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Operation Sunrise: America’S OSS, Swiss Intelligence, and the German Surrender 1945
Operation Sunrise: America’s OSS, Swiss Intelligence, and the German Surrender 1945 by Stephen P. Halbrook* Operation Sunrise was a cooperative effort of American and Swiss intelligence services which led to the unconditional surrender of the German Wehrmacht forces in Northern Italy and Western Austria on May 2, 1945. General Heinrich von Vietinghoff, Commander-in- Chief of the Southwest Command and of Army Group C, surrendered nearly a million soldiers, the strongest remaining German force. This was the first great surrender of German forces to the Allies, and became a strong impetus for the final Allied victory over Nazi Germany on May 8, Victory in Europe (VE) Day. Operation Sunrise helped to nip in the bud Nazi aspirations for guerilla resistance in an Alpine redoubt. Sunrise, sometimes referred to as “Crossword,” has special significance today beyond the sixtieth anniversary of the German surrender. Despite Switzerland’s formal neutrality, Swiss intelligence agents aggressively facilitated American efforts to end the war. Ironically, the efforts of key U.S. intelligence agents on the ground to orchestrate the surrender were hampered and almost scuttled by leaders in Washington to appease Joseph Stalin, who wished to delay the surrender in the West so that Soviet forces could grab more territory in the East. *This paper was originally presented at the conference Sunrise ‘05, Locarno, Switzerland, May 2, 2005, and was published in “Operation Sunrise.” Atti del convegno internazionale (Locarno, 2 maggio 2005), a cura di Marino Viganò - Dominic M. Pedrazzini (Lugano 2006), pp. 103-30. The conference was held to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the surrender of German forces in northern Italy. -
Operation Sunrise: America's OSS, Swiss Intelligence, and the German Surrender 1945
Swiss American Historical Society Review Volume 52 Number 1 Article 3 2-2016 Operation Sunrise: America's OSS, Swiss Intelligence, and the German Surrender 1945 Stephen P. Halbrook Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review Part of the European History Commons, and the European Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Halbrook, Stephen P. (2016) "Operation Sunrise: America's OSS, Swiss Intelligence, and the German Surrender 1945," Swiss American Historical Society Review: Vol. 52 : No. 1 , Article 3. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol52/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Swiss American Historical Society Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Halbrook: Operation Sunrise Operation Sunrise: America's OSS, Swiss Intelligence, and the German Surrender 1945 by Stephen P. Halbrook* Operation Sunrise was a cooperative effort of American and Swiss intelligence services which led to the unconditional surrender of the German Wehrmacht forces in Northern Italy and Western Austria on May 2, 1945. General Heinrich von Yietinghoff, Commander-in Chief of the Southwest Command and of Army Group C, surrendered nearly a million soldiers, the strongest remaining German force. This was the first great surrender of German forces to the Allies, and became a strong impetus for the final Allied victory over Nazi Germany on May 8, Victory in Europe (YE) Day. Operation Sunrise helped to nip in the bud Nazi aspirations for guerilla resistance in an Alpine redoubt. -
Woman, Nature, and Equality in Russian Sentimentalism
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2016 Disrupted Idylls: Nature, Equality, and the Feminine in Sentimentalist Russian Women’s Writing (Mariia Pospelova, Mariia Bolotnikova, and Anna Naumova) Stohler, Ursula DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/slr.2018.178 Other titles: With translations by Emily Lygo Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-120423 Monograph Accepted Version Originally published at: Stohler, Ursula (2016). Disrupted Idylls: Nature, Equality, and the Feminine in Sentimentalist Russian Women’s Writing (Mariia Pospelova, Mariia Bolotnikova, and Anna Naumova). Bern: Peter Lang. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/slr.2018.178 1 Ursula Stohler Disrupted Idylls: Nature, Equality, and the Feminine in Sentimentalist Russian Women’s Writing (Mariia Pospelova, Mariia Bolotnikova, and Anna Naumova) With translations by Emily Lygo This book is a revised version of my dissertation, Russian Women Writers of the 1800– 1820s and the Response to Sentimentalist Literary Conventions of Nature, the Feminine, and Writing: Mariia Pospelova, Mariia Bolotnikova, and Anna Naumova, submitted to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Russian Studies, June 2005 2 Abstract This study explores the ways in which Russian women writers responded to Sentimentalist conventions of authorship, challenging their conceptualisation of women as mute and passive beings. Its particular focus is on the works by Anna Naumova, Mariia Pospelova and Mariia Bolotnikova, three late-18th- and early-19th- century Russian women authors who have only recently begun to receive some slight scholarly attention from Western European researchers in Russian Women’s Studies. -
N I~ ~L 'Ш Я .N OI ~V Wl Lo ~N I
.NI~~l'ШЯ .NOI~VWllO~NI .Edltorlal This issue of СА/В focuses on the fascist connection, in par in Latin America or the U.S. The Kameradenwerk-the Nazi ticular the U.S. role in helping hundreds, perhaps thousands, old Ьоу network-remained active over the years, vigorous of prominent Nazis avoid retribution ·at the end of World War enough to have planned and carried out · the 1980 coup in 11. The CIA (originally the OSS) and the U.S. military, along Bolivia, for example, and to have held high places in with the Vatican, were instrumental in exfiltrating war crimi Pinochet's govemment in Chile. And they are major figures in nals not just to Latin America, but to the United States as well. the intemational arms and drug trades as well-traffic which As the Reagan administration attempts to rewrite history, it the U.S. tries to Ыаmе on the socialist countries. is worthwhile to examine carefully the wartime and postwar Hundreds of Nazis have been set up in scientific institutions machinations of the extreme Right. The President goes to Bit in this country. Ironically, it now appears that Star W ars is burg claiming it is time to forgive and forget, when in reality merely an extension of the Nazis' wartime rocket research. he is merely cutting а crude political deal with the reactionary Much of the U.S. space program was designed Ьу them. When West German govemment for its approval of Star Wars Ьу giv the Justice Department's Office of Special Investigations leam ing his absolution to the SS. -
Immunitätsversprechen. Wie SS-Obergruppenführer Karl Wolff Der Strafverfolgung Entging
Aufsatz Kerstin von Lingen Immunitätsversprechen. Wie SS-Obergruppenführer Karl Wolff der Strafverfolgung entging Der erste Waffenstillstand des Zweiten Weltkrieges in Europa, die vorzeitige Ka- pitulation der Heeresgruppe C in Norditalien am 2. Mai 1945, bekannt unter ih- rem Codenamen »Operation Sunrise«, ist das Ergebnis von Verhandlungen des amerikanischen Nachrichtendienst-Emissärs des Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in Bern, Allen W. Dulles, und des Höchsten SS- und Polizeiführers Italien, SS-Ober- gruppenführers Karl Wolff1. Entgegen der Vereinbarungen von Casablanca hat es also für die Westalliierten im Frühjahr 1945 nicht nur Verhandlungen über einen Separatfrieden gegeben, sondern sogar Verhandlungen mit Vertretern der SS, wo- bei nur Wolff sich durchsetzen konnte2. Dies nährt die Vermutung, der Friedens- schluss in Norditalien habe im Interesse der Alliierten und der Schweiz gelegen, das solch ein ungewöhnliches Vorgehen rechtfertigte. Dulles trug der Erfolg die- ser Operation nach dem Krieg bis an die Spitze des 1948 neu gegründeten ameri- kanischen Nachrichtendienstes CIA. Doch auch Wolff bekam eine Gegenleistung: 1 Bradley F. Smith und Elena Agarossi, Unternehmen »Sonnenaufgang«. Das Kriegsende in Italien, Köln 1981 (erw. Neuaufl. 2005). Wichtige Dokumente, so die beiden OSS Be- richte vom 8. und 10.3.1945, sind publiziert in: American Intelligence and the German Resistance to Hitler: A Documentary History. Ed. by Jürgen Heideking and Christof Mauch, Boulder, CO 1996, Dok. 93 und 94, S. 381–385. Die wichtigsten Teilnehmer an den Verhandlungen haben zudem Memoiren hinterlassen, vgl. Allen Dulles und Gero v. Schulze-Gaevernitz, Unternehmen »Sunrise«. Die geheime Geschichte des Kriegsen- des in Italien, Düsseldorf 1967; Max Waibel, 1945 – Kapitulation in Norditalien. Original- bericht des Vermittlers, Basel 1981. -
Nazi War Crimes, US Intelligence and Selective Prosecution at Nuremberg
Nazi War Crimes, US Intelligence and Selective Prosecution at Nuremberg Controversies regarding the role of the Office of Strategic Services Nazi War Crimes, US Intelligence and Selective Prosecution at Nuremberg provides a balanced but critical discussion of the contribution of American intelligence officials to the Nuremberg war crimes trials process. It discusses the role of such officials in mobilising the unique resources of a modern intelligence agency in order to provide a range of important trial evidence and undertake controversial plea-bargaining negotiations. The book also reviews recently declassified US intelligence documents to provide new details of how senior Nazi war criminals, such as SS-General Karl Wolff, were provided with effective immunity deals, partly as a reward for their wartime cooperation with US intelligence officials, including Allen Dulles, former CIA Director. This historical case study suggests that both war crimes prosecutors and intelligence officials can engage in mutually beneficial collaborations. The proviso, Michael Salter argues, is that both sides need to recognise and appreciate the problems that may arise from the fact that these institutitions are required to operate according to different, and in some cases contradictory, agendas. Michael Salter is Professor of Law at Lancashire Law School, UK. Nazi War Crimes, US Intelligence and Selective Prosecution at Nuremberg Controversies regarding the role of the Office of Strategic Services Michael Salter First published 2007 by Routledge-Cavendish 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge-Cavendish 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 A GlassHouse book Routledge-Cavendish is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2007 Michael Salter This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007. -
La Casetta – a Lakehouse with History Operation Sunrise in Ascona, 1945
LA CASETTA – A LAKEHOUSE WITH HISTORY OPERATION SUNRISE IN ASCONA, 1945 Operation Sunrise was the codename for the covert activities Despite intensive efforts, however, all these attempts proved which hastened the end of the Second World War in Italy. unsuccessful. Within the scope of this operation, which had been largely planned and organized on Swiss territory, the lakeside villa Then, in February 1945, the opportunity arose rather unex- then known as the „Casa Signore in Croce”, today part of the pectedly of reaching a similar agreement on the southern Hotel Eden Roc, played a not insignificant role. front in Italy. Baron Luigi Parilli (an Italian businessman with confidential contacts to the German forces of occupa- At the end of 1942, Allen W. Dulles (later director of the CIA) tion in Italy) contacted his friend Dr. Max Husmann (head of was sent to Switzerland on a mission for the US Office of the Montana Zugerberg boarding school) who approached Strategic Services (OSS). Among the US citizens living in Major Max Waibel of the Swiss army and immediately re- Switzerland who worked for him was Gero von Schulze- ceived an enthusiastic response. Initial tentative discussions Gaevernitz, formerly a German national. Dulles and von aimed to achieve the unconditional surrender of the German Gaevernitz initially sought out contacts with German com- army in Italy and to prevent the application of a scorched manders on the western front who might be willing to permit earth policy throughout northern Italy. On the German side, a partial capitulation of German forces within their sphere of the initiative came from SS-General Karl Wolff (with the of- responsibility in order to prevent further senseless bloodshed. -
The Swiss and the Nazis: How the Alpine Republic Survived in the Shadow of the Third Reich
Swiss American Historical Society Review Volume 43 Number 1 Article 2 2007 The Swiss And The Nazis: How The Alpine Republic Survived In The Shadow Of The Third Reich Stephen P. Halbrook Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review Part of the European History Commons, and the European Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Halbrook, Stephen P. (2007) "The Swiss And The Nazis: How The Alpine Republic Survived In The Shadow Of The Third Reich," Swiss American Historical Society Review: Vol. 43 : No. 1 , Article 2. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol43/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Swiss American Historical Society Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Halbrook: The Swiss And The Nazis THE SWISS AND THE NAZIS: HOW THE ALPINE REPUBLIC SURVIVED IN THE SHADOW OF THE THIRD REICH Stephen P. Halbrook 1 At the SAHS Annual Meeting on October 7, 2006, this author presented his new book, The Swiss and the Nazis: How the Alpine Republic Survived in the Shadow of the Third Reich (Casemate 2006). 2 To give the reader a panorama of the book's contents, the following provides sample excerpts from each chapter of the book. While surrounded by the Axis powers in World War II, Switzerland remained democratic and, unlike most of Europe, never succumbed to the siren songs and threats of the Nazi goliath. This book tells the story with emphasis on two voices rarely heard. -
Aufsatz Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring, Via Rasella, and The
Aufsatz Richard Raiber Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring, Via Rasella, and the »Ginny Mission« This essay demonstrates how a clever and mentally agile defendant, with the help of equally intelligent confederates, successfully propagated a fiction at his trial shortly after the end of the Second World War that has remained arcane and un- challenged for more than fifty years. Contemporaneous documents strongly sug- gest that Generalfeldmarschall Albert Konrad Kesselring1 skillfully assumed culpa- bility for an alleged war crime in which he had not actually been involved. It was a diversionary ploy. While he probably expected to be punished for this, he hoped his admission would eliminate the possibility that the Allied investigators might discover he had actually participated in another, unrelated crime, the penalty for which would likely be much more severe. The dissemblance he manufactured was accepted because it was plausible, verisimilar, and because he was considered an honorable man. It has been assimilated by subsequent generations as well, so that it is now enshrined as historical truth. On 23 March 1944, in mid-afternoon, communist partisans detonated a home- made bomb in the Via Rasella, a 225-meter-long street which ran southwest- and northeastward one block north of the Quirinale, in the center of Rome. Their tar- get was 2. Kompanie des III. Bataillons Polizeiregiment Bozen, which was marching eastward to the Macao Barracks in the Castro Pretorio complex.2 Thirty-three po- 1 According to some sources, including documents in National Archives and Records Ad- ministration (NARA) Record Group (RG) 242, the field marshal's name is sometimes spelled with the »ß« (ess/tset), i.e., »Keßelring.« However, I am convinced that he pre- ferred »Kesselring,« and that is how it will be written in this essay. -
My Odyssey Among Fellow UVM Alumni
THE BULLETIN OF THE CAROLYN AND LEONARD MILLER CENTER FOR HOLOCAUST STUDIES SPRING 2011 The Bulletin OF THE CAROLYN AND LEONARD MILLER CENTER FOR HOLOCAUST STUDIES VOLUME 15 THE UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT SPRING 2011 My Odyssey Among Fellow UVM Alumni by IN THIS ISSUE Robert Wolfe, UVM Class of 1942 My Odyssey Among Fellow UVM Alumni urlington born, as a “townie” I followed two brothers and two sisters by Robert Wolfe ..................... 1 up the steep hill to the UVM campus, braving Vermont’s notorious Bwinter weather. My last two years involved Advanced Military Studies, Moritz Bonn and the Critical scheduled at the crack of dawn before the beginning of morning academic Study of Colonialism classes. In my senior year, I was one of five company commanders with the by Robert Gordon ..................... 4 rank of cadet captain. Graduating in May 1942, on the same back campus stage, 15 minutes apart, I received a Ph.B in History, and by way of UVM ROTC, a commission as a 2nd Lieut. Infantry in the US Army Reserves. This Student News ....................... 6 path was, so to speak, cleared for me 14 years earlier by my eldest brother, Cedric, UVM ‘28. Orders to active duty immediately took me off toward war. A Semester in Frankfurt ................ 6 After a torrid summer at the his sister was a close friend of one of Infantry School at Fort Benning, Ga., my sisters, so he was often a guest News from the Faculty ................. 7 I had the choice of several overseas in our house. My own regiment first assignments, but that did not include experienced combat in the closing Conference Report ................... -
Quand L'interprète Est Plus Qu'un Messager : Censure Et Influence
Quand l’interprète est plus qu’un messager : censure et influence politique durant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale Anne-Marie Keighan Département de Traductologie Collège universitaire Glendon, Université York [email protected] Résumé : En milieu conflictuel, comme durant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, la neutralité politique chez l’interprète peut parfois devenir un élément problématique. La censure pourrait être utilisée pour bloquer, manipuler et contrôler la communication et en choisissant de transmettre ou non l’information qu’il détient, l’interprète pourrait influencer le cours des événements. À la lumière des mémoires d’Eugen Dollmann, qui fut entre autres l’interprète d’Adolf Hitler et de Benito Mussolini, le phénomène de la censure en interprétation sera ici analysé. Je baserai mon analyse sur la théorie de la censure structurale de Pierre Bourdieu. Mots-clés : interprétation, censure, Pierre Bourdieu, Eugen Dollmann, Deuxième Guerre mondiale. 1 Introduction On dit que les interprètes ont été de tous temps des témoins privilégiés de l’Histoire (Delisle 1995 : 242). En plus d’avoir accès à de l’information parfois secrète, ils devenaient souvent les confidents de ceux pour qui ils travaillaient jusqu’à en devenir les conseillers. En milieu conflictuel, la neutralité politique de l’interprète peut alors devenir problématique. Par exemple, on apprend dans « Interpretation at the Nuremberg Trials » de Francesca Gaiba (1999), que certains interprètes refusaient de traduire les passages offensants des témoins, ce qui changeait la portée du témoignage. C’est justement cette problématique qui m’a encouragée à étudier la censure en interprétation durant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. À cette époque, l’interprétation était nécessaire pour que les chefs militaires et les dirigeants de divers pays puissent communiquer entre eux même s’il s’agissait de parties ennemies. -
Buchbesprechung
Buchbesprechung Objekttyp: Group Zeitschrift: Armee-Logistik : unabhängige Fachzeitschrift für Logistiker = Organo indipendente per logistica = Organ independenta per logistichers = Organ indépendent pour les logisticiens Band (Jahr): 91 (2018) Heft 10 PDF erstellt am: 28.09.2021 Nutzungsbedingungen Die ETH-Bibliothek ist Anbieterin der digitalisierten Zeitschriften. Sie besitzt keine Urheberrechte an den Inhalten der Zeitschriften. Die Rechte liegen in der Regel bei den Herausgebern. Die auf der Plattform e-periodica veröffentlichten Dokumente stehen für nicht-kommerzielle Zwecke in Lehre und Forschung sowie für die private Nutzung frei zur Verfügung. Einzelne Dateien oder Ausdrucke aus diesem Angebot können zusammen mit diesen Nutzungsbedingungen und den korrekten Herkunftsbezeichnungen weitergegeben werden. Das Veröffentlichen von Bildern in Print- und Online-Publikationen ist nur mit vorheriger Genehmigung der Rechteinhaber erlaubt. Die systematische Speicherung von Teilen des elektronischen Angebots auf anderen Servern bedarf ebenfalls des schriftlichen Einverständnisses der Rechteinhaber. Haftungsausschluss Alle Angaben erfolgen ohne Gewähr für Vollständigkeit oder Richtigkeit. Es wird keine Haftung übernommen für Schäden durch die Verwendung von Informationen aus diesem Online-Angebot oder durch das Fehlen von Informationen. Dies gilt auch für Inhalte Dritter, die über dieses Angebot zugänglich sind. Ein Dienst der ETH-Bibliothek ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, Schweiz, www.library.ethz.ch http://www.e-periodica.ch Lvb Logistik / Buchbesprechung | ren wir weiter in einen Warteraura bei Chamblon. wir durch den alten Festungstunnel von der erstellen. Schlagartig verändern die Aspiranten Am Donnerstagabend mussten wir uns klassenweise Festung in Airolo nach Motto Barola aufgestiegen.» wiederum ihren Ausdruck und die Ernsthaftigkeit auf die Inspektion von Br Guy Vallat vom und Anspannung war in ihren Gesichtern gut Während Wm Ortlieb seine Erlebnisse im Tagebuch Freitag vorbereiten.