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2014 A Study of Harold Borko's Contributions to Information Science Nestor L. Osorio Mr Northern Illinois University, [email protected]
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Osorio, Nestor L. Mr, "A Study of Harold Borko's Contributions to Information Science" (2014). Library Philosophy and Practice (e- journal). 1218. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1218 A Study of Harold Borko's Contributions to Information Science
Nestor L. Osorio Northern Illinois University University Libraries DeKalb, IL 60115, USA E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: Harold Borko a prominent information scientist, psychologist, and educator made durable contributions to the development of modern information science. In this paper, his scholarly production is analyzed, it includes articles in scholarly journals, papers published in conference proceedings, chapters in books, books and technical reports from 1961 to 1995. Data was retrieved from various bibliographic databases such as Library and Information Science Abstracts; Science Citation Index, Google Scholar, the Publish or Perish bibliographic analyzer, and other sources. The results show Borko's contributions to library and information science by publication productivity, subject distribution, collaborative authorship and other scientometric parameters.
Keywords: Harold Borko, Bibliometric portrait, Information scientists, Scholarly productivity, Scientometrics.
Introduction
The history of information science has been well documented in works published by Lilley and Trice (1989), Lariviere, Sugimoto and Cronin (2012), Farkas-Conn (1990), Vickery (1994), and Rubin (2010). It is the story of institutions, organizations, technological applications, theory and practices in which many men and women have made significant contributions for the advancement of the field.
Although information science can be traced back to the 1800s, it is the period from 1945 to 1985 when the foundation of modern information science was created, and the field developed into a mature discipline. There is a long list of names that appears in the literature of people that have made significant contributions to information science. For example, some of the pioneers and well-known figures are Vannevar Bush (1890-1964), Norbert Wiener (1894-1964), Claude E. Shannon (1916-1921), and Samuel C. Bradford (1878-1948); each one of them making use of their own expertise to further the advancement of the field. In Information Science (IS), similarly to other knowledge domains, its historical progress has been based on a succession of step-by-step contributions made by previous investigators and practitioners and the utilization of new technologies; experimental or theoretical advances in related fields such as computer science also have important influences in the development of the subject. Borko's work is important because his contributions ran from the early 1960s to late 1980s, a period of exciting and accelerating changes (Shera and Cleveland, 1977). Further, Little and Trice (1989) recognized Borko as one of two in defining the modern field of Information Science (Borko, 1968), who with Heilprin (1963) also attempted to find an earlier understanding of this knowledge domain.
The scholarly impact made by an individual to a subject field has been characterized as "one of the strongest currency" in the academic world (Aguinis et al., 2012); the accepted methods for measuring scholarly impacts of universities, research institutions, academic departments, and individual researchers are by the utilization of number of a bibliometric techniques (Moed, 2005). This work is particularly important because it presents methodologies for the evaluation of scholarly research performances as contributions to the advancement of a field.
In Information Science, the research done about F. W. Lancaster's influence in the field is a typical example (Haricombe et al., 2008) of this type of investigation. In Haricombe's one-volume work, the chapter by Qin (2008) is particularly important, in which a bibliometric analysis of Lancaster's work is presented.
Bibibliometric studies of significant contributors to a field are not limited to Information Science. A large number of studies have been done of 'bibliometric portraits' of scientists. Nobel prize winners have been a major group subject of this type of analysis. A bilbiometric portrait such as the ones done about prominent geophysicist Peter John Wyllie (Sangam et al., 2005) or for Nobel prize winner in chemistry Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (Kademani et al., 1999) normally includes publication productivity, authorship status, channels of communication, and subject analysis of their work.
Harold Borko was a prominent information scientist, psychologist, and educator; the purpose of this paper is to examine his contributions. The following objectives are presented: 1. Scientific productivity, 2. Distribution of publications by type and date, 3. Most cited documents, 4. Bibliometric indicators of Borko's productivity, 5. Collaboration with other authors, and 6. Knowledge domains of Borko's work.
Biographical information
Harold Borko was born and grew up in New York City, New York where he attended the College City of New York from 1939 to 1941. He served in the Army of the United States (AUS) from 1942 to 1946, and in 1948 received a BA degree in psychology from the University of California, Los Angeles, CA. He was granted the MA degree in psychology from the University of Southern California in 1949 and received the Ph.D. from the same institution in 1952. From 1950 to 1956 he was a Captain and psychologist with the Medical Service Corps of the AUS.
His career as an information scientist began at the Rand Corporation where from 1956 to 1957 he was a systems training specialist. He then joined the Systems Development Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, as associate staff head of the Language Processing and Retrieval unit, 1957-1967; this is also the time when he began his publishing record. His teaching career started as an instructor of Psychology at the University of Southern California, 1957-65; and as instructor in the School Library Services of UCLA, 1965-68.
In 1968 he became a full-time professor at the School of Library and Information Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, until his retirement in 1993. Harold Borko married Hanna Levin in 1947, they had two children: Hilda and Martin. Honors received, membership in societies, professional services include: Book review editor of the Journal of Educational Data Processing, 1963-75; American Society for Information Science, president 1966; Fellow of the American Federation of Information Processing Societies (AFIPS); Board of Directors of AFIPS; the America Society of Indexers; and the U.S. National Committee for the International Federation for Documentation, National Academy of Sciences. Member of the Association Computing Machinery; the American Psychological Association; the Association for Library and Information Science Education; the California Library Association; the Research Society of America; Phi Beta Kappa; Sigma Xi; and Phi Gamma Mu (Marquis Who's Who in America, 2005; UCLA Graduate School of Education & Information Studies. News & Events, 2012).
Research Methodology and Data Collection
In spite of all the electronic resources for bibliographic information available and the speed of processing results, data collection of a scientist's scientific production is a laborious and detailed task. This applies to the social sciences more frequently since a much more straight-forward data collection process for science, technology, engineering and medical (STEM) fields has been reported by Angadi, M. et al. (2004) and Koganuramath, M. M. et al. (2004). In this study, not one single resource had all the information needed. Data was collected from the following sources: Web of Science; Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA); Library, Information Science and Technology Abstracts (LISTA); WorldCat; Google Scholar; and the Publish or Perish (PoP) bibliographic analyzer. A typical scientist from a STEM field produces most of their significant works in the form of articles in professional journals; in order to examine Borkos's contributions to Library and Information Science (LIS), several types of documents (communication channels) were considered: Articles in journals; articles published in conference proceedings; chapters in books; books; technical reports, and others. This collection of data parallels similar studies about information scientists as reported by Sinha & Ullah (1994) and Qin & Lancaster (2008).
Using the author search function of the above-mentioned sources, complete citations of each title were collected. The results of this multi-database comprehensive search were compiled into a-single list that contained 100 documents ranging from 1961 to 1995. In addition to searching the databases, reference lists of his publications were manually checked, issues of Annual Review of Information Science, the proceedings of National Computer Conference, and other relevant sources were browsed. LISA, WorldCat, and LISTA were used to compile subject terms assigned to each of the items found.
In order to find the most cited documents, the database Publish or Perish (PoP)
The identification of major subject domains corresponding to the productivity of Borko was determined by using T-LAB
Results and discussion
Harold Borko made numerous contributions to the field of library and information science. The results analyzed in this paper are based on his scholarly productivity over the period of his career from 1961 to 1995. The methods for the collection of data and its examination is a process that has been utilized in several articles discussing the productivity portrait of scientists such as Parvathamma & Gobbur (2008), Hazarika, et al (2010), and Koley & Sen (2006). In this paper, all type of documents are included, but the great majority are articles in journals, papers in conference proceedings, books, book chapters, and reports.
Table 1. Productivity by channel of communication and date Articles Conf papers Chapters Books Reports Others 1962 1964 1962 1962 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1964 1961 1969 1963 1965 1967 1967 1962 1979 1964 1968 1967 1970 1962 1982 1964 1970 1967 1971 1962 1984 1964 1971 1968 1972 1962 1984 1964 1973 1970 1972 1962 1986 1965 1973 1970 1973 1963 1991 1966 1974 1971 1975 1963 1994 1967 1974 1973 1977 1965 1995 1968 1978 1975 1978 1966 1970 1979 1975 1987 1966 1972 1980 1978 1966 1973 1982 1983 1968 1977 1982 1987 1970 1977 1983 1988 1970 1978 1985 1982 1980 1990 1983 1983 1984 1985 1985 1987 1988 1992 1992 27 18 16 12 17 10
Figure 1. Productivity distribution by year
In Table 1, the category 'Others' corresponds to articles in newsletters and magazines, a textbook, short articles, and translations of two of his books. Most reports were written during his tenure at Systems Development Corporation from 1961 to 1968. Books are mostly from 1970 to 1988 during his teaching career at UCLA. For both reports and books, his authorship role includes solo author, co-author, editor, or co-editor, see Appendix A. Thirty-nine of his publications were published between 1961 and 1967.
Using a formula defined by Hazarika et al. (2010), it is found that the Fifty Percentile Age is 11, this means that during the period from 1961 to 1971 fifty percent of his works (50) were published or in the first third of his productive life (1961-1995). Many of the publications in the Fifty Percentile Age period were about creating the modern foundations of Information Science; it includes his most cited document and eleven of his top twenty publications, see Table 3. The period from 1971 to 1980 was also very solid, it includes six of his top twenty most cited titles, among them his are two most well-know books about abstracting and indexing.
Citation metrics
Publish or Perish allows performing an Author Impact Analysis. PoP was able to capture 98 documents with the search: Author: Borko, Harold. The initial 242 items retrieved were examined and screened to eliminate false hits, book reviews, and duplications. This editing process is common practice for results obtained in a database such as PoP that mines the results from Google Scholar. Table 2 is a summary of the statistical report produce by PoP when an author search is executed.
In Table 2 most of the various basic statistics are self-explanatory (papers, citations, etc.). Moreover, PoP has the capability to calculate several citation index metrics; in this study the most common are reported: h-index, g-index and e-index. As noted by Harzing (2011), citation indicators can be affected by the type of communication channels, publishing in books or reports can lower the different indices, as well as researchers working in a small field such as LIS. It also knows that for an author to have a large h-index, it needs to have a substantial number of papers published in journals and that the h- index varies in different fields. As expected, because the g-index and the e-index give more attention to the top cited documents the results are higher.
Table 2. Summary of statistical report from PoP Papers: 98 Citations: 2379 h-index: 19 (84%) Years: 53 g-index: 48 (97%) Cites/year: 44.89 e-index: 40.40 Cites/paper: 24.28/4.5/0 (mean/median/mode) 69 paper(s) with 1 author(s) Cites/author: 1896.50 24 paper(s) with 2 author(s) Cites/author/year: 35.78 5 paper(s) with 3 author(s) Papers/author: 78.50 Authors/paper: 1.46/1.0/1 (mean/median/mode)
Cronin and Meho (2006) have calculated the h-index for a number of prominent Information Science authors using the Thomas Reuters' Arts & Humanities Index, Social Science Citation Index, and the Science Citation Index. The results of this study show that for the 31 selected information scientists, the h-index ranges from 20 to 5. This study was based on journal articles and Borko was not included. Table 2 shows Borko with an h-index of 19; this is an indication that his scholarly productivity has significant importance in the field of Information Science.
Most cited documents
Table 3 shows the twenty most cited documents as obtained from PoP. The top five items included his paper about defining modern Information Science, and his two well-recognized books on concepts and methods for abstracting and indexing. In summary, in this list, the major concentration of his works are represented: document classifications, automated information systems, and LIS education. They account for 2,032 cites or 85 percent of the total of cites recorded (2,379). This includes 10 articles, 5 books, 2 chapters, 2 conference papers, and 1 report. It is important to indicate that most reports were published in paper format from 1961 to 1971, therefore their accessibility is limited.
Table 3. Top twenty most cited documents Cites Authors Titles 665 H Borko Information science: what is it? (article, 1968) 227 H Borko, M Bernick Automatic document classification (article, 1963) 199 H Borko Computer applications in the behavioral sciences (book, 1962) 176 H Borko, CL Bernier Abstracting concepts and methods (book, 1975) 135 H Borko, CL Bernier Indexing concepts and methods (book, 1978) 104 H Borko Automated language processing (book, 1967) 61 H Borko, S Chatman Criteria for acceptable abstracts: a survey of abstracters' instructions (article, 1963) 59 H Borko The construction of an empirically based mathematically derived classification system (report, 1961) 55 E Evans, H Borko, P Ferguson Review of criteria used to measure library effectiveness (article, 1972) 40 H Borko Measuring the reliability of subject classification by men and machines (article, 1964) 40 K Samuelson, H Borko, GX Amey Information Systems and networks (chapter, 1988) 39 H Borko, M Bernick Automatic document classification part II. Additional experiments (article, 1964) 37 H Borko Toward a theory of indexing (article,1977) 37 D Tarr, H Borko Factors influencing inter-indexer consistency (Conf paper, 1974) 29 H Borko Targets for research in library education (book,1973) 24 H Borko Experiments in book indexing by computer (article, 1970) 24 H Borko Trends in library and information science education (article, 1984) 21 H Borko Getting started in library expert systems research (article, 1987) 21 H Borko Research in computer based classification systems (chapter, 1965) 18 H Borko Predicting research needs in librarianship and information science education (Conf paper, 1970)
Borko's most cited work presents a modern definition of Information Science. This definition launched IS as an interdisciplinary social science with interactions with the arts and the sciences; a topic of continuing debate as indicated by the works of Saracevic (1999) and Benoit (2002). Many of Borko's contributions are clearly pioneer work, for example the subject term 'automatic indexing' was assigned to an article for the first time in 1961 to a work by Bornstein (1961). Among his most cited works are the books: Abstracting concepts and methods (1975) and Indexing concepts and methods (1978), co-authored by CL Bernier. These two books are valuable works for the teaching of these subjects when relatively few textbooks were available at the time. On the top six items, a survey of the effect of computer-oriented research in psychology, a comprehensive survey of progress made with the use of computers to process language, and his second most cited document presents the results of one of the first experiments on automatic document classification were found.
Collaboration with other authors
Table 4. List of collaborators by channel of communication and date Authors/editors Type Year Bushnell, D., & Borko, H. Report 1962 Borko, H., & Chatman, S. Report 1962 Borko, H., & Chatman, S. Article 1963 Borko, H., & Bernick, M.D. Article 1963 Borko, H., & Bernick, M.D. Article 1964 Borko, H., & Doyle, L.B. Article 1964 Borko, H., & Bernick, M.D. Book 1964 Borko, H., & Burnaugh, H.P. Report 1966 Borko, H., Blankenship, D., A., & Burket, R. C. Report 1968 Borko, H., & Hayes. R.M. Report 1970 Borko, H., & Evans, G.E. Report 1970 Evans, G.E., Borko, H. & Ferguson, P. Article 1972 Sackman, H., & Borko, H. Book 1972 Nanus, B., Wooton, M., & Borko, H. Conf. paper 1973 Tarr, D., & Borko, H. Conf paper 1974 Borko, H., & Bernier, C.L. Book 1975 Samuelson, K., Borko, H., & Amey, G.X. Book 1977 Atherton, P., & Borko, H. Article 1977 Borko, H., & Bernier, C.L. Book 1978 Borko, H., & Koll, M. Article 1979 Hayes, R.M., & Borko, H. Article 1980 Borko, H., & Menou, M.J. Report 1982 Borko, H., & Goldstein, E. Chapter 1983 Hayes, R.M., & Borko, H. Article 1983 Borko, H., & Goldstein, E. Chapter 1987 Fry, B.M., Saracevic, T., & Borko, H. Article 1988 Ercegovac, Z., & Borko, H. Article 1992 Ercegovac, Z., & Borko, H. Article 1992 Milstead, J. L., & Borko, H. Article 1994
Basic collaboration data is based on the number of authors in a document. In this study several types of documents are considered, therefore, more collaborative efforts could be expected to occur but can't be measured. For example, Borko, as editor of 10 books and reports, had to work with contributing authors. As an author of chapters, he had to enter in collaboration with editors and other contributors, as well as with the translators of two of his books. In Table 4, the translators of Borko's books are not included.
Table 5 shows a total of 25 collaborators in 29 documents. A simple way to measure the extent of collaboration in research was proposed by Subramayam (1982) by calculating the ratio of number of papers with multiple authors and the total number of papers published; it is called the Degree of Collaboration.
Degree of collaboration C = Nm/(Nm+Ns) C = Degree of collaboration Nm = Number of Multiple authors Ns = Number of Single authors
Table 5. Collaborators by frequency and type of collaborations Name no Name no Name type Bernick, 3 Blankenship, D.A. 1 Milstead, J. L. 1 Articles 13 M.D. 3 Burket, R. C. 1 Nanus, B. 1 Reports 7 Hayes, R.M. 2 Burnaugh, H.P 1 Sackman, H. 1 Books 5 Bernier, C.L. 2 Bushnell, D. 1 Samuelson, K, 1 Conf papers 2 Chatman, S. 2 Doyle, L.B. 1 Saracevic, T. 1 Chapters 2 Chatman, S. 2 Ferguson, P. 1 Tarr, D. 1 Evans, G.E. 2 Fry, B.M. 1 Wooton, M. 1 Goldstein, E. 1 Koll, M. 1 Amey, G.X. 1 Menou, M.J. 1 Atherton, P.
Therefore, the Degree of Collaboration in this case is: C = 29 / (29 + 69) = 29/98 = 0.3. In this calculation, the two translations of Borko's books are excluded. A higher degree of collaboration has been reported for the Social Sciences in studies recently published; Panda and Sethi (2014) study collaboration patterns in the Social Sciences using data from the Science Direct Database from 2006 to 2010. The results show that the Degree of Collaboration of authors for two LIS journals is .41 and .57 respectively for The International Information & Library Review and Library & Information Science Research. Zafrunnisha and Pullaredd (2009) have calculated the Degree of Collaboration in Psychology at .53. In both cases, the authors have detected an increase of multi-author articles in the last two decades. It is important to indicate that most of Borko's work was done in the 1960s and 1970s and that his Degree of Collaboration is calculated in this paper based on multiple types of documents, not just articles.
Subject Domains
T-LAB, a relatively new text analyzer, has been used by Assefa and Rosissa (2013), Cortini and Tria (2013), Veltri (2012), and Ching-wah (2012) to perform the corpus analysis of extensive collected data. In the first part of this analysis, a similar procedure as the one used by Assefa and Rorissa (2013) is used. The data collected as described above was presented as the input file or text corpus to T-LAB; this text analyzer software is capable of converting words into lemmas and excluded non-significant words such as verbs, nouns, etc. The following parameters were used in T-LAB for pre-processing of the corpus (all tiles and abstracts text): Language: English; Automatic lemmatization; Basic Stop-word check; Chunks of Text Segmentation; Basic Multi-word check; Term frequency–inverse document frequency (TF-IDF): Key-term selection; and Key-term selection with a maximum number of items of 1,500.
A co-occurrence analysis establishes relationship between keywords that co-occur in the corpus. The co-word analysis is represented by mappings and visualizing the significant words. Based on the finding presented in Table 3, which show the top most cited documents, the following key words were selected to present (visualize) in this article: Information Science, Information Retrieval, Information Storage, Research, Classification, Education, Abstract, Subject Indexing, and Automatic Indexing. These keywords represent the core topics of Borko's key words. The results are in the following tables:
Figure 2. Words associations between "Information Science" and other lemmas in the corpus Figure 3. Words associations between "Information Retrieval" and other lemmas in the corpus Figure 4. Words associations between "Information Storage" and other lemmas in the corpus Figure 5. Words associations between "Research" and other lemmas in the corpus Figure 6. Words associations between "Classification" and other lemmas in the corpus Figure 7. Words associations between "Education" and other lemmas in the corpus Figure 8. Words associations between "Abstract" and other lemmas in the corpus Figure 9. Words associations between "Subject Indexing" and other lemmas in the corpus Figure 10. Words associations between "Automatic Indexing" and other lemmas in the corpus
In order to maintain an easy flow for the reading the paper Figures 3 to 10 are shown in Appendix A.
Figure 2. Words associations between "Information Science" and other lemmas in the corpus
A strong association between a keyword and a selected topic is indicated by the distance to a selected topic; the shorter the line, the stronger the association. The strong keywords associated with each of the nine selected topics are shown in Figures 2 to Figure 10; following is a summary for each topic:
Information science : library, library science, information, education, information storage, expert systems Information retrieval : information storage, subject indexing, technical services, online Information storage : retrieval systems, information retrieval, subject indexing, technical services Research : information science, library science, education, automatic abstracting Classification : language (words), automatic, electronic data processing, factor analysis, automatic classification Education : library education, library science, information science, United States, teach, study and teaching, course Abstracting : method, concept, criterion, science, technology Subject indexing : information retrieval, information storage, computer, retrieval systems, online Automatic indexing : automatic classification, classification, classification systems, research, information, method
Further, the Thematic Analysis functions of T-LAB are utilized. It allows for the representation of a corpus in thematic clusters. A similar procedure is used by Ching-wah (2012) in a study examining the media coverage of nuclear energy in China. For this study, the Thematic Document Classification procedure analyzed the key-terms of the corpus producing a set of clusters. The Chi-square method for key-term selection was used to determine the highest degree of closeness of words in clusters; T-LAB also creates lists of the words contributing to each cluster.
Figure 11 shows four clusters. Cluster 1 is labeled Abstracting; it includes concepts such as methods, concepts, criterion, significant to this important area. Cluster 2, labeled Classification, is concerned with topics on the research front of the time, such as subject indexing, information systems, display systems, and reliability. Cluster 3 is labeled Information Science; it deals with a range of areas like systems design, information retrieval, information work, evaluation, and information storage. Finally, Cluster 4, labeled Education, refers to library education, study and teaching, research, future developments, and Library Science. These four clusters summarized the different field domains of Borko's contributions to LIS.
Figure 11. Cluster obtained using the Thematic Document Classification procedure
Conclusions
This article examines Harol Borko's professional contributions to Library and Information Science. Searching several databases and performing manual searches of printed documents produced100 documents between 1961 and 1995. The channel of communications includes articles in journals, papers in professional conferences, chapters in books, books, reports, and a few other miscellaneous items. A strong production of reports was found during his years at the Systems Development Corporation; it was found that during his first eleven years of publication life, Borko produced fifty percent of his works. Most of his research was in the foundation areas of modern Information Science. The most cited twenty documents are discussed, and shows his influence in abstracting, indexing, foundations of IS, and some interesting pioneering works in IS as well. Borko was also a strong collaborator in the LIS field considering the time his research was done - prior to the Internet - and the wide variety of his publication. The results extracted from T-LAB are a good representation of his areas of expertise and how they interacted with other fields. Further, four clusters of subject domains were identified.
Finally, no matter how exhaustive a bibliographic portrait is performed there are always limitations. Citations analysis of both the references cited in his works and the reference lists of the works that cited his documents can produce insights about the prior state of LIS and his influence in modern IS.
Acknowledgements The author would like to express his gratitude to ProQuest for authorizing for this study the use of the database Library Science Information Abstract, LISA, available at the University of Illinois, Urbana- Champaign. He would like also to acknowledge the contributions made in collecting data from LISA by Afton Hallauer, a student at the Graduate School of Library and Information Science at the same university as well as to Jason Borg and Gabriel Osorio graduate students at Northern Illinois University Libraries.
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Appendix A
In this section the visualization of words associations between several significant key-words and other lemmas in the corpus are presented.
Figure 3. Words associations between "Information Retrieval" and other lemmas in the corpus
Figure 4. Words associations between "Information Storage" and other lemmas in the corpus
Figure 5. Words associations between "Research" and other lemmas in the corpus
Figure 6. Words associations between "Classification" and other lemmas in the corpus
Figure 7. Words associations between "Education" and other lemmas in the corpus
Figure 8. Words associations between "Abstract" and other lemmas in the corpus
Figure 9. Words associations between "Subject Indexing" and other lemmas in the corpus
Figure 10. Words associations between "Automatic Indexing" and other lemmas in the corpus
Appendix B
Harold Borko list of publication.
Table 6. All publications in alphabetical order by title 1973 ASIS Meeting: purpose, programs and benefits, Borko, H., Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 24(4), 239-241, 1973.
Abstracting concepts and methods, Borko, H., & Bernier, C.L., New York: Academic Press, 1975.
The analysis and design of information systems, Borko, H., Santa Monica, CA: System Development Corp. , 1966.
An application of language processing, Borko, H. In Harold Borko, editor, Automated language processing, New York: John Wiley, pp. 369-373, 1967.
Artificial intelligence and expert systems research and their possible impact on information, Borko, H., Education for Information, 3(2) 103-14, 1985.
Automated language processing, Borko, H., editor, New York: John Wiley, 1967.
Automatic abstracting, Borko, H., In Borko, H., & Bernier, C.L., Abstracting concepts and methods New York, Academic Press , pp.161-186, 1975 .
Automatic document classification, Borko, H., & Bernick, M., Journal of the ACM, 10(2) 151-162 , 1963.
Automatic document classification Part 2: Additional experiments, Borko, H., & Bernick, M., Journal of the ACM, 11(2) 1381-151 , 1964.
Automatic indexing: a tutorial, Borko, H., ACM SIGIR Forum, 16(3) 9-13, 1982.
A bibliography of library and information science education, Borko, H., Los Angeles: (unknown), (pamphlet, 82 p.), 1969.
Brazil: organization and structure of a National System of Scientific and Technological Information, Borko, H., Paris: UNESCO, 1972.
Burt Adkinson and the concept of information science, Borko, H., Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 22(1) 14, 1995.
Changing horizon of information storage and retrieval, Borko, H., & Doyle, L.B., American Behavioral Scientist, 7(10) 3-8, 1964.
Changing roles of and developments in automated classification, Borko, H., In Neelameghan, A. editor, Ordering systems for global information networks. Proc. of the 3rd Int. Study Conf. on Classification Research (1975), Bombay: DRTC: FID/CR and Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science, pp. 214-219 , 1979.
Collection and analysis of information, Borko, H. In Mary Feeney and K. Merry, editors. Information technology and the research process: proceedings of a conference held at Cranfield Institute of Technology, UK, 18-21 July 1989 British Library Research. East Grinstead, UK: Bowker-Saur, pp. 75- 85, 1990.
Computer applications in the behavioral sciences, Borko, H., editor, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1962.
Computer simulation of neurophysiological and social systems, Borko, H., Behavioral Science, 7(3) 407– 412, 1962.
Computers and the problems of society, Sackman, H., & Borko, H., editors, Montvale, NJ: AFIPS Press. American Federation of Information Processing Societies , 1972.
Conceptual foundations of information systems, Borko, H., Santa Monica, CA: System Development Corp, 1965.
Conclusions: a proposed program for research in library education and librarianship, Borko, H. In Harold Borko, editor, Study of the needs for research in library and information science education. Washington, DC: U.S. Office of Education, Bureau of Research, pp. 281-290, 1970. ED11425.
Construction of an empirically based mathematically derived classification system, Borko, H., editor, Santa Monica, CA: System Development Corp., 1961. Also in Proceedings of the Spring Joint Conference, 1962, Palo Alto, CA: National Press, 1962, 279-289, 1961.
Criteria for acceptable abstracts, Borko, H., Communications of the ACM, 5(6) 356, 1962.
Criteria for acceptable abstracts, Borko, H., & Chatman, S., Santa Monica, CA: System Development Corp. , 1962.
Criteria for acceptable abstracts; A survey of abstractors, Borko, H., & Chatman, S., American Documentation, 14(2) 149–160, 1963.
Data processing in the library: a course description, In North, Jeanne B., editor, Proceedings of The American Society For Information Science. Volume 8. 34th Annual Meeting, Denver, November 7-11, 1971.Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, pp. 137-141, 1971.
Decision-making process: experimental findings and implications, Borko, H., Santa Monica, CA: System Development Corp., 1963.
Design and implementation of an experimental cataloging advisor-Mapper, Ercegovac, Z., & Borko, H., Information Processing & Management, 28(2) 241–257, 1992.
Design of Information Systems and Services, Borko, H., Annual Review of Information Science and Technology 2, 35-61, 1967.
Determining user requirements for an information storage and retrieval system, Borko, H., Santa Monica, CA: System Development Corp., 1962.
Developing a Resource Library, Borko, H., & Goldstein, E., In Mary Ann G. Hood, & Kevin J. Schieffer, Professional integration: a guide for students from the developing world, Washington, DC: Education for International Development, National Association for Foreign Student Affairs, pp. 113-131 , 1983. ED249845.
Education and training of information specialists in data base utilization, Borko, H., In Josef Moneta, editor, Information Technology 78, Proceedings of the 3rd Jerusalem Conference on Information Technology, August 6-9, 1978, Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp.55-7, 1978.
Education for Information Science (documentation), Borko, H., & Hayes, R.M., Los Angeles: University of California. Institute of Library Research, 1970. ED041484.
Effectiveness criteria for medical libraries, final report, Borko, H., & Evans, G.E. Los Angeles: University of California. Institute of Library Research, 1970. ED057813.
Effects of automated information systems on knowledge worker productivity, Borko, H. In Raymond F. Vondran, et al., editors, Productivity in the information age: Proceedings of the 46th ASIS Annual Meeting, 1983, Washington DC, White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry Pub., pp. 80-82, 1983.
Electronic book publishing: A state of the art report, Borko, H., Microcomputers for information management, 2(1) 1-10, 1985.
Evaluating the effectiveness of information retrieval systems, Borko, H., Santa Monica, CA: System Development Corp., 1962.
Experimental prototypes for international information utilities, Borko, H., In H. Sackman and Norman Nie, The information utility and social choice, Montvale, NJ: AFIPS Press, pp.123-141, 1970.
Experimental studies in automated document classification, Borko, H., Library Science with a Slant to Documentation, 3(1) 88-98, 1966.
Experiments in book indexing by computer, Borko, H., Information Storage and Retrieval, 6(1) 5-16, 1970.
Expert systems and library information science, Borko, H., editor, New York: Pergamon Press, 1987.
A factor analytically derived classification system for Psychological reports, Borko, H., Perceptual and Motor Skills, 20(2) 393-406, 1965. Also as a report, 1964.
Factors influencing inter-indexer consistency, Tarr, D., & Borko, H. In Zunde, Pranas, editor, Information Utilities. Proceedings of The American Society For Information Science. Volume 11. 37th Annual Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, October 13-17. 1974. Washington DC: ASIS, pp.50-55, 1974.
Getting started in library expert systems research, Borko, H., Information Processing & Management, 23(2) 81-87, 1987.
GSLIS 400 syllabus: the information professions, Borko, H., Los Angeles: Academic Pub. Service, 1984.
Index of Information Utilization Potential (IUP): The final report of phase 2 of the IUP pilot project, Borko, H., & Menou, M.J., Los Angeles: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1982.
Indexing and classification, Borko, H., In Harold Borko, Automated language processing, New York: John Wiley, 1967, pp. 99-125, 1967.
Indexing concepts and methods, Borko, H., & Bernier, C.L., New York: Academic Press, 1978.
Information and knowledge worker productivity, Borko, H., Information Processing and Management, 19(4) 203-212, 1983.
Information network at the university: A description and prediction, Borko, H. In John Sherrod, editor, Information systems and networks: eleventh annual symposium, March 27-29, 1974, Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, pp. 155-162, 1975.
Information retrieval and linguistics project, Borko, H., Santa Monica, CA: System Development Corp., 1962.
Information retrieval systems and education, Bushnell, D., & Borko, H., Santa Monica, CA: System Development Corp., 1962.
Information Science courses, Borko, H., & Goldstein, E. In John Harvey and Frances Laverne Carroll, Internationalizing Library and Information Science education, a handbook of policies and procedures in administration and curriculum, New York: Greenwood Press, pp. 275-289, 1987.
Information science: What is it? Borko, H., American Documentation, 19(1), 3–5, 1968.
Information systems and networks: design and planning guidelines of informatics for managers, decision makers and systems analysts. Samuelson, K., Borko, H., & Amey, G.X., Amsterdam: North-Holland Pub. Co., 1977.
Information technology: A look toward the future, Borko, H. In Sheila S. Intner and Joan Anne Hannigan, The Library microcomputer environment: management issues, New York: Oryx Press, pp. 235-244, 1988. (The word Afterword preceded the title).
Information utilization: an indicator of national development, Borko, H., In American Society for Information Science, Collected papers: Information: the critical difference, 11th ASIS Mid-Year Meeting, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, June 13-16, 1982. Washington DC: ASIS, Abstracts; paper available on microfiche 1982.
Integrating computers into behavioral science research, Borko, H., In Robert W. Rector, general chairman, Proceeding AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I) Proceedings of the November 30--December 1, 1965, fall joint computer conference, part I, pp. 527-532, 1965.
Interactive displays for document retrieval, Borko, H., & Burnaugh, H.P., Santa Monica, CA: System Development Corporation, 1966.
Interactive document storage and retrieval systems: Design concepts, Borko. H., In Kjell Samuelson, editor, Mechanized information storage, retrieval and dissemination, Proceedings of Fédération Internationale pour le Traitement de l'information.; Fédération Inte rnationale de Documentation (FID/IFIP) Joint Conference, Rome, June 14-17, 1967. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing, pp. 591- 599, 1968.
Introduction, Borko, H. In Harold Borko, editor, Automated language processing, New York; John Wiley, pp. 3-10, 1967
A look toward the future, Borko, H., In Harold Borko, editor, Computer applications in the behavioral sciences, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, pp. 604-607, 1962.
Mathematical models of information system use, Hayes, R.M., & Borko, H., Information Processing & Management, 19(3) 173-186, 1983.
Measuring the reliability of subject classification by men and machines, Borko, H., American Documentation, 15(4) 268-274, 1964.
National and international information networks in science and technology, Borko, H., In AFIPS, Proceeding AFIPS '68 (Fall, part II) Proceedings of the December 9-11, 1968, fall joint computer conference, part II, Washington DC: The Thomson Book Co. pp. 1469-1472, 1968.
Note commenting on 'Vocabulary control and information technology' by Derek, Borko, H., Aslib Proceedings, 38(6/7) 219-221, 1986.
On-line information retrieval using associative indexing. Borko, H., Blankenship, D., A., & Burket, R. C., Santa Monica, CA: System Development Corp., 1968.
Patterns of education in information science, Borko, H., In Lydia Vilentchuk, and Gila Haimovic, editors, Proceedings of The Israel Society Of Special Libraries and Information Centres International Conference On Information Science, Tel Aviv, 29 August-3 September, 1971. Tel Aviv: Israel Society of Special Libraries and Information Centres, 1972. pp. 473-480; Discussion, pp. 539-550, 1971.
Performance evaluation of Mapper, Ercegovac, Z., & Borko, H., Information Processing & Management, 28(2) 259-268, 1992.
Predicting research needs in librarianship and information science education, Borko, H., In Jeanne B. North, editor, The Information Conscious Society. Proceedings of The American Society For Information Science. Volume 7. 33rd Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, October 11-15, 1970. 1970. Washington, DC: American Society for Information Science, pp. 27-29, 1970.
Predicting research needs in library and information science education, Borko, H., In Harold Borko, editor, Targets for Research in Library Education, Chicago: American Library Association, p 201- 227, 1973. Also printed in: A study of the needs for research in library and information science education. Borko, Harold, editor, Washington DC: U.S. Office of Education, Bureau of Research, pp. 268-281, 1970. ED111425.
Relation of title length to number of authors, Borko, H., & Koll, M., Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 30(3) 175-176, 1979.
Research in automatic generation of classification systems, Borko, H., In AFIPS, Proceeding AFIPS '64. Proceedings of the April 21-23, 1964, Spring Joint Computer Conference, Washington DC: Spartan Books, 1964, pp. 529-535, 1964.
Research in computer based classification systems, Borko, H., In Atherton, Pauline, editor, Classification Research: Proceedings of the Second International Study Conference, Denmark 14th to 18th September 1964 : A publication of the FID/CR Committee on Classification Research in co-operation with the Danish Centre for Documentation Classification Research 1965, Copenhagen: Munksgaard, pp. 220-257, 1965. (Reprinted in Theory of subject analysis, a source book, Chan et al. 1985.)
Research in document classification and file organization, Borko, H., Santa Monica, CA: System Development Corporation, 1963.
A research plan for evaluating the effectiveness of various indexing systems, Borko, H., Santa Monica, CA:System Development Corporation, 1961.
Research prospects and problems in education for library, Borko, H., Research Prospects and Problems in Education for Library and Information Science: An Association of American Library Schools Conference on Cassette. , 1970. Sound recording, State College, PA: Association of American Library Schools, sound cassette (90 min.), 1973.
Responsa Project: A full-text retrieval system for Hebrew case law, Borko, H., Proceedings of the 48th ASIS Annual Meeting, v 22, Washington, DC: Knowledge Industry Pub. pp. 367-368, 1985.
Review of criteria used to measure library effectiveness, Evans, E., Borko, H. & Ferguson, P., Bulletin of the Medical Library Association, 60(1) 102–110, 1972. Also published as a chapter in: Reader in Library Management, pp. 166-180, edited by Ross Shimmer. London: Clive Bingley, 1976.
Robert Maxwell and information processing: A tribute to the 65th birthday of Robert Maxwell, 40th anniversary of Pergamon Press, and the 25th anniversary of Information Processing & Management. Fry, B.M., Saracevic, T., & Borko, H., Information Processing and Management, 24(3), 215-217, 1988.
Role of classification in online retrieval systems and automated libraries, Borko, H., In Ingetraut Dahlberg and Jean M Perreault, editors, Universal classification: subject analysis and ordering systems: proceedings, 4th Internationall Study Conference on Classification Research, 6th Annual Conference of Gesellschaft fu ʗr Klassifikation e.V., Augsburg, 28 June-2 July 1982. Frankfurt: Indeks Verlag, 1982- 1983, pp. 235-245, 1982.
Role of systems analysis and design in information science: a position paper, Borko, H., In Peter J. Taylor,editor, New trends in documentation and information: Proc. 39th FID Congress, University of Edinburgh, September 25–28, 1978, London: ASLIB, pp. 383–390, 1980.
Shoes for the Cobbler's children: The ASIS Thesaurus, Milstead, J. L., & Borko, H., Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 21(1) 22-24, 1994.
Social Implications of Computer Technology, Borko, H. In Information Processing 74 Proceedings of the IFIP Congress 74, Jack L. Rosenfeld, editor, London: North Holland, pp. 931-936. 1974.
Social Implications of Computer Technology, Borko, H. In Information Processing 74 Proceedings of the IFIP Congress 74, Jack L. Rosenfeld, editor, London: North Holland, pp. 931-936. 1974.
Social implications of the use of computers across national boundaries, Nanus, B., Wooton, M., & Borko, H. In AFIPS, AFIPS Conference Proceeding, volume 42. AFIPS '73 Proceedings of the June 4-8, 1973, national computer conference and exposition. Montvale, NJ: AFIPS Press, pp. 735-746, 1973.
Storage and retrieval of educational information, Borko, H., Journal of Teacher Education, 15(4) 449- 452, 1964.
Studies on the reliability and validity of factor-analytically derived classification categories, Borko, H. In Mary Elizabeth Stevens, Vincent E. Giuliano and Laurence B. Heilprin, Proceedings of the Symposium on statistical methods for mechanized documentation, Washington, 1964. National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 269, Washington DC: National Bureau of Standards, pp. 245-251, 1964.
Study of the needs for research in library and information science education, Borko, H., editor, Washington, DC: U.S. Office of Education, Bureau of Research, 1970.
System analysis, an approach to information: FID/TM tutorial report, Borko, H., Stockholm: Federación Internacional de Documentación , 1971.
Targets for research in library education Borko, H., editor, Chicago: American Library Association, 1973.
Teaching on-line retrieval systems at the University of California, Los Angeles, Borko, H., Information Processing & Management, 14(6), 477-480, 1978.
Teaching systems design: the systems approach applied to course development, Borko, H. In International Federation for Documentation; Aslib. Education and training: theory and provision: with a look at new developments and an example of the challenge confronting information workers: papers presented at the FID pre-congress seminar, Edinburgh, 18-21 September 1978. The Hague: Fédération Internationale de Documentation, pp. 131-xx, 1978.
Test of the factor-analytically derived automated classification method applied to to descriptions of work and search requests of nuclear physicists, Atherton, P., & Borko, H. Report no. AIP/DRP 65-1; SDC/SP 1905. New York: American Institute of Physics. Report 1965. Toward a theory of indexing, Borko, H., Information Processing & Management, 13(6), 355-365, 1977.
Toward a theory of indexing, Borko, H., Information Processing & Management, 13(6) 355-365, 1977.
Toward the establishment of a computer based classification system for scientific documentation, Borko, H., & Bernick, MD, Santa Monica, CA: System Development Corporation, 1964.
Trends in Library and Information Science education, Borko, H., Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 35(3) 185-193, 1984.
Using an online microfiche catalog for technical service and retrieval of bibliographic data, Hayes, R.M., & Borko, H., Information Processing & Management, 16(6) 277-289, 1980.
Utilization of on-line interactive displays, Borko, H., Santa Monica, CA: System Development Corporation, 1966.
Wen zhai de gai nian yu fang fa, Bo ke, Harold Borko, Bo ni er, Charles L. Bernier, Lai mao sheng; & Wang zhi jin (Translation of: Abstracting concepts and methods), Beijing: Shu mu wen xian chu ban she , 1991.
Suo yin di gai nian yu fang fa, Harold Borko, Charles L. Bernier, Wang Zhijin, & Wang Jinsheng he yi. (Translation of: Indexing concepts and methods), Beijing: Shu mu wen xian chu ban she, 1984.