DOCSLIB.ORG

The Relationship Between Karen Horney's Interpersonal Trends and the Nine Enneagram Types

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Relationship Between Karen Horney's Interpersonal Trends and the Nine Enneagram Types View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Unisa Institutional Repository MOVING TOWARDS, AGAINST AND AWAY FROM PEOPLE: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KAREN HORNEY'S INTERPERSONAL TRENDS AND THE ENNEAGRAM by Raymond William Nettmann submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the subject PSYCHOLOGY at the University of South Africa SUPERVISOR: Prof. Vasi van Deventer June 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration ..................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... vi Abstract ........................................................................................................................ vii List of Tables .............................................................................................................. viii List of Figures ............................................................................................................. viii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 Statement of the problem ..................................................................................... 2 Research approach ............................................................................................... 4 Significance of the study ...................................................................................... 4 Scope of the study ................................................................................................ 5 Overview of the chapters ..................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER TWO: A THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE ............................................... 7 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 7 The Enneagram symbol ........................................................................................ 7 The three laws..............................................................................................8 The passions ....................................................................................................... 10 The nine Enneagram types ........................................................................12 Karen Horney ..................................................................................................... 18 Moving against people ..............................................................................19 Moving toward people ...............................................................................19 Moving away from people .........................................................................19 i Neurotic needs ...........................................................................................20 Karen Horney meets the Enneagram .................................................................. 21 Don Riso and Russ Hudson .......................................................................21 Jerome Wagner ..........................................................................................24 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER THREE: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................... 32 Through the lens of Karen Horney's interpersonal trends .................................. 32 Measures to validate Enneagram type ................................................................ 32 Studies of construct validity ............................................................................... 37 The Enneagram explores human phenomena .................................................... 47 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY................................................. 56 Hypotheses ......................................................................................................... 56 Research Design ................................................................................................. 57 Population .......................................................................................................... 57 Sampling ............................................................................................................ 58 Sampling method .......................................................................................58 Sampling procedure ...................................................................................58 Sample bias ................................................................................................59 Research instrument ........................................................................................... 60 The Test of Object Relations (TOR) .........................................................60 Horney-Coolidge Tridimensional Indicator (HCTI) .................................63 Method of data analysis ..................................................................................... 64 Screening and cleaning the data. ...............................................................65 Preliminary assumption testing .................................................................65 ii Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER FIVE: RESULTS ...................................................................................... 69 Sample characteristics ...............................................................................69 Frequencies ........................................................................................................ 70 TOR Frequencies .......................................................................................72 HCTI Frequencies .....................................................................................72 Independence of categories .......................................................................73 Gender and Enneagram type .....................................................................74 Convergent validity of the TOR and HCTI ........................................................ 76 HCTI Compliance .....................................................................................77 HCTI Aggressive .......................................................................................78 HCTI Detached ..........................................................................................78 The Hornevian groups and the HCTI ................................................................. 79 The Hornevian groups and the TOR .................................................................. 82 TOR Narcissism ........................................................................................83 TOR Separation Anxiety ...........................................................................83 TOR Social Isolation .................................................................................84 TOR Symbiotic Merging ...........................................................................84 TOR Egocentricity.....................................................................................85 TOR Fear of Engulfment ...........................................................................85 The nine Enneagram types and the HCTI .......................................................... 85 HCTI Detachment .....................................................................................87 HCTI Aggression.......................................................................................87 HCTI Compliance .....................................................................................88 The nine Enneagram types and the TOR ........................................................... 89 iii TOR Separation Anxiety ...........................................................................91 TOR Narcissism ........................................................................................91 TOR Social Isolation .................................................................................92 TOR Symbiotic Merging ...........................................................................92 TOR Fear of Engulfment ...........................................................................93 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 93 CHAPTER SIX: DISCUSSION .................................................................................. 95 The Moving Toward group (Type 1, 2 and 6: Reformer, Helper, and Loyalist) 95 The Against Group (Type 8, 7 and 3: Challenger, Enthusiast and Achiever) ... 99 The Away Group (Type 4, 5 and 9: Individualist, Investigator and Peacemaker)102 Convergent validity between the TOR and the HCTI ...................................... 105 Limitations ....................................................................................................... 107 Recommendation for future research ............................................................... 110 Conclusion
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Study of the Application of the Concepts of Karen Horney in Leadership Development Within the National Management Association of the Boeing Company
    Pepperdine University Pepperdine Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations 2010 A study of the application of the concepts of Karen Horney in leadership development within the National Management Association of the Boeing company Frank Z. Nunez Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/etd Recommended Citation Nunez, Frank Z., "A study of the application of the concepts of Karen Horney in leadership development within the National Management Association of the Boeing company" (2010). Theses and Dissertations. 90. https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/etd/90 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Pepperdine Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Pepperdine Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Pepperdine University Graduate School of Education and Psychology A STUDY OF THE APPLICATION OF THE CONCEPTS OF KAREN HORNEY IN LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT WITHIN THE NATIONAL MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION OF THE BOEING COMPANY A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in Organizational Change by Frank V. Nunez November, 2010 Susan Nero, Ph.D.– Dissertation Chairperson This dissertation, written by Frank V. Nunez under the guidance of a Faculty Committee and approved by its members, has been submitted to and accepted by the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION Doctoral Committee: Susan Nero, Ph.D., Chairperson Rogelio Martinez, Ed.D. Kent Rhodes, Ph.D. © Copyright by Frank V. Nunez (2010) All Rights Reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • BJAA Working with Difference
    BJAA working with difference Elphis Christopher Response to Anne Zachary’s book “The Anatomy of the Clitoris - Reflections on the Theory of Female Sexuality" I was honoured to be invited to be a discussant of Anne’s book. Anne and I go back a long way, to 1995 when we shared a platform for a BAP conference “A Century of Sex”. She has generously included a part of my presentation in Chapter 5 when discussing her contribution on bisexuality and camp behaviour. Though a slim volume, it is packed with new information and ideas which challenge in the light of new biological information past theoretical understandings of female sexuality. Anne’s wide and deep experience illustrated using her psychoanalytic cases both from private practice and the Portman give it a unique perspective. It is a brave and upfront book and it is difficult to do it justice completely. As I read Anne’s book I reflected on my past experiences as a psychosexual doctor carrying out genital examinations and running psychosexual workshops. Participants at such workshops were invited to give colloquial and often rude words to sex organs e.g. penis: cock, root, for the vagina: fanny, pussy, cunt then the clitoris. This usually produced an embarrassed silence until someone said “The little man in the boat”. An American film made in the 1970s showed a woman with a drink problem having a breakdown. Referring to her sex life she talked of her clit saying “I can’t pronounce it and he (her husband) can’t find it. We were made for each other.” The 1970s also saw the publication of Becoming orgasmic, encouraging women to find their clitoris and self-pleasure.
    [Show full text]
  • The Balance of Personality
    The Balance of Personality The Balance of Personality CHRIS ALLEN PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY The Balance of Personality by Chris Allen is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. The Balance of Personality Copyright © by Chris Allen is licensed under an Attribution NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International, except where otherwise noted. Contents Preface ix Acknowledgements x Front Cover Photo: x Special Thanks to: x Open Educational Resources xi Introduction 1 1. Personality Traits 3 Introduction 3 Facets of Traits (Subtraits) 7 Other Traits Beyond the Five-Factor Model 8 The Person-Situation Debate and Alternatives to the Trait Perspective 10 2. Personality Stability 17 Introduction 18 Defining Different Kinds of Personality Stability 19 The How and Why of Personality Stability and Change: Different Kinds of Interplay Between Individuals 22 and Their Environments Conclusion 25 3. Personality Assessment 30 Introduction 30 Objective Tests 31 Basic Types of Objective Tests 32 Other Ways of Classifying Objective Tests 35 Projective and Implicit Tests 36 Behavioral and Performance Measures 38 Conclusion 39 Vocabulary 39 4. Sigmund Freud, Karen Horney, Nancy Chodorow: Viewpoints on Psychodynamic Theory 43 Introduction 43 Core Assumptions of the Psychodynamic Perspective 45 The Evolution of Psychodynamic Theory 46 Nancy Chodorow’s Psychoanalytic Feminism and the Role of Mothering 55 Quiz 60 5. Carl Jung 63 Carl Jung: Analytic Psychology 63 6. Humanistic and Existential Theory: Frankl, Rogers, and Maslow 78 HUMANISTIC AND EXISTENTIAL THEORY: VIKTOR FRANKL, CARL ROGERS, AND ABRAHAM 78 MASLOW Carl Rogers, Humanistic Psychotherapy 85 Vocabulary and Concepts 94 7.
    [Show full text]
  • NEO-FREUDIANS: Harry Stack-Sullivan (Lecture Series-2)
    1 NEO-FREUDIANS: Harry Stack-Sullivan (Lecture Series-2) B.A. Ist (Honors) (Paper-IVth : Systems in Psychology) By Dr. Masaud Ansari Department of Psychology, A.P.S.M. College, Barauni L. N. M. University, Darbhanga 22nd OCTOBER 2020 2 Neo-Freudian’s view Freud’s writings were controversial, but they soon attracted followers, mostly young, ambitious physicians who formed an inner circle around their strong minded leader. These pioneering psychoanalysts, whom we often call neo- Freudians, accepted Freud’s basic ideas: the personality structures of id, ego, and superego; the importance of the unconscious; the shaping of personality in childhood; and the dynamics of anxiety and the defense mechanisms. But they broke off from Freud in two important ways. First, they placed more emphasis on the conscious mind’s role in interpreting experience and in coping with the environment. And second, they doubted that sex and aggression were all - consuming motivations. Instead, they tended to emphasize loftier motives and social interactions. 3 Neo-Freudian Neo-Freudian referring to modifications, extensions, or revisions of Freud’s original psychoanalytic theory, most commonly to those that emphasize social, cultural and interpersonal elements rather than innate biological instincts such as sexuality and aggressio. Major theorists described as neo-Freudian are 1. Alfred Adler (1870-1937) 2. Karen Horney (1885-1952) 3. Erich Seligmann Fromm (1900-1980) 4. Harry Stack-Sullivan (1892-1943) 5. Erik Homburger Erikson (1902 –1994) 4 Neo-Freudian’s major Disagreements with Freud 1. Socio-cultural factors determine conflicts, not instincts. 2. Infantile sexuality is of little importance compared to socio-cultural factors.
    [Show full text]
  • Karen Horney Vs. Sigmund Freud
    Karen Horney vs. Sigmund Freud: Breaking Barriers in Psychoanalysis for Women as a Woman Cate Boyette Individual Performance Senior Division Process Paper: 492 words Boyette 1 Last summer, I was a volunteer at a coding camp for gifted, disadvantaged elementary school girls. At the camp, we used a book titled Women in Science-- 50 Fearless Pioneers Who ​ Changed the World. After doing National History Day for two years, I knew I wanted to do it ​ again, and I was on the lookout for topics to fit the theme of Breaking Barriers in History. After I read the excerpt on Karen Horney, I immediately knew I wanted to tell her story. The way she challenged Freudian beliefs for having both misogynistic and scientific flaws during a time when promoting such ideas could ruin one’s reputation as a psychoanalyst clearly broke barriers. She also paved the way for women who wanted to pursue psychoanalysis and specialize in adult therapy. Because my topic this year was more academic in nature, my research process differed from previous years. I immediately noticed that primary sources were easier to find, especially medical articles, journals from the time, and the works of Horney and other psychoanalysts. My most useful primary sources were the two books by Horney. I used Feminine Psychology to ​ ​ explain her counter-argument to Freud´s popular theory on the castration complex in women and I used Neurosis and Human Growth to discuss her anti-Freudian beliefs. What was difficult to ​ ​ ​ ​ find were high-quality secondary sources. Since most of my primary sources focused on particular aspects of Horney's life, I tried looking for a biography.
    [Show full text]
  • Alfred Adler, Eric Fromm, Karen Horney and Harry Stack Sullivan)
    Social Psychological Theories UNIT 3 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL of Personality (Alfred Adler, Eric Fromm, Karen Horney and THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Harry Stack Sullivan) (ALFRED ADLER, ERIC FROMM, KAREN HORNEY AND HARRY STACK SULLIVAN) Structure 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Objectives 3.2 Introduction to Social Psychological Theories of Personality 3.3 Theory of Alfred Adler 3.3.1 Childhood 3.3.2 Birth Order 3.3.3 Therapist and Patient 3.4 Theory of Eric Fromm 3.4.1 Ways to Escape Freedom 3.4.2 Preferred Ways to Escape Freedom and the Causes 3.4.3 Human Needs 3.5 Theory of Karen Horney 3.5.1 Patterns of Neurotic Needs 3.5.2 Categories of the Needs 3.5.3 Neurotic Needs 3.6 Theory of Harry Stack Sullivan 3.6.1 Personifications 3.6.2 Modes of Experiencing 3.6.3 Developmental Epochs 3.7 Let Us Sum Up 3.8 Unit End Questions 3.9 Suggested Readings 3.0 INTRODUCTION Theories of personality try to explain the differences in individuals in regard to their behaviours and personality. The psychoanalytical theory of Freud clearly stated that personality development is the result of interaction between the ego, Id and the superego and outside environment or societal demands. The theory also considered personality development as going through different stages and it was stated that once the personality is set around the age of 5 years, the individual will carry that personality through out life. Considering Freud’s theory of personality as being fatalistic and deterministic and not involving environmental factors, some of his students parted company with Freud and put forward their own theory of personality.
    [Show full text]
  • Neo-Freudians Public Fascination with the Concept of Personality and The
    1 Neo-Freudians Public fascination with the concept of personality and the elements which contribute to its development in people has persisted throughout history. In the digital era, this interest in analyzing personality has grown exponentially with the advent of modernized personality testing which in turn has spurred a multibillion-dollar industry. Arguably the most lucrative and famous of these personality tests is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, or MBTI, which has been used in businesses and organizations alike for the purposes of optimizing management and employee efficiency. Most people in the workforce or academic world are likely to have encountered or even taken the MBTI or other personality tests at some point in their lives. I once spent a significant period of time exploring these tests and trying to pin down my personality “type” in an effort to try to know myself better. I took a multitude of different MBTI and other tests, sometimes multiple times over, to try to be as accurate as possible. At the time, I felt the answers I got from these tests were valuable and could help me navigate life in the future in some way. Since then, I’ve come to understand a few serious flaws with these kinds of personality analyses which seriously undermine their validity and usefulness. However, before detailing such specific problems it is first important to have an understanding of where these tests come from and knowledge of the people who influenced their fruition. Much of the foundation for modern personality tests trace back to the work of a group of people collectively known as neo-Freudians, or those who once studied and followed the work of Sigmund Freud and built upon or outright rejected his theories by introducing theories of their own.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of Sullivan's Theory
    Overview of Sullivan's theory “Reading Sullivan is an acquired taste that requires an extremely active and critical engagement with the flow of his ideas”*. Introduction Harry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949) was an American psychiatrist. He was born in upstate New York, into an Irish Catholic home. Sullivan was known primarily for his theory of interpersonal relations. The key figures in this movement were Harry Stack Sullivan, Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, Clara Thompson & Frieda Fromm-Reichmann. Sullivan was strongly influenced by the work of Adolf Meyer. He theorised Personality as to manifest in interpersonal situations through interactions and experiences. Sullivan defined Personality as to be a temporal phenomenon which is shaped by the relationships that are shared with other people. Overview Personality was conceptualised as an energy system with energy existing as a tension between two broad categories of needs (i.e. needs for satisfaction and needs for security) or as energy transformations (i.e. a person’s behaviour that addresses our needs). Balance between needs for satisfaction and needs for security is postulated to be a critical determinant of one’s emotional well-being. Two broad needs are as follows: Needs for satisfaction includes: A wide range of Physical and emotional tensions and desires. Physiological needs such as food or oxygen Necessity for emotional contact with people such as tenderness and intimacy Joyful exercise of capacities and functions such as play & self-expression Infant-mother dyad is required to meet
    [Show full text]
  • Karen Horney's Three Character Styles [Neurotic Styles] As Responses to Early Maternal Deprivation and Unmanageable Rage: Three Illustrative Case Studies Diana Cuello
    Duquesne University Duquesne Scholarship Collection Electronic Theses and Dissertations Summer 2011 Karen Horney's Three Character Styles [Neurotic Styles] as Responses to Early Maternal Deprivation and Unmanageable Rage: Three Illustrative Case Studies Diana Cuello Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/etd Recommended Citation Cuello, D. (2011). Karen Horney's Three Character Styles [Neurotic Styles] as Responses to Early Maternal Deprivation and Unmanageable Rage: Three Illustrative Case Studies (Doctoral dissertation, Duquesne University). Retrieved from https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/446 This Immediate Access is brought to you for free and open access by Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. For more information, please contact [email protected]. KAREN HORNEY'S THREE CHARACTER STYLES [NEUROTIC STYLES] AS RESPONSES TO EARLY MATERNAL DEPRIVATION AND UNMANAGEABLE RAGE: THREE ILLUSTRATIVE CASE STUDIES A Dissertation Submitted to the McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts Duquesne University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Diana Cuello August 2011 Copyright by Diana Cuello 2011 KAREN HORNEY'S THREE CHARACTER STYLES [NEUROTIC STYLES] AS RESPONSES TO EARLY MATERNAL DEPRIVATION AND UNMANAGEABLE RAGE: THREE ILLUSTRATIVE CASE STUDIES By Diana Cuello Approved May 4th 2011 ________________________________ ________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Karen Horney Society About Karen Horney Karen Horney: a Bibliography of Her Writings
    International Karen Horney Society About Karen Horney Karen Horney: A Bibliography of Her Writings Compiled by Bernard J. Paris Although they were not, strictly speaking, written by Karen Horney, I have included eleven pieces that appeared in The American Journal of Psychoanalysis in the 1950s and 1960s under the heading of "Karen Horney on Psychoanalytic Technique" and that were based on the lectures Horney gave on this topic at the American Institute for Psychoanalysis in 1946, 1950, 1951, and 1952. These pieces contain many observations about analytic technique that can be found nowhere else in Horney's writings, and they are often presented in what seem to be her words, as recorded in the notes of those attending her courses. This listing contains approximately thirty previously unpublished essays, lectures, and talks by Horney that I discovered while I was doing research for Karen Horney: A Psychoanalyst's Search for Self-Understanding (Yale, 1994). These items have been included in The Therapeutic Process: Essays and Lectures (Yale, 1999) andThe Unknown Karen Horney: Essays on Gender, Culture, and Psychoanalysis (Yale, 2000) , which I have edited. I have noted the location of these items, and of other pieces collected in these volumes, as part of the bibliographic entries. 1915 Ein kasuistischer Beitrag zur Frage der traumatischen Psychosen [A Case History Contributing to the Question of Traumatic Psychoses]. Doctoral thesis. Berlin: H. Bode. 1917 Die Teknik der psychoanalytischen Therapie. Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft 4. The Technique of Psychoanalytic Therapy. American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 28 (1968): 3-12. Reprinted in The Therapeutic Process, 11-23. 1923 Zur Genese des weiblichen Kastrationskomplexes.
    [Show full text]
  • Contemporary Growth on Or Publication of S Therapies Resources for Actualizing'human Wholeness
    *'' *- * ^ rV Contemporary Growth on or publication of S Therapies Resources for Actualizing'Human Wholeness & personal use only. Citati rums. Nutzung nur für persönliche Zwecke. tten permission of the copyright holder. material prohibited without express wri express without prohibited material Propriety of the Erich Fromm Document Center. For Eigentum des Erich Fromm Dokumentationszent Rechteinhabers. des Erlaubnis der schriftlichen – bedürfen von Teilen – auch Veröffentlichungen Howard Clinebell <s ABINGDON Nashville Q> Clinebell, H. J., 1981: Contemporary growth therapies. Resources for actualizing human wholeness, Nashville (Abdingdon Press) 1981, pp. 64-89. U CONTEMPORARY GROWTH THERAPIES: Resources for Actualizing Human Wholeness Copyright © 1981 by Abingdon All rights reserved. on or publication of No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission of the publisher except brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. For information address Abingdon, Nashville, Tennessee. personal use only. Citati rums. Nutzung nur für persönliche Zwecke. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Tomystudents who, over theyears, have also beenmy teachers. CLINEBELL, HOWARD JOHN, 1922- tten permission of the copyright holder. Contemporary growth therapies. Companion volume to the author's Growth counseling. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Psychotherapy. I. Title. RC480.C55 616.89'14 80-24368 ISBN 0-687-09502-6 Quotations from Carl R. Rogers, On Becoming a Person, copyright © 1961 by Houghton Mifflin Company, are reprintedby permission of Houghton Mifflin, material prohibited without express wri express without prohibited material Propriety of the Erich Fromm Document Center. For Eigentum des Erich Fromm Dokumentationszent Rechteinhabers. des Erlaubnis der schriftlichen – bedürfen von Teilen – auch Veröffentlichungen Boston, and Constable Publishers, London.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Psychotherapy John R
    The Linacre Quarterly Volume 39 | Number 3 Article 6 August 1972 History of Psychotherapy John R. Cavanagh Follow this and additional works at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/lnq Recommended Citation Cavanagh, John R. (1972) "History of Psychotherapy," The Linacre Quarterly: Vol. 39 : No. 3 , Article 6. Available at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/lnq/vol39/iss3/6 an act involving the total human actions. Otherwise we will be HISTORY OF PSYCHOTHERAPY 1 person. It is a human act, as Kass conditioned gradually so as to John R. Cavanagh, M.D. .•• .. ' • has noter , precisely because it ~ n­ eventually forget what is human. ~ ..: gages t''.' people physically and Obviously, too, this is a complex Dr. Cavanagh sets the stage with cc tributions to the ps ~ 1odynam- • • 'i'' spirituall : and not merely ration­ and ongoing process of examina­ a preliminary discussion of various ics of mental disease re mad·· • I ally, as :. , a laboratory procedure. tion and decision. We must not schools of psychotherapy in the before the time of Freud ~ Breuer. .·' ·· With w :ificial insemination we lose the benefits of research out first of a two part "History of Psy­ Prior to that time, the t .ment of have al ady de-humanized the of fear. Mistakes will be made in chotherapy" to be published in the the mentally ill was Jar· v a mat- act invoi i in conceiving a human our decisions. But we will retain Linacre. The second part of the ter of custodial care a ugh nu- and grow in our humanity if we history, an in-Jepth look at the his­ merous studies had be 'lade of being b.
    [Show full text]