북한인권 평화회의 the 3Rd North Korean · 평화회의 Human Rights and Peace Forum the 3Rd North Koreanthe 3Rd North Human Rights and Peace Forum

제3회

제3회 북한인권 북한인권 평화회의 The 3rd North Korean · 평화회의 Human Rights and Peace Forum The 3rd North KoreanThe 3rd North Human Rights and Peace Forum

제3회 북한인권 2015년 10월 1일 (목) 서울대학교 호암교수회관 목련홀 평화회의 The 3rd North Korean Human Rights and Peace Forum

공동주최

주관

후원

주한미국대사관

목 차

1. 일정표 / 5

2. 참석자 명단 / 11

3. 참석자 약력 / 19

4. 세션 1 : UN 북한인권 조사위원회(CoI) 보고서 권고안의 효과적 이행-UN 인권최고대표사무소(OHCHR)와 국제사회의 역할 / 53 1) 발제: Signe POULSEN, UN 북한인권 서울사무소 소장 2) 토론: 국제사회의 역할 - Mattias CHU 주한 스웨덴 대사관 참사관 - Joon Grane HETLAND, 주한 노르웨이 대사관, 1등서기관 - Philip Kendall, 주한 영국 대사관, 2등 서기관 - Sung CHOI, 주한미국대사관 정치과 외교관 - Yoshihiro Makino, 아사히 신문 서울 특파원 3) 토론: 한국의 역할과 시각 - 이태호, 참여연대 사무처장 - 홍성필, 연세대 법학전문대학원 교수, 유엔인권이사회 자의적구금 실무그룹 의장 - 한동호, 통일연구원 북한인권연구센터장 - 김아영, 외교부 인권사회과 사무관

5. 세션 2 : 국회 ‘북한인권(증진)법안’-주요 쟁점과 의미 / 73 1) 김태훈, 한반도 인권과 통일을 위한 변호사 모임 변호사 2) 한기홍, 북한민주화네트워크 대표 3) 이대근, 경향신문 논설위원 4) 박순성, 동국대 북한학과 교수

6. 참고자료 / 95 1) CoI 보고서 요약본 (국문/영문) 2) CoI 보고서 결론 및 권고사항 정리 (국문/영문) 3) 북한인권(증진)법안(여야 합의안) (국문) 4) 울란바토르 프로세스 보도자료 (국문/영문)

- 3 - Contents

1. Program / 5

2. Participant List / 11

3. Participants’ Biography / 19

4. Session 1 : Effective implementation of the recommendations of the UN Commission of Inquiry (CoI) Report on Human Rights in Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) - OHCHR Seoul Office and Foreign Governments / 53 1) Presenter: Signe POULSEN, Representative, OHCHR Seoul Office 2) Discussion : International Perspectives - Mattias CHU, Deputy Head of Mission, Counsellor (Political Affairs), Embassy of Sweden; - Philip KENDALL, Second Secretary (Political Affairs), Embassy of UK in Seoul - Joon Grane HETLAND, First secretary, Royal Norwegian Embassy in Seoul - Sung CHOI, Political Officer, U.S. Embassy Seoul - Yoshihiro Makino, Seoul Bureau Chief, Asahi Shimbun Newspaper (Japan) 3) Discussion : Korean Perspectives - Taeho LEE, Secretary General, People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy (PSPD), Korea - Sungphil HONG, Yonsei University, School of Law, Chair-Rapporteur of UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detentions - Dongho HAN, Director, Center for North Korean Human Rights Studies, Korea Institute for National Unification (KINU) - Ahyoung KIM, Second Secretary, Department of Human Rights and Social Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA), Korea

5. Session 2 : "North Korean Human Rights (Promotion) Act" of the National Assembly - Key Issues and Implications / 73 1) Taehoon KIM, Lawyers for North Korean Human Rights and National Unification 2) Kihong HAN, North Korea Network for North Korean Democracy and Human 3) Daekeun YI, Kyunghyaung Newspaper 4) Sunsong PARK, Dongguk University

6. Reference Documents / 95 1) CoI Report Summary (Korean/English) 2) Key Points of the CoI Report (Korean/English) 3) North Korean Human Rights (Improvement) Bill (Korean) 4) Launch of the Ulaanbaatar Process for Dialogue and Peace in Northeast Asia (Korean/English)

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- 11 - - 12 - No. 이름 직위 소속

1 Mark CANNING 정책공보담당관 주한미국대사관 공보과

2 김성철 HK 교수 서울대학교 통일평화연구원

한국인권재단, 대한민국 초대 인권대사, 3 박경서 고문 동국대학교 석좌교수 휴먼아시아, 고려대학교 국제대학원 교수, 4 서창록 대표 유엔 인권이사회 자문위원 UN OHCHR 서울 사무소 5 Signe POULSEN 소장 (유엔북한인권사무소) 6 Mattias CHU 참사관 주한 스웨덴 대사관 Joon Grane 7 1 등 서기관 주한 노르웨이 대사관 HETLAND 8 Philip KENDALL 2 등 서기관 주한 영국대사관 9 Sung CHOI 외교관 주한미국대사관 정치과 10 Makino YOSHIHIRO 특파원 아사히신문(서울)

11 이태호 사무처장 참여연대

연세대학교 법학전문대학원, 유엔 12 홍성필 교수 인권이사회 자의적 구금 실무그룹 의장

13 한동호 센터장 통일연구원 북한인권연구센터

14 김아영 사무관 외교부 인권사회과

15 이성훈 상임이사 한국인권재단, 전 국가인권위 정책국장

16 김태훈 상임대표 한반도 인권과 통일을 위한 변호사 모임

17 박순성 교수 동국대학교 북한학과 18 이대근 논설위원 경향신문

19 한기홍 대표 북한민주화네트워크

20 유남영 변호사 전 국가인권위 상임위원

21 이영환 국장 전환기정의워킹그룹 (TJWG) 가톨릭관동대학교, 국가인권위 북한인권포럼 22 이원웅 교수 위원

23 장용석 선임연구원 서울대 통일평화연구원

24 Koichi YONEMURA 지국장 마이니치 신문 UN OHCHR 서울 사무소 25 Yu KANOSUE 인권담당관 (유엔북한인권사무소)

- 13 - Maja Elkjær 26 Political Intern 주한 덴마크 대사관 TARPGÅRD 27 Nora CALLANDER 인턴 주한 노르웨이 대사관 외교안보 28 우승현 주한미국대사관 공보과 정책공보팀 전문위원 29 고명현 연구위원 아산정책연구원 30 권소미 사무국장 휴먼아시아 31 권은경 사무국장 북한반인도범죄철폐국제연대(ICNK) 32 김성중 기획단장 국민통일방송

33 김재석 팀장 국가인권위원회 인권정책과 북한인권팀

34 김창수 원장 코리아연구원 35 도명학 상임대표 자유통일문화연대

36 문경연 부연구위원 수출입은행 북한개발연구센터

37 서대교 설립자/편집국장 북한개발뉴스 38 석경화 한국사무소 대표 NDI (국제민주연구소) UN OHCHR 서울 사무소 39 안윤교 인권담당관 (유엔북한인권사무소)

40 유영수 연구교수 고려대학교 국제대학원

41 윤여상 소장 북한인권기록보존소 42 이광백 대표 국민통일방송 43 이대훈 연구교수 성공회대학교 NGO 대학원

44 Scott STEVENS 커뮤니케이션팀장 전환기정의워킹그룹 (TJWG)

45 오세혁 연구원 전환기정의워킹그룹 (TJWG) 46 Dan BIELEFELD 기술팀장 전환기정의워킹그룹 (TJWG) 47 이혜영 대표 사단법인 아쇼카 한국 48 정욱식 대표 평화네트워크 49 최영애 대표 (사)여성인권을 지원하는 사람들(여.인.지.사) 50 홍영희 사무국장 (사)여성인권을 지원하는 사람들(여.인.지.사) 51 김성남 운영위원 여.인.지.사 '여울림' 합창단 운영위원 52 박미선 인턴 (사)여성인권을 지원하는 사람들(여.인.지.사) 53 정희정 인턴 주한미국대사관 54 Thomas A. NIBLOCK 국제교류 담당관 미 국무부 55 오선영 사무국장 한국인권재단 56 서수연 팀장 한국인권재단, 아시아민주주의네트워크 57 안선희 간사 한국인권재단

- 14 - No. 이름(영문) 직위(영문) 소속(영문명) Cultural Affairs Policy Outreach Unit, Public Affairs Section, 1 Mark CANNING Officer and U.S. Embassy Seoul. Director Humanities Korea Institute for Peace and Unification Studies at 2 Sung Chull KIM Professor Seoul National University

3 Kyung Seo PARK President UN Human Rights City Promotion Commission

The Graduate School of International Studies 4 Chang Rok SOH Professor (GSIS), Korea University

5 Signe POULSEN Representative UN Human Rights Office in Seoul

6 Mattias CHU Counsellor Embassy of Sweden in Seoul 7 Joon Grane HETLAND First Secretary Royal Norwegian Embassy in Seoul Second Secretary 8 Philip KENDALL Embassy of UK in Seoul (Political Affairs) 9 Sung CHOI Political Officer U.S. Embassy Seoul 10 Makino YOSHIHIRO Seoul Bureau Chief Asahi Shimbun Newspaper (Japan) People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy 11 Tae Ho LEE Secretary General (PSPD), Korea Yonsei University, School of Law, Member of 12 Sung Phil HONG Associate Professor UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detentions The Center for North Korean Human Rights 13 Dong Ho HAN Director Studies of the Korea Institute for National Unification (KINU) Department of Human Rights and Social 14 Ah Young KIM Second Secretary Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA), Korea

15 Anselmo LEE Executive Director Korea Human Rights Foundation(KHRF)

Lawyers for North Korean Human Rights and 16 Tae Hoon KIM Attorney at law National Unification Department of North Korean Studies, Colleges of 17 Sun Song PARK Professor Social Sciences, Dongguk University Chief of Editorial 18 Dae Keun YI The Kyung Hyang Daily News Board North Korea Network for North Korean 19 Ki Hong HAN Representative Democracy and Human 20 Nam Young YOO Attorney at law Former Standing Commissioner of the NHRCK

- 15 - Hubert Younghwan 21 Chief Director Transitional Justice Working Group (TJWG) LEE 22 Won Woong LEE Professor Dept. of Social Welfare, Catholic Kwandong Univ. the Institute for Peace and Unification Studies 23 Yong Seok CHANG Senior Researcher (IPUS) at Seoul National University (SNU) 24 Yonemura KOICHI Seoul Bureau Chief The Mainichi Newspapers Human Rights 25 Yu KANOSUE UN Human Rights Office in Seoul Officer Maja Elkjær 26 political intern Danish Embassy in Seoul TARPGÅRD 27 Nora CALLANDER Intern Royal Norwegian Embassy in Seoul International 28 Seung Hyun WOO Public Affairs Section, U.S. Embassy Seoul Relations Specialist 29 Myong Hyun GO Research Fellow THE ASAN INSTITUTE FOR POLICY STUDIES 30 So Mi KWON Secretary General Human Asia 31 Eun Kyoung KWON Secretariat ICNK 32 Sung Joong KIM Planning Manager Unification Media Group National Human Rights Commission of 33 Jae Seok KIM Team Manager Korea(NHRCK) 34 Chang Soo KIM Editorial Board Korea National Strategy Institute Permanent 35 Myeong Hak DO Cultural Freedom Unified Korea Representative Research Institute for North Korea 36 Kyung Yon MOON Research Fellow Development, The Export-Import Bank of Korea Founder/Editor-in- 37 Dae Gyo SEO North Korea Development News Chief senior program 38 Kay SEOK NDI in South Korea manager Human Rights 39 Youn Kyo AHN UN Human Rights Office in Seoul Officer The Graduate School of International Studies 40 Young Soo YU Research Professor (GSIS), Korea University 41 Yeo Sang YOON Chief Director North Korean Human Rights Archive Present Post 42 Kwang Baek LEE Unification Media Group President Francis Daehoon 43 Professor Department of NGO Studies, Sungkonghoe Univ. LEE

- 16 - Communications 44 Scott STEVENS Transitional Justice Working Group (TJWG) Director 45 Se Hyek OH Researcher Transitional Justice Working Group (TJWG) 46 Dan BIELEFELD Technical Director Transitional Justice Working Group (TJWG) 47 Hye Young LEE Representative Ashoka Korea 48 Wook Sik CHEONG Director Peace Network Women's Human Rights Defenders, HR 49 Young Ae CHOI Representative Support for NK Women Defectors Women's Human Rights Defenders, HR 50 Young Hee HONG Chief Officer Support for NK Women Defectors Women's Human Rights Defenders, HR 51 Sung Nam KIM Support for NK Women Defectors Women's Human Rights Defenders, HR 52 Mi Sun PARK Intern Support for NK Women Defectors 53 Hee Jung JEONG Intern U.S. Embassy Seoul Thomas A. International Office of International Religious Freedom 54 NIBLOCK Relations Officer U.S. Department of State 55 Sun Young OH Executive Secretary Korea Human Rights Foundation (KHRF) Korea Human Rights Foundation (KHRF), Asia 56 Soo Yon SUH Manager Democracy Network(ADN) 57 Sun Hee AHN Coordinator Korea Human Rights Foundation (KHRF)

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- 19 - - 20 - 주한미국대사관 공보과 정책공보담당관 1. Mark Cultural Affairs Officer and Director of Policy Outreach Canning Unit at the Public Affairs Section, U.S. Embassy Seoul. 마크 캐닝 Mark Canning is Cultural Affairs Officer and Director of Policy Outreach Unit at the Public Affairs Section, U.S. Embassy Seoul. He has served as an American diplomat since 1990. He has worked at US missions in Poland, South Africa, Zambia, China, the Czech Republic, and Hungary. He spent one year with the US Army in Pyongtaek in 1979. He has also lived in Taiwan, Germany, the UK and the Soviet Union. He and his wife Deborah have four children. He is an avid cyclist.

서울대학교 통일평화연구원 인문학한국 교수 2. 김성철 Humanities Korea Professor at Institute for Peace and [email protected] Unification Studies at Seoul National University Sung Chull 캘리포니아대-얼바인에서 정치학 박사학위를 받은 후, 통일연구원 KIM 선임연구위원(1992-2003), 위스콘신대 방문교수(2002-2003), 히로시마평화연구소 교수(2003-2012)를 거쳐, 현재 서울대 통일평화연구원 인문학한국 교수로 재직하고 있다. 『겨울 봄 겨울의 패러독스: 제 4 공화국 정치변동의 체계론적 접근』 (신유, 1999), North Korea under Kim Jong Il: From Consolidation to Systemic Dissonance (SUNY Press, 2006) 등 다수의 저서를 냈고, Partnership within Hierarchy: The Evolution of East Asian Security Triangle 라는 단행본 출판을 준비하고 있다. 그리고 Regional Cooperation and Its Enemies in Northeast Asia (Routledge, 2006), Engagement with North Korea (SUNY Press, 2009), State Violence in East Asia (University Press of Kentucky Press, 2013) 등의 편저를 냈다. 최근에는 핵확산, 원자력, 재난 등 위험의 문제를 연구하고 있다.

Sung Chull Kim is Humanities Korea Professor at Institute for Peace and Unification Studies at Seoul National University. Before holding this position, he served as a senior fellow at the Korea Institute for National Unification (1992-2003) and Professor at the Hiroshima Peace Institute—Hiroshima City University (2003-2012). Kim is completing a book manuscript entitled Partnership within Hierarchy: The Evolving East Asian Security Triangle. He is the author of a number of books including North Korea under Kim Jong Il: From Consolidation to Systemic Dissonance (SUNY Press, 2006). He edited several books including Regional Cooperation and Its Enemies in Northeast Asia (Routledge, 2006, with Edward Friedman), Engagement with North Korea (SUNY Press, 2009, with David Kang), State Violence in East Asia (U Press of Kentucky, 2013, with N. Ganesan), Hitotsu no Azia kyodotai o mezashite (In Pursuit of an Asian Community) (Tokyo, Ochnomizu shobo, 2012, with Tae-Wook Kim), and Jaenangwa Pyeonghwa (Disaster and Peace)

- 21 - (in Korean) (Seoul, Acanet, 2015). Also he has contributed articles to academic journals including Systems Research and Behavioral Science (formerly Behavioral Science), Eastern European Politics, Development and Society, and Issues and Studies. Kim is currently the editor of Asian Journal of Peacebuilding.

유엔 세계인권도시 추진위원회 위원장, 한국인권재단 고문 3. 박경서 President, UN Human Rights City Promotion Commission, [email protected] Distinguished Professor, Dharma College of Dongguk University, Kyung Seo 서울대학교 사회학과 학사, 독일 궤팅겐 대학교 사회학 석사, 박사 PARK 인도 센나이 한림원 명예 철학박사, 영국 스코트랜드 에딘버러 대학교 명예 신학박사 서울 대학교 교수, 이화여자 대학교 석좌교수 스위스 제네바 WCC 아시아국장, 정책위 의장 대한민국 초대 인권대사, 국가 인권위원회 상임위원 경찰청 인권위원회 초대, 2대 위원장, 진실과 화해 위원회 위원 통일부 정책위원회 위원장

현 동국대학교, 다르마 칼래지 석좌교수 현 유엔 세계인권도시 추진위원회 위원장 현 나눔과 평화재단 이사장, 한국인권재단 고문, 현 HBM (Happy Bridge & Mondragon) 경영 연구소 이사장

황조 근정 훈장, 문화일보 평화 100인, 네팔 정부, 타이티 정부, 인도네시아, 인디아 정부에서 인권 상 수상 예일, 버클리, 옥스퍼드, 라이든, 에딘버러, 베르린, 궤팅겐, 몬드라곤 대학교등에서 특강, Oxford, Edinburgh 대학교 Permanent Fellow.

저서: (국문) “지구촌 평화와 인권,” “인권이란 무엇인가?” “세계시민 한국인의 자화상.” “WCC창으로 본 70년대 한국 민주화 운동” “그들도 나만큼 소중하 다” “책 읽는 청 춘에게” 외 다수

(영문) Asian Struggle. Reconciliation and Reunification on Korean Peninsula Promoting peace and Human Rights on Korean Peninsula외 다수

(역서) 사회의식 사회비평 T.B Bottermore 1976년 청명사

- 22 - 독일 노동 운동사(1976) 빌리 부란트를 생각한다(2014) 외 다수

Seoul national University, BA Sociology University of Goettingen, Germany MA & Ph.D Sociology Sennai Academy University India, Honorary Doctor Philosophy Edinburgh University UK, Honorary Doctor Theology Professor Sociology, Seoul National University Distinguished professor, Sungonghoe University Distinguished Professor Ewha Womans University

Senior Standing Commissioner, NHRCK Ambassador at large for Human Rights, ROK President, Human Rights Commission, National Police Agency President, Policy Making Commission, Ministry of Unification, ROK

Currently Distinguished Professor, Dharma College of Dongguk University. President, UN Human Rights City Promotion Commission President, HBM Co-op Research Institute

Human Rights Award, from Nepal, Myanmar, Indonesia and India etc. Permanent Fellow, University of Oxford and Edinburgh . Authored Books  Promoting Peace and Human Rights on the Korean Peninsula. Seoul: Ewha Womans University Press, 2007.(English)  The Korean Peninsula and Asia: From the Eyes of Ambassador for Human Rights. Seoul: Woollimsa, 2002. (in Korean; Korean title 《인권대사가 체험 한 한반도와 아시아》)  Reconciliation Reunification: The Ecumenical Approach to Korean Peninsula Based on Historical Documents. 1998, Hong Kong: CCA.(English)  Peace and Human Rights in the time of globalization (2009, 8. Korean title <지구촌 시대의 평화와 인권>)  Korean Identity as global citizen standard (2009, 12. Korean title <세계시민 한국인의 자화상>)  Ecumenical Memoir on 70’struggle for Korean Democratization(70년대 한 국 민주화 인식)  What is Human Rights.(인권이란 무엇인가?)

- 23 -  You are so dignified as I am (그들도 나만큼 소중하다)

Translations  Grebing, Helga. Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung (Korean translation published in 1985; Korean title 《독일노동운동사》)  Bottomore, T. B. Sociology as Social Criticism (Korean translation published in 1978; Korean title 《사회의식과 사회비평》)  Egon Bahr, Das musst Du erzaehlen:Erringnerungen an Willy Brandt 2015 Jan. Seoul <빌리 브란트를 기억하다>

고려대학교 국제대학원 교수 4. 서창록 Professor at the Graduate School of International [email protected] Studies(GSIS), Korea University Chang Rok 서울대학교 외교학과를 졸업하였고 미국 The Fletcher School, Tufts University에서 SOH 국제관계학 석사학위와 정치학 박사학위를 취득하였다. 현재 고려대학교 국제대학 원 교수로 재직 중이고, 유엔인권이사회 자문위원회 위원, 휴먼아시아 대표, 국가인 권위원회 국제인권전문위원회 위원을 맡고 있다. 과거 2006년부터 2008년까지 고 려대학교 국제대학원 원장과 고려대학교 국제학부 학부장을 역임했다. 주요 저서 및 논문으로는 『국제기구와 인권, 난민, 이주』, 『국제기구: 글로벌 거버넌스의 정치 학』, “Cosmopolitan Memories in East Asia: Revisiting and Reinventing the Second World War,” “Multilateral Cooperation to Advocate Human Security in East Asia,” “Regional Governance of North Korean Human Rights,” “The Refugee Act of Korea: The Limits of Civil Society,” “Extending Corporate Liability of Human Rights Violations in Asia” 등이 있다.

After graduated from the Department of International Relations at Seoul National University, he received his Ph.D. as well as MALD from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University. He had served as Dean of Graduate School of International Studies and Division of International Studies at Korea University in 2006- 2008.

Dr. Soh is currently a member of UN Human Rights Council Advisory Committee and President of Human Asia (formally, the Asia Center for Human Rights). He is also an International Human Rights Committee Commissioner of National Human Rights Commission of Korea

His most recent publications include, “Cosmopolitan Memories in East Asia: Revisiting and Reinventing the Second World War,” “Multilateral Cooperation to Advocate Human Security in East Asia,” “Regional Governance of North Korean

- 24 - Human Rights,” “The Refugee Act of Korea: The Limits of Civil Society,” “Extending Corporate Liability of Human Rights Violations in Asia,”

5. Signe UN 북한인권 서울사무소 소장 [email protected] Poulsen Representative of UN HR Office in Seoul 시네 폴슨 시네 폴슨은 2005 년부터 유엔에서 일하기 시작하여 라이베리아, 동티모르, 키르키즈스탄, 파푸아뉴기니를 포함하여 유엔인권최고대표사무소와 유엔평화유지단의 임무를 다양한 현장에서 수행해왔다. 유엔에서 일하기 전에는 국제엠네스티 등 국제인권단체들에서 활동했다. 런던정치경제대학교에서 인권학 석사를 마쳤고, 덴마크 국적이다.

Ms. Signe Poulsen currently serves as the Representative of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights at the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in Seoul (OHCHR Seoul). Ms. Poulsen joined the UN in 2005, and has served in various OHCHR and United Nations Peacekeeping presences, including in Liberia, Timor-Leste, Kyrgyzstan and Papua New Guinea.

Prior to joining the UN, Ms. Poulsen worked for international human rights organizations including Amnesty International. Ms. Poulsen holds an MSc in human rights from the London School of Economics and Political Science. She is a Danish national.

주한 스웨덴 대사관 참사관 6. Mattias Deputy Head of Mission, Counsellor (Political Affairs), [email protected] CHU Embassy of Sweden in Seoul 마티아스 주 [EDUCATION] 1999 – 2000 Master of Law, LL.M., University of Cambridge 1994 – 2000 Jur.kand, LL.M., University of Stockholm 1999 Studies in Mandarin, Beijing University of Language and Culture 1993 – 98 Studies in Political Science, International Relations and Development Studies, including 1997 – 98 Certificat d’Etudes Politiques, Institut d’Etudes Politiques/Sciences Po Aix-en- Provence

[PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE]

2015 - Deputy Head of Mission, Embassy of Sweden, South Korea 2014 – 2015 Political Counsellor, Embassy of Sweden, South Korea

- 25 - 2010 – 2014 Deputy Director, responsible for the China Political Affairs Desk, Department for Asia and the Pacific, Ministry for Foreign Affairs 2009 Deputy Director, Trade Policy Department, Ministry for Foreign Affairs EU-Presidency coordinator and project manager for the Trade Department’s preparations for the Swedish EU-Presidency 2006 – 09 Desk Officer, Trade Policy Department, Ministry for Foreign Affairs Negotiator and coordinator for preparations of Swedish positions in EU trade negotiations. 2005 – 06 Desk Officer, Secretariat for International Affairs, Ministry of Agriculture Trade policy negotiator for Swedish positions related to the Common Agriculture Policy, notably in the WTO. 2001 – 05 Trade Policy Advisor, Department for Global Trade, National Board of Trade Analysed international trade policy and assisted the Ministry for Foreign Affairs at meetings in the OECD, the WTO and EU. 2001 Legal Counsel, Arbitration Institute of Stockholm Chamber of Commerce

[HONORS] 2001 Prize awarded by Stockholm University for writing the best Master of Law-thesis at Stockholm Law School that year. 1996 – 97 Awards for outstanding results at Stockholm Law School.

7. Joon Grane 주한 노르웨이 대사관 1 등 서기관 [email protected] Hetland First Secretary, Royal Norwegian Embassy in Seoul 윤 그래인 2014: Royal Norwegian Embassy in Seoul, First Secretary (Political) 헤틀란 2012-2014: Royal Norwegian Embassy in Islamabad, Second Secretary (Development, Humanitarian) 2010-2012: Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Higher Executive Officer 2009-2010: Innovation Norway – Shanghai Office, Project Manager Visit Norway at the World EXPO 2009: Innovation Norway – Seoul Office, Consultant

Graduated MSc Comparative Politics from the London School of Economics and

- 26 - MSc International Hospitality Management from Manchester Metropolitan University.

The Royal Norwegian Embassy in Seoul is accredited to Pyongyang, Democratic People´s Republic of Korea.

8. Philip 주한 영국대사관 2 등 서기관 [email protected] Kendall Second Secretary (Political Affairs), Embassy of UK in Seoul 필립 켄들

9. Sung 주한미국대사관 정치과 외교관

CHOI Political officer, U.S. Embassy in Seoul, South Korea 성 최 Sung is a political officer covering North Korea and inter-Korean relations at the U.S. embassy in Seoul, South Korea. Prior to his current assignment, he served in Washington at the Office of Chinese Affairs, covering human rights issues. In 2012, Sung served as a Special Advisor to the Office of the Vice President in advance of the visit of then Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping. In 2009, Sung was a consular officer at the U.S. consulate in Shenyang, China. Sung was born in Seoul, South Korea, and grew up in New York City. He graduated from Dartmouth College, received his J.D. from William & Mary, and Masters in Public Health from Columbia University. Before joining the State Department in 2008, Sung practiced corporate law at the New York headquarters of Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP and clerked for Chief Judge John W. Bissell in the District of New Jersey.

10. Makino 아사히 신문 서울 특파원 [email protected] Yoshihiro Seoul Bureau Chief, Asahi Shimbun Newspaper (Japan) 마키노 요시히로

참여연대 사무처장 11. 이태호 Secretary General, People's Solidarity for Participatory [email protected] Democracy (PSPD), Korea Tae Ho LEE

- 27 - 연세대학교 법학전문대학원 부교수, UN 인권이사회 자의적구금 실무그룹 의장 12. 홍성필 [email protected] Associate Professor, Yonsei University, School of Law, Chair- Rapporteur of UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detentions Sung Phil 서울대학교 법과대학 및 대학원 HONG 미국 예일대학교 법학전문대학원 석/박사 연세대학교 법학전문대학원 부교수 유엔 인권이사회 자의적 구금 실무그룹 의장 세계은행 국제투자분쟁해결센터 조정인 아시아 태평양 포럼 법률가위원회 한국위원 B.L, M.L., College of Law, Seoul National University LL.M., JSD, Yale Law School Associate Professor of International Law and Human Rights, Yonsei University Law School Conciliator, ICSID, World Bank Member, Asian Council of Jurist, Asia-Pacific Forum

통일연구원 북한인권연구센터 센터장 Director at the Center for North Korean 13. 한동호 [email protected] Human Rights Studies of the Korea Institute for National Unification (KINU). Dong Ho 【학력사항】 HAN 2002. 8. 연세대 정치외교학과 졸 2005. 2. 연세대 정치학과 석사 2010. 8. 美 네브라스카대 정치학 박사

【경력사항】 2010. 9. - 2012. 2. 국립외교원(구. 외교안보연구원) 객원교수 2011. 3. - 2011. 12. 아주대, 연세대, 한동대 강사 2012. 3. - 현재. 통일연구원 북한인권연구센터 부연구위원 2012. 9. - 현재. 연세대 국제처 외래강사 2015. 7. - 현재. 민주평화통일자문회의 상임위원 2015. 9. - 현재. 통일연구원 북한인권연구센터 센터장

Dong-ho Han (Ph.D., University of Nebraska) is Director at the Center for North Korean Human Rights Studies of the Korea Institute for National Unification (KINU). Dr. Han’s research areas are Northeast Asian Security, Inter-Korean Relations, North Korean Politics and Society, North Korean Human Rights, and Korean Reunification. Formerly, Dr. Han served as Visiting Professor at the Institute of Foreign Affairs and

- 28 - National Security (IFANS), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea from August 2010 to February 2012. Currently, Dr. Han is a regular lecturer both at the Office of International Affairs in Yonsei University and at the Settlement Support Center for North Korean Refugees (Hanawon) in the Ministry of Unification. His publications include “The Future of the Two Koreas: How to Build Peace on the Korean Peninsula” (Spring 2011), “Scenario Construction and Its Implications for International Relations Research” (June 2011), “The Clash between Interest and Responsibility: China’s Policy toward North Korean Escapees” (December 2011), “North Korean Contingency and Resolving Conflicts among Regional States” (Spring 2012), and “A Study on the South Korean Government’s Human Rights Policy toward North Korea” (December 2014). He can be reached at [email protected].

외교부 인권사회과 사무관 Second Secretary, Department of Human 14. 김아영 [email protected] Rights and Social Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA), Korea Ah Young KIM

한국인권재단 상임이사 15. 이성훈 Executive Director, Korea Human Rights [email protected] Foundation Anselmo 【학력사항】 LEE ∙ 1988 년 서울대학교 사회학과 졸업 (1981 년 입학) ∙ 2005 년 가톨릭대학교 사회학과 대학원 졸업

【경력사항】 ∙ 국제개발협력민간협의회(KCOC, 구 해외원조단체협의회(해원협)) 정책센터장 ∙ 서울시 인권위원회 위원 ∙ 광주 세계인권도시포럼 자문위원 ∙ 국제개발협력시민사회포럼(KoFID) 국제위원장 ∙ 포럼아시아(아시아인권단체 협의회, 태국 방콕) 사무총장 ∙ 국제가톨릭지식인문화운동(Pax Romana, 스위스 제네바) 사무총장

【현직】 ∙ 한국인권재단 상임이사 ∙ 국제개발협력시민사회포럼(KoFID) 운영위원장 ∙ 세계시민참여연대 CIVICUS 국제이사

- 29 - ∙ 경희대 공공대학원 및 성공회대 아시아시민사회석사과정(MAINS) 객원교수

【저서 및 논문】 ∙ 효과적인 개발협력을 위한 글로벌파트너십 출범과 시민사회의 과제: Post- Busan 이행 체제에서의 시민사회의 발전방안(한국국제협력단(KOICA), 국제개발협력 2012-3 호, 2012 년) ∙ 민주주의와 국제개발협력-한국의 민주화 경험과 ODA(한국국제협력단(KOICA), 국제개발협력 2011-3 호, 2011 년)

Seong Hoon (Anselmo) Lee is currently the Executive Director of the Korea Human Rights Foundation based in Seoul, Korea, and adjunct professor of Global Governance, NGO, and Human Rights at the Kyunghee University in Seoul, Korea. Mr. Lee also currently holds positions as Chair of the Steering Committee for Korea Civil Society Forum on International Development Cooperation as well as Senior Advisor to the Policy Center of the Korea NGO Council for Overseas Development Cooperation (KCOC). Internationally, Mr. Lee is the co-convener of the Asia Democracy Network (ADN), Co-Convener of the Asia Development Alliance (ADA), as well as a Board Member of CIVICUS World Alliance for Citizen Participation. As an active human rights practitioner, Mr. Lee has experience serving as the Secretary-General of the International Movement of Intellectual and Cultural Affairs (ICMICA) Pax-Romana, in Geneva Switzerland, Executive Director of Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development (FORUM-ASIA), in Bangkok, Thailand, and Director of the Bureau of Human Rights Policy at the National Human Rights Commission of Korea. He holds a Bachelor’s from Seoul National University in Sociology and a Master’s from The Catholic University of Korea in Sociology.

한반도 인권과 통일을 위한 변호사 모임 상임대표 16. 김태훈 Lawyers for North Korean Human Rights and [email protected] National Unification Tae Hoon KIM

동국대학교 북한학과 교수 17. 박순성 Professor, Department of North Korean Studies, Col [email protected] leges of Social Sciences, Dongguk University Sun Song - 동국대학교 사회과학대학 북한학과 교수 PARK - 프랑스 파리 10 대학 경제학 박사

- [북한 경제와 한반도 통일], [북한의 일상생활세계 - 외침과 속삭임](공편)

- 30 -

Professor, Department of North Korean Studies, Colleges of Social Sciences, Dongg uk University, Seoul, South Korea - Ph.D. in Economics, University of Paris X, Nanterre, France

[North Korean Economy and Unification of the Korean Peninsula], [Everyday Life in North Korea 1](co-editor)

경향신문 논설주간 18. 이대근 Chief of Editorial Board, The Kyung Hyang Daily [email protected] News Dae Keun YI 고려대학교 정치학 박사 경향신문 논설주간 국가인권위원회 북한인권 포럼 위원 통일부 인도주의 정책 자문위원

〮 주요 논문 및 저서 / “미국의 북한인권정책과 북한체제 위협” 『와이키키 브라더스를 위하여- 이대근 기자의 한국 정치 읽기』『리영희 프리즘』(공저) 『북한군부는 왜 쿠데타를 하지 않나』『북한의 당, 국가, 군대: 지속성과 변화』(공저) 『천안함, 외교의 침몰』(공저)

Ph D. Korea Universtity Chief of Editorial Board, The Kyung Hyang Daily News a Member of The Forum for North Korea Human Rights, The National Human Rights Commission of Korea Advisory Member for Humanitarian Policy of Unification Ministry, R.O.K.

북한민주화네트워크 대표 19. 한기홍 Representative, North Korea Network for [email protected] North Korean Democracy and Human Rights Ki Hong 약력 (현) 국무총리실 시민사회발전위원회 위원 (전) 북한전문매체 HAN 대표이사 겸 발행인 (전) 국회의장 대북정책 거버넌스 자문위원회 위원

- 31 - 20. 유남영 변호사, 전 국가인권위원회 상임위원 Attorney at law, Former Standing [email protected] Commissioner of the NHRCK Nam Young 변호사, 전 국가인권위원회 상임위원 YOO Attorney at law. A former standing commissioner of the NHRCK

전환기정의워킹그룹 국장 21. 이영환 Chief Director at Transitional Justice Working [email protected] Group (TJWG)

Hubert 이영환은 전환기정의워킹그룹 국장으로 프로젝트를 기획하고 단체의 활동을 Younghwan 총괄하고 있다. 2014 년 이 단체를 설립하기 전에는 2011 년부터 2013 년까지 LEE 한국의 대통령 직속 미래기획위원회에서 정책홍보와 미디어 전문관으로 일했다.

10 년 이상 북한인권문제에 관한 조사와 애드보커시 활동을 해왔고, 한국의 인권활동가들에 대한 교육도 계속해오고 있다. 1999 년부터 북한인권시민연합의

대학생자원봉사단장으로 활동을 시작하여, 2004 년부터 2011 년까지 캠페인팀 간사,

교육훈련팀장, 조사연구팀장으로 일했고, 2013 년부터 자문위원으로 도왔다. 한국의 서강대학교에서 영어영문학 학사와 정치학 석사를 마쳤다. 북한의 아동권 실태를

조사한 『왕이라 불리는 아이들』(2009)과 북한 수감시설에서의 고문과 비인도적

처우 실태를 조사한『고문의 공화국, 북한』(2007) 등을 국영문 단행본으로 썼다.

Hubert Younghwan LEE is Chief Director at Transitional Justice Working Group

(TJWG). He designs projects and oversees the operation of the organization. Prior to establishing the organization last year, Lee served as public relations and media

specialist at Presidential Council for Future and Vision (PCFV) of South Korea from

2011 to 2013. Lee has over ten years first-hand research and advocacy experience on North Korean human rights issues, and has been engaged in training human

rights activists in South Korea. He worked for Citizens’ Alliance for North Korean

Human Rights (NKHR) since 1999: first as a student volunteer leader, then a campaign officer, a senior education officer, research head, and as an advisor. Lee

majored in English Literature (BA, 2000) and Political Science (MA, 2006) at Sogang

University in Seoul. He has authored several books, including Child is King of the Country: NKHR Situation Report on the Rights of the Child (2009), and North

Korea: Republic of Torture (2007).

- 32 - 가톨릭관동대 사회복지학과 교수 22. 이원웅 Professor at Dept. of Social Welfare, Catholic [email protected] Kwandong University Won 서강대학교 정치외교학과 및 동대학원(박사) Woong LEE 현 가톨릭관동대 사회복지학과 교수 주요경력 : 미국 콜럼비아대 풀부라이트 방문연구원 일본 동경대 법학부 한일문화교류기금 방문교수 미국 사우스캐롤라이나 주립대 교환교수 국가인권위원회 북한인권포럼 위원 및 민주평통 상임위원 통일부 정책자문위원

Sogang University (B.A. & Ph. D.) Current Position: Professor at Dept. of Social Welfare, Catholic Kwandong Univ. Served as a civilian policy consultant for the Ministry of Reunification, KINU and a member of the North Korean Human Rights Forum at National Human Rights Committee, a Member of the standing Committee at the NUAC(The National Unification Advisory Council ) Fulbright Visiting Scholar at Columbia University Korea-Japan Cultural Exchange Foundation visiting professor at the Law School of Tokyo University Visiting Professor at Univ. of South Carolina

서울대학교 통일평화연구원 선임연구원 Senior Researcher, Institute for Peace and 23. 장용석 [email protected] Unification Studies (IPUS) at Seoul National University (SNU) Yong Seok 전공/학위 - 정치학/ 박사 CHANG 연구분야 – 북한 정치경제/남북관계/북한 핵문제 등

최근업적 - 『중국의 부상과 동아시아: 인식과 대응전략』,백산서당, 2012 (공저) 『통일대비를 위한 북한변화 전략』, 통일연구원, 2011 “중국의 부상에 대한 북한의 헤징(hedging) 전략.”, 『통일문제연구』, 제 24 권 1 호 (2012) “북.중관계의 성격과 중국의 부상에 대한 북한의 인식.”, 『통일과평화』, 제 4 집 1 호 (2012)

Yong Seok Chang is a senior researcher of the Institute for Peace and Unification

- 33 - Studies (IPUS) at Seoul National University (SNU). He previously worked as a member of the Policy Advisory Committee to the Ministry of Unification. He received his Ph.D. from Sungkyunkwan University, with his thesis on The Cleavages and Conflicts of the Sate Class in North Korea. Professor Chang's research interests lie in the political economy of North Korea, inter-Korean affairs, and nuclear issues of North Korea. He served as Director of National Security Council from 2003 to January 2006 and Presidential Assistant Secretary for Unification, Foreign and Security Policy from January 2006 to February 2008. He has written several books, including The Rise of China and East Asia: Awareness and Strategies (중국의 부상과 동아시아: 인식과 대응전략) (2012), and Strategies of North Korea Transformation for Unification (통일대비를 위한 북한변화 전략) (2010). He has also contributed numerous articles to academic journals such as "North Korea’s Hedging Strategy toward the Rising Power of China" (2012) and "How to Approach the Peace Regime and Agreement on the Korean Peninsula" (2010).

24. 마이니치 신문 지국장 Yonemura Seoul Bureau Chief, The Mainichi Newspapers [email protected] Koichi 요네무라 코이치

UN 북한인권 서울사무소 인권담당관 25. Yu Human Rights Officer, UN Human Rights Office [email protected] Knosue in Seoul 유 카노수

26. Maja 주한 덴마크 대사관 인턴 Elkjær Political Intern, Danish Embassy in Seoul [email protected] Tarpgård

27. Nora 주한 노르웨이 대사관 인턴 Callander Intern, Royal Norwegian Embassy in Seoul

- 34 -

주한미국대사관 공보과 정책공보팀 외교안보 전 문위원 28. 우승현 [email protected] International Relations Specialist, U.S. Embassy in Seoul, Korea Seung Seung-Hyun (Rikka) Woo has worked at the U.S. Embassy in Seoul, Korea, as Hyun WOO International Relations Specialist since 2010. Prior to joining the Embassy, she served at the Agency for Defense Development under the Ministry of National Defense and Defense Acquisition Program Administration in Korea (2001 – 2008). She is a native of Seoul and a graduate of The George Washington University (MA – Asian Studies at the Elliott School of International Affairs 2010) and Yonsei University (MA – English Literature 2000; and BA – English Language and Literature 1998).

아산정책연구원 연구위원 29. 고명현 [email protected] Research Fellow, The Asan Institute for Policy Studies Myong 고명현 박사는 아산정책연구원의 여론·계량분석센터 사회정보관리연구프로그램 Hyun GO 연구위원이다. 컬럼비아대학교 (Columbia University)에서 경제학 학사, 통계학 석사학위를 취득했다. Pardee RAND Graduate School 에서 정책분석학 박사학위를 취득한 후, UCLA 의 Neuropsychiatry Institute 에서 박사후 연구원으로 재직했다. 주요 연구분야는 사회 네트워크, 복잡계 사회적 상호작용, 질병의 지리공간 모델링 등이다.

Dr. GO Myong-Hyun is a research fellow in the Risk, Information & Social Policy Program in the Center for Public Opinion and Quantitative Research at the Asan Institute for Policy Studies. Previously, Dr. Go was a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California, Los Angeles, Neuropsychiatry Institute, where he analyzed social networks, complex social interactions over space, and geospatial modeling of disease. Dr. Go received a B.A. in economics-mathematics and M.A. in statistics from Columbia University and his Ph.D. in policy analysis from the Pardee RAND Graduate School.

휴먼아시아 사무국장 30. 권소미 [email protected] Secretary-General, Human Asia So Mi 권소미는 휴먼아시아의 사무국장이다. 이화여자대학교 영어교육 및 일반사회 교육 KWON 전공으로 대학을 졸업하고, 2002년 이화여대 국제대학원에서 국제경영 국제학 석사 학위를 받았다. New York University (New York, New York)에서 정치학 석사를 받 은 후, American University (Washington, DC)에서 정치학 박사 과정을 수료하였다. 1999년 General Electric에서 기획 및 재무팀에서 2년간 근무하였고, 2003부터 1년

- 35 - 간 The Korea Society 및 Fund for Modern Courts 의 비영리단체에서 인턴으로 근 무하였다. 국내로 돌아와 2015년부터 휴먼아시아의 차장으로 활동을 시작하여 현 재 사무국장으로서 활동을 이어나가고 있다.

Somi Kwon is the Secretary-General of Human Asia. She received her bachelor’s degree in the English Language Education and the master’s degree in International Studies at Graduate School of International Studies of Ewha University in 2002. Then she received master’s degree in Political Science at Graduate School of Arts and Science of New York University in 2004 and moved on to the Ph.D. in American Politics at School of Public Affairs of American University in Washington D.C. After graduating the college, she worked in the finance and planning department at General Electric for 2 years. Later she devoted herself as an intern in NGOs such as The Korea Society and Fund for Modern Courts in New York. Coming back to Korea, she started her tenure as the secretary-general of Human Asia from 2015.

북한 반인도범죄 철폐 국제연대(ICNK) 사무국장 31. 권은경 [email protected] ICNK Secretariat Eun Kyoung 2000년 10월 ~ 2003년 6월: 북한민주화네트워크 총무 KWON 2003년 6월 ~ 2005년 12월: 북한민주화운동본부 사무차장 2005년 2월 ~ 2005년 10월: 북한전문 인터넷신문 데일리엔케이 워싱턴 특파원 2005년 10월 ~2011년 7월: 데일리엔케이 영문 편집장 2011년 7월 ~ 현재: 북한반인도범죄철폐국제연대 (ICNK) 사무국장

September, 2011 – present: Being in charge of the Secretariat of ICNK (International Coalition to Stop Crimes against Humanity in North Korea) October, 2014 – present: Manager, International Affairs, Unification Media Group July, 2011 – October, 2014: Manager, International Affairs, Open North Korea October, 2006 – July, 2011: English Editor of the Daily NK February, 2006 – October, 2006: Daily NK Correspondent to Washington D.C. June, 2003 – December, 2005: One of the founders of, and Assistant Secretary, Free NK Gulag October, 2000 – May, 2003: Assistant Secretary, NKnet (Network for North Korean Democracy and Human rights)

국민통일방송 기획단장 32. 김성중 [email protected] Planning Manager, Unification Media Group Sung Joong 2014~현재 국민통일방송 기획단장

- 36 - KIM 2010~2014 자유조선방송 방송국장 1999~2001 북한민주화네트워크 기관지 KEYS 편집장 1995~1997 한국청년단체협의회 조국통일위원회 간사

2014-present Planning Manager, Unification Media Group 2010-2014 Director of Broadcasting, Radio Free Chosun 1999-2001 Chief Editor of Keys, the monthly publication of NKnet 1995-1997 Staffer, Unification Committee of Fatherland, Association of Korean Youth Organizations

국가인권위원회 인권정책과 북한인권팀장 Team manager of National Human Rights 33. 김재석 [email protected] Commission of Korea(NHRCK)

Jae Seok 소속: 국가인권위원회 인권정책과 북한인권팀장

KIM Title: Team manager of National Human Rights Commission of Korea(NHRCK)

코리아연구원 원장 34. 김창수 Editorial Board, Korea National Strategy [email protected] Institute Chang Soo □ 학력 KIM 고려대 철학과, 경남대북학대학원(석사), 동국대 북한학과(박사수료)

□ 경력

o 1988-1994 평화연구소 연구원

o 1991-1992 한반도 통일을 위한 평화군축협의회 간사(비상근)

o 1994- 통일맞이 자료실장, 정책실장

o 1995- 1997 민족회의 정책실장

o 1997-2002 한국대인지뢰대책회의 정책팀장

o 1998~2003.2 민화협 정책실장

o 2002 고구려전 추진위원회 정책팀장

o 2003 ~ 2006 청와대 NSC 사무처 정책조정실 국장

- 37 - o 2007-2008 민주평통 전문위원(고위공무원단)

o 2009 미국 존스합킨스대 국제관계대학원 방문연구원

o 2012 한반도 평화포럼 기획운영위원장

o 2013 코리아연구원 연구실장

o 2015 코리아연구원 원장

자유통일문화연대 상임대표 35. 도명학 Permanent Representative, Cultural Freedom [email protected] Unified Korea Myeong 전 조선작가동맹 작가(시인) Hak DO 〮 2006 년 탈북, 2007 년 4 월 대한민국 생활시작 〮 북한민주화위원회 통일교육부장, 북한개혁방송 논평원, 〮 NK 지식인연대 사무국장 역임

단체 CULTURAL FREEDOM UNIFIED KOREA 직위 Permanent Representative

한국수출입은행 북한개발연구센터 부연구위원 Research Fellow, Research Institute for North 36. 문경연 [email protected] Korea Development, The Export-Import Bank of Korea Kyung Yon 문경연 박사는 2006 년 노르웨이 오슬로대학 평화분쟁학과 석사과정을 거쳐, 영국 크랜필드대학에서 “대북식량지원과 NGO”의 역할에 대한 주제로 MOON 박사학위(2012 년)를 받았다. 이후, 세종연구소 객원연구원(2010~2013), 연세대학교 빈곤문제국제개발연구원 전임연구원(2012), 고려대학교 국제대학원 연구교수(2013.1~2014.4)를 거쳐 현재 한국수출입은행 북한개발연구센터 부연구위원으로 재직 중이며, 북한대학원대학교에서 겸임교수로 북한개발 및 국제협력 과목을 강의하고 있다. 이 외에 중앙대, 한동대, 경희대, 고려대, 연세대, 숙명여대, 카톨릭대학교 등에서 국제개발협력 과목을 강의해 왔다 활동으로는 대북협력민간단체협의회 정책위원(2014~2015), 우리민족서로돕기운동 정책위원(2014~2015), 국제개발협력학회 사무국장(2012~2013), 세계지역학회 사무국장(2012)을 역임하였으며, 올 해 7 월, 제 17 기 민주평화통일자문회의 상임위원으로 위촉되어 청년분과에서 활동 중이다. 주요 연구 분야는 국제개발협력에서 규범의 변천 과정과 행위자에 관한 연구로, “South Korean Civil Society Organizations, Human Rights Norms, and North Korea”

- 38 - (CAS, 2014, Vol. 46, No. 1), "Policy diffusion and its determinants: The case of the Multicultural Family Support Ordinance in South Korean local governments" (PPSJ, 2014. Vol. 35, No. 2), "NGO Influence on State Aid Policy" (Asian Perspective, 2016, Vol. 40. No. 2, forthcoming) 등이 있으며, 주요 저서로는 『탈북자와 함께 본 북한사회』(오름출판사, 2012), 『공적개발원조의 정치경제』(세종연구소, 2012), 『인간안보와 남북한 협력』(서울대학교, 2013), 『국제개발협력 해설서』(KAIDEC, 2014) 등이 있다.

Before Research Fellow at the Research Institute for North Korea Development at the Export-Import Bank of Korea from May 2014, Kyungyon Moon served as Research Professor at the Graduate School of International Studies at Korea University from March 2013 to April 2014 and Professional Researcher at the Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development (IPAID) at Yonsei University in South Korea. He also served asAdministration Secretary at the Committee of International Development and Cooperation at the Korean Association of International Studies (KAIS) in 2013, Secretary General of the Korea Association of International Development and Cooperation (KAIDEC)from January 2013 to April 2014 and the Member of Policy Advisory Committee of the NGO Council for Cooperation with North Korea.

Moon received his master degree at the University of Oslo, Norway and doctoral degree at Cranfield University in Britain. His research interests include poverty reduction, official development assistance (ODA), aid architecture, famine in North Korea, development policy international norms and ideas and civil movement in humanitarian and development assistance, international cooperation with a special focus on food aid.

His recent publications are: - 'Dilemma and Solutions for the Desirable Assistance to North Korea', in Lee, Daewoo, North Korean Problems from the Perspectives of North Korean Defectors and Korean Scholars (Seoul: Orum, 2012) - 'British ODA', in Kang, Myungse, Political Economy of Official Development Assistance (Seoul: The Sejong Institute, 2012)

북한개발뉴스 설립자/편집국장 37. 서대교 Founder/Editor-in-Chief, North Korea [email protected] Development News Dae Gyo [주요 학력] SEO -일본 군마현(群馬県)출신 재일교포3세. 1978년생.

- 39 - -고려대학교 동양사학과 졸업. (00학번, 2005)

[현 직책과 과거 주요 경력] -(현) 북한개발뉴스(North Korea Development News) 설립자/편집국장 -2015년 10월 beta 오픈 예정. 인터넷신문 등록번호 서울 아03353 -북한에서 일어나는 경제개발, 해외투자, 국제개발협력, 인도적지원, UN사업 등 의 소식을 다루는 온라인뉴스 -북한투자 투명성 강화. 북한 지역경제 데이터베이스 구축, 인권 중심 개발정 책 제안

-(전) 일본 ASIAPRESS International(아시아프레스) 북한취재팀 기자(2009~2014). -북한내부 기자들과 함께 북한소식을 일본, 한국, 영국, 미국, 중동 등 여려 미 디어에서 발표. -북중국경에는 아래 BASPIA시절을 합쳐 20여 차례 방문. 현지에서 약200명의 북한사람들에게 인터뷰 실시.

-(전) BASPIA(바스피아) 설립자 및 공동대표(2005~2009). -'인권과 개발의 조화'를 내걸어 한국에서 최초로 '인권에 기반한 개발(Human Rights Based Approach to Development)'을 소개 및 교육. 재중 탈북여성 인권실태 조사 실시.

[주요 논문/저서] -「北朝鮮内部からの通信：リムジンガン」(일본, 한국 이름 '림진강') -4호(09년), 5호(11년), 6호(12년), 7호(14년) 집필참여 및 편집. 10여 편의 장편 리 포트 발표. (필명: 이진수, Lee Jin-su). 영문으로도 번역되어 발표. ※한국 '임진강'과는 별도로 발행되는 잡지입니다.

[Personal & Academic Background] -Korean Japanese born in 1978 in Gunma-ken of Japan (Graduated from Takasaki High School) -Graduated from Korea University in Seoul (Major: East Asia History)

[Professional Career] -(Current) Founder/Editor-in-Chief of North Korea Development News - Media web platform to be opened in October 2015(Beta version), Internet news registration number: Seoul 아03353 - Online news covering economic development, foreign investment, international development cooperation, humanitarian aid, UN projects taking place

- 40 - in North Korea - Strengthening transparency for investment in North Korea, Building a database of local development status in different provinces of North Korea, Proposing human rights-based development policies

-(Former) Reporter of North Korea News Team at ASIAPRESS International in Osaka, Japan (2009~2014) - Distributed recent news about North Korea collected in collaboration with North Korean undercover reporters inside North Korea to various countries including Japan, South Korea, the UK, the US, the Middle East. - Visited the border areas between North Korea and China more than 20 times since BASPIA years below. Interviewed about 200 North Koreans in China

-(전) Co-founder/Co-CEO of BASPIA(2005~2009). - With the motto of 'Harmonization of human rights and development', pioneered the field of ‘Human Rights Based Approach(RBA) to Development)' in South Korea creating various education and training programs for NGOs and government agencies. - Conducted field research on the issues of trafficking of North Korean women in China and the ‘stateless’ children who were born to North Korean women in China

[Major Publications] -「北朝鮮内部からの通信：リムジンガン」(Quarterly Journal '림진강(Rimjingang' published in Japanese and Korean) - Contributed and edited articles published in Vol. 4(2009), Vol.5(2011), Vol.6(2012), Vol.7(2014) including a dozen of extensive reports. (Pen name: Lee Jin-su). Some were translated into English as well. ※This journal is different from the Korean journal ‘임진강(Imjinjang)’.

38. 석경화 국제민주연구소(NDI) 한국사무소 대표 Senior Program Manager, National Democratic [email protected] Institute (NDI) - Korea Kay SEOK 2013 년 1 월부터 국제민주연구소(National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, NDI) 한국사무소 대표로서 한국 프로그램 계발, 실행과 분석을 맡고 있다. NGO 역량강화를 위한 워크샵과 세미나, 인권활동가들을 위한 영어교육, 캄보디아, 인도네시아, 벨기에와 스위스 연수 프로그램을 감독하였고, 자원봉사자 관리를 포함한 서울사무소의 전반적인 운영을 책임지고 있다. NDI 이전에는 미국 국무부

- 41 - 민주주의인권노동국 (Democracy, Human Rights and Labor Bureau) 에서 기금 프로그램 담당관을 역임하였고, 휴먼라이츠워치 (Human Rights Watch) 에서 북한/필리핀 연구원으로 활동하였으며 에이피통신 (The Associated Press) 에서 기자로서 근무했다. 북한과 필리핀의 인권 상황에 대한 여러 보고서와 에세이, 남북한 정치, 경제, 안보 외 다양한 분야에 대한 기사와 기고문을 워싱턴포스트, 월스트리트저널, 인터내셔널해럴드트리뷴, 휴먼라이츠워치 등을 통해 발표했다. 이화여자대학교에서 학사학위를 받았고 연세대학교에서 국제관계학 석사학위를 받았다.

Kay Seok is NDI’s senior program manager in South Korea. Since January 2013, she has overseen the development, implementation and evaluation of NDI’s overall country strategy. She has organized workshops and seminars on NGO capacity building and management, implemented English language program for activists, and led study tours to Cambodia, Indonesia, Belgium, and Switzerland. She is also responsible for managing the Seoul office and supervising all South Korea-based volunteers. Prior to joining NDI, Ms. Seok served as the grants program manager at the US State Department’s Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. She also worked as a North Korea and the Philippines researcher at Human Rights Watch and as a reporter for the Associated Press. She authored numerous reports, essays, and articles for publications such as the Washington Post, Wall Street Journal and International Herald Tribune. She received her bachelor's degree from Ewha Women’s University and her master’s degree in international relations from Yonsei University.

39. 안윤교 UN 북한인권 서울사무소 인권담당관 Human Rights Officer, UN Human Rights [email protected] Office in Seoul Youn Kyo 국제법 전공 AHN 2003 년부터 유엔인권기구(OHCHR)에서 Human Rights Officer 로 근무. Special Procedures of the Human Right Council 과 Human Rights Treaty Bodies 업무를 담당하였습니다. 주로 특별보고관의 communications 과 field investigation, 그리고 인권조약의 개인진정, 조약심의, confidential inquiries 등을 지원하였습니다. 최근에는 Human Rights Committee 와 Committee against Torture 를 담당하였고, 그외에는 CERD, CRC, CEDAW, CED 도 지원하였습니다. 2015 년 부터 DPRK COI transit team 으로 서울사무소 개소 업무를 맡고 있습니다. 그 전에는 ILO, UNCTAD, International Court of Justice 및 엔지오에서 consultant 나 인턴으로 근무한 바 있습니다.

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고려대학교 국제대학원 연구교수 40. 유영수 Research Professor at Graduate School of [email protected] International Studies of Korea University Young Soo 고려대학교 국제대학원 연구교수 YU SSK 인권포럼 전임연구원 뉴욕주립 빙햄튼 대학교 정치학 박사 민주주의와 인권을 위한 국제지원 연구

Research Professor at Graduate School of International Studies of Korea University Researcher of SSK Human Rights Forum PhD in political science(Binghamton University, State University of New York) Research interests: international promotion of democracy and human rights

북한인권기록보존소 소장 41. 윤여상 Chief Director of North Korean Human Rights [email protected] Archive Yeo Sang 영남대학교 정치외교학과를 졸업하고 동 대학원에서 정치학 박사학위를 받았다. YOON 북한인권정보센터 소장, 북한대학원대학교 겸임교수, Johns Hopkins 대학 국제대학원(SAIS) Visiting Scholar, 납북피해자 보상 및 지원심의위원회 위원을 역임했다. 현재 민주평통 상임위원, 북한인권정보센터 이사, 통일부 정책평가위원/정책자문위원, 북한이탈주민지원재단 자문위원 등에 참여하고 있다. 주요 관심 연구분야는 북한인권, 북한이탈주민, 납북자와 국군포로, 이산가족, 월북자와 비전향장기수, 과거청산과 통일대비, 그리고 북한사람들의 삶의 모습 등이다. 이와 관련된 100 여 편의 저서와 연구논문을 발표하였으며, 연구결과는 개인 홈페이지(www.iloveminority.com)에 소개하고 있다.

Renowned for his dedication to North Korean human rights, Dr. Yoon Yeo-sang is the Chief Director of North Korean Human Rights Archives and Assistant Professor at the University of North Korean Studies. Dr. Yoon received his Ph.D on politics from Yeungnam University. He was a Visiting Scholar at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University, and has taught at Yeung Nam, Sogang, and Ewha Woman’s Universities.

- 43 - He is also a Teaching Professor at the Settlement Support Center for North Korean Refugees (Hanawon), under the Korean Ministry of Unification. He was a founding co-chair of the Database Center for North Korean Human Rights as well as a founding member of the Executive Committee of the Citizens’ Alliance for North Korean Human Rights. Currently, he is an Expert Commissioner of the National Reconciliation Committee at the Catholic Archdiocese Assembly, and a Member Research and Advisory Committee of Association of Supporters for Defecting North Korean Residents. He was awarded the Medal of Service from World League for Freedom and Democracy for his achievements and devotion.

국민통일방송 상임대표 42. 이광백 [email protected] Present Post President, Unification Media Group Kwang Baek 1989년 원광대학교 법학과 입학 LEE 2014년 한국방송통신대학교 경제학과 졸업 현) 국민통일방송 상임대표 데일리NK 논설위원 북한민주화네트워크 연구위원 전) 시민행동21 지방자치센터 소장 계간 시대정신 편집장 대북방송협회 회장

Education Entered Wonkwang University in 1989 (majored in law) Graduated Korea National Open University in 2014 (majored in Economy)

Present Post President of Unification Media Group Editorial writer of DailyNK Research commissioner of Network for North Korean Democracy and Human Rights

Previous Post Chief of Municipal Center of NGO4U Editor in Chief of ZEITGEIST (bimonthly magazine) President of the Association of Broadcasters for North Korea

- 44 -

성공회대학교 NGO 대학원 연구교수 43. 이대훈 Professor, Department of NGO Studies, Sungkonghoe [email protected] University Francis 지위: (현) 성공회대학교 NGO 대학원 연구교수 Daehoon (현) 인도네시아 족자카르타 지속가능공동체사업 대표 LEE (현) 평화교육프로젝트 모모 연수전문가 (현) 참여연대 평화군축센터 실행위원

이력: 영국 브랫포드(Bradford)대학 평화학과 석사 (MPhil) 영국 브랫포드 대학 평화학 박사과정 수료 참여연대 창립위원, 초대 사무국장, 협동처장 (1994-2005) 영국 브랫포드대학 평화학과 객원연구원 (1998-99) 유엔 인권소위원회 자문위원 (2005) 일본국제대학 국제관계학대학원 평화학과정 초빙교수 (2006) 참여연대 평화군축센터 소장 (2007) ARENA (Asia Regional Exchange for New Alternatives) 펠로우(fellow, 2000-현), 이사(2003-2009), 상임이사(2006-2009) 일본 리츠메이칸 국제관계학부 평화학 초빙교수 (2010) 유네스코 아시아태평양국제이해교육원 교사연수 Facilitator (2006-현) 평화교육프로젝트 모모 실행위원 (2012~) UN Women 아태지역 자문위원 (2012~2014) 서울교육청 혁신미래교육추진단 세계시민교육분과 위원 (2014) 경기교육청 민주시민교육 자문위원 (2015)

Francis Daehoon LEE has been visiting professor for peace studies, at Ritsumeikan University, and International University of Japan. He also has been a legal advisor to the Special Rapporteur, Ms. Chung of the UN Human Rights Sub-Commission in 2005, and served in the board of directors of the Center for Peace Museum. He was also the former Executive Director of ARENA (Asian Regional Exchange for New Alternatives) and former director of the Center for Peace and Disarmament, Republic of Korea. He coordinated CENA (civil society education network in Asia), Francis has been actively involved in facilitating UNESCO-APCEIU teachers training workshops since 2006. Since 2012, he joined Peace Education Project MOMO and held a few advisory positions in the provincial education offices to provide for school teachers and peace activists in Korea peace education training that are based on new, learner-oriented pedagogical principles.

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44. Scott 전환기정의 워킹그룹 커뮤니케이션 팀장 [email protected] STEVENS Communications Director, TJWG 스캇 전환기정의워킹그룹의 커뮤니케이션과 행정을 맡고 있다. 2012 년부터 현재까지 스티븐스 사이버한국외국어대학교에서 조교수로도 일하고 있다. 전환기정의워킹그룹에서는 재무담당자로서 예산운용과 회계를 맡고 있고, 커뮤니케이션 측면에서는 SNS 페이지 관리와 보도자료 등 단체의 활동을 대중에 알리는 일을 담당하고 있다. 2010 년부터 2012 년까지 캐나다 워털루 지역의 오픈텍스트코퍼레이션에서 마케팅 및 웹콘텐츠 담당자로, 리서치컨설턴트로 일했다. 워털루대학교에서 학부에서는 사학과 영어영문학을 전공했고, 영어수사학 및 커뮤니케이션 디자인 석사를 마쳤다.

Stevens is Communications and Administrative Director at Transitional Justice Working Group (TJWG). He has been Assistant Professor at Cyber Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, since 2012. At TJWG, he is in charge of managing the finances of the organization as treasurer at TJWG. On the communications side, he manages the organization’s English SNS pages and press releases, and also communicates the organizations activities to the general public. From 2010 to 2012, he worked at Open Text Corporation in Waterloo, Canada, first as Product Marketing Writer and Web Content Manager, and then as a research consultant. Stevens received his M.A. in English Rhetoric and Communication Design and B.A. in History and English Language and Literature from University of Waterloo, Canada.

전환기정의 워킹그룹 연구원 45. 오세혁 [email protected] Researcher, TJWG Se Hyek 탈북민인권활동가이자 전환기정의워킹그룹의 연구원이다. 탈북민 사회 내의 폭넓은 OH 신망과 연락망을 통해 단체의 여러 프로젝트들에 필요한 다른 탈북민들의 참가와 지지를 도모하고, 인터뷰조사를 수행하는 일을 맡고 있다. 2012-2013 년에는 북한인권시민연합 조사연구팀 간사로, 2013-2014 년에는 데일리엔케이 기자로 일했다. 1999 년 북한을 떠나 2002 년 남한에 정착했다. 두 개의 석사학위를 받았는데, 첫 번째는 2011 년 고려대학교에서 사회학 석사를, 2012 년에는 영국외교부 쉐브닝장학금으로 셰필드대학교에서 국제개발학 석사를 마쳤다. 학부과정은 한국외국어대학교 중어중문학과를 2009 년 졸업했다.

Oh is a North Korean defector-turned-activist and Researcher at Transitional Justice

- 46 - Working Group (TJWG). With his wide set of contacts with the defector community, he invites and interviews other defectors for collecting information relating to TJWG's projects. Oh has over three years of experience in interviewing North Korean defectors first as a research team officer at Citizens’ Alliance for North Korean Human Rights (2012-2013) and later as a news reporter at the DailyNK (2013-2014). He left North Korea in 1999, and settled in South Korea in 2002. He holds two master degrees: first in Sociology from Korea University (2011), and later in Globalization and Development from University of Sheffield with the Chevening scholarship from Foreign and Commonwealth Office of the UK (2012). He received his B.A. in Chinese Language from Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (2009).

46. Dan 전환기정의워킹그룹 기술팀장 [email protected] BIELEFELD Technical Director, TJWG 댄 빌레펠드 전환기정의워킹그룹의 디지털매핑시스템과 데이터베이스보안, 웹사이트 구축과 관리를 맡고 있다. 특히 북한 내 인권침해 피해자 및 실종자 집단매장지 위치를 조사하는 매핑시스템 개발에 필요한 기술적 과제를 파악하고 해법을 찾아 적용하며, 외부의 공간지리정보구축 및 데이터베이스 보안 전문가들과 교신하며 새로운 기술을 적용하는 일, 자료의 시각화 작업을 위해 시각디자인 전문가들과 협력하는 일을 담당하고 있다. 미국 워싱턴 D.C.에서는 2 년 반 가량 정치 및 저널리즘 분야의 활동가들에게 훈련프로그램을 제공하는 비영리단체에서 일했고, 이후 6 년 동안 웹개발자로 여러 회사들에서 일했다. IT 전문인력으로 2006 년 한국으로 온 이래, 여러 북한인권운동그룹들을 도와왔다. 2010 년부터 2013 년까지 북한민주화네트워크(NKnet)에서 영문웹사이트를 관리했고, 연속 대중강연을 개최하는 일을 도왔다. 2013 년 말에는 6.25 전쟁납북인사가족협의회가 유엔북한인권조사위원회(COI)에 제출한 보고서 번역을 도왔다. 미국 힐즈데일대에서 심리학과 경제학 학사를 마쳤다.

Bielefeld is Technical Director at Transitional Justice Working Group (TJWG). At TJWG, Dan leads the development and management of our mapping and database systems and our website; identifies technological needs and solutions; communicates with experts on geospatial information systems and data protection; and produces visual images and data in collaboration with our visual design consultants. Previously, Dan worked in the Washington, D.C., area for two and a half years on the programs staff at a non-profit that trained young activists in the areas of politics and journalism and then for six years at various firms as a web developer. After moving to Seoul in early 2006, Dan volunteered with several North

- 47 - Korean human rights groups. From 2010 to 2013 he worked at the Network for North Korean Democracy and Human Rights (NKnet), managing their English- language website and helping to coordinate a speaker series. In late 2013, he translated part of the Korean War Abductees Family Union (KWAFU)'s submission to the COI on North Korean human rights. Dan holds a bachelor in arts degree from Hillsdale College, where he studied psychology and economics.

아쇼카한국 대표 47. 이혜영 Ashoka Korea

평화네트워크 대표 48. 정욱식 [email protected] Director, Peace Network Wook Sik 정욱식은 평화네트워크 대표, 프레시안 편집위원으로 활동 중이다. CHEONG 고려대학교 정치외교학과를 졸업하고, 북한대학원대학교에서 군사 안보 전공으로 석사학위를 받았으며, 미국 조지워싱턴대 객원연구원을 지냈다.

1990 년 후반, 북한의 대기근과 남한의 IMF 경제위기를 목도하면서 ‘평화군축을 통해 한반도 주민들의 인간다운 삶을 만들어보자는 취지로 평화 운동과 연구를 시작하게 되었다. 1999 년 평화네트워크(WWW.PEACEKOREA.ORG)를 만들어 지금까지 대표를 맡고 있다. 시민평화포럼 공동위원장, 서울시 및 고양시 남북교류협력위원회 위원 등으로도 활동하고 있다.

블로그 ‘정욱식의 뚜벅뚜벅(HTTP://BLOG.OHMYNEWS.COM/WOOKSIK)’을 운영 중

저서로 <김종대 정욱식의 진짜안보>,《핵의 세계사》《강정마을 해군기지의 가짜안보》《글로벌 아마겟돈: 핵무기와 NPT》 등이 있다.

I am one of the founding members and the representative of Peace Network(previous name: Civil Network for a Peaceful Korea), a non-governmental organization formed in 1999, working for peace and disarmament in Northeast Asia and on the Korean Peninsula. The reason that I founded Peace Network nine years ago, despite being so young and lacking of experience and academic background at that time, was that I felt so sad about the North Korean humanitarian tragedy. I thought that this tragedy would be resolved by making peace and reducing military spending on the Korean Peninsula. While striving hard to realize these goals with my colleagues since then, I recognized that it was much

- 48 - difficult to achieve them in the short-term.

I have worked as a full-time staff member from the beginning of Peace Network to the present. As a peace activist, an independent researcher, and a journalist, I have organized many campaigns and conferences, written books and essays, and made speeches both in Korea and abroad. Due to these activities, Hankyeoreh newspaper selected me as one of the "One Hundred Korean Young People who will lead the future" in 2004.

Expertise US-North Korea relations (esp. North Korean nuclear issue), ROK-US alliance, Arms control on the Korean Peninsula, Missile Defense in Northeast Asia etc.

Work Background Current Positions: Representative (full-time resident), Peace Network; Nonresident Special Columnist, Ohmynews(a leading South Korean web-based newspaper); Guest Columnist, Naeil Shinmoon(South Korean daily newspaper); Advisor, Center for Peace and Disarmament, People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy (PSP

여성인권을 지원하는 사람들 대표 49. 최영애 Women's Human Rights Defenders, HR Support for [email protected] NK Women Defectors Young Ae [학 력] CHOI 1970 부산여자고등학교 졸업 1970 - 1974 이화여자대학교 문리대학 기독교학과 졸업 1974 - 1976 이화여자대학교 기독교학과 대학원과정 수료 1986 - 1989 이화여자대학교 여성학과 대학원 졸업(석사)

[경 력] 1991. 4 - 2001. 9.한국성폭력상담소 소장 역임 1991- 1994 성폭력특별법제정특별추진위원회 위원장 역임 1997. 7- 2000 대통령직속 여성특별위원회〈남녀차별개선실무위원회〉위원 역임 1998. 9- 1999. 1.경찰청〈경찰개혁위원회〉위원 역임 1998. 9- 2000 서울특별시〈여성특별위원회〉위원 역임 1999. 1- 2000. 1.올바른 국가인권기구 실현을 위한 민간단체 공동대책위원회 공동 집행위원장 역임 1999.11 - 2005. 7.한국인권재단 이사 역임 2002. 2. 19 - 2004.7.22 국가인권위원회 사무총장 역임 2002. 8 - 2003. 7. MBC 시청자위원회 위원 역임

- 49 - 2004. 7. 23 - 2007. 8 국가인권위원회 상임위원 역임 2008.1- 현재 사단법인 <한국성폭력상담소> 이사 2010. 9. - 현재 사단법인 <여성인권을지키는사람들> 대표이사 2012 년 10 월 –현재 서울시<서울여성가족재단> 이사 2012 년 민주당 총선 공천심사위원 2013. - 현재 사단법인 <한반도평화포럼> 공동대표 2015 년 –현재 민족화해협력위원회 여성위원회 공동위원장 2015.9 월- 2016 년 9 월 경기도 교육청 성.인권 보호 특별위원회 위원장

[수 상] 1994 년 여성동아 대상 수상 2014 년 서울시 여성상 대상 수상

[EXPERIENCES] -2010-Present Representative (Women's Human Rights Defenders) -2004.8- 2007Standing Commissioner (National Human Rights Commission of the Republic of Korea) -2002.2-2004.7 Secretary General (National Human Rights Commission of the Republic of Korea) -1991.4-2001.9 President (Korea Sexual Violence Relief Center) -2001.6- 2001.9 Commissioner and Member Council on Deliberation and Evaluation, Ministry of Gender Equality Policy Planning Committee, Ministry of Gender Equality -2000-2001.9 Member (Advisory of Committee for Gender Issue, and Committee for Cooperation with NGOs National Police Agency ) -1998.9-2001.9 Chair (Committee of Gender and Human Rights, Korea Women's Association United) -1998.11-2001.9 Commissioner (Advisory Committee for Gender Education, Ministry of Education ) -1998.8-2001.9 Member (Committee for Juvenile Sex Culture, Commission on Youth Protection) -1999.1-2000.9 Co-Executive Director (Joint Committee of NGOs for Realization of Good National Human Rights Institution) -1998.9-2000 Member (Special Committee for Women, Metropolitan City of Seoul ) -1998.9-1999.1Commissioner Committee for Police Reform (Committee for Police Reform, National Police Agency ) -1998.6-2000 Chair (Sub-Committee against Sexual Violence, Ministry of Health and Welfare ) -1997.7-2000 Member

- 50 - Committee for Improvement of Gender Equality against Discrimination Ad Hoc Commission for Women under the President -1997.2-1998.12 Member (Committee for Women's Education, Ministry of Education) -1997.8-1998.5 Visiting researcher (Women's Studies Consortium, University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin, U.S.A) -1991.7-1998.6 Member (Committee against Harassment in School, Ministry of Home Affairs ) -1991-1997Co-President (Joint Committee for the "Sexual Harassment Committed Against Research Assistant by a Professor") -1991-1994 Chair (Committee for Legislation of Law against Sexual Violence) -1990-1998Lecturer (Women's Studies, Hongik University) -1989-1991Lecturer (Women's Studies, Korea University) -1989-1990 Direction of Research Bureau (Korea Research Center for Improvement of Voluntarism)

[AWARDS] -1994 Honor Prize for Woman Leader (Women Donga, Seoul, Leader) -2013 Honor Prize for the Woman Leader of Seoul (City of Seoul, Korea)

여성인권을 지원하는 사람들 사무국장 50. 홍영희 Women's Human Rights Defenders –HR Suppport for [email protected] NK Women Defectors Chief Officer Young Hee <학력> HONG 1981년 이화여자대학교 사회학과 졸업 1986년 미국 Washington D.C. 소재 American Uni. 사회학과 M.A 취득

<경력> -2013.2 ~ 현재 사단법인 여성인권을지원하는사람들 (Women's Human Rights Defenders) –북한이탈여성지원과 연대 사무국장 -2011.3~2013.2 도원장학문화재단 준비위 사무국장 - 2004.9 ~2007.3 ㈜웅진씽크빅, 웅진교육문화연구소 연구팀장 - 2000.1 ~2004.8 ㈜웅진씽크빅 유아교육사업본부 교육부 부서장, - 1996.4~1999.12 ㈜웅진씽크빅 교육문화사업본부 지국장 - 1994~1996 한국여성의 전화 국제협력국장, 영문 Newsletter 발간 - 1993 ~1994 도서출판 만민사 편집장 - 1989~ 1991 국회사무처 의원보좌관 - 1991.11 번역서 출간「백악관을 움직이는 기업-벡텔스토리」, 라튼 맥카트니,

- 51 - 도서출판 푸른산 「Friends In High Places -The Bechtel Story」, Laton McCartney, 1989, Ballantine Books

Graduated from Ehwa woman University in 1981 (B.S in Sociology) Graduated from American University(located at Washington D.C, USA) in 1986 (M.A In Sociology)

- Feb.2013 to present, Women's Human Rights Defenders –HR Suppport for NK Women Defectors Chief Officer -Mar.2011toFeb.2013, Dowon Scholarship Foundation – Chief of initiation committee - Sept.2004 to March 2007, Woong-Jin ThinkBig, Inc. - Chief officer of Education Culture research center - Jan.2001 to Aug.2004, Woong-Jin ThinkBig, Inc. Children Education department – Chief officer - Apr.1996 to Dec.1999, Department of Education and culture enterprise, Woong- Jin ThinkBig, inc. - Branch manager - 1994 to 1996, Korea Women`s hotline – Chief relation of international relations - 1993 ~1994 Mamminsa Publishing company – Chief Editor - 1989~ 1991 the Secretariat of the National Assembly - Nov.1989 translating the book 「Friends In High Places -The Bechtel Story」, Laton McCartney, 1989, Ballantine Books

51. 김성남 여성인권을 지원하는 사람들 ‘여울림’ 합창단 운영위원

- 52 - 4 ⛶✖4#+Vhvvlrq#4, 6/ᇢ⦽ᯙǭ᳑ᔍ᭥ᬱ⫭ $P* ᅕŁᕽǭŁᦩ᮹⬉ŝᱢᯕ⧪6/ ⧀᪡ǎᱽᔍ⫭᮹ᩎ 0)$)3 ᯙǭ↽Łݡ⢽ᔍྕᗭ &GGFDUJWFJNQMFNFOUBUJPOPGUIFSFDPNNFOEBUJPOTPGUIF6/ $PNNJTTJPOPG*ORVJSZ $P* 3FQPSUPO)VNBO3JHIUTJO %FNPDSBUJD1FPQMFT3FQVCMJDPG,PSFB /PSUI,PSFB 0)$)34FPVM0GGJDFBOE'PSFJHO(PWFSONFOUT

- 53 - - 54 - Effective implementation of the recommendations of the COI Inquiry

Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (Seoul) Seoul, 01 October 2015

Commission of Inquiry

“ The commission finds that systematic, widespread and gross human rights violations have been and are being committed by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. In many instances, the violations found entailed crimes against humanity based on State policies”. (CoI report, 2014, para 24)

- 55 - CoI Recommendations (selected)

• Profound institutional reform • Acknowledge violations and provide access to humanitarian workers and human rights monitors • Dismantle political prison camps, clarify fate of disappeared • Guarantee freedom of expression, religion, assembly, movement • End discrimination • Clarify fates of abductees, allow unification of separated families • Accountability for CAH

CoI Recommendations- intl. community

• Security Council should refer the DPRK to the International Criminal Court. •The UN should establish a field-based structure to expand the CoI work. • OHCHR should continue to offer technical assistance and conduct advocacy, • The High Commissioner report regularly to the Human Rights Council and other UN mechanisms.

- 56 - OHCHR (Seoul) – HRC Res. 25/25

Follow up on the CoI Report,

“…through the establishment of a field-based structure to strengthen monitoring and documentation of the situation of human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, to ensure accountability, to enhance engagement and capacity-building with the Governments of all States concerned, civil society and other stakeholders, and to maintain visibility of the situation of human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, including through sustained communications, advocacy and outreach initiatives,”

Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the DPRK, 9 September 2015

”…. It is now time to consider the concrete measures that should be taken to ensure accountability for those crimes and to set up a broader process of transitional justice."

- 57 - Rights up Front

1. Integrating human rights into the lifecycle of all staff, so that they all understand what the UN’s mandates and commitments to human rights mean for their respective Department, Agency, Fund or Programme.

2. “Tell Member States what they need to hear”. The UN will engage more proactively and strategically with Member States, including through, as Deputy- Secretary-General Eliasson suggested, providing horizon-scanning briefings to the Security Council.

3. Ensuring coherent strategies of action on the ground and leveraging the UN System’s capacities.

Rights up Front (cont.)

4. At headquarters, adopting a “whole-of-UN” approach to engagement with Member States and with teams on the ground, and to do so well before a crisis strikes to enable early action.

5. Achieving greater impact in the UN’s human rights protection work.

6. Developing a more robust system for gathering/analyzing information on serious violations of human rights and humanitarian law in order to support such activities.

- 58 - Thank You

- 59 -

토론 : 국제사회의 역할

- 61 -

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+, 9,'UTD3_+,/b 9 U I T 3_ +,5 V

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T ( K ; ]Leb ) C;>)9JL>0Â

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J? @A BC7I T, #8

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h_ B K"T9 b 7J + U cRD@5%'

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/ JÂ _ ^

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8J ! ' JÂ

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+T ,] c*7 ;/ R

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T + >R $, >R C_ @>R] C Â \] 7/

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- 89 -

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- 93 -

6 ㇶኞⵎẊ#+Uhihuhqfh#Grfxphqwv,

$P*ᅕŁᕽ᫵᧞ᅙ$P*3FQPSU4VNNBSZ $P*ᅕŁᕽđುၰǭŁᔍ⧎ᱶญ,FZ1PJOUTPGUIF$P*3FQPSU ᇢ⦽ᯙǭ ᷾ḥ ჶᦩ ᩍ᧝⧊᮹ᦩ ᬙ௡ၵ☁෕⥥ಽᖙᜅᅕࠥᯱഭ -BVODIPGUIF6MBBOCBBUBS1SPDFTTGPS%JBMPHVFBOE1FBDFJO /PSUIFBTU"TJB

- 95 - - 96 - 4,#FrL#⊲ኞ⛚#ⱒ⬻⊶#2#FrL#Uhsruw#Vxppdu|

- 97 -

ᮁᨵ ᯙǭᯕᔍ⫭ ᇢ⦽ᯙǭ ᳑ᔍ᭥ᬱ⫭ ᅕŁᕽ

݅ܩᅙᅕŁᕽ۵ᮁᨵᇢ⦽ᯙǭ᳑ᔍ᭥ᬱ⫭᮹᫵ℎᮝಽ☖ᯝᩑǍᬱᨱᕽჩᩎ⧩᜖ ᅕŁᕽ 3FQPSUPGUIFDPNNJTTJPOPGJORVJSZPOIVNBOSJHIUTJOUIF%FNPDSBUJD1FPQMF�T3FQVCMJDPG,PSFB ᪡ ᔢᖙᅕŁᕽ 3FQPSUPGUIFEFUBJMFEGJOEJOHPGUIFDPNNJTTJPOPGJORVJSZPOIVNBOSJHIUTJOUIF%FNPDSBUJD 1FPQMFT3FQVCMJDPG,PSFB ෝ༉ࢱᙹಾ⦹ᩡ᜖ܩ݅

- 99 -

A/HRC/25/63

㥶㠪G 㽳䣢

㈡ᠵ㈝⭕䄵㋅㛑䄵ᣙ ㈁㋅㈡ᠵ㈝⭕䄵㈁㎥㈁␥ 㿭ㄽ⌅ 䀁ᴽ ㈡ᠵ ⭪䄒

⟇⁷᭓⡓⡓⚯⛏᭓ౌ㖫ೄG ⛏ೣ⟇ ♛☧㗣G ᱋ష⁳

ㄽ〦

㈝ ➝ញ⯅ᴽ ㌙⯉⚥㎥㎥㈁㈡⚥ឞ䃽᠖ ㈡ᠵ㌙⭕ㆭㅹ䄵㈁㎥ㄽ ㌙⭕᝙ឥラ ᠵញ⭕䀖㇭ ᶝញ ㈱ㇵ

D2KUF2582FUS14ଡఞ୺්Փ1ۀ࣪ۗঃপ෉୺ॷէր઩۩ැছ#

- 101 -

1#Թ૬ ····················································································· 1~2 1

1#ହࡿࢫ୺ॷࢺ࣑ ·························································· 3~23 2

D1# ँ෉ଭण෱୺ ······························································ 9~11 3

E1# ୺ॷࢺ࣑ ··································································· 12~20 4

F1# ࣪ճܤಅැॷߢඌԧࠜ଍෉

###఼࣑ծࢫ଺ஹଭ୨ܑ ·············································· 21~22 6

G1# ඿ැୀஹચ׆ߧ࣪ւ ···················································· 23 6

1#୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭச૬୺ॷէր ······································ 24~73 7

D1# ॷঃ/#ඝ෮ࢫஂ֗ଭୀକಅැ ······························· 26~31 7

E1# ఙ࣢ ············································································ 32~37 9

F1# ଲܛࢫՋசଭୀକಅැ ········································· 38~45 11

G1# ਐ߆֫ࢫւߛ঍ࡣ֫ಅැ ····································· 46~55 13

H1# ୀଭୡׁ֜/#ճࢂ/#ళ෴ࢫ୨౿࣐৤૳ী ················ 56~63 15

I1# ૤֝଴ٓ౿ࢫԳ୪ਓஂ ··········································· 64~73 17

1#ࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏ ····································································· 74~79 20

1#էߨࢫ֫ճॷා ·························································· 80~94 22

ऀߧ41# ୺টࢢசசଭ଴ࢢվฃౖ֝ճ஺ܑୀࢫ

୪4णছ׌୨ଠրଭছ਑ ··················································· 33ۥܛڋ୺ট #######

ऀߧ51# ண֝րଭছ਑ ··················································································· 37

- 103 -

L1#Թ૬

6ଁ54ଵత೿෉էଭ55246෹઩ছ୺টࢢசசଭ଴ڂ5346ۀକફ଴֫ଲॷฎ 41# ࢢվฃ֝+ଲ෇ँ෉,઩۩෉଴֫୺ॷ଍଀ฎ+FRL=# Frpplvvlrq# ri# Lqtxlu|,ଭড ୺ۀ෉઩ছଲ߿ઘ஺ճ଼ँۀࠩଡէ୨෇઼ۗ1#էଭ55246෹઩ছ଴֫ଲॷฎ ஻ୡଲ࡝ֈ࣐଍෇ճண۩෉଴֫ಅැਓ೾ࠜ୺ॷ්ହࡿࠜ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ઩ऀ઱ #ಅැ઩ ۩෉ ૗ୢ෉ థହָࡣ+ixoo ۀ଼ ৤ ්ۥ෇઼ճ/# ൉ํ ࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏ઩ ැ ߧ෇઼ۗ1ܑܪ઩ܪdffrxqwdelolw|,# ࣪ୋଡસ

ଵକફ଴֫ଲॷฎଭୋଠࠬଲ೨ಝण+෹ச,/#ী٤णপ࠙ಸ+প:8ଁڂ5346 51# ਏੰ,ଡ୺ॷ଍଀ٷ߿ਆ࠮+଴ܑۗق࠙णੰ,/# ֻࠤճँ෉଴֫൉࣢࣪ճւࠬ࠙ச તۗ1# ୺ॷ଍଀ܣ୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭ ଍଀ୋଞߦ ஺ࡣ ۀଞߦ ହࡣ෇઼ճ/# ࠬଲ೨ ಝण ଴֫ଲॷฎԧୡୣ෉୺౿ࠜ଍ැ୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭ࣪ճছࠜକફଭࡦ݃ւߛۀฎ ෇࡟ছ଴֫ଲॷฎଲॷ֝݅ଲڄ׆ւࢫॷࡿ౑ୋ઩՚୪ౢ෇׆ߦէ୨෉Փଡକ ऀ઱෉ହࡿࠜଲෘ෇઼ۗ1

L1# Թ૬b# 1

- 105 - 1#ହࡿࢫ୺ॷࢺ࣑

#/ઘ଼ଞ࡝ܣକફ଴֫ଲॷฎէଭ55246෹୪8ා઩ࡣਏۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭହࡿ 61# # ࣪ճছ୪64ාଡ఼֜ୡଞߦચׂ෇ճ଼ۗ1ڂ෉଴֫൉࣢࣪ճւଭ5346ँۀଲ ճߙ/#ँ෉ଭ୺஻ୡଲ࡝ֈ࣐଍෇ճண۩෉଴֫ಅ״Թଭාଡ෌ܪۀ଍଀ฎ ැࠜ୺ॷ්ହࡿࠜऀ઱ࢲଠՓଞߦൡۚ෇઼ଞ࡝/#൉ํੰ޹ଭ఼֜ୡ଴֫ಅැ =ॷੲ઩۩ැ୺ॷࠜਓਏ෇઼ۗ # G 㔳⨟ῢG 䂾䟊 ୨౿࣐৤૳ীւߛࡦ݃଴֫ಅැॷා# ճࢂࢫण଴ԩୡ۩૴# ୀଭୡ఼එࢫׁ֜# Ԩஂఙ࣢/#൉ํ׆࣭ୡ଴֫րୀକ઩۩෉୺஻ୡ଴ࢮ೷ࢫಅැু઩# ଲ߿ઘ஼ఙ࣢ #ඝ෮ଭୀକಅැ ঍ࡣ֫ಅැ# #ଲܛଭୀକಅැ ૤֝଴ٓ౿ࠜඑ෌෉Գ୪ਓஂ# # ׆೴଴ۀ଍ੰ෿ԧ஺ॷੲଲ૤઩ܑଲ݅րऄԧंଭւծ઩଼ۀ71#୺ॷ଍଀ฎ ಅැॷߢܑ୺ॷ෇઼ۗ1#֫ # =ࡧඝܑඑ෌෇઼ۗܤ޹6ԧ஺ଭঃ෹઴ծੰۀԧ୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭହࡿੰي 81#

D2KUF2582FUS14ଭ ࣌ఞ୺1ۀࢺ࣑ࢫହࡿැজ઩۩෉۳ୀপ෉୨࣪ܛ଍଀ฎଭฆ D2KUF25528:1

- 106 - +f,# థହী୍൞ੱ1 # নఙ઩׆ొ෉+jhqghu0edvhg,# ଴֫ಅැॷߢ/#൉ํ઱ন઩۩෉ۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ 91# ଡඑ෌෉൉୨ுۚ઩ܛ෉ଲ߇෉଴֫ಅැԧ઱নրੰށඒߚ઩ுண෇઼ۗ1# ઽේ઩ܑசࡧ෗ۗ1ۀ౿ق # ଭਏԩୡ࣐଍ࠜँ෉ଲ୼ܛ1#କફ଴֫ଲॷฎէଭ55246෹ଭ୪8ාଠ୺ॷฆ: ൉୨࣐଍઩֝෉෇஺ੴ੼ۗ1ھ෗۶׆ԩணઘ୍ # ޭۍହࡿ৤ෘ࣐଍ࠜँ෉ઽલٛ઩ছ࣎ઘ஼଴֫ಅැॣ࠮ੰۀ1#୺ॷ଍଀ฎ; ଭւ්֫ࢯ઩ছ࣎ઘ஼ಅැܑඑ෌֝ۥࠛ֝ԧ઩ছୀෘ෉ٓ౿૕Զଲँ෉ۗ ಧ෗Ջۇ෉ँ෉ٛଭ଴֫ಅැࠜ଴րୡଞߦԧށۀ෉ۗճ࣪੼ۗ1#୺ॷ଍଀ฎ ஻୦ୡ଴էրࢄ଴ۗࠛ଴֫ಅැॷߢܑՑഠ෇઼ଞ࡝/#ֻ઩۩ැֻۗࠛ֝ي ஺઩ւැছܑ୺ॷ෇઼ۗ1ۀ஺ւߛథହଡ஺ג୨ܑھԧԧઘ #

D1#ँ෉ଭण෱୺

઩୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭ଴֝ۥ෉ँۀକફ଴֫ଲॷฎէଭ55246෹઩ছ଴֫ଲॷฎ 1#> #/ࢺँෛ૳ۀಅැॷߢ୺ॷ઩۩෉౦ं෉෱୺/#୺ॷ଍଀݅઩۩෉୪෉ઢ֫ ୺ॷ଍଀݅ଭହࡿ৤ෘଡ଍ැෂ૬෉୨࣪୪վଡో֜෗ۗ1#էଭ55246෹ଭత ଺ୋଡ վਐୡଞߦۀ೿ ஻บ ँ෉ଠէଭੲଡ �૗ୢํՋऀ෇࡝ࡿਏ්Փ�ଲޭ 8ଁ43ଵୀߦକફ଴֫ଲॷฎଭୋ઩՚ࢳ৉෉ছ෉઩ڂඝࡣ෗ۗ1#ँ෉ଠ5346 ছ�૗ୢํֻࠤճۚ෹ํ୺ॷ଍଀ฎࠜՋऀ෉ۗ�ճࢴෳۗ1#କԮਆߌ՚ܑ୺ॷ଍ ஺࣡ג଀ฎԧ৤ఙߢ୦ోଡਏܑ෗ଣ઩ܑऄ֜෇ճଲ߇෉ँ෉ଭ଺ୋଠ෮୍ ෇஺ੴճ଼ۗ1 # ࢺँෛ૳ր଴֫ঃจ઩۩෉୨࣪୪վ૬఻઩ܤ෉ଠ୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭՋ݈ँ 431# ଦ෇஺ੴ੼ۗ+ ୋఞճ,1#

1#ହࡿࢫ୺ॷࢺ࣑b# 3

- 107 - ઩ ୪վ෇઼֝ۥ ఼ୡ଴ ୺ॷէր+D2KUF2582FUS14,ࠜ ँ෉֜ ۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ 441# ଞ࡝/#ँ෉౸ଭଭեࢫ৤୨ॷාଡ૬఻෇઼ۗ1#ँ෉ଭԧୋਕԨ෉଴֫૴ߙॷ ා/#൉ํ ࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏ઩ ۩෉ ச૬ ୺ॷէրࠜ ँ෉ଭ ౖճ஺ܑୀ଴ ׌୨ଠ઩՚ ࣪ ଲ ছ෉઩ছ ֝୪෴ॷ࣑ ෇ଭ ۀছ෉઩ එ෌ਏವۗ+ऀߧ4# ఞճ,1# ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ ۀٛ ෉ଭ ౖճ஺ܑୀ઩՚ँ ۀ஺ܑऀ ࢫ ঃׂୀ థହ ଀ಀ઩ சࡧ෇઼ۗ1# ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ ࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏࠜࢺ஺ࢫઙ୪෇ճ/#ԧැୀ݅ଡ׆ী෇઱୍ൡ઩ฎऀ්Փଡో֜෗ۗ1 # E1#୺ॷࢺ࣑

റࡣ෇ճୡ࣑෉ր୨ր඿ැۀ෉઩۩෉୦ֽଭ୪ઊݡࢂ઩/#୺ॷ଍଀ฎँ 451# վ఻ฎࠜധැ஻୦ஹચ݅ଡค࣪෇઼ۗ1# ஹ଴ܤୀ݅ࢫஹ଴݅ଭ਑࣡ଲ࣪ୋ ࠻ۀࢫୢࢂԧ݅ண;3ࡣଲঃଲվԹୡଞߦஹચ෇઼ଞ࡝/#೧૳׆ࠜෂ૬ߦ෇ ଠ୨࣪ࠜ୪վ෇઼ۗ1ڔ૴ঃপ෇ճ఼֜ୡଲ࡝ண૬ܑ # լ+53461;15< 63,/# ߉۶+5346143156,/# ૾ਘܛ #/,ছ૷+53461;153 57ۀվ఻ฎ 461# վ఻ฎ઩ছଭ ࢳચଡ ଍ැ ँ෉ ۀഋ+5346143163 64,઩ছ વߠۗ1 #୺ॷ଍଀ฎ ࣡ଡࢲ஺࡮෗ۗ1ۢيୀ݅ଡొ఻෇઼ଞ֝ۥ # 471#୺ॷ଍଀ฎࢫॷࡿ֝஻଀݅ଠँ෉ଭ଴֫඿ැୀࢫ׆೴ஹચୀ݅ր573ఙ णվԹ࡟୦ܑ৤ෘ෗ۗ1ۀٱߢԧ # କફଭࡦ݃ฎ଀֝ࢫւծୀ݅઩՚ছ࡟࣪ճছࠜۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎଁ:ڂ481#5346 તۗ1#ܣਏ ;3Թଭ࣪ճছԧ୦৤ۥܥ୪ౢ්Փଡ૬఻෗ଞ࡝/#෮࣪ճছԧࠬࡿࠤ

෉ࢢ֝+ଲ෇෉֝,/# ଵ࣭/#೾֝/#ઽ֝/#ࢠ֝ଡվਐࢺࢂ෗ۗ1۩ۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ 491#

୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭଋॷଲൈ+zzz1rkfku1ruj2HQ2KUErglhۀࡦ݃վ఻ฎଭઽঃ׆ߧࢄր଀ճ ճ଼ۗ1ܣv2KUF2FrLGSUN,઩ছ୪վ

- 108 - ෮஺୺ॷࠜ৤ෘ෇ճ୨ऀւծୀࢫ෮஺ୢࢂԧ݅րଭ෱ଭࠜۀ4:1#୺ॷ଍଀ฎ ઩଼ત۶ਓࡿׂฎଭଁ:ڂ଍ැண֝ଡࢺࢂ෇ճୀ෇઼ۗ1#ଲ߇෉૬఻ଡ5346 ண֝୨ऀ઩ँ ண୦լ஺લ઩۩෉୦ֽෛԧࠜۀ઩ছୢۜ෇઼ۗ1#୺ॷ଍଀ฎ ڂண֝ ࢺࢂଡ ୍ఙ ૬఻෇઼ۗ1# 5346 ۀଵ ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ: 44ଁ ڂ૬఻෗ۗ1# 5346 ൉୨֝ԧ઩۩෉ହࡿ઩ւ෉ண֝୨ऀଭ଺ۀࢭண֝۩ඝऀٷ44ଁ53ଵச୪ ୋ/#൉ํ෉ࢱܑւߛ଺ୋଡԮੲ්ݡ୺ॷ଍଀ฎࠜొ఻්৤ઢଡՓଲޭճॷ ண֝઩Ջசۀ45ଁ49ଵୀบুছ਑઩ছ୺ॷ଍଀ฎڂࡿ֝઩ധ࣪෇઼ۗ1#5346 ෉րँܤଭਓ೾/#ँ෉ଞߦଭԳ୪৉ฅࢫଲ૕ւߛ݅ܛ෉ଭசࢢࢫੰँۀ෇ ॷා݅઩۩෉୨࣪ࠜ૬ܤଭ෱ߚ/#଴਑࠻࠻ࢫ׆೴୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭହࡿ૕ւߛ ఻෇઼ۗ1 # ଵ෇઼ۗ1#઱೴״৤ଭକફ׆֜ࢫ׆೴଴ܑசଭ׆֜૕෌ۗۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ 1#;4 ୥ଡକԮଞߦ঍ۀ଺ୋଲતۗۀ୨࣪ࠜ୪վ්৤ઢܤ׆֜ࢫւծୀ݅ଲւߛ କફ଴ౖ֫ճ۩ඝॷࡿী+RKFKU,ଭ஺଀઩Ԯॷࠜୢ෉ۗ1#ۀԨ෉ۗ1#୺ॷ଍଀ฎ ઘߙ૶୍୨઱Ս઩ܑऄ֜෇ճँ෉ٛ଴֫ಅැࠜٙٙଲ׆ߧ෉ۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ ઱߇QJR݅ߦऀഉֱண෉ܑૺଡࢲ੼ۗ1 # ෉ଡࢺࢂැ୺ॷ්৤ઢત۶Փଲ૤઩୺ॷ଍଀ฎԧ஻࡟෗۶ԧୋಝۗँ 1#>4 ୥ଲતۗ1#ँۀߙૺଡԧ஺ճ଼ۗܪ୺ॷଭઘߙૺଠஹચୀ݅ଲ࣪࣫઩۩෉ޯ ෉ࢯ઩ছՋசண଴େ୍ୡஹચୀ݅ண۩ۗ৤ԧԧ୻ଭੲୢ઩۩෉૴ߙ૕ँ ൡۚ෇઩णվԹ୺Ս෇઩ۀଲ઱ୢํୀ਑݅ଡणࢤࠤ઩Ԯਏ෇ճ଼ۗ֝ۥ෉ ߙ૾෇઼ۗ1ܪՓଡۀছ୺ఙஹચ෇ # ଴֫ಅැଭ඿ැୀࢫஹચୀ݅ଭ਑࣡࣪෹઩Ԩ࣢෉சଭࠜۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ 531# ઩ܛ଴֫ಅැଭ඿ැୀࢫࡧգୀ/#ֻ૤୺ॷ଍଀ฎฆۀ׆૷઼ۗ1#୺ॷ଍଀ฎ ଡ࣪෹්ଵఙୡథହଠֻ݅ଭՋச֝ր֝ୡ֝઩଼ଣଡঃ׆݅ޱ෱୺ࠜ෉ॷ ଴֫ଲॷฎଲॷ֝ଲෂ૬ਏଲ݅઩۩෉౟ԧۀ෇ճୀ෉ۗ1#ݗޭছ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ ୡ࣪෹୺౿ࠜ౫ැ஝Փଡో֜෉ۗ1

1#ହࡿࢫ୺ॷࢺ࣑b# 5

- 109 - F1#࣪ճܤಅැॷߢඌԧࠜ଍෉఼࣑ծࢫ଺ஹଭ୨ܑ

෉ଭ଴֫ঃจଡඌԧ෌઩଼ઘছँ෉ଲԧ଺෉ਏࢢୡ ୨ँۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ 541# ֫ܛੰ#/౿ୡ֫ࠤ઩ւ෉֝୪ָઊ/#լ୪ୡ ॷฎୡ ࢂฃୡ֫ࠤ઩ւ෉֝୪ָઊ ଭࡿۀઘ଼ܣࠤ෱ઊ/#઱ন઩۩෉ࡦ݃෴೾ଭఙ࣢శඍ઩ւ෉෱ઊ݊઩ࡣਏ ୪ٍࢢ࣑ ࢫ֝ ۀ෉ ෂ૬෇ۗճ ൡۚ෉ լ૴/# ୺ॷ଍଀ฎށ ઩ சߦ ଭՋ෇઼ۗ1# Գ୪৉ฅׁ஺ଭ଀ಀଡඑ෌෉ۗࠛ֝ԧ݅ଭւߛۀઘ଼ܣ୪଴࣑֫઩ࡣਏ֝ ॷා઩۩෉ंজଠ֝୪෴ॷւ਌࣑ࢫܤଭࡿܑճߙ෇઼ۗ1#ࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏ૕ւߛ ୪෴ॷ୍ൡী઩ւ෉ߦָࠬ୨ঃ୨ଭ઩ֽՋ෇઼ۗ1֝ # ஹՋଭ�෍ࠤୡ଴ֽՋ+uhdvrqdeoh#jurxqgv,�#׆ஜ઩ۀ551#୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭ୺ॷէր ଲޭޱ෉ॷۇ෍ࠤୡଲճധঃ׆ஜଭॷࠤं࣢ଲԧۀ׆ొ෇઼ۗ1#୺ॷ଍଀ฎ ଵߛଭෘ଍ԧଵઘٕۗճࢣଡ࠮೩ۗࠛୀ߹૕ଵ౿෇ճ਑फي࡟ઘݬॷՍଲ ۀෘ଍ԧଵઘٕۗيค਑ଲধଡݡ/# ֻ߇෉ॷՍଲۀ୨࣪ࠜค࣪෗ۗۀন଼ էߨଡٛߠۗ1ۀ෍ࠤୡ଴ֽՋԧ଼ۗ #

G1#඿ැୀஹચ׆ߧ࣪ւ

ୢୀۀ୨࣪ࠜඑ෌෇઱୺ॷ଍଀ฎԧ଺৤෉ࡦ݃୨࣪ܤ561#Թ࣢ԧැୀ૕઴ւ ଍଀ฎଭॷࡿ֝લ්ଡۀઘ଼ۗ1#୺ॷ଍଀ฎܣઘୠୋܣଲഉࣕଲਆ઩׆ࢤฃ܁ ଲഉࣕଲਆঃଭୀ߹݅઩۩෉୦ֽ֫෉܁କફ଴ౖ֫ճ۩ඝॷࡿী઩ۀ৤ෘ෇ ۩ଡෛԧ්֫෉ଡऀ઱෗ۗ1#ୀ߹઩۩෉୦ֽ֫෉ଠ࣐ஏ૕׆೴ಅැෘ଍઩ ൉୨Թ଴ଲۀށ#/ي଴֫ಅැ઩۩෉஼ਓଡࢴํՋ#/ي෉థହָࡣଡ࣪ୋ෇Ջ ୺ॷࠜۀଭࡧୡଡ଍ැ਑්߲৤଼݊ۀ׆ւ઩۩෉କફଭ୪୍ࠜଲෘ෇ي ୨࣪୪վୀيୀ߹઩۩෉୦ֽଠஹચୀ#1ۗܤ઩՚ऀ઱֝ۥۀ৤ෘ්ହࡿԧ଼ ԧܛଭ෇ճୀ߹ଭ࣪෹ࢫ૶ઽঃଭ૴ߙॷාଲୡୣํճߙܤլ૴઩෉෇઱ଲ ߿ઘ஼ۗ1

- 110 - 1#୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭச૬୺ॷէր

ܣ෉઩ଭැ୺஻ୡଲճֈ࣐଍෇࡝ண۩෉଴֫ಅැԧୀෘँۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ 571# ෉୨థँۀճ଼ۗճ࣭ۗ1 #࠯ଠլ૴଴֫ಅැيતଞ࡝஺ׁܑծুැছଵઘ ܛڋ୺টۀ෉ۗ1#ଲ߇෉଴֫ಅැଭச૬ԧැୀۥࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏ઩ැܬ઩׆ࢱଡ ෇ճܛଭෑਕ׆ւ/#֝ࢺ଍଀ฎ૕ँ෉ଭౖճ஺ܑୀଭตրୡ଴ധ୪ੰ޹ฆۥ ଭւ߹ۥܛڋԧੲୢ࣪଍ऀ/#଴ࢢ࣪ੲऀ/#୺ট଴ࢢ֞/#Ցఝী/#୍ൡী/#୺ট֝ۀ଼ ଲۗ1݅ # ܤ෉ଭ෮୍଴֫ঃจଲ෉ࢱܑଭલॷୡլ෠ଞߦ଴ැ෴নँۀ581#୺ॷ଍଀ฎ ෉ଭ஺ࢼୡँُہՓହଡԳ୺෉ۗ1#କ֗ୡॷฎ֜୺૕ଵ୪Գ୥׆ଭլ෠ଠૈ ଴୨౿֜୺૕ࢂฃ઩ଵ୨ऀंઽේଡࢠెۗ1#෉ࢱܑଭंۚր9 58ୢ୕ଭઠ఻ ճۀॷ૳෇܁ۀฃ෇ۥ෉ଲٛऀଭઙ੺ଡ୨ँۀఞঃ/#ֻࠤճ٣ୢଭ઱൞ٍ ଴֫ۀճ଼ܣࠩசଭୡ೾ܑ૕૤ऀপߚ઩۩෉෰ૈԮଡٚ੼ۗ1#ँ෉઩ছୀෘ ࠤճணֻ#/ڄକଵౖճ஺ܑୀ/#୨֗෉஺ܑଲۀಅැଭ൉৤নࢫୢࢱୡ଴ָࡦ ୨౿఼୪ଭ࣭ாଡंজ෌ଞߦਭ۳૵ۥକଵ୨ۀ੽ծฏլ୪઩׆ొ෇ճ଼ ৤଼ۗ1ܥ৽՚ଲැ #

D1#ॷঃ/#ඝ෮ࢫஂ֗ଭୀକಅැ

୥ܒԧԧ୨࣪ࠜ૗ୢํ֝ۀي൉෉൉নண෇ܒ591#ँ෉ଭલॷࠜധൌઘԧୋ ෉ँۀՓଲۗ1#୺ॷ଍଀ฎۀॷฎ঍ฆଡశୠํധ୪෇ճୀ෉ۗܤ෇ճ/#୺஻ฃ ઩ছॷঃ ઑਕ ஂ֗ଭୀକࢫચߨ ඝ෮ ୨࣪ էॷଭୀକܑՋଭ૗ୢํऀ୨ ॷਓଡค଴෇઼ۗ1ۀճ଼ۗܣ #

ށ෉D2KUF2582FUS14ଭLYୋఞ୺1 ੿ଭD2KUF2582FUS14ଭLLLୋఞ୺1#

1#୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭச૬୺ॷէրb# 7

- 111 - ׆ऀഉౖճ஺ܑୀ+�৤ߡ�,઩۩෉վਐୡ଴ڂசࢢ݅઩՚କۀ෉઩ছ֝ԧँ 5:1# րڄॷঃ֗ઑ఼ծࠜ ૶ઽ෇઱ վਐ ଲ ۀԹ଴৬ࢼ૕ ୣ۩ୡ ࣫ஂଡ ෇ܑߧ ࠮݁ ఼୪টୢଞߦऀഉ࣒ઘٍઘݪ෉ॷঃܑตրୡଞߦఙۚ෇ճ଼ۗ1#ँ෉઩ছ୨ ౿টୢଠଵ࣭/#ࢠ֝/#෉֝ଡඑ෌෉ँ෉ଭୡ۩পߚࢫֻ֝ࢢ઩۩෉ࢢ୻ୡ 1ۗܤॷ૳܁ۀஹૈਕଡ୺ୋ෇ # ઩ଭැۥܛڋଠ୺টܛ઴ߡ۩ࠜ࠭ߨ෇ճँ෉சࢢଭՋଭࡦ݃ॷฎୡฆ 1#;5 ॺ෇ॷฎ఼ۚࠜۥܛڋ୺টۀճ଼ۗ1#சࢢ݅ଲଭࡿୡଞߦԧ଺ැઉ෇ܣധ୪ ౖي෉୨౿఼୪ށଡ஺ਏ෉ۗ1#ܛசࢢ݅ଡԮਏ෇ճֻ݅ଭଵঃฆۀധැ֝ԧ ճ஺ܑୀ઩۩෉ઘݪ෉णൡୡ଴ඝ෮ܑෛ૳෇஺ੴଡ୨ܑߦँ෉சࢢ݅ଭॷ ઩֝ۥيଲܛ઱଼ۗ1#ँ෉சࢢ݅ଠࡦ݃�ࢱ֝ԧୡ�#ฆڕ঍ฆଠ֝ԧଭԮਏ઩ ෉சࢢ݅ଠۗࠛசࢢଲଲ߇ँ#1ۗۀ෉ࢱ۩ଭॷඝࡣ઩۩ැছܑళ࣎ଡࢲ۩ 1ۗۀլ૴ճࢳ෇࡟එঃଡࢲܥ෉�࣐ஏ�ࠜୠ஺ࠛۗճଭਕ # ୨࣪઩۩෉୦ֽ֫ଡ࣪ୋࢲ஺࡮෇ճ଼ۀܣࠩୡଞߦ୪վܒ1#ँ෉சࢢ݅ଠ>5 ࠻఼ॣଲۗ1#ഖߑۀଭധ୪ࠜࢲ֝ۥۀକଵ෉୨࣪୪վୀܤଞ࡝/#ँ෉઩ছෛ૳ ۩ઘ଼ଞ࡝/#ࡦ݃ܣ୦ুଠઠգํ୪෉ٽणୢਏ఻ࢫޭ݌ૈ఻౫/#ֻࠤճ଴ഉ ଭ஺ߡ઩ऀ෍ැઉ෉ۗ1#ୢۥܛڋՑવଡՋ౿࡝୺টۀண࠻఼ଭٛ૳ଠथൎઢ ෇࡝/#சࢢ݅ଭլ૴۩ऀंँ෉ٛऀߦ࠮ୢฃ්৤଼ۗ1#ँ෉ۥ఻ܑۀฃധฃ ݁ي૤֝ઽฃۀ఻౫෇࡟ళ࣎ࢲଞ࡝/#઱׆઩يசࢢ݅ଠ૤֝ࢺ৉ଡਏ఻෇Ջ 1ۗܤܑࠬඑ෌ޭ # ਏୋଭฆনฃ૕୨࣪׆২ଭࢳۜߦ଴෇઱෉֝րண֝ଞߦऀഉଭ୨࣪ࢫ 631# ࠻఼କ଺ଲஹԧ෌઩ݗޭँ෉઩ছܑ۩߆ଭ૤ऀ୨࣪କ଺ଲଲ߿ઘ஺ճ଼ۗ1# ૤ऀ୨࣪૕ँ෉சۀ୥ଠँ෉ٛऀߦเ߇݅ઘૈܒଭ୨࣪֝ۥݗޭছँ෉ તܣࢢ݅ଲ୨౿টୢ૤઩ੵճਙଠ�஼ਓ�઩۩෉෹׆ਕଞߦ଴ැ଍׆ࠜ࠸՚ ୥ଡକ஺෇ճୀ෉ۗ1ܒଠ୨׆ୡ଴ۚুրళ࣎Գฃࠜധැ୨࣪֝ۥ1#ँ෉ۗ

- 112 - ୡଞߦܑୢ෇ճ/#֝ԧଭധ୪ࢯ઩ڄଠ৤ߡ઩۩෉Թ଴৬ࢼ઩ଲ֝ۥ෉ँ 641# ֗ܒଲକߦ׆ۀࢳൡଡ୪վ෉ۗۀছॷฎୡ ୨౿ୡଞߦ୺஻ࢫ֗ࠑ්৤଼ ࡤࡤ֗ฎࠜۀଭധ୪ࠜࢲ֝ۥଭୢ൞ࠜ൉ํਕԨ෉଍෱ଞߦԩச෇ճ଼ۗ1# ਑ୀ݅ଠ֗ܒ࡝ࢮැࠜࢲճ଼ۗ1#׆ܣଲׁ஺ܛ଴݅ଠஂ֗ฆ֗ܒ୪૤෇ճ׆ ਏ઩ஂ֗઩ܛଭୀକ઩۩෉ಅැ଴֗ஂۀ࡟ԧ෺෉ళ࣎ଡࢲଞ࡝/#ଲܣୡࢳ Փଲۗ1ۀ෉ఙ࣢ׁ஺ࠜ଍ࢱ෇۩ #

E1#ఙ࣢

෉ଠਆਆߦࠜࡦ݃ंઉ઩଼ઘছඌ݊/#णఙ࣢ֻࠤճվඌ෉֫ࠤࠜऀ઱ँ 651# ਕۀଲୀࠤୈճ଼בਓ୪ߦँ෉ଠఙ࣢ଲॡࠤيԧޭճডࡣ෉ۗ1#ֻ߇֝ۀ෇ ॷฎߦଲ߇෉ఙ࣢ଠणߧਏୋଭฆনฃ૕׆২ଭࢳۜߦ଴෉ܤԨ෇՚ծ౾ฃ ஺୼୍෇ճ଼ۗ1#גતଣ઩ܑऄ֜෇ճੰ஻ܣॷฎ լ୪ୡ࣡ฃࠜധැۗী૗ฃ ୥ఙ࣡ฃࠜդճ଼ۗ1#ँ෉ॷฎ#/يଲ୺ୋ෉ఙ࣢ଲ࠮઴ැ଼ଞ֝ۥۀ෉઩ँ ۀճ଼ۗ1#নं୪ܑܪఙ࣢ਏਆഗ઩ॡࠤࠜۀ઩ছଭఙ࣢ଠ�নं�#୪ܑޭऄࠤ ԧԧ஺୨෉ॷฎծׂրౢ঍઩ݗޭசࢢ݅ଡंࠑ෇࡝/#୨౿ୡեැࢫஂ֗֝ ఙ࣢ڀԶଲ࠮઴෉ْނ�নं�઩ଭ෉ఙ࣢ଠँ෉ॷฎ઩#1ۗܤճߙଭ۩ঃଲܑ ਏ઩ଲ߿ઘ஼ۗ1#णߧ֝ԧ઩ଭ෉ਏ୨ଭૺ஻ହଲ଼஺࠮ୋ઀଴઩۩෉ܛր ఙ࣢ܑෘැ஺ճ଼ۗ1 # Ջசୋী/#சՋ෴೾/#஻ડ/#֗ଖ+൉ํ۩෈,/#ਐ߆ࢼׂ߆ࢫਕۀ�নं�#୪ܑ 661# ઘԧ଼܁ۀ஺ँ෉சࢢଭ঍ฆଭՋଭࡦ݃࡟ଡէ୨෇גࢼ૴ୀট೿ۀ஺ઘ ୋէ୨ୡ଴૬ী઼ۗ1#ଲ߇෉�নं�#୪ܑ෇ଭୢധୡఙ࣢ଠֽౖँ෉ٛਏୋլ ୪ԧ ୥୥ คॺܣճ ૤ฃࠜ එ෌෉ ฃඍଭ ઽේଞߦ சࢢ݅ଲ լ୪ ॷฎ ࢂฃୡ તۗ1#׆ొվվছणਆԧܣ઩ݗޭ࣫ୈ෇՚࣡ฃܦࠧ৤଼՚ڧࠤࠜ۳࠯ଲ֫ ঃจ઩ছ୍ॺଲઢճକࠤ෉�নं�ܤࠧ৤଼՚ڧଡ஺ऄැઉ࠮ܓيՋܣऊ֏ ճ౟ԧୡ଴ఙ࣢ଡդճ଼ۗ1ܣ୥୥ী૤ۀ৤ۥசࢢঃۏੰܑ #

1#୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭச૬୺ॷէրb# 9

- 113 - 671#ँ෉઩ছվਐୡ଴ඌ݊ଡ࣪ୋ෇ճୀ෉ొ׆ଭԹ෭઩ܑऄ֜෇ճনඌ݊ଠ ஺઱ন઩۩෉ఙ࣢ଲ࠮઴ැ଼ۗ1#גଲ߿ઘ஺஺ੴ੼ۗ1#ॷฎࡦ݃ंઉ઩ছੰ஻ ઱নր౫ઊծ౾઩ැۀ஺ੰڔଠլ୪ୡଞߦ஺଍ԧ֝ۥਓ୪ْনசܑଭँ෉ ํૈۀ୥઩ছ઱ন઩۩෉ఙ࣢۩૴ۀࠜ็঍ઑଞߦॿճ଼ۗܪ઱নࡦۀ෇ۥ ਏ࠯ଠ઱ন݅ଲ঍ծࠜ଍ැԹ଴ୡଞߦୋۥ׆ֽ۩ڂߙஹԧ්৤଼ۗ1#4<<3 ਏۀଠ઱নଲசܑ֫ଡ஧ճ଼֝ۥ෉ँي૕ࢄՍଡൢ׆ਏୁ෗ۗ1#ֻ߇ي઩ ׁ࣎ଡٛ՚يࢄଲښୋ઩࠯ଠ୪୍ࠜԧ෗ۗ1#ँ෉઩ছনఙ࣢ଠ઱ন઩՚࠮ ෉ళ૴઩ୠා෇Ջۥ෉઱ন݅ଲଲ߇෉ऀँۀ෴೾ࠜަ׆ܑ෉ۗ1#ֽౖ઩ۀ෇ ॷߢԧ଼તۗ1ۀՋऀ෇ي # ઱নଭլ୪ୡ஺଍ේঃ઩Տ࠸ଠॷฎ ୨౿ઽલ઩ছଭࢳୢଲܶݗ࠙ي681#ֻ߇ ଠ ԧऀୋ୪૕ ઱ন઩ ۩෉ ඒߚଲ ஺ב ஺ܑ ॡࠤג஻ੰ ۀ஺ ࡮෇઼ۗ1#ँ෉઩ছ ଡ କ஺ਏ೬׆ ଍ැڄনୡ ճ୨ ւ ۀճ ଼ۗ1#০৤෇ճ ০է෉ ୺ট ઱নଲޭܣু շୡଞߦ ఙ࣢ୡ ୪෉ଡ ऀր෗ۗ1#ँ෉ ॷฎ ୢલ઩ ઱ন઩ ۩෉ڋ ઱ন݅઩ ۩ැ ଞߦऀഉܑ ઘݪ֝ۥ নඒߚ ࢫ ন࣢׆ࢱ ඒߚଲ ࠮઴ැ ଼ۗ1#඿ැ ઱ন݅ଠ ँ෉ ࣑ୡ ֜୪ܑ ࢲ஺ ࡮෉ۗ1#୨౿ ઽલଡ ࣮ ݡ/#઱নଠ ۀށ#/஺଀ ছणਆ ي෉ ࣪෹ ճ଍ԩऀׂணૈ஻8(࠮ఙ஺්ॣଲ࡝ண੽୨ऀւ߹ண43(࠮ଲ઱নଲۗ1ۥ

઱ন઩۩෉ఙ࣢ଠۗઑ෉଴֫ಅැঃจր࠸ࢄߙ઱ন݅ଡऄࠤ෉଍౿઩ 691# ౢਏ೬ڋ઱ন݅ଡ଴਑࠻࠻઩ۀଭୀକ઩۩෉ಅැܛଲ՚෉ۗ1#ਐ߆֫ࢫଲڕ ճ୥୥ন࠻࠻ࢫ࠻ౡଞߦࡪճԲۗ1#ඝ෮ࢫէॷଭୀକ઩۩෉଀వୡ଴ࣲ৐ ෮ਓ઩೥՚׆઱෇ճ଼ۗ1#ଲ߇෉ۀ઱নଲْন઩णැऄඌ݊෉۩૴ࠜࢲۀ ଡധැ֫ࠤܛ୪ઊଞߦ଴ැँ෉઱ন݅ଠপծ઱೴஺લଭ઱ন݅ళߋுۚෘ ෇઼ۗ1ۥࠜசୋ්׆ฎࠜࢮ೷ # ୼୍෇஺࠮/#ँ෉ଠվਐୡఙ࣢୪ܑࠜ૶يॷฎ઩ھଵ୨୨ܑଭఙ࣢ଠઘ 6:1# ଭଲߢୡ଴֝ۥ෉ँ#1ۗెقઽැԹԹ଴ଭ଴֫ේକ઩࠻૴ਕԨ෉ੱઽේଡ சࢢധ୪࣐଍ࠜԮੲ෇઱࣮ݡ/#ଲ߇෉վਐୡ଴ఙ࣢ଠசࢢ݅ଭ঍ฆୢࢱ઩

- 114 - ۩ಁۗ1#ँ෉઩ছఙ࣢ଠ஺ܑ౾ଲ۩ٛ૤ୡେ୍଍෱ଞߦऀഉசࢢ઩قઽේଡ ச૬৤ۚଲۗ1ۀ෉ധ୪֫ଡକ஺ਏ೯৤଼ #

F1#ଲܛࢫՋசଭୀକಅැ

ࢄߨଲճٛۀசࢢ݅ଲ૤ऀপծۀ1#ॷঃச଺րॷฎծ౾઩ݗࠛఙ࣢୪ܑ;6 ࡝/#ଲܣճକ஺ܣ୨థଡധැԳฃۀऀୡଞߦܑছߦ୦ో්৤ઢܑߧճࠩฃ෇ Փଲۗ1ۀଭୀକୢࢱଡಅැ෇ܛசࢢ݅ଭଲۀ # ෌ଞߦਭট೿ଭୀକۥ1#ँ෉சࢢ݅ଠ֝ԧ઩ଭැઘ݌ছॼճଵ්஺ࠜԳ૬>6 ࠜ ಅැࢲճ ଼ଞ࡝/#�নं�઩ ݗࠛ ఙ࣢ଲ ࢭߦ ଲ߇෉ ֝ԧଭ Գ୪ୡ Ջச஺ ࢫ ෉ଡ ॷฎ լ୪ୡଠँ ۀ૬ীଲۗ1# ଲ߇෉ ୺౿ ܤச ۀߦ ୋী ஺୨ଡ է୨෇ֽ ଠฅլ݅ޱॷۀ઩౦নଡࢭ౿֝ۥॷฎߦ࠮݅તۗ1#ܤࢄߨࢄࠤୡଞߦܑंવ சࢢۀࢱ࡟୨౿ୡଞߦଭਕଡࢲۀଲ࣪ۗஅଠୋী઩ছՋச෇ճଵ්৤଼ ઩ԧୋ౦ন෇઱෵೿ࢲ֝ۥ෉ँ#1ۗܤ஺લଞߦஆవܤࢫֻԧ୻݅ଠী૤݅ ඌઑଭ ൉࣢෉ ଍౿ԧ ଲ߇෉ ఙ࣢ ୪ܑࠜ ଺ஹ෇ճ ଼ۗ1 ۀଠ ଲ݅࠮ Ջச෇ # ଭվਐෛԧઢଲֻ݅ଭசՋ஺લ઩ছଵਏୡଞߦଲ೷֝ۥ෉சࢢ݅ଠँ 731# ෉ٛۗࠛ஺લଞߦ઱ෘ୺ఙ්ܑ৤ઢۗ1#ଲ߇෉୨థଠছߦଲாୡँي෇Ջ ۀ଴঍ฆ৤ஜଡକ஺෇ճ/#୨࣪ଭ฻ࠝଡ୪෉෇࡝/#֝ԧଭധ୪ߚଡּ۩ฃ෇ߙ ࡧୡ઩ଭ෉Փଞߦছॷฎୡ/# ԧ୻ୡକ۩ࠜ็঍ਏ೬ճ଼ۗ1 # ଠඌઑଭ�০৤�෇ճݡࢃ஺ੴଠଲࢠ஺ࠜւࠤ෇׆଍෇઱ԧ୻֜֝ۥ741#ँ෉ լ૴ֻԧ୻ୢۀ୨౿ୡଞߦ୅࡮ଲ଼يন଀෉ࡣଲਕԨ෉࣐ஏࠜୠாߎՋ ׆೴ܑਏߦي఼ࠜ୺஻ୡଞߦ৤ܑߦऀഉ౟ࢺැ࣊ࠦۗ1#ࡊଡՓଡణੰඌઑଲ ৤ଭऀ޵ੰܑ݅Զଠଲକߦ఼එ෇઱ֻ݅ଭ଀޹஺લଞߦԳۗۀࡪ޹݅ઘૈ ׆ܑܣԳ୪ߦ࣪෹ਏড઩৤૳يՋܣߙ࣪ٝۗ1#ଲր୨઩ছଲ݅ଠࢺ౿ܕ୪ߦ ෉ۗ1

1#୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭச૬୺ॷէրb# 11

- 115 - Փଡॷਓঃ૗ୢํׁ஺෇ճ଼ۀଠଵࢱசࢢ݅ଲැ૤ߦ઱ෘ෇֝ۥ෉ँ 751# ଞ࡝/#ଲߦ଴ැଲ݅ଲୀ֝ଡݪُ֫ࠤࠜಅැ෇ճ଼ۗ1#֝լ஺۩ଭઠண෉ۚ ઩ܑऄ֜෇ճँ෉சࢢ݅ଠ଍෠ଡࡿࠞੜճ೷ँ෇ճ଼ଞ࡝/#சߦண֝ଞߦু ୀ݅ଠଲ݅઩֝ۥ࡟ँ෉ଭܣԳ୪ँ৉يச෇ճ଼ۗ1#࠮ଵܑ࠷ணऋୈํՋܑ ՚୺஻ୡଞߦ෈۩ࢫճࢂଡԧ෇࡝/#ୋ׆ୡଲճୀଭୡ଴ׁ֜ଡਏ೬ճ/#լ૴ ହ਑෉తߦ#1ۗۀ஺ছ਋஺ੴגনඒߚۀ઩ݗޭ਑఼ٛऀ৤আண઩ଲ߿ઘ஺ ઱নଲٚଠઽੰ݅ܤ࡝/#Գ୪৉ฅܣ೷ँ઱ন݅ଠ࣪ധԳ୪ߦً೾ܤԳ୪৉ฅ ઩۩෉଴ஂఙ࣢ୡ೾ܛ૤ऀ଴ր඿ԧঝ଴ँ෉ੰۀଲ߇෉୺౿#1ۗܤॼැܑ ۀணْ֝ন݅ր୦ో෉Փଞߦଭਕଡࢲي෉ँ෉ଡݪށ#/઩ֽՋ෉Փଲ࡝ܑ ଴ր୦ో෉֗ܒ׆ي෉઱ন݅઩۩෉ళ࣎ଡ଍ැଲ߿ઘ஼ۗ1#෉֝֝ୡ଴ॷँ ܣଵࢱԮૉ઩ׁ֜يՋܣ෉சࢢଠ ୨౿࣐৤૳ীߦԳ୪ �ਓஂ�ँܤՓଲࢳԨ ׆ܑ෉ۗ1ܣ࡝/#լ૴઩ݗޭளէళ෴ # ண۩෉଴֫ಅැ઩ܑऄ֜෇ճண֝ଠۀଡ׆ۗࠤճ଼݅ޱ෉ॷۥԳ୪ँ৉ 761# ୨థଡઠգํਓෘ෇ճۀઘ૊சࢢ݅ଡԳ୪৉ฅ෇ٱ෉઩ছऄ࣑ଞߦ֝լଡँ ւ୥෇ۀ෉ଲ೷சࢢ݅ଲլ୪ୡଲճऄ࣑ୡ଴ଲசࢢଲޭँۀ1#ண֝୨ऀ଼ۗ ࠯ଠँ෉ଲ೷சࢢ݅ଠ෈۩ࠜ඿ැ೷ౢي઩ଲ߇෉୨థଡਓਏ෇ճ଼ۗ1#ֻ߇ ෮ୋٍࢢ+uhixjhhv#vxu#sodfh,ଞߦ଴୨ࢲੰઉ෌ଲࠬݟ෇࡝/#ݗޭছي෉ٍࢢଲ ண֝ଠۀ୪ୡఙ଀ଭ࣪෹ࠜࢲଡ֫ࠤԧ଼ۗ1#ँ෉ଲ೷சࢢ݅ଡԳ୪ँ৉෇֝ Գ୪৉ฅׁ஺ଭ଀ಀଡஜ৤්ଭࡿࠜ଍ۀઘ଼ܣ୪ٍࢢ࣑ࢫ଴࣑֫઩ࡣਏ֝ ෉ଲ೷சࢢ݅઩۩෉୨࣪ँܤୀ݅ଲ఼එ֝ۥண֝ۀࢱ෇ճ଼ۗ1#ઘݬլ૴઩ Փଞߦ࣪଴ۗ1ۀୀ݅઩՚୪վ෇׆ܑ෇ۥࠜँ෉ଭ࣪ੲۡ # নଞߦ଴ැ೷ँ઱ۇ෉઩ছଭ઱ন઩۩෉ఙ࣢րٗଠ஺଍/#Գ୪৉ฅԧँ 771# ౠసيন݅ଠ଴਑࠻࠻ଭ଍෠઩۳૵౫ઊ෇ۗ1#࠯ଠँ෉઱ন݅ଲԳ୪է෻ଲ Գ੺ୡ࠻ౡଡࡧୡଞߦண֝ଞߦ෺ଠண֝ٛ઩ছԳ୪ߦ෺ۀށଞߦଭచ౫݊ ߦऀഉ೾ઘٍ۩߃ଲ࠮ࡣ୨ܑۍ෉ౢ਑ઘࡉँ#1ۗܤැ଴਑࠻࠻ۥଠॷ׆ࠜ ԧँ෉ଞߦԳ୪৉ฅۍଠઘࡉ݅ܛଭੰଲ݅ଲ෮୍ண֝઩Ջச෇ճ଼ۗ1#ଲੰ

- 116 - #/஺ੴ׆ݡࢂ઩ౢ঍਑ճ/#֝ୡ/#֗ଖܣ෉ౢ঍݊ߧଲۀ଍෠ଡࡿࠞੜ஺ੴۀܣ ࠤ஺࡮෉ۗ1ڧ࣪Ս݊ଭ֫ࠤࠜ

ࢢ݅ଲ֝ۀ೴֝઩ւැசୋ්֫ࠤԧ଼يՋܣ෉ଠ೴֝઩൉࣢ํ઴ւँ 781# ൉୨ਏডଡଲ૳෇઱ૈ޹ܑߧ෤ઘ୷۶ԧ୻րঃ්ࣲ֫#/يԧՋੰܕսଞߦֻ ԧ୻݅րଭ୦ۀࠤࠜ୼ண්ଭࡿࠜծুැছ଍ࢱැ૜ۗ1#ँ෉ଲ෉֝઩ॼճ଼ ԧଭଭࡿࠜ଍ࢱ෇֝ۀઘ଼ܣ୪଴࣑֫઩ࡣਏ֝ۀ୺౿ۀࢫীധଡఙۚ෇ో Փଲۗ1# ଲ߇෉ ଍ࢱଠ ୀଭୡଲ࡝ ୂ෺෇ճ ण଴ܑୡ଴ Փଲۗ1# ଲ߇෉ ୥ଠ ۀ ଲۀଲॺԧ୻ঃࣲଡճߡଭঃࣲ۩ঃୀ݅઩۩ැ්݂ٓ৤ઢܤ൉ํଲࢠ෍ଭ କߦଵࢺୡଞߦ౫ী෉ॷߢ઩ছ୅݁߇ٍۗ1 #

G1#ਐ߆֫ࢫւߛ঍ࡣ֫ಅැ

০ํਐ߆ऀۚۀ෉઩ছਐ߆֫/#঍ࡣ֫ࢫ֢சࠨଞߦऀഉୀକߦ૷֫ࠤँ 791# ۩ଠசࢢ݅઩֝ۥ৤ઢۗ1#ँ෉ܥଭߦ֝෉ڍ୻րঃඨ઩۩෉୦ֽন઩۩෉ ܣ෉ധ୪ଭ৤ۚଞߦਐ߆ଡॷ૳෇ճ଼ଞ࡝/#஺ܑ౾ଠ୨֫କ஺ࠜ଍ැண૬ਏ ଡ૴টਏ෇ճ଼ۗ1݅ޱॷۀ

઩՚݅ޱ઩՚ছਐ߆ଡࡪ৤෇ճԳ೷෇઱ۗࠛծ౾ଭॷޱਐ߆ଲෂ૬෉ॷ 7:1# ଠ�নं�#୪ܑ઩׆ొ෇઱ਐ֝ۥࠤ઩ݗࠛՓଲۗ1#ँ෉ڍՓଠଲ߇෉ۀ୪վ෇ ෉ඌઑրԶଠ൉୨஺લ઩۳࠯ଠ෵ށ#1ۗܬ߆઩۩෉୦ֽࢫࢼं઩ఙ݊ଡ ଠ౫ઊծ౾ଭઘߙૺલਏ਑լੜ஺ੴճ଼ۗ1#֝ۥ೿ଡऀ઱෇ճ଼ۗ1#ँ෉ ଭ࠮নୡ଴ઽઑऀ୻րֻୋ׆ୡ଴บକஹଡ൉ํસ݅ܛ෉ੰँۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ ߙ෇ճ଼ۗ1 # ઘܣ઩ళଣଞߦ֝୪ॷฎ઩֜෹ࠜ૬఻෇׆ฤ੪ୢऀഉੱฃڂ1#ँ෉ଠ4<<8;7 ਐ߆঍ۀ࠱ऀഉ֝ԧധ୪෇઩଼۩ڂਐ߆ঃจଡԮ஺෇ճ଼તۗ1#4<;3ۀԧ சࢢ݅઩՚ ౦ं෉ ਐ߆ଡ ୪վ෇஺ ࡮෗ۗ1# റࡣন/# థହন ָࡣ ۀॺ ࢫ ࢼׂ୪

1#୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭச૬୺ॷէրb# 13

- 117 - ଭ஺ਏ઩ۥࢫࢢசୡ׆ւଭऀ୍/#ඝ෮ ୨࣪ էॷ઩۩෉ୀକଭ୪෉ଞߦ଴ැ ଠ சࢢ֝ۥ ஺ ࡮෇઼ۗ1#ँ෉ܣլ୪ୡ ැէథଲ ܑ଺ ۀઘছٱ ࢺੲଡ ۀऀ෍෇ ડ఼୪ଭԹ෭ଡฎ඿෇઼ۗ1ړߙ૾෇઱լ୪ࢫܪ઩۩෉ധ୪֫ଡঃਓ්Փଡ

ୡॷঃ֗ଖଲଲ߿ઘ୷ଞ࡝/#ଲڄ୨֫କ஺ࠜ଍ැଲۀਏ઩ۥ෉ଭ׆ֽँ 1#>7 சࢢ݅ଭ֢சࠨଡਕԨ෇՚ੱฃਏವۗ1#୨࣪ଭଠඍߦ଴ැँ෉சࢢ݅ଠ૕ۀ ઘ࣊ࠦண੽ࢼ఼ׂծ઩۩෉۩ੲଡణଡ৤ઢતۗ1#ଲߦ଴ැ֝୪ୡ஺଀ܣැ ۀଲ஛તۗ1#சࢢ݅઩՚౦ं෉ਐ߆ଡվׂ෇஺࡮෇݅ޱઘ۳࠯ଠॷܣଲ઴׆ णي෇Ջܛଠਐ߆ଡ֜෇׆଍ැ֝ٛ૤઩ছଲ֝ۥ෌઩ܑऄ֜෇ճ/#ँ෉ۇࡿ ଭச૬঍ծକ஺৤ۚॷ૳ଡॷਓঃ࣐ஏ݊ۀଵଡ෇ۀށվਐਏୋ઩ছՋ޹ ࣑୪ࢫധ୪৤ۚଡକ஺෗ۗ1ۀฃ෇ # ୺Սۀ831#׆ֽଲౖੱଞߦ౿ۜଠਏ׆୺ఙܑँ෉ଠ଴ܑୡճߙ઩ऀ෍෇஺ੴ ଞߦऀ֝ۥଡٛপૺଞߦਭਐ߆֜෹ࠜࢺැ෗ۗ1#֝୪଴ܑ஺଀఼ۚ݅ଠँ෉ ଠ଀୺׆֜݅ଲँ෉ଭ଴֝ۥ෉ށ୪෉ଡࢲ੼ۗ1#ۀഉ଴ܑசଭ଀ಀ઩ࢱ෇ ഉࠫ෇஺࡮෇ܑߧ෇઼ۍୡෂ૬ঃจଡ୪۩ߦ൞ੱ෇ճ଀୺ंࢼঃจଡࡦܑ சࢢ݅ր஺ۀଠऀ޵ੰࠜඑ෌෇઱ԧୋܑૺଡୣਓํෂ૬ߦ෇֝ۥ1#ँ෉ۗ લ઩۩෉଴ܑୡ୦ֽଡՋऀ෗ۗ1

சࢢ݅઩՚ਐ߆ଡվׂ෇׆଍ැୀ֝ଭԧ૳ୀ଀ଲෛ૳෇ۀ841#ँ෉ଠ֢சࠤ ܣ଀්ଭࡿࠜୠ࣊ߠۗ1#சߦࡿ׆Թࢳࢫෑඹߦֻ޽઩ॷ૳ܛ෉ܑࠜ۩ౖۀ ਐ߆଍׆ݡ઩ܑુ૤ԧੰۀતଞ࡝/#ଲܣॷୡࡧୡଭ஺ౢଲාঃ૴টਏ֞ۀ ଠऄֹ෴ୡଞߦ۩ָࡦ଴֞۩ଭॷࣦ݅઩֝ۥતۗ1#ֻߋ઩ܑऄ֜෇ճँ෉ۍ Թ࣢׆ׁଡඑ෌ۀ՚୺ఙਐ߆ଡվׂ෇஺࡮෇઼ۗ1#ౖճ஺ܑୀԧ஻୦ւࠤ෇ ॷ౿ඨրۀ׆࣪ۗܣசࢢ݅઩՚ਐ߆઩ॷ૳ۀ෉۩ָࡦଭ֝ԧୀ଀ଠ֢சࠤ Թ଴৬ࢼࠜ଍ැੜ઼ۗ1 # ෉ׁ֜ਏড઩ছ৤Ԯୀ݅ଡധ୪෇ճళ࣎෇׆଍ැճଭୡଞߦ֢ށ෉ଠँ 851#

- 118 - சࠤ՚෇઼ۗ1#ଲߦ଴ැ࠯ଠ୨౿࣐ࢫଵࢱ৤Ԯୀ݅ଲॷ࠷෇׆ܑ෗ۗ1

෉઩ছ ୺஻ୡଲճ ֈ࣐଍෇࡝ ண۩෉ ਐ߆֫ ಅැଭ ஹՋࠜँ ۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ 861# ਏਐ߆ঃจ઩ছ֝ԧԧധ୪්৤ઢત۶૬଴ଲࢠಁઽේଡ଴୨෇ۥࢳե෗ۗ1# ր ஺ܑ౾ଭ է୨/# ୁ଍ ࢫ ऀୁ଍ߦ ଴ැ ୡઘܑ֝ۥ ෉ँ ۀ࡟ছܑ/# ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ ෉ઽ֜ୡ଴਑఼ୡ ୨਑ୡৃঃଡ଺તۗճ࣭ۗ1ށ৤ਖ࠮ࡣଲ஛તճ/#঍୼ୀ݅ # ঍ॺࢫࢼׂ݊ਐ߆րւۀ෉ଭճܑߦண੽ு֫ୡ଴ଭॷէ୨఼ծ઩ছँ 871# ܤէ୨/#୨ऀુॺଭंࢼ/#ֻࠤճ଴ܑୡ஺଀ࢫ֝୪଀୺ଭॷ૳઩ւߛܤߛ է୨݊ଲౖஂୡଞߦী৤ւ߹ுۚ઩ଭැଲࠇ஺࡝/#ֻ݅ଭէ୨઩ଭැઽේ சࢢ݅ଠଲ݅઩۩ැథହଡࢄଡ৤ۚଲઢۗ1ۀଡࢲ # ઽઑऀ୻ր֢சࠨଲ઱ୢۀ෉઩ँ#/ي׈෇઼ଞذऀഉঃจଲࢭ۩ڂ3>>4 881# ਐ߆֫ۀਓ୨ଲۗ1#୺ॷ଍଀ฎۀճ଼ܣ࠮઴ැ଼ۗ1#ੰॷୀܑծুැছ࣪ճํ ָ࣑૕୨థଡඑ෌෉֜୺ୡࢂ୪݅ଲ઱ۀࢫ֢சࠨଞߦऀഉଭୀକࠜಅැ෇ ୥઩૴ߙ෇ճ଼ଞ࡝/#ଲ߇෉֜୺ୡࢂ୪݅ଠ۩ָࡦ׆ੰঃ೾ۀୢํْੰ଼ۗ ଭ୍ࢳଡઉ׆්৤଼ۗ1 #

H1#ୀଭୡׁ֜/#ճࢂ/#ళ෴ࢫ୨౿࣐৤૳ী

ඒߚࢫళ࣎ଡ୺ۀܣۥ891#ँ෉ଭլఝր࣪ੲ૬଀݅ଠண۩෉଴֫ಅැ઩ැ րଲࠜܺࢲಅ֝ۥվඑं଍׆ࠜ୺ন෇઱෮୍ଭँ෉ۀ஻ୡଞߦෘॷ෉ۗ1#ଲ ܤ઩۩෉ઘݪ෉ܑୢܑॷୢ઩ࢺ஺෇׆଍ැଲ߿ઘ஼ۗ1# ઱׆઩ւߛڄଲ් ւծୀ݅ଠଲ߇෉଴֫ಅැ઩۩ැઘݪ෉థହܑ஺஺ੴଞ࡝ళܑ࣎ي׆ւଲ 1ۗۀࢲ஺ੴ # ෉࣪ੲ׆ւଭۗँۀళ෴ࢫਓஂଡඑ෌෉ँ෉ଭண۩෉଴֫ಅැ#/ׁ֜ 8:1# #/ઘ଼׆ݡࢂ઩ࢳ঍෉ۗ1#֝ԧੲୢ࣪଍ऀܣઑ෉෇଍୺஻ଲճܑߦண੽઩ுண

1#୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭச૬୺ॷէրb# 15

- 119 - ଡ݅ޱॷ ܤ୨׆ୡଞߦ ୨౿࣐ ෰ଭߦ ׆ী ۀ଴ࢢ࣪ੲऀ ࢫ ଴ࢢ֞ ࣪଍ॷߡऀ ૶يࢺ઩Ԯׁਏ೮ۗ1#ԧ୻݅ଠଲ݅ଭෘࢺଲܒୋ׆ԩيୀଭୡଞߦ఼එ෇Ջ ଠԳ୪ਓஂଭ඿ැ݅ޱॷܤࡣ઩۩ැୢ෬ੵ৤ઢۗ1#ݗޭছ୨౿࣐ଞߦ৤Ԯ Փଠசࢢ݅઩՚վඑԮଡச଺෇ճۀ඿ଭୀࠜෘࢺऄࡣళࠤැ࣊ࠤ#1ۗܤୀԧ ଭܑୡୋ౿ଲۗ1ۀୀ෇ # ൉ํۀෘ೾ଲ࡝/#ଲۀيճࢂॷ૳ଠँ෉ٛਕࢂր୨઩ছճாୡଞߦଵઘ 1#;8 णي඿ଭୀ݅ଡճଭୡଞߦ֢׆Ջܤ߇஼ۗ1#৤Ԯ݁ܪ୨౿࣐ஏւߛॷՍ઩ছ ઘ੤૴܀઩՚ஏࠜ݅ޱࠛॷۗيଞߦਭଲ݅ଲୀࢽ෇Ջܮ଴ܑୡ଴ฅլ෇઩ ߧ෉ۗ1ܑ # ॷ࣑ୣఙઢଲ୨౿࣐৤૳ী+�ւيୀ݅ଠ୍ൡଲܤண۩෉୨౿࣐ஏ઩઴߿ 1#>8 ࡝/#ԧ୻ଠֻ݅ଭ঍ॷܣࢺ઩Ԯׁܒࠤী�,ߦ�ॷޭ୲࣊ࠦۗ�1#ֻս઩ছֻ݅ଠ ୺+ܪଲ୨౿࣐ଭԧ୻ࡦ֝ۥ઴ஆ୪઩ݗޭँ෉ۀ୺ఙค଴්৤ઢۗ1#ુୢ઩ ஺୼୍෇஺ג஻ੰۀऀࡦࢫ6۩ࠜඑ෌,ࠜ୨౿࣐৤૳ীߦ࣪٢ۗ1#ଲ߇෉ॷߢ ౟পଲۗ1ۀ࠮/#րՋ઩णැԮী෇ # ళ෴/#ճࢂ/#নඒෘ/#ళ࣎#/ܛڋճଭୡ֢சࠨ/#Գ୪ۀ931#ँ෉ଭ୨౿࣐৤૳ী઩ছ ঍ਐ֫ࢮ೷/#Գ୪ً೾ࢫઽੰॼැ݊ଞߦ଴ැ৤Ԯୀଭ৤ԧۀܣ઩ଭැऀր ԩଲ߇෉৤૳ী઩ছ৤ਖ࠮ࡣଭ୨౿ڂ஺ٍ83ۀ୥ఙԮীැ૜ۗ1#୺ॷ଍଀ฎ ࣐݅ଲ஛ઘԲଡՓଞߦ౟୨෉ۗ1#ँ෉ଭ୨౿࣐৤૳ী+�ւࠤী�,઩ছ৤Ԯୀ݅઩ ؽ఑෉ఞঃଠ53প׆ୢ఼சଭ֝ԧଭ৤૳ী઩ছ࣎ઘ୷۶णۀ՚ԧැ஺ճ଼ րକॷ෇ۗ1ּ # ୀ݅ଠ୨౿࣐৤૳ীଭ୼୍ୀ఼ࠜऀ୨෇஺࠮/#ୢ஻լणࣦ/#৤Ԯ֝ۥ෉ँ 941# ෉଍নॷށՋூହଲ݁߇ٕۗ1#ۀୀࢫ৤૳ী଴ֽՋசୀ݅ଭஹચଡധැଲ Փଡੵ৤଼ۗ1#୨ۀճ଼ۗܣ஼ଡധැছܑँ෉ଭ୨౿࣐৤૳ীԧծু૶ઽ ߦ଴ැۗীԮী෇݅ޱॷܤॷ࠷ୀࢫଵऀজࢺۀ౿࣐৤૳ী૕৤Ԯୀ݅ଭ৤

- 120 - ஺ג஺࠮/#ֻߋ઩ܑऄ֜෇ճ෮୍;࠮ࡣ઩ছ45࠮ࡣॷଲଭ୨౿࣐݅ଲੰ஻઼ 1ۗܤՓଞߦ൞ੱۀઘ଼ܣ7Թଭ۩ָࡦ୨౿࣐৤૳ী઩৤Ԯ

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I1#૤֝଴ٓ౿ࢫԳ୪ਓஂ

ࡣࡧ෇઩೴֝֝ࢢ݅ଡ୺஻ୡଞߦۀଲ޹ँ෉ଠ֝ԧଭ୨థଲޭڂ83>4 971# ౿෇ճ৉ฅ෇஺ੴଣଞߦਭ۩ָࡦԳ୪ਓஂॷ೾ࠜొ޹෇઼ۗ1#ۗࠛ֝ԧ઩ٓ ଭ৤ޱॷܤઘ�Գ୪ਓஂটચ�ଭ୨ଭঃԳ୪ਓஂଭ඿ැୀԧܣছँ෉ଞߦٓ౿ તଡՓଞߦ࣪଴ۗ1#۳૵୨ค෉඿ැୀ৤ٱଡඑ෌෇઱53࠮ࡣଡฝ௟ܛੰۀ ઘઉ්Փଲۗ1ܣ෉ଞߦऀഉ౟ԧୡ଴୨࣪ԧค࣪ँۀ౟ॺଡ଍ැছ # ࢢ୻֝ԧԧ೴֝ଭச֫ր֝୪࣑ঃ૤֝଴ۀ૕۳ऄઘॼ׆ࠜ଀෇ޭي981#ۗࠛ

1#୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭச૬୺ॷէրb# 17

- 121 - Փଠ୨ঃଲޭ්৤ઢۗ1ۀ଍૕Զଠෘ଍ࠜୠ஺࠙ۀଭ֫ࠤࠜࡿਏ෇

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- 122 - ઘँ෉ॷܣલ઩գࠤ֜ۀ౿඿ැୀ݅ଠॿઠ෉ധ୪ࠜࢲٓۏ෉֝଴ଲੰ 31#: ଭୀକࠜࢮ೷ܛ஺࡮෗ۗ1#ֻ݅ଠֽߦ֫/#Ջச ଲୢ ଲܣฎ լ୪ୡ঍ฆ઩ധ෍ ࠜ଍෉֗ଖট೿ܑ֫Դ஺࡮෇઼ۗ1ڀୀي෗ଞ࡝/#࣭଴ଲۥ # ૤֝୨ऀ݅ଠଲ݅඿ۀԧ୻ࢫ૤֗ୡ࣪෹ࠜෘॷ෇ճୀ෇ۀ41#ँ෉ࢯ઩଼: ՚୪վࢲ஺࡮෗ۗ1#ਓஂୀ݅ଭԧ୻ܣැୀ݅ଭ૶ࡣրෘࢺ઩۩෉୨࣪ࠜଵւ ଠճࢂࢫ׆೴ୂ଴෇ճण଴ܑୡଲ࡝֠૭ୡ଴۩૴ࠜࢲੰ૜ۗ1#ଲ݅ଠ஼݅ ෗ۥਓଡੵ֫ࠤࠜඑ෌෇઱଴֫ಅැ઩۩ැตրୡଞߦ֜୪ࢲଡ֫ࠤࠜࢮ೷ ࠧ֫ࠤࠜह੻իۗ1ڧଠԧ୻঍ฆଡ݅ڀऀࡦࢫୀܤଞ࡝/#ਓஂ # ෉ଠ ୨࣪ ૬଀ଲ 46ࡣଭ ଵ࣭଴݅ଡ ٓ౿෉ ॷਓଡ ଴୨෇࡟ছܑ/#֝୪ୡँ 51#: ଲ޹ँ෉ଭ୨࣪૬଀۩ڂ౿ ւෘଡ෉ ܑ࣌ ୡୣํ ऀ଴෉ ୡܑ ઢۗ1# 4<<3ٓ ண֝ࢫ෉֝֝ୡۀଠண֝ઽഠٛ઩ছ઱߇ࡣଡٓ౿෉ࢭ଼ଞ࡝/#ଲண઩݅ ઘ ଼ۗ1ܣඑ෌ ܑޱրՋ઩ ଵ࣭ ֝ୡଡ ীକ෉ ॷ ۀୀܑ ଼ճ/# ୡઘܑ ෉ ॷߢ # ੿ছચׂ෉඿ැୀ݅Ջଭୢ଀ଲਓஂঃ೾ߦْੰۀ61#୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭൡۚଞߦ: ճ଼ଞ࡝/#ଲ߇෉଴֫ಅැܣ1#ଲ݅րଲ݅ଭԧ୻઩۩෉଴֫ಅැԧ஺ু଼ۗ ߦ଴෉౦գրճധଠ෴ચ්৤ઢۗ1

1#୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭச૬୺ॷէրb# 19

- 123 - 1#ࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏ

଴֫ ಅැ઩ ۩෉ ँ෉ ۀକફ ଴֫ଲॷฎ էଭ 55246෹઩ ݗޭ/# ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ 71#: ଭథହଡָࡣ෇׆଍ැହࡿࠜ৤ෘ෗ۗ1# ൉ํଲ߇෉଴֫ಅැॷߢ݅ଲ֝ۥ ॷ࣑׆ܑ֜/#Ցఝ׆ւܑੰۀ஺ࠜ୺ॷ෗ۗ1#୺ॷ଍଀ฎۀ෇ۥࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏ઩ැ ୺ॷ଍଀ฎيઢۗ1#ֻ߇ۀ׆઩Թ଴ଭ෴ॷథହ઩۩෉ౖஂൡۚଡٛࠧ৤ۍ ٛ ֝୪ॷ࣑׆ւଲ࣐ஏ৤ॷ઩చ৤්৤֝ۀୀ਑ଭ୺ॷէրԧ֫෉଼ۀ ஺઱ऀ઩۩ැۀ෍ࠤୡ଴ֽՋࠜ֜ন෇ۀଡ࠮೩ଭࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏԧୠா߇୷଼ۗ ൡ්ۚ৤଼ۗ1ۀছ # ଲ߇෉׆ஜଞߦ࣪੼ଡݡ/#୺ॷ଍଀ฎԧ৤ு෉ஹચࢫ׆೴୨࣪઩ֽՋ෇ 81#: ෉ଭౖճ଍౾ଲँۀ઱ൡۚ෉էրँ෉ٛ઩ছࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏԧୠா߇୷ଞ࡝/#ଲ ৤ࠩ෉୨థ઩ݗࠛՓଲۗ1 # ฃ/#ճࢂ/#ׁ֜/#নඒෘ/#Գ୪ً೾ࢫ׆೴ુڋ#/ୣࡠ/#ॼ଴ۀ91#ଲ߇෉ࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏ: #/নඒߚ/# ୨౿ ஂ֗ ଴ஂ নఙ࣢ୡ ֽՋ઩ ݗࠛ ࢮැ/# சࢢଭ Գ୪ଲச/# Գ୪ਓஂ ण଴ܑୡෘ଍݊ଡඑ෌෉ۗ1#୺ॷ଍ۀࠤճճଭୡଞߦୋ׆ୡ׆ੰࠜକࢳ෇ֻ ߇෉ࢱ଴ֻܑ࣐ۀଲକۀճ଼ܣԧँ෉ٛ઩ছࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏԧ஺ুੰيۀ଀ฎ ෉ଭ୨థ/#୪ܑࢫऄళ࣎+lpsxqlw|,#ઑ೾ԧ઱ୢํँۀஏଭෑਕ઩ୀࠤୈճ଼ ׆ݡࢂଲޭճൡۚ෉ۗ1଼ੰْ # ୺஻ۀࡦ݃சࢢ઩ԧැ஺ۀܣ෉୨֫ࢫ୨౿఼୪઩۩෉଍෱ଞߦԩசँ 1#:: ୡଲճֈ࣐଍෉վգଭଵఙୡ۩ঃଠࢭߦ୨౿࣐৤૳ীࢫ׆೴ׁ֜ਏড઩଼ Փଞߦۀ଴ࢫ׆೴఼୪ୢ࣫ୡઽේଡ݅઱ૈ֗ܒୀ/#׆ۀ৤Ԯୀ/#೷ँ෇ߙۀ ୀ݅ଲۗ1#ଲ߇෉վգଠ�নं�ଡ׆ొߦ෉ఙ࣢ୡंࠑ఼ծ݊சࢢଵۀܣԩச

D2KUF2582FUS14ଭYୋఞ୺1

- 124 - ੰڌ࣪ۗֈ࣐଍෉଴֫ಅැକ෴઩ۀܣ׆઩ଭැୀෘܛࢱଡ۩ঃଞߦ୨౿ୡ ઘ଼ۗ1݅

சࢢ݅઩۩ැࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏԧۀਏ֢சࠤۥ۩ڂ൉ํ4<<3ۀ෉୺ॷ଍଀ฎށ1#;: է୨ࢫ୨థ઩ۀசࢢଭਐ߆֫ଡಅැ෇ۀଲ߿ઘ୷ۗճൡۚ෉ۗ1#ଲ߇෉࣐ஏ ෮୨౿఼୪ࠜ஺ആ෇׆଍෉ࡧୡଞߦசࢢ۩ۗ৤ଭ֢சࠨրۀଲ#/܁ۀ׆଴෇ તۗ1ܣՓଡंࡣํ଴஺෉ঃ೾઩ছਓਏۀॷࠜઉ׆්৤଼ۗੰ # ߚࢫ׆೴׆২ׂ࣪ଡ଍ැ୺஻ୡଞܛڋ෉ଭँۀࠬ஺࠭ଞߦ/#୺ॷ଍଀ฎ 1#>: ஺ੴଠ૤֝଴݅઩՚ࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏԧୠா߇஺ճ଼ܣ࣭֝ଞߦ৉ฅيՋܣߦٓ౿ ճൡۚ෉ۗ1ۗ

1#ࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏb# 21

- 125 - 1#էߨࢫ֫ճॷා

ୀ݅઩֝ۥ୺஻ୡଲճֈ࣐଍෇࡝ண۩෉଴֫ಅැԧँ෉ଭ୨ऀ/#׆ւࢫ 31#; ଭැଲ߿ઘ୷ճ෮୍ܑଲ߿ઘ஺ճ଼ۗ1#୺ॷ଍଀ฎԧ୺ॷ෉଴֫ಅැॷߢ݅ ୨ޭۍ০ํ֝ԧଭଁ֫৤ஜଲੰۚۀଠ࠯ଠլ૴ࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏࠜ֜ন෉ۗ1#ଲ ݭઘܛܑيࡿ٪ۀডࠩଲঃ+lghdov,րۀ౿఼୪ଭෂ৤૬ীߦছ/#ँ෉ଲசୋ෇ ଴֫ಅැଭਕԨনրָࡦ/#ֻࠤճ࣭ாଠ෮۩ॷฎۀ୲଼ۗ1#ँ෉઩ছ࣎ઘ஺ ଭઘݬ֝ԧ઩ছܑణੰ࣮৤ઢۗ1#53প׆ଭ୨౿෈ୀ݅ଠଲ߇෉ஂࠑଭ୨౿ ী৤ଭ֫ߚுۚଲ֫଍ୡۀ୺஻ଡୢ఼சଭ֝ԧޭճंࠑ෇઼ۗ1#ଲ߇෉֝ԧ Փଞߦ࠮୻෇஺ੴճசࢢ݅ଭ঍ฆଭࡦ݃ऀࢂଡୋੱ෇࡝୨֫ۀ଴஺ࢼࠜ෇ ઩۩෉վඑਕଡச଺ਏ೮ۗ1 # ෮ۀധ౿ۥଵۀض෉ଠୢ఼சଭ֝ԧଭ࠯ଠ൉নଡ࣪଴ۗ1#෉Թ଴ଲଲँ 41#; ܪ઩׆ࢱଡڄ୨֗෉஺ܑଲۀճ஺ܑୀԧ�׌ଵনசଭ0׌୨ଵசଭ�ޭճଵಠౖ ۀ઩ଭਕଡඨڄਏୣऀഉॷঃଡச଺ਏ೬ճ/#վਐଲڂଠକ֝ۥճ଼ۗ1#ँ෉ ࢄߨँ෉சۀࢫ೴֝ࢢրܛࡦ݃୨౿ୡ ஂ֗ୡଭեଡઙ੺෇࡝/#சࢢ݅ଭଲ ଡ ୍ٛฃਏ೮ۗ1#ڄࠤܑ ীധଡ ധ୪෌ଞߦਭ சࢢ݅઩՚ ଲ߇෉ ஺ܑ ଲقࢢ݅ নଲՋଭઢۇন࣢ր�নं�઩ݗࠛఙ࣢ଡധැ୨౿఼୪઩۩෉ܑୢଡ࠮݅ԧ #1ۗܤઠգ෉ॷฎ֜୺ԧକ஺ۀ # ୥ଠசࢢ݅ଭ୨౿ୡ౦নਕଡԳ૬෇׆଍෉ܒଭ֝ۥਐ߆୦ֽ઩۩෉ँ෉ 51#; ઩՚૴݅ޱઘ૜ۗ1#ਐ߆ଠ෮୨౿఼୪ଭ঍୼઩କ૳෉ॷܣண૬৤ۚଞߦฆ૳ ઩۩෉ୢୡ଴ਐ߆ଭ୼ଠֽౖপծલॷ֝ۥ෉சࢢ݅ଭँ#1ۗܤটୡଞߦंࢼ ୀ݅ଠ ֽౖ ݅ઘছઉ ਏୋଲ֝ۥ ߦ ଲઘ୷ۗ1#ँ෉يঃ ౖੱଭ ׆ֽ ॷߢ ண ෇ ෉ँيતۗ1#ֻ߇ܣਆߦࢲੰ݅ଲ՚גॷਓଡԧۀ৤ઢۗܥ۳ଲঃ૗ୢํധ୪ சࢢ݅ଭ ֢சࠨଡ ऄෂ૬෇՚ ઉ׆් #/ۏੰ ૗ୢ෉ Թ෭ଲ ۀଠ ਐ߆֫ଡ ਓ෮෇ णตଘୡլ୪঍ॺࢺਐࢫୀ଀ଭఙ࣢ୡंࢼ఼ծࠜକ஺෇ճ଼ۗ1ۀ৤ࢯ઩ઢ

- 126 - 61#ँ෉୨౿఼୪ଭෑਕଠԮਏ/#Գ੺/#վඑ/#ళ࣎ଡୢ߃ୡଞߦॷ૳෇઱ઘݪ෉; Ջ۩෉୨౿ ੲ࣪׆֜ଲۗ1#վԹళ෴ր୨౿ۀࢱ۩ଭեܑඝ෮෇஺࡮෇՚࠮݁ ৤ஂౖۀ࣐৤૳ীߦଭԳ୪ਓஂଠँ෉சࢢଲ୨֫઩࣫ஂ෇ܑߧվඑਕଡச சܑଭ૤֝଴ٓ౿ࢫԳ୪ਓஂଞߦ૤ऀ઩݁֝ۥଭඒߚଠ֝ۥଲۗ1#ँ෉ۚ તۗ1#ଲ߇෉֝୪ୡԳ୪ਓஂଠֻԳܑ૕ָࡦ૕࣭ா઩଼ઘছକߢԧܣ՚ي߇ Փଲۗ1#ۀઢ # পծ୨পۀ෉ଠ୨౿ୡ/#լ୪ୡֻࠤճ׆২ୡ࡟઩଼ઘছׂ࣡෇ँُہૈ 71#; ෉ٛऀଭ୥஼ୡ଴ॷฎୡ࣡ฃࠜ଍෉׆ฎࠜ୪վँۀ઩଼ۗ1#ଲ߇෉࣡ฃু �఼୪ୢ࣫ୡ଴�#ੱઽۀܣୀ݅ଠැ૤ߦऀഉକ଺֝ۥ෉ۗ1#ଲ઩۩ଦ෇઱ँ෉ ේଡۚু෇׆଍ැਕԨ෉଴֫ಅැࠜෘ෇ճ଼ۗ1#ଲ߇෉૤ऀߦऀഉଭઽේ ܤୢฃߦ۩ඝܛઽฃ/#ۚ൞ޭ݌ૈࢺ৉ࢫଲيଠ෉֝ࢫ׆೴૤֝ଭ݁ޭࠬ Փଡ࠭ۀଠசࢢ݅ଲ೷ँ෇઱ୀ਑ଭ଴֫ଡෘॷ෇֝ۥ1#Զଠଲକߦँ෉ۗ ଠ݅ޱॷܤ׆଍ැඒߚրళ࣎ଡ୺஻ୡଞߦॷ૳෉ۗ1#ண֝ଞߦऀഉԳ୪৉ฅ Թճࢂ/#ୀଭୡׁ֜/#ளէళ෴/#Գ୪ً೾ࢫ׆೴઱߇෴೾ଭনඒߚଞߦճ۩ 1ۗۀധࢲ # ୺஻ୡଲ࡝ۀ81#୺ॷ଍଀ฎԧ׆ߧ෉ँ෉ଭૈ޻/#ֻࠤճ෮୍ܑଲ߿ઘ஺ճ଼; ڔ ֈ࣐଍෉ ଴֫ ಅැ ॷߢ݅ଠ ֝୪࣑ঃଭ ࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏࠜ ஹࡣ෇׆ ଍ැ ෂ૬෉ ଠ׆ஜ઩ऀ෍෉ۗ1#ँ෉ଭ଴֫ಅැԧැୀ݅ଠੰࡿ߉ళ࣎ଡࢲ஺ੴճ଼ۗ1# ۀ෉ଠ଴֫ಅැԧැୀ݅ଡ׆ী෇઱୍ൡ්֝୪ୡଭࡿࠜଲෘ෇ߙ෇஺ੴँ Փଲ׆ ݡࢂଲۗ1# ۀ෇ܛଭ ୨థ઩ ݗޭ ෘ֝ۥ 1#૞٤෇࡟ ֻ ԧැୀ݅ଠ ँ෉ۗ # ୨థଡۀ࣐ஏࠜඑ෌෇ۀ91#ँ෉ଲକફฎ଀֝ଞߦছ଴ࠑଭઑਕ઩౦գଡச; ஺ଭࢂۀ఼ଭ۩ଦଲऀୡୣ෇஺ੴ੼ܛॷਓଠ֝୪վۀԩ౟֜ැ૜ۗڂ৤ਖ ઩ࡣࢽ෇՚ਓ൪෉࠮೩/#֝୪܁ۀଲୀ֝சࢢଡ࣪෹෇֝ۥଡ୪׆෉ۗ1#ँ෉ ࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏߦऀഉँ෉ଭசࢢ݅ଡ࣪෹්థହଲ଼ଣଡ଴୨ැઉ෉ۗ1#ۀॷฎ 58ୢ୕ଭକॺ/#ֻࠤճ෉ࢱܑंۚ઩଼ 9ܤ஺ࢠැէג൉ํଲ߇෉థହଠੰ஻

1#էߨࢫ֫ճॷාb# 23

- 127 - ઘ֝୪ॷฎ/#൉ํԳ۩֝݅ଲ෉લ්઩ण౟ઘ࣮ݡࢱ݁ਏࢲੰ݅઱୲ઉ෉ۗ1# ۍ൞֜ࠜణ׆ઘߙ૶ँ෉ଭ଴֫ঃจଡডࡣ්ॣ࠮ੰܕଲ߇෉ऄෘ෉କॺଠ ตրୡ଴۩ଦథଲ૞஺ׁୣਓ෉஺ࠜੵߙஜۗ1#ޭ # ;:1# କફଠँ෉઩ছࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏࠜୠ஺ࠛச૬ԧැୀ݅઩՚థହଡઠணํࢄଡ ৤଼ܑߧැઉ෉ۗ1#ଲࡧୡଡۜন෇׆଍෉ࢺ࣑ଞߦ/#କફੲୢ࣪ୋଲॷฎԧ ۀࢺੲրକફଲ൉࣢୍ൡীࠜডࠩ෇ۀ෉ଭঃจଡ֝୪෴ॷ୍ൡী઩ฎऀ෇ँ ෉ր଴֫઩۩෉۩ฃࠜँ#/״਑ু෉୺౿૕෌ۀࢺੲ݊ଲ଼ۗ1#థହଡָࡣ෇ Գฃැઉ෇ճ/#ਏࢢԩ֗ࠑࠜധැ۳࠯ଠ࣡ฃࠜࡦআැઉ෇࡝/#ْँ෉ฃැ ઘઉ෉ۗ1#ܣଭ୪ԧ৤ࠩ # ޹૕Զଠ֫ճࠜ෇ճୀ෉ۗ1ੰۀ୺ॷէրࢫէߨଡࢭ೽ଞߦ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ 1#;; # =෉ଲۗଣրԶଠ୺౿ࠜ౫්Փଡ֫ճ෉ۗँۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ 1#>; # ଭ֫ߚ઩ե୪૕ֹ෴ଡܑ଺෇ܑߧ஺఼ઢۥܛڋd,#ँ෉ଭౖճ஺ܑୀ૕୺ট+ ճվ୨෉ܣࠩܒଲֽ࣭ୡ଴୨౿ୡ ୪ܑୡԹ෭ଡਓෘ෉ۗ>#ଲ߇෉Թ෭ଠ ஺ࢺࢫண੽ఙܤ୪/#ֻࠤճୀକ߫ճվ୨෉টՋ઩ଭැটౢۥۗ#/ॷ࣑ऀ #/ୋ֗ۚୢ఼ࠜ୺ॷ෇ճܤ଀ଭଭฎ݊ଡඑ෌෇઱ઉ෉ۗ>#଴֫ಅැ઩ւߛ ୺ট଴ࢢ֞ଭ લ්ଡ ૤ऀ଍෱ଞߦऀഉଭ ֝ԧ ࢺઘߦ ୪෉෌ଞߦਭ ੲ࣪ं ઉࠜԹ෭෉ۗ># ֝ԧੲୢ࣪଍ऀࠜ ැ఼෇ճॷฎੲୢন+෮ ଴ࢢ࣪ੲऀ,ଡറ ෝܤࠩܒ#/ܤ෉ଭୠࡣ෉ॷฎ଴ॷߦ֜নँ#1ۗܬࡣ෇ճࢢசୡ଴Ԯਏ෇઩ ࣑ࢫ୪ܑԹ෭଍଀ฎࠜডࠩ෇઱଍ଭր୨ଡ஺ܑැઉ෇࡝/#ଲ߇෉଍଀ฎ ୡ෍෉֝୪ୢࢂԧ݅ଭ஺଀ଡࢲੰઉ෉ۗ1#ۀ # ࣪ճছ઩ছ২෉୨౿࣐৤૳ীࠜඑ෌෇઱଴֫ಅැܛe,#ँ෉ଠ୺ॷ଍଀ฎԧ+ ଭ୼୍ࠜ଴୨෇઱ઉ෉ۗ>#֝୪଴ܑ஺଀఼ۚࢫ଴֫Ԯਏ૬଀઩՚୨౿࣐ ৤૳ীࢫॼੰْଠ඿ැୀ઩۩෉ளԨୡ଴୦ֽଡෛ૳෇઱ઉ෉ۗ>#ࡦ݃୨

- 128 - ౿࣐৤૳ীࠜැ఼෇ճࡦ݃୨౿࣐ଡজࢺ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ>#౟ୡଲ৽஺ੴଠࡦ ਓஂୀ݅ଭෘࢺ઩۩෉఼֜ॷාଡࢴ෬ઉ෉ۗ1݃ # ઀࠻෉ඝۀf,#ँ෉ଭ෴࣑ࢫ෴ॷী৉࣑ଡԹ୨෇઱�ࢱ֝ԧ�/#�ࢱࢢ୻�#࣐ஏޭ+ վ୨෉ ୍ൡ ࢫ ܤ෮ଡ ઢ઀ճ/# ਏࢢୡ ୨౿ୡ ֫ࠤ઩ ւ෉ ֝୪ָઊ઩ ࡣਏ ୡ࣑ୣఙࠜ ࣪ୋࢲଡ ֫ࠤࠜ ࡣਏ෇઱ઉ ෉ۗ>#֝୪࣑ঃ ऄ࣑଴ ճࢂ ࢫ ׆೴ ण଴ԩୡਕࢂ઩۩෉ׁ஺૕ళ࣎઩ւ෉ँ෉ଭ෴࣑ࢫ෴ॷী৉ָ࣑୨ଡ ෉ࡦ݃৤Ԯୀ݅ଲ଴ԩୡ୺Ս෇઩଼ଡ৤ۥਏෘ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ>#ୀକࠜࢮ೷ ෘ଍ࠜ ணۚ෇ ۀߧ ଵࢱ ৤Ԯ ఼୪ࠜ Թ෭෇઱ઉ ෉ۗ>#઴ஆ୪ߦ ࣪࣫෇଼ܑ <઱ઉ ෉ۗ># ৤෴ୀଭ ԧ୻઩ ۩෉ Գ୪ଲୢ ւෘଡ ளԨ ඍ஺෇઱ઉ ෉ۗ # g,#ॷ෴ଭটճࢫுෘ઩۩෉ଵਏணۚଡளԨটඑ ਓਏ෇࡝/#౟บॷ෴୪ָ+ <෉஺఼ઢଲඍ஺෇઱ઉ෉ۗۥ୨ࢫுෘଡऀ # #/ٽࠩୡ਑ࢂࢫ׆೴࠻఼ଭডࠩଡෛ૳෇઱ઉ෉ۗ>#ँ෉சࢢ݅ଲ଴ഉܒ #,h+ ଭ۩ணࢂฃࠜඑ෌෉૤֝ࢺ৉ޭيண࠻఼/#֝୪ധ਑৤ۚ/#ֻࠤճۗࠛ۩ ࢫॷܛࢫౢൡࢄଡୀକ߫՚୦්৤଼ܑߧෛ૳෇઱ઉ෉ۗ>#ֻࠤճ୺஻ฆ <ঃ֗ଖԳ୪ఞ઱ࠜඍ஺෇઱ઉ෉ۗ

#/ଖଡܑ଺෇઱ઉ෉ۗ>#֝ԧୡ֗ۀi,#଴֫ࢫ׆࣭ୡୀକ઩۩෉୼ணଡ࣪ୋ෇+ ଖ֗يઘݪ෉টୢଲۀ෇ܛୢ୕ଡটي୨౿ୡஹૈࠜऀ౟׆Ջۀށ଴ஂୡ #<ઢ઀ઉ෉ۗܪࡦܑܛฆ # ࠩୡଲճܒ଴݊ࡦ݃ஂ֗଴݅ଲళ࣎/#࣪࣫/#Ԯਏ઩۩෉վඑઢଲ֗ܒj,# ׆+ <ଡ්৤଼ܑߧෛ૳෇઱ઉ෉ۗܛվԹୡଞߦஂ֗ฆ # k,# ँ෉சࢢ݅ଭ୨౿ୡ౦নܑࢫֻԧ୻ଭॷฎ ୨౿ୡࢼլଡֽՋߦ֗ଖ+ #/,ւෘଡஂਐැઉ෉ۗ>#ଲૼԮਏ୪ܑ+�଴ࢢࢱ�ۀܪࢫ౫ડ݊઩଼ઘఙ࣢ଡ

1#էߨࢫ֫ճॷාb# 25

- 129 - ୨౿ୡઙي׆ࢤվࢢ݊ߧୀ߹ࢫ׆೴ตրୡ଴ॷ࣑ୡ/#ࢢசୡւࠤ࣒ࠜઘ Թ଴઩۩෉ࡦ݃Ԯਏࠜணۚ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ>#րՋ઩෗۶ֈۀ੺ଡࡧୡଞߦ෇ ࣐଍෉ԮਏฆܛଡվԹୡଞߦ଴୨෇ճ/#சࢢ݅ଭվࢢ݊ߧୀ߹વޱଡෛ૳ <෇઱ઉ෉ۗ # Փ݊ଡധැনۀ෉׆ฎࠜ࣪ୋ෇݊ܛl,#઱ন݅઩՚ॷฎ঍ฆࢫ֜஻઩ছْনր+ ۀ୺౿ࠜ ளԨ ౫෇઱ઉ ෉ۗ># ઱ন઩ ۩ැ ఙ࣢ୡ ઽේଡ ࢠ౿ ۀඌ݊ଡ ࣪ୋ෇ ୀ݅ ࢫ ֝ԧ ׆ւଲ֝ۥ#/࣑୪/#ָଘ/#ֻࠤճ ւෘଡ ॡࠤ ड़ੰઉ ෉ۗ>#ԧ୨ ඒߚ নඒߚ ࢫ ন࣢઩ ֽՋ෉ ඒߚ ݊ ઱ন઩ ۩෉ ࡦ݃ ஂࠑଭ ඒߚ઩ ۩ଦ෇ ۀෘ෇ ୺౿ࠜ౫෇઱ઉ෉ۗ>#઱ন଴਑࠻࠻઩ளԨୡଲճตրୡଞߦ۩ଦ෇ճ/#઱নۀ <୺ୡ ଀଴઩ ۩ళ෇઱ઉ ෉ۗ֜ ۀଲ ଲ߇෉ ଴֫ ಅැ઩ ౫ઊ෇ܑߧ ࠮݁ # ࠧ৤଼ܑߧڧm,#ँ෉சࢢ݅ଲఙ࣢ઢଲਐ߆֫ࢫ׆೴լ୪ୡ ॷฎୡ֫ࠤࠜ+ ଴ ୋ઀଴ଭճ౦઩൉࣢ڋ ࣪ୋ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ>#઱নր౫ઊծ౾/#ુಟ۩ऀ޵ੰ ܬசࡧැઉ෉ۗ>#ࢢசୡఞ઱/#ট୨+jrrg#jryhuqdqfh,#ࢫणఙ࣢઩׆ࢱଡํ ٛ૤۩ #/ܛડ լ୪ ׁଜ ୨థଡ ஹ஼ਏಯઉ ෉ۗ># ֻࠤճ ୀକ ਏୋլ୪ ฆړ ࠩୡլ୪ෘ଍ࠜܒ઱೴ۀࡿલ/#ֻࠤճँ෉சࢢ݅઩՚঍ծ৤ۚଡ୪վ෇ #<෍࣑ฃ෇ճ஺଀෇઱ઉ෉ۗ n,#ँ෉஺ܑऀࢫ֞ऀ૕࣪ੲ׆ւଭրՋ஺ౢ઩ण౟ઘ/#֞଴ଡඑ෌෉சࢢ݅+ ճෂ৤ୡ଴ౖী׆ஜଡ࣪ୋࢲଡ৤଼ܑߧ֝ԧ୍يଲ֢சࠨଞߦऀഉ࣒ઘ #<୨ଭ૴ট০଍୍ࠜ୨ण෇઱ୀ଀ଡॷ૳෇઱ઉ෉ۗ # լ૴/#֝୪ॷฎଭ଴ܑୡ஺଀ܥo,#சࢢ݅ଭਐ߆֫࣪ୋଡ଍ැෂ૬෇ۗճൡۚ+ ഉࠫ݊ଡۍଡ஺఼ઢଲ૬఻෇઱ઉ෉ۗ>#֝୪଴ܑ஺଀఼ۚ݅ଲตրୡࡦ #<଍ැࡦ݃ँ෉சࢢ݅઩՚ୀକ߫ճ୪෉ઢଲ୦්ֽ৤଼ܑߧ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ థହଡࢄઘۀୀ݅઩՚֝ۥۀ଴ܑୡ஺଀ଡऀୡୣ෉ࡧୡଞߦऄ࣑ୢ૳෇ <ઉ෉ۗ

- 130 - #<୺౿ࠜඍ஺෇઱ઉ෉ۗۀp,#ँ෉ଵࢱசࢢ݅઩՚ॷਓঃැ૤઱ෘଡׁ஺෇+ լւࠤ୪ܑܑࠜ଺֝ۀऄ࣑ଁլଡ࣐ஏฃ෇஺࠱ճ/#֝୪ୡ׆ஜ઩ऀ෍෇ ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ>#֝լ஺۩઩ছଭॷॼࡣߡଡணۚ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ>#ண֝ଞߦऀഉԳ Ԯׁ/#ళ෴/#ճࢂ/#ୀଭୡׁ֜/#ճيଡ୨౿࣐ଞߦԩச෇Ջ݅ޱॷܤ୪৉ฅ ଭୡ֢சࠨ/#ऄ࣑਑఼ٛऀ৤আ/#Գ୪ً೾/#ֻࠤճ׆೴নඒߚଭ඿ැୀߦ ଲԳ୪ୡଞߦՋச஺૕஻ୋଡ୨֝ۥՓଡணۚ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ>#ֻࠤճۀ࠮݁ ୪ۀՋச஺૤֝ٛ஺લଞߦ઱ෘ්լ૴ෛԧஹࢳׂଡ૬֜෇ܤ෇ճ஺୨ <ࠜඍ஺෇઱ઉ෉ܑۗ # ଭԧ୻݅ࢫֻౢ਑֝઩՚ֻ݅ଭ঍ॷࢫ+঍݅ޱॷܤԳ୪ਓஂيՋܣq,#ٓ౿+ ୼ਏ,#ী୍ւߛ୨࣪ࠜ୪վැઉ෉ۗ>#঍୼ୀࢫֻ݅ଭୀৃ݅ଲளਏ࣭֝ ԫ৤଼ܑߧෛ૳෇઱ઉ෉ۗ>#ֻ݅ଭԧ୻ࢫ࣭֝୨ऀ૕׈ࢤํੰܕଞߦ <෱ߚ෇઱ॷ࠷ୀଭକැࠜ൞ੱ෇઱࣭֝ଞߦ৉ฅ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ # ࢺ࣑݊ଡധැଲॺۀଲࢢԧيr,#சࢢ݅ଲֻ݅ଲԧճਙଠսଞߦ઱ෘ෇Ջ+ ԧ୻ଲঃࣲ෇ܑߧ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ>#ଲ݅઩՚૴ඇ/#ୢฃ/#ଲࡔଵࢫ઱೴ଭധ਑ <઴ޮ৤ۚଡளԨ୪վ෇઱ઉ෉ۗۀ৤ۚ݊Ԯਏࢲ஺ੴ # ෰ଭୀ݅ଡ׆ী෇઱࣑୨઩প૾ઉ෉ۗ>#ଲր୨ۀs,# ࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏ઩థହଲ଼+ ൉࣢Ցॷࠜହࡣ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ>#඿ැୀࢫֻ݅ଭԧ୻݅઩՚ୀ਑්݅ܒଡԮ ଲդત۶଴֫ಅැଭ஼ਓଡඑ෌෇઱/#ୡୣ෇ճ਑ু෇࡝ตրୡ଴ࢼঃࢫ ୪థଡ୪վ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ>#ਏࢢசܑ෇઩଴֫ಅැ઩۩෉஼ਓଡค්࣪৤֜ ઩՚଴֫րࢢசୡധ౿઩۩෉݅ܛր୨ଡԹਏ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ>#ন଴ࢫੰۀ଼ ٛ ֝୪࣑րւෘ઩۩෉එփୡ଴֗ଖଡ୪վ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ>#ֻࠤճୢฅ׆֝ <ॷ࣑୺౿઩۩෉֝୪ॷฎଭୀࢂࢫ஺଀ଡ૬఻෇઱ઉ෉ۗ

1#էߨࢫ֫ճॷාb# 27

- 131 - t,# ୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭ࣪ճছࢫକફ౑ฎ૕଴֫ଲॷฎଭւߛէଭੲ/#࣪ඇୡ୨ߢ+ ࡦ݃ܤ଴֫Ցഠ+XSU,૕଴֫෱ઊ׆֜ࢫ൉࣢ୣఙ৤ହୀଭ࣪ճছ઩୪׆ ளԨୡ୺౿ࠜ౫ැઉۀࠑଭ଴֫ಅැࠜணۚ෇ճ଴֫૴ߙॷා઩۩ଦ෇ஂ ෉ۗ1 # u,#Գ୪ਓஂ෱ઊ/#ୋ઀଴֫ࠤ෱ઊ/#֝୪෴ॷ୍ൡী઩ւ෉ߦָࠬ୨/#ֻࠤճ֝୪+ <׆֜ଭෑਕ෱ઊଡ஺఼ઢଲणஜ෇઱ઉ෉ۗܛڋ # କફ଴ౖ֫ճ۩ඝॷࡿۀૺଡ஝৤଼ܑ܁ۀճॷාଡଲෘ෇֫ܤv,#଍઩ચׂ+ ী૕ ׆೴ କફ ׆ւ݅ଭ ෮ୋ׆ࢱ ୺஻ր ׆২஺଀ଡ ளԨ ࢲੰ݅઱ઉ ෉ۗ1# # =ண֝րւߛ֝઩ੰ޹૕Զଲ֫ճ෉ۗۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ 31#> # d,#Գ୪৉ฅׁ஺ଭ଀ಀଡ୼ண෇ճ/#ଲ઩ݗޭ֝୪଴֫Ԯਏ׆֜ԧँ෉ଭ଴+ ஺ँ෉ଞߦઘݪ෉ँ෉ଲ೷גતۗճค଴්ݡܣঃจଲ෮ୠ෇՚Թট֫ ઘઉ෉ۗ>#֝୪ॷฎଭ࣪෹ԧෂ૬෉ँܪՓଡֻ࠮ۀசࢢܑԳ୪ߦ৉ฅ෇ ෉ଲ೷சࢢ݅઩՚࠷ࡣࢫ઱೴ා֜ୡ࣪෹୺౿ࠜ୪վ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ>#ଲ݅ଲ ճ/#ఙ࣢ߦऀഉ౦ंํ࣪෹ࢲܑߧ࣪ୋ෇઱ઉ෉ܣண֝ॷฎ઩૗ୢํധ෍ ր ઴ޮଡ ౫෇ճ ઘݬޱ෉ଲ೷சࢢ݅ଲ ઘݬ ॷँ ۀ଼ ண֝઩ছ ॼճ #<ۗ ஺઩۩෉୨࣪ࠜँ෉࣪ੲ׆ւ઩୪վ෇஺ੴੰઉ෉ۗ>#ँ෉ۀଡ෇ܛฆ ׆೴࣪෹ࠜ୪վي઩՚֝ୡଡऀ઱෇Ջ݅ޱଲ೷சࢢ݅ଲँ෉઩ছ૊ॷ ઘݪ෉֝ԧ૕ܑୀକ߫՚૤֗ ઽॷ୦ోଡ්৤଼ܑߧෛ૳ۀ෇ճୀ෇ <෇઱ઉ෉ۗ # ૤֗ ઽॷ ୦ోଡ ෂ૬ ܛ e,# କફ ٍࢢౖճ۩ඝॷࡿী ࢫ ׆೴ ଴ܑசଭ ׆֜ԧ+ <ࡦ݃ँ෉சࢢ݅઩՚૗ୢ෇ճ୪෉ઢଲ୦්ֽ৤଼ܑߧැઉ෉ۗۀߦ෇ # ଭࡿࠜଲෘ෇ճँ෉ଲ೷சࢢ݅ଡ଴਑࠻࠻ߦऀഉตրܤf,#֝୪ٍࢢ࣑ঃऀր+

- 132 - <ୡଞߦ࣪෹෇׆଍ැକફଭ׆২஺଀ଡ૬఻෇઱ઉ෉ۗ

##ଲߐ՚೾ઘٍੰ <ଞ࡝/#֗ଖࢫ࣪Սছणਆ઩ఙ࣢ઢଲ୦්ֽ৤଼ܑߧ࣪ୋ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ # i,#ண֝ઽഠٛ઩ছँ෉ଭ૬଀݅ଲٓ౿ࠜծু෇஺࡮෇ܑߧளԨୡ଴୺౿ࠜ+ ౿࣐݅ଡ׆ী෇ճୡୣํళ࣎෇࡝/#ଲࠜ஺ਏ෉ॷٓܤুۚ#<౫෇઱ઉ෉ۗ ۀଡ࣭֝ଞߦ଴ܑ෇઱࣑઩ݗޭ୍ൡଡࢲܑߧ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ1#ண֝୨ऀ݅ޱ ෉ౖճ஺ܑୀࢫճ଍ׂւ߹݅઩՚ँ෉ଲ೷சࢢٓ౿/#ண֝֝ୡଡࢲੰँ ೷ँ઱ন݅઩۩෉Գ୪ً೾/#ֻࠤճ׆೴ண֝ܤॼැ/#Գ୪৉ฅܛੰۀઉ෇ ෉சࢢ݅઩۩෉଴֫ಅැࢂ୪ࠜ୪׆෇઱ઉ෉ۗ1ँܤଞߦऀഉ৉ฅ # சࢢ݅ଲْँ෉ฃැଭ୪ࠜ଍෉ۚծ࣢ْँ۩ฃࠜฆনँْۀ41#୺ॷ଍଀ฎ> ଡ݅ڂಁটਆඑ౷լ׆/#෈২ ୍ծ֗ࠑ/#ँ෉఻ۀฃ්Փଡ֫ճ෉ۗ1#ْँ۩ฃ ଍෉ୋ෈ࢫ஻ડਓ਌ॷડ/#෈঍ԩ֗ࠑ/#ୡਖୀ݊ਏࢢ఼ۚԩଭ֗ࠑ/#ୢࢂԧ ࢫ઱ন఼ۚ݊ଭ֗ࠑ/#�ୀ࠻ܑਏ�#ւծ৤ࠩ/#ּ֧ୡଞߦ֗ധࢫധ਑࠷୍Ս݊ ৤଼ۗ1#ܥଡധැฆনฃ # ْ#/෉சࢢ݅ଲ୨࣪ࠜ֗ฅ෇ճැ૤լ෠ଡ୦්৤଼ܑߧँۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ 51#> ෉୨ऀࢫਏࢢ఼ۚ݅ଲࢂฃ/#ր෈/#ਆඑ౷/#ট୨+jrrg#jryhuqdqfh,/#լ୪Թࢳँ ઉ઩ছ଴ୡ۩ฃࢫ֗ࠑ׆ฎࠜో஼්Փଡ֫ճ෉ۗ1#ँ෉րւߛ֝݅ଠं݊ ৤ஜଞߦ઱ෘࢫ೴֝଴րଭ୦ోଡ࣐ۀ୪଴࣑֫ঃւߛଭࡿ૕ऀ෍෇஺ੴ֝

1#էߨࢫ֫ճॷාb# 29

- 133 - ୺౿݊଴ୡ୦ో઩۩෉ࡦ݃ୋ઀ࢄଡ୪Ջ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ1ۀஏฃ෇ # ෉ँ෉ଭ଴֫ঃจଡԹট෇׆଍෇઱Ԩ֝୨ऀ/#୍ۚࢫւށۀ61#୺ॷ଍଀ฎ> ઩۳࠯ଠ஺଀ଡ්Փଡ֫ճ෉ۗ1#ँ෉ଭ଴֫ঃܛߛ׆ડ݅ଲਏࢢ఼ۚଭฆ ߚ݊ଡඑڋۀਓ೾઩۩෉୨࣪ࠜԨ֝઩ࢺ৉්৤଼ܑߧ෇ܛจଡ׆ߧ෇ճ ෌෉ۗ1#ּ֧ୡଞߦ/#ୡୣ෉ਏ୥઩ଲ߇෉୍ۚࢫ׆ડ݅ଠँ෉ଭࢳୢրசࢢ ծฏଡ৤ࠩ෇׆଍ැւߛ୨ऀ݅ր෱ܤଭ঍ฆԹট/#଴֫Թটଡ଍෉ଵւ݅ ߚ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ1# # =ଣրԶଲ֫ճ෉ۗۗۀ఼ࢫକફրւߛ෇઱୺ॷ଍଀ฎܛ୪վ֝ 71#> # ෉ଭ଴֫ਓ೾ࠜ֝୪෴ॷ୍ൡী઩ฎऀ෇઱ઉ෉ँۀd,# କફੲୢ࣪ୋଲॷฎ+ Փଞߦ݁ۀ෉ࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏ઩۩ැԧୋ೧థହଲ଼ށۀ1#ੲୢ࣪ୋଲॷฎۗ ߇ٍୀ݅ଡբ٩෉୪୍ࠜత೿෇઱ઉ෉ۗ1#ँ෉சࢢ݅ଭणఞ෉ॷฎ լ୪ ෉ଭլ୪ୢ఼ࠜँي෉ଵࢱசࢢ݅ଲँۀୡঃจଡԮੲ්ݡ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ <ۗۀ஺஺෇஺ੴۀઑୀఙ଀ଭ୪୍ۀށբ٩෉ੲ࣪ࠤ # ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ࣪ۗ੿ছ࠮݅ઘ஼ँ෉઩۩෉֝࣢ۀe,# କફ౑ฎࢫ଴֫ଲॷฎ+ କફॷࡿۀ׆ԩଡ઴ୋැઉ෉ۗ>#ଲܛஶଭฆۍഉࠫࢫ࣪ճࡔಝۍ଴֫ࡦ ౑ୋࢫ଴ౖ֫ճ۩ඝଭ୨׆࣪ճছ/#ँ෉଴֫൉࣢࣪ճւଭँ෉ଭ଴֫ঃจ ஶଠ൉ํࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏ઩۩෉థହָۍଲ߇෉ࡔಝ#1ۗܤւߛହࡿ݊ଲඑ෌ ઘઉ෇࡝/#୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭ֫ճॷාଲෘ઩ւ෇઱࣪ճ෇ܪࡣହࡿ઩ண୥ଡ ઱ઉ෉ۗ1 # ൉ํࢱۀକફ଴ౖ֫ճ۩ඝۀf,#କફ౑ฎࢫ଴֫ଲॷฎଭୢୡ଴஺଀ଡࢲ+ ୨ܑߦਕԨ෉ँ෉ଭ଴֫ಅැॷੲ݅઩۩෉థହন්ָۥ଴ܑ࣐ஏ઩ැ ୺஻ଡড౿෇઱ઉ෉ۗ1#ଲ୺஻ଠ୺ॷ଍଀ฎԧଲࠀ෉ୀ߹ౠୡۀܙࡣଡ ෉ށԧઉ෉ۗ1#يଲഉࣕଲਆࠜคୋਏಯ܁ઘܣࢫஹՋ৤ுଡࢭ೽ଞߦডࠩ

- 134 - ઘ଴֫඿ැୀ݅ࢫ ஹચୀ݅ଡ ஺ুୡଞߦ ࠮ُܣୡ෍෉଴ߚଲ ࢼ౿ۀଲ ஶଭડۍ৤଼ܑߧ෇׆଍෉෮ୋ઩׆ࢱ෉୺஻ଲઘઉ෉ۗ1#଴֫࣪ճࡔಝ ૤ۇ׆ۀॷୀ݅ଲ୪վ෉୨࣪ࠜੲୢ෇՚࣪୼෇ۥࡿࠜੵࠤճւߛଲැ ԧැୀۀ઩/#ଲ߇෉୺஻ଠକફଲࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏ઩۩ැԧୋ೧థହଡ஺ճ଼ <ଡ৤ෘ෇ܑߧܑ૕ઉ෉ۗۇ׆ۀథହଡࢃيଡ׆ী෇Ջ݅ # ෉ր କફ ଴ౖ֫ճ۩ඝॷࡿী ԩଭ ෱ߚଡ ஺ুැઉँ ۀg,# କફ ଴ౖ֫ճ۩ඝ+ ঳ൖजࠜ ஹ஼ۍ෇࡝/#ଲࠜ ധැ ँ෉઩ ׆২ୡ ஺଀ଡ ୪վ෇ճ ଴֫ ૓෹ ଲ ୢ߃ଭ ଲ ۀ෉଴֫൉࣢࣪ճւଲ சܑ෇ँ ۀਏಯઉ ෉ۗ1# କફ ଴ౖ֫ճ۩ඝ ճ஺఼ܣ෉ଭ֝୪ٓ౿૕Գ୪ਓஂࢂ୪ࠜଵւँܤෘր෮୍࣪ճছ઩ডࡣ ୢ߃ଲෘଡ஺଀ැઉۀஶଡඑփ෇ۍઢଲۗ߿׆଍ැକફଭࡦ݃଴֫ࡔಝ <஺࠱ੰઉ෉ۗق෉ۗ1#କફฎ଀֝݅ଠଲୢ߃ଭଲෘଡ଍ැࡦ݃෱ߚଡੰ # ճॷා݅ଭଲෘଡ଴֫ଲॷฎࢫ֫ܤଲ࣪ճছ઩ࡣਏۀh,#କફ଴ౖ֫ճ۩ඝ+ <׆೴ւߛକફ׆֜݅઩୨׆ୡଞߦ࣪ճැઉ෉ۗ # ୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭ୺ॷէր૕֫ճॷා݅ߦऀഉ֝୪ॷฎଭւۀi,#କફ଴֫ଲॷฎ+ ਕԨ෉ճധଡդતճيਕଲࡌઘ஺஺ੴܑߧැઉ෉ۗ1#ँ෉சࢢ݅ଲ٪ࡿ ܛ఼ୢ఼ԧվܛճ଼ଣଡԮੲ්ݡ/#֝୪վܣ஺ଲ߇෉ঃจଲ஺ুג஻ੰ <ଞߦ۩ଦ්థହଡ஺ճ଼ۗ # ଭ�଴֫૴ট+Uljkwv#Xs#Iurqw,�#ୢ߃ଡ୺ܛj,#କફॷࡿ֝րॺ෇׆֜݅ଠվ+ ଴֫ॷੲ݅ܤత೿෇ճଲෘ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ1#ଲࠜധැছଲ࣪ճছ઩׆ߧํু ۗ ճܣ઩ছ ตଘୡଞߦ ճߙܛଡ එ෌෉ ଴֫ୡ ૴ߙ݅ଲ ࡦ݃ ँ෉ւߛ ฆ ஺ ي߿ઘா ৤ ଼ܑߧ ෇઱ઉ ෉ۗ1#କફଠ ँ෉઩ছ ࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏԧ ୍ࢳ෇Ջ ஺ੴܑߧଲୢ߃ଡளਏୡ૳෇઱ઉ෉ۗ1#ଲ߇෉ୢ߃ଞߦକફॷࡿ౑ܣু <Փܑ ճߙැ ࣮ ࠮෇ۗ ۀୋଲ ੲୢ࣪ୋଲॷฎ઩ ँ෉ ଴֫ ঃจଡ ฎऀ෇ #

1#էߨࢫ֫ճॷාb# 31

- 135 - ச૬଀୺վ઱֝݅ࢫେ୍ୡ#/݅ޭيۀ૶ւծ઩଼גk,#ँ෉րલॷୡଞߦԧ+ ܪࡦܑ݅ޭيۀվ઱֝݅/#ֻࠤճ9ୀฎۡଭൌੲ઩ছँ෉րւծ෇ճ଼ ෉ଭ଴֫ঃจ઩۩෉૴ߙࠜ୪׆෇ճ଴֫ঃจԹটଡச්ܑ଴֫෱ଭँ ఼ࠜ࠮݅ઘઉ෉ۗ1 # ׆೴ ۗࠛ ଴ܑୡ ஺଀ଡ լ୪ ୨౿ୡ ੺ࢮ يl,# ւߛ֝݅ଠ ँ෉઩ ਐ߆ ஺଀ଲ+ ଴ܑୡ஺଀ଠणఙ࣢சଭࠜඑ෌෉֝୪଴ܑச#1ۗܤੲۀ৤ۚଞߦฆ૳ැছ ఙ଀઩ছ ଲ߿ઘ୲ઉ ෉ۗ1# ஺଀ଠ ૈߦ஺ ֝୪ॷ ۀଭ ࢫ ଴֫଀ಀ઩ ऀ෍෇ ঃจ ෇ ۀ஺ ੴܣഉࠫଲ ୡୣํ ࣪ୋۍฎଭ ஺ুୡ଴ ଴ܑୡ ୦ֽր ւߛ ࡦ ॷ֝݅ଠँ෉ۥۀઘઉ෉ۗ1#ँ෉઩۩෉ઑୀ ۗୀ஺଀ଡ෇ܣ઩ছ࠮ணۚ ߚ෇઱ઉڋ ״ഉࠫଡ ࣪ୋ෇՚ ෇ܑߧ ෌ۍଲ ୡୣ෉ ଴ܑୡ ୦ֽր ւߛ ࡦ <෉ۗ # ࡦ݃ଭࡿࠜୠැ෇ۀઘ଼ܣ୪࣑઩ࡣਏ֝ۀm,#ँ෉ଲளԨୡଞߦଲෘැઉ෇+ ॷୀ݅ଲત۶ କફր ւߛ֝݅ଠ ճ଍ׂ ୨౿ ฎۡଡۥ ஺ ੴճ/# 9 58ୢ୕ଭ ট઩ছࡦۀܣવ׆଍෉୺౿ࠜ౫ැઉ෉ۗ1#ճ଍ׂฎۡଭఞ઱ୀ݅ଠ෍ଭ ॷୀ݅ଲ଴֫ࢫ׆࣭ୡୀକ઩۩෉୼ண݊କફෝୋଭ଀ಀஜ৤ࠜۥ݃ ୡ଴ୢ୕ଭඌฃୡැէࢂছࠜणஜ්Փଡճߙ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ1#ஂౖۀઊু෇ ࢺੲۀલٛ֝ԧ݅ଠ෱ߚଡԳฃැઉ෇ճ/#෧ਘ೬ඹߦপਆଭটߢࠜݗ࠙ ଡճߙැઉ෉ۗ1

- 136 - ऀߧ4

୺টࢢசசଭ଴ࢢվฃౖ֝ճ஺ܑୀࢫ ୪4णছ׌୨ଠրଭছ਑ۥܛڋ୺ট ## କફ୺টࢢசசଭ଴ࢢվฃ֝଴֫୺ॷ଍଀ฎ # 4ଁ53ଵڂ5347 # ״୪4णছֱ෇ۥܛڋ׌୨ଠ୺টࢢசசଭ଴ࢢվฃౖ֝ճ஺ܑୀࢫ୺ট # ୪઴෍+କફ,# ୺টࢢசசଭ֝ۀ49ଵ৉ऀ෉ୠଭছ਑઩ଲઘୠଁ:ڂ5346 ૴#1ۗۍ଴ࢢվฃ֝଴֫୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭ୺ॷ଍଀ୋୀգଞߦۗਏছ਑ଡ࣪ٛ݁ࠩ ൉ํࢱ଴ܑۀ૴ࠤ଍଀ฎ#1ۗۍକફ଴֫ଲॷฎ઩ছডࠩ෇઼਌ۀࠤ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ ଴֫ಅැ઩۩ැ૊ୢ෉థହনଡָࡣ෇࡟ছ୺টࢢசசଭۀ৤଼්ۥ࣐ஏ઩ැ ਕԨ෇ճֈ࣐଍෇࡝୺஻ୡ଴଴֫ಅැࠜ୺ॷ෇ۀ଴ࢢվฃ֝઩ছ࣎ઘ஺ճ଼ ੲ଴֫ಅැ඿ැୀࢫࡧգܛ୺ॷ׆ԩۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ#1ۗۍହࡿࠜऀ઱ࢲ੼਌ۀ ۩ୀଭஹચଡ఻౫෉վ఻ฎ/#णվԹ࡟ۡ/#ֻࠤճ׆೴ւծୀԧ୪վ෉ୀ߹ࠜഠ 1ۗۍଡ૗৤෇઼਌ܛߦ৤ு෉ණন෉୨࣪݅ଡপࢤ෇՚ंজ෌ଞߦਭ୺ॷฆ # ఞ෇઱஝Փଡࢱ࣫ୡଞߦ૬఻෗ଣ઩ܑܛ#/վ఻ฎ઩ఞজۀ૴ࠤ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ ऄ֜෇ճֱ෇ଭ୨ऀԧ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ૕ଭ෱ߚ׆ฎ઩ଦ෇஺ੴଠՓଡକԮଞߦ ෉૴ࠤԧծুැছ૬఻෗ଣ઩ܑऄ֜෇ճ୺টࢢசசଭ଴ށۀ૴ࠤ#1ۗۍ঍Ԩ෍ ࢢվฃ֝ଲ୺ॷ଍଀ฎֱࠜ֝઩ొ఻෇஺ੴଠՓր/#ֱ෇ଭ୨ऀԧୡ෍෇ۗճ 1ۗۍઘݪ෉଴֫ւߛ୨ܑ࣪୪վ෇஺ੴଠॷਓଡକԮଞߦ঍Ԩ෍ۀܣൡۚ # ୀ݅઩ଭැ֝ۥ୺টࢢசசଭ଴ࢢվฃ֝୨ऀࢫ׆ւ/#ֻࠤճۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ ճ଼يઘ૜ଞ࡝઱ୢํଵઘܣ୺஻ୡଲ࡝ֈ࣐଍෇ճਕԨ෉଴֫ಅැԧୀෘ ଍଀ฎԧ୺ॷ෉଴֫ಅැணۗ৤ॷߢԧࢱ଴ܑ#1ۗۍॷਓଡࢳե෇઼਌ۀۗ

- 137 - ଲছ਑ଭஂ෍ऀߧଠ୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭপऀࢳեॷාଡ#1ۗۍ෇઼਌ۥ࣐ஏ઩ැ #1ۗۍ׆ߧ෇ճ଼ଞ࡝/#ଲࢳեॷාଠ੿ছચׂ෉էߨଡ఼֜ฃ෇ճܺࢲಅ෍ ॷச #/ي୺෇Ջܛ #/يࢺ୺෇Ջ #/ي૬֜෇Ջ #/ي஺ਏ෇Ջ #/يࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏ࣐ࠜ෇Ջ ୪࣑઩ݗޭ෴ॷథହଡ஺࡝/#࣑֝ۀୀ֝ۥ෉୺টࢢசசଭ଴ࢢվฃ֝ଭࡦ݃ 1ۗۍ઩ݗޭళ࣎ࢲੰઉ࠮්Փ଺ # ੴ੼ۗճ෇۳ޭܑ֞஺ฬւଠ࣭଴ଲۀ஺ܣणߧࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏ઩஻୦઴߿ ԧࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏࠜୠாߎଡݡ୪۩ߦധ୪۩֞ۀਓ୪ୡ଴஺ฬ૕ധ୪෇઩଼ ਏ୨จଞߦࢠ߿ઘฬ෇পߚଲֻ߇෉࣐ۥࠜ෇஺࡮෉ঃจ/#ள+4,#஺ฬւଲ ֻ#/ੵੰઉ෗ଡݡيՓଡੵճ଼તՋۀୠ஺࠙ߙ෇ճ଼તۗيஏࠜୠ஺࠙Ջ Փଡୀ਑ଭ֫෉ٛ઩ছࡦ݃෍ࠤୡۀࠤճ+5,#஺ฬւଲֻ߇෉࣐ஏԧࢳ঍෇ ॷୀࠜ׆ী්ۥଲ߇෉ॷՍଡ୺ॷࢫ#/ي଀෇઱ઙ୪෇஺࡮෗Ջܛ଴ࢺ࣑ଡ 1ۗۍ઩ճࢳ෇஺ੴ੼ଡݡࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏଭథହଡா৤଼਌֝ۥۀ෉ଲ଼֫ # ஻଀ۀԶଠ࠼ޮ઩ছࢢԩ଴ঃׂୀܑ+4,#ֻଭਓ୪ୡ଴థହࢫധ୪෇઩଼ ੵ࡟ছܑଭܑୡଞߦࡿਏ෗يࡣࢽ෉୨࣪ࠜੵ੼Ջۀଲࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏࠜୠாߎۗ Փଡୀ਑ଭ֫෉ٛ઩ছࡦ݃෍ࠤୡ଴ࢺ࣑ଡۀ߇෉࣐ஏԧࢳ঍෇ֻ#,5+#/يՋ ۀॷୀࠜ׆ী්֫෉ଲ଼ۥଲ߇෉ॷՍଡ୺ॷࢫ#/ي଀෇઱ઙ୪෇஺࡮෗Ջܛ 1ۗۍ઩ճࢳ෇஺ੴ੼ଡݡࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏ઩۩෉Թ଴థହଡா৤଼਌֝ۥ # ண੽֞ॷ଍଀ۥ #/୪4णছ ۥܛڋ୺টࢢசசଭ଴ࢢվฃ֝ଭ ౖճ஺ܑୀ/# ୺ট ฎ଍଀ୋ/#֝ࢺ଍଀ฎ୪4଍଀ୋ/#ֻࠤճ୺ট଴ࢢౖ֞ճॷߡւଞߦছଭֱ෇ଭ =ۗۍଣրԶଠ୺ॷէրࠜੵߙ݁ࠤճୀ෍ۗۀ෉ଡճߙ෇઱/#࣭୺ॷ଍଀ฎ֫ # ԧੲୢ࣪଍ऀ/#଴ࢢ࣪ੲऀ/#୺ট଴ࢢ֞/#Ցఝী/#ॷ࣑ऀࢫ୺֝ۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ 41# ॷਓۀ஺ୠ஺࠙ճ଼ۗג෮୍يୀԧࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏࠜୠாߎՋ֝ۥۥܛڋট ࢺ଍଀ฎ/# ֻࠤճ֝#/ۥܛڋ஻଀݅ଠ୺টܤ઱׆઩ীু#1ۗۍଡࢳե෇઼਌ ணਕ׆ւ઩ۀ୺টࢢசசଭ଴ࢢվฃౖ֝ճ஺ܑୀଭਓ୪ୡ଴ധ୪෇઩଼

- 138 - ܛࠤճଲ݅ଲݡݡߦֱ෇ଭԹ଴ୡ଴ധ୪෇઩ฆֻ#1ۗۍ෇ճ଼਌ܛছฆ 1ۗۍ෇ճ଼ۗճܑ౟ߨ්৤଼਌ # ޱॷۀઘ଼ܣ୨౿࣐৤૳ী+�ւࠤী�,# ࢫ׆೴ׁ֜ਏড઩৤Ԯۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ 51# ਑ୀ݅/#ֻࠤճ׆೴఼୪ୢ࣫ୡ଴ઽේଡԧ஼Փ݅ଡࢱ֗ܒ೷ँୀ݅/#׆#/݅ ۍॷਓଡࢳե෇઼਌ۀճ଼ۗܣଡ۩ঃଞߦࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏԧୀෘ݅ޱॷۀ଺෇ ୺টࢢசசଭ଴ࢢվฃ֝ଭ୨౿఼୪ࢫ஺ܑপߚ઩۩ැ଍෱ଡԧ෉ۀ1#ଲۗ ଭ୺஻ୡଲ࡝ֈ࣐଍෉೶੺ଭଵऀߦ֝ۥ઩۩෉ܪࡦ݅ޱॷۀճ઱բ஺ۗ ଲ߇෉೶੺ଠँ෉ଵࢱசࢢ݅ଲլ෠෉୨౿ୡࡧୡଭ۩ָࡦ#1ۗۍଲ߿ઘு # #1ۗۍܧ଴֫ ಅැ઩ ু෇࡝/# �নं�઩ ׆ొ෉ ॷฎ ծׂ ఙ࣢ ୪ܑܑ ଲ઩ එ෌ ## ߚଡ࣪౦ܛڋ෉୺টࢢசசଭ଴ࢢվฃ֝ଲࡣࡧঃෂ૬෉ށۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ 61# ଡ୺஻݅ޱ෇ճ׆২ଡજ׆଍ැ۩෉ࢢ֝/#ଵ࣭/#ֻࠤճ׆೴ۗࠛ֝ԧॷ ஻ܑୠ஺ੰ#/يࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏࠜୠாߎՋ݊ۀ৉ฅଡՋऀ෇يୡଞߦٓ౿෇Ջ ଲ݅ଠ஺ুୡଞߦԳ୪ਓஂଭ็঍ઑଲ#1ۗۍॷਓଡࢳե෇઼਌ۀ࠙ճ଼ۗ ଲ݅ଭୀକࠜࢮ೷෇ճਓஂୀ݅ଭ૶ࡣրෘࢺ઩۩ැୡୣ#1ۗۍճ଼਌ܣ ৉ฅيणߧֻ݅ୀ਑ଲ஻୦ٓ౿ۀୀ݅઩՚֝ۥۀ෉୨࣪ࠜ୪վ෇஺ੴ #1ۗۍՋऀ઩ఞ઱෇஺ੴ੼ۗ෇۳ޭܑ෴ॷୡథହଡࢄଡ৤଼਌ # ઘ૜ճ/#෮୍ܣசࢢ݅઩՚ࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏԧୀෘۀ෉ଭ֢சࠤँۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ 71# ଴ࠑ࣪ඇୡ ֫ࠤ଴ ۀଲ ࣐ஏ #1ۗۍॷਓଡ ࢳե෇઼਌ ۀ଼ۗ ଲ߿ઘ஺ճ ܑ ෮୨֫ଠਐ߆֫#1ۗۍէ୨ࢫ୨థଞߦଲ߿ઘ஺ճ଼਌ۀਐ߆֫ଡಅැ෇ Փଡۀଡॷ࠷઩ଲ࠙՚්৤଼ۗ݅ޱಅැԧ׆ੰࠜੱฃਏ೬ճ۳࠯ଠॷ ଲ߇෉ #1ۗۍ૊ୢํ ଴ਐ෇ճ ଼ଣ઩ܑ ୨֫କ஺ࠜ ଍ැ ଲࠜ ୠ஺࠙ճ ଼਌ ୺টࢢசۀճ଼ଞ࡝/#ଲܣ࠯ଠ୨థ݅ଠੰ஻ܑକ஺ۀࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏࠜઉ׆෇ சଭ଴ࢢվฃ֝ଭ଴ܑୡঃจ઩۩ැճଭୡଞߦࢣଡ࠮෉୨࣪ࠜ୪վ෇஺ ୪଴ܑୡ஺଀ଭ୦֝ۀੴճ/#ܑૺଲෂ૬෉சࢢ݅઩۩෉ୀକ߫ճ୪ઊઢ 1ۗۍՓଡඑ෌෍ۀଡऀ଴෇ճ/#֝ԧଭୀ଀ࢫਐ߆ଡఙ࣢ୡଞߦंࢼ෇ֽ

- 139 - ଀෇઱ଲ߇෉࣐ܛ෇ԧ֫෉ଡԧ஼ࡦ݃෍ࠤୡ଴ࢺ࣑ଡֱۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ ۩ઙ୪෇ճ/#ଲࢠଵઘٍࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏ઩يՓଡુࢺ෇Ջۀيஏԧ۳ଲঃଵઘ ଲ߇෉୥઩଼ઘছ#1ۗۍ෉ୡୣ෉୺ॷ૕׆ীԧଲ߿ઘ஺ܑߧ්Փଡో֜෍ ୀ݅ଲ੿ছચׂ෉ࢱ଴֝ۥ୺টࢢசசଭ଴ࢢվฃ֝ଭ׆ւࢫۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ ஹՋࠜࢳۀଭ஺ԧ଼ۗۀ࣐ஏࠜୠ஺ࠛԧැୀ݅ଡ൞ੱ෇ճ׆ী෇ճୀ෇ܑ ෇ࠜඑ෌෇઱ଲছ਑ր୺ॷ଍଀ฎֱۀݗޭছ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ#1ۗۍե෇஺࡮෗਌ ࢱ଴ܑ࣐ஏଭԧැୀ݅ଭథହଡָࡣ෇׆଍ැକફଲۀ૕଼يଭ࣪ճছ઩ ୺টࢢசசଭ଴ࢢվฃ֝ଭ ঃจଡ ֝୪෴ॷ୍ൡী+LFF,઩ ฎऀ් Փଡ ֫ճ් 1ۗۍՓହଡੵߙ݁ࠤճୀ෍ # ࢭଭٷଵլ઩୪:6ଁ4ڂ୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭౖஂ࣪ճছԧ5347ۀࠬ஺࠭ଞߦୠ ࢭ୺টٷଲୢ઩ச୪ֻ#1ۗۍՓହଡੵߙ݁ࠤճୀ෍ܥକફ଴֫ଲॷฎ઩୪ౢ 1ۗۍࢢசசଭ଴ࢢվฃ֝۩ඝऀ઩࣪ճছଭౖஂ࣭ॷ࣭ଡ୪վැ݁ࠧծฏ଺ # ୀ઱߇ं/#ֻࠤճँ෉ଭசࢢ݅֝ۥ࠮ଵֱ෇૕୺টࢢசசଭ଴ࢢվฃ֝ଭ ઘ଼਌ܣඌઑଞߦԫஜणԧۀ࡟ୠࠜඑ෌෇઱ୠ็୺ॷ଍଀ฎۗܤૺଲܑ״ #1ۗۍઘ଼਌ܣ෇౸࠮ෛޮ෉ۗ࡟ચ୪݃஺ँ෉ଡࢺࢂ්ஜणԧֱۀ૴ࠤ#1ۗۍ ୀ/#சࢢ݅ଲࡦ݃୺ॷր୨րէߨܑౢଲକ઩۩ැ֝ۥ૴ࠤଭࢺࢂଠֱ෇ࢫ ஻୦݄ճ/#୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭ࣪ճছ/#୺ॷٛ૳ࢫ֫ճॷੲ઩۩ැாࢂࢫۢ࣡ਏԩ ୺টࢢசசଭ଴ࢢվฃ֝઩ۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ#1ۗۍ׆ฎࠜ୪վ්Փ଺ۀଡԧா৤଼ ઘܣஜणԧګيছේบ૊ୢ෉଴֫࣪ୋଡค࣪෇׆଍ැෛਕ೶ฎ෇՚ଭեଡ 1ۗۍ਌଼

ଲ࣌׆ฎߦֱ෇૕୺টࢢசசଭ଴ࢢվฃ֝઩۩෉୼լଡඝۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ 1ۗۍ෍ 2ছࡣ2 ࠬଲ೨ಝण ଍଀ୋ

- 140 - ऀߧ5#

ண֝րଭছ਑ ## କફ୺টࢢசசଭ଴ࢢվฃ֝଴֫୺ॷ଍଀ฎ # 45ଁ49ଵڂ5346

״ࢭண֝۩ඝऀ۩ॷֱ෇ٷ૴෇ଲ೴ૈச୪ # ଭࠜ֜෇ճୀ෗۶ܛଲছ෉ଠ୺ॷ଍଀ฎԧண֝ࢺࢂଡ଍ැֱ୨ऀଭ 44ଁ53ଵୢฃധڂ5346ۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ#1ۗۍଵୀছ෉ଭบু଺:44ଁڂ5346 է୨ۀฃߦକફॷࡿ֝઩ண֝୨ऀԧ଍଀ฎଭண֝ࢺࢂଡෛԧ෇஺ੴՠۗ 1ۗۍଡധ࣪෉ՓଡକԮଞߦ঍Ԩ෍ # ணۀ෇ۥ୺টࢢசசଭ଴ࢢվฃ֝+վฃ֝,րଭւծࠜ஻୦ۡۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ ୀ݅ր/#ண֝ଭվਐୡ଴଺ୋ઩۩ැચׂැ஝৤଼તଡୢࢂԧ݅ଡ࠮֝ۥ֝ ۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ#1ۗۍՓଡକԮଞߦ঍Ԩ෍ܤ෱ଭ්׆ฎࠜ୪վࢲ஺࡮෇՚ي ܣ෉ண֝ଭૂࣩ୺ট୻ୀ౿சࠜࢺࢂ෇઱֜౿ীࢫ׆೴ׁ֜ਏড઩৤Ԯށ ෇ճ଼ܛվฃ֝சࢢ݅րண֝ٛվฃ֝சࢢ݅ଭ஺଍૕ւߛ෇઱ฆۀઘ଼ #1ۗۍՓଡକԮਆߌ՚঍Ԩ෍ܤฎࢫ׆೴఼ۚ݅ଡ࡟ۡ෇஺࡮෇՚֗ۀ # ෮୍କۀছ୅ੰਏۗਏ඿/#୺টࢢசசଭ଴ࢢվฃ֝଴֫୺ॷ଍଀ฎ״෇ֱ ண֝ࢺࢂଠ୺ॷ଍#1ۗۍફ଴֫ଲॷฎ઩୪ౢ්ౖஂ࣪ճছࠜஜण෇ճ଼਌ ൉୨ॷਓ݅ଡՑۀ෇ۥઘ଼ճ/#୺ॷ଍଀ฎଭହࡿ઩ැܣ଀ฎԧண֝րւߛ ਕԨܤ޹઩ࡣਏੰۀ୺ॷ଍଀ฎ#1ۗۍતଡՓ଺ܣૺଲܑ܁ۀஹ෇ճค଴෇ ఼ୡ଴ாࢂ઩۩ැค଴෇ճୀ෇֜ܤવي෉૴ߙॷා݅րଲছ෉ଭऀߧ઩ 1ۗۍ਌઼

- 141 -

United Nations A/HRC/25/63

General Assembly Distr.: General 7 February 2014

Original: English

Human Rights Council Twenty-fifth session Agenda item 4 Human rights situations that require the Council’s attention Report of the commission of inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea*

Summary The present report contains the main findings and recommendations of the commission of inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. **

* The annexes to the present report are circulated as received, in the language of submission only. ** For detailed findings of the commission of inquiry, see document A/HRC/25/CRP.1.

GE.14-10866

- 142 - A/HRC/25/63

Contents Paragraphs Page I. Introduction ...... 1–2 3 II. Mandate and methodology ...... 3–23 3 A. Non-cooperation by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea ...... 9–11 4 B. Methods of work ...... 12–20 4 C. Legal framework and standard of proof for reported violations ...... 21–22 6 D. Archiving and record-keeping of testimony ...... 23 6 III. Principal findings of the commission ...... 24–73 6 A. Violations of the freedoms of thought, expression and religion ...... 26–31 7 B. Discrimination ...... 32–37 8 C. Violations of the freedom of movement and residence ...... 38–45 9 D. Violations of the right to food and related aspects of the right to life ...... 46–55 10 E. Arbitrary detention, torture, executions and prison camps ...... 56–63 11 F. Abductions and enforced disappearances from other countries ...... 64–73 13 IV. Crimes against humanity ...... 74–79 14 V. Conclusions and recommendations ...... 80–94 15 Annexes I. Correspondence with the Supreme Leader of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and First Secretary of the Workers’ Party of Korea, Kim Jong-un ...... 22 II. Correspondence with China ...... 26

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I. Introduction

1. In its resolution 22/13, adopted on 21 March 2013, the Human Rights Council established the commission of inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. In resolution 22/13, the Council mandated the commission to investigate the systematic, widespread and grave violations of human rights in the State, with a view to ensuring full accountability, in particular, for violations that may amount to crimes against humanity. 2. On 7 May 2013, the President of the Human Rights Council announced the appointment of Michael Kirby (Australia) and Sonja Biserko (Serbia), who joined the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Marzuki Darusman (Indonesia) to serve as the members of the commission of inquiry. Mr. Kirby was designated to serve as Chair. The commission implemented the mandate entrusted by the States Members of the Human Rights Council, bearing in mind the decision of the Council to transmit the reports of the commission to all relevant bodies of the United Nations and to the Secretary-General for appropriate action.

II. Mandate and methodology1

3. The mandate of the commission of inquiry is described in paragraph 5 of Human Rights Council resolution 22/13, in which the Council made specific reference to paragraph 31 of the 2013 report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. 2 Reading the two paragraphs together, the commission determined that it had been mandated to investigate the systematic, widespread and grave violations of human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea including, in particular, the following nine specific substantive areas: Violations of the right to food The full range of violations associated with prison camps Torture and inhuman treatment Arbitrary arrest and detention Discrimination, in particular in the systemic denial and violation of basic human rights and fundamental freedoms Violations of the freedom of expression Violations of the right to life Violations of the freedom of movement Enforced disappearances, including in the form of abductions of nationals of other States 4. The above list is not exhaustive. Where appropriate, the commission also investigated violations intrinsically linked to one of the nine areas.

1 For further information on the interpretation of the mandate and the Commission’s methods of work, see A/HRC/25/CRP.1, sect. II. 2 A/HRC/22/57.

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5. The mandate further indicates that the inquiry should pursue three interlinked objectives: (a) Further investigating and documenting human rights violations; (b) Collecting and documenting victim and perpetrator accounts; (c) Ensuring accountability. 6. The commission paid specific attention to gender-based violations, particularly violence against women, and the impact of violations on particular groups, including women and children. 7. Paragraph 5 of Council resolution 22/13 does not limit the temporal scope for the commission’s inquiry to a particular period within the existence of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. 8. With regard to its geographic scope, the commission interpreted its mandate to include violations committed on the territory of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, as well as those violations that involve extraterritorial action originating from the State, such as abductions from other countries. The commission also considered violations that causally enable, or are the immediate consequence of, violations in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, and made findings regarding the extent to which other States carry relevant responsibility.

A. Non-cooperation by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

9. In its resolution 22/13, the Human Rights Council urged the Government of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to cooperate fully with the commission’s investigation, to permit the commission’s members unrestricted access to visit the country and to provide them with all information necessary to enable them to fulfil their mandate. Immediately after the adoption of resolution 22/13, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea publicly stated that it would “totally reject and disregard” it. In a letter dated 10 May 2013, it informed the President of the Human Rights Council that it “totally and categorically rejects the commission of inquiry”. Regrettably, this stance has remained unchanged, despite numerous attempts at engagement by the commission. 10. The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea did not respond to the commission’s repeated requests for access to the country and to information on the human rights situation (see sect. III below). 11. The Commission shared its detailed findings (A/HRC/25/CRP.1) with the Government of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, and invited its comments and factual corrections. A summary of the most serious concerns, in particular the principal findings on crimes against humanity, was also included in a letter addressed to the Supreme Leader of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Kim Jong-un (see annex I). In the letter, the commission drew attention to the principle of command and superior responsibility under international criminal law. It urged the Supreme Leader to prevent and suppress crimes against humanity, and to ensure that perpetrators are prosecuted and brought to justice.

B. Methods of work

12. Owing to its lack of access to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, the commission obtained first-hand testimony through public hearings that were transparent, observed due process and protected victims and witnesses. More than 80 witnesses and

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experts testified publicly and provided information of great specificity, detail and relevance, in ways that often required a significant degree of courage. 13. Public hearings were conducted in Seoul (20 to 24 August 2013), Tokyo (29 and 30 August 2013), London (23 October 2013) and Washington, D.C. (30 and 31 October 2013).3 The commission invited the authorities of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to make representations at the public hearings, but received no reply. 14. The commission and its secretariat conducted more than 240 confidential interviews with victims and other witnesses. 15. In July 2013, the commission made a call for written submissions to all States Members of the United Nations and relevant stakeholders. At the finalization of the present report, 80 such submissions had been received. 16. The commission conducted official visits to the Republic of Korea, Japan, Thailand, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America. 17. The commission sought access to China in order to conduct inquiries and to consult with officials of the Government and local experts. A working meeting was held in July 2013, at which that request was made. The commission requested access to parts of China bordering the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. On 7 November 2013, the commission transmitted a further request for an invitation to visit China. On 20 November 2013, the Permanent Mission of China in Geneva informed the secretariat that, given the State’s position on country-specific mandates, especially on the Korean peninsula, it would not be possible to extend an invitation to the commission. In a follow-up letter dated 16 December 2013, the commission requested information on the status of citizens of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and their children in China, forced repatriations to and related cooperation with the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, trafficking in persons and other issues relevant to the mandate of the commission (see annex II). 18. The commission engaged with a number of United Nations entities and other humanitarian actors. It regrets that other such entities and actors were not in a position to provide relevant information. The commission expresses its gratitude to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) for its support. The commission benefited from the invaluable support of a number of non-governmental organizations that thoroughly document human rights violations in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, despite the inadequate financial resources available to them. 19. The most significant investigative challenge faced by the commission, aside from the inability to have access to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, was the fear of reprisals by witnesses. Most of the potential witnesses residing outside the State were afraid to testify, even on a confidential basis, because they feared for the safety of family members and assumed that their conduct was still being clandestinely monitored by the authorities. 20. The commission paid particular attention to the protection of victims and witnesses. It recalls that primary responsibility for protecting victims, witnesses and other persons cooperating with the commission rests with their States of residence and nationality. The commission therefore urges Member States to provide additional protection measures where necessary.

3 Video recordings and transcripts from all the public hearings are available on the website of the commission of inquiry at www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoIDPRK.

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C. Legal framework and standard of proof for reported violations

21. In assessing the situation of human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, the commission relied chiefly on the binding legal obligations that the country voluntarily assumed as a State party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Where appropriate, the commission also considered relevant obligations of other States, including the prohibition of refoulement under international refugee law and international human rights law. Matters relating to crimes against humanity were assessed on the basis of definitions set out by customary international criminal law and in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. 22. The commission bases its findings on a “reasonable grounds” standard of proof. It concluded that there are reasonable grounds establishing that an incident or pattern of conduct had occurred whenever it was satisfied that it had obtained a reliable body of information, consistent with other material, based on which a reasonable and ordinarily prudent person would have reason to believe that such an incident or pattern of conduct had occurred.

D. Archiving and record-keeping of testimony

23. All information gathered by the commission, including information pertaining to individual perpetrators, has been stored in a confidential electronic database. The commission has authorized OHCHR, acting as the residual secretariat of the commission, to provide access to the existing materials contained in the database to competent authorities that carry out credible investigations for purposes of ensuring accountability for crimes and other violations committed, establishing the truth about violations committed or implementing United Nations-mandated targeted sanctions against particular individuals or institutions. Access must only be granted to the extent that witnesses or other providers of information have given their informed consent and any protection and operational concerns are duly addressed.

III. Principal findings of the commission

24. The commission finds that systematic, widespread and gross human rights violations have been and are being committed by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.4 In many instances, the violations found entailed crimes against humanity based on State policies. The main perpetrators are officials of the State Security Department, the Ministry of People’s Security, the Korean People’s Army, the Office of the Public Prosecutor, the judiciary and the Workers’ Party of Korea, who are acting under the effective control of the central organs of the Workers’ Party of Korea, the National Defence Commission and the Supreme Leader of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. 25. The commission emphasizes that the current human rights situation in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea has been shaped by the historical experiences of the Korean people. Confucian social structures and the experience of the Japanese colonial occupation have to some degree informed the political structures and attitudes prevailing in the country today. The division imposed on the Korean peninsula, the massive destruction

4 See also A/HRC/25/CRP.1, sect. IV.

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caused by the Korean War and the impact of the Cold War have engendered an isolationist mindset and an aversion to outside powers that are used to justify internal repression. The particular nature and the overall scale of human rights violations in the State can be more easily understood through an appreciation of the nature of its political system, which is based on a single party led by a single Supreme Leader, an elaborate guiding ideology and a centrally planned economy.5

A. Violations of the freedoms of thought, expression and religion

26. Throughout the history of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, among the most striking features of the State has been its claim to an absolute monopoly over information and total control of organized social life. The commission finds that there is an almost complete denial of the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, as well as of the rights to freedom of opinion, expression, information and association. 27. The State operates an all-encompassing indoctrination machine that takes root from childhood to propagate an official personality cult and to manufacture absolute obedience to the Supreme Leader (Suryong), effectively to the exclusion of any thought independent of official ideology and State propaganda. Propaganda is further used by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to incite nationalistic hatred towards official enemies of the State, including Japan, the United States of America and the Republic of Korea, and their nationals. 28. Virtually all social activities undertaken by citizens of all ages are controlled by the Workers’ Party of Korea. Through the associations that are run and overseen by the Party, and to which citizens are obliged to be members, the State is able to monitor its citizens and to dictate their daily activities. State surveillance permeates the private lives of all citizens to ensure that virtually no expression critical of the political system or of its leadership goes undetected. Citizens are punished for any “anti-State” activities or expressions of dissent. They are rewarded for reporting on fellow citizens suspected of committing such “crimes”. 29. Citizens are denied the right to have access to information from independent sources; State-controlled media are the only permitted source of information in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. Access to television and radio broadcasts, as well as to the Internet, is severely restricted, and all media content is heavily censored and must adhere to directives issued by the Workers’ Party of Korea. Telephone calls are monitored and mostly confined to domestic connections for citizens. Citizens are punished for watching and listening to foreign broadcasts, including foreign films and soap operas. 30. Strengthening market forces and advancements in information technology have allowed greater access to information from outside the country as information and media from the Republic of Korea and China increasingly enter the country. The State’s monopoly on information is therefore being challenged by the increasing flow of outside information into the country and the ensuing curiosity of the people for “truths” other than those provided by State propaganda. Authorities seek to preserve their monopoly on information by carrying out regular crackdowns and enforcing harsh punishments. 31. The State considers the spread of Christianity a particularly serious threat, since it challenges ideologically the official personality cult and provides a platform for social and political organization and interaction outside the realm of the State. Apart from the few organized State-controlled churches, Christians are prohibited from practising their religion and are persecuted. People caught practising Christianity are subject to severe punishments

5 See ibid., sect. III.

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in violation of the right to freedom of religion and the prohibition of religious discrimination.

B. Discrimination

32. The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea presents itself as a State where equality, non-discrimination and equal rights in all sectors have been fully achieved and implemented. In reality, it is a rigidly stratified society with entrenched patterns of discrimination, although these are being modified to some extent by the transformative socioeconomic changes introduced by market forces and technological developments. State-sponsored discrimination in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea is pervasive, but is also shifting. Discrimination is rooted in the songbun system, which classifies people on the basis of State-assigned social class and birth, and also includes consideration of political opinions and religion. Songbun intersects with gender-based discrimination, which is equally pervasive. Discrimination is also practised on the basis of disability, although there are signs that the State may have begun to address this particular issue. 33. The songbun system used to be the most important factor in determining where individuals were allowed to live; what sort of accommodation they had; what occupations they were assigned to; whether they were effectively able to attend school, in particular university; how much food they received; and even whom they might marry. This traditional discrimination under the songbun system was recently complicated by increasing marketization in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and by the influence of money, including foreign currency, on people’s ability to have greater access their economic, social and cultural rights. At the same time, significant segments of the population who have neither the resources nor favourable songbun find themselves increasingly marginalized and subject to further patterns of discrimination, given that basic public services have collapsed or now effectively require payment. 34. Early reforms aimed at ensuring formal legal equality have not resulted in gender equality. Discrimination against women remains pervasive in all aspects of society. Indeed, it might even be increasing, as the male-dominated State preys on both economically advancing women and marginalized women. Many women, survival-driven during the famine of the 1990s, began operating private markets. The State imposed, however, many restrictions on female-dominated markets. Gender discrimination also takes the form of women being targeted to pay bribes or fines. There is recent evidence that women are beginning to object and to resist such impositions. 35. The economic advances of women have not been matched by advances in the social and political spheres. Entrenched traditional patriarchal attitudes and violence against women persist in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. The State has imposed blatantly discriminatory restrictions on women in an attempt to maintain the gender stereotype of the pure and innocent Korean woman. Sexual and gender-based violence against women is prevalent throughout all areas of society. Victims are not afforded protection from the State, support services or recourse to justice. In the political sphere, women make up just 5 per cent of the top political cadre and 10 per cent of central government employees. 36. Discrimination against women also intersects with a number of other human rights violations, placing women in a position of vulnerability. Violations of the rights to food and to freedom of movement have resulted in women and girls becoming vulnerable to trafficking and increased engagement in transactional sex and prostitution. The complete denial of the freedoms of expression and association has been a large contributing factor to the generally unequal status of women vis-à-vis men. These limitations have, inter alia,

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prevented women from collectively advocating for their rights as women have done elsewhere in the world. 37. While discrimination exists to some extent in all societies, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea has practised a form of official discrimination that has had a very significant impact on individual enjoyment of human rights. Given the exceptional extent of State control, this official discrimination influences most aspects of people’s lives. Discrimination remains a major means for the leadership to maintain control against perceived threats, both internal and external.

C. Violations of the freedom of movement and residence

38. The systems of indoctrination and discrimination on the basis of social class are reinforced and safeguarded by a policy of isolating citizens from contact with each other and with the outside world, violating all aspects of the right to freedom of movement. 39. In the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, the State imposes on citizens where they must live and work, violating their freedom of choice. Moreover, the forced assignment to a State-designated place of residence and employment is heavily driven by discrimination based on songbun. This has created a socioeconomically and physically segregated society, where people considered politically loyal to the leadership can live and work in favourable locations, whereas families of persons who are considered politically suspect are relegated to marginalized areas. The special status of Pyongyang, reserved only for those most loyal to the State, exemplifies this system of segregation. 40. Citizens are not even allowed to leave their province temporarily or to travel within the country without official authorization. This policy is driven by the desire to maintain disparate living conditions, to limit the flow of information and to maximize State control, at the expense of social and familial ties. 41. In an attempt to keep Pyongyang’s “pure” and untainted image, the State systematically banishes entire families from the capital city if one family member commits what is deemed to be a serious crime or political wrong. For the same reason, the large number of street children migrating clandestinely to Pyongyang and other cities – principally in search of food – are subject to arrest and forcible transfer back to their home provinces, experiencing neglect and forced institutionalization on their return. 42. The State imposes a virtually absolute ban on ordinary citizens travelling abroad, thereby violating their human right to leave the country. Despite the enforcement of this ban through strict border controls, nationals still take the risk of fleeing, mainly to China. When they are apprehended or forcibly repatriated, officials from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea systematically subject them to persecution, torture, prolonged arbitrary detention and, in some cases, sexual violence, including during invasive body searches. Repatriated women who are pregnant are regularly subjected to forced abortions, and babies born to repatriated women are often killed. These practices are driven by racist attitudes towards interracial children of Koreans, and the intent to punish further women who have left the country and their assumed contact with Chinese men. Persons found to have been in contact with officials or nationals from the Republic of Korea or with Christian churches may be forcibly “disappeared” into political prison camps, imprisoned in ordinary prisons or even summarily executed. 43. Despite the gross human rights violations awaiting repatriated persons, China pursues a rigorous policy of forcibly repatriating citizens of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea who cross the border illegally. China does so in pursuance of its view that these persons are economic (and illegal) migrants. However, many such nationals of

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the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea should be recognized as refugees fleeing persecution or refugees sur place. They are thereby entitled to international protection. In forcibly returning nationals of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, China also violates its obligation to respect the principle of non-refoulement under international refugee and human rights law. In some cases, Chinese officials also appear to provide information on those apprehended to their counterparts in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. 44. Discrimination against women and their vulnerable status in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, as well as the prospect of refoulement, make women extremely vulnerable to trafficking in persons. Many women are trafficked by force or deception from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea into or within China for the purposes of exploitation in forced marriage or concubinage, or prostitution under coercive circumstances. An estimated 20,000 children born to women from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea are currently in China. These children are deprived of their rights to birth registration, nationality, education and health care because their birth cannot be registered without exposing the mother to the risk of refoulement by China. 45. The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea has repeatedly breached its obligations to respect the rights of its nationals who have special ties to, or claims in relation to, another country, in this case the Republic of Korea, to return there or otherwise to enjoy a facility to meet long separated families. The severe impediments put in place by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to prevent contact and communication with family members in the Republic of Korea are a breach of the State’s obligations under international human rights law. The restrictions are arbitrary, cruel and inhuman. This is particularly the case when previously agreed temporary reunions of separated families are cancelled for wholly unpersuasive reasons, especially given the advanced age of the persons concerned.

D. Violations of the right to food and related aspects of the right to life

46. The rights to food, freedom from hunger and to life in the context of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea cannot be reduced to a narrow discussion of food shortages and access to a commodity. The State has used food as a means of control over the population. It has prioritized those whom the authorities believe to be crucial in maintaining the regime over those deemed expendable. 47. Confiscation and dispossession of food from those in need, and the provision of food to other groups, follows this logic. The State has practised discrimination with regard to access to and distribution of food based on the songbun system. In addition, it privileges certain parts of the country, such as Pyongyang, over others. The State has also failed to take into account the needs of the most vulnerable. The commission is particularly concerned about ongoing chronic malnutrition in children and its long-term effects. 48. The State was aware of the deteriorating food situation in the country well before the first appeal for international aid in 1995. State-controlled production and distribution of food had not been able to provide the population with adequate food since the end of the 1980s. The lack of transparency, accountability and democratic institutions, as well as restrictions on freedom of expression, information and association, prevented the adoption of optimal economic solutions over those in accordance with Party directives. The State has evaded structural reforms to the economy and agriculture for fear of losing its control over the population. 49. During the period of famine, ideological indoctrination was used in order to maintain the regime, at the cost of seriously aggravating hunger and starvation. The concealment of information prevented the population from finding alternatives to the

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collapsing public distribution system. It also delayed international assistance that, provided earlier, could have saved many lives. Despite the State’s inability to provide its people with adequate food, it maintained laws and controls effectively criminalizing people’s use of key coping mechanisms, particularly moving within or outside the country in search of food and trading or working in informal markets. 50. Even during the worst period of mass starvation, the State impeded the delivery of food aid by imposing conditions that were not based on humanitarian considerations. International humanitarian agencies were subject to restrictions contravening humanitarian principles. Aid organizations were prevented from properly assessing humanitarian needs and monitoring the distribution of aid. The State denied humanitarian access to some of the most affected regions and groups, including homeless children. 51. The State has consistently failed in its obligation to use the maximum of its available resources to feed those who are hungry. Military spending – predominantly on hardware and the development of weapons systems and the nuclear programme – has always been prioritized, even during periods of mass starvation. Nevertheless, the State still failed to feed the ordinary soldiers of its disproportionately large army. Large amounts of State resources, including parallel funds directly controlled by the Supreme Leader, have been spent on luxury goods and the advancement of his personality cult instead of providing food to the starving general population. 52. The State has also used deliberate starvation as a means of control and punishment in detention facilities. This has resulted in the deaths of many political and ordinary prisoners. 53. The commission found evidence of systematic, widespread and grave violations of the right to food in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. While acknowledging the impact of factors beyond State control over the food situation, the commission finds that decisions, actions and omissions by the State and its leadership caused the death of at least hundreds of thousands of people and inflicted permanent physical and psychological injuries on those who survived. 54. In the highly centralized system of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, decisions relating to food, including its production and distribution, State budget allocation, decisions relating to humanitarian assistance and the use of international aid, are ultimately made by a small group of officials, who are not accountable to those affected by their decisions. 55. While conditions have changed since the 1990s, hunger and malnutrition continue to be widespread. Deaths from starvation continue to be reported. The commission is concerned that structural issues, including laws and policies that violate the right to adequate food and freedom from hunger, remain in place, which could lead to the recurrence of mass starvation.

E. Arbitrary detention, torture, executions and prison camps

56. The police and security forces of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea systematically employ violence and punishments that amount to gross human rights violations in order to create a climate of fear that pre-empts any challenge to the current system of government and to the ideology underpinning it. The institutions and officials involved are not held accountable. Impunity reigns. 57. Gross human rights violations in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea involving detention, executions and disappearances are characterized by a high degree of centralized coordination between different parts of the extensive security apparatus. The

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State Security Department, the Ministry of People’s Security and the Korean People’s Army Military Security Command regularly subject persons accused of political crimes to arbitrary arrest and subsequent incommunicado detention for prolonged periods of time. Their families are not informed of their fate or whereabouts. Persons accused of political crimes therefore become victims of enforced disappearance. Making the suspect disappear is a deliberate feature of the system that serves to instil fear in the population. 58. The use of torture is an established feature of the interrogation process in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, especially in cases involving political crimes. Starvation and other inhumane conditions of detention are deliberately imposed on suspects to increase the pressure on them to confess and to incriminate other persons. 59. Persons who are found to have engaged in major political crimes are “disappeared”, without trial or judicial order, to political prison camps (kwanliso). There, they are incarcerated and held incommunicado. Their families are not even informed of their fate if they die. In the past, it was common that the authorities sent entire families to political prison camps for political crimes committed by close relatives (including forebears, to the third generation) on the basis of the principle of guilt by association. Such cases still occur, but appear to be less frequent now than in past decades. 60. In the political prison camps of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, the inmate population has been gradually eliminated through deliberate starvation, forced labour, executions, torture, rape and the denial of reproductive rights enforced through punishment, forced abortion and infanticide. The commission estimates that hundreds of thousands of political prisoners have perished in these camps over the past five decades. The unspeakable atrocities that are being committed against inmates of the kwanliso political prison camps resemble the horrors of camps that totalitarian States established during the twentieth century. 61. Although the authorities in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea deny the existence of the camps, this claim was shown to be false by the testimonies of former guards, inmates and neighbours. Satellite imagery proves that the camp system continues to be in operation. While the number of political prison camps and inmates has decreased owing to deaths and some releases, it is estimated that between 80,000 and 120,000 political prisoners are currently detained in four large political prison camps. 62. Gross violations are also being committed in the ordinary prison system, which consists of ordinary prison camps (kyohwaso) and various types of short-term forced labour detention facilities. The vast majority of inmates are victims of arbitrary detention, since they are imprisoned without trial or on the basis of a trial that fails to respect the due process and fair trial guarantees set out in international law. Furthermore, many ordinary prisoners are, in fact, political prisoners, who are detained without a substantive reason compatible with international law. Prisoners in the ordinary prison system are systematically subjected to deliberate starvation and illegal forced labour. Torture, rape and other arbitrary cruelties at the hands of guards and fellow prisoners are widespread and committed with impunity. 63. As a matter of State policy, the authorities carry out executions, with or without trial, publicly or secretly, in response to political and other crimes that are often not among the most serious crimes. The policy of regularly carrying out public executions serves to instil fear in the general population. Public executions were most common in the 1990s. However, they continue to be carried out today. In late 2013, there appeared to be a spike in the number of politically motivated public executions.

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F. Abductions and enforced disappearances from other countries

64. Since 1950, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea has engaged in the systematic abduction, denial of repatriation and subsequent enforced disappearance of persons from other countries on a large scale and as a matter of State policy. Well over 200,000 persons, including children, who were brought from other countries to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea may have become victims of enforced disappearance, as defined in the Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. More information would have to emerge from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to provide a more precise estimate of the number of victims. 65. For a nation State that seeks to live alongside others, the above-mentioned actions, in defiance of the sovereignty of other States and the rights of foreign nationals guaranteed under international law, are exceptional. 66. The vast majority of abductions and enforced disappearances are linked to the Korean War and the organized movement of ethnic Koreans from Japan that started in 1959. However, hundreds of nationals of the Republic of Korea, Japan and other States were also abducted and disappeared between the 1960s and 1980s. In more recent years, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea abducted a number of its own nationals and nationals of the Republic of Korea from China. 67. The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea used its land, naval and intelligence forces to conduct abductions and arrests. Operations were approved at the level of the Supreme Leader. The vast majority of victims were forcibly disappeared to gain labour and other skills for the State. Some victims were used to further espionage and terrorist activities. Women abducted from Europe, the Middle East and Asia were subjected to forced marriages with men from other countries to prevent liaisons on their part with ethnic Korean women that could result in interracial children. Some of the abducted women have also been subject to sexual exploitation. 68. A number of the forcibly disappeared travelled to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea voluntarily. Others were abducted through physical force or fraudulent persuasion. Subsequently, they were all denied the right to leave the country. They have also been subject to severe deprivation of their liberty and freedom of movement within the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, denied the right to recognition as a person before the law, and the right not to be subjected to torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. All of the forcibly disappeared have been placed under strict surveillance. They have been denied education and employment opportunities. 69. Ethnic Koreans from the Republic of Korea and Japan, forcibly disappeared by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, have been discriminated against for their origins and background. They were categorized as “hostile” and forced to work in mines and farms in remote marginalized areas of the country. Many of them were likely to have been the first victims of the famine in the 1990s because of their lower social status. 70. Non-Korean abductees were not able to integrate into social and economic life in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea as they were detained in tightly controlled compounds. They were denied the right to work, to leave their place of residence or to move freely in society, and they were unable to choose educational opportunities for themselves and their children. 71. Family members abroad and foreign States wishing to exercise their right to provide diplomatic protection have been consistently denied information necessary to establish the fate and whereabouts of the victims. Family members of the disappeared have been subjected to torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. They have been

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denied the right to effective remedies for human rights violations, including the right to the truth. Parents and disappeared children have been denied the right to family life. 72. Despite admitting to the abduction of 13 Japanese nationals by agents of the State, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea has never adequately disavowed the practice of international abductions. Since the 1990s, its agents have abducted a number of persons from Chinese territory, including nationals of China, the Republic of Korea and, in at least one case, a former Japanese national. 73. The commission finds that almost all of the foregoing victims remain disappeared. Human rights violations continue against them and their families. The shock and pain caused by such actions is indescribable.

IV. Crimes against humanity

74. In accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 22/13, the commission carried out its inquiry with a view to ensuring full accountability, in particular where these violations may amount to crimes against humanity. The commission is neither a judicial body nor a prosecutor. It cannot make final determinations of individual criminal responsibility. It can, however, determine whether its findings constitute reasonable grounds establishing that crimes against humanity have been committed so as to merit a criminal investigation by a competent national or international organ of justice. 75. According to that standard, the commission finds that the body of testimony and other information it received establishes that crimes against humanity have been committed in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, pursuant to policies established at the highest level of the State.6 76. These crimes against humanity entail extermination, murder, enslavement, torture, imprisonment, rape, forced abortions and other sexual violence, persecution on political, religious, racial and gender grounds, the forcible transfer of populations, the enforced disappearance of persons and the inhumane act of knowingly causing prolonged starvation. The commission further finds that crimes against humanity are ongoing in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea because the policies, institutions and patterns of impunity that lie at their heart remain in place. 77. Persons detained in political and other prison camps, those who try to flee the State, Christians and others considered to introduce subversive influences are the primary targets of a systematic and widespread attack against all populations that are considered to pose a threat to the political system and leadership of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. This attack is embedded in the larger patterns of politically motivated human rights violations experienced by the general population, including the discriminatory system of classification of persons based on songbun. 78. In addition, the commission finds that crimes against humanity have been committed against starving populations, particularly during the 1990s. These crimes arose from decisions and policies violating the right to food, which were applied for the purposes of sustaining the present political system, in full awareness that such decisions would exacerbate starvation and related deaths of much of the population. 79. Lastly, the commission finds that crimes against humanity are being committed against persons from other countries who were systematically abducted or denied

6 See also A/HRC/25/CRP.1, sect. V.

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repatriation, in order to gain labour and other skills for the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.

V. Conclusions and recommendations

80. Systematic, widespread and gross human rights violations have been and are being committed by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, its institutions and officials. In many instances, the violations of human rights found by the commission constitute crimes against humanity. These are not mere excesses of the State; they are essential components of a political system that has moved far from the ideals on which it claims to be founded. The gravity, scale and nature of these violations reveal a State that does not have any parallel in the contemporary world. Political scientists of the twentieth century characterized this type of political organization as a totalitarian State: a State that does not content itself with ensuring the authoritarian rule of a small group of people, but seeks to dominate every aspect of its citizens’ lives and terrorizes them from within. 81. The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea displays many attributes of a totalitarian State: the rule of a single party, led by a single person, is based on an elaborate guiding ideology that its current Supreme Leader refers to as “Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism”. The State seeks to ensure that its citizens internalize this guiding ideology by indoctrinating citizens from childhood, suppressing all political and religious expression that questions the official ideology, and tightly controlling citizens’ physical movement and their means of communication with each other and with those in other countries. Discrimination on the basis of gender and songbun is used to maintain a rigid social structure that is less likely to produce challenges to the political system. 82. The State’s monopolization of access to food has been used as an important means to enforce political loyalty. The distribution of food has prioritized those who are useful to the survival of the current political system at the expense of those deemed to be expendable. Citizens’ complete dependence on the State led to one of the worst cases of famine in recent history. The authorities have only recently come to tolerate the fact that markets can no longer be fully suppressed. Instead of fully embracing reforms to realize the right to food, however, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea maintains a system of inefficient economic production and discriminatory resource allocation that inevitably produces more unnecessary starvation among its citizens. 83. The key to the political system is the vast political and security apparatus that strategically uses surveillance, coercion, fear and punishment to preclude the expression of any dissent. Public executions and enforced disappearance to political prison camps serve as the ultimate means to terrorize the population into submission. The State’s violence has been externalized through State-sponsored abductions and enforced disappearances of people from other nations. These international enforced disappearances are unique in their intensity, scale and nature. 84. Today, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea finds itself surrounded by a world that is changing rapidly in political, economic and technological terms. These changes offer opportunities for incremental social change within the State. In response, the authorities engage in gross human rights violations so as to crack down on “subversive” influences from abroad. These influences are symbolized by films and soap operas from the Republic of Korea and other countries, short-wave radio broadcasts and foreign mobile telephones. For the same reason, the State

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systematically uses violence and punishment to deter its citizens from exercising their human right to leave the country. Persons who are forcibly repatriated from China are commonly subjected to torture, arbitrary detention, summary execution, forced abortion and other forms of sexual violence. 85. A number of long-standing and ongoing patterns of systematic and widespread violations, which were documented by the commission, meet the high threshold required for proof of crimes against humanity in international law. The perpetrators enjoy impunity. The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea is unwilling to implement its international obligation to prosecute and bring the perpetrators to justice, because those perpetrators act in accordance with State policy. 86. The fact that the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, as a State Member of the United Nations, has for decades pursued policies involving crimes that shock the conscience of humanity raises questions about the inadequacy of the response of the international community. The international community must accept its responsibility to protect the people of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea from crimes against humanity, because the Government of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea has manifestly failed to do so. In particular, this responsibility must be accepted in the light of the role played by the international community (and by the great powers in particular) in the division of the Korean peninsula and because of the unresolved legacy of the Korean War. These unfortunate legacies help not only to explain the intractability of the human rights situation but also why an effective response is now imperative. 87. The United Nations must ensure that those most responsible for the crimes against humanity committed in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea are held accountable. Options to achieve this end include a Security Council referral of the situation to the International Criminal Court or the establishment of an ad hoc tribunal by the United Nations. Urgent accountability measures should be combined with a reinforced human rights dialogue, the promotion of incremental change through more people-to-people contact and an inter-Korean agenda for reconciliation. 88. On the basis of its findings and conclusions, the Commission makes the recommendations below. 89. The commission of inquiry recommends that the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea: (a) Undertake profound political and institutional reforms without delay to introduce genuine checks and balances upon the powers of the Supreme Leader and the Workers’ Party of Korea; such changes should include an independent and impartial judiciary, a multiparty political system and elected people’s assemblies at the local and central levels that emerge from genuinely free and fair elections; reform the security sector by vetting the entire officers’ corps for involvement in human rights violations and by limiting the functions of the Korean People’s Army to defending the nation against external threats; and dismantle the State Security Department and place the Ministry of Public Security under transparent democratic oversight. An independent constitutional and institutional reform commission, consisting of respected members of society in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, should be constituted to guide this process and should be assisted by appropriate international experts; (b) Acknowledge the existence of human rights violations, including the political prison camps described by the commission in the present report; provide international humanitarian organizations and human rights monitors with immediate access to the camps and their surviving victims; dismantle all political prison camps

- 157 - A/HRC/25/63 and release all political prisoners; and clarify with full detail the fate of any disappeared persons who cannot be readily traced; (c) Reform the Criminal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure to abolish vaguely worded “anti-State” and “anti-People” crimes and to fully enshrine the right to a fair trial and due process guarantees articulated in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; enforce existing provisions in the Criminal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure that prohibit and criminalize the use of torture and other inhuman means of interrogation that are illegal under international law; reform the ordinary prison system so as to ensure humane conditions of detention for all inmates deprived of liberty; end reprisals against persons on the basis of guilt by association; and abolish immediately the practice of forcibly resettling the families of convicted criminals; (d) Declare and implement an immediate moratorium on the imposition and execution of the death penalty, followed without undue delay by the abolition of the death penalty both in law and in practice; (e) Allow the establishment of independent newspapers and other media; allow citizens to freely access the Internet, social media, international communications, foreign broadcasts and publications, including the popular culture of other countries; and abolish compulsory participation in mass organizations and indoctrination sessions; (f) Introduce education to ensure respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; and abolish any propaganda or educational activities that espouse national, racial or political hatred or war propaganda; (g) Allow Christians and other religious believers to exercise their religion independently and publicly, without fear of punishment, reprisal or surveillance; (h) End discrimination against citizens on the basis of their perceived political loyalty or the sociopolitical background of their families, including in matters of access to education and employment; dismantle the neighbourhood watch (inminban), the secret resident registration file system, and all surveillance of persons and their communications that serve purposes of political oppression and/or are not subject to effective judicial and democratic control; and publicly acknowledge the extent of surveillance practices carried out in the past and provide citizens with access to their resident registration file; (i) Take immediate measures to ensure gender equality in practice, such as by providing equal access for women in public life and employment; eradicate discriminatory laws, regulations and practices affecting women; take measures to address all forms of violence against women, including domestic violence, sexual and gender-based violence by State agents and/or within State institutions; and respond immediately and effectively to trafficking in women, and address the structural causes that make women vulnerable to such violations; (j) Ensure that citizens can enjoy the right to food and other economic and social rights without discrimination; pay particular attention to the needs of women and vulnerable groups, such as street children, the elderly and persons with disabilities; promote agricultural, economic and financial policies based on democratic participation, good governance and non-discrimination; and legalize and support free market activities, internal and external trade and other independent economic conduct that provide citizens with a livelihood; (k) In the light of the past expenditures by the leadership, the military and security apparatus, realign priorities and dedicate the resources made available to

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ensure, as necessary, freedom from hunger and other essential minimum standards for citizens, including those citizens serving in the armed forces; (l) Where necessary to ensure the right to food, seek international humanitarian assistance without delay; provide international humanitarian organizations with free and unimpeded access to all populations in need, including for the purposes of effective monitoring; and hold accountable State officials who illegally divert humanitarian aid for improper purposes; (m) Abolish the de facto prohibition on foreign travel imposed on ordinary citizens; decriminalize illegal border crossings and introduce border controls that conform to international standards; renounce orders to shoot and kill at the border; cease to regard citizens repatriated from China as political criminals or to subject them to imprisonment, execution, torture, arbitrary detention, deliberate starvation, illegal cavity searches, forced abortions and other sexual violence; and abolish the State’s compulsory designation of places of residence and employment, as well as the requirement to obtain a permit for domestic travel outside a person’s designated province; (n) Provide the families and nations of origin of all persons who have been abducted, or otherwise forcibly disappeared, with full information on their fate and whereabouts, if they have survived; allow those who remain alive, and their descendants, to return immediately to their countries of origin; and, in close cooperation with their families and nations of origin, identify and repatriate the physical remains of those who have died; (o) Allow separated families to unite, including by allowing citizens to travel or emigrate where they choose; and immediately provide such persons with facilities for unmonitored communications by way of mail, telephone, email and any other means of communication; (p) Prosecute and bring to justice those persons most responsible for alleged crimes against humanity; appoint a special prosecutor to supervise this process; ensure that victims and their families are provided with adequate, prompt and effective reparation and remedies, including by knowing the truth about the violations that have been suffered; launch a people-driven process to establish the truth about the violations; provide adults and children with comprehensive education on national and international law and practice on human rights and democratic governance; and seek international advice and support for transitional justice measures; (q) Take immediate steps to end all other human rights violations and to address the human rights concerns raised by the commission in the present report, as well as in successive resolutions of the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council, in the procedures of universal periodic review and in the reports of special procedures mandate holders and the treaty bodies; (r) Ratify without delay the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and the fundamental conventions of the International Labour Organization; (s) Accept immediately a field-based presence and technical assistance from the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and other relevant United Nations entities to help to implement the above-mentioned recommendations. 90. The commission of inquiry recommends that China and other States:

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(a) Respect the principle of non-refoulement and, accordingly, abstain from forcibly repatriating any persons to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, unless the treatment there, as verified by international human rights monitors, markedly improves; extend asylum and other means of durable protection to persons fleeing the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea who need international protection; ensure that such persons are fully integrated and duly protected from discrimination; stop providing information on activities and contacts of persons from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea living in China to the State Security Department and other security agencies in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea; and allow persons from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea free access to diplomatic and consular representations of any State that may be willing to extend nationality or other forms of protection to them; (b) Provide the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, and relevant humanitarian organizations, full and unimpeded access to all persons from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea seeking such contact; (c) Request technical assistance from the United Nations to help to meet the obligations imposed under international refugee law, and ensure the effective protection of persons from trafficking; (d) Adopt a victim-centric and human rights-based approach to trafficking in persons, including by providing victims with the right to stay in the country and access to legal protection and basic services, such as medical treatment, education and employment opportunities equivalent to those afforded to their own citizens; (e) Regularize the status of women and men from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea who marry or have a child with a Chinese citizen; and ensure that all such children may realize their rights to birth registration and Chinese nationality where applicable, and have access to education and health care without discrimination; (f) Take immediate measures to prevent agents of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea from carrying out further abductions from Chinese territory; prosecute and adequately punish apprehended perpetrators of abduction and demand the extradition of those giving such orders so that they may be tried in accordance with law. China should raise with the Supreme Leader of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and other high-level authorities the issues of abductions, the infanticide of children entitled to Chinese nationality, forced abortions imposed on repatriated women and other human rights violations that target persons repatriated from China. 91. The commission of inquiry recommends that the Korean people foster inter- Korean dialogue in a phased approach leading to an agenda for reconciliation. Inter- Korean dialogue could be furthered through such initiatives as friendly sporting events; academic and business interactions; scholarships and apprenticeships for young people from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea; student exchanges; exchanges between civil society organizations, including national Red Cross Societies; contacts between professional organizations and women’s groups; and the development of “sister city” relationships and, eventually, the re-establishment of transport and communication links. 92. The commission of inquiry recommends that States and civil society organizations foster opportunities for people-to-people dialogue and contact in such areas as culture, science, sports, good governance and economic development that provide citizens of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea with opportunities to exchange information and be exposed to experiences outside their home country. The

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Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and other States should remove applicable obstacles to people-to-people contact, including measures that criminalize travel and contact to the extent that these are not in accordance with relevant obligations under international human rights law. 93. The commission also recommends that States, foundations and engaged business enterprises provide more support for the work of civil society organizations to improve the situation of human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, including efforts to document human rights violations and to broadcast accessible information into each country. Eventually, and once conditions are deemed to be appropriate, such foundations and enterprises should join forces with the Governments concerned to coordinate efforts to adopt a coherent plan for the development of the country, creation of livelihoods for the population and the advancement of the situation of human rights. 94. With regard to the international community and the United Nations, the commission makes the following recommendations: (a) The Security Council should refer the situation in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to the International Criminal Court for action in accordance with that court’s jurisdiction. The Security Council should also adopt targeted sanctions against those who appear to be most responsible for crimes against humanity. In the light of the dire social and economic situation of the general population, the commission does not support sanctions imposed by the Security Council or introduced bilaterally that are targeted against the population or the economy as a whole; (b) The General Assembly and the Human Rights Council should extend the country-specific human rights monitoring and reporting mechanisms on the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea that predate the establishment of the commission; these include the periodic reports of the Secretary-General and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, as well as the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. Such mechanisms should be mandated to focus on ensuring accountability, in particular for crimes against humanity, and should report on the implementation of the commission’s recommendations; (c) The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, with full support from the Human Rights Council and the General Assembly, should establish a structure to help to ensure accountability for human rights violations in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, in particular where such violations amount to crimes against humanity. The structure should build on the collection of evidence and documentation work of the commission, and further expand its database. It should be field-based, supported by adequate personnel deployed to the region so as to enjoy sustained access to victims and witnesses. In addition to informing the work of human rights reporting mechanisms and serving as a secure archive for information provided by relevant stakeholders, the work of such a structure should facilitate United Nations efforts to prosecute, or otherwise render accountable, those most responsible for crimes against humanity; (d) The High Commissioner should continue the engagement of OHCHR with the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, offering technical assistance and enhancing advocacy initiatives. The High Commissioner should facilitate the implementation of a strategy led by the Special Rapporteur and involving all concerned human rights mechanisms of the United Nations system to address, coherently and without delay, the special issue of international abductions and

- 161 - A/HRC/25/63 enforced disappearances and related matters described in the present report. Member States should afford full cooperation to ensure the implementation of such a strategy; (e) The High Commissioner should periodically report to the Human Rights Council and other appropriate United Nations organs on the implementation of the recommendations contained in the present report; (f) The Human Rights Council should ensure that the conclusions and recommendations of the commission do not pass from the active attention of the international community. Where so much suffering has occurred, and is still occurring, action is the shared responsibility of the entire international community; (g) The United Nations Secretariat and agencies should urgently adopt and implement a common “Rights up Front” strategy to ensure that all engagement with the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea effectively takes into account, and addresses, human rights concerns, including those collected in the present report. The United Nations should immediately apply this strategy to help to prevent the recurrence or continuation of crimes against humanity in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. The strategy should contemplate the possibility of the Secretary- General referring the situation to the Security Council; (h) States that have historically friendly ties with the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, major donors and potential donors, as well as those States already engaged with the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea in the framework of the six- party talks, should form a human rights contact group to raise concerns about the situation of human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and to provide support for initiatives to improve it; (i) States should not use the provision of food and other essential humanitarian assistance to impose economic or political pressure on the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. Humanitarian assistance should be provided in accordance with humanitarian and human rights principles, including the principle of non-discrimination. Aid should only be curbed to the extent that unimpeded international humanitarian access and related monitoring is not adequately guaranteed. Bilateral and multilateral providers of assistance should coordinate their efforts to ensure that adequate conditions of humanitarian access and related monitoring are provided by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea; (j) Without prejudice to all the obligations under international law that the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea must immediately implement, the United Nations and the States that were parties to the Korean War should take steps to convene a high-level political conference. Participants in that conference should consider and, if agreed, ratify a final peaceful settlement of the war that commits all parties to the principles of the Charter of the United Nations, including respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. States of the region should intensify their cooperation and consider following such examples as the Helsinki Process.

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Annex I

[English only]

Correspondence with the Supreme Leader of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and First Secretary of the Workers’ Party of Korea, Kim Jong-un

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Annex II

[English only]

Correspondence with China

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- 181 - ଜѦԼ ईɽࢶࢉ ࣏৔ձ ীଜࠆߞ ଞЬ׃ ଜएܖ˃ I ࣸ˲ ࠒੵ ΰ߾۰ ٖଞࢂ ࡁࡕҚࢇ Ψ৔ձ ୘ଟ ʨࡶ ̀ˈଞЬ۽Χٖо୘ձ ୛ ط˃ࡢࡕୣЕ Χٖ ࣯׷Қࢇ Χٖଞ ୘ଥ ࢂࢿձ ࡢଞ ЯیΧٖо୘ ࣏ ݤ׷ Я ؀ ࡢࡕୣЕ ٖଞ ࣯׷Қࢇ ࢽؿձ ˬ୚ଜˈ ଥ࠹ˁଵࡶ ࢻଟ ܹ ࢑ѦԼ Χٖଞ ࢽٕی࣏ ˬ ؀ ࢶ о୘ զ̛ୣձˬ ؀ JRRG JRYHUQDQFH ˁࢿʎ؈ ҟ ٗߞ߾۰ ࢉࢶ о୘ ୘ ˕ଝ ݛ૦ৌ ۴ࢽח ঑Қࢇ զ ঠऑଟ ʨࡶ ̀ˈଞЬ ԰ ̛߶Қࢇ ݤ׷Я˗ ؀ ࡢࡕୣЕ Ӗଞ ٖଞࢂ ࢉ̀ۘଢ଼ࡶ ʎ۴ଜ̛ ࡢଜࠆ ɽ˲ ࢽٕ ࢢЯیୣЯ঑ձ ࣏یݤ׷ ࡢଞ एࡕ ঑ࢂ ୛Ѱ߾ ш քࡵ एࡕࡶ ଟ ʨࡶ ̀ˈଞЬ ߾ ୣٕଜࠆߞ ଞЬܕࢢશیୣЕ ٖଞࢂ ࢉ̀ ݨ੓ձ ˲ࢿ୉یD ࡪࠀ ߇ࢷؿࢠࢇ ؀ ࢉ̀ ֻТਫ਼ր ط˲ ࡢࡕୣؿЬ ߔ۰ փҚ߭ऑ ٖଞ߾ оଞیୣЕ ࣏یࢉ̀ࢇ ؀ E ࡪࠀ দୣ ؿˈ ֩৲Тऋࢂ ୛Ѱ ̛ɾࡶ ࠉࢠଥߞ ଞЬ ࣤ߾ ଥкإ ୣࢂ ࢷࢶࢉ एࡕࡶ ؇Е ࡪࠀ ࢉ̀ফˈо૲Е ઞ஢ ؆ࢉѦیࢉ̀ࢇ ؀ F ࡪࠀ দୣ ࡶ ѮЕ ࣏ऐࡶ ۶৔ଜࠆߞ ଞЬָ̍ ۽߇Қ߾ оଞ ॺࢎی ଟ ࢽѦԻ ݪɽଞ ٖଞࢂ ࢉ̀ ৚ଥ ձ ऎऑݤ਄ߞ ଞЬٱફ܈G ࡪࠀ ࢉ̀ফˈо૲Е ٖଞ߾ ̛ܽࢶ एࡕࡶ ࢿ˓ଜˈ ࢉ̀ ࠨ୎ ࢇТ ੉ ˗԰ ࡪࠀ̛ ؀ ୣیତҚࢂ ࢇଭࡶ ࢉ̀ࢇی ˈ̀ H ࡪࠀ ࢉ̀ফˈо૲Е ࢇ ؿˈ۰߾ ָݤѹ Қ߾ ࢽ̛ࢶࡳԻ ؿˈଥߞ ଞЬ˱̛ ୣࢂ ˗ݪࢇ ֡߭एए ߉یତҚԻٕਫ਼ ˲ࢿیˈ̀ ʼ˕ࠪیࡢࡕୣࢂ ࣏یୣЕ ࣏یI ࡪࠀ ࢉ̀ࢇ ؀ ࢿ˓Ѱ঑˲ ѦԼ ଥߞ ଞЬ 81 ஢ ॹ੔ଜˈ ࢇଭܖ5LJKWV8S)URQW Ě ࢷԘࡶ ࣏ ଜ̛˱Қࡵ ˓Ѱࢂ ęࢉ̀ ࡉ۴ۏ ˕˲הی J ࡪࠀ ଜࠆߞ ଞЬ ˈ࢜ࢢࢶ ˓ࠆ˲Қ ̐չ ؀ ࢶࡳԻ ɼ̧ࡋ ˗˃߾ ࢑Е ΟԂҚ ࣯ࡁ ࡕ࣏ ˓ࠆ˲ҚیK ٖଞ˕ ࠇ ࢕ ୣжࢂ ડ ߇߾۰ ٖଞ˕ ˗˃ଜˈ ࢑Е ΟԂҚѦ ֻѿ ٖଞࢂ ࢉ̀ۘଢ଼߾ оଞ ࡉԮձ ࢿ̛ଜ ࢉ̀ ۘଢ଼ ʎ۴ࡶ ࣯Ѧଟ ࢉ̀୆ࢂ঑ձ փҚ߭ߞ ଞЬ ˈ ЯࡳԻ ୛ࡈଥ۰ܹ؃L ˗԰˲Қࡵ ٖଞ߾ ݥԛ एࡕࢇΟ ̛੉ Ьհ ࢉѦࢶ एࡕࡶ ˁࢿ ࢽ৔ࢶ ߏ Е ߇ѹЬ ձ ࢵଥଜए ߉ˈ ࢷה߾ ָݤѸ߭ ࢑Е ֻҘ ࢂئL ٖଞࢇ ईɽࢶࡳԻ ࢇଭଥߞ ଜЕ ˲ࢿ ࢕Қࢇ߹ы ࡪࠀ˕ ˗԰˲Қࡵ ˈࡢ̗ ࢽ৔ ୣжࡶ ࠊ̛ ࡢଞ ࣏৔ձ ীଥߞ ଞЬیࢪࢂ к

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- 199 - ᤏ ৯ȷ ɀ# ரěǧ ଏͻdssÇ dss ds ५̗ ঈ ᤐ ટ᦬૟ ಟଏū ટ Ϳчᨧ ̧ ɓ᧯ÿ ൛൛᣷ȷǧ ᆃ൛५ҷ ੓˫Ηᔻ÷५ҷe;;or ̬Ĝࣟ ൛ঈٷ ᣷ ᨧ૳ÿ ಗჷᣳ̗ψ ൛੫᣷ Η ଣȷ

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- 201 - ੓˫Ηᔻ÷ ᢟχӓؿ ࿓̣ଫ' ଏć > ԧԨ > ൛ঈ ? I ¨ʻ

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