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History of Psychotherapy John R The Linacre Quarterly Volume 39 | Number 3 Article 6 August 1972 History of Psychotherapy John R. Cavanagh Follow this and additional works at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/lnq Recommended Citation Cavanagh, John R. (1972) "History of Psychotherapy," The Linacre Quarterly: Vol. 39 : No. 3 , Article 6. Available at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/lnq/vol39/iss3/6 an act involving the total human actions. Otherwise we will be HISTORY OF PSYCHOTHERAPY 1 person. It is a human act, as Kass conditioned gradually so as to John R. Cavanagh, M.D. .•• .. ' • has noter , precisely because it ~ n­ eventually forget what is human. ~ ..: gages t''.' people physically and Obviously, too, this is a complex Dr. Cavanagh sets the stage with cc tributions to the ps ~ 1odynam- • • 'i'' spirituall : and not merely ration­ and ongoing process of examina­ a preliminary discussion of various ics of mental disease re mad·· • I ally, as :. , a laboratory procedure. tion and decision. We must not schools of psychotherapy in the before the time of Freud ~ Breuer. .·' ·· With w :ificial insemination we lose the benefits of research out first of a two part "History of Psy­ Prior to that time, the t .ment of have al ady de-humanized the of fear. Mistakes will be made in chotherapy" to be published in the the mentally ill was Jar· v a mat- act invoi i in conceiving a human our decisions. But we will retain Linacre. The second part of the ter of custodial care a ugh nu- and grow in our humanity if we history, an in-Jepth look at the his­ merous studies had be 'lade of being b. 11 aking it a merely ra­ ·, tional ac. recreation thus becomes look beyond the immediate "good" tory of hypnosis will appear in the hysteria. reproductt a word borrowed to what will allow us to reach November issue. That issue will Breuer from the l H)ratory, but now es­ our full measure of dignity as phys­ also include Dr. Cavanagh's exten­ Modern psychopath >gy may be tablished in our daily usage. ical, rational, and spiritual persons, sive bibliography for th e two parts said to have had its .rigin in the Perhaps, too, medicine, and es­ not reproduced or manufactured, of his article. work on hysteria of Joseph Breuer. t .... .. pecially the area of research, ought but "call ed into being." As such, Breuer, as a result of his studies to reexamine itself in terms of its human procreation is a mystery, This issue of the Linacre Quarter­ with hypnotism, was led to believe ·, . public relations. Perhaps we bear and not a problem. Whereas given ly deals with the morality of psy­ that neurosis had its origin in a ... no small share of the blame in enough money and time, one may chotherapy. As a preliminary to this failure to express the effect of causing a demand for the realization solve virtually any proble m, mys­ discussion, it is important to know past mental trauma. He taught that ' • ..• 1, of even legitimate desires by over­ teries can only be contemplated. something about the various schools the affect had been suppressed but ··:. .. sell ing our wares or distorting our Given the intricacies of the hu­ of psychotherapy. The most popu­ came forth in the form of symp­ : ' ~ true task. For example, the unfor­ man mind, we doubtless possess lar of these schools was that of toms, and tha t the condition could tunate word "cure," and by implica­ the potential for reproducing some­ Freud. As a consequence, more only be relieved by hypnotizing the ... .. ,. \ tion "satisfaction" and "happiness" day, to exact specifications, a human time will be spent on Freud and patient, bringing about a recall of as well, has crept into the language person. But should we? Should we less on the other sc hools. the initial trauma and at the same when we real! y mean "treat." In have even taken the first step? Until Freud developed free as­ time helping him to abreact (work truth, we have no rose gardens to sociation and dream interpretation, oft) the associated emotion. Breu­ REFERENCES promise. his main therapeutic instrument was er's work would have received lit­ I. Kass LR: Making babies: The new Obviously, we must examine biology and the "old" morality. Public In­ hypnosis. Not only did Freud use tle attention except for his associa­ more than the end result of our terest No. 26, pp. 18-56, 1972. hypnosis, but many of his contem­ tion with Freud, whom he had met poraries did also. Although hypnosis in Bruche's laboratory where Freud cannot be considered a school of was studying prior to the comple­ psychiatry, it was so important to tion of his medical degree. all schools that I believe it should Before Freud had gone to Paris be described. For this reason, hyp­ in 1885, Breuer had discussed with nosis will be briefly described in him the case of hysteria in a young this first section of this history and girl whom he had studied by means considered in length in part II in of hypnotism and which had re­ the next issue of the Unacre. vealed to him new concepts as to Although the history of psychia­ the causation and significance of try is full of well-known names hysterical mani festations. This dis­ such as Benjamin Rush, Tuke, cussion marked the beginning of Pinel, Esquirol, Falret, Mesmer, the development of Freud's sys­ Charcot, and others, 1 no notable tem of psychoanalysis.2 150 Linacre Quarterly August, 1972 151 . ,. Freud ' I pillar upon which the edifice of nt urotic manifestations •vere due Sigmund Freud was born of Jew­ psychoanalysis rests." He explained to conflicts between sexual impulses ' ' .• ' ish paren'-; in 185 6 in a small to m this process as follows: A mental ar J resistance to the ace ptance of in what i now Czechoslovakia. At conflict occurs between a particu­ these impulses. The crit sm which the age ol our, he moved to Vienna lar impulse or instinct which craves followed the publicatic of these where he remained until 1938. In satisfaction, and the moral standards findings discouraged B uer, and that yea1 because of the German of the individual. The normal so­ he later withdrew from ollabora­ invasion f Austria, he moved to lution would be reached by con­ tion with Freud, who cc nued his England here he remained until scious deliberation, a decision be­ studies alone. his death 1939. ing reached regarding the satisfac­ Freud's study of the sons for ', In 18' he became a medical tion of the impulse or its repudia­ the repression of sexua led him student in ' University of Vienna. tion. In a neurosis, however, the back to very early chi ;hood, and While th er~ he spent about six patient cannot tolerate the impulse, he concluded that .1rly sexual years working on the histology of refuses it entrance into conscious­ traumata formed the basis of later the nervous system in the laboratory ness and its direct motor discharge, neurotic disturbances. He pub­ / .... ... of Bruche. Due to his neglect of although the impulse retains its lished these findings in 1950 under I ' other phases of his medical studies full energy charge. The repressed the title "Three Contributions to ·, . he did not receive his medical de­ Dr. John R. Cavanagh, a graduate impulse, although unconscious, the Theory of Sex." I ... gree until 1881. In 1886 he mar­ • ·•• 1 ' ofthe Georgetown University School then finds its discharge and substi­ . l . •. ried and entered private practice in Freud's Concepts of Sexuality . of Medicine ('30), is in the pri­ tutive gratification through symp­ ' ... .... Vienna as a specialist in nervous vate practice of psychiatry in Wash­ Since the Freudian concept of ·::::. ',..·. tom formation. ,I diseases. His study of his chosen ington, D. C. For many years, Dr. During the ten year period of sexuality forms such an important specialty was handicapped by the Cavanagh was editor of the Bulletin basis of present psychiatric thought, isolation, Freud continued to devel­ ".\ I I opposition of physicians when he of the National Guild of Catholic op his theories. He developed the particularly his ideas on the oedipal ,·,· •:' attempted to study patients in the Psychiatrists. He is the author of process of free association and situation, it will be given in some hospitals, and he was excluded from Fundamental Psychiatry, Fundamen­ abandoned the use of hypnotism. detail. Freud separated the concept work in many places. As a conse­ tal Pastoral Counseling, and Coun­ He felt that free associations are of sexuality from the close associa­ I 1 , •, quence, he withdrew from academic seling the Invert, among other vol­ I ' , • subject to determinism and are not tion which it had with the genital I life, ceased to attend medical society umes. a matter of choice. He regarded organs. He felt th'at it included "all meetings, and limited himself for The honor of Knight Commander of those merely affectionate and I this method as the "via regia to ,. ten years to the treatment of private of the Order of St. Gregory the the unconscious." He recognized friendly impulses to which usage .. patients with neurotic complaints. Great was bestowed on Dr. Cava­ the phenomena and importance of applied the exceedingly ambigu­ •, During this period, Freud began nagh by Pope Paul VI. transference. In 1900, he published ous word 'love'." He considered to repeat Breuer's studies on his Dr. Cavanagh is a frequent con­ his studies on dreams under the pleasure as the goal of the sexual ... ' . own patients and to confirm and tributor as well as associate editor title, "The Interpretation of function and felt that this func­ amplify this method of therapy which of the Linacre Quarterly.
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