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Circling Concepts Marte Spangen

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Circling Concepts Marte Spangen STOCKHOLM STUDIES IN ARCHAEOLOGY 70 Circling Concepts Marte Spangen Circling Concepts A Critical Archaeological Analysis of the Notion of Stone Circles as Sami Offering Sites Marte Spangen ©Marte Spangen, Stockholm University 2016 ISSN 0349–4128 ISBN 978–91–7649–488–2 Printed in Sweden by Holmbergs, Malmø 2016 Distributor: Publit Cover: The Geaimmejávri structure with the lake in the background in late September 2012. Photo by the author To Tine (1941–2014) Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................... xii Preface ......................................................................................................... xv 1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 17 1.1 Sami pasts.................................................................................................... 20 1.2 Sami archaeology ....................................................................................... 24 1.3 Sami cultural heritage management ....................................................... 27 1.4 Outline of the thesis ................................................................................... 31 2 “Sami circular offering sites” – genesis and implications ........ 33 2.1 A theoretical outline ................................................................................... 34 2.2 Research history – the construction of a category ............................... 40 2.2.1 Early sources describing circular offering sites ............................. 43 2.2.2 Investigations by Ørnulv Vorren ..................................................... 50 2.2.3 Investigations by archaeologists ..................................................... 53 2.2.4 Other structures as Sami offering sites ......................................... 55 2.2.5 Dissemination of the offering site explanation ............................. 66 2.3 The implications of the archaeological classification ............................ 68 3 Research on Sami ritual sites ........................................................ 70 3.1 What is a ritual site?................................................................................... 72 3.2 Historical and ethnographic sources to Sami rituals ........................... 80 3.3 Archaeology of Sami religion and rituals ................................................ 88 3.4 Archaeology of Sami offering sites .......................................................... 95 3.4.1 Features and structures .................................................................... 97 3.4.2 Objects, faunal material and analyses ........................................... 98 3.4.3 Landscape and social contexts ...................................................... 102 3.4.4 Chronology ........................................................................................ 107 3.5 Sami rituals in traditions and archaeology ........................................... 109 4 Investigations and analyses ........................................................ 112 4.1 Database and archive studies ................................................................. 112 4.2 Surveys and definitions ........................................................................... 118 4.3 Morphological categorisation .................................................................. 119 4.3.1 Morphology of the “classical” structures ...................................... 120 4.3.2 Morphology of other suggested circular offering sites .............. 131 4.4 Geographical distribution of the type 1 structures ............................. 137 4.5 Local cultural environment of type 1 structures ................................. 146 4.6 Excavations ................................................................................................ 148 4.6.1 Excavation at Geaimmejávri, Karasjok, Finnmark ..................... 151 4.6.2 Excavation at Gálggojávri, Storfjord, Troms ............................... 156 4.7 Osteological material ................................................................................ 162 4.8 Isotope analyses ....................................................................................... 165 4.9 Wood ........................................................................................................... 168 4.10 Other finds ................................................................................................. 169 4.11 Radiocarbon datings ................................................................................. 170 4.12 Interviews and oral traditions ................................................................. 174 4.13 Results and discussion ............................................................................. 176 5 Wolf traps in disguise? Introducing a new theory ................. 182 5.1 Historical and ethnographic descriptions of wolf traps ...................... 183 5.2 Archaeological investigations of wolf traps .......................................... 186 5.3 Comparing wolf traps and “circular offering sites” ............................ 188 5.3.1 Ethnographic sources and morphology ........................................ 188 5.3.2 Topographical factors ...................................................................... 196 5.3.3 Osteological material ....................................................................... 197 5.3.4 Surrounding cultural landscape ..................................................... 201 5.4 Context and use of the potential wolf traps ......................................... 203 5.4.1 Geographical distribution ................................................................ 205 5.4.2 The hunters – communities of practice ........................................ 208 5.4.3 Use and value of wolves and other trapped animals ................. 209 5.5 The end of the wolf trap – the beginning of the offering site? ......... 211 5.6 Reuse and reconceptualisation ............................................................... 213 6 Defining heritage ............................................................................ 222 6.1 Authenticity and the authorised heritage discourse .......................... 223 6.2 Ritual interpretations ................................................................................ 226 6.3 Rites and rights ......................................................................................... 229 6.4 Emotional hegemony ................................................................................ 232 6.5 Communicating knowledge – secrecy and power relations ............. 235 7 Conclusions ...................................................................................... 237 8 Sammanfatning .............................................................................. 247 9 Čoahkkáigeassu .............................................................................. 255 Catalogue .................................................................................................. 263 References ................................................................................................ 361 Appendix .................................................................................................... 408 List of figures Fig. 1. Map of Sápmi, the main historical Sami occupation areas................................ 19 Fig. 2. Structures in the inner Varanger fjord, eastern Finnmark ................................ 44 Fig. 3. Opened scree grave at Mortensnes, Nesseby, Finnmark .................................. 45 Fig. 4. Isak Saba's photo of the Fugleberget structure, Nessseby, Finnmark ............ 47 Fig. 5. Flowchart showing the main publications authors have quoted to substantiate interpretations of stone circles and other structures as offering sites .............................................................................................................................. 57 Fig. 6. Plan and profile drawing of the Vierrolako structure, Arjeplog, Pite Lappmark ...................................................................................................................................... 61 Fig. 7. Plan drawing of the Biekkanoaivi structure, Nesseby, Finnmark ..................... 61 Fig. 8. Plan drawing of the Altarberget structure, Lycksele, Ume Lappmark ............. 62 Fig. 9. Outline of the relations between the three terms “sacred site”, “ritual site” and “offering site” ...................................................................................................... 73 Fig. 10. Vågneskjerringa, Tromsø, Troms. Sami offering site and landmark ............. 74 Fig. 11. Sieidi and antler fence, cf. Schefferus 1956[1673] ......................................... 86 Fig. 12. Sieiddit and antler fence, cf. Rheen 1983 [1671] ............................................ 86 Fig. 13. Labyrinth on Holmengrå ....................................................................................... 92 Fig. 14. Map of 161 suggested circular offering sites in Norway ................................ 117 Fig. 15. Classical circular offering sites in Finnmark .................................................... 121 Fig. 16. Wall in the Gálggojávri structure, Storfjord, Troms ....................................... 126 Fig. 17. Wall in the Fuglebergbukta structure, Nesseby, Finnmark ........................... 126 Fig. 18. Wall in the Biekkanoaivi structure, Nesseby, Finnmark
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