Index of Biblical References

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88152-4 - The Penitential State: Authority and Atonement in the Age of Louis the Pious, 814–840 Mayke de Jong Index More information

Index of biblical references

Gen. 14.18–19 83 Ez. 3.18–19 114 Lev. 13.7 178 Ez. 7.14 238 Lev. 14.2 178 Ez. 7.19 121 Lev. 16.22 150 Ez. 8.18 236 Deut. 15.7 117 Ez. 13.8–10 182 Deut. 21.20–1 251 Ez. 14.3–4 121 II Reg. 12.11–12 119 Ez. 14.3–4.7 238 II Reg. 12.13 119 Ez. 14.7 121 II Reg. 12.24 119 Ez. 18.23 178 II Reg. 22.16 119 Ez. 33.20 102 III Reg. 21.26 229 Os. 10.10 119 III Reg. 21.29 178 Os. 14.10 102 III Reg. 22–3 131 Ioel 2.2 196 IV Reg. 9.7–10 229 Ion. 3.5–6 178 IV Reg. 11.13–16 230 Nah. 1.9 242 II Par. 33.12–13 178 Agg. 2.12 179 Iob 12.18 230 Mal. 2.7 179 Iob 12.24 230 II Mach. 8.19 118 Iob 36.13 245, 274 II Mach. 14.14 154 Ps. 38.12 119, 270 II Mach. 14.40 154 Ps. 39.3 279 II Mach. 15.9 118 Ps. 50.5 279 Matth. 11.7 223 Ps. 117.16 228 Matth. 16.19 178 Ps. 118.61 230 Matth. 17.17 119 Ps. 129.1 178 Matth. 18.18 236, 271 Ps. 129.7 278 Matth. 22.2 118 Prov. 11.29 230 Matth. 25.26 144 Prov. 28.9 117 Marc. 6.39 192 Eccle. 7.3 118 Luc. 10.6 228 Sap. 5.21 172, 174 Luc. 15.5 279 Sap. 8.3 118, 192 Ioh. 10.11, 14 279 Sap. 12.2 118 Ioh. 22.51 222 Eccli. 21.23 74 Act. 13.10 102 Is. 8.14 237 I Cor. 10.12 178 Is. 28.19 165, 172, 174 II Cor. 12.13 86 Is. 46.8 278 II Tim. 1.6 118 Is. 66.15 119 II Tim. 2.4 167 Ier. 9.23 87 II Tim. 3.13 278 Ier. 20.2 110 I Petr. 2.8 237 Ez. 3.17 114 I Petr. 2.18 78, 237 Ez. 3.18 79, 114, 121, 215, 223, 279 III Esdr. 2.22 118

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88152-4 - The Penitential State: Authority and Atonement in the Age of Louis the Pious, 814–840 Mayke de Jong Index More information

General index

Aachen, palace of 28, 30, 34, 40–4, 47, 49–50, Admonitio ad omnis regni ordines (825) 37, 53, 57, 60, 69–70, 72, 88, 91, 95, 138, 149 132–3, 152, 155, 182, 249 assemblies at Admonitio generalis (789) 17, 117, 131–3 (802) 23 adultery 42, 115–16, 162, 195–204, 230, 239 (813) 18–19 adventus 15, 44, 211, 216–20 (816) 22–3, 131 and textual strategies of defamation 47, (817) 22–3, 26 62, 216–20 (828–9) 107, 157–76 Aethelbald, king of Mercia 115–16 (831) 45 Agobard, archbishop of Lyons 51–3, 61, 115, (836) 53, 183 131, 142–7, 149, 218, 248, 262, 277–9 chapel dedicated to St Mary 19, 73, 75, 161 Apologia I 195–6, 203–4 coronation of Louis at 18–19 Apologia II 212, 229–31 earthquakes in 84, 156–7 at assembly of Attigny (822) 124–6, 142–3, takeover by Louis in 814 19–24, 190– 3 153–4, 159, 167, 170, 186–7, 220–1 solarium at 185 at assembly of Compiègne (833) 229–48 abbesses 37, 61, 139, 155, 185 on Jews 144–5, 192 abbots 37, 61, 155, 185 on Judith 146–7, 188, 194–5 free election of 166 on Matfrid 144–5, 151 lay 22, 96, 102, 107, 168, 264 Airlie, Stuart 12, 96, 101 Abel 20 Aizo, rebel in Septimania 39, 148–50 Abu Marwan 39, 150 Alberic, blind visionary 161–2 Achab 178, 229 Alcuin 5, 20, 174, 192 Adalhard, abbot of Corbie and Corvey 20–1, Alemannia 30, 41, 46, 52, 215 23, 35–6, 61, 103–4, 106, 108, 122–6, Alexander the Great 94 129, 142–3, 153–4, 216 Alpais, daughter of Louis 15, 22 authority of 117, 125–7 Alsace 1, 41, 47, 51, 224 exile of 20–1, 123 Althoff, Gerd 245 See also De ordine palatii Ambrose of Milan 109, 196 Adalhard ‘the seneschal’ 97, 100–1 De excessu fratris 105–6 Adelaid, sister of Louis the Pious 14 and Theodosius I 6, 36, 117–18, 121–5, Adhemar, monk 29, 82 129–31, 297 admonitio 5, 112–42 Amorites 229 and accusation 114, 142–8 Angers 30, 91 and frank speech 117–18 Angilbert of St-Riquier 96 and mirrors of princes 117 Anjou 52 by rulers 5, 17, 27, 85, 124–5, 131–5 Annales Bertiniani 65–6, 82, 250 of rulers 71, 79, 115–17, 126–7 authorship of 65, 265 and use of biblical texts 117–21 See also Hincmar; Prudentius in visionary literature 135–41 Annales Fuldenses 54 vocabulary of 118–20 Annales regni Francorum 18, 28, 33, 35, 60, See also Louis the Pious, criticism of; 82, 122–3, 128, 148, 152, 156–7, correptio; increpatio 163, 206–7, 218

306

General index 307

authority of 66 Augustus, emperor 109, 185 composition of 63–7 authority 69, 82, 92, 103, 105, 124–5, 148, Revised Version of 64 151, 157–8, 169, 182–3, 187, 190, Ansegis, abbot of St-Wandrille 37 193, 202, 204, 206, 216–17, 219, Collectio capitularum of 37, 53, 132–3, 154 221–4, 263 Aquitaine, Kingdom of 21–2, 34 biblical 117–19 Louis’ rule of 15–19 divine 7, 37, 63, 135–6, 161–2, 166, 246–7 monasticism in 18–19, 23 of early Christianity 175, 219, 234, 244 Ardennes, hunting in 22, 42, 214, 250 episcopal 177, 183, 220, 233, 236–7, 263, Ardo (Smaragdus), see Benedict of Aniane, 272–3, 276 Life of imperial 2–3, 27, 31, 45, 53, 79, 90, 124, aristocracy 17, 30, 46, 73, 155, 235, 264 176, 102–11, 225, 231, 244, 261 ethos of 11–12, 78–9, 96–8, 204–5 royal 16, 24, 31, 37, 55–6, 120, 131–15, 137, and Louis the Pious 39–40, 44, 56–7, 168, 175, 190, 194–5, 247–9, 268–9 199, 238–9 Avars 16, 154 See also fideles; magnates; nobiles; primores; populus; proceres Badurad, bishop of Paderborn 251 Arsenius, see Wala Baldric, dux of Friuli 39–40, 150, 153 Assemblies 22, 34, 125, 131, 186–7 Barcelona 159 and ecclesiastical councils 34 battle of (827) 148–9, 152 function of 35, 60, 214 siege of (801/2) 16, 90 locations of 34 Bartholomew, bishop of Narbonne 234 See conventus procerum; conventus publicus; Bathsebee 119 also Aachen; Attigny; Compiègne; Bavaria, kingdom of 2, 22, 30, 33, 43, 46, Doué; Frankfurt; Ingelheim; 55, 87, 210–11 Limoges; Nijmegen; Quierzy; Bego, count of Paris 22, 203 Thionville; Vannes; Worms Benedict of Aniane, 18, 22–3, 35–6, 67, 139 Astronomer, the 79–82 Benedict of Nursia, see Rule of Benedict Vita Hludowici imperatoris 11, 15–16, 19–20, Bernard of Italy 18, 22, 235–6, 203, 239, 262 28–31, 43–7, 50, 54, 57–8, 79–89, death of 29, 127–28, 265 134–5, 152–3, 214–5, 252 revolt of 28–9, 206 on birth of Charles the Bald 94–5 Bernard of Septimania (or Barcelona) 44, on Christian kingship 83–4, 122, 46, 100, 104, 110, 148–9 128–9, 268 accusations against 42–3, 146–7, 195–202 on rebellion of 830 41–3, 206–11 made chamberlain 41–2, 99, 146 on rebellion of 833 45–50, 215–19, military hero 149, 159 224–7, 241–2, 250, 260–3 as Naso 109 sources of 64–5, 67, 82–3 Bernarius, monk, brother of Wala 21 structure of 82–3, 87 Berschin, Walter 88 on takeover of Aachen by Louis Bertha, sister of Louis the Pious 14, 96, 192 20–1, 190–3 bishops 249 astronomy 62 auxiliary 73, 76 atonement 2, 6, 233–5 corporate ethos of 179–81 by almsgiving and fasting 155 and Louis’s penance in 833 12, 50–3, 76, collective 7, 40, 126, 154–7, 176 234–41, 245–9 liturgy of 154 ministry of 40, 115–16, 121–6, 237–8, royal 83, 119, 122–4, 126–7, 129, 203–4, 254, 257 210, 231, 242, 259 See also Agobard; Alderic; Badurad; and social order 154–5 Bartholomew; Burchard; Ebo; Elias; See also divine retribution Freculf; Ghaerbald; Haito; Attigny, assembly of (822) 32, 34–5, Herebold; Hetti; Hincmar; Jesse; 142–3, 167 Jonas; Leidrad; libertas episcopalis; imperial penance at 6, 35–6, 108, 122–32, Noto; Otgar; Paulinus; sacerdotes 156, 209, 231, 259, 263 sacerdotium; Theodulf; Thomas Augustine, City of God 88, 222 blinding 29, 123, 201, 265

308 General index

Blois 246, 250–1 as king of Aquitaine 55, 265 boni homines 4 marriage to Ermentrude (842) 101–2 Boniface of Mainz 115–16 and succession arrangements 41, 45–6, Booker, Courtney M. 10, 73, 88 51–2, 54, 209–10, 215 Books of Kings 131 Charles the Fat, son of Louis the German Boshof, Egon 220 185, 268–9 Bretons 30, 34, 85, 90–1, 93, 266 Charles Martel 20, 94, 166, 199 Brittany 42, 216 Charles the Younger 17–19, 26 Brun Candidus, Vita Aegil 133 Chasseneuil 14 Brunhild, Merovingian queen 115 Chelles, royal nunnery of 32 Buc, Philippe 8, 205, 247–8, 269 Balthild’s relics at 46 Bulgars 39–40, 150, 153 See also Gisela; Heilwig Burchard, bishop of Vienne 234 Childebert I, Merovingian king 83 Burgundy 41 Chindasuinth, Visigothic king 244 Byzantium, envoys from 35, 46, 87–8, 229 Christian people, see populus christianus church Cabaniss, Allen 144 early medieval conceptions of 37 Canossa 9, 245, 267–8 modern conceptions of 9 Capitulare de disciplina palatii See also cultus divinus; ecclesiastical Aquisgranensis 193–4 property; respublica; sancta ecclesia; capitularies 30, 34, 37, 116, 121, 163 status ecclesiae issued jointly by Louis and Lothar 33 Churrhaetia 41 production of 53 Cicero 67 programmatic 53, 132–3, 249 cingulum militiae 48 and sermons 131 clades 39, 151, 153–4, 165, 174–5, 178 caritas 108, 169, 187, 204 Clovis, king 14, 25 Carloman, brother of Pippin III Columbanus of Luxeuil 115–16 conversion of 84 comitatus 60, 159 reform councils of 142 Compiègne, palace of 1, 22, 33–4, 77, 152 Carloman, son of Charles the Bald 264–5 assembly of Cassiodorus, see Historia ecclesiastica tripartita (823) 143 Centenarii 4 (830) 42–3, 85, 99, 208–9, 237, 259, 263 Chalon-sur-Saône 34 (833) 1, 29, 48–9, 51, 87, 209, 228–41, devastation by Lothar 50–1, 85, 100, 200–1 245, 271–8 Charlemagne 6, 14–19, 23, 32, 35–6, 39, 40, concubines, see Charlemagne, concubines 52–3, 61–2, 72, 76, 90, 96–7, 100–2, of; marriage 120, 130–1, 154–6, 166, 180, 188, Conrad, brother of Judith 43, 206 200, 218, 253, 264 consors imperii 32 concubines of 29, 140, 191 Constantine I, emperor 25, 94, 116 and councils of 813 18, 23, 26, 121 Constantinople 56, 88, 130 criticism of 113, 116, 126 Constitutio Romana (824) 37 and daughters 188–9, 191–2 contubernium 190–3 in hell 137–9, 141 conventus procerum 40, 158 portrayal of by Einhard 67–9, 74–6, 185 conventus publicus generalis 34, 158, 171 portrayal of by Thegan 73–4 Corbie, abbey of 21, 35, 43, 102–10, 128, succession of 19–20, 25, 29, 92, 122, 146, 210, 265 134–5 as Jerusalem 110 and voluntary public penance 269–70 correctio 5, 17, 23, 36, 38, 40, 51, 71–2, 77, Charles the Bald 44, 46, 50, 56–7, 80–1, 116, 120–1, 130, 147, 157, 160–3, 96–9, 114, 130, 134, 173, 199, 211, 170–1, 179–81 216, 260, 264–6 correptio 112, 124, 131 as Benjamin 94, 189 biblical vocabulary of 118–19 birth of 32, 37–8, 68, 77, 84, 87, 257 See also admonitio; increpatio on Ebo 77, 252–3, 255–9 Corvey, abbey of 107, 110 exiled to Prüm (833) 48, 225 foundation by Adalhard and Wala 103

General index 309

councils, ecclesiastical 24, 131 Ebo, archbishop of Rheims 22, 53, 73, of 813 18, 23, 26, 121 76–80, 87, 109–10, 142, 150, 170, of 829 40, 53, 118, 143, 170–6 241, 252–4 conventus episcoporum 170 deposition of 2 of Aachen and Louis’s penance 115, 234, 263 (802) 23 monastic exile of 45 (816/17) 22–3, 131 penance of 77, 207 (836) 53, 183–4 public confession of 256–9 of Paris (829) 176–84 as scapegoat 51, 149, 252, 261 of Rome (826) 38 trial of (835) 254–8 of Soissons (853) 265 Einhard 18, 22, 60, 64, 66–72, 91–2, 95, 147 court culture and monasteries 59–60 in Aachen in 828–9 40, 60, 147–60, 164, courtiers 186, 202, 260 aulici 69, 186–7 admonishes Lothar 163–4 networks of patronage of 77, 158, 199 marriage to Imma 22, 71, 192 rivalry among 187–8 and Seligenstadt 22, 70 See also familiaritas; homines palatii; palace Einhard’s Translatio SS Marcellini et Petri crimina 240, 255 69–70, 82, 160–5, 194, 261 cultus divinus 23–4, 27, 99 structure of 159–63 royal responsibility for 17, 24, 73–4, 83–4, visions and signs in 136, 141, 161–3, 166 116–17, 131, 270 See also Alberic; libelli; Wiggo custody 43, 46, 47, 225 Einhard’s Vita Karoli 22, 43, 67–9, 112, light (libera) 243, 263, 266 141, 191–3 monastic 43, 196, 215, 266 classical models of 67, 185 strict 48, 243, 263, 265–6 dating of 67–9 Cyrus, king 94 influence of 72–6, 82 Elias, bishop of Troyes 261 David, king 20, 54, 93, 119–20, 122, 240, 242 emendatio 23, 30, 38, 116, 157 De ordine palatii, see Adalhard; Hincmar Emma, sister of Empress Judith and wife of deditio 246–7 Louis the German 32 Depreux, Philippe 9, 11 empire, see imperial rule Dhuoda Epistola generalis (828) 171–6 Liber manualis 100, 260 manuscript tradition of 171–2 See also Bernard of Septimania Epitaphium Arsenii, see Radbert’s Epitaphium Dionysius, St 139 Arsenii discord 27, 29, 36, 41, 46, 57–8, 87, 94, Ermentrude, first wife of Charles the Bald 142–3, 146, 187–8, 199, 204–5, 225, 97, 101 251, 260, 273 Ermold the Black divine retribution 3–4, 12, 27, 113–15, 120, exile of 89–90 167, 170–3, 178, 229, 231, 245, 249, and Pippin I 90 252, 274 Ermold’s Poem in honour of Louis the Pious by disasters 151–2, 157, 174–6 16, 18, 24–5, 38, 89–95 portents and signs of 135–6, 161–4 description of Ingelheim 93–4 See clades; iudicium dei image of Louis in 90–3 Divisio regnorum (806) 26, 29, 123 Erwig, Visigothic king 224 Doherty, Hugh 80–1 Esther, book of 30, 84, 205 Doué, assembly at (814) 19 Eugenius II, pope 38 Douglas, Mary 202 Eusebius’ Ecclesiastical History 129 Drogo, half-brother of Louis, bishop of excommunication 220, 222, 240, 243, 250, Metz 21, 28–9, 36, 44, 48, 51–2, 263–4, 267 57–8, 65, 80–1, 88–9, 123, 129, exile, monastic 7, 21, 23, 28, 45, 107, 124, 156, 211, 216, 258 187, 206–8, 210, 232–3, 247, 265 Duby, Georges, Dimanche de Bouvines 7 See also public penance Durandus, abbot 91 Ezekiel, prophet 79, 114–15, 117, 121, 182, Dutton, Paul E. 136 223, 236, 238

310 General index

familiaritas 62, 90, 144, 186–7, 192, 199 Gregory the Great, pope Fastrada, queen 15–16, 154 Dialogues 106 fideles (faithful men) 4, 12, 33, 35, 39, Regula pastoralis 4, 118, 131, 271 44–6, 48, 54–5, 60, 98–100, 120, Gregory of Nazianzen 222 124, 136, 142, 147, 155–7, 171, Grimald of Reichenau, abbot of St-Gall 95, 173, 178, 198, 212, 227, 138, 189 239, 260 Grimoald, duke of Benevento 16 See also populus Gundrada, sister of Wala 21 fides (faith/fidelity) Guntram, Merovingian king 83, 116 ideal of 11–12, 62, 86, 97, 100–1, 105, 108–9, 145, 169, 204–5, 209, 212, Hadrian I, pope 14 222, 227 Halley’s comet (837) 67, 80, 82, 136 See also oaths Halphen, Louis 2 Field of Lies 48, 85–6, 88, 134, 195–6, 217, Harald, Danish king 38–9, 90, 94, 224–30, 239, 253, 263 148, 150 Flodoard of Rheims 253 harmiscara 246–7 Fontenoy, battle of (841) 3, 53, 56, 66, 81, Heilwig, mother of Empress Judith and 96, 224 abbess of Chelles 32, 46 Franci homines 4 Heito of Reichenau, Visio Wettini 116, Francia 79, 86, 93, 160 136–41, 203 Frankfurt 22, 34 Helisachar, archchancellor 21, 38, 66, 90–1, assembly at (873) 268–9 142, 144, 159 Franks 14, 16, 18, 20, 25, 44, 53, 75, Henry III, emperor 267 93, 100, 155, 163, 211, 214, Henry IV, emperor, penance at Canossa 9, 249, 260 246, 267 reputation of 89, 92, 94, 150, 188, Herebold, bishop of Auxerre 234, 262 195–6, 204 Heribert, brother of Bernard of Septimania Freculf of Lisieux, Histories 130–1 43, 201 Fridugisus, abbot, archchancellor 38, 159 Herstal, capitulary of (778/9) 154–5 Frisians 94 Hetti, bishop of Trier 80 Fulco, archchaplain 65 Hilary of Poitiers, St 139 Hildebold, archbishop of Cologne 22 Gabriel (the archangel) 136, 141, 161–3 Hildegard, queen 14–15 Ganz, David 70, 104 marriage to Charlemagne 30 Gelasius I, pope, letter to Athanasius offspring 14, 17 176–7, 180 Hildegard, sister of Louis 14 Gerberga, sister of Bernard of Septimania Hildemar, monk of Corbie/Civate 185 51, 200–1 Hilduin, abbot of St-Denis and archchaplain Germania 22, 30 22, 38, 45, 53, 61, 65–6, 91–2, 143, Gerold, count, brother-in-law of 159, 194 Charlemagne 140 as Aaron 95 Gerona 152 exiled in 831 43, 210 Gerung, counsellor of Lothar 32, and relics of St Sebastian 60, 69, 71, 38, 126 160–1, 186 Ghaerbald, bishop of Liège 155–6 Hiltrude, daughter of Charles Gisela, daughter of Louis and Judith 32 Martel 190 Gisela, sister of Charlemagne and abbess of Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims 61, 136, Chelles 32 255, 265–8 Gisela, sister of Louis 14–15 See also De ordine palatii Gregory, bishop of Tours 83, 115–16 Historia ecclesiastica tripartita 129–30 Gregory IV, pope Homer 78, 95 intervention in 833 of 13, 47, 53, 211, homines palatini 22, 59–61, 77, 90, 188, 217–20, 224–8 199, 204 letter of 833 ascribed to 47, 220–4 honestas 195, 197–8, 204 Gregory VII, pope 176 Honorius, son of Theodosius I 107, 109

General index 311

Hraban Maur, abbot of Fulda 120, 192, Jeroboam, king 76, 229 232–3, 263 Jerome, translator of Scripture 179 on Ebo 255 Jesse, bishop of Amiens 234, 261–2 on Judith 205 Jezabel, queen 229 on obedience of sons to fathers 164, 242–3 Job 230, 243 Hugh, abbot of St-Quentin and John Cassian, Collationes 106 St-Bertin, half-brother of Louis 21, Joiada, priest 229–30 28–9, 36, 123, 126 Jonas, bishop of Orléans 53, 91, 130, Hugh, count of Tours 32, 38–9, 42–3, 53, 232, 244 90, 159, 189 and controversy over images 38 deposition of 40, 148–53, 160, 188, and council of Paris (829) 171, 199, 202 175–81, 187 as scapegoat 78, 86–7, 148–53, 157, De institutione regia 117 251–2, 261 Jonas of Bobbio 115 hunting 22, 41–2, 73, 152, 160–1, 195 Joshua and political stability 51, 153, 158, 214 Lothar as 94, 120, 148 Josiah, king 17, 131 Imma, wife of Einhard 22, 71, 192 Judith, empress 3, 10, 13, 41, 48, 50, 54, imperial rule 10, 27–8, 43, 92–3, 96, 99, 57–8, 70, 87, 90, 94–5, 110, 130, 188, 194, 200, 208–9, 221–2, 226–8, 134, 161, 200, 225, 239 239, 256, 260 accusations against 42, 188, 195–8, imperium christianum and papacy 37 230–1, 260 incest 42, 190, 195, 197, 230 and Ebo 253, 257–9 increpatio 43, 130, 134–5, 142, 146–7, 175, as Esther 30, 84, 205 210, 215 as Justina 109–10, 228–9 biblical vocabulary of 114, 118–20 marriage to Louis 30–2, 84 See also admonitio; correptio monastic exile of 43, 206–8, 233–4 Inden, monastery of, see Kornelimünster public role of 31–2, 38, 46, 148, 189–90, Ingelheim 193–5, 199, 201, 203–5 assembly at (831) 45, 56–7, 214 restoration of 44, 146, 210–12, 216 palace of 16, 34, 38, 80, 93, 148, 158, 189 Julian of Toledo 144–5 Ingram, count in Neustria (father of justice, administration of 162, 169, 173, Irmingard) 17 212, 255, 264 Innes, Matthew 10, 74, 185 Justinian I, emperor 109–10 Irmingard, empress, wife of Lothar 32, 104 Justinian II, emperor 109 Irmingard, empress, wife of Louis 17, 29, 30–2, 194, 203 Karolus magnus et Leo papa (Paderborn epic) crowned augusta 24–5, 76, 84, 218 90, 188–9 death of 29–30 Kingship 7, 15, 35, 59, 135, 249, 266 Isaac 20 and accountability to God 1, 4, 24, 37, Isaiah 237, 243 115, 137, 270 Italy 16, 41–2, 45, 54, 86, 104, 106, 126, and biblical commentary 7, 62, 74, 120–1 200, 210, 214, 217, 250–2, 261–2 biblical models of 116, 120–1 kingdom of 2, 14–15, 18, 28, 32–3, 51–2, Christian ideals of 37–8, 83–4, 203, 212 130–1, 176–7 See also Bernard; Lothar and eloquence 133, 147 itinerary, royal 35, 90–1 without justice 101, 143 iudicium dei 1, 27, 48, 96, 141, 165–6, See also correction; cultus divinus; 169–70, 172, 223–5, 228, 230, emendatio; imperial rule; imperium 235–6, 242, 253, 263, 273–4 christianum; ministerium; Old Testament; Pseudo-Cyprian; Jacob 20 queenship Jeremiah, prophet of doom 86, 243, 253 Kornelimünster (Inden) 22 Lamentations of 103 Koziol, Geoffrey 246 See also Wala as Jeremiah Kulturkampf 176

312 General index

Lambert, count of Nantes 90–1 and filial (dis)obedience 15–16, 32, 45, Laon, St Mary/Notre-Dame of 42, 205 56, 62, 163–4, 215, 226 Le Mans, duchy of 54 and half-brothers 21, 28–9, 35, 52, 123, 128 Leidrad, archbishop of Lyons 61 and (half-)sisters 21, 98, 190–3 Leo IV, pope 46, 260 humility of 13, 19–20, 33, 126–7, 147, Lérins, monastery of 21 209, 231, 241, 243–5, 250, 259 Levison, Willhelm 136–7 intitulatio of 56, 173 libelli 40, 136, 158–9, 161–4 mandates of 34 Liber pontificalis 24 marriage to Irmingard 16–17 libertas episcopalis 118, 180 marriage to Judith 30–2, 84 Liudewit, dux of Lower Pannonia 26 and minting 23, 37, 133 Liutgard, wife of Charlemagne 188–9 and monastic conversion 17, 49, 84, 98–9, Loire 19, 21, 54 208, 234, 241, 244 Lorsch, abbey of 182 monastic reforms of 18, 22–3, 36, 169 Lothar, twin brother of Louis the and orthodoxy 37–8 Pious 14 and papacy 24, 37, 76, 176–7, 221–2 Lothar I, emperor 17, 21, 32–3, 35, 37–41, penance of in Attigny (822) 6, 9, 35–6, 46, 57–8, 70, 80–1, 90, 94, 97–102, 108, 122–32, 156, 209, 231, 259, 263 107, 109, 120–1, 126, 149, 157–76, penance of in Soissons (833) 1–3, 48–50, 178, 244, 258 56, 73, 114–15, 129, 135, 228–49, co-emperor 25, 27–8, 145–6 271–9 godfather and patron of Charles 32, 37, 41 pietas of 75, 92 and Italy 32–3, 41–2, 45, 52, 54, 56–7, public confession in Compiègne (830) 212, 214 42–3, 85, 99, 208–9, 237, 259, 263 and rebellion of 830 43–5, 208–12 rebellion of 830 11, 33, 42–3, 45, 85–6, and rebellion of 833 1–3, 47–51, 55–6, 103, 134, 204–9, 212–13 78–9, 85–7, 200–1, 217, 224–8, rebellion of 833 11, 33, 51–2, 55, 57, 77, 231–7, 244–9, 252, 260–3, 272–4, 85–7, 100, 217–20, 222 277, 278 reconciliation of 50–1, 123–4, 127, 236, submission in 834 250–2 246, 249–50 See also consors imperii restoration of 2, 19, 29, 50–2, 66, 77, 219, Lothar II, king 195 249–50, 261–2, 272 Louis the German 16, 21, 32–3, 40–1, 45–6, and self-incrimination 114, 126, 232 49–55, 81, 141, 215–16 sins of 1, 6, 36–7, 48, 113, 122, 125–8, as Gratian 109 140, 172–3, 175, 182, 222–4, and rebellion of 833 2, 49–50, 87, 97, 225, 228–30, 235–43, 263, 268, 274–8 252, 265, 268 sub-king of Aquitaine 15–19, 17–18 and rebellion of 838–40 33, 55–7, 137 succession arrangements 25–8, 45–7, Louis the Pious 54–7, 212–13 accusations against 29 See also Aachen; Judith birth of 14 Lucan 78 capitularies of 30, 30–4, 37, 116, Lyons, archdiocese of 40, 143–4, 149, 240 130–3, 163 council of (829) 170 charters of 6, 10, 22, 30 as a Christian emperor 24, 31, 33, 36–7, McKitterick, Rosamond 53 64, 72–4, 76, 83–8, 259 McLean, Simon 268–9 clementia of 86–9, 92, 134–5, 143, 153, magnates, see aristocracy; proceres 206–7, 226, 261 Mainz council of (829) 40, 170, 176 coronation of by Charlemagne (813) (mala) fama 186, 191, 198, 255 18–19, 76, 90, 124, 134, 238 Manasses 178 criticism of 68, 70, 102, 107, 112–16, manuscripts 124, 140–1 Barcelona, Archivo de la Corona de crowned emperor (816) 24–5, 76, 90, Aragón, Ripoll 40 172, n .114 194, 218, 253 Cologne, Sankt Maria im Kapitol expeditions to Brittany 30, 42, 90–2, 216 A II/18 66, n.30

General index 313

Geneva, Bibliothèque Publique et Moeglin, Jean-Marie 247 Universitaire monasteries 17–18, 36 MS lat. 22 205, n.97 confraternity books of 137 Karlsruhe, Badische Landesbibliothek and the court 61–2, 185–6 Cod. Aug. Perg. 111 203, n.87 and prayer for rulers 137–9, 140–1 London, British Library and royal patronage 133, 216 Harley 3685 89, n.146 See also exile, monastic Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France Moses 93, 164, 243 Lat. 2853 220 Louis the Pious as 94, 112–13 Lat. 5516 172, n.115 Mulinheim see Seligenstadt Rome, Biblioteca apostolica Vaticana Chigi III 239 172, n.115 Nabuchodonosor, king 230 Reg. lat. 1041 172, n.115 Nantes, see Lambert Vat. lat. 3827 172, n.115 Nathan, prophet 119, 242 St Omer, Bibliothèque municipale negligentia 36, 40, 121–2, 125–6, 138, MS 706 82, n.110 150–2, 238 St Petersburg, episcopal 181–3, 222–3, 236 Saltykov-Schedrin National Library royal 238–9, 273–4, 276–8 Lat. F.v.IV.4 82, n .110 Nelson, Janet L. 8, 9, 12, 30, 52–6, 96, 114 Lat. F.v.I.11 129, n.65 Neustria 45, 49 Vienna, Österreichische Nicholas I, pope 48, 252 Nationalbibliothek Nijmegen, assemblies at 22, 55 Lat. 473 63, n.18, 64 (821) 28 Lat. 614 89 (830) 43, 134, 209–11 Marcellinus and Peter, Sts, relics of 69–72, Ninevites 178 82, 160–4, 186 Nithard See also Einhard; Seligenstadt family of 96, 192 marriage Histories 8, 82, 96–100 legitimacy of 16, 268 audience of 97–8 royal alliances of 30–2, 52, 84, 101, 194 image of Lothar in 81, 100 See also concubines image of Louis the Pious in 98–100 martyrs 139 pessimism of 97, 101–2 authority of 158–64 nobiles 77–8, 81–8 Roman relics of 60, 69–70, 261 Noble, Thomas F. X. 3, 9, 13 and sacred topography 71, 91 Noirmoutier Matfrid, count of Orléans 38, 52, 90–1, Adalhard’s exile in 21, 129 144–5, 159, 187–8, 189, 199 St-Philibert 21 deposition of 39–40 Notker Balbulus’ Gesta Karoli 108, 269–70 rebellion of 42–3, 85–6 on Aachen 185, 194 as scapegoat 148–57, 251–2, 261 Noto, archbishop of Toulouse 170 Meerssen, treaty of 264 Melchisedech, priest-king 83 oaths 2, 28, 32, 97, 134, 222 Metz 29, 48, 51–2 breaking of 54, 86, 88, 97–100, 202, church of St Arnulf 58, 80 212–13, 223, 230, 239, 275–6 church of St Stephen 51, 77, 254–6, 258–9 of fidelity 37, 45–6, 109–10, 132, 199, 251 Meuse 73, 96 of purification 44, 210–12, 239 Michael II, Byzantine emperor 37 Occursus, see adventus military service 171, 232 Odilman, monk of Corbie (Severus) 106 ministerium (ministry) 4, 113–14, 121, 126, Odo, count of Orléans 148 151–2, 232 Old Testament 93, 116–20 episcopal 36, 115, 175–9, 183, 222, 236, models of kingship 20, 120, 174 254, 257, 270, 271–4 and vocabulary of admonition royal 1, 37–8, 121–2, 131–2, 135, 182, and sin 120–1 205, 237–9, 249–50 Ordinatio imperii (817) 24–8, 32, 53, 68, missi 34, 40, 113, 117, 121, 170–3 146, 223, 239

314 General index

Ordines (orders) 4, 23, 37, 83, 138, 152, of Louis in Attigny (822) 6, 35–6, 108, 155–6, 166–7 122–32, 209, 231, 259, 263 complementarity of 132 of Louis in Soissons (833) 1–3, 10, 48–9, confusion between 170, 177 56, 73, 77, 79, 114–15, 228–45, 271–8 Orléans 15, 91, 148, 215 and monastic exile 207, 247 Otgar, bishop of Mainz 80, 170 order of penitents 232–3 Otto III, emperor 267 and public confession 36, 113, 122–3, Ovid (Naso) 78, 109 129, 140, 152, 158, 238, 245, 254–9, 277, 279 Paderborn 22, 34, 90 and scandal 6, 122, 153, 182–3, 197, 204, assembly at (785) 15 212, 232–41, 243, 257–9, 273–7 epic, see Karolus magnus et Leo papa voluntary 244–5 Hilduin banished to 43, 210 See also criminal; custody; deditio; paenitentia canonica 138, 233, 255 excommunication; harmiscara; paenitentia ecclesiastica 49, 234, 237, 274 paenitentia canonia; paenitentia pagans 39–40, 150, 187, 266 ecclesiastica; Relatio episcoporum (833); palace 34–5, 94–5, 108, 159–61 scandalum administration of justice in 173 perjury, see oaths clerics attached to 65–6, 168 perturbatio 203, 237–8, 249 disorder in 191, 194–7, 200–4, 229–30 pacis 152, 239 domus regia 93–4 populi 6, 154, 237 domus sacra 184, 188 Petersau 57 as a place of discipline 60–1, 71, 94, 193–4, Pippin, king of Italy 14–6, 18, 36, 51, 122, 154 195–6, 270 Pippin I, king of Aquitaine 2, 21, 25–6, reputation of 185–98, 203–4 31–3, 41–6, 49–51, 54–5, 86, 94, women in 21, 44, 188–93 99, 119, 126, 148–51, 158, 196, See also contubernium; court; honestas; 205–10, 215–16, 250, 252 sacrum palatium; Aachen; Attigny; and Ermold 89–90 Compiègne; Ingelheim; Frankfurt; marriage of 32 Nijmegen; Quierzy; Thionville; as Melanius 109–10 Paderborn; Worms Pippin II, king of Aquitaine Pamplona 84 monastic exile of 265 panegyrics 5, 59, 62, 83, 89–95, 145, 188–9 public penance of 266 Pannonia 38–9, 150 Pippin III, king 18, 23, 54, 61, 117, 125, 166 papacy 25, 37, 76 Pippin the Hunchback 17, 145 authority of 219–21 Pîtres, assembly at (864) 266 and written tradition 221–2 plebs 4, 47–8, 81, 109, 139, 167, 225 See also Eugenius II; Gelasius I; Gregory I; Poitiers 57 Gregory IV; Gregory VII; Hadrian I; Ste-Croix 21, 42–4, 206, 208–9, 211 Leo IV; Paschalis I; Stephen IV populus (the faithful men) 81, 170, 177, Paris, council of (829) 40, 170–84, 187, 221, 239, 276 238, 255, 266 populus christianus 5–6, 92, 97, 115, 117, parrhesia, see admonitio 122, 137, 147, 151, 155, 164, 182, Pascal I, pope 32 229, 239, 276 Paschasius Radbertus, see Radbert of Corbie portents, see signs from heaven; divine Patzold, Steffen 10–11, 27 retribution Paul, St 47, 87, 119, 178, 225, 249 priests (presbyteri) 121, 125–6, 132, 138, Paulinus, bishop of Aquileia 20 141, 167, 179–80, 229–30, 233, penance, books of 182–3 238, 241 penance, public 229–34, 240–3, 245–9, primores 125–6, 151 263–70 proceres 4, 11, 21, 38, 90–3, 144, 147–8, 159, imposition by bishops 179, 241–2, 250 165, 189, 199 as an instrument of royal justice 232–3, 264 palatii 60, 81 in late antiquity 6, 36, 244 property, ecclesiastical 51, 54, 107, liturgy of 233, 237, 240, 250, 277, 279 142–4, 166–9

General index 315

Prudentius, bishop of Troyes 65, 265–6 Reichseinheitspartei 10, 112, 114 Prüm, monastery of 245 Reimitz, Helmut 64 as a place of exile 17, 48, 50 Relatio episcoporum (833) 2, 235–41, Psalmist, the 243 244–5, 271–7 Pseudo-Cyprian, De duodecim abusivis saeculi Remiremont 34, 45, 214 174–5, 181–2, 205, 250 respublica 12, 97–100, 145, 166–9 Purification of the Virgin Mary, Feast of 19, Reuter, Timothy 246, 267 44, 51, 210–11, 254 Rhine 16, 22, 30, 49, 51, 55, 57, 73, 79 Robert II the Pious, king 268 queenship 31–2, 194–5, 197–8, 202–3 Rogations 83 querela 226–7 Rome 14, 19, 24, 34, 47, 69, 71, 94, 160, Quierzy, assembly of (838) 34, 54, 186, 218, 225 152, 265 council of 826 38 Frankish Protection of 24, 73, 227 Radbert of Corbie imperial crown from 24–5 education and career 102–4, 108 papal 221, 223 Epitaphium Arsenii 146–7, 164–6, 197–207, St Peter, basilica of 38, 54, 73, 225–8, 262–3 218, 227 aliases and typology in 106–10 Romulus 94 on Bernhard/Naso 109, 169 Rothfeld (Alsace), see Field of Lies and confabulatio 106, 165, 169 Rotrud, sister of Louis the Pious 14, 189 date of 104–5 Royal Frankish Annals, see Annales regni on Ebo/Phassur 109–10, 253 Francorum on fides 108–9 Ruadbern 50 on Judith/Justina 196–7 Rudolf, brother of Judith 43, 206 on lay abbots 107 Rule of Benedict 18, 23, 43, 216 on Lothar/Honorius 207, unified interpretation of 21, 23 209, 227 on Louis/Justinian 109–10 sacerdotes 93, 178–83 structure of 105–10 sacerdotium 176–7, 267 on winter assembly of 828–9 168–70 sacred topography 71, 91 use of Terence 105–6, 109–10 sacrum palatium 7, 22 See also Adalhard; Wala St-Aignan, abbey of 91 exegetical work 103–4 St-Arnulf, church of, see Metz and frank speech 117–18, 127 St-Denis 22, 50, 91, 134, 250, 254 loyalty to Adalhard and Wala 111 St-Gall 116, 138, 182, 270 opposition to Louis the Pious 110, 211–12, St-Médard, see Soissons 219–20, 225–8 St-Omer, abbey of 42 and Pseudo-Isidorian decretals 103 St Peter, basilica of, see Rome Vita Adalhardi of 103–4, 107–8, St-Riquier, abbey of, see Angilbert 126–8 St Stephen, church of, see Metz Radegund, see Poitiers, Ste-Croix St-Vaast, abbey of 254 Ratleigh, cleric 136, 161–2 Salz, royal villa 34, 46 rebellion of 830 3, 42–4, 205–13 Salzburg 184 assigning blame for 200–1 Samson 139 causes of 41–2 sancta ecclesia 27–8, 37, 83, 132, 171, 182–3, rebellion of 833 46 240, 272–4 causes of 45–6, 85–6 and the body politic 4, 23, 28, 83, 116–17, and the devil 46–7, 260–2 182–3, 232, 237 remorse about 100, 260 Saracens 17, 40, 149 reform, see correction; emendatio satisfactio 124, 126–8, 150, 152, 178, Regensburg 16 207, 236, 238–42, 247, 256, Regina, concubine 29 267–8, 277 Regula pastoralis, see Gregory the Great See also atonement; penance Reichenau, monastery of 95, 136–8, 140, 203 Saxons 16, 94

316 General index

Saxony 15, 21, 31, 157 structure of 75–7 scandalum 6, 121, 151–2, 232–3, 237–9, and Walahfrid Strabo 72–3 249, 258 Theodebert, count of Madrie 32 Scheldt 98 Theoderic, half-brother of Louis 21, Schieffer, Rudolf 9 28, 123 Sebastian, St, relics of 69, 160 Theoderic, king of the Ostrogoths, statue Seligenstadt 69–71, 158–62 of 94–5 Senlis, castrum of 264, 266 Theodosius I, emperor 94, 107, 109, 116 signs from heaven 64, 67, 80, 82, 84, Penance of 6, 9, 36, 118, 122–4, 128–30, 136, 151–2, 156–7, 165–6, 214, 242, 263, 267 249, 272 Theodrada, abbess of Nôtre-Dame in sin Soissons 21, 102–3, 108 collective 5–6 Theodulf, bishop of Orléans 20 and disorder 5–6 Theophilos, Byzantine emperor 37 offensa Dei 177 Theutberga, wife of Lothar II 195 political crime as 232, 264 Thionville (Diedenhofen), Palace at and the polity 166 assemblies at See also atonement; discord; iniquitas; (821) 32, 35, 123, 207 negligentia; perturbatio; scandalum (831) 45, 215 Slavs 39, 150 (835) 51, 79, 254–9, 266 Smith, Julia M. H. 70 capitulary of (805) 154 Soissons Thomas, archbishop of Milan 15 abbey of St-Médard at 1, 48, 69, 186, 232, Thuringia 31, 156–7 235, 265 Tischler, Matthias 68, 70 council at (853) 265 tonsure nunnery of Nôtre-Dame at 21, clerical 28–9, 49, 233, 264–6 103–4, 108 monastic 233 See also Louis, public penance of political 21, 28–9, 35, 43, 45, 122–4, 128, Solomon, king 93, 166, 199 206–7, 214, 244, 265–6 Spain 144, 150–1, 240, 244 See also veiling Spanish March, failed campaign of Tortona 48, 50 827 in 39–40, 42, 144, 148–53, Tours 15, 91, 172, 216 158, 252 Traill, David 140 Staatlichkeit 10 Tremp, Ernst 11, 74, 80–1, 252 status ecclesiae 24, 64 Trier 46, 73, 215 Stephen IV, pope, and imperial Toulouse 40, 170, 176 coronation of 816 24–5, 76, 90, 194, 218, 253 Valentinian I, emperor 109 Strasbourg, oaths of 89, 97 Vannes, assembly at (818) 91 Suetonius 67, 73, 185 veiling 42–3, 179, 196, 206–8, 233 Sulpicius Severus, Vita Martini 57 Venantius Fortunatus 83 synods, see councils Verberie 42, 206 Verdun, treaty of (843) 52, 81 Tacitus 68 Vetus Latina 118 Tassilo 46, 190 Virgil, Aeneid 79 Terence, see Radbert’s Epitaphium Arsenii Visio Wettini, see Heito; Walahfrid Thegan, auxiliary bishop of Trier 73, 77 Vision of the Poor Woman of Laon 202–3 Gesta Hludowici imperatoris 11, 15, 17, visions 41, 70–1, 137, 165–6 19, 27–8, 67, 72–9, 81, 86–7, 115, visionary literature 29, 70–1, 113, 116, 124, 134–5, 164, 195–6, 201, 211, 136–41, 158–9, 161–4, 202–3 216–18, 241 See also Gabriel; libelli; Wiggo on Hugh of Tours 78, 251–2 Vita Pachomii 134 invectio against Ebo 76–9, 142, 149, Vitry 91 241, 250–2, 256, 261–3 Vosges 214 portait of Louis 74–5 vulgus 81, 201, 225

General index 317

Wala, count, abbot of Corbie and Corvey Welf, father of Empress Judith 30 20–1, 32, 36, 40, 54, 102–10, 126, Werner, Karl-Ferdinand 9 190–1, 197, 199–205, 208–9, 219, Wiggo, demon 162–4, 260 226–8, 234, 262 William, count of Toulouse 199, 261 at Aachen in 828–9 159, 164–70, 174, 177 William, son of Dhuoda and Bernard of as Arsenius 106–7 Septimania 101 authority of 20, 108, 127, 219, 142–3 Winigis, duke of Spoleto 158 exile of 21, 35, 43, 45, 107–10, 123, 210 witchcraft 42, 197, 200–2, 261 as Jeremiah 102, 107, 109–10, 146–7, Witiza, see Benedict of Aniane 166, 168–9, 187 Wood, Ian 8 Walahfrid Strabo 42, 50, 149 Worms 34, 37, 217, 253 accessus to Thegan’s Gesta 72–3, 135, 251 assembly at De imagine Tetrici 94–5, 111–12, 189 (829) 41, 60, 165, 171, 176, 196 Visio Wettini 113, 116, 138–41 (839) 99–100 Wallace-Hadrill, Michael 5 (840 – planned) 57 Wamba, Visigothic king 244 Warin, abbot of Corvey 107, 109 Zechiel-Eckes, Klaus 103