks off the are seen throughout the area, illuminated bark track east towards Renbergsstugan cabin. but closer to the top there’s a Height: 628 m.a.s.l. feeling of natural forest. Distance to the top: From the cabin by Djuptjärn 3.8 km. On the ground vegetation is Hiking: Easy. The last 200 m before the top are somewhat steeper. dense with moss, lycophytes Recommended for children. and plenty of blueberries, Equipment: If the weather is dry you can hike it in trainers. Some crowberries, lingonberries and heather. In wetter parts you smaller depressions might be wet. Footbridges in places. Bring so- 0 km 5 km 10 km 15 km 20 km mething to drink as there is no stream. Unlike for the higher peaks can also find cloudberries. in Arjeplog municipality – where there are usually fewer mosquitoes and gnats – it might be a good idea to bring extra mosquito repellent to Renberget from the middle of June to the middle of August. -
FOOTPRINTS in the SNOW the Long History of Arctic Finland
Maria Lähteenmäki FOOTPRINTS IN THE SNOW The Long History of Arctic Finland Prime Minister’s Office Publications 12 / 2017 Prime Minister’s Office Publications 12/2017 Maria Lähteenmäki Footprints in the Snow The Long History of Arctic Finland Info boxes: Sirpa Aalto, Alfred Colpaert, Annette Forsén, Henna Haapala, Hannu Halinen, Kristiina Kalleinen, Irmeli Mustalahti, Päivi Maria Pihlaja, Jukka Tuhkuri, Pasi Tuunainen English translation by Malcolm Hicks Prime Minister’s Office, Helsinki 2017 Prime Minister’s Office ISBN print: 978-952-287-428-3 Cover: Photograph on the visiting card of the explorer Professor Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld. Taken by Carl Lundelius in Stockholm in the 1890s. Courtesy of the National Board of Antiquities. Layout: Publications, Government Administration Department Finland 100’ centenary project (vnk.fi/suomi100) @ Writers and Prime Minister’s Office Helsinki 2017 Description sheet Published by Prime Minister’s Office June 9 2017 Authors Maria Lähteenmäki Title of Footprints in the Snow. The Long History of Arctic Finland publication Series and Prime Minister’s Office Publications publication number 12/2017 ISBN (printed) 978-952-287-428-3 ISSN (printed) 0782-6028 ISBN PDF 978-952-287-429-0 ISSN (PDF) 1799-7828 Website address URN:ISBN:978-952-287-429-0 (URN) Pages 218 Language English Keywords Arctic policy, Northernness, Finland, history Abstract Finland’s geographical location and its history in the north of Europe, mainly between the latitudes 60 and 70 degrees north, give the clearest description of its Arctic status and nature. Viewed from the perspective of several hundred years of history, the Arctic character and Northernness have never been recorded in the development plans or government programmes for the area that later became known as Finland in as much detail as they were in Finland’s Arctic Strategy published in 2010. -
Saami Religion
Edited by Tore Ahlbäck Saami Religion SCRIPTA INSTITUTI DONNERIANI ABOENSIS XII SAAMI RELIGION Based on Papers read at the Symposium on Saami Religion held at Åbo, Finland, on the 16th-18th of August 1984 Edited by TORE AHLBÄCK Distributed by ALMQVIST & WIKSELL INTERNATIONAL, STOCKHOLM/SWEDEN Saami Religion Saami Religion BASED ON PAPERS READ AT THE SYMPOSIUM ON SAAMI RELIGION HELD AT ÅBO, FINLAND, ON THE 16TH-18TH OF AUGUST 1984 Edited by TORE AHLBÄCK PUBLISHED BY THE DONNER INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN ÅBO/FINLANDRELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL HISTORY DISTRIBUTED BY ALMQVIST & WIKSELL INTERNATIONAL STOCKHOLM/SWEDEN ISBN 91-22-00863-2 Printed in Sweden by Almqvist & Wiksell Tryckeri, Uppsala 1987 Reproduction from a painting by Carl Gunne, 1968 To Professor Carl-Martin Edsman on the occasion of his seventififth birthday 26 July 1986 Contents Editorial note 9 CARL-MARTIN EDSMAN Opening Address at the Symposium on Saami religion arranged by the Donner Institute 16-18 August 1984 13 ROLF KJELLSTRÖM On the continuity of old Saami religion 24 PHEBE FJELLSTRÖM Cultural- and traditional-ecological perspectives in Saami religion 34 OLAVI KORHONEN Einige Termini der lappischen Mythologie im sprachgeographischen Licht 46 INGER ZACHRISSON Sjiele sacrifices, Odin treasures and Saami graves? 61 OLOF PETTERSSON t Old Nordic and Christian elements in Saami ideas about the realm of the dead 69 SIV NORLANDER-UNSGAARD On time-reckoning in old Saami culture 81 ØRNULV VORREN Sacrificial sites, types and function 94 ÅKE HULTKRANTZ On beliefs in non-shamanic guardian spirits among the Saamis 110 JUHA Y. PENTIKÄINEN The Saami shamanic drum in Rome 124 BO LÖNNQVIST Schamanentrachten in Sibirien 150 BO LUNDMARK Rijkuo-Maja and Silbo-Gåmmoe - towards the question of female shamanism in the Saami area 158 CARL F.