Immunitätsversprechen. Wie SS-Obergruppenführer Karl Wolff Der Strafverfolgung Entging
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Operation Sunrise: America’S OSS, Swiss Intelligence, and the German Surrender 1945
Operation Sunrise: America’s OSS, Swiss Intelligence, and the German Surrender 1945 by Stephen P. Halbrook* Operation Sunrise was a cooperative effort of American and Swiss intelligence services which led to the unconditional surrender of the German Wehrmacht forces in Northern Italy and Western Austria on May 2, 1945. General Heinrich von Vietinghoff, Commander-in- Chief of the Southwest Command and of Army Group C, surrendered nearly a million soldiers, the strongest remaining German force. This was the first great surrender of German forces to the Allies, and became a strong impetus for the final Allied victory over Nazi Germany on May 8, Victory in Europe (VE) Day. Operation Sunrise helped to nip in the bud Nazi aspirations for guerilla resistance in an Alpine redoubt. Sunrise, sometimes referred to as “Crossword,” has special significance today beyond the sixtieth anniversary of the German surrender. Despite Switzerland’s formal neutrality, Swiss intelligence agents aggressively facilitated American efforts to end the war. Ironically, the efforts of key U.S. intelligence agents on the ground to orchestrate the surrender were hampered and almost scuttled by leaders in Washington to appease Joseph Stalin, who wished to delay the surrender in the West so that Soviet forces could grab more territory in the East. *This paper was originally presented at the conference Sunrise ‘05, Locarno, Switzerland, May 2, 2005, and was published in “Operation Sunrise.” Atti del convegno internazionale (Locarno, 2 maggio 2005), a cura di Marino Viganò - Dominic M. Pedrazzini (Lugano 2006), pp. 103-30. The conference was held to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the surrender of German forces in northern Italy. -
Hungarian Studies Review, Vol
Hungarian Studies Review, Vol. XXIII, No. 1 (Spring, 1996) Edmund Veesenmayer on Horthy and Hungary: An American Intelligence Report N.F. Dreisziger "As Minister to Hungary, Veesenmayer had something more than the normal duties of a Minister." (The Veesenmayer Interrogation Report, p. 21) "... it was a good thing if [Veesenmayer] did not always know everything that was going on (i.e. the Gestapo was doing) [in Hungary]." (SS leader Heinrich Himmler, cited ibid., p. 22) The role Edmund Veesenmayer played in twentieth century Hungarian history is almost without parallel. He was, to all intents and purposes, a Gauleiter, a kind of a modern satrap, in the country for the last year of the war. Hungary would have her share of quislings during the post-war communist era, but they would not be complete foreigners: the Matyas Rakosis, the Erno Geros, the Ferenc Mtinnichs, the Janos Kadars, and the Farkases (Mihaly and Vladimir) had connections to Hungary, however tenuous in some cases.1 Veesenmayer had no familial, ethnic or cultural ties to Hungary, he was simply an agent of a foreign power appointed to make sure that power's interests and wishes prevailed in the country. The closest parallel one finds to him in the post-war period is Marshal Klementy E. Voroshilov, the member of the Soviet leadership who was ap- pointed as head of the Allied Control Commission in Hungary at the end of the war. Though Voroshilov's position most resembled Veesenmayer's, it is doubtful whether the Soviet General was as often involved in meddling in Hungarian affairs as was the energetic German commissioner and his SS cohorts. -
Geschichte La Casetta [.Pdf]
ALLGEMEINE INFORMATIONEN Kontakt Public Relations · Tschuggen Hotel Group Via Albarelle 16 · CH-6612 Ascona Tel: +41 91 785 71 71 [email protected] tschuggenhotelgroup.ch DIE GESCHICHTE DES SEEHAUSES ‘LA CASETTA’ (vormals “Casa Signore in Croce”) Operation "Sunrise" in Ascona Kurzfassung, Stand 26. September 2000 ohne Dokumente des militärgeschichtlichen Forschungsamtes Potsdam Unter dem Decknamen „Operation Sunrise“ verbargen sich die geheimen Aktionen zu einer vorzeitigen Beendigung des Zweiten Weltkrieges in Italien. Im Rahmen dieser Aktivitäten, die weitgehend auf Schweizer Boden geplant und organisiert wurden, spielte auch das Seehaus, damals „Casa Signore in Croce“, des heutigen Hotels Eden Roc eine nicht unbedeutende Rolle. Ende 1942 wurde Allen Welsh Dulles (der spätere Direktor der CIA) in die Schweiz entsandt, um dort geheimdienstlich für die USA tätig zu werden. Unter den in der Schweiz lebenden US- amerikanischen Staatsbürgern, die für ihn arbeiteten, befand sich auch Gero v. Schulze- Gaevernitz, ein ehemaliger deutscher Staatsbürger. Die Aktivitäten von Dulles und v. Schulze- Gaevernitz zielten zunächst dahin, an der deutschen Westfront Kontakte zu Heerführern zu suchen, die eventuell bereit gewesen wären, in ihrem Verantwortungsbereich eine Teilkapitulation der deutschen Streitkräfte zu ermöglichen, um so ein weiteres sinnloses Blutvergiessen zu verhindern. Trotz intensiver Bemühungen blieben aber alle Versuche erfolglos. MEMBER OF TSCHUGGEN HOTEL GROUP tschuggenhotelgroup.ch Da ergab sich im Februar 1945, eher unerwartet, die Gelegenheit, an der Südfront in Italien eine derartige Übereinkunft zu erreichen. Auf Initiative von Baron Luigi Parrilli (Italienischer Geschäftsmann mit guten Vertrauenskontakten zu den deutschen Besatzungsgruppen in Italien), der mit seinem Freund Dr. Max Husmann ( Leiter des Internats Montana Zugerberg) Kontakt aufnahm, wurde Major i Gst Max Waibel angegangen, der sofort bereit war. -
The Waffen-SS in Allied Hands Volume Two
The Waffen-SS in Allied Hands Volume Two The Waffen-SS in Allied Hands Volume Two: Personal Accounts from Hitler’s Elite Soldiers By Terry Goldsworthy The Waffen-SS in Allied Hands Volume Two: Personal Accounts from Hitler’s Elite Soldiers By Terry Goldsworthy This book first published 2018 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2018 by Terry Goldsworthy All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-0858-7 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-0858-3 All photographs courtesy of the US National Archives (NARA), Bundesarchiv and the Imperial War Museum. Cover photo – An SS-Panzergrenadier advances during the Ardennes Offensive, 1944. (German military photo, captured by U.S. military photo no. HD-SN-99-02729; NARA file no. 111-SC-197561). For Mandy, Hayley and Liam. CONTENTS Preface ...................................................................................................... xiii VOLUME ONE Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 The rationale for the study of the Waffen-SS ........................................ 1 Sources of information for this book .................................................... -
Operation Sunrise: America's OSS, Swiss Intelligence, and the German Surrender 1945
Swiss American Historical Society Review Volume 52 Number 1 Article 3 2-2016 Operation Sunrise: America's OSS, Swiss Intelligence, and the German Surrender 1945 Stephen P. Halbrook Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review Part of the European History Commons, and the European Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Halbrook, Stephen P. (2016) "Operation Sunrise: America's OSS, Swiss Intelligence, and the German Surrender 1945," Swiss American Historical Society Review: Vol. 52 : No. 1 , Article 3. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol52/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Swiss American Historical Society Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Halbrook: Operation Sunrise Operation Sunrise: America's OSS, Swiss Intelligence, and the German Surrender 1945 by Stephen P. Halbrook* Operation Sunrise was a cooperative effort of American and Swiss intelligence services which led to the unconditional surrender of the German Wehrmacht forces in Northern Italy and Western Austria on May 2, 1945. General Heinrich von Yietinghoff, Commander-in Chief of the Southwest Command and of Army Group C, surrendered nearly a million soldiers, the strongest remaining German force. This was the first great surrender of German forces to the Allies, and became a strong impetus for the final Allied victory over Nazi Germany on May 8, Victory in Europe (YE) Day. Operation Sunrise helped to nip in the bud Nazi aspirations for guerilla resistance in an Alpine redoubt. -
Woman, Nature, and Equality in Russian Sentimentalism
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2016 Disrupted Idylls: Nature, Equality, and the Feminine in Sentimentalist Russian Women’s Writing (Mariia Pospelova, Mariia Bolotnikova, and Anna Naumova) Stohler, Ursula DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/slr.2018.178 Other titles: With translations by Emily Lygo Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-120423 Monograph Accepted Version Originally published at: Stohler, Ursula (2016). Disrupted Idylls: Nature, Equality, and the Feminine in Sentimentalist Russian Women’s Writing (Mariia Pospelova, Mariia Bolotnikova, and Anna Naumova). Bern: Peter Lang. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/slr.2018.178 1 Ursula Stohler Disrupted Idylls: Nature, Equality, and the Feminine in Sentimentalist Russian Women’s Writing (Mariia Pospelova, Mariia Bolotnikova, and Anna Naumova) With translations by Emily Lygo This book is a revised version of my dissertation, Russian Women Writers of the 1800– 1820s and the Response to Sentimentalist Literary Conventions of Nature, the Feminine, and Writing: Mariia Pospelova, Mariia Bolotnikova, and Anna Naumova, submitted to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Russian Studies, June 2005 2 Abstract This study explores the ways in which Russian women writers responded to Sentimentalist conventions of authorship, challenging their conceptualisation of women as mute and passive beings. Its particular focus is on the works by Anna Naumova, Mariia Pospelova and Mariia Bolotnikova, three late-18th- and early-19th- century Russian women authors who have only recently begun to receive some slight scholarly attention from Western European researchers in Russian Women’s Studies. -
N I~ ~L 'Ш Я .N OI ~V Wl Lo ~N I
.NI~~l'ШЯ .NOI~VWllO~NI .Edltorlal This issue of СА/В focuses on the fascist connection, in par in Latin America or the U.S. The Kameradenwerk-the Nazi ticular the U.S. role in helping hundreds, perhaps thousands, old Ьоу network-remained active over the years, vigorous of prominent Nazis avoid retribution ·at the end of World War enough to have planned and carried out · the 1980 coup in 11. The CIA (originally the OSS) and the U.S. military, along Bolivia, for example, and to have held high places in with the Vatican, were instrumental in exfiltrating war crimi Pinochet's govemment in Chile. And they are major figures in nals not just to Latin America, but to the United States as well. the intemational arms and drug trades as well-traffic which As the Reagan administration attempts to rewrite history, it the U.S. tries to Ыаmе on the socialist countries. is worthwhile to examine carefully the wartime and postwar Hundreds of Nazis have been set up in scientific institutions machinations of the extreme Right. The President goes to Bit in this country. Ironically, it now appears that Star W ars is burg claiming it is time to forgive and forget, when in reality merely an extension of the Nazis' wartime rocket research. he is merely cutting а crude political deal with the reactionary Much of the U.S. space program was designed Ьу them. When West German govemment for its approval of Star Wars Ьу giv the Justice Department's Office of Special Investigations leam ing his absolution to the SS. -
Central Europe
Central Europe WEST GERMANY Foreign Policy and Reunification HE DEADLOCK over reunification remained complete. Moscow repeated in T numerous notes and through its East German satellites that the East and West German governments should get together and form a confederation, with which a peace treaty might later be concluded. Soviet Deputy Premier Anastas Mikoyan visited Bonn in April 1958 to sign a trade agreement, but had nothing new to offer. The Bonn government, for its part, insisted on free elections for an all-German government and rejected anything implying rec- ogition of the East German regime. Chancellor Konrad Adenauer also severed relations with Yugoslavia in October 1957 when the latter recognized the "Ger- man Democratic Republic." For the time being, the question of reunification was overshadowed by the controversy over atomic arms for the West German army and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces stationed on German soil. George Kennan's suggestion of a disengagement of the great powers from Germany, in his BBC lectures in the autumn of 1957, and Polish Foreign Minister Adam Rapacki's proposal for an atom-free zone in Europe were welcomed by a large part of public opinion as a basis for further discussion. But Chancellor Adenauer rejected the Rapacki plan unconditionally in January 1958. In March 1958 the Bundestag, after a tumultuous debate, em- powered the government to equip the Bundeswehr with tactical atomic weapons. Domestic Political Affairs After his victory in the Bundestag elections of September 1957 (see AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1957 [Vol. 58], p. 288), Chancellor Adenauer made some minor changes in his cabinet, so that it consisted of fourteen mem- bers of his Christian Democratic Union (CDU-CSU) and two of the small right-wing German Party (DP). -
Unvorstellbare Grausamkeiten Ter War Der Hamburger Gerhard Sommer, 82
Deutschland NATIONAL ARCHIVES NATIONAL ACTION PRESS ACTION Angeklagter Sommer, getötete Italiener in Sant’Anna di Stazzema (1944): „Das ist für mich eine abgeschlossene Sache“ Niedrige SS-Schergen waren es, Unter- NAZI-VERBRECHEN scharführer, Scharführer. In der Wehr- macht hätten sie die Dienstgrade Unterof- fizier oder Feldwebel getragen. Ranghöchs- Unvorstellbare Grausamkeiten ter war der Hamburger Gerhard Sommer, 82. Als Untersturmführer, also Leutnant, Am 12. August 1944 wurden etwa 500 Menschen in einem soll er eine Kompanie befehligt haben – was Sommer leugnet. Zu weiteren Vor- Toskana-Dorf getötet. Nun, 60 Jahre nach dem Massaker, wird würfen wolle er sich nicht äußern, „im Mo- ehemaligen Waffen-SS-Soldaten der Prozess gemacht. ment“ jedenfalls. Er sagt aber auch: „Das ist für mich eine abgeschlossene Sache.“ ant’Anna di Stazzema – klingt nach mentalität, und die Italiener taten so, als Begonnen hatte sie im Sommer 1943. Sonne, Sommer, Seele baumeln las- dürfte die junge, sich wieder aufrüstende Regierungschef Benito Mussolini, Italiens Ssen. Von der kleinen Ortschaft in den Bonner Republik mit den Verbrechen einer Duce und Vertragspartner von Adolf Hit- Apuanischen Alpen geht der Blick auf die Diktatur nicht belastet werden. ler, war im Juli abgesetzt worden, am 8. toskanische Riviera. Da liegt Forte dei Mar- Allerdings ging es den Italienern auch September hatte die neue Führung den mi, der Badeort der Millionäre. Oder Via- darum, Landsleute, die als Hitler-Verbün- Austritt aus dem Kriegsbündnis mit Berlin reggio, die Stadt des Karnevals und der dete vor allem in Jugoslawien und Grie- erklärt. Fortan waren die Deutschen in Ita- ungetrübten Lebensfreude. chenland gewütet hatten, vor Verfolgung lien Besatzer. -
Comparative Study of Fascist Groups from Brazil and Argentina on the Internet (1996-2007) Revista Tempo E Argumento, Vol
Revista Tempo e Argumento E-ISSN: 2175-1803 [email protected] Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina Brasil Santos Maynard, Dilton Cândido Intolerance South of America: comparative study of fascist groups from Brazil and Argentina on the Internet (1996-2007) Revista Tempo e Argumento, vol. 6, núm. 12, mayo-agosto, 2014, pp. 276-307 Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina Florianópolis, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=338132153015 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative e ‐ ISSN 2175 ‐ 1803 Intolerance South of America: comparative study of fascist groups from Brazil and Argentina on the Internet (1996‐2007) Abstract This article investigates the uses of the Internet made by Dilton Cândido Santos Maynard fascist groups from Brazil and Argentina. We use as main Universidade Federal de Sergipe ‐ UFS. sources professedly fascist websites created shortly after the Brasil popularization of the Internet. From the perspective offered [email protected] by the comparative methodology advocated by Marc Bloch, the text examines the relation between Brazilian homepages and the best known South American far‐right website, Ciudad Libertad Opinión, created in 1999 with the primary purpose of spreading fascist ideas and providing support to other extremist groups. We point out the strategic role played by the web portal Libre Opinión as articulator between fascist groups in South America, this is a key contributor in the diffusion of Brazilian web pages marked to convey on a regular basis xenophobic, racist, anti‐Semitic, and homophobic messages. -
Collaboration in Europe, 1939-1945
Occupy/Be occupied Collaboration in Europe, 1939-1945 Barbara LAMBAUER ABSTRACT Collaboration in wartime not only concerns relations between the occupiers and occupied populations but also the assistance given by any government to a criminal regime. During the Second World War, the collaboration of governments and citizens was a crucial factor in the maintenance of German dominance in continental Europe. It was, moreover, precisely this assistance that allowed for the absolutely unprecedented dimensions of the Holocaust, a crime perpetrated on a European scale. Pétain meeting Hitler at Montoire on 24 October 1940. From the left: Henry Philippe Pétain, Paul-Otto Schmidt, Adolf Hitler, Joachim v. Ribbentrop. Photo : Heinrich Hoffman. The occupation of a territory is a common feature of war and brings with it acts of both collaboration and resistance. The development of national consciousness from the end of the 18th century and the growing identification of citizens with the state changed the way such behaviour was viewed, a moral judgement being attributed to loyalty to the state, and to treason against it. During the Second World War, and in connection with the crimes committed by Nazi Germany, the term “collaboration” acquired the particularly negative connotations that it has today. It cannot be denied that collaboration by governments as well as by individual citizens was a fundamental element in the functioning of German-occupied Europe. Moreover, unlike the explicit ideological engagement of some Europeans in the Nazi cause, it was by no means a marginal phenomenon. Nor was it limited only to countries occupied by the Wehrmacht: the governments of independent countries such as Finland, Hungary, Romania or Bulgaria collaborated, as did those of neutral countries such as Switzerland, Sweden and Portugal, albeit to varying degrees. -
Admiral Nicholas Horthy: MEMOIRS
Admiral Nicholas Horthy: MEMOIRS Annotated by Andrew L. Simon Copyright © 2000 Andrew L. Simon Original manuscript copyright © 1957, Ilona Bowden Library of Congress Card Number: 00-101186 Copyright under International Copyright Union All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval devices or systems, without prior written permission from the publisher. ISBN 0-9665734-9 Printed by Lightning Print, Inc. La Vergne , TN 37086 Published by Simon Publications, P.O. Box 321, Safety Harbor, FL 34695 Admiral Horthy at age 75. Publication record of Horthy’s memoirs : • First Hungarian Edition: Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1953. • German Edition: Munich, Germany, 1953. • Spanish Edition: AHR - Barcelona, Spain, 1955. • Finnish Edition: Otava, Helsinki, Finland, 1955. • Italian Edition, Corso, Rome, Italy, 1956. • U. S. Edition: Robert Speller & Sons, Publishers, New York, NY, 1957. • British Edition: Hutchinson, London, 1957. • Second Hungarian Edition: Toronto, Canada: Vörösváry Publ., 1974. • Third Hungarian Edition: Budapest, Hungary:Europa Historia, 1993. Table of Contents FOREWORD 1 INTRODUCTION 5 PREFACE 9 1. Out into the World 11 2. New Appointments 33 3. Aide-de-Camp to Emperor Francis Joseph I at the Court of Vienna 1909-1914 49 4. Archduke Francis Ferdinand 69 5. Naval Warfare in the Adriatic. The Coronation of King Charles IV 79 6. The Naval Battle of Otranto 93 7. Appointment as Commander of the Fleet. The End 101 8. Revolution in Hungary: from Michael Károlyi to Béla Kun 109 9. Counter-Revolution. I am Appointed Minister of War And Commander-in-Chief 117 10.