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Odgovornost Nemških Vojaških Poveljnikov Za Vojne Zločine V 2
UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE BORUT VALENČIČ ODGOVORNOST NEMŠKIH VOJAŠKIH POVELJNIKOV ZA VOJNE ZLOČINE V 2. SVETOVNI VOJNI DIPLOMSKO DELO LJUBLJANA 2004 UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE AVTOR: BORUT VALENČIČ MENTOR: DOC. DR. DAMIJAN GUŠTIN ODGOVORNOST NEMŠKIH VOJAŠKIH POVELJNIKOV ZA VOJNE ZLOČINE V 2. SVETOVNI VOJNI DIPLOMSKO DELO LJUBLJANA 2004 ZAHVALA Pričujoče diplomsko delo je nastalo zaradi mojega velikega in neprestanega zanimanja za vojno tematiko. K pisanju me je nedvomno pritegnilo dejstvo, da je o temi malo zapisanega, nenazadnje pa tudi zanimiva dejstva o odgovornosti častnikov za storjene vojne zločine. Ob tem velja moja zahvala mentorju doktorju Damijanu Guštinu, ki mi je svetoval pri pravilni izbiri virov in me vodil skozi vsebino diplomskega dela. 1. UVOD................................................................................................................................................................. 3 2. METODOLOŠKO-HIPOTETIČNI OKVIR.................................................................................................. 5 2. 1. OPREDELITEV PREDMETA PROUČEVANJA ……...………………………………………………..5 2. 2. CILJI PROUČEVANJA………………………………………………………………………………….. 5 2. 3. HIPOTEZE ………………………………………………………………………………………………..5 2. 4. METODE RAZISKOVANJA …………………………………………………………………………….6 3. OPREDELITEV TEMELJNIH POJMOV..................................................................................................... 7 4. POTEK DRUGE SVETOVNE VOJNE......................................................................................................... -
The Waffen-SS in Allied Hands Volume Two
The Waffen-SS in Allied Hands Volume Two The Waffen-SS in Allied Hands Volume Two: Personal Accounts from Hitler’s Elite Soldiers By Terry Goldsworthy The Waffen-SS in Allied Hands Volume Two: Personal Accounts from Hitler’s Elite Soldiers By Terry Goldsworthy This book first published 2018 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2018 by Terry Goldsworthy All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-0858-7 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-0858-3 All photographs courtesy of the US National Archives (NARA), Bundesarchiv and the Imperial War Museum. Cover photo – An SS-Panzergrenadier advances during the Ardennes Offensive, 1944. (German military photo, captured by U.S. military photo no. HD-SN-99-02729; NARA file no. 111-SC-197561). For Mandy, Hayley and Liam. CONTENTS Preface ...................................................................................................... xiii VOLUME ONE Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 The rationale for the study of the Waffen-SS ........................................ 1 Sources of information for this book .................................................... -
Battle of Anzio Timeline
https://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php ?battle_id=313 Battle of Anzio Timeline 18 Dec 1943 The plan to land several divisions at Anzio, Italy was briefly canceled. g_2 Jan 1944 36,000 Allied troops landed at Anzio, Italy, facing little opposition. 23 Jan 1944 The destroyer HMS Janus was lost off Anzio, Italy. (24 Jan 1944 German forces in the Anzio, Italy region increased to over 40,000 men. 25 Jan 1944 General Eberhard von Mackensen assumed overall control of forces in the Anzio, Italy area. 27 Jan 1944 To the west, Allied Major General John Lucas by now commanded 70,000 men, 237 tanks, 508 heavy guns, and 27,000 tons of supplies at Anzio, Italy, but he decided to still maintain a defensive posture. 28 Jan 1944 German Field Marshal Albert Kesselring ordered a counterattack against the Allied beachhead at Anzio, Italy. 9 Jan 1944 Total Allied strength at the Anzio, Italy beachhead totaled 69,000 men, 508 guns, and 208 tanks by the end of this day. On the other side of the lines, German strength rose to 71,500 men. 30 Jan 1944 Allied forces attacked out of the Anzio, Italy beachhead, advancing toward Cisterna and Campoleone, but none of the two forces would be able to capture the objectives; during the process, an entire US Army Ranger battalion was destroyed. 2 Feb 1944 Germans defeated American troops in the Battle of Cisterna near Anzio, Italy. 3 Feb 1944 The American attempt to break out of the Anzio beachhead in Italy was halted, followed by the first German counterattack against the beachhead. -
Central Europe
Central Europe WEST GERMANY Foreign Policy and Reunification HE DEADLOCK over reunification remained complete. Moscow repeated in T numerous notes and through its East German satellites that the East and West German governments should get together and form a confederation, with which a peace treaty might later be concluded. Soviet Deputy Premier Anastas Mikoyan visited Bonn in April 1958 to sign a trade agreement, but had nothing new to offer. The Bonn government, for its part, insisted on free elections for an all-German government and rejected anything implying rec- ogition of the East German regime. Chancellor Konrad Adenauer also severed relations with Yugoslavia in October 1957 when the latter recognized the "Ger- man Democratic Republic." For the time being, the question of reunification was overshadowed by the controversy over atomic arms for the West German army and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces stationed on German soil. George Kennan's suggestion of a disengagement of the great powers from Germany, in his BBC lectures in the autumn of 1957, and Polish Foreign Minister Adam Rapacki's proposal for an atom-free zone in Europe were welcomed by a large part of public opinion as a basis for further discussion. But Chancellor Adenauer rejected the Rapacki plan unconditionally in January 1958. In March 1958 the Bundestag, after a tumultuous debate, em- powered the government to equip the Bundeswehr with tactical atomic weapons. Domestic Political Affairs After his victory in the Bundestag elections of September 1957 (see AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1957 [Vol. 58], p. 288), Chancellor Adenauer made some minor changes in his cabinet, so that it consisted of fourteen mem- bers of his Christian Democratic Union (CDU-CSU) and two of the small right-wing German Party (DP). -
Unvorstellbare Grausamkeiten Ter War Der Hamburger Gerhard Sommer, 82
Deutschland NATIONAL ARCHIVES NATIONAL ACTION PRESS ACTION Angeklagter Sommer, getötete Italiener in Sant’Anna di Stazzema (1944): „Das ist für mich eine abgeschlossene Sache“ Niedrige SS-Schergen waren es, Unter- NAZI-VERBRECHEN scharführer, Scharführer. In der Wehr- macht hätten sie die Dienstgrade Unterof- fizier oder Feldwebel getragen. Ranghöchs- Unvorstellbare Grausamkeiten ter war der Hamburger Gerhard Sommer, 82. Als Untersturmführer, also Leutnant, Am 12. August 1944 wurden etwa 500 Menschen in einem soll er eine Kompanie befehligt haben – was Sommer leugnet. Zu weiteren Vor- Toskana-Dorf getötet. Nun, 60 Jahre nach dem Massaker, wird würfen wolle er sich nicht äußern, „im Mo- ehemaligen Waffen-SS-Soldaten der Prozess gemacht. ment“ jedenfalls. Er sagt aber auch: „Das ist für mich eine abgeschlossene Sache.“ ant’Anna di Stazzema – klingt nach mentalität, und die Italiener taten so, als Begonnen hatte sie im Sommer 1943. Sonne, Sommer, Seele baumeln las- dürfte die junge, sich wieder aufrüstende Regierungschef Benito Mussolini, Italiens Ssen. Von der kleinen Ortschaft in den Bonner Republik mit den Verbrechen einer Duce und Vertragspartner von Adolf Hit- Apuanischen Alpen geht der Blick auf die Diktatur nicht belastet werden. ler, war im Juli abgesetzt worden, am 8. toskanische Riviera. Da liegt Forte dei Mar- Allerdings ging es den Italienern auch September hatte die neue Führung den mi, der Badeort der Millionäre. Oder Via- darum, Landsleute, die als Hitler-Verbün- Austritt aus dem Kriegsbündnis mit Berlin reggio, die Stadt des Karnevals und der dete vor allem in Jugoslawien und Grie- erklärt. Fortan waren die Deutschen in Ita- ungetrübten Lebensfreude. chenland gewütet hatten, vor Verfolgung lien Besatzer. -
Comparative Study of Fascist Groups from Brazil and Argentina on the Internet (1996-2007) Revista Tempo E Argumento, Vol
Revista Tempo e Argumento E-ISSN: 2175-1803 [email protected] Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina Brasil Santos Maynard, Dilton Cândido Intolerance South of America: comparative study of fascist groups from Brazil and Argentina on the Internet (1996-2007) Revista Tempo e Argumento, vol. 6, núm. 12, mayo-agosto, 2014, pp. 276-307 Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina Florianópolis, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=338132153015 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative e ‐ ISSN 2175 ‐ 1803 Intolerance South of America: comparative study of fascist groups from Brazil and Argentina on the Internet (1996‐2007) Abstract This article investigates the uses of the Internet made by Dilton Cândido Santos Maynard fascist groups from Brazil and Argentina. We use as main Universidade Federal de Sergipe ‐ UFS. sources professedly fascist websites created shortly after the Brasil popularization of the Internet. From the perspective offered [email protected] by the comparative methodology advocated by Marc Bloch, the text examines the relation between Brazilian homepages and the best known South American far‐right website, Ciudad Libertad Opinión, created in 1999 with the primary purpose of spreading fascist ideas and providing support to other extremist groups. We point out the strategic role played by the web portal Libre Opinión as articulator between fascist groups in South America, this is a key contributor in the diffusion of Brazilian web pages marked to convey on a regular basis xenophobic, racist, anti‐Semitic, and homophobic messages. -
Primo Levi and the Material World
Gerry Kearns1 If wood were an element: Primo Levi and the material world Abstract The precarious survival of a single shed from the Jewish slave labour quarters of the industrial complex that was Auschwitz- Monowitz offers an opportunity to reflect upon aspects of the materiality of the signs of the Holocaust. This shed is very likely ne that Primo Levi knew and its survival incites us to interrogate its materiality and significance by engaging with Levi’s own writings on these matters. I begin by explicating the ways the shed might function as an ‘encountered sign,’ before moving to consider its materiality both as a product of modernist genocide and as witness to the relations between precarity and vitality. Finally, I turn to the texts written upon the shed itself and turn to the performative function of Nazi language. Keywords Holocaust, icon, index, materiality, performativity, Primo Levi Fig. 1 - The interior of the shed, December 2012 (Photograph by kind permission of Carlos Reijnen) It is December 2012, we are near the town of Monowice in Poland. Alongside a small farmhouse, there is a hay-shed. The shed is in two parts with two doorways communicating and above these, “Eingang” and “Ausgang”. In the further part of the shed, there is more text, in Gothic font, in German. Along a crossbeam 1 National University of Ireland, Maynooth; [email protected]. I want to thank the directors of the Terrorscapes Project (Rob van der Laarse and Georgi Verbeeck) for the invitation to come on the field trip to Auschwitz. I want to thank Hans Citroen and Robert Jan van Pelt for their patient teaching about the history of the site. -
Das Massaker Der Fosse Ardeatine Und Die Taterverfolgung. Deutsch-Italienische Störfalle Von Kappler Bis Priebke
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications, Department of History History, Department of 2012 Das Massaker der Fosse Ardeatine und die Taterverfolgung. Deutsch-italienische Störfalle von Kappler bis Priebke Gerald Steinacher University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historyfacpub Part of the European History Commons, and the Military History Commons Steinacher, Gerald, "Das Massaker der Fosse Ardeatine und die Taterverfolgung. Deutsch-italienische Störfalle von Kappler bis Priebke" (2012). Faculty Publications, Department of History. 141. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historyfacpub/141 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, Department of History by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Michael Gehler . Maddalena Guiotto (Hrsg.) ITALIEN, ÖSTERREICH UND DIE BUNDES REPUBLIK DEUTSCHLAND IN EUROPA Ein Dreiecksverhältnis in seinen wechselseitigen Beziehungen und Wahrnehmungen von 1945/49 bis zur Gegenwart ITALY, AUSTRIA AND THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY IN EUROPE A Triangle of Mutual Relations and Perceptions from the Period 1945-49 to the Present Unter Mitarbeit von Imke Scharlemann BÖHLAU VERLAG WIEN· KÖLN· WEIMAR Gedruckt mit der Unterstützung durch das Bundnministlrium fßrWissenschlltund Forselluna Bundesministerium fiir Wissenschaft und Forschung in Wien und AUTONOME PROVINCIA PROVINZ ·W.i • AUTONOMA BOZEN, ! 01 BOLZANO SÜDTIROL \' __ ' // ALTO ADIGE Deutsche Kultur das Amt der Südtiroler Landesregierung - Südtiroler Kulturinstitut Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek: Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie ; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. -
Primo Levi Cosí Fu Auschwitz Testimonianze 1945-1986 Con Leonardo De Benedetti
SUPER Di PRIMO LEVI (Torino 1919-1987) Einaudi ha Le verità piú precise – e inesorabili perché preci- «Attraverso i documenti fotografici e le pubblicato tutte le opere. Negli Einaudi Tasca- oramai numerose relazioni fornite da bili sono disponibili: Se questo è un uomo, La se – sulla macchina dello sterminio. Quarant’an- tregua, Il sistema periodico, La chiave a stella, ni di testimonianze, in gran parte inedite, di es- ex-internati nei diversi Campi di con- La ricerca delle radici. Antologia personale, Se senziale importanza storica. LEVI centramento creati dai tedeschi per l’an- non ora, quando?, L’altrui mestiere, I sommersi nientamento degli Ebrei d’Europa, forse e i salvati, Dialogo (con Tullio Regge), L’ultimo non v’è piú alcuno che ignori ancora che Natale di guerra e Tutti i racconti. Nel 1945, all’indomani della liberazione, i militari sovietici che COS cosa siano stati quei luoghi di sterminio controllavano il campo per ex prigionieri di Katowice, in Polo- e quali nefandezze vi siano state com- nia, chiesero a Primo Levi e a Leonardo De Benedetti, suo com- Í FU AUSCHWITZ piute. Tuttavia, allo scopo di far meglio pagno di prigionia, di redigere una relazione dettagliata sulle conoscere gli orrori, di cui anche noi sia- condizioni sanitarie del Lager. Il risultato fu il Rapporto su Au- mo stati testimoni e spesse volte vittime schwitz: una testimonianza straordinaria, uno dei primi reso- PRIMO LEVI durante il periodo di un anno, crediamo conti sui campi di sterminio mai elaborati. La relazione, pub- utile rendere pubblica in Italia una rela- blicata nel 1946 sulla rivista scientifica «Minerva Medica», zione, che abbiamo presentata al Gover- inaugura la successiva opera di Primo Levi testimone, analista COSÍ FU AUSCHWITZ no dell’U.R.S.S., su richiesta del Comando e scrittore. -
Once in a Blue Moon: Airmen in Theater Command Lauris Norstad, Albrecht Kesselring, and Their Relevance to the Twenty-First Century Air Force
COLLEGE OF AEROSPACE DOCTRINE, RESEARCH AND EDUCATION AIR UNIVERSITY AIR Y U SIT NI V ER Once in a Blue Moon: Airmen in Theater Command Lauris Norstad, Albrecht Kesselring, and Their Relevance to the Twenty-First Century Air Force HOWARD D. BELOTE Lieutenant Colonel, USAF CADRE Paper No. 7 Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 36112-6615 July 2000 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Belote, Howard D., 1963– Once in a blue moon : airmen in theater command : Lauris Norstad, Albrecht Kesselring, and their relevance to the twenty-first century Air Force/Howard D. Belote. p. cm. -- (CADRE paper ; no. 7) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1-58566-082-5 1. United States. Air Force--Officers. 2. Generals--United States. 3. Unified operations (Military science) 4. Combined operations (Military science) 5. Command of troops. I. Title. II. CADRE paper ; 7. UG793 .B45 2000 358.4'133'0973--dc21 00-055881 Disclaimer Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of Air University, the United States Air Force, the Department of Defense, or any other US government agency. Cleared for public release: distribution unlimited. This CADRE Paper, and others in the series, is available electronically at the Air University Research web site http://research.maxwell.af.mil under “Research Papers” then “Special Collections.” ii CADRE Papers CADRE Papers are occasional publications sponsored by the Airpower Research Institute of Air University’s (AU) College of Aerospace Doctrine, Research and Education (CADRE). Dedicated to promoting understanding of air and space power theory and application, these studies are published by the Air University Press and broadly distributed to the US Air Force, the Department of Defense and other governmental organiza- tions, leading scholars, selected institutions of higher learn- ing, public policy institutes, and the media. -
Primo-Levi-The-Voice-Of-Memory
THE VOICE OF MEMORY PRIMO LEVI Interviews, 1961-1987 Edited by M A R C 0 B E L P 0 L I T I and R 0 B E R T G 0 R D 0 N "Primo Levi is one of the most important and gifted writers of our time." -ITALO CALVINO The Voice of Memory The Voice of Memory Interviews 1961-1987 Primo Levi Edited by Marco Belpoliti and Robert Gordon Translated by Robert Gordon The New Press New York This collection © 2001 by Polity Press First published in Italy as Primo Levi: Conversazioni e interviste 1963-87, edited by Marco Belpoliti © 1997 Guilio Einaudi, 1997, with the exception of the interviews beginning on pages 3, 13, 23, and 34 (for further details see Acknowledgments page). All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form, without written permission from the publisher. First published in the United Kingdom by Polity Press in association with Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2001 Published in the United States by The New Press, New York, 2001 Distributed by W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York ISBN 1-56584-645-1 (he.) CIP data available. The New Press was established in 1990 as a not-for-profit alternative to the large, commercial publishing houses currently dominating the book publishing industry. The New Press operates in the public interest rather than for private gain, and is committed to publishing, in innovative ways, works of educational, cultural, and community value that are often deemed insufficiently profitable. The New Press, 450West 41st Street, 6th floor, NewYork, NY 10036 www.thenewpress.com Set in Plantin Printed in the -
Joint Force Quarterly a PROFESSIONAL MILITARY JOURNAL
JFQ C2-P3 Prelims 8/26/97 9:53 AM Page iii JFQ . for those who served 1941–1945 Page 1—no folio JFQ C2-P3 Prelims 8/26/97 9:54 AM Page 2 CONTENTS A Word from the Chairman 4 by John M. Shalikashvili The Case for Forward Deployment 7 by Hans Binnendijk Q National Power and the Interagency Process 8 by George T. Raach and Ilana Kass F Restore Hope: Coordinating Relief Operations 14 by Jonathan T. Dworken J Joint Special Operations in Peace 22 and War by Wayne A. Downing PSYOP and the Warfighting CINC 28 by Jeffrey B. Jones and Michael P. Mathews JFQ FORUM Commemorating World War II: 34 A Final Reprise Jointness and the Impact of the War 36 by David A. Armstrong PHOTO CREDITS The cover features a reproduction of a painting entitled Air Transport in the South Pacific— Fighting with Allies: The Debate Fifty Years On 1943 by Sidney Simon (U.S. Air Force Art Collection); the four cover insets (clockwise, 38 by Russell F. Weigley from top left) capture American and Thai special forces descending from a helicopter during Cobra Gold ’94 (Joint Combat Camera A War That Was Not Left to the Generals Center); M1A1 tank during Bright Star ’94 (U.S. Army/Jeffrey T. Brady); F–16D on patrol 46 by Eliot A. Cohen during Roving Sands ’94 (Combat Camera Imagery/Steve Thurow); and USNS Comfort in transit through the Panama Canal (U.S. Air The Meaning of World War II Force/H. Cintron). by Williamson Murray The background work of art replicated for 50 the table of contents is B–17 Base in England by Peter Hurd (U.S.