The Carolingian Economy - Adriaan Verhulst Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 0521808693 - The Carolingian Economy - Adriaan Verhulst Index More information

INDEX .

Aa river, 69 pig, 42, 50, 66 Aachen, 12, 34, 90–1 sheep, 66 Abruzzes, 13 Annappes, 32, 39, 64, 78 Adalhard abbot of Corbie, 60, 68–9, 75, 87, Anschar, 110 93, 101, 107–8 Antwerp, 134 Adam, H., 130 Appenines, 13, 35 Adelson, H. L., 4 aprisio, aprisionarii, 14, 53 Africa, 3 arable, 41–3 see also North Africa Arabs, 2–4 agrarium, 53 coins, 3, 105 Aisne river, 32 conquests, 3, 14, 103–5 Alcuin, 107 merchants, 105 Alemannia, 26 money, 4 Alexandria, 107 raids, 104, 108 allodium, 53–4 aratura, 50, 63 Alps, 92, 95, 104–7, 109, 112 Ardennes, 12, 34, 55, 58, 63, 65, 73, 76, 90, passes: Bundner,¨ 106–7, 112; Julier, 106; 97, 101, 110 Septimer, 106 Argonne forest, 34, 35, 47, 83 Alsace, 100–1, 109, 111 Arlberg, 112 Amalﬁ, 106 Arles, 98, 104–5 ambascatio, 50 arms, 78–9 Amiens, 92–3, 101, 130 Arnhem, 55 Amorbach abbey, 12 Arques, 69 Ampurias, 54, 105 Arras, 22, 90, 101 ancinga, 20, 43, 46, 55, 63 Aube river, 50 Andernach, 80, 102–3, 109–10 Augsburg, 42, 46, 56, 73 Angers, 98 Auvergne, 13, 19, 20, 52–3 Aniane abbey, 98 Avars, 105, 107, 112, 130 animals cattle raising, 66 Badorf, 79–80, 103, 109 horse, 67, 107, 112 Barcelona, 54 ox, 67–8 Bardowiek, 111

152 Index

Barisis, 82–3 carropera, 50 Bas-Languedoc, 19 carruca, 67 Bastogne, 90, 97 casata, 44 Bavaria, 32, 35, 42–3, 55–6, 82, 99, 105, castellum, 89, 91, 98 107, 112 Catalonia, 14, 52–4 beneficium, 36, 39, 50, 52, 74, 128 Catla, 110 Benevento, 73, 107 cattle raising, 66 bernicrist, 111 ‘Celtic’ fields, 19 Berre, etang´ de, 104 centuriatio, 19 Bessmerny, J., 24 Châlons-sur-Marne, 50 bifang(um), 12, 14, 27 Champagne, 50, 65 Birka, 3, 75, 82–3, 103, 109–10 Champbeau, 90 Birten, 109 Charente, 26, 52 Bjork¨ o,¨ 109 Charles Martel, 133 Blaise river, 69 Charles the Bald, emperor, king, 58, Bloch, M., 68 90, 105, 119, 122–3, 129–30, Bobbio abbey, 35, 37, 40, 58, 77–8, 99 134–5 Bohemia, 107 Charles (III) the Fat, emperor, 90 Boissy-Maugis, 40, 49, 77, 79 Chartres, 69 Bolin, S., 3, 118 children, 25 Bonn, 12, 79 Chrodegang, 21 Botto, merchant, 104 Chur, 77, 107 Boulogne, 92 civitas, 22, 89, 91–2, 98 Bourgneuf, Baie de, 81, 98 Claude, D., 104 Brabant, 101 clearances, 11, 12, 13, 16, 26–7, 41, 54 Bregenz, 77 aprisio, aprisionarii, 14, 53 Bremen, 110 bifang(um), 12, 14, 27 Brescia, 77, 135 capturae, 14, 27 Brevium exempla, 5, 32, 40, 65, 75, 78, proprisum, porprisum, 12, 27 126–7 Clusas, ad, 92, 95, 106 Brie, 13 Cologne, 12, 26, 60, 79, 80, 103, 109–10 Brittany, 54 colonica, 44, 53, 56–7 Bruges, 101, 134 colonus, 46, 53, 55–7 Bruhl,¨ 103, 109 Comacchio, 81, 99 brunia, 112 Como, 64 Brussels, 13 Corbie abbey, 60, 68–9, 72, 77–8 Bundner¨ passes, 106–7, 112 Corbon, 40 Byzantium, 4, 106–8, 112, 120 Cordoba, 105 Corsica, 104 caballarii, 52 corvada, 50, 67 Calabria, 14 Corvey abbey, 36, 73, 98 Cambrai, 98, 101, 107 craft camisiae, 73 iron, 67, 76–9 cam(i)siles, 73–4 smith, 77 camsilaria, 74 ferrarii ministeriales, 79 campus, 63, 65 see also pottery, sunken huts Canche river, 92, 134 Cracow, 112 Capitulare de Villis, 5, 40, 59, 70, 75–6, 79, Cremona, 99 84, 126–7 culina, 80 capturae, 14, 27 cultura, 17, 19, 20, 37, 40, 42, 57, 63–5 Carbonaria sylva, 13 curtis, 35 carnaticum, 59 Czechs, 112

Index 153

Dagobert, king, 90 cultura, 17, 19, 20, 37, 40, 42, 57, 63–5 Danes, 92, 105, 120, 134 furlong, 20, 63 Danube river, 94, 98, 107, 111, 130 kouter, 18, 19 demesne, 17, 20, 33, 36, 41–3 open field, 16, 17, 63–4 Der forest (saltus Dervensis), 13 plot, 20, 21, 63 Devroey, J.-P., 6, 23, 24, 128 satio, 63 Dijon, 90 sedile, 91 Dinant, 98, 119, 134 sessus, 91 Doehaerd, R., 118 sortes (absentes), 36, 58 Domburg (Walichrum), 92 village, 15–7 Dopsch, A., 2, 132 zelga, 63 Dorestad, 8, 82, 84, 92, 95, 100–3, 106, filatura, 74 109–10, 112, 130, 133–4 fiscus, 12, 32, 43, 75 Douai, 82 Flanders, 13, 16, 51, 66, 75–6, 100, 111, 134 drappi, 73 flax, 74 Dreux, 69 Fontenelle abbey, 92 Duby, G., 7, 24, 64, 67, 78 Forcheim, 111 Duisburg, 56, 109 forestis, forestum, 11, 12, 13 Dyle river, 13 Formulae Wisigothorum, 53 fossaria, fossarius, 76 Eckdorf, 79–80 Fossier, R., 6, 78 Egypt, 107 Franconia, 32, 100 Eifel, 12, 26, 54 Frankfurt, Council of (794), 118 Einhard, 12, 100 Frideburg, 110 Elbe, 1, 111, 130 Friemersheim, 43, 46, 56 emporium, 8, 91–3, 133–4 Frisia, 28, 66, 75–6, 81, 100–1, 111 prefectus emporii, 92, 130 Frisians, 75–6, 89, 93, 100, 102, 109–11, procurator, 92, 130 113 England, 75, 92, 103, 108, 110–13 Fulda abbey, 11, 12, 22, 27, 35, 36, 43–4, Mercia, 89, 103, 111 56, 66–7, 75–7, 79, 82 Wessex, 92 furlong, 20, 63 see Saxons (Anglo-) fusa lini, 73–4 Erfurt, 111 Ermold the Black, poet, 111 Ganshof, F.-L., 4, 6 eulogia, 53 Garonne river, 13 Eure river, 69 Gâtinais, 13 exclusaticum, 105 Gaul Ardennes, 12, 34, 55, 58, 63, 65, 73, 76, factus, 44 90, 97, 101, 110 fair, 60, 90, 97 Argonne Forest, 34, 35, 47, 83 St Denis fair, 60, 90, 102, 109 Bas-Languedoc, 19 fallow system, 61 Bourgneuf, Baie de, 81, 98 family structure, 24 Brie, 13 famine, 25, 26, 71, 118, 123–4, 128, 133–4 Brittany, 54 Farfa abbey, 14, 35 Champagne, 50, 65 farinarium, 68 Charente, 26, 52 ferrarii ministeriales, 79 Gâtinais, 13 fields and settlements Ileˆ de France, 27–8, 40 arable, 41–3 Languedoc, 14, 20 campus, 63, 65 Limousin, 52, 54 ‘Celtic’ fields, 19 Lorraine, 81–2 centuriatio, 19 Mâconnais, 26

154 Index

Gaul (cont.) herescarii, 51 Maine, 28, 34 heribannus, 121 Massif Central, 13, 53 Higounet, Ch., 11 northern, 51 Hildebrandt, H., 62 Perche, 13, 40, 77, 79 Hincmar, archbishop Reims, 23, 48 Poitou, 52 Hodges, R., 8, 73, 83, 133 Provence, 25, 52, 103–6, 112 holdings, 33, 35, 36, 43–5 Roussillon, 52–4 casata, 44 Sologne, 13 colonica, 44, 53, 56–7 southern, 28, 98 factus, 44 Genoa, 105 huba, hoba, 16, 44, 56 Germany ad medietatem, 40, 70 Alemannia, 26 hospicium, 51 Bavaria, 32, 35, 42–3, 55–6, 82, 99, 105, pictura, 71 107, 112 see also allodium, beneﬁcium, precaria central, 37 Holland, 102, 133 east of Rhine, 55–6 horse, 67, 107, 112 Eifel, 12, 26, 54 hostilitium, 48, 59, 88 Franconia, 32, 100 Houmont, 76 Rheinhessen, 42, 56, 100 huba, hoba, 16, 44, 56 Saxony, 42–3, 49, 55–6 Huy, 98, 101, 134 Thuringia, 11, 12, 27, 32, 34, 56 Westphalia, 46, 77 Ibbo, merchant, 89 Gerona, 54, 105 Ileˆ de France, 27–8, 40 Ghent, 13, 14, 18, 20, 22, 101, 134 Inama-Sternegg, 2 glass, 82–3 infrastructure (roads, bridges, harbours), vitrearius, 82 94–5 Goetz, H.-W., 47 ingenuus, 46, 51 gold, 3 Inn river, 99 grain Inquisitio Raffelstettensis, 98–9 prices, 123–4 inventories, 127–8 production, 64; barley, 64–6, 68; oats, Irmino, abbot, 16, 17, 20, 37, 69 64–6, 68;rye,64–5; spelt, 64–5, 69; iron, 67, 76–9 wheat, 64–5 Italy, 47, 56–7, 64, 77, 91–2, 105–7, 120, yield ratio, 7, 64 135 trade, 99–101 Abruzzes, 13 Graubunden,¨ 106 Appenines, 13, 35 Great St Bernard, pass, 105 Byzantine, 4, 106–8, 112 Grierson, Ph., 3, 4, 118, 120, 122 Calabria, 14 gualdus, 14 Lombardy, 34 gynaeceum, 74–5 northern, 1, 34–5, 57, 99 Piemonte, 35 Hadrian I, pope, 135 ports, 4 hagastaldi, 71 Sabina, 14 Hagermann,¨ D., 6 Sicily, 105 Hallstadt, 111 southern, 4 Hamburg, 110 Hammelburg, 56 Jankuhn, H., 5 Hamwic, 8, 92, 103, 109–10 Jews, 88–9, 99, 105, 131 Harun ar-Rashid, caliph, 75, 111 John VIII, pope, 105 Hedeby (Haithabu), 75, 82–3, 92, 103, Julier, pass, 106 109–10 Jutland, 110

Index 155

Kaupang, 109–10 lunarii, 51 Kiev, 112 Lyon, 21, 98, 105 Kissingen, 78, 82 Koblenz, 79, 109 Maastricht, 91, 93, 98, 101, 119, 134 Koningsforeest, 13 Mabompre,´ 63 Kootwijk, 77 Mˆaconnais, 26 Kordel, 83 Magdeburg, 111 Kortrijk, 13 Main river, 32, 70, 100, 113 kouter, 18, 19 Maine, 28, 34 Krefeld, 77 Mainz, 91, 98, 100, 109 Kuchenbuch, L., 47 maior, 52, 89 Maire, 74 ladmen, 73 Malar¨ lake, 109 Lamprecht K, 2 Majorca, 104 Langres, 50, 90 mancipium, 31, 50, 52, 55–6 Languedoc, 14, 20 manopera, 50 Laon, 102 manor, 32 Lebecq, S., 75, 111 bipartite structure, 33–4, 37 Leie river, 13, 18, 19, 101 demesne, 17, 20, 33, 36, 41–3 Lek river, 92, 95 demesne-centred, 35, 51–2 Le Mans, 21, 48 ﬁscus, 12, 32, 43, 75 Leo III, pope, 135 gynaeceum, 74–5 Leuven, 13 maior, 52, 89 Lex Baiuwariorum, 36 ministerium, 77 lidus, 46, 55 non-classical forms, 49–57 Liege,` 55 non-tenants, 51 lignare, 50 palatium, 32 Lille, 32, 64–5 proportion demesne-holdings, 42–3 Limonta, 57 rent-collecting type, 55 Limousin, 52, 54 royal manor, 32, 39, 40, 56, 75–6 Linz, 99 villicus, 89 Lion, 104 mansionilis, 14, 32 Liutprand, king of Lombards, 99 mansus, 16, 25, 43–5, 51, 53–4, 57 Lobbes abbey, 6, 37, 49, 62, 68, 73, 84 charges, 45–9 Loire, 1, 13, 34, 44, 53, 81, 94, 98, 113, half manses, 58 121–2, 134 mansus absus, 58 Lombard, M., 3, 118 mansi carroperarii, 67 Lombard kingdom, 73, 99, 104–6, 108 mansus indominicatus, 17, 50 Lombardy, 34 mansus ingenuilis, 47–8, 50, 56–8 London, 8, 103, 109–10 mansus integer, 51 Lorch, 111 mansus lidilis, 56 Lorraine, 81–2 mansi manoperarii, 67 Lorsch abbey, 12, 15, 22, 27, 42, 76–7, mansus servilis, 43, 46–7, 55–6, 74, 77, 79, 80 79 Loseby, S., 104 payments in kind/money, 48–9 Lotharingia, 81 deliveries of wooden objects, 84 Lotharius, emperor, 106, 134 regularity, 51–2 Louis the German, king, 89 Mantua, 99, 120 Louis the Pious, emperor, 51, 98, 119, market, 89–90, 129–30 122–3, 130, 133–4 control, 90 Lucca, 36 legitimate market, 99 luminarii, 51 local market, 97

156 Index

market (cont.) Monte Cassino, 72–3 market toll, 89–90 Montierender´ abbey, 6, 13, 35, 37, 41–3, rural market, 90 47, 50–1, 58, 62, 68, 82, 84 Marne river, 50, 65 money, 87–8 Marsal, 82, 98 circulation, 122 Marseilles, 98, 104–6 denier, 88, 117 Massif Central, 13, 53 edict of Pˆıtres (864), 119 Mauriac, 53 gold–silver relation, 3, 118 Mayen, 102, 110 Italy, 120 Medemblik, 8, 92 mint, 119–22 Mediterranean, 3, 34 monetary policy, 129 western, 2, 3, 81, 103–5 monetary reform (793–4), 118 eastern, 4, 106–8 obol (half-denier), 118–9 Mehring, 70–1 payments, 121 Melle, 118 tremissis, 88, 117 Menager,´ L. R., 23 see also Arabs merchants, 88–9 Mont Cenis, pass, 105 Jews, 88, 131 Morimoto, Y., 5, 36, 62–3 mercator, 88 Morrison, K. F., 4, 122 neguciantes, 88 Mosel(le) river, 28, 32, 54–5, 60, 70–1, 82, Preceptum negotiatorum (828), 130–1 94, 98, 101, 109, 113 royal, 130 Moyenvic, 82 Syrian, 3 Murbach abbey, 75 see Frisians Metcalf, D. M., 122 Namur, 119 Metz, 21, 55, 60, 81–2, 98 Nantes, 98 Metz, W., 5 Naples, 105–7, 135 Meuse (Maas) river, 32, 34, 49, 54–5, 83, Narbonne, 98, 105 92, 98, 110, 113, 134 Near East, 107 Michael, emperor, 106 Nelson, J. L., 129–30 Michelstadt, 12 Nevers, 98 Milan, 64, 135 Niederaltaich abbey, 82 miles, 99 Niedermendig, 102, 109–10 military organisation, 31, 45, 48, 50, 59 Nitz, H.-J., 12 arms, 78–9 Nivelles abbey, 80 brunia, 112 noctes, 46–7, 56 carnaticum, 59 North Africa, 107, 112 heribannus, 121 Notker Balbulus, author, 107, 111 miles, 99 Novalesa abbey, 99 mill, 68 farinarium, 68 Odenwald, 12, 27 molendinum, 68 Odland, abbot, 69 handmill, 69; quern-stones, 102–3, Offa, king of Mercia, 89, 103, 110–11 110 Oglio river, 99 watermill, 68–9 Oise river, 32 mining olive oil, 3, 107 fossaria, fossarius, 76 open ﬁeld, 16, 17, 63–4 ministeriales, 79 Orleans,´ 80, 94, 98 ministerium, 77 Oslo, 109 mint, 119 Ostmark, 99, 107, 112 modius, 118, 124 Otranto, 106, 135 molendinum, 68 ox, 67–8 Mondsee abbey, 82 over-population, 24, 26, 45, 57, 134

Index 157

Paderborn, 83 Port-Saint-Pere,` 81 Palaiseau, 41, 45, 57 portus, 8, 22, 89, 91–3, 134 palatium, 32 pottery, 79–80, 103 pallia, 73, 76, 107 Badorf ware, 103, 109 pallia fresonica, 75, 111 Tating jars, 103, 109 papyrus, 3 Prague, 112 Paris, 13, 14, 16, 27, 34, 40, 44–5, 47, precaria, 36, 39, 43, 50, 54 57, 60, 70, 74, 91, 98, 102, 109, Preceptum negotiatorum (828), 130–1 134 prefectus emporii, 92, 130 Parma, 99 prices, 123–5 pascuarium, 53 procurator, 92, 130 Passau, 98–9 proprisum, porprisum, 12, 27 Pavia, 99, 107 Provence, 25, 52, 103–6, 112 Perche, 13, 40, 77, 79 prebendarii, provendarii, 43, 57, 72 perfumes, 107, 112 Prum¨ abbey, 6, 12, 37, 42, 46–7, 49, 54–5, Perrin, Ch. E, 5 58–9, 60, 63, 66, 68, 70–1, 73, 76, Persia, 3, 107 81–2, 84, 89, 94, 98, 101, 121 personal condition pulveraticum, 94 caballarii, 52 Pyrenees, 34, 53, 105 colonus, 46, 53, 55–7 hagastaldi, 71 Quelmes, 73 herescarii, 51 Quentovic, 8, 92, 95, 106, 112, 130, 134 ingenuus, 46, 51 quern-stones, 102–3, 110 lidus, 46, 55 Quierzy, 48 luminarii, 51 lunarii, 51 Raffelstetten, 98–9, 112, 130 mancipium, 31, 50, 52, 55–6 Ralswiek, 4 ministeriales, 79 Redon abbey, 54 prebendarii, provendarii, 43, 57, 72 Regensburg, 111, 119, 121 servus, 46, 55–7 Reichenhall (Bad), 82, 99 see also slaves Renard E., 36 Perthuis, Le, pass, 105 Renders Pescara, 135 agrarium, 53 Piacenza, 99 eulogia, 53 pictura, 71 lignare, 50 Piemonte, 35 pascuarium, 53 pig, 42, 50, 66 tasca, 53 Pipin III, king, 88, 117 tributum, 53, 92 Pipin, king of Aquitaine, 111 Rheims, 12 Pirenne H., 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 102–3, 108, Rheinhessen, 42, 56, 100 111–12, 132–3 Rhine, 1, 5, 11, 12, 15, 21, 28, 32, 34, 37, Pˆıtres (edict of ), 58, 119, 129, 134–5 49, 54–5, 70, 77, 79, 83, 92–5, 98, plot, 20, 21, 63 100–3, 107, 109–10, 113, 120–2 plough, 67 Rhˆone, 81, 94, 103 carruca, 67 Ribe, 8, 103, 109–10 plough shares, 67, 77–8 riga, 43, 46 Poitiers, 118 ripaticum, 106 Poitou, 52 rodaticum, 94 polyptych, 37–40, 127–8 Rome, 104, 106–7, 135 pontaticum, 94 Rommersheim, 121 Poperinge, 45 Rotterdam, 92 population density, 27–8 Rouen, 92–3, 98, 109, 130 Po river, 13, 35, 57, 64, 81, 99, 100, 120 Roussillon, 52–4

158 Index

Ruhr river, 46 Scheldt river, 13, 19, 28, 80, 101, 134 Russians, 112 Schleswig, 92 Schwartz, G. M., 27 Saale river, 56, 111 scindulae, 50 Sabina, 14 sedile, 91 saga, 73 Seine river, 5, 34, 37, 94, 98, 101–2, 109, St Amand abbey, 74, 82–3 113, 134 St Bavo’s abbey, 6, 22, 66, 101 Septimer, pass, 106 St Bertin abbey, 6, 23, 27, 34, 36, 37, services, 35–7, 45–9 41, 43–5, 47, 51–2, 58, 68–9, 73, carriage (carropera), 50, 67 84, 111 handwork (manopera), 50, 67 St Denis abbey, 16, 17, 22, 68, 74, 82, 98, noctes, 46–7, 56 102, 105 ploughing (aratura, corvada), 50, 67 St Gall abbey, 34, 68, 72, 73, 75–9, 107, 111 tillage (beneﬁcia), 50 St Germain-des-Pres´ abbey, 6, 13, 14, 16, transport, 50, 59, 60 17, 23, 24, 27, 32, 34, 37–9, 40–2, 45, see also ancinga, riga 47, 49, 50, 57, 59, 60, 63, 67–9, 70, servus, 46, 55–7 77, 79, 94, 101–2, 134 sessus, 91 St Goar, 103 sheep, 66 St Hubert, 97 Sicily, 105 St Martin de Tours abbey, 53, 94 silk, 107, 112 St Maur-des-Fosses´ abbey, 6, 37, 49, 67, 84 silver, 3 St Maximin abbey, 89 Sint-Martens-Latem, 18 St Mesmin de Micy abbey, 81 slaves, 35, 36, 43, 46–7, 53, 105 St Omer, 51, 69 slave trade, 4, 105, 107, 112 St Pantaleon chapter, 80 Slavs, 105, 111–12 St Peter’s abbey, Ghent, 13, 14, 17, 66, 84 Slicher van Bath, B.H., 64 St Pierre-le-Vif abbey, 53 smith, 77 St Remi de Rheims abbey, 6, 23, 37, 47–9, ferrarii ministeriales, 79 59, 62–3, 65, 68, 77, 94 Soignes, forˆetde, 13 St Riquier abbey, 22, 72 Soissons, 102 St Vaast abbey, 22, 90 Sologne, 13 St Victor de Marseilles abbey, 23, 25, 37, Somme river, 98 104–5, 134 sortes (absentes), 36, 58 St Wandrille abbey, 39, 68, 76 Southampton, 92, 109 salt Spain, 105–6, 112 culina, 80 Muslim, 112 production, 80–2 northern, 52 trade, 98–9 see also Catalonia Santa Giulia of Brescia abbey, 68, 78, 99 spices, 3, 107, 112 San Vincenzo al Volturno abbey, 72–3, 83 Spoleto, 14 Saragossa, 105 Staffelsee, 42, 43, 46, 56, 75 Saran, 80 Stavelot-Malmedy abbey, 12 Sardinia, 104 strata legittima, 94, 99 sar(i)ciles, 73 sunken huts, 74 satio, 63 swords, 84, 110 Saxons, 105 Saxons (Anglo-), 102, 104, 109 tasca, 53 Saxony, 42–3, 49, 55–6 Taunus, 12 Scandinavia, 3, 82, 92, 103, 108–9, 112–13 technique (agricultural) Sceldeholt, 13 fallow system, 61 Schaffhausen, 77 olive oil, 3, 107

Index 159

plough, 67; carruca, 67 carts, 93 plough shares, 67, 77–8 infrastructure (roads, bridges, harbours), three-course field system, 17, 61–3 94–5 strata legittima, 94, 99 Tegernsee abbey, 82 ships, 93–4 teloneum, 94 tributum, 53, 92 territorium, 37, 42, 63 Trier, 12, 83, 89, 101 textiles, 73–6, 110–11 Tyrus, 107 bernicrist, 111 Byzantine, 107 Ulfberth (sword), 84 camisiae, 73 Uppsala, 110 cam(i)siles, 73–4 Utrecht, 92 camsilaria, 74 drappi, 73 Valenciennes, 91, 134 filatura, 74 Van Es, W., 8 flax, 74 Van Werveke, H., 102 fusa lini, 73–4 Varese, 64 ladmen, 73 Veluwe, 77 Near Eastern, 107 Venice, 81, 99, 106–8, 112, 135 pallia, 73, 76, 107 Vercauteren, F., 2 pallia fresonica, 75, 111 Verdun, 60, 105 saga, 73 treaty of (843), 134 sar(i)ciles, 73 Verhein, K., 5 silk, 107, 112 Vic-sur Seille, 82, 98 Theodulf, poet, 105 vicus, 72, 89, 91 Theux, 12 Vienne, 21 Thilleux, 50 Vikings, 8, 22, 88, 92, 108, 110, 119–20, three-course field system, 17, 61–3 134–5 Thuringia, 11, 12, 27, 32, 34, 56 village, 15–7 toll, 89, 130 Villance, 12, 42, 58, 73 Alpine passes, 105–6, 130 Villemeux, 49, 69 exclusaticum, 105 villicus, 89 frontier tolls, 130 Vise,´ 119 Inquisitio Raffelstettensis, 98–9 Vita Anskarii, 109–10 ‘old’ and ‘new’, 130 vitrearius, 82 pontaticum, 94 Vitruvius, 69 pulveraticum, 94 ripaticum, 106 Walberberg, 79 rodaticum, 94 Walensee, 107, 112 toll exemption, 95–6 Walenstadt, 107, 112 Toubert, P., 7, 8, 24, 25, 56 Walichrum (Domburg), 92, 112, Tournai, 13, 22, 74, 93, 98, 134 134 Tours, 22, 98 Wandelbert, author, 103 towns, 8, 21, 22 Warendorf, 77 abbey town, 72 wax, 112 civitas, 22, 89, 91–2, 98 Werden abbey, 46, 56 emporium, 8, 91–3, 133–4 Weser river, 77 Italy, 135 Wessex, 92 portus, 8, 22, 89, 91–3, 134 Westphalia, 46, 77 toll place, 89, 91 Westerwald, 12 vicus, 72, 89, 91 White, L., 67 transport, 93–4 Wickham, Chr., 2, 12, 14 ambascatio, 50 Wijk-bij Duurstede, 92

160 Index

wine growing, 70–1 wood working, 84 charges, 70 Wor ms, 12, 60, 100, 109 oriental wine, 3 Wurzburg,¨ 100 production, 71 wine press, 70–1 Xanten, 109 trade, 101–2 Wissembourg (Weissenburg) abbey, 6, York, 103 37, 43, 58, 62, 67–8, 77–8, Ypres, 45 82 Yvelines forest, 13 Witla, 8, 92, 134 woodland, 11–14 Zeeland, 76, 80–1 forestis, forestum, 11, 12, 13 zelga, 63 gualdus, 14 Zuiderzee, 92