AGENCIJA REPUBLIKE SLOVENIJE ZA OKOLJE NASLOVNICA /COVER PAGE: Hidrolo{ka postaja MP 0275 za spremljanje podzemne vode na Menge{kem polju (foto: Vlado Savi}). Groundwater monitoring station MP 0275 at Menge{ko polje (photo: Vlado Savi}). REPUBLIKA SLOVENIJA MINISTRSTVO ZA OKOLJE IN PROSTOR AGENCIJA REPUBLIKE SLOVENIJE ZA OKOLJE

HIDROLO[KI LETOPIS SLOVENIJE 2006

THE 2006 HYDROLOGICAL YEARBOOK OF

LETNIK 17 YEAR 17

LJUBLJANA, 2009 HIDROLO[KI LETOPIS SLOVENIJE 2006 THE 2006 HYDROLOGICAL YEARBOOK OF SLOVENIA

IZDALA IN ZALO@ILA / PUBLISHED BY Agencija Republike Slovenije za okolje – Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia Vojkova 1b, Ljubljana http://www.arso.gov.si

GENERALNI DIREKTOR AGENCIJE / DIRECTOR GENERAL dr. Silvo @lebir

GLAVNI UREDNIK / EDITOR dr. Mira Kobold

UREDNI[KI ODBOR / EDITORIAL BOARD dr. Mira Kobold, mag. Jo`e Uhan, mag. Roman Tr~ek, Jo`e Knez

TEHNI^NI UREDNIK / TECHNICAL EDITOR mag. Florjana Ulaga

KARTOGRAFIJA / CARTOGRAPHY Peter Frantar

AVTORJI BESEDIL / MAIN AUTHORS mag. Marjan Bat, Barbara Cankar, Peter Frantar, Ur{a Gale, Jure Jerov{ek, dr. Mira Kobold, Janez Polajnar, Luka Ravnik, Mojca Robi~, Igor Strojan, mag. Roman Tr~ek, Niko Tri{i}, mag. Florjana Ulaga, Barbara Vodenik

SODELAVCI / CONTRIBUTORS dr. Mi{o Andjelov, mag. Marjan Bat, Du{an Berglez, Vincenc Bogataj, Marko Burger, Peter Centrih, Peter Frantar, Primo` Gajser, Ur{ka Gale, Gvido Gali~, Vida Herle, Maja Jeromel, Jure Jerov{ek, Slavica Jurkovi}, dr. Mira Kobold, Bogdan Lali}, Roman Lesica, Jo`e Miklav~i~, mag. Zlatko Mikuli~, Vesna O`ura, Radovan Pavi~evi}, Nejc Poga~nik, Janez Polajnar, Viktor Pongrac, Marjana Re`ek ]u}i}, Mojca Robi~, Damjan Rogelj, Vlado Savi}, Branko Stibilj, Igor Strojan, dr. Petra Souvent, Mojca Su{nik, Janez [ink, Miha [upek, Anica [u{ter{i~, Mihael Tominc, mag. Roman Tr~ek, Niko Tri{i}, mag. Jo`e Uhan, mag. Florjana Ulaga, Barbara Vodenik

LEKTORIRANJE SLOVENSKEGA BESEDILA / PROOFREADING OF SLOVENIAN TEXT Generalni sekretariat Vlade Republike Slovenije / Secretariat-General of the Government of the Republic of Slovenia

PREVOD IN LEKTORIRANJE ANGLE[KEGA BESEDILA / TRANSLATION AND PROOFREADING OF ENGLISH TEXT Generalni sekretariat Vlade Republike Slovenije / Secretariat-General of the Government of the Republic of Slovenia

TISK – PRINTED BY SYNCOMP d. o. o.

NAKLADA / EDITION 330 izvodov / 330 copies

ISSN 1318-5195

Hidrolo{ki letopis Slovenije 2006 Agencija RS za okolje, 2009 HIDROLO[KI LETOPIS SLOVENIJE 2006 THE 2006 HYDROLOGICAL YEARBOOK OF SLOVENIA

Vsebina

Predgovor ...... 8 Spremembe v mre`i hidrolo{kih merilnih mest ...... 9 Seznam opazovalcev v mre`i merilnih mest hidrolo{kega monitoringa ...... 13 Podatkovna zbirka rezultatov meritev pretoka orodje za podporo odlo~anju ...... 15 Meritve suspendiranega materiala z avtomatskim merilnikom OBS-3+ (D & A Instrument company) ...... 22

I. del: PREGLED HIDROLO[KIH RAZMER V LETU 2006 ...... 27 A. Povr{inske vode ...... 28 B. Podzemne vode ...... 57 C. Izviri ...... 66 D. Morje ...... 75 E. Vodna bilanca ...... 83

II. del: PREGLEDNICE S PODATKI ...... 89 A. POVR[INSKE VODE ...... 90 A.0. Pojasnila k preglednicam ...... 90 A.1. Seznam vodomernih postaj za povr{inske vode ...... 97 A.2. Seznam meritev pretokov ...... 99 A.3. Mese~ni in letni srednji vodostaji s konicami ...... 113 A.4. Dnevni vodostaji z nivogramom ...... 121 A.5. Mese~ni in letni srednji pretoki s konicami ...... 135 A.6. Dnevni pretoki s hidrogramom in krivuljo trajanja ...... 142 A.7. Mese~ne in letne srednje temperature vode s konicami ...... 157 A.8. Dnevne temperature vode s termogramom ...... 160 A.9. Dnevne vsebnosti suspendiranega materiala z diagramom ...... 166 A.10. Dnevne koli~ine prenesenega suspendiranega materiala z diagramom ...... 169 B. PODZEMNE VODE ...... 172 B.0. Pojasnila k preglednicam ...... 172 B.1. Seznam postaj za opazovanje podzemnih voda ...... 175 B.2. Mese~ni in letni srednji vodostaji s konicami ...... 178 B.3. Dnevni vodostaji z nivogramom ...... 184 C. IZVIRI ...... 194 C.0. Pojasnila k preglednicam ...... 194 C.1. Seznam vodomernih postaj na izvirih ...... 195 C.2. Dnevni vodostaji z nivogramom ...... 196 C.3. Dnevni pretoki s hidrogramom in krivuljo trajanja ...... 199 C.4. Dnevne temperature s termogramom ...... 201 C.5. Dnevne vrednosti specifi~ne elektri~ne prevodnosti z diagramom ...... 204 D. MORJE ...... 206 D.0. Pojasnila k preglednicam ...... 206 D.1. ^as in vi{ina visokih in nizkih voda – dnevne vrednosti ...... 208 D.2. Mese~ne in letne srednje vi{ine visokih in nizkih voda in njihove amplitude ...... 212 D.3. Dnevne in mese~ne srednje vi{ine gladine morja ...... 212 D.4. Mese~ne in letne skrajne vi{ine gladine morja ...... 212

III. del: KARTOGRAFSKI PRIKAZI ...... 215 A. Mre`a vodomernih postaj za povr{inske vode in morje v letu 2006 ...... 217 B. Mre`a postaj za podzemne vode in izvire v letu 2006 ...... 219

ARSO 5 HIDROLO[KI LETOPIS SLOVENIJE 2006 THE 2006 HYDROLOGICAL YEARBOOK OF SLOVENIA

Contents

Foreword ...... 7 Changes to the network of hydrological monitoring gauging stations ...... 9 The list of observers in the network of the hydrological monitoring gauging stations ...... 13 Database of discharge measurement results as a tool for decision-making support ...... 15 Measurements of suspended material by automatic sensor OBS-3+ ...... 22

Part I: A REVIEW OF HYDROLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN THE YEAR 2006 ...... 27 A. Surface waters ...... 28 B. Groundwaters ...... 57 C. Springs ...... 66 D. Sea ...... 75 E. Water balance ...... 83

Part II: DATA TABLES ...... 89 A. SURFACE WATERS ...... 90 A.0. Explanation to the tables ...... 90 A.1. The list of surface water gauging stations ...... 97 A.2. The list of regular discharge measurements ...... 99 A.3. Monthly and annual mean water levels with extremes ...... 113 A.4. Daily water levels with level graph ...... 121 A.5. Monthly and annual mean discharges with extremes ...... 135 A.6. Daily discharges with hydrograph and duration curve ...... 142 A.7. Monthly and annual mean water temperatures with extremes ...... 157 A.8. Daily water temperatures with graph ...... 160 A.9. Daily concentration of suspended material with graph ...... 166 A.10. Daily quantities of transported suspended material with graph ...... 169 B. GROUNDWATERS ...... 172 B.0. Explanation to the tables ...... 172 B.1. The list of groundwater observation wells ...... 175 B.2. Monthly and annual mean water levels with extremes ...... 178 B.3. Daily water levels with level graph ...... 184 C. SPRINGS ...... 194 C.0. Explanation to the tables ...... 194 C.1. List of gauging stations of the monitoring of springs ...... 195 C.2. Daily water levels with level graph ...... 196 C.3. Daily discharges with hydrograph ...... 199 C.4. Daily values of temperatures with termograph ...... 201 C.3. Daily values of the specific electrical conductivity with graph ...... 204 D. SEA ...... 206 D.0. Explanation to the tables ...... 206 D.1. Times and heights of high and low waters – daily values ...... 208 D.2. Monthly and annual mean high and low waters and their amplitudes ...... 212 D.3. Daily and monthly mean water heights ...... 212 D.4. Monthly and annual extreme high and low waters ...... 212

Part III: CARTOGRAPHIC PRESENTATION ...... 215 A. The Network of Gauging Stations on Surface Waters and Sea in 2006 ...... 217 B. Groundwater and Spring Observation Network in 2006 ...... 219

6 ARSO HIDROLO[KI LETOPIS SLOVENIJE 2006 THE 2006 HYDROLOGICAL YEARBOOK OF SLOVENIA

Predgovor Foreword

V letu 2006 so bile na nekaterih obmo~jih sveta velike In 2006, some parts of the world were affected by poplave, na nekaterih dolgotrajne su{e. Zaradi posledic extreme flooding, while others suffered from long peri- poplav je v Indiji in v vzhodni Afriki izgubilo `ivlje- ods of drought. Due to the consequences of flooding nje na tiso~e ljudi, medtem ko je na Kitajskem su{a ogro- in India and East Africa, thousands of people lost their zila okoli 32 milijonov ljudi. Po podatkih NOAA so bile lives, whereas in China drought threatened the lives svetovne padavine nad dolgoletnim povpre~jem, medtem of around 32 million people.According to NOAA data, ko je bila povpre~na temperatura zemeljskega povr{ja global precipitation was above the multi-annual aver- v letu 2006 peta najvi{ja v obdobju meritev do leta 2006. age, while the average temperature of the Earth's sur- Na severni polobli je bilo to leto drugo najtoplej{e, saj face recorded in 2006 was the fifth highest in the meritve ka`ejo, da se severna polobla ogreva nekoliko measuring period until 2006. In the Northern Hemis- bolj kakor ju`na. Mnoga obmo~ja Evrope in ZDA so phere, 2006 was the second-warmest year on record do`ivljala julija in avgusta vro~inske valove z rekord- and measurements also show that the Northern Hemis- nimi temperaturami, obilne padavine in taljenje snega phere is warming at a slightly greater rate than the pa so povzro~ili obse`ne poplave vzdol` reke Donave Southern Hemisphere. In July and August, many regions v aprilu, ko je Donava dosegla najvi{jo gladino v zad- in Europe and the United States suffered from heat njih 100 letih. waves with temperature records, while in April heavy V Sloveniji je bila leta 2006 povpre~na tempera- precipitation and snow melting caused extensive flood- tura povsod nad dolgoletnim povpre~jem. Do 1 °C ing along the River and its water level reached topleje je bilo na Koro{kem, Ko~evskem in Gori~kem, the highest value in the last 100 years. prek 1,5 °C pa je bilo topleje na obmo~ju Ljubljane s {ir{o In Slovenia, the average temperature in 2006 was okolico in v novome{ki pokrajini. Na za~etku je leto 2006 everywhere above the multi-annual average. In the regi- presenetilo z neobi~ajno mrzlo in sne`eno zimo. Hlad- ons of Koro{ka, Ko~evje and Gori~ko the temperature nej{i kakor obi~ajno so bili prvi trije meseci leta. Nato exceeded the average by up to 1 °C and in Ljubljana se je temperatura dvignila nad dolgoletno povpre~je. and its wider surroundings and in the Novo mesto area Meteorolo{ko poletje se je za~elo z neobi~ajno hlad- by more than 1.5 °C. The beginning of 2006 surprised nim in de`evnim vremenom, v drugi polovici junija pa with an unusually cold and snowy winter.The first three je pritisnil vro~inski val in v znamenju vro~ine je bil months of the year were colder than usual. Then the tudi ves julij, ki se je nato prevesil v hladen in vla`en temperature nudged above the multi-annual average. avgust. Najve~je presene~enje je leto 2006 prineslo sep- The meteorological summer started with unusually cold tembra, ko se je za~elo izjemno dolgo nadpovpre~no and rainy weather, whereas the second half of July was toplo obdobje, ki se je nadaljevalo {e v leto 2007. Jesen marked by a severe heat wave, which lasted until the je bila v prete`nem delu dr`ave najtoplej{a doslej, sle- end of the month;August was again cold and wet.The dila pa ji je rekordno topla zima. V ve~jem delu Slo- greatest surprise in 2006 was September, when an extre- venije je padlo manj padavin od dolgoletnega povpre~ja. mely long and unusually warm period started, which Po podatkih vodne bilance je bilo padavin v Slove- even continued into 2007. In most parts of the coun- niji v primerjavi z referen~nim obdobjem manj za 17 %, try, autumn was the warmest so far and was also fol- evapotranspiracija je bila ni`ja za 11 %, neto odtok iz lowed by an extremely warm winter. In most parts of Slovenije pa je bil manj{i od dolgoletnega povpre~ja za Slovenia, the precipitation level was below the multi- 22 %. V prvi polovici leta so bili pretoki ve~ji kakor -annual average. v drugi polovici. Zna~ilno za leto 2006 je hidrolo{ko According to water balance-related data, Slovenia suho obdobje v zadnjih treh mesecih leta, v katerih je recorded 17% less precipitation in comparison to the vodnatost rek navadno obilna. Izrazitega pomanjkanja reference period, evapotranspiration dropped by 11%, vode ni bilo ~utiti, saj so najmanj{i pretoki nastopili whereas the net discharge of water from Slovenia v zimskih mesecih, ko vegetacija miruje.Ve~jih poplav dropped by 22% in comparison to the multi-annual leta 2006 ni bilo. Najve~ visokih voda je bilo spomla- average. In the first half of the year, water discharges di, obi~ajnih jesenskih visokih voda pa ni bilo. were higher than in the second half. Characteristic Stanje zalog podzemnih voda je bilo obi~ajno. V de- of 2006 was a hydrologically dry period in the last three lih aluvialnih vodonosnikov severovzhodne in vzhod- months of the year, when the river stages are usually ne Slovenije je prevladovalo nadpovpre~no vodno high. No extreme shortage of water was recorded, stanje. Od hidrolo{ke su{e iz let 2002 in 2003 sta si po because the lowest discharges occurred in the winter ve~letnem nizkem stanju opomogla tudi vodonosnika months, when vegetation is at a standstill. There were Apa{kega in Prekmurskega polja. no major floods in 2006. Most high waters were record- Morje je bilo v letu 2006 zelo visoko. Srednja letna ed in spring, but there were no usual high waters in vi{ina morja je bila ena najvi{jih vrednosti opazovalnega autumn.

ARSO 7 HIDROLO[KI LETOPIS SLOVENIJE 2006 THE 2006 HYDROLOGICAL YEARBOOK OF SLOVENIA obdobja. Po primerjavi z mese~nimi obdobnimi vred- Groundwater reserves were normal. In parts of the nostmi je bila le januarska srednja mese~na vi{ina pov- alluvial aquifers of northeastern and eastern Slovenia, pre~na, vse ostale pa nadpovpre~ne. the groundwater reserves were above the average.After Ob uvedbi novih merilnih in{trumentov za meritev a multi-annual period of very low water reserves, the pretoka, poleg akusti~nega Dopplerjevega merilnika two aquifers of the Apa~e and Prekmurje fields have v letu 2003 {e to~kovni ultrazvo~ni merilnik FlowTrac- recovered from the hydrological droughts of 2002 and ker v letu 2005, je bila za podporo pri odlo~anju in pla- 2003. niranju terenskih meritev pretoka v letu 2006 nadgrajena In 2006, the sea levels were very high. The mean podatkovna baza meritev in aplikacija HidFlow, ki omo- annual sea level was among the highest in the obser- go~a la`ji, hitrej{i in preglednej{i dostop do meritev in vation period.According to the comparison with month- posredovanje rezultatov meritev. Od leta 2005 podat- ly reference values, only January recorded a mean sea ke meritev objavljamo tudi v letopisu. level, whereas the sea level values for the other months V okviru prenove in posodobitve vodomernih postaj, were above average. ki se je za~ela v letu 2005 in naj bi pripomogla k ve~- When new measuring instruments for discharge mea- ji u~inkovitosti ocenjevanja hidrolo{kih parametrov voda surements were introduced – in addition to the acous- za potrebe hidrolo{kega napovedovanja in opozarjanja tic Doppler current profiler added in 2003, an ultrasonic pred ekstremnimi hidrolo{kimi pojavi, zlasti poplav in »Flow Tracker« velocimeter was added in 2005 – sup- su{, ter zagotavljanja podatkov o koli~inskem stanju port in decision-making and planning of site discharge voda glede na zahteve okvirne vodne direktive, je bilo measurements was improved. In 2006, the measurement do za~etka leta 2009 nadgrajenih oziroma na novo vzpo- database and HidFlow application were upgraded, which stavljenih 25 samodejnih merilnih sistemov s sprotnim resulted in easier, quicker and more transparent access prenosom podatkov.Podatki samodejnih postaj in hidro- to measurements and transfer of measurement results. lo{ki podatki zna~ilnih mese~nih in letnih vrednosti so Since 2005, measurement data have also been published dostopni na spletni strani Agencije RS za okolje (http:// in the Yearbook. www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/). Z letom 2009 nadgrad- Within the programme of water gauging station nja mre`e merilnih mest poteka v okviru projekta »Nad- reconstruction and modernisation, which started in 2005 gradnja sistema za spremljanje in analiziranje stanja and should contribute to a more efficient evaluation of vodnega okolja v Sloveniji« (projekt SSSV), delno finan- hydrological parameters of water for forecasting hydro- ciranega iz Kohezijskega sklada Evropske unije. Cilj pro- logical conditions and warning against extreme hydro- jekta je izbolj{ano spremljanje stanja vodnega okolja, logical events, in particular flooding and drought, and izbolj{ano poznavanje stanja vodnega okolja v Slove- for providing data on water quantity in accordance with niji in posledi~no kakovostne hidrolo{ke in meteoro- the requirements of the EU Water Framework Direc- lo{ke napovedi in predvidevanja, kar bo dolgoro~no tive, 25 automatic gauging systems with online data omogo~alo bolj{e varstvo in ohranjanje vodnih virov. transfer were upgraded or newly established by the beginning of 2009. Data from automatic gauging sta- dr. Mira Kobold, tions and hydrological data of characteristic monthly vodja sektorja za analize and annual values are accessible on the website of the in prognoze povr{inskih voda Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia (http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/). In 2009, the Jo`e Knez, network of hydrological monitoring gauging stations direktor Urada za hidrologijo is being upgraded within the »Upgrading of the system in stanje okolja for monitoring and analysing the state of water envi- ronment in Slovenia« project (SSSV project), which is partly financed by the EU Cohesion Fund.The objec- tive of the project is to improve the monitoring and knowledge of the state of the water environment in Slovenia and consequently to improve hydrological and meteorological forecasts and predictions, which will ensure that water resources be better protected and pre- served in the long term.

Dr Mira Kobold, Head of the Surface Waters Analysis and Forecast Division

Jo`e Knez, Director of the Hydrology and State of the Environment Office

8 ARSO HIDROLO[KI LETOPIS SLOVENIJE 2006 THE 2006 HYDROLOGICAL YEARBOOK OF SLOVENIA

Spremembe v mre`i Changes to the network hidrolo{kih merilnih of hydrological monitoring mest gauging stations mag. Marjan Bat Marjan Bat, MSc

Zaradi vsebinskih posebnosti delimo dr`avno mre`o Because of substantive differences, we divide the nation- hidrolo{kih opazovanj na mre`o za opazovanje podzem- al hydrological monitoring network into the ground- nih voda, mre`o za opazovanje izvirov, mre`o za opa- water observation-monitoring network, the spring zovanje povr{inskih voda in mre`o za opazovanje morja. monitoring network, the surface water monitoring net- Mre`a za opazovanje podzemnih voda obsega meril- work and the sea-monitoring network.The network for na mesta na vodonosnikih z medzrnsko poroznostjo, monitoring groundwater comprises observation stations ki zavzemajo okoli 20 % ozemlja R Slovenije. Zaradi on aquifers with intergranular porosity that cover izdatnih zalog podzemne vode postopno vzpostavljamo around 20% of the territory of the Republic of Slovenia. merilna mesta tudi na vodonosnikih z razpoklinsko in Because of abundant groundwater reserves, we are also kra{ko razpoklinsko poroznostjo, ki skupaj obsegajo gradually setting up observation stations on aquifers nadaljnjih 50 % ozemlja. Osnovna veli~ina, ki jo sprem- with fissure and karstic fissure porosity, which togeth- ljamo na merilnih mestih, je globina gladine podzemne er encompass a further 50% of the territory.The basic vode; ponekod merimo tudi temperature in specifi~no quantity monitored at the observation stations is the elektri~no prevodnost vode. Merilna mesta za opazo- groundwater table level, though in certain places we vanje izvirov so namenjena spremljanju njihove izdatno- also measure the temperature and specific electrical sti, ki veliko pove tudi o koli~inskem stanju podzemnih conductivity of the water. Spring observation stations voda v njihovem zaledju. Praviloma so na kra{kih izvi- are intended for monitoring water abundance in the rih, ki se odlikujejo prav po velikih vodnih koli~inah. springs, which also tells us a lot about the quantitative Nekateri od njih so precej odmaknjeni od naselij in tudi state of the groundwater in their catchment areas. As zaradi tega bolj zahtevni za opazovanje. Osnovna veli- a rule, they are located on karstic springs characterised ~ina, ki jo opazujemo na merilnih mestih, je vi{ina gladi- by considerable water quantities. Some are significantly ne vode. Kjer lokacije dopu{~ajo, opravljamo na izvirih far removed from settlements and are therefore more hidrometri~ne meritve, tako da lahko dolo~amo njihov difficult to monitor. The basic quantity measured at pretok. Praviloma merimo na izvirih tudi temperaturo observation stations is the water level. Location per- vode in ponekod specifi~no elektri~no prevodnost vode. mitting, we also carry out hydrometric measurements Mre`a za opazovanje povr{inskih voda ima najdalj{o on the springs to determine their discharge rates. As tradicijo in je zaradi tega najbolj ustaljena. Vklju~uje a rule, we also measure the temperature of the springs tudi vodomerni postaji na Blejskem in Bohinjskem jezeru. and in some places the specific electrical conductivi- Na vseh merilnih mestih bele`imo vodostaje, na ve~ini ty of the water. The network for monitoring surface pa opravljamo tudi hidrometri~ne meritve, ki omogo- waters has the longest tradition and is therefore the most ~ajo izdelavo preto~nih krivulj za dolo~anje pretoka stable. It also includes the two hydrometric stations on vode skozi presek vodomerne postaje. Zaradi poved- and . Water stages are record- nosti in medsebojne primerljivosti podatkov je pretok ed at all the gauging sites, while hydrometric meas- na vodomernih postajah za povr{inske vode bistvena urements are performed at the majority of gauging sites. veli~ina. Na izbranih merilnih mestih opazujemo tudi These measurements enable the production of rating temperaturo vode in zajemamo vzorce za dolo~anje curves for determining the water discharge through the koncentracij suspendiranega materiala. Spreminjanje cross-section of the hydrometric station. Because of the vi{ine morske gladine bele`imo na mareografski posta- informative character and mutual comparability of the ji Lu{ka Kapitanija v Kopru. Meritve so se pri~ele `e data, the discharge at surface water hydrometric sta- leta 1958. Neprekinjeno ~asovno vrsto podatkov je tions is a significant quantity parameter. At selected pomagala zagotoviti dodatna mareografska postaja, ki gauging sites, we also record water temperatures and deluje v Luki Koper, v skrajni sili pa so bili v pomo~ take samples for determining suspended material con- podatki postaje v Trstu. Na postaji merimo tudi tem- centrations. Changing sea levels are recorded by the peraturo vode. Na morju, pred Punto v Piranu, meri Lu{ka Kapitanija tide gauge station in Koper, where oceanografska boja, ki je rezultat sodelovanja z Mor- measurements started to be performed in 1958. The sko biolo{ko postajo, med drugim tudi smeri in hitro- additional tide gauge station in Luka Koper has also sti tokov, slanost, elektri~no prevodnost in temperaturo helped us to obtain an uninterrupted time series of data; morske vode. data have also been received from the tide gauge station

ARSO 9 HIDROLO[KI LETOPIS SLOVENIJE 2006 THE 2006 HYDROLOGICAL YEARBOOK OF SLOVENIA

Leto 2006 in Trieste in cases where no other data was available. We also measure the water temperature at these sta- V dr`avni mre`i za spremljanje povr{inskih voda je tions. At sea, there is an oceanographic buoy in front leta 2006 delovalo 171 vodomernih postaj, v letopisu of the Punta in Piran, which is the result of co-opera- pa objavljamo vodostaje 161 postaj. Na 99 postajah so tion with the Marine Biology Station. It measures, among bili vodostaji od~itani z limnigrafskih trakov, na 36 so other things, the direction and velocity of currents, salin- jih zabele`ili opazovalci z vodomerov, pri 26 merilnih ity, electrical conductivity and the temperature of the mestih pa je bil uporabljen digitalni zapis avtomatske sea water. merilne postaje ali podatkovnega zapisovalnika. Leto poprej je bil digitalni zapis uporabljen pri 17 postajah. Prvi~ so objavljeni podatki za merilno mesto Soteska 2006 na Krki ({ifra 7060), ki je nadomestila vodomerno posta- jo Dvor (7040). Le-ta je imela limnigraf in je delovala 171 hydrometric stations were operated within the neprekinjeno od leta 1959. Nova lokacija je 6 km dol- national monitoring network of surface streams in 2006. vodno, tako da vodostaji in iz njih izvedeni pretoki s po- Water levels for 161 stations are published in the Year- datki opu{~ene postaje niso primerljivi. Od Dvora do book. At 99 stations, the water levels were read from Soteske se povr{ina pore~ja Krke znatno pove~a, pred- water level recorder strips, at 36 stations they were vsem na ra~un zaledja Tomin~evega pri Pod- recorded from gauges by observers; while at 26 gaug- gozdu, zaradi krasa pa tega pove~anja ne moremo ing sites, the basic source of the data on water levels zanesljivo dolo~iti.Tovrstnim prekinitvam opazovanj, was the digital record made by an automatic gauging ki pomenijo tudi prekinitev podatkovnega niza, se seveda station or data-logger. In the previous year, digital v najve~ji mo`ni meri izogibamo. Ob modernizaciji so recording was only used at 17 gauging stations. For the bila prestavljena merilna mesta na Mediji (4626 – Zagor- first time, data were published for the gauging site Sote- je II), Ljubljanici (5078 – Moste I), Koritnici (8242 – Kal- ska on the (code 7060), which replaced the Dvor - I) in Cerknici (8454 – Cerkno III).V Zagor- water-gauging station (code 7040).The latter had a water- ju je to `e tretja lokacija vodomerne postaje, vendar pa -level recorder and had operated without interruption so vsaj glede pretokov povsem primerljive, saj je razli- since 1959. The new location is 6 km downstream so ka v povr{ini vodozbirnega zaledja med njimi zanemar- that the water levels and discharges from there are not ljiva. Zdaj{nja lokacija je tik pod izlivom Kotrede{~ice. comparable to the data of the abandoned station. From V Mostah je bilo merilno mesto prestavljeno za dobrih Dvor to Soteska, the area of the Krka basin enlarges 400 m gorvodno proti soto~ju Ljubljanice in Grubar- significantly, in particular on account of the catchment jevega prekopa. Pretoki so na stari in novi lokacij enaki. area of the Tominc spring (Tomin~ev studenec) at Pogozd. Enako velja tudi za Koritnico, kjer je sodobna postaja However, because of the karstic area, the enlargement prestavljena za 30 m dolvodno. of the river basin cannot be reliably defined.We try to Na Cerknici pri Cerknem je zdaj{nja postaja `e na avoid such interruptions of monitoring to the highest ~etrti lokaciji (8460 – Cerkno od leta 1956–1981; 8457 – possible extent, as they also result in interruption of the dataset. Along with the modernisation, the gaug- ing sites on the Medija (4626 – Zagorje II), (5078 – Moste I), Koritnica (8242 – Kal-Koritnica I) and Cerknica (8454 – Cerkno III) have also been transferred. In Zagorje, this is the third location of a hydrometric station, but at least as regards discharges, the locations are fully comparable, because the difference of the basin area between them is insignificant. The present loca- tion is directly under the Kotrede{~ica creek outfall. In Moste, the gauging site was moved by over 400 m up- stream towards the confluence of the Ljubljanica with the Grubar Canal. The discharges at the old and new location are identical.The same applies to the Koritnica, where the modern hydrometric station was moved by 30 m downstream. Hidrometri~na meritev z ADMP v merskem profilu opu{~ene On the Cerknica at Cerkno, the present station has vodomerne postaje Kal-Koritnica (8240) in nova vodomerna been moved to the fourth location (8460 – Cerkno postaja, Kal-Koritnica I (8242) na Koritnici, v ozadju (foto: Primo` Gajser). 1956–1981; 8457 – Cerkno I 1981–1989; 8455 – Cerk- Hydrometric measurement with ADCP in the measurement no II 1991–2007 and 8454 – Cerkno III since 2005). profile of the abandoned Kal-Koritnica (8240) gauging station This move upstream means that the last is 1.8 km above and the new Kal-Koritnica 1 (8242) gauging station, on the the first and the surface of the basin area has dropped Koritnica, in the background (photo: Primo` Gajser). by 3.5 km2, which is almost 10%. This should not be

10 ARSO HIDROLO[KI LETOPIS SLOVENIJE 2006 THE 2006 HYDROLOGICAL YEARBOOK OF SLOVENIA

Cerkno I od 1981–1989; 8455 – Cerkno II od 1991–2007 neglected when comparing discharges. Data from the in 8454 – Cerkno III od 2005). Premikajo se po toku Cankova gauging station on the Ku~nica (1100) have navzgor, tako da je zadnja 1,8 km nad prvo, povr{ina not been published for 2006. vodozbirnega zaledja pa se je zmanj{ala za 3,5 km2, kar In 2006, 1,104 hydrometric measurements were je skoraj 10 %.Tega pri primerjavi pretokov ne smemo performed (TableA.2). Of these, 1,028 were carried out zanemariti. Podatkov v. p. Cankova na Ku~nici (1100) at the operational gauging stations of the national sur- za leto 2006 ne objavljamo. face water network and 36 at springs. The remaining V letu 2006 je bilo narejenih 1104 hidrometri~nih 40 measurements were performed at the consignee's meritev (tabela A.2.), od tega 1028 na delujo~ih vodo- gauging stations or at abandoned gauging sites. 407 hy- mernih postajah dr`avne mre`e za povr{inske vode in drometric measurements were performed with acoustic 36 na izvirih. Preostalih 40 meritev je bilo narejenih Doppler current profilers (ADCP – the mean meas- na naro~ni{kih ali opu{~enih merilnih mestih. 407 hi- ured discharge was 45 m3/s), and 422 with ultrasonic drometri~nih meritev je bilo narejenih z akusti~nim acoustic Doppler velocimeters (Flow Tracker; the mean Doplerjevim merilnikom pretoka (ADMP; srednji measured discharge was 1.72 m3/s), and only 275 meas- izmerjen pretok je bil 45 m3/s), 422 s to~kovnim ultra- urements were performed using ordinary current zvo~nim hidrometri~nim krilom (FT; srednji izmerjen meters (the mean measured discharge was 2.3 m3/s). pretok 1,72 m3/s), s klasi~nim hidrometri~nim krilom On 31 May, the discharges measured on the were pa le {e 275 meritev (srednji izmerjen pretok 2,3 m3/s). 1,249 m3/s in ^ate` and 1,436 m3/s in Jesenice na Dolenj- 31. maja sta bila na Savi izmerjena pretoka 1249 m3/s skem. Measurements with ADCP took approximate- v ^ate`u in 1436 m3/s v Jesenicah na Dolenjskem. Meri- ly 20 minutes, whereas, with the current meter, such tve z ADMP so trajale pribli`no po 20 minut, s klasi~- measurements, which subsequently also have to be eval- nim krilom pa bi za tak{no meritev, ki pa jo je potrebno uated, would take approximately 3 hours. {e izvrednotiti, potrebovali okoli 3 ure. In the Yearbook, the discharges for 154 gauging sta- V letopisu objavljamo pretoke za 154 vodomernih tions are published, while water temperatures are pub- postaj, temperaturo vode pa za 54 vodomernih postaj. lished for 54 gauging stations. This year, data on concen- Tokrat objavljamo podatke o koncentracijah in trans- trations of suspended material and the calculation of portu suspendiranega materiala za vseh 6 merilnih mest its transportation are published for all six gauging sites z rednim zajemom vzorcev, ~eprav je na vseh pri{lo vsaj where regular sampling took place, although at each of do kraj{ih prekinitev opazovanj in letni pregledi niso them the monitoring was interrupted for at least a short popolni. period and therefore the annual reviews are incomplete. Za podzemne vode objavljamo v letopisu podatke For groundwater, data are published in the Yearbook za 138 merilnih mest. Prvi~ so objavljeni podatki postaj, for 138 gauging sites. For the first time, data are publi- ki so poskusno za~ele delovati `e v letu 2005 ali pa tudi shed for stations that were in trial operation in 2005 or prej: Dekorativna (641),AMP Hrastje ([M-1/2a), Bra- even earlier: Dekorativna (641),AMP Hrastje ([M-1/2a), tislavska (BrP-1/04), Savska (FIP-1/04) – vse so na Ljub- Bratislavska (BrP-1/04), Savska (FIP-1/04) – all in the ljanskem polju, ^rna vas (G-12) na Ljubljanskem barju Ljubljana field, ^rna vas (G-12) on the Ljubljana Moor in Levec (LE-1/01) v Spodnji Savinjski dolini. Na vseh and Levec (LE-1/01) in the Lower valley.At all se bele`i spreminjanje gladin neprekinjeno s podatkov- gauging sites, the fluctuation of the groundwater level nimi zapisovalniki.Tudi 14 starih postaj je dobilo podat- is monitored continuously by data-loggers. Fourteen old kovne zapisovalnike. Na treh postajah, Brun{viku stations, too, received data-loggers. At three stations, (1710) na Dravskem polju, Kalce – Naklo (0460) v Kra- Brun{vik (1710) in the field, Kalce – Naklo (0460) kovskem gozdu in Zgornjem Gru{ovlju (0100) v Spod- in Krakovski gozd and Zgornje Gru{ovlje (0100) in the nji Savinjski dolini, se je pogostost opazovanj zmanj{ala. Lower Savinja valley, the frequency of observations has Doslej spreminjanja gladin podzemne vode na Kranj- been reduced. So far, groundwater level fluctuations on skem polju nismo predstavljali z dnevnimi vrednost- the Kranj field have not been presented by daily val- mi, tokrat pa objavljamo podatke za Cerklje (0280). ues, but, this time, data for Cerklje (0280) have been Zaradi posegov v merilni mre`i Nuklearne elektrar- published. ne (NE) Kr{ko so bila opazovanja prekinjena od julija Due to the works in the measurement network of the do oktobra na sedmih postajah Kr{kega in treh posta- Kr{ko Nuclear Power Plant, observations were interrupted jah Bre`i{kega polja. Za kraj{i ~as sta presahnila vod- from June to October at seven stations of the Kr{ko field njaka v Stojncih (0240) na Ptujskem polju in Cerklje and at three stations of the Bre`ice field. For a shorter peri- (0280) na Kranjskem polju. Drugih posebnosti v de- od of time, the wells at Stojnci (0240) on the Ptuj field lovanju merilne mre`e za podzemne vode v letu 2006 and Cerklje (0280) on the Kranj field dried out. Nothing ni bilo. else of significance was observed in the operation of the Opazovanje izvirov je v letu 2006 potekalo na 16 me- groundwater measurement network in 2006. rilnih mestih. 13 merilnim mestom iz leta 2005 so se In 2006, spring observations were carried out at v letu 2006 pridru`ile postaje Pri `agi na Zavr{nici (3115), 16 gauging sites. In addition to the monitoring at 13 gaug- Podljubelj na Mo{eniku (4095) in Brestovica (B-2). ing sites in 2005, monitoring was also performed

ARSO 11 HIDROLO[KI LETOPIS SLOVENIJE 2006 THE 2006 HYDROLOGICAL YEARBOOK OF SLOVENIA

Velika Krka – Hodo{ Drava – Ptuj Posodobitev vodomernih postaj s samodejnimi merilnimi sistemi (foto: Arhiv ARSO). Upgrading of gauging stations with automatic measurement systems (photo: EARS Archives).

Slednja bele`i gladino in temperaturo kra{ke vode v eni in 2006 at Pri `agi on the Zavr{nica (3115), Podljubelj od raziskovalnih vrtin v bli`ini vodarne Klari~i v Bresto- on the Mo{enik creek (4095) and Brestovica (B-2).The vi{kem dolu na Krasu in je torej prva postaja dr`avne- latter records the level and temperature of karst water ga monitoringa voda na vodonosniku s kra{ko razpoklinsko in one of the research wells near the Klari~i water pump poroznostjo.V letopisu objavljamo dnevne podatke sed- in Brestovi{ki dol on the Karst and is therefore the first mih reprezentativnih merilnih mest, ki imajo hkrati tudi national water monitoring station on an aquifer with dovolj popolne letne preglede. Glede na predhodni leto- karstic fissure porosity. Daily data are also published pis so novi podatki merilnega mesta Leto`nik na izvi- in the Yearbook for seven representative gauging sites ru Leto{~ (6253) pod Menino v Zadre~ki dolini in `e which have, at the same time, sufficiently complete annu- omenjene vrtine Brestovica. Podatkov za Metliko (4995) al reviews. In comparison with the Yearbook for 2005, na Metli{kem Obrhu pa tokrat nismo objavili. new data are added this year for the Leto`nik gauging Pri opazovanju morja v letu 2006 ni bilo posebno- site at the Leto{~ spring (6253) below Mount Menina sti. Postaje v Lu{ki kapitaniji, Luki Koper in mareograf- in the Zadre~ka valley, and the already mentioned ska boja v Piranu so delovale skladno s pri~akovanji. Brestovica. Data for Metlika (4995) on Metli{ki have not been published this time. Sea monitoring showed nothing surprising in 2006. The stations in Lu{ka Kapitanija, the Port of Koper and the oceanographic buoy at Piran operated as expected.

12 ARSO HIDROLO[KI LETOPIS SLOVENIJE 2006 THE 2006 HYDROLOGICAL YEARBOOK OF SLOVENIA

Seznam opazovalcev v mre`i merilnih mest hidrolo{kega monitoringa The list of observers in the network of the hydrological monitoring gauging stations

Opazovalec Vodomerna postaja , jezero Opazovalec Vodomerna postaja Reka, jezero Observer Gauging station River, lake Observer Gauging station River, lake Avsec Igor Gor. Jezero Str`en Kova~ Anica Log pod Mangartom Koritnica Avsec Slavko [kocjan Kova~ec Ivana Zamu{ani Av{o~ Bo{tjan ^ate` Sava Kova~i~ Janez Sodna vas II Mestinj{~ica Balog Milena Hote{~ek Krajnik Rudolf Suha Bani~ Jo`e Podbo~je Krka Kramar Milena I{ka vas I{ka Ba{a Slavko [alara Bada{evica Kranjc Tadej Dolenje Ba{a Slavko Podka{tel Kuhar Karel [kofja vas Ba{a Slavko Pi{ine Drnica Leban Ivan Tolmin Tolminka Bevc Franc [o{tanj Velunja Lesjak Matilda Levec Lo`nica Bevk Marija Trzin P{ata Leskovec Alojz Podroteja Idrijca Bizjak Marija Re~ica Le{nik Antonija Medlog Savinja Bizjak Nada Okroglo Sava Levi~nik Niko [entjakob Sava Bla`i~ Filipina Prestanek Malis Viljem Hrastnik Sava Bucaj Stanislav Kubed Ri`ana Martin~i~ Andrej Dolenje Jezero Str`en Buh Ljudmila (Milka) Komin Ljubljanica Matja` Bo`idar Jelovec Cankar Darinka Medno Sava Meja~ Antonija Nevljica ^as Pavla Sol~ava Savinja Mesari~ Gizela Polana ^ernigoj Jo`e Ajdov{~ina Hubelj Milavec Andrej Malni Malen{~ica Feher Irinka (Irena) Kobilje Kobiljski potok Milavec Ivanka Hasberg Unica Ferfolja Alojz Miren I Vipava Mlinari~ Franc Gornja Radgona Mura Fider{ek Jo`e Tr`ec Moli~nik Vinko Lu~e Lu~nica Filipi~ Marija Pristava [~avnica Mudrini~ Aleksander Bode{~e Fortuna Jo`efa Bistra Bistra Mudrini~ Aleksander Radovljica Sava Furlan Emil Vipava Vipava Mustar Marija Ra{ica Ra{ica Gaber Marija Dra`a vas Oplotnica Nemet Ladislav Zagaj Bistrica Gabrijel~i~ Zlatko Solkan So~a Novak Jo`e Postojnska jama Pivka Gabrijel~i~ Zlatko Nova Gorica Koren Oberstar Vida Prigorica Ribnica Globevnik Melita Gorenja Gomila Krka Ob{tetar Borut Dolenja Trebu{a Trebu{a Glojek Marta Kra{e Omerzel Jo`e Metlika Kolpa Gogala Du{an Cerknica Cerkni{~ica Ov~jak Matej [o{tanj Paka Gregori~ Rado{ Vol~ja Draga Lijak Pav{a Silva Golo Brdo Idrija Herba{ Marija Kranjska Gora Pec Franc Lo~e Heberle Olga Mlino Blejsko jezero Per{olja Silvo Neblo Reka Heberle Olga Mlino Jezernica Per{olja Silvo Neblo Kozbanj{~ek Herzog Jerneja Cankova Ku~nica Ple{nik Francka Gaberke Velunja Horvat Ladislav Sredi{~e Ivanj{evski potok Podbev{ek Peter La{ko Savinja Hren Antonija Borovnica Borovni{~ica Poto~nik Jo`e Podnanos Mo~ilnik Ilijev Zlata Jesenice Sava Dolinka Poto~nik Nata{a ^rna Me`a Ive Anton Preska Tr`i{ka Bistrica Potokar Janez Litija Sava Jani~ Karel (Drago) Nuskova Ledava Potrebuje{ Ivan Petrina Kolpa Jereb Matev` @iri Poljanska Sora Pu{avec Luka Ovsi{e Lipnica Jev{evar Slavko [kale Lepena Rov{~ek Edvin Ba~a pri Modreju Ba~a Jurgli~ Jasna Ro`ni Vrh Ro`enbergar Vojko Kranj Jurko{ek Romana Veliko [irje Savinja Sadar Fan~i Kamni{ka Bistrica Kac Jo`e Stari trg Suhadolnica Samec Oton Pol`e Hudinja Kali~ Matja` Oti{ki Vrh Me`a Seklji~ Edvard Pesje Lepena Kali~ Matja` Oti{ki Vrh Simon~i~ Franc Celje Savinja Kap{ Stanko Pre~na Pre~na Skubic Anica Mieni{ka vas Rade{~a Karni~nik Elizabeta Ruta Radoljna Slavinec Angela [kale Sopota Kelenc Karolina Go~ova Pesnica Stegel Vida Mali Otok Nano{~ica Kelenc Katja Borl Drava Strni{a Jure @ebnik Sopota Kelenc Matej Ranca Pesnica [afari~ Viktor Petanjci Mura Ker~mar Geza Hodo{ Velika Krka [epec Terezija Rakovec Sotla Kern Janez P{ata P{ata [estan Boris Trp~ane Reka Klemen Slanc Marija Razori [ujica [estan Boris Trnovo Reka Knafelj Jo`ica Podhom Radovna [estan Boris Cerkvenikov mlin Reka Knap Vesna Muta I Bistrica [estan Boris Ilirska Bistrica Bistrica Koblar Alojzija @elezniki Sel{ka Sora [etina Marija Sveti Janez Sava Bohinjka Ko~evar Franc Gradac [etina Marija Sveti Duh Bohinjsko jezero Komac Zdravko Kr{ovec So~a [etina Marija Stara Fu`ina Mostnica Koro{ec Matilda Makole Dravinja [koflek Biserka Velenje Paka Ko{ir Luka Sodra`ica Bistrica [krbec Simon Branik Branica

ARSO 13 HIDROLO[KI LETOPIS SLOVENIJE 2006 THE 2006 HYDROLOGICAL YEARBOOK OF SLOVENIA

Opazovalec Vodomerna postaja Reka, jezero Opazovalec Vodomerna postaja Reka, jezero Observer Gauging station River, lake Observer Gauging station River, lake [orn Stanislav Vir Ra~a Vodi{ek Ivanka Vodi{ko Gra~nica [orn Stanislav Podre~je Ra~a Vodopivec Jo`e Dornberk Vipava [tancer Drago ^rnolica Vodovnik Vlado Letu{ Savinja [tibelj Ton~ka Ve{ter Sel{ka Sora Vo{njak Martin Dolenja vas [turm Albin Kobarid So~a Vugrinec [tefanija Videm Dravinja [turm Albin Robi~ Nadi`a Zagorc Cveto Nazarje Savinja [varc Janko Dvor Grada{~ica Zajc Anton Podbukovje Krka Tivold Marija Martjanci Martjanski potok Zalokar Marjan Vir Kamni{ka Bistrica Tominec Franc Medvode Sora Zalokar Marjan Dom`ale Mlin{~ica Kanal Trauner Julijus Celje Voglajna Zalo`nik Zvonko Kokra Kokra Triller Marjeta Zminec Poljanska Sora Zavr`en Viola Mla~evo Grosupelj{~ica Trojok Evgen ^entiba Ledava @agar Bojan Log ^ezso{ki So~a Tr{inar Milka Martinja vas Mirna @agar Bojan @aga U~ja Trunkelj Fran~i{ka Trebnja Gorica Vi{njica @akelj Janez Vrhnika Ljubljanica Ver~nik Jo`ef Zre~e Dravinja @akelj Janez Verd Lubija Vidic Ana Blejski Most Sava Dolinka @vab Slobodanka Bohinjska Bistrica Bistrica

Opazovalec Postaja za podzemne vode Opazovalec Postaja za podzemne vode Observer Groundwater observation station Observer Groundwater observation station Arta~ Jo`e Brezovica Mesari~ Feliks Bakovci Artenjak Stanko Spodnja Hajdina Mulec Eda @epovci Berani~ Ivan Zg. Jablane Ou~ek Franc Rankovci Berani~ Slava Brun{vik Pe~nik Franc Spodnji Stari Grad Bizjak Ivan Gotovlje Pinter Ervin Nem~avci Bone Branko Vipavski Kri` Ple{ko Jo`e Kozarje Cvetko Bo`idar Stanko Trgovi{~e Plo{injak Franc Stojnci Cvikl Anton Zg. Gru{ovlje Rat Alojz Letu{ ^ih Elizabeta Gornji Lako{ Repnik Anica Zg. Jar{e in Menge{ Drobni~ Fran~i{ka Malence Repnik Anton Pari`lje Erjavec Franc Lipovci Rodo{ek Du{an Veliki Podlog Filipi~ Igor Klju~arovci Rojc Cvetka Vol~ja Draga Fi{er Ana Zgornja Gorica Simon~i~ Ivan Gorica Galun Janez Kungota Simoni~ Rajko Dornava Jarkovi~ Fran~i{ka Drama Slapnik Milena Podgorje Jenko Marta Meja Stamni~ar Dejan Ve{~ica Jerebic Franc Brezovica Stropnik Marko Medlog Ka~ Toma{i~ Irena Arja vas [avri~ Daniela Buko{ek Kau~i~ Anton Plitvica [kraban Avgu{tin Krog Kmecl Leopold [kofja vas Tement Lidija Sobetinci Kolo{a Elizabeta Radmo`anci Toma`in Marija Gmajna Kova~ Marija Sinja Gorica Tonja Helena Sveti Duh Kregar Marija Dolenja vas Toplak Jo`e Renkovci Krpan Adrijan Ajdov{~ina Vil~nik Avgust Ptuj Kru{ec Ivana Segovci Vintar Nada Kalce-Naklo Kuhar Matilda Cerklje Weingerl Jo`e Mali Segovci Lepej Darinka Star{e Zadobov{ek Rudolf Trnava Mali Viljem [empeter Zevnik Marija Celje Medve{ek Jo`ica Hrva{ki Brod @ibrek Jelena Zgornje Krapje Merljak Luka Ren~e

14 ARSO HIDROLO[KI LETOPIS SLOVENIJE 2006 THE 2006 HYDROLOGICAL YEARBOOK OF SLOVENIA

Podatkovna zbirka rezultatov Database of discharge meritev pretoka kot orodje measurement results as a tool za podporo odlo~anju for decision-making support Barbara Cankar, mag. Roman Tr~ek, Jure Jerov{ek Barbara Cankar, Roman Tr~ek, MSc, Jure Jerov{ek

Na Agenciji RS za okolje (ARSO) v okviru hidrolo{- As part of hydrological monitoring, the Environmental kega monitoringa tedensko izvajamo hidrometri~ne Agency of the Republic of Slovenia (ARSO) carries out meritve s tremi razli~nimi metodami. Podatke zbira- hydrometric measurements with three different meth- mo v lo~enih zbirkah, za so~asni pregled vseh meritev ods on a weekly basis. Data are collected in separate pa do zdaj nismo imeli na voljo pravega programske- databases, but so far no appropriate software has been ga orodja. Leta 2006 smo za~eli razvijati in uporabljati available for simultaneous review of all measurements. program Hidrolog, ki naj bi z naslednjo razvojno stop- In 2006, we began developing and using the Hydrologist njo omogo~al tudi te mo`nosti. @e na za~etku upora- programme, which should also provide this possibili- be novih instrumentov v letu 2003 se je pojavila `elja ty in the next development stage.When the new instru- po oblikovanju zbirke, ki bi omogo~ala kontrolo kako- ments started to be used in 2003, the need occurred vosti opravljenih meritev, pregled nad spreminjanjem to create a database that would enable quality control pre~nih prerezov in vpogled v glavne parametre posa- of the performed measurements, a review of the chang- mezne meritve. Oblikovana je bila zbirka z imenom ing of cross-sections and an insight into the main param- HidFlow, ki je sprva delovala na Accessovi nato pa na eters of individual measurements. A database called Oraclovi podatkovni zbirki. Kot nadgradnja se je vzpo- HidFlow was created, which first operated on the Access stavila potreba po oblikovanju aplikacije, katere glavni database and then on the Oracle database. The data- namen bi bil pomo~ pri organizaciji tedenskega razpore- base gradually needed to be upgraded by creating an janja ekip na terenu. Za orodje smo uporabili program application, the main purpose of which was to support ArcGIS, ki je zelo primeren za prostorsko predstavi- the decisions-making process of weekly allocations of tev podatkov in nam omogo~a hiter pregled informa- teams on the site.The tool we used was ArcGIS, which cij na eni postaji in na vseh skupaj. is most appropriate for spatial presentation of data and provides us with a quick information review at one sta- tion and all stations together. Oblikovanje aplikacije HidFlow Na Oddelku za hidrologijo povr{inskih voda danes Creation of HidFlow application izvajamo meritve s tremi metodami: s hidrometri~nim krilom (HK), s to~kovnim ultrazvo~nim merilnikom Today,the Hydrology of Surface Water Section uses three FlowTracker (FT) in z akusti~nim Dopplerjevim meril- measurement methods: measurement with a current nikom pretokov – profilatorjem (ADMP) (slika 1). meter, the Flow Tracker ultrasonic velocimeter (FT) and

Slika 1: Merilniki hitrosti (od leve proti desni): hidrometri~no krilo (HK), to~kovni ultrazvo~ni merilnik FlowTracker (FT), akusti~ni Dopplerjev merilnik pretokov (ADMP). Figure 1: Velocimeters (left to right): current meter, Flow Tracker ultrasonic velocimeter (FT), acoustic current Doppler profiler (ADCP).

ARSO 15 HIDROLO[KI LETOPIS SLOVENIJE 2006 THE 2006 HYDROLOGICAL YEARBOOK OF SLOVENIA

Slika 2: Tabelari~ni prikaz meritev v programu HidFlow. Figure 2: Tabular presentation of measurements in programme HidFlow.

Podatki o meritvah, narejenih s hidrometri~nim kri- the acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) (see Figu- lom, se zbirajo v zbirki hidrolo{kih podatkov (BHP), re 1). kjer so predstavljeni besedilno, sistem pa je datote~no Data from measurements performed with the cur- urejen. Ob za~etku uporabe ADMP v letu 2003 se je rent meter are collected in the hydrology database (BHP), oblikovala aplikacija HidFlow, ki je slu`ila za kontro- where they are presented in textual form, while the sys- lo in pregledovanje meritev in je temeljila na Acces- tem is edited in files. When ADMP started to be used sovi zbirki. Septembra leta 2005 se je za~el uporabljati in 2003, the HidFlow application was developed; it nov ultrazvo~ni merilnik (FT) in program smo mora- served for measurement control and review and was li prilagoditi vnosu novih meritev. based on the Access database. In September 2005, the Vnos meritev v zbirko, zgrajeno na Oraclu, poteka new ultrasonic velocimeter (FT) started to be used and z aplikacijo HidFlow.Vnos opravi vsak merilec sam. Ob the program had to be adapted to the entry of new vstopu v program so meritve s karakteristi~nimi podat- measurements. ki prikazane tabelari~no. Na voljo imamo mo`nost selek- Entry of data into the Oracle database is carried out cije meritev po ~asovnem obdobju in po identifikacijskih using the HidFlow application. Each velocimeter {tevilkah vodomernih postaj ({ifra postaje). Vklju~en makes its own entries. When the program is entered, je {tevec izbora meritev. Razvrstitev v preglednici lah- measurements with characteristic data are presented in ko poteka po {ifri postaje, po datumu in po zapored- tables. Measurements can be selected by time periods ni {tevilki vnesene meritve v program. Oblikujemo and by the identification numbers of gauging stations lahko izpis poljubnega izbora meritev ali vseh meritev (the station code). A counter of the selected measure- hkrati. Mogo~a sta dva izpisa, in sicer izpis v Excelo- ment is activated. Classification in the table can be made vo preglednico, kjer so podatki pripravljeni za nadalj- by station codes, date and order number of the meas- njo uporabo pri oblikovanju preto~nih krivulj, in urement entered in the programme. A listing of any besedilni izpis meritev v obliki poro~ila (slika 2). measurement selection or all measurements at the same S klikom na `eleno meritev si le-to lahko natan~- time can be created.Two types of listings can be made: neje pogledamo v novem pogledu, ki je prikazan na sli- a listing in an Excel table, where the data are prepared ki 3. Za vsako vodomerno postajo se izri{ejo pre~ni for further use to produce rating curves, and a text list- prerezi na ustrezni nadmorski vi{ini, s ~imer lahko sle- ing of measurements in the form of a report (see Figu- dimo spremembam oblike struge. Spet imamo mo`nost re 2). izbora meritev po {ifrah in ~asovnem obdobju. Za posa- By clicking the required measurement, this can be mezno meritev se izpi{ejo karakteristi~ni podatki reviewed in detail in the new outlook shown in Figu- o meritvi, to so {ifra meritve, datum in ~as merjenja, re 3. For each hydrometric station, cross-sections are metoda merjenja, lokacija merjenja, za~etni in kon~ni drawn at the relevant height above sea level, which

16 ARSO HIDROLO[KI LETOPIS SLOVENIJE 2006 THE 2006 HYDROLOGICAL YEARBOOK OF SLOVENIA

Slika 3: Natan~nej{i pregled meritev na izbrani vodomerni postaji s programom HidFlow. Figure 3: Detailed review of measurements at a selected hydrometric station with the HidFlow program. vodostaji, izmerjeni pretok in srednje hitrosti ter osnov- enables us to follow the modifications of the riverbed. ne statistike meritve. Omogo~eno je tudi popravljanje Again, the possibility exists to select a measurement nekaterih parametrov in vpis komentarja. by code and by time period. For every single meas- K vsaki vodomerni postaji so pripete karakteristi~- urement, the characteristic measurement data are list- ne slike postaje, pre~nega prereza in opreme na tej posta- ed i.e. measurement code, date and time of measurement, ji. Do njih dostopamo s klikom na gumb Slike. S klikom measurement method, location of measurement, initial na gumb Lokacija se izri{e lega vodomerne postaje na and final water levels, measured discharge, mean veloc- zemljevidu Slovenije. ity and basic measurement statistics. Corrections of

ARSO 17 HIDROLO[KI LETOPIS SLOVENIJE 2006 THE 2006 HYDROLOGICAL YEARBOOK OF SLOVENIA

Uporaba podatkovne zbirke kot pomo~ some parameters and entries of comments can also be pri izdelavi delovnega na~rta made. For each hydrometric station, characteristic photos @e v preteklosti se je pojavila potreba po orodju, s ka- of the station, cross-section and equipment at the sta- terim bi si pomagali pri na~rtovanju tedenskega razpore- tion are attached. They are accessible by clicking the janja ekip na terenu. Na~rt meritev se oblikuje glede na Pictures button. By clicking the Location button, the letni program meritev z upo{tevanjem izrednih meteo- position of the hydrometric station is drawn on a map rolo{kih razmer (visoke vode, su{a) in na~rt monitorin- of Slovenia. ga izvirov ter monitoringa suspendiranega materiala. Do nedavnega se je za la`jo organizacijo ekip uporab- ljalo orodje ArcView, v katerem je bila izdelana pregled- Use of database to support nica s podatki o datumu opravljene meritve in uporabljeni work plan preparation metodi. Meritve so se v preglednico vna{ale ro~no, obi- ~ajno enkrat tedensko. Predvsem zaradi `elje po ~im In the past, the need was expressed for a tool to help ve~ji avtomatizaciji postopkov postprocesiranja podat- us plan weekly allocations of teams on site.The meas- kov smo se odlo~ili, da posodobimo aplikacijo v pro- urement plan is drawn up with regard to the annual gramu ArcGIS, ki je nadgradnja programa ArcView. measurement programme, taking into consideration Zbirko, ki je bila zgrajena v Accessovem programu in jo extreme meteorological conditions (high waters, drought) je uporabljal program HidFlow, smo pretvorili v Oraclo- and with regard to the plan for spring monitoring and vo zbirko in jo prenesli na stre`nik. S tem smo omo- suspended material monitoring. Until recently, the go~ili delovanje obeh aplikacij – aplikacije HidFlow in ArcView tool was used for easier organisation of team aplikacije Hidrometri~ne meritve v programu ArcGIS work, as it enabled the drawing up of tables with data na isti zbirki. Prednost delovanja zbirke na stre`niku on the dates of the performed measurements and the in uporaba orodja ArcGIS je tudi v tem, da omogo~a methods used.The measurements were entered man- interaktivno upravljanje podatkov ve~ uporabnikom ually, usually once a week. In order to provide the high- hkrati. Ko so podatki vneseni z aplikacijo HidFlow est level of automation of post-processing procedures v zbirko, se avtomatsko osve`ijo tudi v aplikaciji Hidro- for data, we decided to update the application in the metri~ne meritve. A`urnost aplikacije je s tem zago- ArcGIS programme, which is the upgraded version of tovljena. ArcView.The database built in the Access programme

Slika 4: Delovno okolje v orodju ArcGIS. Na sliki so poudarjene tiste vodomerne postaje, na katerih so bile opravljene meritve v oktobru leta 2006. Figure 4: Working environment in ArcGIS tool. The figure points to those hydrometric stations at which measurements were made in October 2006.

18 ARSO HIDROLO[KI LETOPIS SLOVENIJE 2006 THE 2006 HYDROLOGICAL YEARBOOK OF SLOVENIA

Slika 5: Razli~ni prikazi podatkov, ki so pomembni pri nadaljnjem odlo~anju. Figure 5: Presentations of various data important for further decision-making.

Aplikacija Hidrometri~ne meritve nam omogo~a and used by the HidFlow program has been convert- prostorski pregled podatkov in njihovih parametrov, ed into an Oracle database and transferred to the serv- izdelavo poizvedb po najrazli~nej{ih atributih ter pred- er. In this way, the operation of both applications – stavitev osnovnih statisti~nih obdelav. HidFlow application and the Hydrometric measure- Konkretno lahko z ozna~evanjem, kakor je prika- ments application in the ArcGIS program – has been zano na zgornji sliki (slika 4), povpra{ujemo po meril- made possible in the same database.The advantage of nih mestih, kjer v izbranem ~asovnem obdobju niso bile database operation on the server and the use of the ArcGIS opravljene hidrometri~ne meritve, in so potem v na- tool is that it enables interactive data management to ~rtu meritev naslednjega tedna.V veliko pomo~ so nam several users at the same time. When data is entered razli~ne geografske podloge, ki merilna mesta tudi pro- into the database by way of the HidFlow application, storsko med seboj pove`ejo. Na spodnji sliki (slika 5) si it is automatically updated also in the Hydrometric lahko ogledamo organiziranost podatkov. Hidrometri~- measurements application. In this way, application ne podatke o posameznem merilnem mestu poi{~emo updating is assured. v skupni preglednici z vsemi pripadajo~imi parametri. The Hydrometric measurements application pro- Na sliki so vidni v spodnji preglednici Attributes of Vodo- vides a spatial review of data and their parameters, the merne postaje. Mesta, ozna~ena z modro, so tista, ki drawing up of inquiries by various attributes and the ustrezajo na{i poizvedbi. V konkretnem primeru smo presentation of basic statistical processing. izbrali samo eno merilno mesto z ID 6210. S klikom In concrete terms, by way of marking as shown in na ozna~eno merilno mesto na karti se nam izpi{ejo vse the figure above (Figure 4), queries can be made for meritve, ki so bile na tem mestu opravljene, z vsemi gauging sites in which no hydrometric measurements parametri. Iz meritev lahko oblikujemo grobe preto~ne were made in a selected period; the measurements are krivulje. Postopek izdelave preto~nih krivulj namera- then in the plan for the following week. Geographic vamo v prihodnje avtomatizirati. Krivulja nam namre~ charts, which also connect the gauging sites, have proved slu`i kot pokazatelj kvalitetno opravljene meritve, ob to be of great help.The figure below (Figure 5) shows neujemanjih pa nakazuje na spreminjanje re~ne stru- the organisational structure of data. Hydrometric data ge oziroma neustreznost merilnega mesta. on individual gauging sites can be found in a single table Vse podatke, s katerimi upravljamo, lahko izvozi- that contains all the relevant parameters. In the table mo v obliki, primerni za nadaljnjo obdelavo ali kot kon~- below, the figure shows the attributes of a hydromet- ni produkt v obliki poro~il in kart. Postopki izdelave ric station.The sites designated in blue are those which poro~il in kart so enostavni in zelo prilagodljivi vsakim comply with our query. In this particular case, only one spremembam. Primer izdelave karte, ki prikazuje Mre`o gauging site with ID 6210 was selected. By clicking the

ARSO 19 HIDROLO[KI LETOPIS SLOVENIJE 2006 THE 2006 HYDROLOGICAL YEARBOOK OF SLOVENIA

MRE@A AKTIVNIH VODOMERNIH POSTAJ

Velika Krka • • Kobiljanski• potok

Ku

Mutska Bistrica • ~ ni • • • ca • • • Ledava • • Mura • • Mislinja • • Pesnica [~avnica• • • • • Sava Dolinka Me`a • • Polskava • • Drava • • • • • •• Lo`nica • ••• •Paka • • • • • • Sa • • •• •• vinja • •• ka Bistrica • • • • • Dravinja• i{ • • Sava Bohinjka ` • So • •• • reta • • Tr D • Bolska Mestinj • ~ • • • • a Sel •Kokra • Voglajna a • • • Hudinja • ~ • {ka Sora • •• Ba { • ~a • ~ • • Ra • ica •Idrijca • Sora • P • • • • • {••• Gra Idrija •• • ata • •Sava • ~nica Bistrica • Grada{~ica • • • • Trebu • • •••• • • • I aTe c mi n e { • { Mirna • ~ ~ ica ica •• • Sotla • • Ljubljanica • Koren• •••• • • • • • Radulja • • • • • • • • Vipava• •• • • • • Krka • • • • • • • P Unica ica re •• ~ ~ { • na • • • • •^ Cerkni rmo • Pivka • • • { • nji • ~ •• ica Reka • Rin • ` • Legenda: a • • ^ • abranka Ri • Lahinja `ana • • Vodomerne postaje Kolpa • • Molja • Dragonja • 09.000 18.000 36.000 54.000 72.000 •• • • Kilometrov

Vir: MOP; ARSO, GURS

Slika 6: Prikaz izdelave karte aktivnih vodomernih postaj v Sloveniji. Figure 6: Presentation of drawn-up map of active hydrometric stations in Slovenia

aktivnih vodomernih postaj, na katerih se izvajajo marked site on the map, all measurements that have hidrometri~ne meritve, je prikazan na sliki 6. been made are listed with all the parameters. On the basis of these measurements, approximate rating curves can be produced. In future, the procedure for drawing Informacijske pretvorbe, potrebne rating curves should be automated.The curve serves as za oblikovanje HidFlow in njene zbirke an indicator of the quality of the performed measure- ments, whereas in the case of a mismatch it shows a river- Proces izdelave zbirke za hranjenje meritev z ADMP bed modification or the unsuitability of the gauging site. je obsegal na za~etku prototipno re{itev, ki je temelji- All the managed data can be exported in a form la na Microsoftovi zbirki Access. Le-ta je slu`ila tudi appropriate for further processing or as a final prod- kot razvojno okolje. Potrebna je bila zasnova podatkov- uct in the form of a report or map. The procedures of nega modela, ki je obsegala naslednje preglednice: drawing up reports and maps are simple and easy to • Merilec: preglednica s podatki o izvajalcih hidrome- adjust to any change.An example of drawing up a map tri~nih meritev showing the network of active hydrologic stations where • Kataster: podatki o merilnih mestih – postajah hydrometric measurements are performed is shown in • Meritev: osnovni podatki o meritvi Figure 6. • Profil: podatki meritve (vertikale, hitrosti, pretoki) Po zasnovi podatkovnega modela je sledil program- ski del, sestavljen iz slede~ih modulov: Data conversion needed for creating • modul za pregledovanje in popravljanje HidFlow and its database • modul za polnjenje zbirke podatkov Med presku{anjem prototipne re{itve so se re{eva- At first, the process of setting up a database for the stor- li problemi z videzom same programske re{itve kakor age of measurements made with ADCP was based on tudi s prenosom podatkov v zbirko. Prototipna re{itev a prototype solution around a Microsoft Access database. je prestala preskusno fazo, pri ~emer pa so se pokaza- This database served as the development environment. le nekatere pomanjkljivosti. Najve~ji problem se je poja- A data model concept was required, comprising the fol- vil pri grafi~nem prikazu meritev. lowing tables: V naslednjem koraku je bila narejena aplikacija, ki je • Observer: table with data on performers of hydro- za vir hranjenja podatkov {e vedno uporabljala Micro- metric measurements softovo zbirko Access. V samostojni aplikaciji smo iz- • Register: data on gauging sites – stations bolj{ali grafi~ni pregledovalni vmesnik, izbolj{ali smo • Measurement: basic measurement data mo`nost iskanja podatkov po razli~nih kriterijih in omo- • Profile: measurement data (verticals, velocity, dis- go~ili izvoz podatkov v XLS-obliko. charges)

20 ARSO HIDROLO[KI LETOPIS SLOVENIJE 2006 THE 2006 HYDROLOGICAL YEARBOOK OF SLOVENIA

Zaradi uvedbe novega merilnika FT v hidrometri~- After the data model concept was developed, the ni delovni proces in `elje, da je mogo~e hraniti, pregle- software version was developed from the following dovati in primerjati tudi te podatke, je bila v letu 2006 modules: potrebna dopolnitev in sprememba zbirke podatkov ter • review and correcting module modula za prenos meritev v zbirko podatkov. Modul • database loading module za prenos je bil spremenjen tako, da bi bilo tudi more- During the testing of the prototype solution, prob- bitne dodatne merilnike in njihove programske re{itve lems related to the program solution itself and the trans- mogo~e uvesti v obstoje~o programsko re{itev. fer of data into the database were being solved. The V letu 2006 je bil sistem prenesen na Oraclovo prototype solution passed the testing phase; however, zbirko. some weaknesses were revealed. The biggest problem was the graphical display of the measurement. In the following stage, an application was developed Uporabnost zbirke in aplikacij that still used a Microsoft Access database as the source v prihodnosti of data storage. In the independent application, we improved the graphical browser interface, the possibility Uporaba najsodobnej{e opreme ne dviga zgolj kvalitete of searching data by different criteria and enabled the izmerjenih vrednosti, ampak tudi a`urnost podatkov import of data in XLS form. in omogo~a la`je, hitrej{e in preglednej{e posredovanje Because of the introduction of the new FT velocime- rezultatov ipd. Hkrati se izbolj{uje vedenje o hidrodi- ter into the hydrometric working process, and the wish nami~nih lastnostih merskega mesta, kar je pomemb- to provide for storage, review and comparison of these no pri interpretaciji ustreznosti merskega profila ob data, in 2006, the database and the module for the trans- razli~nih gladinskih stanjih in posledi~no izbiri optimal- fer of measurements in the database needed to be upgrad- ne merske opreme. Po drugi strani se z razvojem opre- ed and modified.The transfer module was modified so me pove~uje koli~ina merjenih parametrov. Da lahko as to allow additional velocimeters and their program prednosti nove opreme ~im bolj izkoristimo, morajo biti solutions be eventually introduced into the existing pro- rezultati ustrezno povzeti in pretvorjeni na enotni nivo gram. za celoten nabor merilnikov. Za vse omenjeno potre- In 2006, the system was transferred to an Oracle bujemo ustrezno podporo programske opreme. database. Nenehen razvoj programske in strojne opreme pogo- jujeta stalne aktivnosti oz. prilagoditve aplikacije na zbir- ki podatkov HidFlow. Poleg prilagajanja novostim bo Applicability of the database razvoj usmerjen v dodelavo (interaktivnih) grafi~nih pri- and applications in the future kazovalnikov in avtomatizacijo najpogostej{ih poizvedb v GIS-aplikaciji Hidrometri~ne meritve. The use of the most advanced equipment not only improves the quality of the measured values but also provides updated data and enables easier, faster and more transparent transmission of results, etc. At the same time, it improves knowledge of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the gauging site, which plays an impor- tant role in the interpretation of the relevance of the measurement profile in different water-level conditions and consequently in the selection of optimal measure- ment equipment. On the other hand, the development of the equipment increases the quantity of measured parameters. In order to take maximum advantage of the new equipment, the results must be appropriately sum- marised and converted to a uniform level for the entire range of gauges. All of the above requires appropriate software support. Continuous software and hardware development requires constant activities and adjustments of the appli- cation to the HidFlow database. In addition to the adjust- ment to novelties, the development will be focused on the upgrading of (interactive) graphical displays and the automation of the most frequent inquiries in the Hydro- metric measurements GIS application.

ARSO 21 HIDROLO[KI LETOPIS SLOVENIJE 2006 THE 2006 HYDROLOGICAL YEARBOOK OF SLOVENIA

Meritve suspendiranega Measurements of suspended materiala z avtomatskim material by automatic sensor merilnikom OBS-3+ OBS-3+ (D & A Instrument Company) (D & A Instrument Company) mag. Florjana Ulaga, Luka Ravnik Florjana Ulaga, MSc, Luka Ravnik

Na ARSO poteka tudi monitoring suspendiranega EARS also carries out the monitoring of suspended materiala. Klasi~en, ro~en na~in odvzema vzorcev za material. Classical and manual sampling to establish the ugotavljanje koli~ine suspendiranih delcev v vodi ni ved- quantities of suspended material in water is not always no primeren, saj je v visokovodnem stanju, ko se sko- appropriate, because in high-water conditions when zi re~ni profil premosti najve~ suspendiranega materiala, most suspended material is transported through the odvzem vzorcev pogosto zelo ote`en.V Uradu za hidro- river, profile sampling is usually difficult.At the Hydro- logijo in stanje okolja je nastala potreba po novem na~i- logy and State of the Environment Office there was nu meritev suspendiranega materiala. a need to use a new method of measuring suspended V letu 2004 smo na vodomerni postaji Suha na Sori material. namestili avtomatski vzor~evalnik podjetja WaterSam, In 2004, an automatic sampler made by the Water- ki vzorce zajema prek ~rpalke v plastenke, kro`no name{- Sam company was placed at the Suha station on the ~ene v spodnjem delu vzor~evalne posode. Na voljo je Sora River, which collects the samples through a pump 24 plastenk. Z uporabo tipkovnice in prikazovalnika lah- in plastic bottles placed in a circle in the lower part of ko vzor~evalnik ro~no nastavljamo (~as vzor~enja, koli- the sampling vessel. There are 24 plastic bottles avail- ~ina vzorca, na~in vzor~enja …). Odvzete vzorce je treba able. By using the keyboard and display, the sampler prepeljati v laboratorij in jih analizirati s filtracijsko can be set manually (sampling time, sample quantity, metodo.Analiza zajema filtracijo vzor~ene vode iz pla- sampling method, etc). The samples must be brought stenke in su{enje filtra. Na koncu se filter stehta. Dobi- to the laboratory for analysis by a filtration method. mo vsebnost suspendiranega materiala v vodi v enotah The analysis covers the filtration of water samples from g/l oziroma mg/m3. the plastic bottle and the drying of the filter.At the end V letu 2006 smo prav tako na vodomerni postaji of the process, the filter is weighed. The concentration Suha na Sori poskusno namestili avtomatski merilnik of suspended material in the water is expressed in g/l OBS-3+ (D & A Instrument).Turbidimeter OBS-3+ je or mg/m3. analogni merilnik, ki deluje na infrarde~em obmo~ju In 2006, an automatic gauge, OBS-3+ (D & A In- (λ = 875 nm) in je namenjen meritvam motnosti. Mot- strument) was also set up for trial operation at the Suha nost (angl. turbidity) vode merimo v enotah NTU (Nep- station on the Sora.The OBS-3+ turbidity sensor is an helometric turbidity units), merilnik OBS-3+ pa je opti~en analogue meter operating in the infrared zone (λ = 875nm) in analizira svetlobo po interakciji z vodo. Merilna meto- and is intended for measuring turbidity.Water turbidity da merilnika OBS-3+ je nefelometri~na, kar pomeni, is measured in NZU units (Nephelometric turbidity units) da meri sipano svetlobo pod kotom 90°. Izhod meril- and turbidity sensor OBS-3+ is an optical sensor, which nika je analogen (0–5 V), empiri~no zvezo med nape- analyses light after interaction with water. The meas- tostnim signalom in NTU pa je treba poiskati na podlagi urement method of OBS-3+ sensor is nephelometric, {tevilnih meritev. Rezultat meritev turbidimetra so torej which means that it measures scattered light at an angle podatki o napetosti in ne o vsebnosti suspendiranega of 90°. The sensor output is analogue (0–5 V), while materiala, kar pomeni, da ga je treba umerjati po ume- the empirical connection between the voltage signal ritvenih krivuljah, ki so osnovane na standardiziranih and NTU is found on the basis of several measurements. vzorcih.Ti so dobljeni z vme{anjem delcev z dolo~eno The results of measurements with the turbidity sen- porazdelitvijo po velikosti. Tako dobimo kontrolirano sor are thus voltage data and not concentrations of sus- suspenzijo. Snov, ki se ponavadi uporablja, je formazin. pended material, which means that it needs to be Umerjanje z uporabo standardiziranih suspenzij je calibrated according to calibration curves based on stan- samo delna re{itev. Vzporedno z merilnikom je treba dardised samples. These are made by mixing particles izvajati tudi ob~asne ro~ne meritve ali meritve z vzor- with a certain distribution by size. In this way, we get ~evalnikom, ki je referen~ni instrument. Iz primerjave a controlled suspension. The substance, which is usu- med napetostnim signalom merilnika OBS-3+ in vseb- ally used, is formazin. Calibration by using standard- nostjo suspendiranega materiala, izmerjeno iz vzorcev, ised suspensions is only a partial solution. In parallel odvzetih z avtomatskim vzor~evalnikom, naj bi teore- with the measurement by the sensor, periodic manu- ti~no dobili empiri~no relacijo med obema parametro- al measurements or measurements with a sampler serv- ma. S tem bi presko~ili vmesno pretvorbo iz napetosti ing as a reference instrument need to be made. The

22 ARSO HIDROLO[KI LETOPIS SLOVENIJE 2006 THE 2006 HYDROLOGICAL YEARBOOK OF SLOVENIA

Turbidimeter OBS 3+; D & A Instrument (foto: Florjana Ulaga) Merilnik OBS-3+ po kon~anih meritvah (foto: Luka Ravnik) OBS 3+ sensor; D & A Instrument (photo: Florjana Ulaga) OBS-3+ sensor after measurements (photo: Luka Ravnik) v motnost. Odnos med motnostjo in vsebnostjo sus- comparison between the voltage signal of OBS-3+ and pendiranega materiala je odvisen od mnogih parame- the concentration of suspended material measured from trov, med drugim tudi od velikosti, sestave in barve the samples taken by the automatic sampler should the- delcev. Na Sori smo rezultate meritev turbidimetra pri- oretically provide an empirical correlation between the merjali z laboratorijskimi analizami vzorcev, odvzetih two parameters. In this way, the intermediate conver- z avtomatskim vzor~evalnikom. sion from voltage into turbidity can be skipped. The

Lokacija merilnika OBS-3+ na vodomerni postaji Suha na Sori (foto: Luka Ravnik). Location of OBS-3+ sensor at Suha gauging station on the Sora River (photo: Luka Ravnik).

ARSO 23 HIDROLO[KI LETOPIS SLOVENIJE 2006 THE 2006 HYDROLOGICAL YEARBOOK OF SLOVENIA

Pri testiranju merilnika OBS-3+ smo sodelovali s Ka- relationship between turbidity and concentration of sus- tedro za splo{no hidrotehniko Fakultete za gradbeni{- pended material depends on many parameters, among tvo in geodezijo. OBS-3+, ki ga je imel na voljo prof. others also on the size, structure and colour of the par- Matja` Miko{ in njegova skupina, na pore~ju Sore {e ticles.The results of measurements carried out with the ni bil preizku{en. Merilnik je meril motnost vode na turbidity sensor on the Sora were compared to the lab- 15 minut in je bil priklju~en na podatkovni zapisovalnik oratory analyses of samples taken by the automatic Unidata, ki nam ga je v ta namen prav tako posodila sampler. fakulteta. Merilnik OBS-3+ je bil name{~en na kovin- During the testing of the OBS-3+ sensor, we worked sko roko, pribli`no 3 m gorvodno od merilnega mesta with the Chair of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering avtomatskega vzor~evalnika, s katerim je potekal reden of the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy at the odvzem vzorcev. So~asne meritve, ki smo jih ustrezno University of Ljubljana.The OBS-3 sensor that we receiv- nadzorovali, so potekale od junija do oktobra. ed from Professor Matja` Miku{ and his team had not Merjene koli~ine, ki smo jih ob meritvah analizira- yet been tested in the Sora catchment area. The sen- li, so bile: sor measured water turbidity every 15 minutes and was • napetost, izmerjena z merilnikom OBS-3+ (mV), connected to the Unidata data recorder, which was also • vsebnost suspendiranega materiala, dobljena z od- borrowed from the faculty for that purpose.The OBS-3+ vzemom z avtomatskim vzor~evalnikom in filtrira- sensor was placed on a metal stand, approximately 3 m njem ter tehtanjem v kemijskem laboratoriju (mg/m3). upstream from the gauging site of the automatic sam- Primerjava rezultatov meritev je pokazala, da je zelo pler which performed the regular sampling. Parallel pomembna lokacija turbidimetra, ki je v obdobjih brez measurements, controlled appropriately, were carried padavin dajal zelo visoke vrednosti.Vzrok za to je lah- out from June to October. ko zablatenje merilnika, razli~ne ovire (vejevje in list- The measured quantities analysed after the meas- je) ali celo vodne `ivali. urements, were the following: Iz primerjave med napetostnim signalom in vseb- • voltage measured by OBS-3+ sensor (mV) nostjo suspendiranega materiala naj bi dobili empiri~- • concentration of suspended material received by sam- no relacijo med obema. Iz slike 7 je razvidno, da relacija pling with an automatic sampler and filtration and ni preprosta. Zaradi izvajanja meritev na terenu je v sig- weighing in a chemical laboratory (mg/m3). nalih veliko motenj, za katere pogosto ne poznamo The comparison of measurement results showed vzroka. Primer je mo~no pove~an signal 17. 7. 2006. Po that the location of the turbidity sensor was very impor- preverjanju vremenske situacije smo ugotovili, da tant, because, in periods without rain, the measurement v tem obdobju ni bilo padavin, ki bi na na{i testni loka- values were very high.The reason may be biological foul- ciji povzro~ile pove~anje motnosti vode. Signal podob- ing of the sensor, various obstacles (branches, foliage) ne amplitude se je pojavil tudi med 20. 8. in 7. 9. 2006. or even water animals.

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Slika 7: Potek napetostnega izhoda na merilniku OBS-3+ in vsebnost suspendiranega materiala referen~nih vzorcev. Figure 7: Voltage output on OBS-3+ sensor and concentration of suspended material from referential samples.

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Slika 8: Zadnje padavinsko obdobje, ko se je potek napetostnega izhoda merilnika OBS3+ najbolj ujemal z rezultati labo- ratorijskih analiz vzorcev, odvzetih z avtomatskim vzor~evalnikom. Figure 8: The last rainy period, when the values of the OBS-3+ sensor voltage output best complied with the results of laboratory analyses of samples taken by the automatic sampler

V zadnjem tednu avgusta je sicer bilo nekaj padavin, The comparison between the voltage signal and the a vsekakor premalo, da bi povzro~ile tako mo~an odziv concentration of suspended material should produce merilnika. Sklepamo, da sta ta dva signala povzro~ena an empirical correlation between both. Figure 7 proves umetno in nista posledica pove~ane motnosti vode.To that the correlation is not simple.As measurements are lahko zagotovo trdimo, ko primerjamo amplitudi in obli- carried out on the site, many signal disturbances occur, ki omenjenih dveh signalov s potekom signalov v obeh the reasons for which are often unknown. An exam- de`evnih obdobjih, ko je oblika signalov bolj naravna – ple was the signal intensity increase on 17 July 2006. signala po~asneje nara{~ata in dose`eta amplitudo, ki je After checking the weather situation, we established dale~ od prej omenjenih umetno povzro~enih signalov. that there was no precipitation in that period which Relacija, ki naj bi obstajala med napetostnim izho- could have caused increased water turbidity. A signal dom in vsebnostjo suspendiranega materiala, iz na{ih with similar amplitude also appeared between 20 August podatkov ni lepo razvidna. Najbolj{e ujemanje smo izme- and 7 September 2006. In the last week of August, there rili v de`evnem obdobja v septembru. was some precipitation, but far too little to cause such Testiranje turbidimetra OBS-3+ je z vidika moni- a strong response of the sensor.We assume that the two toringa suspendiranega materiala izkazalo le delno pri- signals were caused artificially and were not the result mernost merilnika. Poglavitne pomanjkljivosti so: of increased water turbidity.This can be concluded for • prepogosto umerjanje merilnika, certain when the amplitudes and forms of these two • hitro zablatenje senzorja in ote`eno ~i{~enje v ob- signals are compared to the intensity of the signal in dobju vi{jega vodostaja, both rainy periods, when the form of the signals was • preob~utljivost na umetne vplive navideznega pove- more natural – the signal intensities increase more slow- ~evanja vsebnosti suspendiranega materiala v ~asu ly and achieve amplitudes that are far from the artifi- nizkih voda, cially caused signal amplitudes. • problem prenosa podatkov (vodomerna postaja mora The correlation that should exist between voltage biti ustrezno opremljena). output and the concentration of suspended material Prednosti, ki smo jih zabele`ili ob namestitvi meril- is not clearly evident from our data.The measurements nika na vodomerni postaji Suha na Sori: complied best in the rainy period in September. • stalno bele`enje vsebnosti snovi v vodi, From the aspect of monitoring the concentrations • izvajanje meritev tudi v ekstremnih hidrolo{kih raz- of suspended material, the testing of the OBS-3+ tur- merah, ko so klasi~ne meritve ote`ene, bidity sensor proved that the sensor was only partial- • neodvisnost od terenskih ekip izvajanja monitorin- ly suitable. The main disadvantages are: ga ali od opazovalcev, • over-frequent calibration of the sensor,

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• nova informacija, ki jo dobimo na ta na~in, je veli- • quick biological fouling of the sensor and difficulty ko gostej{i niz podatkov, ki nam lahko pove nekaj of cleaning in high water-level conditions; o dinamiki suspendiranega materiala v kraj{em ~asov- • extreme sensitivity to artificial influences of virtu- nem nizu. al increase in concentrations of suspended material Na Sektorju za analize in prognoze povr{inskih voda in low-water conditions, ugotavljamo, da je merilnik OBS-3+ ustrezen »premo- • data transfer problems (the gauging station must be stitveni« instrument, s katerim la`je ocenjujemo dina- appropriately equipped). miko vsebnosti suspendiranega materiala v vodi. Zato Advantages noticed during the time the sensor was lahko OBS-3+ uporabljamo kot: located at the gauging station Suha on the Sora: • spremljevalni merilnik na postaji, kjer je predvide- • constant recording of concentration of materials in no natan~nej{e spremljanje omenjene veli~ine, the water, • merilnik za izvajanje profilnih meritev suspendira- • performance of measurements in extreme hydro- nih snovi, logical conditions, when classical measurements are • dopolnilni merilnik morebitne nadgradnje akusti~- difficult; nega Dopplerjevega merilnika pretokov z modulom • independence of teams carrying out measurements Sediwiev (DRL Instruments). and observers on the site, Na Sori je bila 7. junija izvedena tudi polnoprofilna • new information received in this way results in much meritev vsebnosti suspendiranega materiala. Rezultati more frequent series of data which can tell us some- meritve so predstavljeni v prispevku v I. delu publika- thing of the dynamics of suspended material in a short- cije. er time series. The Surface Waters Analysis and Forecast Division has established that OBS-3+ sensor is a relevant »bridg- ing« instrument which makes evaluation of the dynam- ics of suspended material concentration in the water easier. Therefore, OBS-3+ may be used as: • an accompanying sensor at a station where more de- tailed monitoring of the above-stated quantities is planned; • a meter for the performance of profile measurements of suspended material; • a supplementary meter of eventual upgrading of the acoustic Doppler current profiler with the Sediwiev module (DRL instruments). On the Sora, a cross-section measurement of sus- pended material concentration was also carried out on 7 June 2006. The measurement results are presented in the article in Part I of the publication.

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